marionia levis is a species of dendronotid nudibranch .

it is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family tritoniidae and is found in shallow water in the red sea and indian ocean .

marionia levis

what type of species is marionia levis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the marionia levis species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of marionia levis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species marionia levis .
how to identify marionia levis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species marionia levis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species marionia levis are marked in green .
where is marionia levis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species marionia levis can be found .
hi bill , concerning the message on marionia levis from mombasa [ # 13785 ] : i attached a photo of what i believe to be a marionia levis from the red sea . i ' m not sure though . these nudis are very common around here lately .
which taxonomic groups does the genus marionia belong to and what are the different marionia species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus marionia belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .
dear bill , concerning the message [ # 13785 ] about marionia levis , here is one from eilat , israel , we get to see it from time to time .
hi bill , as you requested [ message # 13830 ] , here is a photo of marionia levis on its food coral - the soft coral formerly known as parerythropodium fulvum .
tritoniid nudibranchs similar to this description are quite common in our area . if they are all marionia levis , that will clear up a big question for a lot of us .
upper : eliot ( 1904 ) , original illustration of marionia levis . plate 4 , fig . 4 . lower : eilat bay , israel , red sea . photographer : oren lederman
a new species of marionia ( opisthobranchia : nudibranchia : tritoniidae ) from the tropical south atlan . . .
dear valérie , this is marionia levis . nathalie yonow ( 2000 ) reported on an animal from the red sea but apart from that little is known of it . it was originally described from est africa . best wishes , bill rudman
. . . this new species can be distinguished readily from other species of marionia based on coloration . for instance , marionia cyanobranchiata ( rü ppell and leuckart , 1828 ) , and m . platyctenea ( willan , 1988 ) have dark green brown or black gills . marionia distincta bergh , 1905 , m . levis eliot , 1904 , m . elongoreticulata smith and gosliner , 2007 , and m . elongoviridis smith and gosliner , 2007 , have transverse light or dark lines on the dorsum . . . .
( of marioniopsis fulvicola avila , kelman , kashman & benahayu , 1999 ) rudman , w . b . ( 2005 ) . marionia levis eliot , 1904 . [ in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
which are the most common photographed marionia species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .
dear valérie and bill , when i saw your message [ # 13785 ] about marionia levis , it reminded me of a lot about the animals i photographed in mayotte , the comoros , 2 years ago . until now i considered them as unnamed species , but i would be happy to put a name on these guys . bill , do you think they fit this species too ?
on the recent taxonomy see worms : molluscabase ( 2018 ) . marionia vayssière , 1877 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 138579 on 2018 - 05 - 07 -
i have been surprised by the almost immediate deluge of message concerning the tritoniid which i have identified as marionia levis [ # 13785 , # 13832 , # 13830 , # 13809 ] . by coincidence , i have a manuscript in preparation discussing the identity of this species and was planning to leave the discussion of a nomenclatural problem until that was published , but now that the species has attracted such interest it seems silly not to discuss it here .
. . . within the family tritoniidae , marionia is the only genus with the digestive gland divided into two distinct masses . marioniopsis , t ritonia , paratritonia , t ritoniella , and t ritoniopsis possess one single mass in the digestive gland ( odhner , 1934 , 1936 , 1963 ; willan , 1988 ) . furthermore , marionia and marioniopsis are the only two genera with hard stomach plates ( odhner , 1934 , 1936 , 1963 ) . . . .
. . . avila et al . ( 1999 ) focused on the genus marioniopsis and a new species ; jensen ( 1994 ) went further and added the data for marionia , along with a new species . smith & gosliner ( 2005 , 2007 ) added newly described species and paratritonia lutea . we have combined the available data in an updated table of the species of marionia , marioniopsis , paratritonia and our proposed species ( table 1 ) . . . .
. . . usually they feed on a single species of soft corals or gorgonians ( smith and gosliner 2003 ) . within the family tritoniidae , marionia is the only genus with the digestive gland divided into two distinct masses , while marioniopsis , tritonia , paratritonia , tritoniella and tritoniopsis possess one single mass in the digestive gland ( odhner 1934 , 1936 , 1963 ; willan 1988 ) . our specimens possess only one digestive gland mass , and thus , the genus marionia was discarded . . . .
however there are some a major differences in the internal anatomy . for example the radular formula of m . levis is approx 47 x 80 + 1 . 1 . 1 . + 80 and m . fulvicola is 40 x 42 + 1 . 1 . 1 + 42 . another difference are the number of gizzard / stomach plates , approximately 30 in m . fulvicola and approx 150 in m . levis . the benayahu specimens i have looked at match the anatomical description of avila et . al . it would seem there are either two species , very similar externally , but quite different internally , or that eliot ' s description of the internal anatomy is wrong .
. . . so far the species is known only from the intertidal zone . d i s c u s s i o n tables comparing characters of the internal anatomy and morphology of marioniopsis , marionia and paratritonia were presented in four papers ( jensen , 1994 ; avila et al . , 1999 ; smith & gosliner , 2005 , 2007 ) . avila et al . ( 1999 ) focused on the genus marioniopsis and a new species ; jensen ( 1994 ) went further and added the data for marionia , along with a new species . . . .
. . . within the genus marioniopsis , eight valid species exist , none of which have the characteristics of our specimens ( tables 2 and 3 ) . six of the described species possess a warty dorsal surface , while only m . levis ( eliot , 1904 ) , m . platyctenea willan , 1988 , and our species have a smooth surface . the species with warty dorsal surface di er from m . fulvicola sp . . . .
