mylochromis gracilis , known as the happy or the haplochromis torpedo stripe ( in aquarium trade ) , is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is only known from sandy areas in the southern end of the lake .

this species can reach a length of 22 centimetres ( 8.7 in ) tl .

mylochromis gracilis

a male of mylochromis gracilis from senga bay , lake malawi [ malawi ] . photo by ad konings . determiner ad konings
conservation : mylochromis gracilis is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( lc ) least concern ( 2006 ) .
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this species previously appeared on the iucn red list in the genus sciaenochromis eccles & trewavas , 1989 but is now valid in the genus mylochromis regan , 1920 .
this species previously appeared on the iucn red list in the genus sciaenochromis eccles & trewavas , 1989 but is now valid in the genus mylochromis regan , 1920 . an amended assessment has been produced to reflect this taxonomic change .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2017 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 30 june 2017 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 30 june 2017 ) .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread throughout the southern part of the lake with no known major widespread threats .
endemic to lake malawi where it is only known from the southern part of the lake .
observed over sandy habitats where it feeds on small fishes and invertebrates . known as
haplochromis torpedo stripe
in the aquarium trade . max . size : 22 cm tl .
( amended version of 2006 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t60968a117850179 .
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greek , mylo = mill + greek , chromis = a fish without identification , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 5 - 8 . 3 ; dh range : 5 - 30 . tropical ; 24°c - 26°c ( ref . 13614 ) ; 12°s - 15°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 22 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5595 )
has been observed over sand . preys on small fish , mainly cichlids , and on invertebrates collected from the sand ( ref . 5595 ) .
maréchal , c . , 1991 . sciaenochromis . p . 440 - 441 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5692 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 61 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 24 of 100 ) .
new fish have been released . . . . and where will all my new fish go ? a clue near the end
has been observed over sand . preys on small fish , mainly cichlids , and on invertebrates collected from the sand ( ref . 5595 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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species profiles presents in depth studies , articles , and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .
pam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !
articles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .
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trewavas , ethelwynn . 1935 .
a synopsis of the cichlid fishes of lake nyasa
. annals and magazine of natural history . series 10 ; pp . 65 - 118 ( crc00118 )
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sometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name . they may do this because they are unaware of the original name , or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not . if two or more names are found to apply to the same group , they are considered synonyms . in most cases , the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name . however , there can be exceptions , and it ' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted . here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners . we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group , for example , misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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mesoheros is a genus of cichlids .

it is found in colombia , ecuador , and peru ; atrato river flowing into the atlantic , san juan , baudó and patia rivers to esmeraldas and tumbes rivers flowingo into the pacific .

mesoheros

ornate cichlid ( mesoheros ornatus ) , 14 × . . . - scalz nature artist | facebook
i am listing them here although they are technically from sa , because they are more like ca cichlids . there is also the mayan cichlid which really is from ca , and it is very similar in appearance to the true red terror , mesoheros festae is anyone familiar with the other relatives of the red terror ? mesoheros atromaculatus mesoheros gephyrus any information on them will be greatly appreciated
mesoheros is a new genus containing three formerly cichlasoma species , now named as m . festae , m . ornatus and m . atromaculatus .
conservation : mesoheros gephyrus is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( en ) endangered ( 2016 ) .
mesoheros gephyrus subadult from the rio san juan [ colombia ] in the aquarium of mark smith [ usa ] . photo by mark smith . ( 11 - mar - 2010 ) .
ecology : mesoheros festae is known in ecuador as the “vieja roja” . it is a large , ecologically important omnivorous fish that feeds on fishes and crustaceans ( laaz et al . , 2009 ) .
glodek ( 1978 ) indicates that c . festae can be distinguished from mesoheros ornatus in its lateral line scale count , with c . festae having 26 - 27 scales in the median series and m . ornatus having 30 - 32 scales . however , eigenmann ( 1922 ) lists c . festae as having 30 scales in a median series .
there are four species in the genus mesoheros , but they ' re not
red terror types
. the red terror is m . festae . m . atromaculatus m . festae m . gephyrus m . ornatus if you ' re familiar with festae and the mayaheros group ( urophthalmus ) you ' ll see they ' re not really similar at all .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : ? - 15 . tropical ; 26°c - 28°c ( ref . 2060 )
south america : pacific drainages from the esmeraldas river in ecuador to tumbes river in peru .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )
in various biotopes , from small to medium - sized rivers . occasionally found in fish markets . feeds on benthic organisms such as small shrimps ( ref . 40602 ) .
kullander , s . o . , 2003 . cichlidae ( cichlids ) . p . 605 - 654 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 36377 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00703 - 0 . 03260 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 59 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
left : specimen collected at abras de mantequilla . right : preserved specimen from esmeraldas drainage .
source for occurrence in ecuador : this species is common along the pacific slope of ecuador from esmeraldas to huaquillas . there are many references for its occurrence in the area ( e . g . , eigenmann , 1922 ; ovchynnyk , 1971 ; barnhill et al . , 1974 ; glodek , 1978 ; barriga , 1991 ; florencio , 1993 ; lopez et al , 1993 ; kullander , 2003 ; laaz et al . , 2009 ; alvarado , 2009 ; laaz & torres , 2010 ) .
