the african yellow bat ( scotophilus dinganii ) is a species of bat in the family vespertilionidae , the vesper bats .

other common names include african yellow house bat , yellow-bellied house bat , and dingan 's bat .

it is one of fifteen species in the genus scotophilus .

african yellow bat

a young / baby of a african yellow bat is called a ' pup ' . a african yellow bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .
african yellow bat - scotophilus dinganii ( a . smith , 1833 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life
the names and classifications of the yellow house bats have changed over the years and what was the yellow house bats are now know as the yellow bats . there are numerous species of yellow bats in african and around the world .
vaughan , t . , r . vaughan . 1986 . seasonality and the behavior of the african yellow - winged bat .
vaughan , t . , r . vaughan . may 26 , 1987 . parental behavior in the african yellow - winged bat .
african bat researchers and conservationists joined together february 15 to create bat conservation africa , an network dedicated to conserving bats throughout the vast continent . bat conservation africa was launched by 30 bat specialists from 19 african nations during the first african bat conservation summit in naivasha , kenya .
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is often referred to as the african yellow - winged bat . its ears , like its wings , are reddish yellow . the ears contain a divided tragus that is relatively spiky . the eyes are quite large . in fact ,
the african yellow bat is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
is found throughout middle africa . this yellow - winged bat can be seen from gambia to ethiopia and from southern to northern zambia .
the east african little collared fruit bat is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
pool of roundleaf bat ( hipposideros sp . ) and horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus sp . )
larger than the lesser yellow house bat , but smaller than the giant yellow house bat . this is an attractive bat with a dog - like face . total body length averages 130 mm and weighs 27 gr . the adults ' belly is covered with bright yellow fur . the back is covered with brown tinged , short , sleek fur . wings are either olive , grey or red . the interfemoral membrane is brown and translucent .
terry a . vaughan , rosemary p . vaughan ; parental behavior in the african yellow - winged bat ( lavia frons ) , journal of mammalogy , volume 68 , issue 2 , 26 may 1987 , pages 217–223 , urltoken
activity patterns , habitat use , and prey selection by some african insectivorous bats .
we first checked the bat house where the one yellow house bat had been seen on my previous visit . to my surprise this bat house was again occupied with a colony of angolan free - tailed bats – perhaps 150 of them . then we went to the bat house where we hoped to find out what type of yellow house bats had caused me such confusion the last time i was there .
hen suddenly at about 18 . 45 hrs – about 25 minutes after the emergence of the angolan free - tailed bat from other bat houses , there was a sudden thump into the upper mist net and we were confident that we indeed had something unusual on account of size alone . i rushed to remove the bat from the mist net in case it might free itself . with the light available from our torches i could see that it was a yellow house bat and that this would not be the normal yellow house bat on account of the much greater size . we had , indeed , captured the first giant yellow house bat ,
the straw - coloured fruit bat ( eidolon helvum ) is the second largest bat on the african continent ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . despite its name , this bat is not a consistent straw - yellow colour , instead ranging from pale yellow to dark brownish - grey ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the fur on the rump and legs is often darker than on the more yellowish shoulders , and the underparts are lighter than the upperparts ( 4 ) .
it is believed that a mosaic of open country and forest patches are the preferred habitat of the east african little collared fruit bat ( 4 ) . the first described east african little collared fruit bat was caught in an area of big thorn trees and fig trees near a river ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . it has not been caught in the east african savannas despite considerable fruit bat collecting activities in this region ( 2 ) .
we had our first stall at the monthly farmers market at woodlands , lilongwe this morning , selling wooden bat boxes and bat guano to be used as fertiliser . each bat box has been carefully hand - made for african bat conservation by a local carpenter in lilongwe , using sustainable , non - native timber .
last week our urban bat team caught epomops dobsonii ( dobson ' s epauletted fruit bat ) in lilongwe nature sanctuary . dobson ' s epauletted fruit bat is a massive bat weighing 150g and with a forearm length of 91cm !
the yellow house bat is associated with woodland savannas . distribution in south africa from the northern province , mpumalanga , the eastern districts of swaziland , kwazulu - natal and the eastern cape .
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a little - known fruit bat , the east african little collared fruit bat ( myonycteris relicta ) was only described as recently as 1980 ( 2 ) . named after the ‘collar’ of coarse hair around the neck of the male , the east african little collared fruit bat has light reddish - brown fur on the body , which is slightly lighter on the underparts . the large wings are dark brown ( 2 ) .
the colour of the body of an aardwolf varies from yellow - brown to dull yellow , with ± 5 distinct vertical black stripes on the flanks and some on the legs . it has a long dark tipped mane on the back which bristles when the animal is frightened . . .
but by having now supplied the transvaal museum with a specimen of the species of the giant yellow house bat , there is now no necessity for another of this species to be collected from that same region .
the east african little collared fruit bat has been found in the shimba hills in southeast kenya , the usambara and nguru mountains in tanzania , and in eastern zimbabwe ( 1 ) .
intriguing evidence for infection with a henipavirus in african bats was presented by hayman et al . ( 2008 ) who reported finding antibody to henipaviruses in african straw - coloured fruit bats from ghana . as a follow - up , drexler et al . ( 2009 ) detected henipaviral rna in an african straw - coloured fruit bat . clearly , information regarding the geographic distribution and medical and veterinary importance of the henipaviruses and their relationship with bats is not nearly complete .
a new book on african bats has been published . bats of southern and central africa ( 2010 ) is authored by african bat experts ara mondajem , peter taylor , woody cotterill , and corrie schoeman . it includes chapters on the evolution , biogeography , ecology and echolocation of bats , and provides accounts for the 116 bat species known to occur in southern and central africa . pick up your copy here .
color : they have a gray to snow - white fur with a yellow or amber leaf - shaped nose and ears , a black membrane on the wings .