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western indian ocean [ comoro ids , tanzania , kenya , red sea ] .
originally described from east africa , there are reports now on the forum from much of the tropical western indian ocean . in a separate message [ # 13842 ] i discuss why marioniopsis fulvicola avila , kelman , kashman & benayahu , 1999 , described from eilat , red sea is a synonym .
avila , c . , kelman , d . , kashman , y . , and benayahu , y . ( 1999 ) an association between a dendronotid nudibranch ( mollusca , opisthobranchia ) and a soft coral ( octocorallia , alcyonaria ) from the red sea . journal of natural history 33 : 1433 - 1449 .
eliot , c . n . e . ( 1904 ) on some nudibranchs from east africa and zanzibar . part v . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1904 ( 2 ) : 83 - 105 , pls . 3 - 4 .
yonow , n . ( 2000 ) red sea opisthobranchia 4 : the orders cephalaspidea , anaspidea , notaspidea and nudibranchia : dendronotacea and aeolidacea . fauna of arabia , 18 : 87 - 131 .
eliot , c . n . e . ( 1904 ) . on some nudibranchs from east africa and zanzibar , part v . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 2 ( 83 ) , 3 - 4 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of marioniopsis fulvicola avila , kelman , kashman & benahayu , 1999 ) avila , kelman , kashman & benahayu ( 1999 ) . j . of natural history 33 ( 10 ) : 1433 - 1449 [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym marioniopsis fulvicola avila , kelman , kashman & benahayu , 1999 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 3 nucleotides ; 2 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )
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eliot , c . n . e . ( 1904 ) . on some nudibranchs from east africa and zanzibar , part v . < em > proceedings of the zoological society of london . < / em > 2 ( 83 ) , 3 - 4 .
eliot , c . n . e . ( 1904 ) on some nudibranchs from east africa and zanzibar , part v : proceedings of the zoological society of london . 2 ( 83 ) , 3 - 4
the colour of the body ranges from grey to brown or green and there is a pattern of dark brown transverse lines across the mantle . the up to 9 gills are arranged in pairs , the first pair exending out almost horizontally , the next pair stading vertically , and the rest in alternating position the gills coloration is not uniform , variable in color , in the shade of dark green , dark purple . . . but always darker than the notum the bases of the gills and rhinophores and the oral veil were spotted with dark brown the mantle edge is clearly delineated by a small ridge usually outline in white
there are sometimes white lines or rows of white dots across the mantle . there is usually a similar colour pattern on the sides of the body .
there are colour forms to match the variable colour of the soft coral on which they are found . this colour match , and their gills , which look remarkably like the extended polyps of the soft coral , make them extremely well camouflaged .
avila , c . , kelman , d . , kashman , y . , and benayahu , y . ( 1999 ) an association between a dendronotid nudibranch ( mollusca , opisthobranchia ) and a soft coral ( octocorallia , alcyonaria ) from the red sea . journal of natural history 33 : 1433 - 1449 . eliot , c . n . e . ( 1904 ) on some nudibranchs from east africa and zanzibar . part v . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1904 ( 2 ) : 83 - 105 , pls . 3 - 4 . yonow , n . ( 2000 ) red sea opisthobranchia 4 : the orders cephalaspidea , anaspidea , notaspidea and nudibranchia : dendronotacea and aeolidacea . fauna of arabia , 18 : 87 - 131 .
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. . . the last quarter century have seen the number increase further with the descriptions of new species ( rudman , 1982 , 1983 , 1986 , 1987a , 1987b , 1990 ; willan , 1988 ; miller & willan , 1986 ) . intensive intertidal and subtidal field work by the writer and colleagues , and deeper water survey work in bass strait by museum victoria , have revealed additional new records and new species . . . .
more than 100 morphological , anatomical and histological characters pertaining to the nudibranchia are discussed in the course of a phylogenetic analysis . based on our own investigations on anatomy , histology and published literature , the polarity of each character is assessed by comparing its expression with outgroups , chiefly the pleurobranchoidea , but also with other opisthobranch taxa . . . [ show full abstract ]
desde que as últimas listas dos gastrópodos eutineuros da costa brasileira foram publicadas , o número de espécies , nomeadamente o dos opistobrânquios , aumentou consideràvelmente . por outro lado , algumas espécies foram reconhecidas como idênticas a outras enumeradas , e certas espécies tinham entrado no catálogo da malacofauna brasileira , porque as suas procedências , p . e . abrolhos , flores , st . . . . [ show full abstract ]
hypselodoris jacksoni , a new species from the south - western pacific ocean ( nudibranchia : chromodorid . . .
a new species of hypselodoris ( chromodorididae ) is described from the subtropical and temperate south - western pacific ocean ( eastern australia , lord howe island , norfolk island ) . the colouration of hypselodoris jacksoni sp . nov . is distinctive , though highly variable intraspecifically . hypselodoris jacksoni belongs to the indo - pacific hypselodoris clade ( for which the key synapomorphy is a . . . [ show full abstract ]
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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fabricius and alderslade ' s book
soft corals and sea fans
( published in 2001 by aims ) has a very similar picture on page 88 ( and thanks to my friend dr . jacob dafni for bringing that to my attention ) . according to the text , all species of parerythropodium were reclassifed in rhytisma ( alderslade , 2000 ) .