original description : boulenger , g . a . 1899 . viaggio del dr . enrico festa nell ' ecuador e regioni vicine . poissons de l ' équateur . [ deuxième partie ] ( 1 ) . bollettino dei musei di zoologia ed anatomia comparata della r . università di torino 14 ( no . 335 ) : 1 - 8 .
range ecuador : pacific slope of ecuador from esmeraldas to huaquillas ( kullander , 2003 ) , although glodek ( 1978 ) indicates that this species only occurs in the guayas river drainage .
range outside of ecuador : tumbes river , peru ( kullander , 2003 ) .
is a cichlid and can be distinguished from most other freshwater fishes in western ecuador by its overall shape and the presence of strong , well - developed spines in its dorsal and anal fins .
and are either solid orange or dark colored with pronounced vertical stripes along the caudal fin .
can also be distinguished from other cichlids in western ecuador by the presence of nine conspicuous black bands , alternating with red bars , a black spot at the base of the upper caudal lobe , continued as a bar across the base of the fin , spinous dorsal black , except just above the light spaces between the bars ; soft dorsal , caudal , and soft anal having the color of the light interspaces of the body , no spots , spinous portion of the anal and the ventrals dark ; pectorals like the caudal ( eigenmann , 1922 ) .
economic importance : this is an important food fish for people in rural parts of guayas and los rios provinces and is also taken as an ornamental ( laaz et al , 2009 ) .
conservation status : na , although the species is heavily exploited as a food fish . anecdotal reports suggest that this species has been declining in abundance in recent years .
tetracanthus nandopsis . . ( f1 bayamo cuba ) spawning from start to finish . .
pam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !
articles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .
books for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .
e - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .
trade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .
eigenmann , carl h . 1923 .
the fishes of western south america , part i . the fresh - water fishes of northwestern south america , including colombia , panama , and the pacific slopes of ecuador and peru , together with an appendix upon the fishes of the rio meta in colombia
. memoirs of the carnegie museum . vol . 9 ( n . 1 ) : pp . 1 - 346 ( crc00283 )
burgess , warren . 2000 .
the cichlasoma story . herichthys , the break - up
. tropical fish hobbyist magazine . v . 48 ( n . 11 ) ; pp . 44 - 54 ( crc01003 )
říčan , oldřich & l . piálek , k . dragová & j . novák . 2016 .
diversity and evolution of the middle american cichlid fishes ( teleostei : cichlidae ) with revised classification
. vertebrate zoology . v . 66 ( n . 1 ) , pp . 1 – 102 ( crc07292 ) ( abstract )
and río baudó in the atlantic , río patia to río esmeraldas and río tumbes in the pacific .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 10 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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the generic allocation of this species is still uncertain . it belongs to the tribe heroini , but is maintained as an incertae sedis species of
freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 3 . tropical ; 23°c - 29°c ( ref . 40602 )
south america : atrato , san juan , and baudó river basins in colombia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12251 )
up to 3000 eggs are deposited on open substratum , such as a flat stone . mainly the female guards eggs and young .
? í ? an , o . , l . piálek , k . dragová and j . novák , 2016 . diversity and evolution of the middle american cichlid fishes ( teleostei : cichlidae ) with revised classification . verteb . zool . 66 ( 1 ) : 1 - 102 . ( ref . 114771 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
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middle american cichlids have been subject to a long - overdue revision . we now have eight new genera of cichlids to learn , plus a heap of modifications to be aware of .
the revisions were published in ' zootaxa ' by the ichthyologist caleb mcmahon in august 2015 , and used a mixture of morphological and dna sequencing techniques to identify new classifications .
some herichthyin fish have now been rediagnosed , with extra genera raised . the changes include :
trichromis , represented by a single species , trichromis salvini ( formerly cichlasoma or ' ex ' cichlasoma salvini ) , at long last .
thorichthys now consists of eight species : t . affinis , t . aureus , t . callolepis , t . ellioti , t . meeki , t . pasionis and t . socolofi , with t . ellioti acting as the type species ( though it is here regarded as a synonym of t . maculipinnis , so further work is still needed ) .
theraps has been reorganised , now containing t . godmanni , t . intermedius , t . irregularis , t . micophthalmus and t . nourisatti .
nosferatu is a genus that was raised earlier in the year , containing n . bartoni , n . labridens , n . molango , n pantostictus , n . pratinus and n . steindachneri .
maskaheros incorporates fish formerly known in paraneetroplus and vieja , containing both m . argenteus and m . regani . vieja is left with eight species , containing v . bifasciata , v . breidohri , v . fenestrata , v . guttulata , v . hartwegi , v . maculicauda , v . melanura and v . zonata . paraneetroplus is reduced to three species , containing p . bulleri , p . gibbiceps , p . nebuliferus . herichthys is also reduced , now with seven species , containing h . carpintis , h . cyanoguttatus , h . deppi , h . minckleyi , h . tamasopoensis , h . tepehua and h . teporatus .
kihnichthys is a new genus with a single species , k . ufermanni ( which has spent time in both the vieja and theraps camps ) .
cincelichthys is also new , with two species , containing c . bocourti and c . pearsei .
oscura changes the fish that was theraps heterospilus , now becoming o . heterospila ( note the change of species name , too ) . chiapaheros is another new genus containing the singular c . grammodes . rheoheros replaces a couple of former theraps species , containing r . coeruleus and r . lentiginosus .
and finally , tomocichla now contains two species , t . asfraci and t . tuba .
