bathyprion danae , the fangtooth smooth-head , is a species of slickhead found in deep waters of the atlantic and pacific oceans .

it is in the monotypic genus bathyprion .

bathyprion danae

you can download standardized annotation of the bathyprion danae mitogenomic sequence via the links below .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
haukisilokuore
to
bathyprion danae marshall , 1966
.
scientific synonyms and common names bathyprion danae marshall , 1966 synonyms : bathyprion danae marshall , 1966c , dana rep . , ( 68 ) : 4 - 9 , fig . 1 - 3 ( 33°26 ' s . , 157°02 ' e . ) . holotype : zmuc no . p . 1785 . bathyprion danae : markle , 1976 : 133 - 134 , fig . 39b . common names : fangtooth smooth - head [ en ]
fangtooth slickhead , bathyprion danae - mcz 57613 . source : museum of comparative zoology , harvard university . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike
marshall , n . b . 1966 . bathyprion danae a new genus and species of alepocephaliform fishes . dana reports ( 68 ) : 1 - 10 .
* fangtooth smooth - head , bathyprion danae marshall , 1966 . * genus bathytroctes * bathytroctes breviceps sazonov , 1999 . * bathytroctes elegans sazonov & ivanov , 1979 . more
marshall , n . b . 1966c . bathyprion danae . a new genus and species of alepocephaliform fishes . dana rep . , ( 68 ) : 1 - 10 , fig . 1 - 3 .
citation :
fangtooth slickheads , bathyprion danae ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
bailly , n . ( 2014 ) . bathyprion danae . in : froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . ( 2014 ) fishbase . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
markle , d . f . 1976 . preliminary studies on the systematics of deep - sea alepocephaloidea ( pisces : salmoniformes ) . a dissertation presented to the faculty of the school of marine science . the college of william and mary in virginia . 225 pp . , 41 fig . ( not published ) .
greek , bathys = deep + greek , prion , - onos = saw ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 100 - 3200 m ( ref . 4460 ) . deep - water ; 56°n - 28°s
eastern atlantic : namibia ( 21°43 ' s to 27°14 ' s ) . elsewhere , north atlantic ( 55°43 ' n to 42°56 ' n ) and western pacific .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 38 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4460 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 24 - 27 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 24 - 27 . pelvic fins with a splint bone .
markle , d . f . and j . - c . quéro , 1984 . alepocephalidae ( including bathylaconidae , bathyprionidae ) . p . 228 - 253 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4736 )
) : 3 . 5 - 11 . 4 , mean 7 . 6 ( based on 173 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00339 ( 0 . 00151 - 0 . 00760 ) , b = 3 . 19 ( 2 . 99 - 3 . 39 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .
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is widely distributed in the atlantic , western pacific , caribbean and off the east coast of the united states . in the eastern central atlantic this species has been found in madeira and off of namibia . this is a rare species with only a handful of museum collections and there are no records of this species in its range . this species inhabits depths from 600 m to 5 , 000 m and may be found in depths greater than 8 , 000 m . there are no major threats known and this species is not utilized at the present time . it is listed as least concern .
2003 ) . in the eastern central atlantic , this species is known from madeira and the canaries to off western ireland , as well as off of namibia . this species was caught in a bottom trawl haul from the depth of 8 , 800 m in japan ( parin and shcherbachev 1973 ) .
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; australia ; bahamas ; barbados ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; china ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; france ( france ( mainland ) ) ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; haiti ; ireland ; japan ; martinique ; montserrat ; morocco ; namibia ; new caledonia ; new zealand ; norfolk island ; papua new guinea ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; taiwan , province of china ( taiwan , province of china ( main island ) ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united kingdom ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara
is a rare species with only a handful of specimens present in museum collections .
alepocephalidae are characterized by species that inhabit depths of about 600 m to 5 , 000 m with most species occurring below 1 , 000 m ( hartel in press ) . however ,
was recorded from 8 , 800 m ( parin and shcherbachev 1973 ) . these species feed on a variety of food items including ctenophores , crustaceans , echinoderms , polychaetes , decapods , tunicates and fishes ( hartel in press ) . it attains a maximum size of up to 39cm ( standard length ) .
there are no major threats known for this species . in the eastern central atlantic region trawl fisheries do not trawl deeper than 200 m ( koranteng 2001 , nunoo pers . comm . 2012 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution may overlap with marine reserves in parts of its range ( world database on protected areas 2010 ) , however , it is not known if protection encompasses the depth range of the species .
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is widely distributed in the atlantic and western and eastern pacific oceans . in the northeastern atlantic ,
is known only from the azores and madeira . this is a rare species and little information is available about its population status , habitats or ecology . there are no major threats known and this species is not utilized at the present time . however , given that records from the assessment region are isolated and scattered ,
. 2014 ) and there are isolated records at about 55° n ( markle and quero 1986 ) . it is known from about 1 , 100 to 3 , 100 m ( markle and quero 1984 ) .
france ( france ( mainland ) ) ; ireland ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) )
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution may overlap with marine reserves in parts of its range , however , it is not known if protection encompasses the depth range of the species .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c809289f - 0017 - 4d82 - ad7e - 05d2e3e524bb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cceb9f3f - 5d75 - 4154 - ac61 - 5b89a1397a85
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cdb2a5a0 - 2e38 - 495b - 9712 - e73acbef3fe1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fd9140c1 - 0da3 - 40cf - 86e6 - 724ce8570041
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 548527
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith
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( for details about our automatic annotation engine , refer to mitoannotator ) . the image on the right side is a visual representation of the mitogenome created by circos . the innermost circle represents gc % per every 5bp of the mitogenome ; the darker lines are , the higher their gc % are .
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
moore , j . a . , m . vecchione , b . b . collette , and r . gibbons . ( 2002 ) the fauna of bear seamount ( new england seamount chain ) , and the presence of
natural invader
species . paper cm 2002 / m : 25 , ices annual science conference and ices centenary , 1 - 5 october 2002 , copenhagen [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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) : 3 . 5 - 11 . 4 , mean 7 . 6 ( based on 173 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00339 ( 0 . 00151 - 0 . 00760 ) , b = 3 . 19 ( 2 . 99 - 3 . 39 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 100 - 3200 m ( ref . 4460 ) . deep - water , preferred ? ; 56°n - 28°s
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374
moore , j . a . , m . vecchione , b . b . collette , and r . gibbons . ( 2002 ) the fauna of bear seamount ( new england seamount chain ) , and the presence of
natural invader
species . paper cm 2002 / m : 25 , ices annual science conference and ices centenary , 1 - 5 october 2002 , copenhagen
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chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
eschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .
fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
markle , d . f . and j . - c . quéro ( 1984 ) alepocephalidae ( including bathylaconidae , bathyprionidae ) . : p . 228 - 253 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 1 .
moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith , 2003 : an annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the new england region , with new area records . northeastern naturalist , vol . 10 , no . 2 . 159 - 248 .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 357 - 374
cfm script by eagbayani , 12 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 05 / 02 / 08 , last modified by cgarilao , 13 / 05 / 08
body slender and elongate , with a large head . eyes much smaller than snout . snout pointed . upper and lower jaws with fang - like teeth . rear margin of jaw extends well beyond posterior margin of orbit . dorsal fin directly over of anal fin . pectoral and pelvic fins small . scales tiny .
whitehead , p . j . p . , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . g . nielsen and e . tortonese . 1986 . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . vol . i -
a uniformly blackish deepwater shark with a short , blunt snout , fleshy lips , large triangular serrated teeth in the lower jaw , and no fin spines . the black shark can carve out chunks flesh like the related cookiecutter sharks .
a bluish - black slickhead covered in many large , nodular photophores on the head and body , with a slightly paler head , a broadly rounded snout , a very large eye , and short jaws that do not extend beyond the middle of the eye .
a longnosed brownish - grey dogfish with a long - based first dorsal fin and no subcaudal keel .
a pale tan to pale bluish grey , or dark brown spiny eel with two or more complete rows of palatine and dentary teeth , and 9 - 12 unconnected short , sharp dorsal - fin spines .
fabulous footage of a species of melanocetus filmed in the monterey bay , california .
a primitive eel - like deepwater shark with a single low dorsal fin positioned far back on the body , six ' frilled ' gill slits , a large mouth with groups of small sharp inward pointing teeth and no lower lobe on the long caudal fin . frill sharks are dark brown to greyish in colour , often with a paler underside . video of a frill shark swimming video of a frill shark swimming just above the bottom in 950 metres off south carolina ( usa ) . video of a female frill shark caught off awashima port in shizuoka , southwest of tokyo . the shark was transferred to the awashima marine park , but only lived for a few hours .
, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013


the redfin pickerel ( esox americanus americanus ) is a subspecies of freshwater fish belonging to the pike family ( esocidae ) of the order esociformes .

not to be confused with its close relatives , the grass pickerel and the chain pickerel , this fish is unique in the fact that it has brightly colored red fins .

like all pikes , the redfin pickerel is an ambush predator , lying amongst thick vegetation in wait for smaller , more agile prey to enter within its range of attack .

redfin pickerel

all fishing buy , redfin pickerel fish , habitats , characteristics , fishing pickerel methods .
grass and redfin pickerel are typically top predators in their habitats . the protozoan parasites of these pickerel include
redfin pickerel , compared to grass pickerel , have a shorter , broader snout . also , their pelvic and pectoral fins are red . redfin pickerel total lengths average between 150 - 200mm . also , redfin pickerel grow faster than grass pickerel ( sternberg , 1987 ) . redfin pickerel have a complete lateral line with 94 - 117 scales , and 3 - 5 , usually 4 , submandibular pores .
continue to collect distribution data on redfin pickerel to monitor their status in new hampshire .
in the wild , the maximum life span of grass pickerel is 7 years . in north carolina , the expected lifespan of redfin pickerel is 5 - 7 years . according to sternberg ( 1987 ) , grass and redfin pickerel can reach a maximum age of 8 years old in the wild . female redfin pickerel live longer than males . grass and redfin pickerel are not kept in captivity .
investigate the impacts of urbanization and habitat fragmentation on redfin pickerel populations in southeastern new hampshire .
there is no parental care after spawning with grass and redfin pickerel young . after spawning , the adult pickerel abandon the eggs .
crossman , e . 1962 . the redfin pickerel , esox a . americanus in north carolina .
redfin pickerel - esox americanus , is a species of freshwater fish in the pike family esocidae . it is also known as : grass pickerel , mud pickerel , little pickerel , banded pickerel , redfinned pike and barred pickerel . the redfin pickerel is an atlantic coast form , its range extending from new york south to eastern drainages in georgia and all the way down to the gulf of mexico .
that exists in the urinary tract of pickerel . trematode parasites of these pickerel are
chain pickerel the redfin pickerel , however , has a shorter snout and a black bar below the eye that angles slightly towards the rear .
do not stock redfin pickerel together with any fish less than 1 / 3 of the pickerel ' s body length . redfin pickerel will not do well with very active or aggressive fish ; such a combination often results in the pickerel becoming ragged as well as barely eating for lack of opportunities .
the redfin pickerel also known as grass pickerel , little pickerel , and barred pickerel is a very popular for they active fighting sport fish even it is a very small size . redfin pickerel hit well in the winter months , and even through the ice . pickerel will savagely attack schools of baitfish , or individuals , whatever is the easiest prey at the time . the best locations for redfin pickerel in the winter is along points , with drop - offs near deeper water , and areas that contain some underwater cover and vegetation nearby .
recreational fishing is common throughout the lower river . this redfin pickerel is one of many fishes caught by this fisherman .
) . grass pickerel and redfin pickerel are distributed from the st . lawrence river drainage in southern canada and the finger lakes southward to lake okeechobee , florida . grass pickerel mainly exist west of the appalachian mountain chain , along the mississippi river regions . redfin pickerel exist mainly east along the atlantic slope . grass pickerel replace redfin pickerel in the drainages of the gulf of mexico , the mississippi river , and in ontario . grass pickerel were introduced to idaho , colorado , utah , washington , western pennsylvania , maryland , western new york , and potentially even wisconsin ( cosewic , 2005 ) .
the reddish tinted fins will usually , but not always distinguish the redfin pickerel from its larger cousin , the chain pickerel . also note the backward slanting black bar beneath the eye . in the chain pickerel this bar would be vertical .
grass pickerel are known in nature to hybridize with redfin pickerel , chain pickerel , and northern pike ( serns and mcknight 1977 , schwartz 1962 , schwartz 1981 ) . artificial hybrids between muskellunge and grass pickerel lived at least 18 months ( tenant and billy 1963 , crossman and buss 1965 ) .
habitat . grass and redfin pickerel inhabit quiet or small lakes and swamps , bays and backwaters , and sluggish pools of streams . both prefer heavy vegetation in clear waters , but the grass pickerel favors waters with neutral to basic acidity , and the redfin inhabits comparatively acidic waters .
life history : redfin pickerel are the smallest member of the pike family , attaining a maximum length of about 12 inches . redfin pickerel spawn in early spring by laying strings of eggs over vegetation or submerged branches in shallow water . its prey consists of invertebrates and small fish . redfin pickerel appear to be well adapted to living in headwater stream habitat and have been captured in surprisingly small streams with very low flow .
grass pickerel have a higher egg count than redfin pickerel . according to crossman ( 1962 ) , of 10 3 - 4 - year - old redfin pickerel females sampled , the average primary egg count was 269 . 4 with a range of 186 - 542 , and the total egg count was estimated at 3716 . 2 with a range of 722 - 4364 ( crossman , 1962 ) . a single redfin pickerel was compared to a grass pickerel of similar size and the egg count varied significantly . the redfin had 186 primary , or mature eggs , with a total egg count of 3 , 672 while the grass pickerel had 803 and 15 , 732 respectively ( crossman , 1962 ) .
grass and redfin pickerel reach sexual maturity as early as age one when the males are at least 188mm in total length and females are 109mm total length . the pickerel are usually able to spawn by age 2 .
like all pike , the redfin pickerel is an ambush predator . this lifestyle dictates much of its tank and feeding requirements . as an ambush predator , under normal circumstances , it will not chase food around a tank . pickerel prefer to lay very still amidst some cover and wait for food to pass by it . redfin pickerel will barely breath to achieve full effect .
life history / behavior . reaching sexual maturity when they are roughly 2 years old and at least 5 inches long , grass and redfin pickerel spawn in the late fall , the early winter , or the spring ; grass pickerel require water temperatures between 36° and 54°f , and redfin favor waters approaching 50°f . spawning takes place in heavily vegetated , shallow areas , and the backs of the fish appear at the surface as they scatter eggs in small batches over the vegetation . grass pickerel may produce twice as many eggs as do redfin pickerel . they do not build nests . the grass pickerel ' s eggs hatch in 11 to 15 days , the redfin pickerel ' s in 12 to 1 4 days , without the protection of the parents .
crossman , e . j . 1962 . the redfin pickerel esox a . americanus in north carolina . copeia 1962 ( 1 ) : 114 - 123 .
the redfin pickerel is the eastern half of the esox americanus subspecies twins . the other is northwest pennsylvania’s grass pickerel ( esox americanus vermiculatus ) . the redfin’s native range is along the atlantic coast from massachusetts to florida . in the gulf coast and southeast states , it mixes and interbreeds with the grass pickerel . the redfin is a common small pickerel in the delaware river watershed in pennsylvania . it is found rarely in the susquehanna river watershed . in pennsylvania , there is no natural overlap in the geographic distribution of these subspecies .
of a pound in weight ; the redfin pickerel generally grows faster and slightly longer than the grass pickerel . the alltackle world record for the grass pickerel is a 1 - pound indiana fish ; for the redfin pickerel , the record is a 1 - pound , 15 - ounce new york fish . they can live up to 8 years , although they usually live 5 years or less . females live longer and grow larger than males .
younger grass and redfin pickerel diets vary from the diet of adult pickerel . until they are about 50 mm in size , juveniles primarily rely on small crustaceans , like cladocerans or amphipods , and aquatic insects for food .
one of the most distinctive characteristics identifying young redfin pickerel is a silvery - green stripe spanning the region from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal fin . also , their fins are not fully red , only the tips of their fins contain any red pigmentation . juvenile redfin pickerel are typically between 10 - 20mm in length at the time of hatching and grow rapidly . scales do not appear on young redfin pickerel until they are at least 50mm .