locality : eilat , lighthouse beach , israel . red sea ( gulf of eilat ) . depth : 9 m . length : ca . 1 cm . 25 may 2005 ( night ) . corals and rubble . photographer : binyamin and shulamit koretz
dear binyamin , thanks for this - wouldn ' t life be wonderful if all requests were answered so dutifully ! is this a soft coral that has its polyps extended at night or during the day ? why i ask is that a specimen i was sent of this species some years ago had its gut packed full of polyps , each of which had been neatly cut off at the base of the stalk . this species apparently feeds only on extended polyps . best wishes , bill rudman
locality : eilat , israel . red sea . depth : 27 m . length : 5 cm . 2 may 2004 . photographer : ilan ben tov
one complication i think worth mentioning is the degree of variation in color and pattern , which has led me to wonder whether we ' re seeing 1 , 2 or 3 species , although the gills are similarly patterned among most of them , and there may be examples that can ' t be easily sorted out .
the most common variation is whitish with purple lines and a clear demarcation of the dorsum . another fairly common type is quite greenish top and bottom , often with a cross - hatch pattern . the third type is quite reddish with white speckling , and with a bright white underside . i ' ve attached one example from each type for illustration .
locality : eilat , israel , red sea . all depths . length : up to 3 cm . various dates . all types of locality . photographer : binyamin and shulamit koretz
as i discuss in a separate message [ # 13842 ] , this species was described from eilat , as a new species , quite recently . it wouold be interesting to try and get some photos of it on its host soft coral .
locality : ' bouzi ' , m ' sapéré , mayotte island , comoro ids , indian ocean . depth : 10 m . lengths : upper - 27 - 30mm ; lower left - 29 mm ; lower right - 27 - 30 mm . 12 november 2003 . night dive . photos : marina poddubetskaia
i stopped taking photos of this species months ago , so i don ' t remember the exact place , date , and depth for this one . sorry .
dear oren , thanks for this record . from it and the other messages i am posting today you can see it is quite variable in colour , but there are always transverse brown lines across the back and often dark brown specks on the gill stalks . some appear to be narrower than others , but i assume that it a question of what position they are in when photographed . best wishes , bill rudman
dear bill , during a stay in kenya ( march 2005 ) , i ' ve saw this sea slug that i couldn ' t identify : is it a tritonidae ? ? ? diani , mombasa south , kenya , 14 march 2005 , size 5 cm , depth 15m , coral reef . photo : valérie besnard thank you very much for your help ! best regards , valérie
side ( figure 8 ) . the stomach is small , less than 0 . 5 cm
14 july 1683 ( bertsch , 2011 ) ; no ruins are known to exist .
. , j . l . 1935 . the first pacific conchologist . the nautilus
eusebio kino , s . j . : faith , maps , sea shells and mission
a new species of tritonia from okinawa . ( mollusca : nudibranchia ) and its association with a gorgonian octocoral
diversidad y distribución de los gasterópodos opistobranquios del océano atlántico . un enfoque biogeográfico global
description of the first tritoniid nudibranch found feeding on a zoanthid anthozoan , with a prelimin . . .
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my phd work explores the evolutionary relationships of two marine gastropod groups using molecular phylogenetics . i will employ a transcriptome - based exon - capture approach to generate a phylogeny a…
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this project aims to understand how molecular homology and multiple sequence alignment effect doridina phylogenetic estimates . we will estimate molecular phylogenies of the nudibranch suborder do…
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we anticipate that dermatobranchus represents both specialised and generalist feeders and contains greater cryptic diversity than what is previously described . this project aims to confirm whether …
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this project investigates the role of ecology and natural selection in driving the formation of new species , a process known as ecological speciation . specifically , it examines how corals play a ro…
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systematics and preliminary phylogeny of bornellidae ( mollusca : nudibranchia : dendronotina ) based on . . .
mistaken identities : on the discordoridae genera hoplodoris and carminodoris ( opsithobranchia : nudib . . .
systematics and preliminary phylogeny of bornellidae ( mollusca : nudibranchia : dendronotina ) based on . . .
in this study all available species of the nudibranch family bornellidae ( bornella gray , 1850 , pseudobornella baba , 1932 ) are re - examined anatomically and their status re - evaluated . of these , b . hancockana kelaart , 1859 syn . nov . , b . arborescens pease , 1871 syn . nov . , b . caledonica crosse , 1875a syn . nov . , and b . marmorata collingwood , 1881 syn . nov . are considered to be new synonyms of b . . . . [ show full abstract ]
phylogenetic systematics of okenia , sakishmaia , hopkinsiella and hopkinsia ( nudibranchia : goniodorid . . .
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cfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010
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jackson 's climbing salamander ( bolitoglossa jacksoni ) is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae .

it is endemic to guatemala .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

jackson 's climbing salamander was last seen in 1975 .

the salamander is among the 25 “ most wanted lost ” species that are the focus of global wildlife conservation ’s “ search for lost species ” initiative .

jackson ' s climbing salamander

but the vision remains tantalizing , as the elusive jackson’s climbing salamander eludes us once more .
jackson’s climbing salamander ( bolitoglossa jacksoni ) , first and last seen by jeremy jackson almost four decades ago . ( photo by sam sweet )
the jackson’s climbing salamander is a beautiful species and unique in that it has the inverse coloration of all of the other species in the mexicana group of salamanders . rather than black with yellow bands , the jackson’s climbing salamander is yellow with black bands .
in 2014 , paul elias and jeremy jackson returned to the cuchumatanes mountain range of guatemala nearly 40 years after they had discovered three new species of salamander there—the jackson’s climbing salamander , the finca chiblac salamander and the long - limbed salamander . they hoped to catch a glimpse of the previously rediscovered finca chiblac salamander and the long - limbed salamander and were in luck on that trip , though the jackson’s climbing salamander remained elusive .
update ( 10 / 30 / 17 ) : the jackson ' s climbing salamander is the first of the search for lost species ' top 25
most wanted
species to be found .
the following year , a consortium of international groups—including global wildlife conservation and local ngo fundaeco— joined together to protect some of the last remaining forest home of the three rare salamander species , establishing a reserve called the finca san isidro amphibian reserve . the reserve is home to a treasure trove of amphibian species , including the recently discovered cuchumatan golden toad and the beautiful black - eyed treefrog . elias and jackson discovered jackson’s climbing salamander within a few hundred meters of the reserve’s current borders .