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freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? . tropical ; 24°c - 27°c ( ref . 2059 ) , preferred ?
south america : patia river basin in colombia , durango and st . javier rivers in ecuador , all draining to the pacific ocean .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 26 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )
the stomachs of the type material contained broken shells of snails . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) .
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discussion regarding only central american cichlid species . ( guapotes , jack dempseys , red devils , firemouths , convicts , texas cichlids , etc . )


the atlantic footballfish ( himantolophus groenlandicus ) , also known as the man-gobbler , is an anglerfish found in extreme depths of the ocean .

despite its name , this species lives in all oceans , but is primarily found in cold and temperate regions .

atlantic footballfish

the atlantic footballfish , is a species of footballfish found in the depths . atlantic footballfish were found in sperm whales in azores , indicating that sperm whales may be the main predators of footballfish . like other anglerfish females are much larger than males , females are 16 times bigger than males .
art illustration - oceans & seas - atlantic footballfish : ( himantolophus groenlandicus ) it is a deep - sea fish belonging to the family footballfish . … | pinteres…
atlantic footballfish , in - game simply known as football fish , is a species of friend footballfish in abyssrium . it was added in the v . 1 . 2 . 1 as part of the halloween event .
the atlantic football - fish is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list .
atlantic footballfish are rarely seen . they are a sort of angler fish with a growth that comes off the head to form a fish attracting lure . this specimen was recovered from the stomach of a large swordfish . evidentally this one no longer has its lure because of being eaten and slightly digested . they are named atlantic footballfish but they actually occur world wide . the scientific name is
himantolophus groenlandicus
! if i am wrong then it is a least in the genus himantolophus .
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arkive species - atlantic football - fish ( himantolophus groenlandicus )
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the hall’s first section demonstrates that the ocean is more complex and diverse than we can easily grasp . there are translucent heteropods , small gelatinous creatures with bulbous black eyes — predators deceptively housed in lovely white nautilus - shaped shells . and there is the atlantic footballfish , a creature so grotesque with its gaping mouth and gnome’s complexion that its name could come from a desire to kick it .
sazima , i . & grossman , a . ( 2006 ) turtle riders : remoras on marine turtles in southwest atlantic . neotropical ichthyology 4 ( 1 ) : 123–126 .
welshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
is widely distributed in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the atlantic and possibly eastern indian oceans ( pietsch in press ) . in the atlantic it ranges from west greenland and iceland to norway at 70°n , 17°e , and south to the gulf of mexico and east to cape town , south africa . specimens were caught in nets fishing between 200 - 800 m with possibly shallower catches ( pietsch 2009 ) . vakily
scott , w . b . ; scott , m . g . ( 1988 ) . atlantic fishes of canada . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences . no . 219 . 731 pp . [ details ]
potter , i . f . & howell , w . h . ( 2010 ) vertical movement and behavior of the ocean sunfish , mola mola , in the northwest atlantic . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 396 ( 2 ) : 138–146 .
arronte , j . c . & pietsch , t . w . ( 2007 ) first record of himantolophus mauli ( lophiiformes : himantolophidae ) on the slope off asturias , central cantabrian sea , eastern north atlantic ocean . cybium 31 ( 1 ) : 85–86 .
klepladlo , c . ; hastings , p . a . ; rosenblatt , r . h . ( 2003 ) pacific footballfish , himantolophus sagamius ( tanaka ) ( teleostei : himantolophi - dae ) , found in the surf - zone at del mar , san diego county , california , with notes on its morphology . bulletin south california academy of sciences 102 ( 3 ) : 99–106 .
is widely distributed in the atlantic and possibly indian oceans where it occurs in the meso - bathypelagic zones . it is a deep - dwelling , rarely occurring species . it may occur as bycatch in trawl fisheries , but it is not utilized and has no major threats . it is therefore listed as least concern .
sims , d . w . ; queiroz , n . ; doyle , t . k . ; houghton , j . d . r . ; hays , g . c . ( 2009 ) satellite tracking of the world’s largest bony fish , the ocean sunfish ( mola mola l . ) in the north east atlantic . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 370 : 127–133 .
pietsch , t . w . ( 2003 ) himantolophidae . footballfishes ( deepsea anglerfishes ) . in : carpenter , k . e . ( ed . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . vol . 2 : bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome . pp . 1060–1061 .
there are more than 200 species of anglerfish , most of which live in the murky depths of the atlantic and antarctic oceans , up to a mile below the surface , although some live in shallow , tropical environments . generally dark gray to dark brown in color , they have huge heads and enormous crescent - shaped mouths filled with sharp , translucent teeth . some angler fish can be quite large , reaching 3 . 3 feet in length . most however are significantly smaller , often less than a foot .
