the yellow-bellied bulbul ( alophoixus phaeocephalus ) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .

it is found on the malay peninsula , sumatra and borneo .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

yellow - bellied bulbul

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yellow - bellied bulbul ( alophoixus phaeocephalus ) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .
other synonyms german : schwefelbülbül english : yellow - bellied bulbul , yellow - bellied bulbul ( nominate ) spanish : bulbul barbudo de cabeza gris french : bulbul à calotte grise , bulbul à calotte grise ( nominal ) , bulbul à calotte grise ( nominale ) , bulbul à calotte grise ( race nominale ) italian : bulbul barbuto testagrigia latin : alophoixus phaeocephalus phaeocephalus , criniger phaeocephalus phaeocephalus , ixos ( trichixos , less . ) phaeocephalus
streak - eared bulbul pycnonotus blanfordi is split into two monotypic species , ayeyarwady bulbul pycnonotus blanfordi , and streak - eared bulbul pycnonotus conradi ( garg et al . 2016 ) . note that the english name “streak - eared bulbul” now is applied to a different scientific name ( conradi , not blanfordi ) .
olive bulbul contains three subspecies : viridescens , and two subspecies that previously were classified under gray - eyed bulbul ( iole propinqua ) , lekhakuni and cinnamomeoventris .
from
black - crested bulbul
to
black - capped bulbul , with split of multiple species . ( rasmussen & anderton 2005 , fishpool & tobias 2005 )
the prigogine ' s greenbul has olive - green upperparts ; yellow throat ; gray lores .
tuesday , 19th april 2011 , congkak recreation forest , selangor another bird that i was waiting for , now months passed , is this yellow - bellied bulbul . got the bird alright . a few position too - but , the bird just refused to show to me the belly ! what can i do ?
olive bulbul iole virescens is split into two species , following manawatthana et al . ( 2017 ) : a monotypic cachar bulbul iole cacharensis ; and olive bulbul iole viridescens . revise the range of cachar bulbul from “northeastern india ( assam ) ; population in eastern bangladesh possibly also this subspecies ( or is nominate virescens ? ) ” to “northeastern india ( assam ) and eastern bangladesh” .
the mauritius bulbul has mainly gray plumage ; black crown , eye - line ; orange bill ; pink legs .
fishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . yellow - bellied bulbul ( alophoixus phaeocephalus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
criniger is a genus of songbirds in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae . the species of criniger are found in western and central africa .
the rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid ( williams 2002 ) , but more evidence needed ( dickinson and dekker 2002 ) .
the little greenbul has mainly green upperparts with brown wings , upper - tail ; pale grayish - green underparts ; brown bill ; light yellow - brown feet .
the red - billed bristlebill has brown - olive upperparts ; rufous tail ; yellow underparts ; grayish - blue orbital skin . male has red eyes ; female brown eyes .
20–20·5 cm ; 23–40 g . large , brightly coloured , relatively retiring bulbul , eyes contrasting sharply with pale face , elongated chin and throat often puffed . . .
a deeper forest bulbul , often alone ; here seen feeding and singing . the subspecies a . p . diardi has a clear / noticeable yellow tip to the tail . although described as having no crest , davison ( 1999 ) describes is as “absence of a crest is diagnostic” , this is not that precise . they have the ability to raise crest feathers , and often do so . - amar
pieplow , n . d . , and c . d . francis . 2011 . song differences among subspecies of yellow - eyed juncos ( junco phaeonotus ) . wilson journal of ornithology 123 : 464 - 471 .
this bulbul is found in broad - leaved forests , cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas , but himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter . the western ghats birds may make movements related to rain .