description : redfin pickerel look similar to the chain pickerel , except smaller , with a more blunt snout and an olive to yellowish green coloration compared to the deeper green color of the chain pickerel . its most distinctive features are its reddish colored fins and a backwards slanting black vertical bar beneath the eye .
piscivorous , but will eat other live foods such as grubs and insects . it is extremely difficult to achieve a diet of artificial food with redfin pickerel or pikes altogether .
the redfin pickerel is the smallest member of the pike family . they have dark , vertical barring on sides . the opercle is fully scaled and there is a forward slashing
scar
through the eye . the snout is shorter than in other pikes . the redfin variety of
the grass pickerel ( esox americanus vermiculatus ) is a subspecies of the redfin pickerel and a small member of the pike family ( esocidae ) . in addition to the distinguishing family features ( large mouth ; many teeth ; forked tail ; and posterior dorsal and anal fins ) , the grass pickerel has the following characteristics :
these pickerel are scrappy fighters , but their small size limits their popularity as sport fish . they can be caught on minnows , streamers , small spinners , spoons and plugs . redfin pickerel are a lot of fun to catch on light spinning tackle .
the grass pickerel subspecies could be mistaken for the redfin , if their ranges were not so distinct . the grass pickerel is distributed throughout the mississippi river watershed . the redfin is an east coast fish . where their ranges cross along the gulf coast , from louisiana to florida , the two small pickerel interbreed . in pennsylvania , grass pickerel are found in northwestern pennsylvania , in both the lake erie and allegheny river watersheds , especially where the land has been glaciated . the grass pickerel’s subspecies name “ vermiculatus ” means “wormlike , ” describing the wavy markings on the fish’s sides .
) if they are found in the same geographic area . grass and redfin pickerel have a lateral line system , which is a sensory canal system made up of pores and sensory organs . this is useful in detecting water pressure / movement changes . grass and redfin pickerel use ram style ambush when capturing prey . this means that the pickerel move towards their prey by propelling themselves forward , at first slowly , then curving their bodies to help propel themselves at the fastest acceleration they can reach .
you may feed your pickerel 0 - 2x / day depending on selected diet . pickerel typically need a brief
warm - up
period before they begin to feed .
conservation / management : although redfin pickerel are relatively common in southern new england , populations in new hampshire are limited to the southeastern corner of new hampshire where aquatic habitats are rapidly becoming degraded due to increasing development pressure .
species of the family esocidae are usually the top predators in their environments . grass and redfin pickerel are cannibalistic at times and can be predators to themselves . though they are rarely caught for sport fishing purposes , humans (
breeding season february - march and for grass pickerel , possibly again in august - november .
locally almost all species of north american esocids are present . northern pike , chain pickerel , grass pickerel , redfin pickerel , and even muskellunge are found in lake champlain . the northern pike and the chain pickerel are very abundant where the other pickerel are common . the muskellunge is present but not nearly as common as the other species . pikes are considered game fish by many , but the pickerel because of its smaller size is not widely sought after . as a fisherman of many years on the lakes and ponds of northern vermont i would definitely attest to the belief that the pikes are an exciting and vicious predator in the aquatic world of lakes , rivers , and ponds .
habitat : the redfin pickerel prefers shallow weedy backwaters in stands of aquatic vegetation or thick overhanging grasses and shrubs . it is often found in smaller watersheds than the chain pickerel . in new hampshire it is frequently found in streams flowing through abandoned beaver ponds in very small watersheds that may dry up in some years .
redfin pickerel inhabit the weedy shallows of slow - moving streams , as well as lakes and ponds . although they are usually found over a soft , mud bottom , redfin pickerel prefer the water itself to be clear . they can live in naturally acidic water , like that which flows from the tannicstained bogs in pennsylvania’s northeast region . they can tolerate swampy waters with low oxygen content and brackish waters , where fresh water and ocean salt water mix .
redfin pickerel spawn in spring , when the water temperature reaches about 50 degrees . the sticky eggs are randomly broadcast in the shallows over underwater vegetation and other organic debris . the eggs , which hatch in about two weeks , receive no parental care . unlike larger pikes , the redfin does not include fish as a primary part of its diet . instead , it feeds on small crustaceans , crayfish , aquatic insects and other invertebrates . the small size of redfin pickerel , as well as their restricted shallow - water habitat , may be why so few fish are on their menu .
pickerel occur naturally only in eastern n america . the group consists of 2 species : esox niger , chain pickerel ; e . americanus , divisible into 2 forms , redfin pickerel , which grows to 35 cm , and the slightly smaller grass pickerel . in canada , 1 or more species occur in limited portions of the country from southern ns to ontario , inhabiting smaller , warm waters ( eg , ponds , small streams , bays of lakes ) . only the chain pickerel , growing to about 50 cm long and 1 . 4 kg , is of any consequence as a sport fish .
crossman , e . j . 1980 . esox americanus ( gmelin ) , redfin pickerel and grass pickerel . pp . 131 in d . s . lee et al . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .
redfin pickerel lives in lowland streams , bays and ponds with thick vegetation , and it is known in eight atlantic slope watersheds plus champlain . this small pickerel is not known to have overlapping range with its close relative , grass pickerel . it is likely to be non native to the few higher elevation waters of the adirondacks where it has been caught . the distributional range and abundance has grown in the lower hudson watershed .
• pike is the mainly referred name while pickerel is used to refer certain species of esox .
chain pickerel spawn in early spring , when water temperatures are in the high 40s to low 50s . the spawning period lasts about one week . chain pickerel are also reported to spawn in the fall , but the survival rate of eggs and young is suspected to be low . the sticky eggs , 6 , 000 to 8 , 000 typically deposited by each female , are scattered over underwater weeds . chain pickerel have been known to hybridize in the wild with redfin pickerel , because their spawning site choices and breeding times overlap .
grass and redfin pickerel are not notable gamefish due to their small size , but are sometimes caught on accident by game fisherman . if pickerel are caught and not thrown back , they can be eaten as food . according to sternberg ( 1987 ) , their meat is described as white , flaky , and sweet - tasting but bony .
) , move between 40m - 75m per hour in the spring , 15m - 40m in the summer , and 26m - 55m in the fall . there has been no documentation of a home range for grass and redfin pickerel , but it is likely that they travel in a similar seasonal pattern . grass and redfin pickerel are mostly sedentary when not in spawning season , when they will migrate to other areas , and only travel in response to water level changes or to feed .
according to crossman ( 1962 ) , the growth of newly hatched grass or redfin pickerel is relatively rapid . the fry hatch with no scales , an unsegmented spinal chord , and a notochord that spans to the tip of the rounded caudal fin . once the fry reach approximately 30mm their vertebrae begin to segment and the urostyle begins to develop . by 20mm , their lateral lines have developed . the pickerels ' scales appear when they are approximately 50mm and form behind the head and pelvic area . once the pickerel have reached 65mm they become fully scaled and their caudal fin becomes completely formed and forked , and the urostyle is completely developed and spine completely segmented . grass pickerel grow faster than redfin pickerel , which grow 25 - 35mm a year . like most fish , pickerel exhibit indeterminate growth .
a management plan for the grass pickerel was published in 2012 . it provides a summary of current knowledge , identifies threats to the species and its habitat and recommends measures to maintain and improve grass pickerel populations .
grass and redfin pickerel spawn in the late winter to early spring months , with grass pickerels occasionally spawning a second time in the late summer to early winter months . spawning occurs in heavily vegetated floodplains , swamps , and tributary streams that are sometimes so shallow ( less than 30 . 5cm ) , that the male and female pickerel are out of the water .
grass and redfin pickerel are piscivorous , meaning they eat other fish . the diet of grass pickerel 50 - 100mm consists mainly of small crustaceans and aquatic insects , such as members of the orders trichoptera ( caddisflies ) and odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) . their diet also includes crayfish and some fish , like sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) and fish of the genus
redfin pickerel are listed as a species of
least concern
on the iucn red list and have no special status on the federal endangered species list , through cites list , or on the state of michigan list . according to cosewic ( 2005 ) , grass pickerel were designated a species of special concern in canada in 2005 . major threats here include of loss of habitat from dredging and the deepening , or channelization , of wetland areas that the grass pickerel inhabit .
the grass pickerel is often mistaken for the young of northern pike and , less often , the muskellunge .
a management plan for the grass pickerel was published in june 2011 . it provides a summary of current knowledge , identifies threats to the species and its habitat and recommends measures to maintain and improve grass pickerel populations .