the very name of this pokémon is evidence that it was inspired on mola mola , the sunfish ( fig . 21 ) . moreover , alomomola , just like the sunfish , has a circular body with no caudal fin ( pope et al . , 2010 ) . the sunfish is the largest and heaviest bony fish in the world , weighting more than 1 , 500 kg ( freesman & noakes , 2002 ; sims et al . , 2009 ) . they inhabit the atlantic and pacific oceans , feeding mainly on zooplankton ( cartamil & lowe , 2004 ; potter & howell , 2010 ) .
greek , himas or himantos = leather strap , thong or leash ( referring to the thick leathery illicium ) + greek , lopho or lophio = crest or tuft ( referring to the baited illicium projecting from the head ) ( ref . 86949 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 830 - ? m ( ref . 13608 ) . deep - water
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 10299 ) ; 60 . 0 cm sl ( female )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 5 - 6 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 4 . illicium short , its base in advance of eye ; rays of pectoral and unpaired fins sparsely pigmented , except their bases black ; two pairs of swellings in the distal end of esca , almost equal in size and shape ( ref . 13608 ) .
dwarf males of 4 cm length apparently do not become parasitically attached to females .
pietsch , t . w . , 1986 . himantolophidae . p . 376 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin . ( ref . 10299 )
) : 2 . 4 - 8 . 2 , mean 5 . 2 ( based on 238 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 75 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 49 of 100 ) .
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is known from at least 143 female specimens ( pietsch 2009 ) . members of the himantolophidae family are typically solitary and do not occur abundantly ( pietsch in press ) . museum collections indicate it is rare to uncommon with 28 lots and a maximum of one individual per lot ( accessed through www . fishnet2 . net ) .
himantolophus groenlandicus is a deep - sea fish that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones . females have a maximum size of 46 . 5 cm sl and males have not yet been recorded . members of the himantolophidae family typically exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism where the males are diminutive in size compared to females . females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure . males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will temporarily attach themselves to the body ( pietsch in press ) . vakily et al . ( 2002 ) describe h . groenlandicus as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 4 cm sl off of west africa .
himantolophus groenlandicus is not utilized ( pietsch in press ) . this species may be caught in trawls off of namibia ( bianchi et al . 1999 ) .
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kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
atlantinpallokrotti
to
himantolophus groenlandicus reinhardt , 1837
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of himantolophus ranoides barbour , 1942 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of himantolophus reinhardti lütken , 1878 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynolophus globosus tanaka , 1918 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat found to depths of 830 m , males apparently do not attach themselves to females . [ details ]
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moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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looking like something out of a science fiction movie , the anglerfish uses a natural lure to draw its next meal nearer .
the angry - looking deep sea anglerfish has a right to be cranky . it is quite possibly the ugliest animal on the planet , and it lives in what is easily earth ' s most inhospitable habitat : the lonely , lightless bottom of the sea .
their most distinctive feature , worn only by females , is a piece of dorsal spine that protrudes above their mouths like a fishing poleâ€”hence their name . tipped with a lure of luminous flesh this built - in rod baits prey close enough to be snatched . their mouths are so big and their bodies so pliable , they can actually swallow prey up to twice their own size .
the male , which is significantly smaller than the female , has no need for such an adaptation . in lieu of continually seeking the vast abyss for a female , it has evolved into a permanent parasitic mate . when a young , free - swimming male angler encounters a female , he latches onto her with his sharp teeth . over time , the male physically fuses with the female , connecting to her skin and bloodstream and losing his eyes and all his internal organs except the testes . a female will carry six or more males on her body .
the anglerfish uses a shiny lure to bring prey within range of its sharp teeth . but it also has a weirdly clingy side - after finding a female , the male black devil angler latches on and never lets go !
information on himantolophus groenlandicus is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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anko - san of the deep sea fish ( 深海魚のアンコさん , shinkaigyo no anko - san ) is a slice of life manga series by inuinu ( 犬犬 ) with yuri undertones . it’s about mermaids ! however , the mermaids are a little strange here . unlike the ordinary “generic fish tail” appearance , the mermaids in this tale take on the features of real life sea creatures , and their features don’t end at their tail fins .
cats aside , she has some issues with self - consciousness as well , and it’s thanks to otomi wakasa ( pictured above in the final panel ) that she’s become a little better . wakasa is a human and friend to anko , but before we continue let’s stop for a minute and talk about yuri .
as i mentioned in my review of hitoribocchi no oo seikatsu , i like yuri quite a bit . yuri is the japanese word for “lilies” , and in the context of manga / anime and such it is used to refer to a genre about lesbian romance . the name “yuri” might have its roots in the mirror opposite genre of “bara” ( meaning “rose” ) but , uh…i don’t like bara . i’m not going to discuss bara .
at any rate , yuri has a few settings , i think . there’s…let’s call them subtext yuri , standard yuri , and hard yuri , for simplicity’s sake . while i call standard yuri “standard” , the most common type you’re probably going to see is subtext yuri , which basically applies to anko - san . this is a setting of yuri where the way girls interact with one another might make you raise your eyebrow and think “are these two going to kiss or something ? ” , but as this is subtext it never goes beyond that . you’re not getting any kisses , just lustful stares , blushing , and maybe ( friendly ) confessions . i consider myself a pretty big yuri fan , so i’ll take it where i can get it and delve into subtext yuri regularly . that said , most of what i read is standard yuri .