milá , b . , p . aleixandre , s . alvarez - nordström , and j . mccormack . 2016 . more than meets the eye : lineage diversity and evolutionary history of dark - eyed and yellow - eyed juncos . pages 179 - 198 in e . d . ketterson and j . w . atwell ( editors ) , snowbird . university of chicago press , chicago .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , yellow - breasted chat ( icteria virens ) is removed from parulidae ( new world warblers ) and is placed in a new monotypic family , icteriidae ( yellow - breasted chat ) , following barker et al . ( 2013 , 2015 ) . aos - nacc also revised the linear sequence of families in the nine - primaried oscines ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , but we defer completely following the new sequence until our next release ( august 2018 ) . in the interim , position icteriidae to follow emberizidae ( old world buntings ) , calyptophilidae ( chat - tanagers ) , phaenicophilidae ( hispaniolan tanagers ) , nesospingidae ( puerto rican tanager ) , spindalidae ( spindalises ) , zeledoniidae ( wrenthrush ) , and teretistridae ( cuban warblers ) .
the taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of hypsipetes madagascariensis . within asia , h . ganeesa has often been listed as a subspecies of h . leucocephalus , but is increasingly treated as a separate species restricted to the western ghats ( south of somewhere near bombay ) and sri lanka , the square - tailed black bulbul . the subspecies from sri lanka humii is then placed under this species .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , the monotypic group yellow - eyed junco ( baird’s ) junco phaeonotus bairdi is elevated to species rank as baird’s junco junco bairdi . this split is based on “morphology ( miller 1941 ) , vocalizations ( howell and webb 1995 , pieplow and francis 2011 ) , and genetics ( mccormack et al . 2012 , friis et al . 2016 , milá et al . 2016 ) ” ( chesser et al . 2017 ) .
the black bulbul is 24–25 cm in length , with a long tail . the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black , depending on the race . the beak , legs , and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest . sexes are similar in plumage , but young birds lack the crest , have whitish underparts with a grey breast band , and have a brown tint to the upperparts . they have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , the genus mitrospingus is removed from thraupidae ( tanagers and allies ) and is placed in a new family , mitrospingidae ( mitrospingid tanagers ) , following barker et al . ( 2013 , 2015 ) . aos - nacc also revised the linear sequence of families in the nine - primaried oscines ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , but we defer completely following the new sequence until our next release ( august 2018 ) . in the interim , position icteriidae to follow emberizidae ( old world buntings ) , calyptophilidae ( chat - tanagers ) , phaenicophilidae ( hispaniolan tanagers ) , nesospingidae ( puerto rican tanager ) , spindalidae ( spindalises ) , zeledoniidae ( wrenthrush ) , teretistridae ( cuban warblers ) , and icteriidae ( yellow - breasted chat ) .
bulbuls are short - necked and slender . the tails are long and the wings short and rounded . in almost all species the bill is slightly elongated and slightly hooked at the end . they vary in length from 13 cm to 29 cm . overall the sexes are alike , although the females tend to be slightly smaller . the soft plumage of some species is colourful with yellow , red or orange vents , cheeks , throat or supercilia , but most are drab , with uniform olive brown to black plumage . species with dull coloured eyes often sport contrasting eyerings . some have very distinct crests . bulbuls are highly vocal , with the calls of most species being described as nasal or gravelly . bulbuls eat a wide range of different foods , ranging from fruit to seeds , nectar , small insects and other arthropods and even small vertebrates . the bulbuls are generally monogamous .
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urltoken
ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
is a recently described species ( woxvold et al . 2009 ) . it is sister to
is in prevailing usage . based on
turdoïde de gourdin
of homblon & jacquinot , 1844 referenced in gray , 1847 . see mayr & greenway , 1960 ( peters checklist , ix )
nigeria to s sudan , w kenya . s drcongo , nw zambia and n angola
now considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul ( collinson et al . 2017 )
rwenzori mts , itombwe and mt . kabobo ( e drcongo ) , w uganda , w rwanda and n burundi
montane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al . 2011a ]
based on genetic studies . but genetic divergence may support species status . manawatthana et al . 2017
as a junior synonym . fishpool & tobias , 2005 . the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon . the subspecies epithet
( type speciemen from e kalimantan ) has been erroneously applied to this population . eaton et al 2016 , rheindt in . litt . ( see manawatthana et al . 2017 ) .
kuroda , 1922 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
dalupiri , calayan and fuga is . ( n of luzon in n philippines )
is a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )
cheke & hume 2008 , bli . conspecific with the extinct reunion form whose scientific name has priority .