chain pickerel has a wide range of food preference such as small fishes , frogs , crabs , mice , crayfish , and many other aquatic animals . chain pickerel is larger than american pickerel with an average bodyweight of about three pounds and a length of about 54 centimetres . there is a characteristic chain - like colouration pattern on the greenish sides . overall , the pickerel species seem to be small versions of the pike fishes .
ming , a . 1968 . life history of the grass pickerel , esox americanus vermiculatus , in oklahoma .
the torpedo - shaped redfin pickerel has numerous sharp teeth in a relatively pointed snout making it perfectly designed for its ambush–type feeding behavior . due to its small size , sport fishing for the species is limited primarily to coastal areas where the ideal habitat for growth exists .
pike are long , slender , “duck - billed” predator fish , popular with anglers for the great size some species attain and for their sporting fight . four species of the pike family live in the northern hemisphere . the grass pickerel and redfin pickerel ( the two are closely related subspecies ) , the chain pickerel , the northern pike and the muskellunge are native to north america and to pennsylvania . the northern pike is one of the few fish whose natural range includes both north america and eurasia .
female grass and redfin pickerel are polyandrous , meaning that they have more than one male mate . a group of one female pickerel and 1 - 3 male pickerel swim along , scattering fertilized eggs . the eggs and milt , or semen , are ejected from the respective fishes and mixed together by lashing their caudal fins . the fertilized eggs are spread over areas that are dense with aquatic vegetation and are usually closer to the shore than other members of the family esocidae , like the northern pike (
the pikes , pickerels , and muskellunge make up the small family esocidae in the order salmoniformes . the family consists of only five species , e . niger , e . americanus , and e . masquinongy , which are confined to north america , e . reicherti , which resides in siberia , and e . lucius which is found across the northern hemisphere ( smith 1985 ) . the esocids of north america are commonly called ; northern pike e . lucius , muskellunge ( or muskie ) e . masquinongy , chain pickerel e . niger , the redfin pickerel e . americanus americanus , and a subspecies of the redfin , the grass pickerel e . americanus verminiculus .
just - hatched chain pickerel fry attach themselves to plant stems during the absorption of the yolk sac . young chain pickerel eat aquatic insects and crustaceans , and are eaten by larger fish . as they grow , chain pickerel increasingly consume fish , which become the mainstay of their diet . at one year old , chain pickerel are about seven inches long . after four years , they are about 15 inches . their natural lifespan is eight to 10 years .
grass and redfin pickerel reach sexual maturity between ages 1 - 3 years old . they are some of the first fish to spawn , with the process occurring in the late winter to early spring ( february - april ) when water temperatures are drawing near 4 - 10 °c . grass pickerel occasionally spawn more than once a year with the second spawning season in the late summer - early winter ( august - november ) . on occasion , grass pickerel have been known to migrate to streams from lakes to spawn .
e . j . crossman . 2006 . pickerel . the canadian encyclopedia urltoken ( accessed july 9 , 2018 ) .
grass and redfin pickerel are diurnal , meaning they are most active and do most of their activities like feeding and spawning in the daytime . grass and redfin pickerel are relatively solitary fish , and interact little with other species beyond acts of predation . though pickerel are solitary , their larvae gather in nursery areas in weedy swamps . when not in spawning season , they are sedentary and do not travel very far daily , but they do migrate to other areas in order to spawn . they will travel out of their area to feed , or in response to water level changes , but this is not as frequent . this is how they become isolated or trapped in pools of water that are not part of the stream or channel . grass pickerel usually orient themselves with their head toward the shore or edge of the water .
the grass pickerel and the redfin pickerel are two nearly identical subspecies of esox americanus , differing only slightly in range . because they occur only in small populations and are of small size , they have little importance as sportfish , although they are significant predators in many waters of more prominent small sportfish . the white , sweet flesh of these members of the esocidae family is bony , but it has an excellent flavor .
crossman , e . j . . 2006 . pickerel . the canadian encyclopedia urltoken ( accessed july 9 , 2018 ) .
pickerel , common name for 3 closely related carnivorous , soft - rayed freshwater fishes in the pike family ( esocidae ) .
crossman , e . . r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2006 ) . pickerel . retrieved july 9 , 2018 from urltoken
crossman , e . . r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2006 ) . pickerel . retrieved july 9 , 2018 from urltoken
weinman , m . , t . lauer . 2007 . diet of grass pickerel ( esox americanus vermiculatus ) in indiana streams .
food and feeding habits . grass and redfin pickerel are largely piscivorous , feeding mainly on other fish , such as minnows , although they occasionally eat aquatic insects , small crayfish , and frogs . they will remain virtually motionless among the vegetation for hours at a time , waiting to dart out and seize a potential meal .
the river has also lost its population of brook trout , fallfish and other species that depend upon flowing water . these fish cannot survive the low - flow problems of the river . the fish community is now dominated by three fish species that can tolerate warm , ponded conditions : redfin pickerel , american eel and pumpkinseed .
chain pickerel are the most abundant and widely distributed member of pennsylvania’s pike family . they are also the most often caught , biting the angler’s bait or lure readily . the chain pickerel’s original range was atlantic and gulf coast tributaries , but the fish has been introduced elsewhere . in pennsylvania , chain pickerel are restricted to the delaware , susquehanna and potomac river watersheds . they are most common in the glaciated pocono northeast .
e . j . crossman , r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2006 ) . pickerel . retrieved july 9 , 2018 , from urltoken
crossman , e . j . .
pickerel .
in the canadian encyclopedia . historica canada , 1985— . article published february 8 , 2006
e . j . crossman .
pickerel
in the canadian encyclopedia . historica canada , 1985– . article published february 7 , 2006 . urltoken
. adult grass pickerel 100 - 199mm consume mostly sunfish and minnows ( family cyprinidae ) . larger pickerel 200 - 340mm consume a diet mainly of fish , most of which are sunfish . being daytime eaters , they hide in submerged aquatic vegetation to wait out the prey that they visually locate .
distribution : redfin pickerel are native to the atlantic coastal plain and reach the northern extent of their range in new hampshire . there are a few isolated populations in maine , where the species is listed as state endangered . in new hampshire , the species is restricted to lower elevation rivers and streams along the coastal plain in the lower merrimack and southern coastal drainages .
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crossman , e . j . .
pickerel
. the canadian encyclopedia . toronto : historica canada , 2006 . web . 8 feb 2006 .
crossman , e . j . .
pickerel
. the canadian encyclopedia . toronto : historica canada , 2006 . web . 8 feb 2006 .
. the maximum age is about 8 years , but the usual life span is 7years . there is little difference in growth between males and females , although females live longer . redfin pickerels rarely exceed 12 inches long .
1 . age and growth on average , it takes about five years for chain pickerel to reach 2 pounds , and they rarely attain a weight of more than 4 pounds . their growth rate is usually faster in lakes than in streams . chain pickerel have a maximum life span of about 9 years .
e . j . crossman
pickerel
the canadian encyclopedia . eds . . toronto : historica canada , 2006 . web . 9 jul . 2018 .
among the most aggressive of all game fish , chain pickerel will eagerly attack any kind of lure , particularly those with plenty of action or flash . although pickerel don ' t have the following of the larger game fish species , their explosive strikes and powerful runs make them an exciting challenge on light tackle .
in the southeastern ozarks , this game fish ' s presence alternates with that of the chain pickerel , with one or the other predominating at any one locality .
distribution . in north america , grass pickerel range from the great lakes basin north to southern ontario in canada and to michigan , wisconsin , and nebraska ; they also occur in the mississippi river and gulf slope drainages west of the pascagoula river in mississippi to the brazos river in texas . redfin pickerel are found in atlantic slope drainages , from the st . lawrence river drainage in quebec to southern georgia ; they also occur in gulf slope drainages from the pascagoula river in mississippi to florida . populations for both species are generally small on a local level .
grass pickerel rarely grow over 12 inches long , so an adult grass pickerel could be mistaken for an immature northern pike or muskellunge , except for the scaling that covers its cheeks and gill covers . grass pickerel are usually not as distinctly marked as redfins , and they do not have a red tinge to their fins . the sides and back are greenish to grayish , and the flanks have lighter , dusky streaks that curve and tend to be vertical . the streaks may look like bars or just shadowy , wandering lines . grass pickerel have a black bar beneath the eyes , which trails slightly backward . the fins are amber or dusky with no markings .
hybridizes in nature with e . niger ( chain pickerel ; crossman 1980 ) . most similar to e . niger , from which it can be readily separated from as an adult on the basis of color pattern : irregular vertical bars compared to the reticulate or honey combed pattern markings on the flank of the chain pickerel ( ross 2001 ) .
willis , d . , j . jolley , d . willis . 2008 . characteristics of a grass pickerel ( esox americanus vermiculatus ) population in pony lake , nebraska .
redfin pickerels have 15 to 36 dark , wavy , vertical bars and reddish - orange lower fins . otherwise the coloration is similar to that of chain pickerels . there is a dark , backward - slanting bar below the eye . the snout is shorter and broader than that of a chain pickerel . normally there are 11 to 13 branchiosstegal rays on the underside of the lower jaw . the cheek and gill covers are completely scaled .