african bat conservation conducts research on bats in the urban environment of lilongwe as part of or urban wildlife project . we conduct bat monitoring and research ( mist netting , roost surveys and bat box programmes ) in lilongwe and community outreach visits to respond to calls for assistance with human - bat conflict , providing advice and practical human - bat conflict mitigation . we are currently recruiting for an urban bat research and conservation assistant based at our research office in lilongwe , to conduct the field research and outreach in partnership with our community outreach workers under the supervision of dr emma stone .
the african civet , inhabits the savannahs and the forests of southern and central africa . the african civet is rarely found in arid regions , however , it can be found along river systems that project into the arid areas of niger , mali , and chad .
the east african little collared fruit bat has relatively large , pointed ears ( 2 ) but , like most fruits bats , these are unlikely to be used for echolocation . instead , this bat relies on smell and its large , well - developed eyes to find food ( 3 ) .
the photo on the left shows a dobson ' s epauletted fruit bat on the left and wahlberg ' s epauletted fruit bat on the right for comparison .
we are offering a fully funded phd using landscape genetics to assess the effects of anthropogenic environmental changes on bats in malawi with african bat conservation and university of southampton . click here to find out more and apply .
virtually nothing is known of the biology or behaviour of the east african little collared fruit bat , except that individuals are usually captured singularly ( 5 ) , which suggests it is a solitary species ( 2 ) .
harvester termites and beetles constitute 80 % of a bat - eared fox’s diet .
top right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg © ] bottom right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo stephen davis © ]
but the whole story started on 12th october 2004 when i was doing some work in the komatipoort area in preparation for a documentary on a breeding colony of sundevall’s leaf - nosed bats . in a moment of spare time i was checking on some bat houses that i had previously supplied to a time - share resort . i was concerned that while these bat houses had been occupied by well - established colonies of angolan free - tailed bats , mops condylurus , it now seemed that these bats may have left these bat houses . so when checking in one bat house i could only find a single yellow house bat tucked in high up between the crevices within the bat house .
richter , h . v . and cumming , g . s . ( 2008 ) first application of satellite telemetry to track african straw - coloured fruit bat migration . journal of zoology , 275 ( 2 ) : 172 - 176 .
the straw - coloured fruit bat forms huge colonies that may number into the millions .
like other fruit bats , the straw - coloured fruit bat does not use echolocation .
as implied by the popular name , the lesser yellow house bat is similar in general appearance to its sister species , but is slightly smaller and leaner with a total head - to - tail length of 120 mm and a body mass of about 16 gr . . .
an inhabitant of woodland savannas , large herds of african buffalo are encountered in the kruger national park , with smaller herds in zululand and the eastern cape .
the african wildlife foundation ( awf ) is excited to announce the release of a new children’s book whose message people of all ages can get . . .
the honduran white bat may be preyed upon by owls , snakes , possums and raptors .
the honduran white bat is classified under the ‘near threatened’ category of the iucn red list .
after commencing the standardised trapping surveys in ernest , the abc team have quickly discovered a new bat species for malawi . the beautiful white - bellied house bat ( scotophilus leucogaster ) .
the klipspringer is a small antelope with a thick spiny coat providing protection against injury when it bumps against the rocks . the colour varies from yellow to grey - brown to dull grey . . .
although little is known about the east african little collared fruit bat , it is likely to be affected by the ongoing loss of its habitat , as a result of logging , harvesting of firewood and the conversion of forest to farmland ( 1 ) .
join african wildlife foundation as a member for just $ 25 . your partnership is vital to our mission to protect africa’s most precious - and imperiled - creatures .
is an average - sized bat with the female slightly larger than the male . the weight of
my first check was in dr peter taylor’s book , bats of southern africa . there i could find just two paragraphs on the bat that i suspected it to be . then i consulted dr reay smither’s , the mammals of the southern african subregion . and here i found a little more information with a map showing the limited amount of findings of this bat and virtually no information on the bat’s biology and habits , but enough on the size and weight of the species to increase my belief that something very interesting had been seen in the bat house .
the lupani school in the sekute community hosts 105 students and five trained teachers . african wildlife foundation relies on partners and donors to help ensure schools remain open and thriving .
skinner , j . d . and chimimba , c . t . ( 2005 ) the mammals of the southern african subregion . third edition . cambridge university press , cambridge .
l . angolensis is known to have a range across the central african rainforests and it is predicted to occur in northern malawi , but not as far south as the highlands .
is distinctive in that it is enveloped by a pointed spike . other physical characteristics include glands on males that secrete a yellow substance that discolors the lower back and a pair of false nipples near the anus of females .
and then i went to check another of the same type of bat house , and when i opened the bottom cleaning door , i saw the rapid shuffling away and up into the crevices of several yellow house bats that just looked very unusual to me as they seemed larger than usual . but i did not have any reference literature with me and it was frustrating to not be able to search for some explanation on what i had just seen . i was aware , though , from memory , that there was another larger species of yellow house bat , but i would have to wait until i returned to gauteng to consult the literature .
the leaf - shaped nose of this creature gives it the unofficial moniker , ‘leaf - nosed bat’ .
the trail will raise awareness of bat ecology and ecosystem services and demonstrate habitat characteristics important to bats .
to escape from predators , the bat - eared fox relies on speed and its incredible dodging ability .
the serval is a large , leggy and elegant , tawny - yellow wild cat richly marked with large , rather widely - spaced solid black spots which tend to run in the form of bars along the back . . .
there are no direct conservation measures in place for the east african little collared fruit bat . it has been found in the haroni and rusitu protected areas in zimbabwe , although as deforestation has still been taking place in these areas , their protected status seems to mean little in practice ( 1 ) .
approximately 20 days after the young bat begins flying alone , weaning begins . for 30 more days , the young
several species of fruit bats are the main pollinators of african baobab . the large flowers are well - suited to bat pollination because they are large enough to support a bat while it laps nectar . the flowers grow on long stalks at the end of branches , where bats can reach them easily . because few flowers are open at one time , bats must move from tree to tree , which promotes cross - pollination .