manchurian bush warbler is restricted to borealis ; ssp canturians is treated here as a subspecies of h . diphone . an alternative treatment would be to lump borealis with diphone until relationships of the members of this complex are sorted out genetically ( alström et al . 2011b ) . see rasmussen & anderton 2005 , bli re original split of cettia canturians , including borealis from c . diphone .
iczn opinion 2215 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 65 : 327 - 328 , 2008 .
correct gender agreement ; original specific epithet albicapillus is invariable . ( n david , h & m corrigenda 2 . 1 )
genetically embedded in monticola ; move before m . rupestris ( zuccon & ericson 2010a )
frith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .
frith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .
restore inland plover to peltohyas ; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel ; resequence following lapwings , their sister group ( baker et al . 2007 ; fjeldsa comm )
fuchs et al 2008 ; correct error in v2 . 5 ; correct gender agreement
correct gender agreement ; “we are speaking here of hydrornis blyth 1843 in jasb 12 ( 2 ) : 960 , indeed masculine . in turdus guajanus by statius müller , guajanus is adjectival ( much [ too ] long to explain ) ; thus hydrornis guayanus is ok . ” ( n . david 7 / 9 / 2010 )
chlorophoneus viridis , c . dohertyi , c . quadricolor form a separate clade with telophorus , rhodophoneus , all merged into telophorus ( fuchs et al 2004 , fjeldsa comm )
malcorus belongs with hypergerus and eminia in cisticolidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif , fjeldsa comm )
“ lopesi ” is an unjustified emmendation . fide alan peterson , peter ryan ( hbw 11 )
pnoepyga wren - babblers are not babblers and elevated to their own family ( gelang et al . 2009 )
correct spreadsheet re 2 . 0 change of genus ( p . kovalik 7 / 2010 )
new family includes melocichla , sphenoeacus , achaetops , macrosphenus , sylvietta , cryptillas , and possibly graueria and hemitesia ( johansson et al . 2007 , 2008 , tif ) . move up in sequence as old branch of sylvioid passerines .
move dohm’s thrush - babbler to sylviidae as sister to pseudoalcippe [ abyssinica ] ( voelker et al . 2009 )
bush blackcap is a member of the sylviidae closer to pseudoalcippe than to sylvia ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif )
separate fulvetta species from alcippe fulvettas and move to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )
move yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae ( cibois et al 2003 , moyle et al 2009 ) ; recognition of subclades under review .
richmond ( 1917 ) , fide alan peterson . ichthyophaga is an unjustified emendation of original spelling .
recording modified with audacity 2 . 2 . 0 : - normalized ( - 0 . 50 db ) - high pass filter ( 2000 hz / rolloff 48 db ) - low pass filter ( 5500 hz / rolloff 48 db ) - fade in / fade out
[ id . ? does not match other recordings : nk ] ref . : borneo2 : 0 : 35 - 1 : 08
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
according to some recent authors # r , deep mtdna divergences and clear plumage differences suggest that nominate race and connectens may represent two separate species , with sulphuratus and diardi together constituting a third species ; delimitation of races in borneo is complex , variation appearing clinal , and perhaps only extremes merit recognition ; further study required , including investigation of vocal differences and identification of exact areas of overlap of taxa in borneo ( where species probably present throughout ) . three putative races ( caniceps , rufocaudatus , cantori ) merged with nominate ; medius ( long petah , in e borneo ) indistinguishable from sulphuratus . four subspecies recognized .
( hartlaub , 1844 ) – extreme s myanmar ( extreme s tenasserim ) , s thailand , peninsular malaysia , sumatra ( including bintang , lingga , bangka , belitung , siberut and sipura ) and n natuna is .
( bonaparte , 1850 ) – c borneo ( e sarawak and w sabah s to se kalimantan ) .