putting it bluntly , standard yuri is what i’d like most subtext yuri to end up as . you might have heard “subtext yuri” referred to as “shoujo ai” to differentiate from this , but i don’t really know about that , and matters regarding the so - called “girls love” genre are contentious . anyway , this is outright homosexual romance between girls , no ifs ands or buts . forbidden love ! the purest form of love ! i like it , i love it , but this review isn’t the place to explain why .
returning to anko - san , the manga wastes no time establishing the yuri subtext , because wakasa is a… “fan” of mermaids .
now , although i share some of young wakasa - kun’s spirit on these matters , i don’t believe anko - san is just another slice of life series with some gay teasing . there are a lot of those . arguably every girl - based slice of life is such a series , and there is an appeal and comfort in that , but anko - san is more . i would call this a remarkable series , and a bit of a standout of its genre . i’m not about to call this manga a work of genius or something , but it’s definitely different , and not at all in a bad way .
before we get into that properly , i’ll briefly sum up the introduction of this series . after we meet wakasa and anko , the two characters go to school and encounter touna suzuki , a fighting fish ( betta ) mermaid and the third of the main characters that sticks around . her ( unwanted ) nickname is betako . she is a “rich girl” ( ojou ) sort of character and a tsundere . i’m not explaining what a tsundere is . you know what a tsundere is .
after dealing with betako anko’s day proceeds as usual until , during class , she starts suffering all of a sudden . we learn here that the reason mermaids are able to walk on land is due to taking something called mermaid medicine ( “mermeds” , as the translator for this series calls them ) and anko’s are running out . the medicine changes one’s tail fin into a pair of legs , and once it’s run out the fin returns . anko doesn’t want this to happen , especially not in front of others , because she’s embarrassed by her tail fin’s appearance . wakasa rushes her to the infirmary where she can get some medication , but it’s a little too late and her tail fin reappears .
after anko’s tail fin is exposed , the nurse of the infirmary ( a deep sea mermaid as well ) and wakasa surprise her by complimenting her fin with not a drop of sarcasm . the nurse explains that from its shine it’s clear anko takes great care of her fin , and wakasa is simply captivated by it entirely ( and not in the usual perverted way she reacts to mermaids ) . and so here we see a hint at what the series will mostly be about : helping mermaids with their problems .
i’d like to talk about yuri again , because of course i would , but first i should mention the fourth main character in this series . most slice of life series have four girls as the core group , for some reason ( it’s a precedent set by azumanga daioh ‘s notability , maybe ? ) , and anko - san isn’t an exception . it is a bit strange , though , in that the two aside from anko and wakasa don’t really get as much play as them . this is surely because of the “solve the problems” format of most of the chapters ; the ones where no real problems need solving feature a four man band as usual .
so yes , meet the last of the four : fukuda akame , a pufferfish mermaid .
the poor girl suffers from chuunibyou ( eighth - grade syndrome ) , a condition many have suffered from to some degree . it is characterized by feeling you are unique and incredibly special , and that you perhaps have magic powers . it is also worth noting that in cases of chuunibyou there is typically a distinct lack of shame . called “eighth - grade syndrome” because it tends to happen in middle school , young akame - kun has it in high school .
akame is definitely the least significant character out of the main characters , and the chuuni gimmick is one that can often be pretty obnoxious , but honestly akame is my favorite character in anko - san .
i don’t think she’s the best character , and i don’t even pair her with anyone in the series , but heck , she’s great . most of the times she appears she’s just doing something a bit peculiar in silence while making a face like this , and that’s enough to bring a smile to my face . she’s rather a coward but can also stand against intimidation despite herself ( like a pufferfish , i suppose ) and her design is…hm , puffy ( like a pufferfish , i suppose ) . therefore allow me to declare with all my might : akame is cute ! cute !
behold , the ship ( that is , heh , relationship for you uninitiated ) i support .
i didn’t really touch on betako before because the time simply wasn’t right . she’s actually my second favorite character in this series , and a big reason why is her relationship with the main character anko . anko and betako’s relationship is antagonistic . they almost , almost always fight when they happen to spend any length of time together ( usually instigated by betako’s insults ) . but really , their relationship , it’s like this :
i’m an absolute sucker for this sort of dynamic . it gets me every time , whether it’s hetero or homosexual in nature . i’m sure many of you have had this sensation overcome you when seeing two characters that constantly butt heads in fiction butt heads once more : the desire to shout “kiss already” . the reason for this is that like love , hate is passion . it’s surging and powerful emotion ! negative or positive , that’ll get your blood pumping . whether or not anko and betako will readily admit it , they enjoy their back and forth , and genuinely appreciate things about one another’s character .
two more things before the review ends . first , this series is not at the most secure of places with translations into english . the series ended at four volumes ( which makes me somewhat sad , by the way ) , but not even the second volume has been fully translated . i don’t have a bad opinion of scanlation , although i did think it might be a faux pas to mention it in a review context . then i remembered , doi , scanlation is how most people are introduced to series ! you can always buy volumes whether or not they’re translated ; it’s not as though reading a scanlation voids your ability to purchase the manga afterward ( in fact , buying the volumes is what those working on this series encourage you to do ) . so , if you are able and would like to assist at all , get in contact with the guy working on it . it seems the biggest hold ups , generally speaking , are getting quality raws and also translations themselves .