leopards have black spots arranged in rosettes , contrasted on a yellow - golden background . their head and body length is 1 . 6 - 2 . 1 m , and the tail is 0 . 68 - 1 . 1 m . . .
distribution of bat hawk in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
this month we received funding from the british ecological society outreach grants scheme to build an interpretative bat trail and bat box monitoring programme in lilongwe . this will be installed at lilongwe wildlife centre in partnership with lilongwe wildlife trust and will include interpretative signage to inform the public of the importance and ecology of bats . the trail will also include a bat box with a digital camera installed to allow the public to remotely observe the behaviour of the bat residents inside .
the adult black backed jackal is brownish black all over , except for a white spot above and below the eye . the centre of the chest and throat are white , with a broad black median streak . the eyes are brilliant yellow . . .
the diet of the east african little collared fruit bat is also unknown , but it has been found in areas containing fig trees ( 2 ) and fruit bats in captivity are capable of eating a variety of soft fruits ( 6 ) . unlike many bats , it apparently does not roost in caves ( 4 ) .
three subspecies of straw - coloured fruit bat are sometimes recognised ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , with eidolon helvum helvum occurring on the african mainland , eidolon helvum dupreanum occurring in madagascar , and eidolon helvum sabaeum being known only from yemen and saudi arabia ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . however , the populations on madagascar are now generally considered to be a separate species , the madagascan fruit bat ( eidolon dupreanum ) ( 1 ) .
glauconycteris superba , glauconycteris poensis , glauconycteris curryae , niumbaha gen . nov . , badger bat , south sudan , description
bat - eared foxes are primarily nocturnal . they emerge from their underground dens at dusk to feed during the night .
wilson de 1973 . bat faunas : a trophic comparison . syst zool 22 : 14 - 29 . [ links ]
the african giant rat has a long tail , which is bare with a white tip . the body is covered with a buffy - grey , relatively long fur whereas the underparts are slightly paler . . .
do you live in lilongwe and want to buy a bat box and help bats ? some of our specially made bat boxes will be appearing very soon at four seasons nursery in lilongwe . alternatively , you can always place an order for boxes or some of our bat guano fertiliser by getting in touch through our facebook page , or by visiting our website urltoken
african wildlife foundation recruits , equips , and trains scouts . these community members monitor wildlife , mitigate human - wildlife conflict , and work with local authorities to ensure the safety and security of wildlife in their area .
the straw - coloured fruit bat is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
bat - eared foxes are found in short - grass plains—and areas where termites and beetles are found—in east and southern africa .
as its name indicates , the bat - eared fox has unusually enormous ears in proportion to its head , like those of many bats . its body is generally yellow - brown with a pale throat and under parts . the outsides of the ears , the raccoon - like “face mask , ” lower legs , feet , and tail tip are all black . its legs are relatively short .
have a bluish gray body with some members having a lower back that is somewhat brownish or green . the wings are broad and the wingspan is about 14 inches ( rosevear , 1965 ) . the color of its wings is a mixture of red and yellow and hence ,
the warthog is the most commonly seen wild pig of the african bush . it is a dull grey colour and has a naked skin which is sparsely covered with a few tiny bristles along the back and flanks . . .
a strong flier , the straw - coloured fruit bat has long , pointed wings which are built for endurance rather than agility .
when sunlight filters through the green leaves , the white to whitish coat of the honduran white bat helps render it nigh invisible .
demspey , j . l . and crissey , s . d . ( 1995 ) nutrition . in : fascione , n . ( ed . ) fruit bat husbandry manual . aza bat taxon advisory group , the lubee foundation inc , gainesville , florida .
the banana bat is a tiny bat which is 77 mm long and weighs 4 . 0 grams . the dense fur on the back can be various shades of brown , whereas the undersides are always of a lighter shade than the dorsal colouration . . .
witte ej 1954 . bat rabies in pennsylvania . am j public health nations health 44 : 186 - 187 . [ links ]
hayman dt , suu - ire r , breed ac , mceachern ja , wang l , wood jl , cunningham aa 2008 . evidence of henipavirus infection in west african fruit bats . plos one 3 : e2739 . [ links ]
the straw - coloured fruit bat has a wide distribution across equatorial and sub - saharan africa , from senegal in the west to ethiopia in the east , and south to south africa . it also occurs in the extreme southwest of the arabian peninsula and on several islands off the african coast , including zanzibar and pemba ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . the distribution of the straw - coloured fruit bat at the northern and southern extremes of its range is somewhat patchy and erratic ( 1 ) .
i could quickly tell that they were powerful creatures from the strength in their wings . they also needed to be respected , as would most other mammals of that size , as they indubitably had strong jaws and a good set of teeth in line with all species of yellow house bats .
described it being among the bat species with the highest aspect ratio ( wing length / wing width ) and the longest wing tips . wing size and shape represent a compromise between different ( and often conflicting ) selective forces and the kinematics of bat flight are complex (
this large bat has been recorded from sea level up to elevations of about 2 , 000 metres ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .
kupferschmidt k 2013 . link to mers virus underscores bat ' s puzzling threat . science 341 : 948 - 949 . [ links ]
a large and powerful bovine , the african buffalo reaches shoulder heights of up to 1 . 5 m and a mass of 750 kg . both sexes have horns , those of bulls characterised by a heavy boss and upward curved . . .
the honduran white bat lives in the evergreen tropical rainforests from sea level up to about 2 , 300 ft abundant with heliconia flowering plants .
with your help , awf can work on critical initiatives like providing sustainable agricultural training and working with wildlife scouts to protect the bat - eared fox . donate for a cause that will help with wildlife conservation and ensure the bat - eared fox does not become an endangered species .