“ we called it the ‘golden wonder . ’ i found the first one under a sheet of bark in a field and , after collecting in this field for weeks without success it was obviously something unusual . what the few photos of the jackson’s climbing salamander that exist don’t show is the brilliance and depth of the coloration . it was an exceptionally beautiful animal . ” –jeremy jackson
when paul elias discovered the jackson’s climbing salamander in the mid - 1970s , he named it after colleague jeremy jackson and called it the “golden wonder” because of its astounding beauty . the species has not been seen since , and eluded a 2014 expedition that gwc launched with elias and jackson to retrace their steps four decades later . this is an elusive cloud forest species , possibly a canopy dweller . if it is not extinct , it is adept at escaping human attention .
after a little more than a week in guatemala it is time to start our journey home . but our salamander hunting is not over just yet . before leaving the remote reaches of the cuchumatanes we pay a return visit to a small village where one of the locals excitedly presents us with a salamander that they found close by . it is a beautiful müller’s mushroomtongue salamander ( bolitoglossa mulleri ) , an uncommon chocolate brown animal with a splash of yellow running down its back , as if it had walked under a leaky tin of royal yellow paint . it is as close to jackson’s climbing salamander as we will come .
what follows is a firsthand account of a 2014 expedition in search of lost and rare salamanders in guatemala’s cuchumatane mountain range by gwc’s conservation officer , robin moore .
a long - limbed salamander ( nyctanolis pernix ) spotted by jeremy jackson 38 years after he last saw the species . ( photo by robin moore )
“we called it the golden wonder , ” says jeremy jackson , reminiscing about a salamander that he was the first , and last , to find in the wild 38 years ago . time has not dulled his memory : “i found the first one under a sheet of bark in a field and , after collecting in this field for weeks without success it was obviously something unusual . what the few photos of bolitoglossa jacksoni [ aka jackson’s climbing salamander ] that exist don’t show is the brilliance and depth of the coloration . it was an exceptionally beautiful animal . ”
on returning to the cuchumatanes after 38 years , jackson says : “i enjoyed remembering sights and smells and tastes from many years past . i had at least one goose bump moment . it was quite familiar and totally different at the same time . ” although he was disappointed that we did not find jackson’s salamander , jackson says he was buoyed by how many nyctanolis we turned up , and is optimistic that something can be done to preserve the salamanders and their home .
day after day we spend hours with our backs arched sifting through leaf litter , and under the cloak of darkness we enter the forest to illuminate leaves and mossy trunks with our headlamps , willing a brilliant yellow and chocolate brown salamander to appear in front of us . we talk about how amazing it would be to find a jackson’s salamander , and we even allow ourselves to imagine , with a jolt of adrenaline , the prospect .
, a second potential locality will be explored . this second locality has extant populations of two other rare salamander species (
“my having discovered a new salamander species rarely comes up in conversation , ” he says . “but when it does , people are usually surprised if not just a little startled . one of my boys , when he was in fourth grade , told his class that i had a salamander named after me . they all thought i must be just like indiana jones . ” he adds , “i’ve always felt honored by paul’s naming it after me . it’s an unusual way to remember an exciting time of my life . ”
it was not until 2009 , during an expedition led by the museum of vertebrate zoology at berkeley , that bradytriton silus was rediscovered 32 years after it was last seen . the following year nyctanolis pernix also re - appeared . still missing , however , was jackson’s salamander , which promptly climbed its way into the top ten “most wanted” amphibians in the world during the search for lost frogs in 2010 .
royal false brook salamander ( pseudoeurycea rex ) in the ethereal pine forests of puerta del cielo . ( photo by robin moore )
acevedo , m . , wake , d . , elias , p . , rovito , s . , and vasquez , c . ( 2008 ) .
elias returned to the cuchumatanes the following two summers , bringing jackson to help him . rain - soaked weeks spent exploring forest and lifting logs resulted in the discovery of bolitoglossa jacksoni , which was later named by elias in honor of jackson . but despite months of fieldwork , only two individuals of the species were ever found , and neither elias or jackson could have predicted that , a quarter of a century later , none of the three salamanders that they had discovered would have been seen again .
july 14 , 2014 . i am sitting with jeremy jackson and paul elias in a small rural village in the cuchumatanes mountains . elias is studying his original field notes – every page photocopied and bound , to compare how things are now to how they were then . it is the first time that either of them has been back in 38 years . we are joined by eight others , an eclectic mix that includes the inspirational local amphibian biologist and conservationist carlos vasquez , on a quest to retrace elias and jackson’s steps in search of some of the most elusive of creatures on earth .