5 . habitat and range chain pickerel prefer water temperatures in the upper 70s , warmer than those favored by pike and muskies . the fish flourish in clear , weedy lakes , ponds and reservoirs and in slow - moving reaches of warm - water streams . they spend most of their time in shallow water ( less than 10 feet deep ) . pickerel move deeper in very hot weather or , if shallow cover such as lily pads or a dock is present , to shady spots where the water is cooler . when water temperatures decline in the fall , pickerel will move to the outside edges of weed beds . chain pickerel are found through much of the midwest as well as in the northeast and south .
the chain pickerel weighs from sixteen to thirty two ounces and are about seventeen inches long [ 5 ] . some distinguishing markings are the green and bronze coloring and a dark bar underneath each eye [ 6 ] . chain pickerel lay their eggs early so that their young may feed upon the young of other fish which lay their eggs later [ 7 ] .
* * 6 . fishing tips * * a light spinning outfit spooled with 6 - pound - test mono is ideal . spinners and spoons rank among the most popular lures , but these toothy predators will strike almost any kind of lure , including crankbaits , jigs and topwater plugs . weed - resistant lures such as spinnerbaits and weedless spoons are necessary when working lily pads or other heavy vegetation . flyfishermen catch plenty of pickerel on large streamers and hair bugs . to prevent bite - offs , use a short wire leader . chain pickerel are slimier than most fish , so use a towel to hold the fish when removing the hook . clean a pickerel as if it were a small pike ; pickerel have
y
bones .
description : ( anatomy of a fish ) the redfin pickerel is a narrowly elongated fish with a duck - like snout that is short and wide . the body is brown to dark olive in color with numerous wavy horizontal bars with a white belly . the fins are often bright orange - red to red , especially in spawning adults . a black bar slants backward toward the gill flap or operculum from the eye , and can sometimes be vertical .
the lateral line system is present in every fish species . it is a sensory canal system that detects the changes in water pressure and water movement through open pores and sensory organs , which is useful in detecting prey . lateral lines are made up of pores that can span from the head to the caudal fin . redfin pickerel have a complete lateral line , meaning it reaches from the head to the caudal fin , with 94 - 117 scales and grass pickerel have a lateral line with fewer than 110 scales . both pickerel have 3 - 5 submandibular pores which , along with the lateral line , are connected to the cephalic lateralis canal system ( sensory canals on the head ) . these pores are open , located under the jaw , and aid the lateral line in the detection of water pressure and movement changes .
breeding interval spawn once in the late winter and early spring months for a period of 2 - 4 weeks . grass pickerel occasionally spawn again in the late summer to early winter months .
becker ( 1983 ) indicated that , in wisconsin , grass pickerel are eaten by catfishes ( ictaluridae ) , sunfishes ( centrarchidae ) , yellow perch ( perca flavescens ) , and grass pickerel . extensive accounts of diets of common piscivorous birds - - osprey ( pandion haliaetus ) , common loon ( gavia immer ) , double crested cormorant ( phalacrocorax auritus ) , common merganser ( mergus merganser ) , belted kingfisher ( ceryle alcyon ) , and great blue heron ( ardea herodias ) - - in the birds of north america series ( poole and gill , eds . , 1992 - 2002 ) were checked . none of the literature surveyed indicated that the grass pickerel was eaten by any of these fish - eating birds that are common in the same habitats . an assumption prevails that grass pickerel may be detrimental to northern pike , and kleinert and mraz ( 1966 ) suggested that management efforts should be made that would prevent the spread of the pickerel .
as this species is associated with heavily vegetated areas and deeper pools , it is sensitive to raparian damage from livestock or to any erosional problems resulting in increased sedimentation , bank failure , and loss of vegetation ( ross 2001 ) . populations negatively affected where streams are channelized and denuded of vegetation and where swamps have been drained ( boschung and mayden 2004 ) . e . americanus eaten by catfishes , sunfishes , yellow perch , and redfin pickerel themselves ( becker 1983 ) .
cannibalism occurred infrequently , and there appears to be no evidence that this fish gorges on fishes . in ontario , rarely were there more than two fishes in the stomach of a grass pickerel .
(
cosewic assessment and status report on the grass pickerel esox americanus vermiculatus in canada
, 2005 ; pitcher , 1986 ; ross , 2013 ; wallus , et al . , 1990 )
chain pickerel can grow to more than 30 inches long , but one of 25 inches and four or five pounds is considered a trophy in pennsylvania . the state record is an eight - pounder . two - pound pickerel are common where the fish have enough to eat . the chain pickerel hides easily in its weedy habitat , with its dark , greenish - yellow back , fading to lighter yellow - green along the sides . over the sides is a pattern of dark chainlike markings that gives the fish its name . the belly is white . a dark mark , like a clown’s painted tear , appears below each eye . the fins are unmarked and pale . as is typical of pickerel , both the cheek and the opercle , or gill cover , are fully scaled . chain pickerel have a long snout . the distance from the tip of the nose to the front of the eye is greater than the distance from the back of the eye to the end of the gill cover .
according to page and burr 1991 , the redfin pickerel has a fully scaled cheek and opercle . there is a black suborbital bar slanted toward the posterior . the dorsal surface is dark olive - brown and the ventral side ranges from white to amber colored . there are typically 15 - 36 dark bars on the lateral side of the adults . there are between 11 - 13 branchiostegal rays ; about 4 submandibular pores ; and 92 - 118 lateral scales ( page and burr 1991 ) .
male and female grass and redfin pickerel are patterned alike , but females tend to be larger than males in specimens over 200mm . ming ( 1968 ) examining grass pickerel in oklahoma , found females weighed more and grew to longer lengths than males did over the 4 years this study was conducted . specifically , females averaged 127g , 197g , 248g , and 306g in the 1st , 2nd , 3rd , and 4th years of the study respectively , whereas males were averaged 123g , 195g , and 235g ( no 4th year ) in the same time period . the total lengths of male and female grass pickerel follow the same trend ; 3 - year - old females had average lengths of 140mm , 203mm , and 245mm through years 1 - 3 respectively . males were smaller than females through the same time period , with average lengths of 132mm , 194mm , 235mm ( ming , 1968 ) .