a large and powerful bovine , the african buffalo reaches shoulder heights of up to 1 . 5 m and a mass of 750 kg . both sexes have horns , those of the bulls are characterised by a heavy boss and upward curved horns .
the colour of african civet is whitish - grey with indistinct spots on the front quarters and regular black spots , which merge to stripes , on the hindquarters . there is a black stripe down the back starting from between the ears . . .
hangs from its mother and practices flapping its wings until it begins flying by itself . at that point , the young bat is left alone .
the straw - coloured fruit bat usually gives birth to a single young each year ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , typically in a ‘maternity colony’ consisting of clusters of females ( 2 ) . the young bat is carried by the female until able to fend for itself ( 4 ) .
koopman kf 1984 . a synopsis of the families of bats , part vii . bat research news 25 : 25 - 29 . [ links ]
hippos are highly valued for their fatty meat and ivory tusks , putting them in the crosshairs of hunters and poachers . the zambia wildlife authority and the lower zambezi natural park rely on african wildlife foundation ' s support to secure the park and protect hippos .
potential predators of the straw - coloured fruit bat include snakes , carnivorous birds such as owls , crows and buzzards , and mammals ( 2 ) .
with loss of habitat and prey , carnivores—like cheetahs and wild dogs—are hunting community livestock . as a result , farmers are forced to kill these species . african wildlife foundation needs support training scouts and funding bomas to protect livestock as well as negotiating buffer zones for wildlife .
a slender built animal resembling the grey housecat . the colour of african wild cat varies from grey to dark grey with ± 6 reddish to blackish - red vertical stripes on the flanks and some on the legs . in some cases these stripes are very faint . . .
i debated in my mind the best way to check out my hunch . i concluded that it would be essential to have some companions with me who were active bat workers with good knowledge to help out . i contacted lientjie cohen and koos de wet , who regularly work with us on bat outings and who do a lot of bat work within their department duties . we agreed to meet at ngwenya lodge , near komatipoort , in the late afternoon of monday 25th october .
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in general , the straw - coloured fruit bat is common , widespread and adaptable , and there are currently no major threats to this species ( 1 ) . however , deforestation and hunting are beginning to cause significant declines in some areas . for example , in west and central africa , the straw - coloured fruit bat is the most heavily harvested bat for the bushmeat trade . it is additionally harvested for medicinal use , and is considered to be a pest in some regions ( 1 ) .
the honduran white bat is the only species belonging to the genus ectophylla and is one of only a few species of bats from latin america to roost in tents .
rose and i returned to gauteng with the one female giant yellow house bat . she became a bit of a celebrity over the next three weeks as keen members wished to view the bat , take photographs and try to get some echolocation records . the bat , called ‘girlie’ over that period , performed wonderfully by impressing visitors with her rugged ability to decimate the biggest and hardest beetles available . for the 3 to 3 . 5gm rhino beetles and similar sized scarabs , she would ambush them in her cage with rapid powerful chomps with her well developed mouthful of incisors and molars . with these large beetles she would seize the prey in her teeth , then hang up by her thumbs on the cage mesh and devour the beetle with noisy chewing within the chamber formed by her interfemoral membrane . she was able to consume five standard size chafer beetles every thirty seconds .
drexler jf , corman vm , gloza - rausch f , seebens a , annan a , ipsen a , kruppa t , müller ma , kalko ek , adu - sarkodie y , oppong s , drosten c 2009 . henipavirus rna in african bats . plos one 4 : e6367 . [ links ]
sazima i , vogel s , sazima m 1989 . bat pollitation of encholirium glaziovii , a terrestrial bromeliad . plant syst evol 168 : 167 - 179 . [ links ]
mating occurs between march and may . gestation period is 330 days . single calves are born between january and april , with a distinct peak in february . african buffalo are strongly gregarious . stable herds of up to several hundred are often observed , but which fragment into smaller herds in times of drought .
shares the territory of its parents ( vaughan and vaughan , 1987 ) . after this 30 day time period , the young bat is no longer solely dependent on its parents .
the bats had been known to the estate for decades , but only since abc started the research have they been confirmed to be a lissonycteris species . until dna results are confirmed , we’re not yet sure if the species is l . angolensis , the angolian soft - furred fruit bat , or l . goliath , harrison’s soft - furred fruit bat .
adult straw - coloured fruit bats usually have a bright orange , yellow or brownish collar of longer hairs on the throat , which extends upwards onto the back of the neck ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . this collar overlies glands on the skin that secrete a musky - smelling fluid ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , and is brighter and more pronounced in males ( 2 ) .
but we welcome matt town , who has already been carrying on the research in satemwa for 8 weeks and is about to relocate to liwonde to lead the hot dry season bat surveying .
we are lucky enough to be catching plenty of fruit bats here in liwonde , including some little epauletted fruit bats . there are plenty around bat camp most evenings , making surveys much easier !
a single bat - eared fox can eat up to 1 . 15 million termites each year—this is about 80 % of their diets . in addition to termites , bat - eared foxes also eat other insects and arthropods , small rodents , lizards , the eggs and chicks of birds , and plant matter . they obtain much of their water from the body fluid of the insects they consume .
pawan jl 1936 . the transmission of paralytic rabies in trinidad by the vampire bat ( desmodus rotundus murinus wagner , 1840 ) . ann trop med parasitol 30 : 101 - 129 . [ links ]
podlutsky aj , khritankov am , ovodov nd , austad sn 2005 . a new field record for bat longevity . j gerontol a biol sci med sci 60 : 1366 - 1368 . [ links ]
simmons nb , seymour kl , habersetzer j , gunnell gf 2008 . primitive early eocene bat from wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation . nature 451 : 818 - 821 . [ links ]
length of the 2 nd phalanx ( 2pl ) of the 3 rd digit vs . the 1 st phalanx ( 1pl ) of the 3 rd digit . several species of glauconycteris are shown ( closed diamond ) , as is niumbaha superba ( open diamond ) , and for comparison , two species of scotophilus ( open triangle ; a ‘typical’ african vespertilionid bat ) . the ratio of 2pl / 1pl is significantly greater in glauconycteris than in niumbaha ( with a theoretical 1 : 1 ratio indicated by the dashed line ) . data as reported in table 2 .