the long - limbed salamander , nyctanolis pernix , one of two major species discoveries made by paul elias in his first expedition to guatemala in 1974 . ( photo by robin moore )
the next day the team returns triumphant with a bradytriton silus– the only one we will find on the expedition . elias shares jackson’s excitement at seeing the salamanders again , saying , “i was really moved to see both nyctanolis and bradytriton alive and happy in their forest . nyctanolis in particular is just an extraordinary animal ; its nimble ectomorph body with huge alert black eyes , its high speed agility , and its goofy polka dots make it something almost unlike a salamander . i never thought i would see one alive again , and i just could not get enough of watching them . the fact of these two missing links living in that primeval forest on the ancient karst uplands makes one think that the cuchumatanes were the old cradle of the great salamander radiation of central america . ”
one of the three properties acquired for the reserve has been named the sabin family salamander sanctuary in honor of businessman andrew sabin’s contributions to amphibian conservation in guatemala and around the world . thanks to additional support from paul elias , marie lossky , focus on nature and the quick response biodiversity fund , which is a 1 % for the planet and weeden foundation fund for high - priority habitat acquisitions for the purpose of protecting biodiversity .
mayer , k . r . ( 2017 ) . ' ' found : remarkable salamander rediscovery heralds early success for worldwide quest to find and protect lost species ' ' global wildlife conservation . urltoken downloaded on 30 october 2017 .
after 11 days of slashing rain - soaked forests in search of rare salamanders , the team parts ways in guatemala city . elias and jackson return to boston to resume their lives as a partner in a private investment firm and a woodworker respectively . while elias remains actively involved in conservation as a trustee of the nature conservancy in massachusetts , jackson had not been in the field in almost four decades prior to our expedition . i am curious as to how people respond when they learn about his previous life as a field biologist .
our final stop before leaving the cuchumatanes is puerta del cielo–the appropriately named gateway to heaven–to scour mist - shrouded forest for the royal false brook salamander ( pseudoeurycea rex ) . in the ethereal pine forests we find more than a dozen salamanders–it is a fitting end to our expedition .
in 2014 , gwc conservation officer robin moore traveled with carlos vasquez , coordinator of the amphibian conservation program at fundaeco , and the two men , jeremy jackson and paul elias , who had discovered the finca chiblac and long - limbed salamanders in the 1970s . robin captures that trip–and the exciting re - discovery of those salamanders–in this vivid blog post .
in the local language q’anjob’al , salamanders are referred to as “sleeping child . ” it makes sense , then , that “yal unin yul witz” means “sleeping child behind mountains . ” this consortium of international groups is working to protect some of the last remaining habitat of the finca chiblac salamander ( bradytriton silus ) and the long - limbed salamander ( nyctanolis pernix ) . the natural reserve is also home to the recently discovered cuchumatan golden toad ( incilius aurarius ) and the beautiful black - eyed treefrog ( agalychnis moreletii ) . ten of the 20 amphibian species that live in or near finca san isidro are classified as critically endangered or endangered by the iucn red list .
the species was described by elias ( 1984 ) and the type specimen is held at the museum of vertebrate zoology ( mvz 134634 ) . it was named in honor of the collector , jeremy l . jackson , who accompanied paul elias of the mvz on his field expedition to the cordillera de los cuchumatanes and the montañas de cuilco of western guatemala ( elias 1984 ) .
was rediscovered in the recently established finca san isidro amphibian reserve ( also known as yal unin yul witz ) on the northern slopes of the sierra de los cuchumatanes , guatemala , very close to the original discovery site . a sub - adult found by reserve guard , ramos leon , is only the third specimen ever seen . the species had not be seen since september 1975 , and was listed among the top 25 most wanted species in the world by global wildlife conservation’s the search for lost species ( mayer 2017 ) .
spirits are high , and it is not long before we strike gold . jackson describes the moment : “when i spied that oh - so - familiar pose of a nycatanolis basking in the rain with feet splayed and spine bent with that beautiful long tail hanging down , i was thrilled . it really brought back much of what it had been like in 76 ; going out night after night in the rain . finding a nycatanolis is was very rewarding just as it was years ago . ”
it is our fifth day in guatemala , and we have yet to find a salamander . optimism is beginning to wane . as the light fades and heavy afternoon rain subsides , we don our headlamps and waterproofs and prepare to head into the forest . we target a patch with large buttressed trees–ideal for nyctanolis . in the evening , the salamanders start to emerge from their daytime retreats among the tangle of roots to scale the trees , and so our hope is to find them as they emerge and before they climb out of reach .
but what brought jackson to the remote forests of guatemala all those years ago ? his good friend , paul elias . elias had ventured to guatemala for the first time in 1974–his findings had been so remarkable that he was compelled to return . elias writes of that first visit : “i had just completed freshman year and was 18 years old . i had a chance to visit guatemala because my mother was involved in a harvard nutrition study there and offered to buy my ticket . i went to [ eminent herpetologist ] dave wake and asked what i could collect that would be of use to him . he gave me a one - page photocopy of a map of guatemala and circled the cuchumatanes . ”
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as data deficient , as although it is currently known only from a single site , there has been little survey work in the area and it is possible that the species is more widespread . the extent of occurrence is poorly known . there is ongoing habitat loss throughout much of the escarpment .
this species has only been found within 1km of the type locality on the caribbean escarpment of the western cuchumatanes , departamento huehuetenango , western guatemala . the exact locality is the las nubes sector of finca chiblac , approximately 12km north - northeast of santa cruz barillas , at about 1 , 400m asl . there has been little nearby sampling and the species may range more widely within the escarpment .
there is no information on the population status of this species ; it has not been collected since its discovery , despite recent searches .
the only two individuals known were taken from under bark from felled logs in a clearing in very wet ( approximately 6 , 000mm annual precipitation ) montane forest . it presumably breeds by direct development and is not dependent upon water .
severe habitat loss is known to have taken place at its only known site due to the settlement of refugees and expanding agriculture , and more broadly throughout the range .
there are no protected areas near where this species has been found . surveys are urgently needed to establish its current range and population status in the wild .