3 . habits and spawning behavior although chain pickerel are primarily fish eaters , they will take just about any kind of food . besides fish , other common food items include frogs , crayfish and mice . chain pickerel prefer to stake out spots on the edges of weed beds and waylay prey as it passes . in early spring , when the water temperature rises into the mid - 40s , chain pickerel move into shallow , weedy bays to spawn . they drape gelatinous strings of eggs up to 3 feet long over aquatic vegetation , sticks and logs . the parents then abandon the eggs and make no attempt to protect the fry .
grass pickerel scatter their adhesive eggs over underwater plants , when water temperatures in the spring rise to the low 50s , generally april . they may also spawn in the fall , but the survival of the fry is probably very low , and they may occasionally hybridize with northern pike . with its small size , the grass pickerel eats few fish , but feasts instead on invertebrates , aquatic insects , crayfish and other crustaceans .
having slow to moderate currents and abundant aquatic vegetation or undercut banks , in swamps and isolated overflow pools of rivers . the young occur in schools , but adults are solitary , aggressive predators . an individual will lie motionless along the edge of aquatic vegetation or an undercut bank for long periods . when unsuspecting prey appears , the fish darts out , grasps the prey , and swallows it head first . large insect larvae , crayfishes , and fishes are staples of the adult diet . redfin pickerel live to 6 years ;
jones creek individuals were parasitized by 11 organisms , mostly trematodes , in virtually all internal organs . only three protozoans appeared dense enough to affect the health of grass pickerel ( crossman 1962a , see also ming 1968 ) .
committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . cosewic assessment and status report on the grass pickerel esox americanus vermiculatus in canada . none . ottawa : committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . 2005 .
although northern pike and muskellunge reach large sizes and are esteemed as game fishes , the grass pickerel seldom reaches a size to be of interest to fishers . their sleek , muscular , torpedo - shaped “engineering” is worthy of admiration .
hoyle , j . , h . gill , a . weatherley . 1986 . histochemical characterization of myotomal muscle in the grass pickerel , esox americanus vermiculatus ( leseuer ) , and the muskellunge , e . masquinongy ( mitchell ) .
the most effective method of using a minnow trap for redfin is to place the trap in a location where a fur trapper would place a trap for beaver or otter . that is , locate a narrow passageway in the stream through which any fish traveling upstream or downstream would need to pass , an opening between two rocks for example , where the water is a foot deep or less and fast moving . if all other paths are blocked or difficult to pass through , then a minnow trap carefully place in this opening will be extremely effective . i often raise the trap slightly by placing some small flat rocks underneath the trap . this will bring the trap closer to the surface where redfin often travel . the trap may need to be left for several days . i have found that often all the pickerel in an area will relocate at once , often after a rainfall , filling traps placed in this method .
(
cosewic assessment and status report on the grass pickerel esox americanus vermiculatus in canada
, 2005 ; crossman , 1962 ; ming , 1968 ; parnell , et al . , 1994 ; sternberg , 1987 ; trautman , 1986 )
(
cosewic assessment and status report on the grass pickerel esox americanus vermiculatus in canada
, 2005 ; crossman , 1962 ; ming , 1968 ; parnell , et al . , 1994 ; wallus , et al . , 1990 )
the cheeks and gill covers on the redfin pickerel are fully scaled , while the top of the head has few if any scales . a darkened vertical bar beneath the eye slants slightly backward . in cross section , the body is oval or cigar - shaped . the back is dark green to brown . color patterns on the sides are variable , from a green - and - white reticulate pattern resembling that of a brick wall to green , forward - slanting vertical bars . along the lower sides , fingerlike green projections extend downward and forward onto a cream or yellow venter .
chain pickerel live in and around weedbeds and sunken stumps and logs in natural lakes , swampy ponds and manmade impoundments . they can also be found in the sluggish parts of clear streams and in the naturally acidic , tannin - stained waters that drain boggy wetlands , as in northeastern pennsylvania . chain pickerel are commonly shallow - water dwellers , but they can live in deep lakes . they don’t travel far from their selected home areas , and they tolerate a wide temperature range .
grass pickerel live in the marshy areas of lakes and ponds , as well as in slow - flowing sections or backwaters of clear streams . they are usually found in and around dense , rooted aquatic vegetation over a soft , silt bottom .
pike , pickerel , and muskellunges collectively make seven species under one genus , esox , which is a genus of freshwater fish . esox is the only extant genus of the family : esocidae . being members of the same genus , both pike and pickerel share many features in common , yet there are some exhibited differences between them . this article intends to summarize the interesting features of both pike ( 3 species ) and pickerels ( 2 species ) and to discuss the difference between them .
grass and redfin pickerel reside in aquatic areas where there are large spans of aquatic vegetation . they are mainly found in relatively shallow ( less than 2 meters ) and warm ( 24 - 27 degrees celsius ) swamps , lakes , backwaters , and slow - moving pool habitats within stream channels that are clear . usually , they reside in bodies of water that have muddy bottoms , but they can also exist in rocky substrates . they are mainly a freshwater species , but have been reported to be found in the brackish waters of new york and new jersey and occasionally in brackish water around the chesapeake bay .
kleinert , s . j . and mraz . 1966 . life history of the grass pickerel ( esox americanus vermiculatus ) in southeastern wisconsin . pp . 1 - 40 . tech . bull . , no . 37 , wisconsin conservation department , madison .
redfin pickerel can at times reach weights in excess of 1 pound throughout the vast majority of its range in the south they are restricted to sizes of 4 to 15 inches ( 38 cm ) . elongate body . they colored dark olive to brown above , with lighter sides , with dark greenish - yellow to brown wavy bars ; dark bar under eye slopes down and back ; fins reddish , without dark spots . head long ; snout short , with straight profile ; 4 sensory pores on each side of lower jaw ; 11–13 ( usually 12 ) branchiostegal rays . cheek and opercle fully scaled . lateral line complete , with 97–118 scales .
if you accidentally capture a grass pickerel in quebec , it is very important to advise the centre de données sur le patrimoine naturel du québec of your catch , and to release the fish back into the water in a manner that maximizes its chances of survival .
pickerel , common name for 3 closely related carnivorous , soft - rayed freshwater fishes in the pike family ( esocidae ) . in parts of canada , the name is applied , erroneously , to the wwalleye . the name is derived from an english diminutive of pike .
chain pickerel are solitary predators , feasting on fish , which they stalk through the underwater weedbeds , as well as crayfish , large aquatic insects , frogs and other small animal life that gets into the water . they feed during the day , especially at dawn and dusk , and are active through the winter , under the ice , so they can be caught by ice anglers . in ponds where they overpopulate and outstrip their food source , chain pickerel may become stunted “pencil pike , ” or “hammer handles , ” small in size and thin .
interactions with other species of fishes were limited to predation and food . in jones creek , there were 22 other species of fishes , but the grass pickerel preyed on only nine . the central mudminnow , umbra limi , and the golden shiner , notemigonus crysoleucas were dominant prey items . golden shiners were preyed upon in relation to their relative abundance rather than selection ( crossman 1962a ) , but crossman ( 1962b ) suggested that the grass pickerel selected for the central mudminnow . ming ( 1968 ) noted that , in oklahoma , of 76 species of fishes captured , only 44 of them could be said to be
closely associated
with the grass pickerel . those species were in the following families : lepisosteidae , amiidae , clupeidae , cyprinidae , catostomidae , ictaluridae , anguillidae , centrarchidae , percidae , sciaenidae and atherinidae .
fecundity : moderately large number of small demersal , adhesive eggs ( crossman 1980 ) . mature eggs average 1 . 9mm in diameter and are golden yellow ; range from 843 to 4584 mature eggs for grass pickerel of 160 - 325 mm tl ( kleinert and mraz 1966 ) .


it was described by philpott in 1917 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 20 – 21 mm for males and females .

the forewings are ferruginous , but brighter along the costa .

there is an irregular transverse outwardly-oblique white discal dot at the middle and a dark , obscurely indicated second line .

the hindwings are yellow with the discal dot and terminal band fuscous .

udea adversa

udea adversa is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by philpott in 1917 . it is found in new zealand . [ 1 ]
have a fact about udea cyanalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for udea cyanalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
udea is a genus of moths of the family crambidae . they are mostly native to eurasia and the new world . there are over 200 species . about 41 are native to hawaii .
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urltoken
[ read before the otago institute , 5th september , 1916 , received by editors , 30th december , 1916 , issued separately , 16th july , 1917 . ]
♂ . 33–34 mm . head and thorax dark grey . palpi grey , stout , and rather short . antennae in ♂ moderately serrate , fasciculate - ciliated to apex . abdomen pale fuscous - grey . forewings rather short , costa almost straight , apex rounded , termen evenly rounded , oblique ; grey , rather bluish - tinted ; an irregular double interrupted black line at ⅓ ; orbicular moderate , rounded , open above and beneath , ringed with ochreous - white margined with black ; claviform irregularly rounded , touching first line , black ; reniform broad , ringed with ochreous - white , black - margined ; an obscure dentate median dark line passing between orbicular and reniform ; second line indicated by a chain of black lunules ; subterminal line parallel to termen , ochreous - white , anteriorly black - margined , serrate ; a series of black dots on termen : cilia fuscous with paler basal line . hindwings dark shining fuscous ; a black line round termen : cilia pale fuscous with a darker median line .
nearest to a . moderata ( walk . ) , but the stigmata , especially the prominent reniform , are quite different .
taken at waiouru in march by mr . h . w . simmonds . i am indebted to dr . j . a . thomson , of the dominion museum , for the opportunity of describing this form , two good examples having been forwarded by him for that purpose . type ( ♂ ) in coll . dominion museum .