is distinctive among african vespertilionids in possessing an extremely shortened but broad muzzle in which the nostrils open more or less to the side from a transverse , thick subcylindrical naked pad . on the underlip is found a thickened pair of pads and the lower lip near the corner of the mouth has a fleshy lappet or fold that can be made to extend horizontally (
the cuteness of this bat makes it somewhat popular as pets , but having one would entail intensive care on the part of the owner to replicate its natural environment , failing which would lead to health problems .
we are very happy to wrap up work in the city for christmas having caught 15 bat species in the city since the project began in september 2016 . here ' s to more success in 2017 too !
sugar plum ( uapaka kirkiana ; phyllanthaceae ) with bat tooth marks on fruits husks , zambia . courtesy of jakob fahr ( max planck institute for ornithology , germany ) , the copyright holder of the image .
simon r , holderied mw , koch cu , von helversen o 2011 . floral acoustics : conspicuous echoes of a dish - shaped leaf attract bat pollinators . science 333 : 631 - 633 . [ links ]
springer ms , teeling ec , madsen o , stanhope mj , jong ww 2001 . integrating fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation . proc natl acad sci usa 98 : 6241 - 6246 . [ links ]
simmons nb 1998 . a reappraisal of interfamilial relationships of bats . in th kunz , pa racey , bat biology and conservation , smithsonian institution press , washington dc , p . 3 - 26 . [ links ]
while there is limited information regarding the mating and reproduction patterns of honduran white bat , the timing of their mating season is such that the offspring is born during spring . the gestation period lasts for a few weeks .
with lientjie , koos and me were my wife , rose , who was also our photographer , and adam palmer , who was again kindly helping us with ladders and other logistics . koos looked up at the bat house and noticed that a large lizard was in the bat house with it’s head sticking out . this dampened our spirits , as we were worried that something unexpected may be interfering with our hopes to make a strange finding .
the female straw - coloured fruit bat is only slightly smaller than the male and often appears lighter in colour . juvenile straw - coloured fruit bats are generally darker than the adults , and lack a collar ( 2 ) .
sazima m , buzato s , sazima i 2003 . dyssochroma viridiflorum ( solanaceae ) , a reproductively bat - dependent , epiphyte from the atlantic rainforest in brazil . annals of botany 92 : 725 - 730 . [ links ]
the name is the zande word for ‘rare / unusual’ . this name was chosen because of the rarity of capture for this genus , despite its wide distribution throughout west and central africa , and for the unusual and striking appearance of this bat . zande is the language of the azande people , who are the primary ethnic group in western equatoria state in south sudan ( where our recent specimen was collected ) . the homeland of the azande extends westwards into democratic republic of the congo , where superba has also been collected ( the holotype and another recent capture ) , and into southeastern central african republic . gender : feminine .
the straw - coloured fruit bat feeds on fruiting and flowering trees , starting its foraging at sunset and ending after sunrise ( 2 ) . it feeds on a range of sweet , juicy fruits , including dates , figs and palm fruits , as well as on flowers , buds and even young leaves ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . like other pteropodidae species , the straw - coloured fruit bat mashes fruit between its teeth , sucking out the juices and spitting out the rest as dry pellets . this species also chews into soft wood to obtain moisture . despite its sometimes destructive feeding habits , the straw - coloured fruit bat is an important pollinator of flowering plants ( 2 ) .
after birth , a young bat adheres to its mother by attaching its mouth to a pair of false nipples located near the mother ' s tail . to further insure attachment to the mother , the young bat wraps its legs around the back of its mother ' s neck . despite the added weight of the offspring , the mother continues to forage . for roughly three months , the mother and its offspring stay in close proximity . during this time , grooming generally occurs with the mother eating the metabolic wastes of the baby in an apparent water conservation mechanism ( vaughan and vaughan , 1987 ) . in addition , the young bat observes the foraging and hunting techniques of its parents . the young
bergmans , w . m . ( 1980 ) a new fruit bat of the genus myonycteris matschie , 1899 , from eastern kenya and tanzania ( mammalia , megachiroptera ) . zoologische mededelingen , 55 ( 14 ) : 171 - 181 .
the bat - eared fox has a shoulder height of only 30cm , a length of about 75cm and weighs less than 5 kilograms . it has a beautiful silver - gray fluffy coat with a black - tipped bushy tail . . .
however , we erected our mist nets as we had intended and were happy that the weather conditions were very favourable . we were ready by 18 . 00hrs ( 6pm ) and settled in for a wait . the large lizard had retreated out of sight into the bat house . at about 18 . 20hrs many angolan free - tailed bats were overhead commencing their evening foraging on a variety of agricultural pest moths and beetles . we noticed two much larger bats than usual fly over the bat house – we were sure these were not fruit bats - and a few minutes later another flew over in the cross direction . but still there was no sign of bats from the bat house that we watched so intently .
only a small part of the migratory route of the kasanka colony is currently protected ( 6 ) , and a better understanding of the straw - coloured fruit bat’s migratory patterns may be needed to aid conservation efforts for this species ( 1 ) .
richter , h . v . and cumming , g . s . ( 2006 ) food availability and annual migration of the straw - colored fruit bat ( eidolon helvum ) . journal of zoology , 268 ( 1 ) : 35 - 44 .
in typical manner girlie devoured a full meal of scarab and dung beetles on the evening of 17th november , and then i returned her into the bat house from which she had been captured 22 days earlier . we were always conscious that we did not want to take a female bat that was likely to be pregnant at that time of the year as a scientific voucher for museum records . by the time that girlie was released , there was every indication that she was indeed well pregnant .