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species , with females reaching 65 mm in standard length ( known from only two specimens ) . this species has few maxillary teeth ( 31 in the young adult female holotype ) and a moderate count of vomerine teeth ( 21 in the holotype ) . it has a simple vertebral tail autotomy mechanism ( see wake and dresner 1967 on tail autotomy in salamanders ) .
by tail autotomy mechanism and color pattern , a brilliant yellow with a wide mid - dorsal band of chocolate brown bordered by a thin white edge .
) by virtue of having the dark coloration restricted to the mid - dorsal area ( elias 1984 ) .
coloration in life : a brilliant egg - yolk yellow , with a wide dark brown mid - dorsal band edged thinly in white ( with the white edging complete in the young adult female and incomplete in the older adult female specimen ) . in the holotype , the dark brown band originates at the level of the eyelids and runs straight across the head , spanning across the head from the center of one eyelid to the center of the other , then runs down the body , diminishing and finally vanishing just before the tail tip . in the larger female specimen , the brown mid - dorsal band is interrupted by a large , oval spot of yellow on the nape and a break on the tail ; also , a brown spot is present on the otherwise yellow right hind foot . the holotype lacks ventral markings ; it is not known whether the larger adult female lacked ventral markings . the eyes are metallic gold ( elias 1984 ) .
coloration in preservative : pale yellow ground color with broad mid - dorsal band of dark brown ; the mid - dorsal brown band begins at the level of the eyelids ( and spans from center to center of each eyelid ) , diminishing gradually toward the tail tip ( elias 1984 ) .
endemic to western guatemala . the type locality is in the las nubes sector of finca chiblac , roughly 12 km north - northeast of santa cruz barillas , on the caribbean escarpment of the western sierra cuchumatanes , departamento huehuetenango , guatemala , at 1 , 400 m asl . known only from the type locality and a nearby locality within 1 km away , all within finca chiblac . the habitat is very wet subtropical montane rainforest , receiving more than 6 meters of rainfall annually ( elias 1984 ) .
both individuals ( a larger adult female and a young adult female ) were found under the bark of felled hardwood logs in forest clearings ( elias 1984 ) . details of the life history are not known but like other members of the genus
, this species is thought to breed by direct development ( acevedo et al . 2008 ) .
nothing is known about the population trend for this species . only two individuals were initially found , and no sightings occurred its discovery in 1975 until october 2017 . both the type locality and the broader escarpment area have suffered severe deforestation due to increased agriculture and increased human settlement of refugees from the guatemalan civil war . until 2015 , there are no protected areas near the type locality ( acevedo et al . 2008 ) .
range from san luis potosi , mexico , to central panama . all are arboreal and lay eggs that hatch as miniatures of adults and have no aquatic larval stage . hence , they typically are difficult to find ( wake personal communication ) .
in 1975 at finca chiblac . a team will go out for a short search in mid - october 2010 , led by robin moore of conservation international , and a second team will conduct a more extensive search in mid - november 2010 , led by carlos vasquez of the museo de historia natural , universidad de san carlos de guatemala .
new information : in october , 2017 , a subadult of this species was found , photographed ( see photos on amphibiaweb ) and released . it is from a new but undisclosed locality , not far from the type locality . only two
individuals have ever been collected and only one specimen was preserved , the young adult female holotype . the larger adult female was brought into captivity at the museum of vertebrate zoology ( mvz ) at u . c . berkeley , where two photographs were taken , but the female either escaped or was stolen from the animal care facility within the first few days of captivity ( t . papenfuss , pers . comm . ; its disappearance was not due to a deliberate release in the field by a student , as dubois and nemésio 2007 thought ) .
although one of the two amphibiaweb photos ( of the same specimen ) shows the color of the flanks as being caramel , this is due to underexposure and the color was actually a brilliant egg - yolk yellow , as in the first photograph .
. in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 2 . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 31 august 2010 .
elias , p . ( 1984 ) . ' ' salamanders of the northwestern highlands of guatemala . ' '
parra - olea , g . , garcía - parís , m . , wake , d . b . ( 2004 ) . ' ' molecular diversification of salamanders of the tropical american genus
wake , d . b . , and i . g . dresner ( 1967 ) . ' ' functional morphology and evolution of tail autotomy in salamanders . ' '
edited by kellie whittaker ; updated by ann t . chang ( 2018 - 03 - 26 )
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
© 2014 amphibian specialist group ( asg ) and amphibian survival alliance ( asa ) . all rights reserved . the asa is a fiscally sponsored program of global wildlife conservation a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) . tax id # 26 - 2887967 .
the cuchumatanes mountains were , as far as wake was concerned , a final frontier for exploration in central america . after being dropped off by his parents at a road rising sharply up to a karst plateau , elias hitchhiked as far as he could away from civilization and into uncharted territory , sleeping nights on a dirt floor among “bugs , predatory spiders , scorpions and centipedes that had gathered . ” he collected a couple of hundred salamanders in three weeks . “i had no guide to the species in guatemala so i had no idea if i had anything of value or not , ” he says .
when elias returned to berkeley he left some of his specimens to soak in water before preserving them . dave wake happened to come across them , and he was astonished . elias recalls : “both nyctanolis pernix and bradytriton silus were in that collection and turned out to be new genera that were significant missing links in the neotropical plethodontid [ a group of lungless salamanders ] radiation . word traveled to me by rumor in the next day or two and i suddenly discovered that i had found something extraordinary . the rest is history . ”
bradytriton silus , unique in its high , vertically flattened tail , flattened nose and stumpy feet . was rediscovered after 32 years in 2009 . ( photo by robin moore )
with two of our target species under the belt , our full attention turns to finding the holy grail : bolitoglossa jacksoni .