♂ . 34 mm . head , palpi , and thorax grey slightly tinged with brown ; terminal joint of palpi rather elongate . antennae in ♂ very shortly ciliated . abdomen ochreous - brown . forewings , costa almost straight , apex rectangularly rounded , termen bowed , slightly oblique ; olive - grey ; veins marked with white interrupted by black dots ; lines almost obsolete , faintly indicated by white scales ; orbicular well defined , ovate , filled with white , finely margined with black ; reniform rather narrow , bluntly projecting at lower anterior corner , white - ringed , finely margined with black ; termen serrately margined with white : cilia brown . hindwings fuscous - grey - brown : cilia grey with darker median line .
the form of the stigmata differentiates this species from its allies . it has a peculiarly neat and smooth appearance .
titahi bay ( wellington ) , december . the type ( coll . m . o . pascoe ) is the only example at present known .
♂ . 17–20 mm . head , palpi , thorax , and abdomen dark reddish - brown sprinkled sparsely with grey and black . antennae black , annulated with
whitish , in ♂ ciliate - fasciculate , ciliations 4 . forewings triangular , costa slightly sinuate , apex obtuse , termen angulated at middle , subsinuate beneath ; dark dull - reddish - brown ; numerous obscure bluish - green and black transverse lines ; upper half or second line frequently more prominently greenish and followed by a rather broad reddish band , a thin waved bluish - green subterminal line usually present : cilia fuscous - grey , suffusedly barred and mixed with darker . hindwings in ♂ slightly but broadly projecting on middle of termen ; dark greyish - fuscous ; veins dotted with whitish scales , dorsal fasciae hardly indicated : cilia as in forewings .
near c . rivalis philp . , but much darker in appearance , the details of wing - shape also show considerable differences .
mount cleughearn , hunter mountains , in january . the male was found commonly in a restricted spot at about 3 , 250 ft . no females were obtained .
♂♀ . 22–25 mm . head , palpi , thorax , and abdomen grey sprinkled with black . palpi in ♀ 3½ , in ♂ slightly less . antennae in ♂ evenly ciliated , ¾ . forewings rather narrow , costa hardly arched , termen bowed , strongly oblique ; fuscous - grey , irrorated with black , sometimes with faint pink suffusion ; numerous waved white lines , more prominent on apical half of wing ; margin of the slightly darker basal portion of wing sharply and triangularly indented opposite discal spot ; a black line along termen : cilia whitish - grey with fuscous median line . hindwings , termen unevenly rounded , in ♂ deeply sinuate above middle ; greyish - white with numerous incomplete waved bluish lines : cilia grey , obscurely barred with fuscous .
nearest to c . sphragitis ( meyr . ) , but showing no greenish coloration .
queenstown and ben lomond discovered by mr . m . o . pascoe , who secured several examples of each sex in november and december . types : ♂ in coll . m . o . pascoe , ♀ in coll . a . philpott .
♂ . 30 mm . head , palpi , and antennae purplish - grey . thorax fuscous - brown mixed with grey . abdomen fuscous - grey with some reddish scales laterally . forewings moderate , triangular , costa moderately arched , apex subacute , termen sinuate , oblique ; whitish - grey with faint purplish tinge ; markings dark purplish - fuscous , basal line thick , evenly curved , projecting angularly at middle ; anterior margin of median band inwardly oblique beneath costa at ⅓ , thence broadly excurved to dorsum at ¼ ; posterior margin from ⅔ costa to ¾ dorsum , with strong broad apically - indented projection at middle ; traces of a thin waved white subterminal line ; an oblique suffused purplish - fuscous fascia from apex : cilia grey , obscurely barred with fuscous , tips whitish . hindwings elongate , termen angularly projecting at middle , purplish - grey ; basal half darker , being marked off by a median fascia parallel to termen : cilia as in forewings . undersides . forewings ochreous - reddish with the upper markings faintly reproduced , hindwings ochreous - reddish , terminal half suffused with whitish .
nearest to h . triphragma ( meyr . ) , from which it differs chiefly in the shape of the posterior margin of the median band .
discovered by mr . j . h . lewis at broken river , canterbury . seven or eight examples were taken , but i have not been able to ascertain the dates of capture .
in form of wing and markings this species approaches x . cedrinodes meyr . from the greenish forms of the genus it is at once distinguished by its much larger size .
mount cleughearn , hunter mountains , at about 3 , 250 ft . common in january at flowers of dracophyllum longifolium . the female appears to be rare ; out of nineteen specimens taken only one belonged to that sex .
♂♀ . 34 mm . head , thorax , and abdomen whitish - ochreous finely sprinkled with fuscous . antennae in ♂ , with rather short pectinations . forewings triangular , costa strongly arched , sinuate at middle , apex moderately sharp , termen subsinuate , oblique ; ochreous - grey - whitish ; termen broadly margined with greyish - fuscous ; costal edge very narrowly fuscous ; a thin curved brown line near base ; first line ( anterior edge of median band ) irregularly subdentate , curved , brown , from ⅓ costa to ⅓ dorsum ; second line ( posterior edge of median band ) irregular , slight triple projection at middle , excurved beneath , from ⅔ costa to ¾ dorsum , brown ; an obscure waved pale subterminal line : cilia greyish - ochreous . hindwings ochreous - grey - whitish ; a median fascia and a broad terminal band greyish - fuscous : cilia greyish - ochreous .
one of each sex taken at clarence river and coverham ( marlborough ) in february and march by dr . j . a . thomson and mr . h . hamilton . types ( ♂ and ♀ ) in coll . dominion museum .
♂ . 35–38 mm . head , palpi , and thorax ochreous - brown . antennae , stalk whitish , annulated with black , pectinations 2 mm . abdomen black , densely strewn with yellowish - white scales , anal tuft ochreous . forewings moderate , costa hardly arched , almost straight , termen bowed , oblique ; light ochreous - brown , often densely strewn with white scales ; markings white ; first line bent outwardly beneath costa , thence inwardly oblique to dorsum , posteriorly dark - margined , often obsolete on upper portion ; a suffused median shade sometimes present ; second line broad , inwardly
oblique , twice sinuate , anteriorly dark - margined ; a thin dark line parallel to second line , sometimes obsolete ; subterminal broad , waved , parallel to termen : cilia yellowish - white , barred with fuscous , and with a fuscous basal line . hindwings rather narrow ; brownish - fuscous , densely sprinkled with grey - whitish on basal ⅔ ; two parallel curved white fasciae beyond middle , second sometimes obsolete . cilia as in forewings . undersides ochreous - brown ; second and subterminal lines of forewings and post - median lines of hindwings usually indicated ; a dark discal spot on both wings .
♀ . 16 mm . semiapterous . forewings oblong , apex subacute , termen hardly rounded , oblique . hindwings oblong , slightly narrower than forewings , termen and dorsum slightly concave . legs and antennae normally developed . palpi small and not densely haired . legs fuscous , tarsal joints annulated with white . the rest of the insect is white minutely speckled with dark fuscous , and with a slight ochreous tint on head and anterior portion of thorax .
in this species the antennal pectinations reach their highest development , and it is significant that this is comcident with the semiapterous condition of the female . it is probable that n villosa is an offshoot from n . orphnaea ( meyr . ) , that species being attached to rocky and shingly ground , while the former has become adapted to areas covered with more ample vegetation .
common from december to february in well - grassed situations at from 3 , 000 ft . to 4 , 000 ft . the male was first met with on the hump ( waiau ) in 1910 , and was subsequently found on the hunter mountains . the female was not discovered till december , 1915 , when three specimens were taken by mr . c . c . fenwick on the hump . so far , the two localities mentioned are the only ones in which the species has been observed , but in all probability it also occurs on the intervening princess range .