this species is a strong flier , with wings that are built for endurance rather than agility ( 3 ) . its flight is slow and steady ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , interspersed with short glides , and the straw - coloured fruit bat is also able to clamber around branches and cling to trees using the strong , hooked claw on its first finger ( 4 ) . like other species in the pteropodidae family , the straw - coloured fruit bat does not use echolocation ( 5 ) .
barr ja , smith c , marsh ga , field h , wang l - f 2012 . evidence of bat origin for menangle virus , a zoonotic paramyxovirus first isolated from diseased pigs . j gen virol 93 : 2590 - 2594 . [ links ]
african civets live both in the forest and in open country , but they seem to require a covering of tall grasses or thicket to provide safety in the daytime . they rarely can be found in arid regions of africa . instead , they are usually found close to permanent water systems . it seems to use a permanent burrow or nest only to bear young . it is nocturnal and almost completely terrestrial but takes to water readily and swims well .
mimetillus thomasi has been confirmed as the species found at two survey sites in liwonde national park during the 2015 cold dry and hot dry season . this bat is in the vespertilionidae family and has a distinctive broad flattened skull as well as translucent finger membranes .
like all so - called ' free - tailed ' bats , the distal portion of the tail of the ansorgi ' s free - tailed bat is not encased in the interfemoral membrane , and thus presents as a protrusion above the flying membrane . . .
o ' shea tj , cryan pm , cunningham aa , fooks ar , hayman dts , luis ad , peel aj , plowright rk , wood jln 2014 . bat flight and zoonotic viruses . emerg infect dis 20 : 741 - 745 . [ links ]
shaw ti , srivastava a , chou wc , liu l , hawkinson a , glenn tc , adams r , schountz t 2012 . transcriptome sequencing and annotation for the jamaican fruit bat ( artibeus jamaicensis ) . plos one 7 : e48472 . [ links ]
simmons nb , geisler jh 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of icaronycteris , archaeonycteris , hassianycteris and palaeochiropteryx to extant bat lineages with comments on the evolution of echolocation and foraging strategies in microchiroptera . b am mus nat hist 235 : 1 - 182 . [ links ]
simmons nb 1995 . bat relationships and the origin of flight . in pa racey , sm swift , ecology , evolution and behavior of bats , zoological society of london symposia 67 , oxford university press , oxford , p . 27 - 43 . [ links ]
wacharapluesadee s , lumlertdacha b , boongird k , wanghongsa s , chanhome l , rollin p , stockton p , rupprecht ce , ksiazek tg , hemachudha t 2005 . bat nipah virus , thailand . emerg infect dis 11 : 1949 - 1951 . [ links ]
a novel filovirus , provisionally named lloviu virus ( the only virus in the genus cuevovirus ) , was detected during the investigation of bat die - offs in cueva del lloviu in spain in 2002 . lloviu virus is genetically distinct from marburgviruses and ebolaviruses and is the first filovirus detected in europe that was not imported from an endemic area in africa . whereas infections of bats with marburgviruses and ebolaviruses do not appear to be associated with disease in the bats , lloviu virus was detected in a dead schreibers ' s long - fingered bat .
luckett wp 1980 . the use of fetal membrane data in assessing chiropteran phylogeny . in de wilson , al gardner ( eds . ) , proceedings of the fifth international bat research conference , texas tech press , lubbock , p . 245 - 265 . [ links ]
she proved to be a voracious feeder on stink bugs , twig wilters , chafer beetles ( ie rose or christmas beetles ) , long horn beetles , cicadas , katydids , mole crickets and dung beetles of various species , and those dreadful smelly yellow and black beetles that eat flowers and soft fruit like peaches . in fact , she was a very thorough entomologist , as she knew her diet items well as ground living beetles such a toktokkie beetles were not part of the diet . she did not find any type of moth acceptable and one mantid was partly chewed before being spat out .
the straw - coloured fruit bat has long , dark blackish - brown wings which are quite narrow and pointed . when the bat is at rest , the tips of the wings are folded inwards ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the tail membrane is narrow , running along the insides of the thighs , while the tail itself is short and projects beyond the membrane for about half its length . the first finger on the forearm is long and has a strong , curved claw , which is used for climbing among tree branches ( 4 ) .
drexler jf , corman vm , wegner t , tateno af , zerbinati rm , gloza - rausch f , seebens a , müller ma , drosten c 2011 . amplification of emerging viruses in a bat colony . emerg infect dis 17 : 449 - 456 . [ links ]
australian bottle tree ( adansonia gregorii ) is the single species of baobab native to australia . it is very similar to african baobab genetically , but its flowers are long and cylindrical rather than round and pendulous . although bats visit australian bottle tree and feed on its flowers ' nectar , hawk moths are the tree ' s primary pollinators . the cylindrical shape of the flowers are more suited to moths and other insects than to bats . australian bottle tree is hardy in usda zone 11 .
the conservation of lowland forest throughout much of east africa is essential for the future of this bat and many other species ( 1 ) . fortunately , there are a number of conservation organisations working to conserve the forest habitat in the region , including wwf tanzania ( 7 ) .
hibernation also may allow not only virus persistence in the bat , but trans - seasonal persistence as well , allowing virus to amplify and re - emerge when conditions are more amenable to transmission , such as seasonally for arthropod - borne viruses , colony formation and movement to maternity caves .
agnelli p , maltagliati g , ducci l , cannicci s 2011 . artificial roosts for bats : education and research . the
be a bat ' s friend
project of the natural history museum of the university of florence . hystrix 22 : 215 - 223 . [ links ]
near - threatened in south africa , due to its rarity and disappearance from former breeding sites . destruction of woodland impacts the local bat populations it is dependent on , and it is persecuted by locals because they believe that it eats chickens , although it has never been observed doing so .