“what is different now , ” he says , “is the presence of carlos vasquez . i remember on my first visit seeing a man by the name of mario dari . he was president of the university down there , and we checked in with him out of respect . he was assassinated some time after that . there was no one like carlos , and there were no groups [ such as local ngo fundaeco ] that could safely pursue the kinds of programs that are now in existence . there were maryknoll priests , but even they got bumped off . carlos is a very charismatic , intelligent , genuinely nice guy who is exactly the kind of person needed to push in all directions for the betterment of the natural resources in guatemala . ”
the cuchumatan golden toad ( incilius aurarius ) , a species discovered and described as recently as 2012 . ( photo by robin moore )
elias too was thrilled to have had the opportunity to return to guatemala with his old friend , something he never thought he would do . “i was delighted to see jeremy treated as a mythic figure at the natural history museum , as he posed in front of posters of bolitoglossa jacksoni , ” he says . “he deserved to come back to experience that , to see the animals once more , and to close a loop that had been open since his youth . ”
black - eyed leaf frog ( agalychnis moreletii ) a critically endangered species in the project area . ( photo by robin moore )
robin is a scientist , photographer and director of communications at global wildlife conservation . robin has built on his early career research on amphibian and reptiles to devote himself to providing a voice for the vanishing and the forgotten .
no matter how big or small , there is always something you can do to help spread the conservation message .
© 2017 global wildlife conservation . all rights reserved . global wildlife conservation is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) .
the cuchumatanes mountain range of guatemala is a last frontier for conservation—vast swathes of forest in the remote northwest of the country harbor unique and rare amphibians , birds and reptiles . here , at la finca san isidro , global wildlife conservation has worked with fundaeco , world land trust , rainforest trust , the international conservation fund of canada and the amphibian survival alliance to support the protection of the most amphibian diverse region in guatemala , with the highest number of species that live here and nowhere else , through the establishment of the yal unin yul witz natural reserve in 2015 . this marks the first protected area in the western highlands of guatemala .
the remoteness of the cuchumatanes mountain range has protected much of the forest to date , but increasing pressures from the coffee industry has put these forests at risk . local and international scientists and conservationists have identified the area as one of the highest priorities for conservation action . the establishment of the reserve was a tremendous success for fundaeco and partners , helping to bolster the conservation efforts in this region of the world , but protecting the land is only part of the overall goal . project partners aim to :
continue to carry out more extensive biodiversity surveys for birds , amphibians and reptiles .
work with community members , leaders and private land owners to ensure their support and participation in the implementation of sustainable strategies for habitat protection and sustainable development .
expand the conservation efforts to the adjacent flooded high mountain area , a magnificent and rare open area that is paradise for amphibians , as well as resident and migratory birds .
expand the area of the reserve to the highest elevation in the adjacent mountain el quetzal , to protect the yulwitz river basin that runs through the reserve .
evaluate the potential establishment of an agroforestry demonstration plot that combines conservation and productivity and looks for the implementation of the best ecological practices as a technical example to be replicated in the region .
using this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from david wake . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact david wake wakelab [ at ] berkeley . edu . ( replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email . )
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euaspidoceras is an extinct ammonoid cephalopod genus that lived during the middle jurassic .

euaspidoceras

euaspidoceras ajax ( h . a . leanza , 1947 † ) ( fossil )
euaspidoceras hirsutum ( c . é . bayle , 1878 † ) ( fossil )
ricostruzione ammonite gen . euaspidoceras - museo
g . g . gemmellaro
- youtube
euaspidoceras babeaui ( a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1847 † ) ( fossil )
ancestor of euaspidoceras is probably aspidoceras . it is considered related to genera like orthaspidoceras , simaspidoceras , and intranodites .
euaspidoceras species may be found in the jurassic of argentina , france , germany , india , italy , madagascar , saudi arabia , spain , the united kingdom and yemen .
video sulla realizzazione della ricostruzione di un ' ammonite in vita ( gen euaspidoceras ) con corpo molle e organi interni . esposta nella sala del mesozoico presso il museo geologico
g . g . gemmellaro
di palermo . il diametro del guscio è di circa 1 metro .
this is a huge 17 . 7
wide ammonite fossil from madagascar . it is jurassic in age and it was collected in the mahajanga province . the genus on this one appears to be euaspidoceras . it ' s been lightly polished and this polishing reveals the beautiful suture pattern which lies below the shell . this massive specimen weighs 32 pounds and would make a magnificent display . includes custom stand .
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' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by
the paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 28 . 2 , shell diameter 77 . 8
full reference : a . jeannet . 1951 . stratigraphie und palaeontologie des oolithischen eisenerzlagers von herznach und seiner umgebung . beiträge zur geologie der schweiz , geotechnische serie 13 ( 5 ) : 1 - 240
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 34 . 8 , shell diameter 77 . 2
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the living fossil gallery is a premier crystal and fossil shop based in sydney australia . we supply crystal , minerals and fossils interstate and locally :
mosman , crows nest , cremorne , neutral bay , balmoral , kiribilli , mcmahons point , waverton , north sydney , naremburn , middle cove , northbridge , cremorne point , lane cove , riverview , longueville , northwood , greenwich , artarmon , chatswood , osbourne park , roseville , lindfield , st leonards , epping , macquarie park , eastwood , willoughby , gladesville , boronia park , linley point , hunters hill , woolwich , huntleys point , east ryde , lane cove west , drummoyne , balmain , roselle , lilyfield , chiswick , wareemba , rodd point , canada bay , five dock .