( finsch , 1867 ) – w borneo ( s from r baram ) .
calls with subdued harsh , slightly buzzy “whi’ee whi’ee whi’ee” , or ( . . .
broadleaf evergreen forest , well - developed secondary growth ( having relatively closed canopy , and . . .
a generalist , eating both fruit and insects . at kerau , in peninsular malaysia , parties visiting fig (
breeds apr–aug . rate of retrapping in lowland forest in peninsular malaysia suggests that pair probably territorial . clutch 2 eggs . . . .
not globally threatened . generally fairly common to common throughout much of range . extinct in singapore for at least five decades , following deforestation . in mature . . .
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often merged into african criniger , but molecular study # r indicates that african and asian members of this family are only distantly related . phylogeographical study # r reveals apparent presence of a ring species complex in indomalayan region , and this is supported by analytical study # r .
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an adult singing / calling while perched on a tree ( approx . 3 - 4m in height ) .
david cooper , jmittermeier , holger teichmann , marco valentini , ken havard , manakincarmelo , chairunas adha putra , paul van giersbergen , markus lilje , pedroyayadrums .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally fairly common to common throughout its range ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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alophoixus phaeocephalus phaeocephalus : malay pen . , sumatra , bangka , belitung and north natuna is .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : alophoixus phaeocephalus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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established by coenraad jacob temminck in 1820 , the name criniger is latin for
long - haired
( from crinis , meaning
hair
and gerere , meaning
to carry
) . [ 1 ]
catalogue of the birds in the british museum : passeriformes , or perching birds . cichlomorphœ : pt . iii - iv , containing the . . . family timeliidœ ( babbling - thrushes ) by r . b . sharpe
huntley , jerry w . ; harvey , johanna a . ; pavia , marco ; boano , giovanni ; voelker , gary ( 2017 ) .
the systematics and biogeography of the bearded greenbuls ( aves :
) reveals the impact of plio - pleistocene forest fragmentation on afro - tropical avian diversity
.
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black bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects , and they are often seen in small groups , either roosting or flying about in search of food . they are particularly fond of berries . they are known to feed on a wide range of berries including celtis , rosa , melia and ehretia in the himalayas . the feed on the nectar of salmalia , erythrina , rhododendron and other species . they make aerial sallies for insects . they can be quite noisy , making various loud cheeping , mewing and grating calls . the himalayan form has been reported to make a call resembling a goat kid , throwing back its neck when calling .
it builds its nest in a tree or bush ; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses , dry leaves , mosses , lichens and cobwebs . the lining is made up of ferns , rootlets and other soft material . both sexes participate in nest construction . two or three eggs form the usual clutch . in southern india , nesting activity begins from february and rises to a peak in may . the eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 13 days and the chicks fledge after about 11 or 12 days . nest predators include birds of prey ( black - winged kite ) , snakes ( ptyas mucosus ) . adults of h . ganeesa have been known to be preyed on by the crested goshawk .
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the updates and corrections are grouped into four sections . within each section , items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the ebird / clements checklistv2017 spreadsheet , although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist ( 6th , 2007 ) .
gray - breasted partrige arborophila orientalis is split into four monotypic species , following mees ( 1996 ) : malaysian partridge arborophila campbelli ; roll’s partridge arborophila rolli ; sumatran partridge arborophila sumatrana ; and gray - breasted partridge arborophila orientalis .
mees , g . f . 1996 . geographical variation in birds of java . publications of the nuttall ornithological club number 26 . cambridge , massachusetts .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , northern harrier circus cyaneus is split into two monotypic species : hen harrier circus cyaneus , of the old world , and northern harrier circus hudsonius , of north america . this split is based on “differences in morphology , plumage , and breeding habitat ( grant 1983 , thorpe 1988 , dobson and clarke 2011 , etherington and mobley 2016 ) commensurate with differences between other recognized species of circus ” ( chesser et al . 2017 ) .
chesser , r . t . , k . j . burns , c . cicero , j . l . dunn , a . w . kratter , i . j . lovette , p . c . rasmussen , j . v . remsen , jr . , j . d . rising , d . f . stotz , and k . winker . 2017 . fifty - eighth supplement to the american ornithological society’s check - list of north american birds . auk 134 : 751 - 773 .