it was a fantastic morning and a good turn out ! the bat boxes proved very popular and generated a lot of interest . it was wonderful to chat to people about the work we do , and to let people know how to help bats by putting up boxes in their garden . with so much deforestation and increased development taking place , bats are losing their homes at an alarming rate . a wooden bat box can provide a suitable alternative resting place for bats and encourage them into areas where there are few natural roosting opportunities such as crevices in tree s and buildings .
we say a sad goodbye to our research assistant catherine , who helped to set up the bats and farms research at satemwa tea and coffee estate , and for the past month led the bat surveying in liwonde np . all the abc team wish catherine the best in her future research work !
ithete nl , stoffberg s , corman vm , cottontail vm , richards lr , schoeman mc , drosten c , drexler jf , preiser w 2013 . close relative of human middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bat , south africa . emerg infect dis 19 : 1697 - 1699 . [ links ]
rodriguez , r . m . , hoffmann , f . , porter , c . a . and baker , r . ( 2006 ) the bat community of the rabi oil field in the gamba complex of protected areas . bulletin of the biological society of washington , 12 : 365 - 370 .
the straw - coloured fruit bat is an adaptable species that occurs in a wide variety of habitats . it is found primarily in moist and dry tropical rainforests , including evergreen forest , riverine and coastal forests and mangroves , as well as in moist and dry savanna and even urban areas ( 1 ) .
finally , can we confidently link bats with emerging viruses ? no , or not yet , is the qualified answer based on the evidence available . only integrative and organised field and laboratory research , using ecological and epidemiological approaches conducted by bat biologists and medical researchers , will provide a useful and satisfactory solution .
then on monday 25th october 2004 we had a major breakthrough in the positive finding of a species of bat that had never been located before in south africa . in fact , it is a very poorly known species throughout it’s distribution range almost throughout sub saharan africa . so the species is only recorded from isolated spots , with nine known records from nine different countries . these separate records are from senegal , ghana , nigeria , sudan , eastern congo , malawi , zimbabwe , mozambique and now south africa . but in some of those discoveries more than a single bat of the species was encountered but only at single localities .


leiognathus berbis , commonly known as the berbis ponyfish , is a fish of brackish and marine waters found from indo-west pacific to along the indian coasts and off sri lanka .

like its relatives , the fish is a demersal species that feeds on small crustaceans and bivalves .

leiognathus berbis

this study reports that berber ponyfish leiognathus berbis , a member of lessepsian species , was found in syrian marine waters and recorded for the first time there .
this is the first record for leiognathus berbis in the syrian costal waters , and the first time they are observed by fishermen ; this indicates that there are several factors helped this specimen to arrive to this area of mediterraean such as ballast water .
this is the first record for leiognathus berbis in the syrian costal waters , and observations for the first time from the fishermen , there are several factors helped this specimen to arrive to this area of mediterraean ; one of these factors is ballast water .
one specimen of the berber ponyfish leiognathus berbis , with a total length of 78 mm , was caught by gillnet at a depth of 35 m , where the bottom is sandy soft , on 05 may 2016 , in syrian marine waters at ibn hani area ( the eastern mediterranean sea ) .
( of equula berbis valenciennes , 1835 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
chakrabarty p , chu j , nahar l , sparks js . geometric morphometrics uncovers a new species of ponyfish ( teleostei : leiognathidae : equulites ) , with comments on the taxonomic status of equula berbis valenciennes . zootaxa . 2010 ; 2427 ( 1 ) : 15–24 .
) . to this day , new marine organisms still reach the mediterranean ; of these organisms , those belonging to the family leiognathidae : small to medium - sized fish ( rarely exceeding 16 cm ) ; body oblong or rounded , moderately to markedly compressed laterally . eyes moderate to large . mouth highly protractible , when extended forming a tube directed either upwards ( secutor spp . ) , forward ( gazza spp . ) , or forward or downward ( leiognathus spp . ) . color : silvery , with characteristic markings on the upper half of sides which are useful for identification ( capenter and niem
equula berbis is considered as a nomen dubium of uncertain placement beyond the family level ( ref . 84470 : 20 - 21 ) . correct name equulites oblongus ; the types are in poor condition and placement in the genus equulites is provisional ( p . chakrabarty pers . comm . tru s . bogorodsky , 11 / 2010 ) . considered as nomen dubium of uncertain placement beyond the family level ; no type known , original description does not serve to diagnose this species ( ref . 84470 : 20 - 21 ) .
description found in coastal waters , at a depth of about 40 m . feeds on small crustaceans and bivalves ( ref . 5213 ) .
description found in coastal waters , at a depth of about 40 m . feeds on small crustaceans and bivalves ( ref . 5213 ) . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scomber equula minimus forsskål , 1775 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
ang , p . o . ; wong , c . k . ; lin , t . p . ; ma , w . c . ; hung , s . ( 2005 ) . biological monitoring in sha chau and lung kwu chau marine park . submitted to agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]
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climatic changes and human activities have worked to pave the way for alien species to invade new areas far from their native habitat . the mediterranean sea has received many invasive species ( eissa and zaki , procedia environmental sciences 4 : 251 - 259 , 2011 ; occhipinti - ambrogi , marine pollution bulletin 55 ( 7 ) : 342 - 352 , 2007 ) , and some of these species had been recorded in the syria coastal ( saad , turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 5 : 99 - 106 , 2005 ) .
climatic changes and human activities have worked to pave the way for alien species to invade new areas far from their native habitat . the climatic changes have made the environmental conditions suitable for these species and similar to their original habitat in terms of temperature , salinity and food . while leading human activity , the opening of the suez canal , and the movement of ships across the world , is an important factor for making the road , which was impassable , for the fish species to move into new marine environments ( occhipinti - ambrogi
) . the mediterranean sea has received many invasive species coming from the atlantic , pacific and red sea . many species have invaded the mediterranean species , and settled in , because the marine environment has become suitable for their growth and reproduction ( golani
) , the family leiognathidae exists in water ' s temperature range ( 18 . 528–28 . 954 ) °c , and salinity ( 32 . 183–35 . 468 ) pps .