next time , i’ll be discussing what is widely regarded as one of the most important and seminal entries into the yuri canon . a true great . see you then !
nice review . definitely was a fun manga to read . also especially like how anko treat her tail fin
ha ha , and that’s how people tend to forget real animals are at the origin of the “cuteness” concept… herm , except perhaps the deep - sea fishes ? ? what a tease to rationalize this way the over - romanticized mermaid fantasy . diversity is the wealth of all ♫ ! i feel like i would enjoy that kind of quirky humor xd . thanks for reviewing !
amazing review and suggestion . this manga is gold ! thank you ( ^ _ ^ )
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augusto b . mendes 1 , felipe v . guimarães 2 , clara b . p . eirado - silva 1 & edson p . silva 1
2 universidade do estado do rio de janeiro , são gonçalo , rj , brazil .
emails : augustobarrosmendes ( at ) yahoo ( dot ) com ( dot ) br ; felipevieiragui ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com ; clara . eirado ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com ; gbmedson ( at ) vm ( dot ) uff ( dot ) br
the origin of pokémon goes back to two role - playing video games ( created by satoshi tajiri and released by nintendo for the game boy ; kent , 2001 ) : pokémon green and pokémon red , released in japan in 1996 . in the west , the green version never saw the light of day , but the red and blue versions were released in 1998 , selling together more than 10 million copies . also in 1998 , the yellow version of the game was released , which has as its most distinct feature the possibility of having pikachu ( the most famous pokémon ) walking side by side with the player in the game . pokémon green , red , blue and yellow are the so - called “first generation” of games in the franchise . today , the pokémon series is in its seventh generation , with 29 main games released , besides several spin - offs . the tv series , on the other hand , is in its sixth season , with more than 900 episodes .
the games and tv series take place in regions inhabited by many pokémon and humans . the mission of the protagonist is to win competitions ( “pokémon battles” ) against gym leaders who are spread across different cities and regions . for each victory , the protagonist receives a gym badge ; with eight badges , he / she is allowed to enter the pokémon league to try and become the champion .
for each generation , new pokémon ( and an entire new region ) are introduced . in this way , the creatures have a homeland , although most can appear in other regions as well ( schlesinger , 1999b ; whitehill et al . , 2016 ) . the seven main regions are : kanto , johto , hoenn , sinnoh , unova , kalos and alola .
in every region , there are numbered routes that connect cities and landmarks and in which the protagonist travels , finding the monsters in their natural habitats and interacting with other characters . these routes comprise a great range of environments , such as forests , caves , deserts , mountains , fields , seas , beaches , underwater places , mangroves , rivers and marshes , which usually display a huge diversity of pokémon .
in addition to winning the pokémon league , the protagonist must complete the pokédex , a digital encyclopedia of pokémon . in other words , the trainer must catch all the pokémon that live in that region , registering each capture in the pokédex . each pokémon has a registry number and an entry text in the pokédex . pokémon are usually found in nature , and may be captured with a device called “pokéball” . pokéballs are small enough to fit in a pocket , hence the name “pocket monsters” ( whitehill et al . , 2016 ) .
in the present work , the pokémon world was approached by analogies with the real natural world , establishing parallels with actual animals .
based on these obvious connections between real fishes and pokémon , the aim of this work is to describe the ichthyological diversity found in pokémon based on taxonomic criteria of the classification of real fishes . ultimately , our goal is to offer useful material for both teaching and the popularization of science .
table 1 . taxonomic classification of the fish pokémon . abbreviations : ch = chondrichthyes ; gn = gnathostomata ; pe = petromyzontomorphi ; pt = petromyzontida ; os = osteichthyes . all images obtained from the official pokémon website ( 2016 ) .
the first step of our research was a search in the pokédex ( the official pokémon website , 2016 ) for pokémon which were related to fishes . the criterion used was the pokémon’s morphology ( resemblance to real fishes ) . afterwards , the “fish pokémon” were classified to the lowest taxonomic level ( preferably species , but when not possible , genus , family or even order ) .
this classification of the pokémon allowed the comparison of biological data ( such as ecological , ethological , morphological traits ) from bulbapedia ( 2017 ) with the current knowledge on real fishes ( e . g . , nelson et al . , 2016 ) . bulbapedia is a digital community - driven encyclopedia created in 2004 and is the most complete source regarding the pocket monsters .
the final step was a search in online scientific databases ( fishbase , froese & pauly , 2016 ; and catalog of fishes , eschmeyer et al . , 2016 ) in order to obtain the current and precise taxonomy and additional information on habitats , ecology etc . of the fish species .
in the present work , the taxonomic classification used was that proposed by nelson et al . ( 2016 ) , who consider the superclasses petromyzontomorphi ( which includes the class petromyzontida , that is , the lampreys ) and gnathostomata ( the jawed vertebrates ) . gnathostomata , in turn , includes the classes chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fishes ) and osteichthyes ( bony fishes ) . along with this classification , we used the classification proposed by the database itis ( integrated taxonomic information system , 2016 ) for comparison at all taxonomic levels . following identification , the “fish pokémon” were described regarding their taxonomic and ecological diversity .