the living fossil gallery sources crystals and minerals for collectors and kids alike from many countries . our aim is to provide the best specimens at the best possible prices . we also are the only premier fossil shop in sydney - personally sourcing world class fossils from australia , africa , south east asia , usa , russia and europe .
we offer expertise in both crystal and fossil for quality and type , and we much experience for those wanting natural crystal and fossil as interior design elements .
premier crystals and fossils sydney . we are sydney ' s premier fossil and crystal gallery - showcasing world class crystals and fossils for collectors , interior designers and for kids !
premier hand made jewellery based in mosman sydney . we are also a premier gallery for crystals and fossils sydney . we showcase world class crystals and fossils for collectors , interior designers and for kids !
fossilised rock can make for unique table and giftware . the living fossil gallery sydney specialises in fossil marble platters , fossil plates , and fossil bowls made entirely of natural fossilised rock . we ensure all of our pieces meet our strict quality control inspections . we do not varnish any pieces , and all pieces are natural polished fossil rock . the next time you are thinking of a cheese platter , fruit platter or serving tray - add interest with these ancient , through provoking and durable pieces .
this striking and large ammonite is a wonderful find and a beautiful piece to behold . it is characterised by strong nodules in the outer ribbing , which in this beautiful specimen is very well defined and preserved
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peltoceras ( peltomorphites ) subeugenii w . j . arkell , 1945 † ( fossil )
epipeltoceras bimammatum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1858 † ) ( fossil )
epipeltoceras semiarmatum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1887 † ) ( fossil )
gregoryceras transversarium ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1849 † ) ( fossil )
peltoceratoides eugeniforme ( w . j . arkell , 1944 † ) ( fossil )
peltoceratoides ( parawedekindia ) arduennensis ( a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1848 † ) ( fossil )
physodoceras altenense ( a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1848 † ) ( fossil )
physodoceras circumspinosum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1856 † ) ( fossil )
rursiceras reversum ( w . i . bean in j . leckenby , 1859 † ) ( fossil )
unipeltoceras unispinosum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1847 † ) ( fossil )
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more
ammonite fossil from madagascar . it is jurassic in age and it was collected in the mahajanga province . the genus on this one appears to be euaspido… | pinteres…
check back regularly as new specimens , photographs and 3d models are being added all the time .
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this site is hosted by the british geological survey and copyright on the website is with the jisc gb3d type fossils online project partners . responsibility for the content of the site lies with the jisc gb3d type fossils online project partners , not with the bgs . photographs and 3d models are made available under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike licence . terms of use are here .
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the greenface sandsifter ( lethrinops furcifer ) is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it prefers areas with sandy substrates .

this species grows to a length of 19.5 centimetres ( 7.7 in ) tl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

greenface sandsifter

do you have greenface sandsifter in your aquarium ? send me please a short paragraph about your experiences with greenface sandsifter . some photo would be handy too . i will place both here . learn more about aquarium filters . more
photo
greenface sandsifter fish ( lethrinops furcifer )
can be used for personal and commercial purposes according to the conditions of the purchased royalty - free license . the image is available for download in high resolution quality up to 3593x2533 .
the greenface sandsifter ( lethrinops furcifer ) is a species of fish in the cichlidae family . it is found in malawi , mozambique , and tanzania . its natural habitat is freshwater lakes . references - * kasembe , j . 2005 . more
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no major widespread threats identified .
occurs commonly in open sandy habitats in shallow water at depths of 7 m . it feeds by sifting silt from the bottom through its gills , taking invertebrates mainly insect larvae . also feeds on plankton . breeding males construct sand castle - nests on the sand bottom . breeding occurs from may to august . this species is regularly caught in beach seines . known as
lethrinops green face or lethrinops rounded head
in the aquarium trade . max . size : males can grow to a maximum total length of about 20 cm .
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4985 )
found usually in shallow water over open sand . feeds mainly on insect larvae ( ref . 5595 ) .
eccles , d . h . and e . trewavas , 1989 . malawian cichlid fishes : the classification of some haplochromine genera . lake fish movies , west germany . 334 p . ( ref . 267 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .
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unfortunately questions regarding fish , plants , diseases or tank setup will be ignored if submitted via the form below ! in order to ask such a question , please click this link ! the form below shall be used to ask about the website , functionality , issues or to give feedback . thanks a lot !
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usual size in fish tanks : 16 - 19 cm ( 6 . 3 - 7 . 48 inch )
recommended water hardness ( dgh ) : 10 - 18°n ( 178 . 57 - 321 . 43ppm )
avoid high protein , meaty foods with this fish . quality flakes or pellets should provide the staple diet . brine shrimp and mysis can also be given but take great care not to over feed this fish .
provide hiding places in the tank . one male should be added with several females . the males will dig pits in the substrate and the eggs will be laid at the side of these . female sand dwellers are quite delicate , because of this it may be better to remove the male while she is mouth brooding . when the fry are released , they can be fed on newly hatched brine shrimp or crushed flake .
lethrinops are a very peaceful species of malawi cichlid ; do not put them in a tank with the more aggressive fish . they are bottom dwellers and will feed from there . add rock work to the tank to provide hiding places .
sera goldy flakes are recommended food for goldfish , however ensure that your goldfish have varied diet .
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found usually in shallow water over open sand . feeds mainly on insect larvae ( ref . 5595 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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