dobson , a . d . m . , and m . l . clarke . 2011 . inconsistency in the taxonomy of hen and northern harriers : causes and consequences . british birds 104 : 192–201 .
etherington , g . j . , and j . a . mobley . 2016 . molecular phylogeny , morphology and life - history comparisons within circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages . avian research 7 : 17 .
thorpe , j . p . 1988 . juvenile hen harriers showing ‘marsh hawk” characters . british birds 81 : 377–382 .
the validity of tanna ground - dove alopecoenas ferrugineus formerly was questioned ( peters 1937 ) , but this species now is widely accepted ( stresemann 1950 , greenway 1958 , dutson 2011 ) . insert this species , with range “formerly tanna island ( vanuatu ) . extinct ; not reported since 1774” , immediately following thick - billed ground - dove alopecoenas salamonis .
dutson , g . 2011 . birds of melanesia . the bismarcks , solomons , vanuatu and new caledonia . christopher helm , london .
greenway , j . c . , jr . 1958 . extinct and vanishing birds of the world . special publication number 13 . american committee for international wild life protection , new york , new york .
peters , j . l . 1937 . check - list of birds of the world . volume iii . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts .
stresemann , e . 1950 . birds collected during capt . james cook’s last expedition ( 1776 - 1780 ) . auk 67 : 66 - 88 .
the status of norfolk ground - dove alopecoenas norfolkensis formerly was confused ( peters 1937 ) , but this species now is widely accepted as valid ( goodwin 1970 , gill et al . 2010 , forshaw 2015 ) . insert this species , with range “formerly norfolk island ( australia ) . extinct since ca 1800” , immediately following white - throated ground - dove alopecoenas xanthonurus .
forshaw , j . m . 2015 . pigeons and doves in australia . csiro publishing , clayton south , victoria , australia .
gill , b . j . , b . d . bell , c . k . chambers , d . g . medway , r . l . palma , r . p . scofield , a . j . d . tennyson , and t . h . worthy ( checklist committee , ornithological society of new zealand ) . 2010 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . te papa press and the ornithological society of new zealand , wellington , new zealand .
goodwin , d . 1970 . pigeons and doves of the world . second edition . british museum ( natural history ) , london and cornell university press , ithaca , new york .
glossy swiftlet collocalia esculenta is split into multiple species , and the sequence of species of collocalia swiftlets is revised . following rheindt et al . ( 2017 ) :
subspecies collocalia esculenta natalis is elevated to species rank as a monotypic christmas island swiftlet collocalia natalis .
subspecies affinis , elachyptera , cyanoptila , vanderbilti , and oberholseri are removed from glossy swiftlet and are recognized as plume - toed swiftlet collocalia affinis .
subspecies marginata and septentrionalis are removed from glossy swiftlet and are recognized as gray - rumped swiftlet collocalia marginata .
subspecies isonota and bagobo are removed from glossy swiftlet , and are recognized as ridgetop swiftlet collocalia isonota .
we recognize tenggara swiftlet collocalia sumbawae , which includes subspecies sumbawae and a newly described subspecies , sumbae . revise the range description of nominate sumbawae from “w lesser sundas ( sumbawa , sumba , flores and besar ) ” to “western lesser sundas ( sumbawa ; population on flores and besar possibly also this subspecies ) ” . following sumbawae , insert newly described sumbae schodde , rheindt , and christidis 2017 , with range “western lesser sundas ( sumba ) ” .
subspecies neglecta and perneglecta are removed from glossy swiftlet , and are recognized as drab swiftlet collocalia neglecta . revise the range description of nominate neglecta from “e lesser sundas ( roti , dao , semau , timor and jaco ) ” to “lesser sundas ( sawu , roti , semau , and timor ) ” . revise the range description of subspecies perneglecta from “alor , sawu , wetar , kisar , romang , damar and tanimbar is . ” to “lesser sundas ( alor , wetar , and kisar ) ; populations on romang , damar and tanimbar possibly introgressant with glossy swiftlet” .
subspecies uropygialis and albidior are removed from glossy swiftlet , and are recognized as satin swiftlet collocalia uropygialis .