as a result of our search , 34 fish pokémon were identified ( circa 4 % of the total 801 pokémon ; table 1 ) and allocated in two superclasses , three classes , eighteen orders , twenty families and twenty - two genera . eighteen of the 34 fish pokémon ( circa 53 % ) could be identified to the species level ( table 2 ) . the features of the real fishes which probably inspired the creation of the pokémon and other relevant information are described below for each species . to enrich the comparisons , images of the pokémon ( obtained from the pokédex of the official pokémon website ; urltoken ) and of the real fishes ( illustrations by one of us , c . b . p . eirado - silva ) follow the descriptions .
the pokémon horsea and seadra ( fig . 1 ) , which debuted in the first generation of the franchise , were based on seahorses . the long snout , ending in a toothless mouth ( foster & vincent , 2004 ) , the prehensile , curved tail ( rosa et al . , 2006 ) and the salient abdomen are features of the real fishes present in these pokémon . seahorses belong to the genus hippocampus , presently composed of 54 species ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) . the males have a pouch in their bellies where up to 1 , 000 eggs are deposited by the females . in this pouch , the eggs are fertilized and incubated for a period ranging from 9 to 45 days ( foster & vincent , 2004 ) . due to overfishing for medicinal and ornamental purposes , as well habitat destruction , about 33 species of seahorses are considered threatened ( rosa et al . , 2007 , castro et al . , 2008 ; kasapoglu & duzgunes , 2014 ) .
goldeen and seaking ( fig . 2 ) were based on the goldfish . this species is one of the most common ornamental fishes worldwide ( soares et al . , 2000 ; moreira et al . , 2011 ) and it is widely used in studies of physiology and reproduction due to its docile behavior and easy acclimatization to artificial conditions ( bittencourt et al . , 2012 ; braga et al . , 2016 ) . the resemblance between the goldfish and the pokémon include morphological features , such as the orange / reddish color and the long merged fins , and the name “goldeen” . the name seaking , on the other hand , may be a reference to another common name of the species , “kinguio” , from the japanese “kin - yu” ( ortega - salas & reyes - bustamante , 2006 ) .
possibly the most famous fish pokémon , magikarp ( fig . 3 ) was based on a common carp , a species present in europe , africa and asia , widely used in pisciculture due to its extremely easy acclimatization to many freshwater environments and the high nutritional value of its meat ( stoyanova et al . , 2015 ; mahboob et al . , 2016 ; voigt et al . , 2016 ) . in some regions of the planet , such as brazil , the common carp is considered an invasive species , as it was inadvertently released in the wild and poses a threat to the native aquatic fauna ( smith et al . , 2013 ; contreras - macbeath et al . , 2014 ) .
the shared traits between the pokémon and the real fish are many : the rounded mouth , the lips , the strong orange color and the presence of barbels ( “whiskers” ) ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) . in china , the common carp is praised as an animal linked to honor and strength , due of its ability to swim against the current ; an ancient legend tells about carps that swim upstream , entering through a portal and transforming into dragons ( roberts , 2004 ) . in pokémon , magikarp evolves into gyarados , which resembles a typical chinese dragon .
qwilfish ( fig . 5 ) was based on porcupinefishes , more likely those of the genus diodon , which present coloring and spines most similar to this pokémon . besides the distinctive hard , sharp spines ( fujita et al . , 1997 ) , porcupinefishes have the ability to inflate as a strategy to drive off predators ( raymundo & chiappa , 2000 ) . as another form of defense , these fishes possess a powerful bacterial toxin in their skin and organs ( lucano - ramírez et al . , 2011 ; ravi et al . , 2016 ) . accordingly , qwilfish has both water and poison types .
remoraid was based on a remora ( fig . 6 ) , a fish with a suction disc on its head that allows its adhesion to other animals such as turtles , whales , dolphins , sharks and manta rays ( fertl & landry , 1999 ; silva & sazima , 2003 ; friedman et al . , 2013 ; nelson et al . , 2016 ) . this feature allows the establishment of a commensalisc or mutualisc relationship of transportation , feeding and protection between the adherent species and its “ride” ( williams et al . , 2003 ; sazima & grossman , 2006 ) . the similarities also include the name of the pokémon and the ecological relationship they have with other fish pokémon : in the same way remoras keep ecological relationships with rays , remoraid does so with mantyke and mantine ( pokémon based on manta rays ; see below ) .
the pokémon mantyke and its evolved form mantine ( fig . 7 ) were probably based on manta rays of the species manta birostris , which inhabits tropical oceans ( duffy & abbot , 2003 ; dewar et al . , 2008 ) and can reach more than 6 meters of wingspan , being the largest species of ray in existence ( homma et al . , 1999 ; ari & correia , 2008 ; marshall et al . , 2008 ; luiz et al . , 2009 ; nelson et al . , 2016 ) . the similarities between the pokémon and the real fish are : the body shape , the color pattern , the large and distinctive wingspan and even the names .