the fish sample was collected during may 2016 from ibn–hani , lattakia , syria ( latitude : 35 . 591632° , longitude : 35 . 732343° ) ( fig .
was carried out by using gillnet , with a mesh size is 15 mm , at a depth of 35 m ; the bottom of the fishing zone is sandy soft mixed with some little stones ; the net had been deployed in the coastal water for five hours ( from 1 am to 6 am ) . the morphometric measurements and meristic details were recorded for this fish , and conserved at the fish biology lab of the higher institute of marine research , tishreen university ( lenght to the nearest mm , weight to the nearest gram ) . this sample was identified according to ( carpenter and niem
) , depending on the morphological characters . the head length , the caudal fin length and the eye diameter were measured by vernier caliper as in the fig .
) has the following properties : compressed body and elongated body more than the depth of the body , dorsal and ventral sides are convex , and mouth tapering and downward when protracted ( fig .
) ; the dorsal side is greenish with light gray and contains dark irregular vermiculations . the ventral side is coloured with belly gray ; the base of anal and caudal fin are light yellowish . the morphometric measurements are shown in table
) . the sex of the fish is male . the bottom of fishing zone is soft sandy ; it is similar to the bottom in the native region of this species ( carpenter and niem
) , and is convenient for feeding on benthic invertebrates . the temperature of fishing area is ( 27 . 5 ) °c , and the salinity ( 38 . 2 ) pps on 15 / 05 / 2016 ; this parameters are close to that are found in the native habitat .
) ; this fish has been registered in the suze gulf in 2005 ( el - ganainy et al .
from the gulf of suez , where the hydrological factors are very close to those found in the mediterranean sea ; they moved then through the suez canal to reach the syrian coastal . a new suez canal had been opened on 9 august 2015 , which has made a big chance for fish to move into the mediterranean sea . on other hand , the climatic changes in the world , especially in the eastern mediterranean , are making the environment very suitable for invasive species in terms of the temperature , food , and the place for reproduction ( sorte et al .
allows it to move through the ballast water . this is the first record for
the authors thank tishreen university and the high institute of marine research , lattakia who provided the financial and logistic supports to this work .
all authors have equal participation in this work . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .
this article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (
) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (
) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .
abraham k , joshi k , murty vs . taxonomy of the fishes of the family leiognathidae ( pisces , teleostei ) from the west coast of india . zootaxa . 2011 ; 2886 : 1–18 .
capenter k , niem v . the living marine resources of the western central pacific : vol 5 bony fishes part 3 ( menidae to pomacentridae ) . roma : food and agriculture organization of the united nations ; 2001 .
carpenter ke , niem vh . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 5 . bony fishes part 3 ( menidae to pomacentridae ) . fao library ; 2001 .
dial r , roughgarden j . theory of marine communities : the intermediate disturbance hypothesis . ecology . 1998 ; 79 ( 4 ) : 1412–24 .
eissa ae , zaki mm . the impact of global climatic changes on the aquatic environment . procedia environmental sciences . 2011 ; 4 : 251–9 .
el - ganainy aa , yassien mh , ibrahim ea . bottom trawl discards in the gulf of suez , egypt . egypt j aquat res . 2005 ; 31 : 240–55 .
golani d . distribution of lessepsian migrant fish in the mediterranean . italian journal of zoology . 1998a ; 65 ( sup1 ) : 95–99
golani d . impact of red sea fish migrants through the suez canal on the aquatic environment of the eastern mediterranean . bulletin series yale school of forestry and environmental studies . 1998b ; 103 : 375–87 .
occhipinti - ambrogi a . global change and marine communities : alien species and climate change . mar pollut bull . 2007 ; 55 ( 7 ) : 342–52 .
oral m . alien fish species in the mediterranean - black sea basin . journal of the black sea / mediterranean environment . 2010 ; 16 ( 1 ) : 87–132 .
saad a . check – list of bony fish collected from the coast of syria . turk j fish aquat sci . 2005 ; 5 : 99–106 .
sorte cj , williams sl , zerebecki ra . ocean warming increases threat of invasive species in a marine fouling community . ecology . 2010 ; 91 ( 8 ) : 2198–204 .
ulman a , saad a , zylich k , pauly d , zeller d . reconstruction of syria’s fisheries c atches from 1950–2010 : signs of overexploitation . acta ichthyol piscat . 2015 ; 45 : 3–259 .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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body moderately elongate and compressed , its depth 2 . 3 to 2 . 8 times in standard length ; dorsal and ventral profiles about equally convex , but a more or less distinct notch present at nape . mouth pointing downward when protracted ; teeth arranged in villiform bands , though these may contract to a single row laterally in young specimens . dorsal - fin spines slender , the second equal to or , in adults , slightly longer than 1 / 2 height of body . head scaleless , but scales present on breast . belly silvery ; back greenish to brownish with light grey , crowded , irregular vermiculations extending on sides to slightly below lateral line , where lines become serially arranged and angle forward ; snout and underside of pectoral - fin base dotted black ; dorsal , anal , pectoral , and pelvic fins colourless .
distributed in the indo - west pacific from red sea and the gulf of aden , off zanzibar , along the indian coasts and off sri lanka . elsewhere , eastern indian ocean and southeast asia . it is found in southwestern and southern taiwanese waters .
larger specimens marketed fresh or dried - salted but most of the catch made into fishmeal or discarded .
inhabits inshore coastal waters ( ref . 47581 ) . feeds on small crustaceans and bivalves ( ref . 5213 ) .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32421126 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32a67bf4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
indo - west pacific : red sea and the gulf of aden , off zanzibar , along the indian coasts and off sri lanka . elsewhere , eastern indian ocean and southeast asia .
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 8b39e70d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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