beehler , b . m . , and t . k . pratt . 2016 . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
dickinson , e . c . , and j . v . remsen , jr . ( editors ) . 2013 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 1 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .
peters , j . l . 1940 . check - list of birds of the world . volume iv . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts .
rheindt , f . e . , l . christidis , j . a . norman , j . a . eaton , k . r . sadanandan , and r . schodde . 2017 . speciation in indo - pacific swiftlets ( aves : apodidae ) : integrating molecular and phenotypic data for a new provisional taxonomy of the collocalia esculenta complex . zootaxa 4250 : 401 - 433 .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , magnificent hummingbird eugenes fulgens is split into two species : rivoli’s hummingbird eugenes fulgens , and talamanca hummingbird eugenes spectabilis . this action is based on an assessment of the degree of plumage differences between them . a phylogenetic survey by zamudio - beltrán and hernández - baños ( 2015 ) also revealed a genetic divergence between rivoli’s and talamanca hummingbirds .
zamudio - beltrán , l . e . , and b . e . hernández - baños . 2015 . a multilocus analysis provides evidence for more than one species within eugenes fulgens ( aves : trochilidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 90 : 80 - 84 .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , emerald toucanet aulacorhynchus prasinus is split into two species : northern emerald - toucanet aulacorhynchus prasinus , which includes subspecies wagleri , prasinus , warneri , virescens , volcanius , maxillaris , caeruleogularis , and cognatus ; and southern emerald - toucanet aulacorhynchus albivitta , which includes subspecies lautus , griseigularis , albivitta , phaeolaemus , dimidiatus , and cyanolaemus . this split is based on “differences in phenotype and genetic results consistent with those differences ( puebla - olivares et al . 2008 , bonaccorso et al . 2011 , winker 2016 ) ” ( chesser et al . 2017 ) .
within northern emerald - toucanet , change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus wagleri from emerald toucanet ( wagler’s ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( wagler’s ) . change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus [ prasinus group ] from emerald toucanet ( emerald ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( emerald ) . subspecies stenorhabdus , with range “subtropical s mexico to w guatemala and n el salvador” , and subspecies chiapensis , with range “mts . of extreme s mexico ( mt . ovando , chiapas ) ” , both are considered to be junior synonyms of virescens ( peters 1948 , monroe 1968 ) , and are deleted . revise the range description of virescens from “se mexico ( chiapas ) to honduras and nicaragua” to “southeastern mexico , guatemala , belize , western el salvador , honduras , and northern nicaragua” . change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus caeruleogularis / maxillaris from emerald toucanet ( blue - throated ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( blue - throated ) . change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus cognatus from emerald toucanet ( violet - throated ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( violet - throated ) .
within southern emerald - toucanet , change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet ( santa marta ) aulacorhynchus prasinus lautus to southern emerald - toucanet ( santa marta ) aulacorhynchus albivitta lautus . change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet ( gray - throated ) aulacorhynchus prasinus griseigularis to southern emerald - toucanet ( gray - throated ) aulacorhynchus albivitta griseigularis . change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet ( andean ) aulacorhynchus prasinus albivitta / phaeolaemus to southern emerald - toucanet ( andean ) aulacorhynchus albivitta albivitta / phaeolaemus . change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet ( black - throated ) aulacorhynchus prasinus [ atrogularis group ] to southern emerald - toucanet ( black - throated ) aulacorhynchus albivitta [ atrogularis group ] .
bonaccorso , e . , j . m . guayasamin , a . t . peterson , and a . g . navarro - sigüenza . 2011 . molecular phylogeny and systematics of neotropical toucanets in the genus aulacorhynchus ( aves , ramphastidae ) . zoologica scripta 40 : 336 - 349 .
monroe , b . l . , jr . 1968 . a distributional survey of the birds of honduras . ornithological monographs number 7 . american ornithologists’ union .
peters , j . l . 1948 . check - list of birds of the world . volume vi . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts .
puebla - olivares , f . , e . bonaccorso , a . espinosa de los monteros , k . e . omland , j . e . llorente - bousquets , a . t . peterson , and a . g . navarro - sigüenza . 2008 . speciation in the emerald toucanet ( aulacorhynchus prasinus ) complex . auk 125 : 39 - 50 .
winker , k . 2016 . an examination of species limits in the aulacorhynchus “ prasinus ” toucanet complex ( aves : ramphastidae ) . peerj 4 : e2381 .
each of the two monotypic groups of horned parakeet is recognized as a separate species , following juniper and parr ( 1998 ) and boon et al . ( 2014 ) : horned parakeet ( horned ) eunymphicus cornutus cornutus becomes horned parakeet eunymphicus cornutus , and horned parakeet ( ouvea ) eunymphicus cornutus uvaeensis becomes ouvea parakeet eunymphicus uvaeensis .
boon , w . - m . , o . robinet , n . rawlence , v . bretagnolle , j . a . norman , l . christidis , and g . k . chambers . 2008 . morphological , behavioural , and genetic differentiation within the horned parakeet ( eunymphicus cornutus ) and its affinities to cyanoramphus and prosopeia . emu 108 : 251 - 260 .
juniper , t . , and m . parr . 1998 . parrots : a guide to parrots of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .
we add a new species , the recently described tatama tapaculo scytalopus alvarezlopezi ( stiles et al . 2017 ) , with range “pacific slope of colombian andes ( western antioquia south to southwestern valle del cauca ) ” . position tatama tapaculo to immediately follow ecuadorian tapaculo scytalopus robbinsi . tatama tapaculo is the species that long has been known to birders as “alto pisones tapaculo” ; alto de pisones is a site at the edge of tamatá national park . please note that the validity of this new species has not yet been reviewed by aos - sacc .
stiles , f . g . , o . laverde - r . , and c . d . cadena . 2017 . a new species of tapaculo ( rhinocryptidae : scytalopus ) from the western andes of colombia . auk 134 : 377 - 392 .
the monotypic group cardinal myzomela ( samoan ) myzomela cardinalis nigriventris is elevated to species rank as samoan myzomela myzomela nigriventris , following pratt and mittermeier ( 2016 ) .
pratt , h . d . , and j . c . mittermeier . 2016 . notes on the natural history , taxonomy , and conservation of the endemic avifaua of the samoan archipelago . wilson journal of ornithology 128 : 217 - 241 .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , northern shrike lanius excubitor is split into two species : great gray shrike lanius excubitor , with subspecies excubitor , homeyeri , and leucopterus ; and northern shrike lanius borealis , with subspecies sibiricus , bianchii , mollis , funereus , and borealis . this split is based on “differences in plumage and mtdna ( johnsen et al . 2010 , olsson et al . 2010 , peer et al . 2011 ) ” ( chesser et al . 2017 ) ; in particular , northern shrike is more closely related to other species than it is to great gray shrike ( olsson et al . 2010 ) .
johnsen , a . , e . rindal , p . g . p . ericson , d . zuccon , k . c . r . kerr , m . y . stoeckle , and j . t . lifjeld . 2010 . dna barcoding of scandinavian birds reveals divergent lineages in trans - atlantic species . journal of ornithology 151 : 565–578 .
olsson , u . , p . alström , l . svensson , m . aliabadian , and p . sundberg . 2010 . the lanius excubitor ( aves , passeriformes ) conundrum—taxonomic dilemma when molecular and non - molecular data tell different stories . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 : 347–357 .
peer , b . d . , c . e . mcintosh , m . j . kuehn , s . i . rothstein , and r . c . fleischer . 2011 . complex biogeographic history of lanius shrikes and its implications for the evolution of defenses against avian brood parasitism . condor 113 : 385–394 .
the extinct genus turnagra , which we previously treated as a single , monotypic species , piopio turnagra capensis , is split into two species , following oliver ( 1955 ) , holdaway et al . ( 2001 ) , and gill et al . ( 2010 ) : a monotypic north island piopio turnagra tanagra , with range “formerly new zealand ( north island ) . extinct ; last confirmed report in 1902” ; and a polytypic south island piopio turnagra capensis , with subspecies minor and capensis .