kingdra and skrelp ( fig . 8 ) were based on the common seadragon . the resemblances between these pokémon and the real fish species include the leaf - shaped fins that help the animals to camouflage themselves in the kelp “forests” they inhabit ( sanchez - camara et al . , 2006 ; rossteuscher et al . , 2008 ; sanchez - camara et al . , 2011 ) , and the long snout . also , the secondary type of kingdra is dragon . although both are based on the common seadragon , kingdra and skrelp are not in the same “evolutionary line” in the game .
common seadragons , as the seahorses mentioned above , are of a particular interest to conservationists , because many species are vulnerable due to overfishing , accidental capture and habitat destruction ( foster & vincent , 2004 ; martin - smith & vincent , 2006 ) .
piranhas of the genus pygocentrus possibly were the inspiration for the creation of carvanha ( fig . 9 ) , a pokémon of voracious and dangerous habits . the main feature shared by the real fish and the pokémon is the color pattern : bluish in the dorsal and lateral areas , and reddish in the ventral area ( piorski et al . , 2005 ; luz et al . , 2015 ) .
it is worthwhile pointing out that , despite what is shown in movies and other media , piranhas do not immediately devour their prey ; instead , they tear off small pieces , bit by bit , such as scales and fins ( trindade & jucá - chagas , 2008 ; vital et al . , 2011 ; ferreira et al . , 2014 ) .
sharpedo ( fig . 10 ) , according to its morphological traits ( elongated fins ) , was possibly based on sharks of the order carcharhiniformes , the largest group of sharks , with 216 species in 8 families and 48 genera . fishes in this order are common in all oceans , in both coastal and oceanic regions , and from the surface to great depths ( gomes et al . , 2010 ) . several species of carcharhiniformes are in the iucn’s ( international union for conservation of nature ) endangered species list ( a . k . a . “red list” ) due to overfishing , as their fins possess high commercial value ( cunningham - day , 2001 ) .
whiscash ( fig . 12 ) was based on the japanese mythological creature namazu , a gigantic catfish that inhabits the underground realm and is capable of creating earthquakes ( ashkenazi , 2003 ) . namazu also names the pokémon in the japanese language ( “ namazun ” ) . in japan , fishes of the genus silurus are usually associated with this mythological creature and even the common name of these fishes in that country is “ namazu ” ( yuma et al . , 1998 ; malek et al . , 2004 ) . in addition , the physical traits of the silurus catfishes also present in whiscash are the long barbels ( or “whiskers” , hence the name whiscash ) and the robust body ( kobayakawa , 1989 ; kiyohara & kitoh , 1994 ) . in addition to the water type , whiscash is also ground type , which is related to namazu’s fantastic ability of creating earthquakes .
the pokémon feebas ( fig . 13 ) , a relatively weak fish ( as its name implies ) , was possibly based on a largemouth bass , a freshwater fish native to north america ( hossain et al . , 2013 ) . the species was introduced in many countries and is often considered a threat to the native fauna ( welcomme , 1992 ; hickley et al . , 1994 ; godinho et al . , 1997 ; garcía - berthou , 2002 ) . similarities between feebas and the largemouth bass include the large , wide mouth and the brownish coloration , with darker areas ( brown et al . , 2009 ) .
often praised as the most beautiful pokémon of all ( bulbapedia , 2017 ) , milotic ( fig . 14 ) certainly lives up to its title . their long reddish eyebrows were based on the first elongated rays of the dorsal fin of regalecus species ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) , which also share the reddish color of the dorsal fin ( carrasco - águila et al . , 2014 ) . other similarities between the oarfish and the pokémon are the elongated body ( some oarfishes can grow larger than 3 . 5 m ) and the spots scattered on the body ( chavez et al . , 1985 ; balart et al . , 1999 ; dulčić et al . , 2009 ; ruiz & gosztonyi , 2010 ) .
probably based on fishes of the genus monognathus , which have a large mandible and a long dorsal fin ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) , huntail ( fig . 15 ) is one of the possible evolutionary results of the mollusk pokémon clamperl ( the other possibility is gorebyss ; see below ) . according to raju ( 1974 ) , fishes of the genus monognathus live in great depths and have a continuous dorsal fin that ends in an urostyle ( “ uro ” comes from the greek language and means “tail” , an element also present in the pokémon’s name ) .
the serpentine body and the thin beak - shaped jaw of gorebyss ( fig . 16 ) are features of fishes belonging to the family nemichthyidae ( nielsen & smith , 1978 ) . these fishes inhabit tropical and temperate oceans and can be found in depths up to 4 , 000 meters , in the so - called “abyssal zone” ( cruz - mena & anglo , 2016 ) . the pokémon’s name may be a reference to such habitat .
the silver - pinkish coloration , the peculiar mouth formed by strong lips and the habit of “kissing” other individuals of their species ( which is actually a form of aggression ! ) are features of the kissing gourami ( sterba 1983 ; sousa & severi 2000 ; sulaiman & daud , 2002 ; ferry et al . , 2012 ) that are also seen in luvdisc ( fig . 18 ) . helostoma temminckii is native to thailand , indonesia , java , borneo , sumatra and the malay peninsula ( axelrod et al . , 1971 ) , but due to its use an ornamental fish and the irresponsible handling by fishkeepers , it has been introduced in other parts of the world ( magalhães , 2007 ) .