♂♀ . 24–26 mm . head , palpi , and thorax dark ochreous - brown , in ♀ lighter . abdomen ochreous - grey - brown . forewings elongate , costa slightly arched at base , thence almost straight , apex rectangular , termen bowed , not oblique ; brownish - ochreous , finely sprinkled with black and , in ♀ , with grey ; a rather broad central ochreous - white streak from base to ⅖ , margined with blackish beneath and round apex , a suffused and interrupted whitish transverse fascia at ⅔ , second line prominent , white , shortly oblique towards termen , thence straight to before tornus , margined anteriorly with a series of black dashes : cilia fuscous - grey , tips and a series of obscure basal dots white . hindwings fuscous - grey , in ♀ slightly ochreous - tinged : cilia grey - whitish with a fuscous median line .
not far removed from o machaeristis meyr . , but differing in the presence of the well - defined second line , the basal streak is also much shorter .
discovered by mr . m . o . pascoe on cecil peak , wakatipu , at an altitude of about 6 , 000 ft . the examples ( two of each sex ) were secured early in january and on the 25th february . types in coll . m . o . pascoe .
♂ . 29–32 mm . head and palpi ochreous - brown . thorax brown with broad suffused ochreous - whitish central stripe . abdomen greyish - ochreous . forewings moderate , somewhat oblong , costa rather strongly and evenly
arched , apex subacute , termen subsinuate , oblique ; greyish - ochreous - brown ; a narrow whitish - ochreous stripe beneath costa from base to apex ; extreme costal edge brown , dilated on apical half ; a rather broad straight white central stripe , narrowly margined above and beneath with brown ; an obscure whitish - ochreous streak along dorsum : cilia grey - whitish , darker round tornus . hindwings dark brownish - fuscous : cilia whitish - ochreous with fuscous basal line .
nearest to c . oppositus philp . , but the forewings are not dilated posteriorly and there are several minor distinctions in the character of the pale stripes .
longwood range . five males amongst rough herbage on the open tops at about 2 , 700 ft . in december .
♂ . 20 mm . head and thorax ochreous - brown . palpi elongate , whitish beneath . antennae in ♂ moderately bipectinate ; brown . abdomen greyish - ochreous . forewings elongate - triangular , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen almost straight , slightly oblique ; pale ochreous - brown , darker basally ; first line whitish , slightly sinuate and inwardly oblique , broadly margined posteriorly with blackish - brown ; reniform 8 - shaped , upper half filled with blackish - brown , lower half brown - ringed , pale ; some dark suffusion beneath costa between first and second lines ; second line thin , indistinct , pale , clearly margined anteriorly with blackish - brown , broadly indented below costa and irregularly dentate on lower half : cilia ochreous with interrupted blackish - brown basal line . hindwings and cilia ochreous - grey ; lunule and subterminal line fuscous .
extremely similar to s . acompa meyr . , but somewhat broader - winged . the antennal structure of the male at once distinguishes it .
mount cleughearn , hunter mountains , in an open spot in the forest at about 2 , 750 ft . three specimens in december and january .
distinguished from m . notata ( butl . ) , its nearest ally , by the outwardly - oblique discal spot of forewings .
discovered by mr . g . w . howes at queenstown in the last week of february , 1912 . mr . c . e . clarke has since secured the species in the same locality about the middle of february .
♂ 25–28 mm . ; ♀ 22 mm . head and palpi ochreous - grey mixed with brown , palpi 3 . antennal ciliations of ♂ 1½ . thorax purplish - brown sprinkled with brown . abdomen ochreous - grey . forewings elongate - triangular in ♂ , suboblong in ♀ , costa almost straight , without fold , apex
obtuse , termen subsinuate , hardly oblique ; dull grey - brown with purplish gloss and numerous obscure strigulations of reddish or fuscous ; margin of basal patch usually indicated by a more pronounced irregular strigula ; median fascia from ⅓ costa , irregular , outwardly oblique , inner margin only marked : cilia grey mixed with brown . hindwings fuscous - grey , obscurely mottled with darker cilia grey with darker basal line .
in point of size comparable only with e elephantina ( meyr . ) , but that species appears to be widely dissimilar in colour and markings . in some specimens of e . tenebrosa the markings are almost entirely obsolete .
ben lomond , in february . discovered by mr . c . e . clarke , who has kindly placed at my service for description a series of six males and one female . types ( ♂ and ♀ ) in coll c . e . clarke .
♂ . 14 mm . head , palpi , and thorax white . antennae whitish , darker towards apex . abdomen fuscous - grey . forewings narrow , slightly dilated basally ; leaden - fuscous , beneath fold shining white ; median portion of fold margined with black , an obscure ochreous subcostal stripe from ¼ to ¾ ; some ochreous scales round tornus : cilia fuscous . hindwings and cilia fuscous .
an obscure form , nearest s . caminora meyr . , but the head in that species is yellowish .
rare . a single specimen taken at invercargill in november , 1906 . mr . c . e . clarke has recently secured a second example at broad bay , dunedin , also in november . this latter specimen , being in excellent condition , has been made the type .
♂ . 11 mm . head dark shining brown , with prismatic reflections palpi loosely scaled , fuscous - brown , mixed with shining grey - whitish internally except at apex . antennae dark fuscous . thorax dark brass - coloured . abdomen dark fuscous , anal tuft grey . forewings lanceolate ; shining brass - coloured , a snow - white stripe on costa from before middle to apex , attenuated anteriorly : cilia white on costa , grey on termen . hindwings and cilia fuscous - grey .
nearest g . cionophora ( meyr . ) in wing - shape ; in ground - colour resembling g . codonias meyr . and g . transversella walk . , but somewhat paler than either of these species .
the hump ( waiau ) , and mount burns , hunter mountains . from december to february at elevations of from 3 , 000 ft . to 3 , 500 ft .
♂ . 15 mm . head white , sprinkled with fuscous . antennae white , basal joints greenish . palpi whitish , second joint outwardly brownish - fuscous except at apex , terminal joint outwardly narrowly brownish - fuscous at base and apex . thorax greyish - green , with a pair of black posterior median dots . abdomen grey - whitish . legs , anterior pair fuscous annulated with whitish , posterior pair grey , tarsi annulated with fuscous .
forewings , costa subsinuate , apex broadly rounded , termen oblique beneath , dorsal half irregularly suffused with pink ; costal half irrorated with fuscous and black ; a rather prominent black dot on costa at ½ and a number of blackish strigulae on apical third ; a distinct black discal dot ; cilia brownish - pink ; a broad black bar on tornus preceded by a narrow fuscous bar and followed by two small black patches . hindwings elongate - ovate , with a ridge of long hairs on basal portion of vein 1 c directed towards lower median ; shining greyish - white : cilia white , round apex brownish - pink ; an obscure dark basal line .
near o . prasinodes meyr . , but that species is not described as having any pink suffusion in forewings , and there are other differences .
rowallan ( waiau ) , in coastal forest . a single specimen taken by mr . c . c . fenwick in december . type in coll . c . c . fenwick .
♂ . 15 mm . head fuscous , the loose hair - scales tipped with greyish . palpi comparatively elongate , second joint rough beneath , terminal joint rather pointed ; fuscous tipped with greyish . antennal . ciliations ½ . thorax and abdomen purplish - fuscous . forewings , costa subsinuate , apex round - pointed , termen bowed , oblique ; dull purplish - fuscous ; markings creamy white ; a large triangular patch on dorsum reaching from ¼ to ½ , its apex about middle of disc ; an obscure dot on costa above this , sometimes obsolete , an inwardly - oblique short fascia on costa beyond middle ; a similar but smaller one before apex and an outwardly - oblique one between these two ; a small triangular patch before tornus ; three or four minute dots in apical half of wing : cilia purplish - fuscous with a white bar beneath apex and at tornus , and a broad white patch at middle . hindwings and cilia light fuscous .
the hump , at about 3 , 000 ft . i have met with it rarely in december and february ; mr . c . c . fenwick has also a specimen taken in december at the same locality .
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walker , f . 1863 ,
crambites & tortricites
, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 27 , pp . 1 - 286
meyrick , e . 1888 ,
on the pyralidina of the hawaiian islands
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1888 , pp . 209 - 246
meyrick , e . 1884 ,
on the classification of australian pyralidina
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1884 , pp . 277 - 350
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0000eb92 - 046e - 4663 - b9f3 - 6cd1e0f9918a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 03cd495f - 98c6 - 46c6 - 8bd8 - b267f39a495c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 286414b8 - e384 - 439a - a70c - d76ce4414540
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b9ad7a5b - 4135 - 4926 - a84e - 498d3bad5fc1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 53e76ed9 - dab5 - 43eb - b70e - 05c5e4e96eb4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 242500
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