add a previously overlooked subspecies , turnagra capensis minor , with range “formerly new zealand ( stephens island ) . extinct ; last reported 1897” ( gill et al . 2010 ) .
with the split of turnagra into two species , and the addition of subspecies minor , revise the range description of nominate capensis from “formerly new zealand . extinct ; last reported 1963” to “formerly new zealand ( south island ) . extinct ; last confirmed report in 1905” .
holdaway , r . n . , t . h . worthy , and a . j . d . tennyson . 2001 . a working list of breeding bird species of the new zealand region at first human contact . new zealand journal of zoology 28 :
oliver , w . r . b . 1955 . new zealand birds . a . h . & a . w . reed , wellington , new zealand .
silktail lamprolia victoriae is split into monotypic species , following andersen et al . ( 2015b , 2017 ) : taveuni silktail lamprolia victoriae , and natewa silktail lamprolia klinesmithi .
andersen , m . j . , p . a . hosner , c . e filardi , and r . g . moyle . 2015b . phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major australo - pacific radiation . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 67 : 336–347 .
andersen , m . j . , j . d . manthey , a . naikatini , and r . g . moyle . 2017 . conservation genomics of the silktail ( aves : lamprolia victoriae ) suggests the need for increased protection of native forest on the natewa peninsula , fiji . conservation genetics in press : doi : 10 . 1007 / s10592 - 017 - 0979 - x .
superb bird - of - paradise is split into three species , following irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) . confusingly , the name superba also is transferred from one population to another ( irestedt et al . 2017 ) . the resulting species are vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda , with subspecies niedda and the newly described subspecies inopinata ; greater superb bird - of - paradise lophorina superba , with subspecies superba , addenda , and latipennis ; and a monotypic lesser superb bird - of - paradise lophorina minor .
under vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise ( lophorina niedda ) , add a newly described subspecies , lophorina niedda inopinata irestedt et al . 2017 , with range “mountains of the bird’s head peninsula , west papua , new guinea” . insert this subspecies immediately following the entry for the species vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda . note that the range attributed to this subspecies corresponds to the range formerly attributed to subspecies superba , a name that now is applied to a population in the western highlands of new guinea , and which represents a different species , greater superb bird - of - paradise .
revise the range description of subspecies niedda from “w new guinea ( mt . wondiwoi in wandammen peninsula ) ” to “mountains of the wandammen peninsula , bird’s neck , west papua , new guinea” .
regarding greater superb bird - of - paradise ( lophorina superba ) , irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) conclude that the name superba , previously applied to the population in the mountains of the bird’s head peninsula , instead should refer to the population of the central highlands of new guinea . also , subspecies feminina , with range “w new guinea ( weyland mts . to hindenberg mts . ) ” , is considered to be a junior synonym of superba ( irestedt et al . 2017 ) . revise the range description of superba from “w new guinea ( arfak and tamrau mountains ) ” to “montane western new guinea , from the kobowre mountains ( west papua , indonesia ) to the sepik - strickland river divide ( western papua new guinea ) ” .
following irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) , resurrect subspecies addenda iredale 1948 , previously considered to be a synomym of feminina ( mayr 1962 ) , with range “eastern ranges of new guinea , from the yuat - strickland river divide and the base of the southeastern peninsula , papua new guinea” . insert subspecies addenda immediately following subspecies superba .
revise the range description of subspecies latipennis from “e new guinea ( central and e highlands to mts . of huon pen . ) ” to “eastern new guinea ( mountains of the huon peninsula , and presumably also the herzog and adelbert ranges ) ” .
lesser superb bird - of - paradise ( lophorina minor ) is monotypic . subspecies sphinx , known from a single specimen , with range “mountains of extreme se new guinea” , is considered to be a junior synonym of minor ( irestedt et al . 2017 ) , and is deleted . revise the range description of minor from “mountains of se papua new guinea” to “southeastern papua new guinea ( mountains of the papuan peninsula , west at least to the wharton range ) ” .
irestedt , m . , h . batalha - filho , c . s . roselaar , p . g . p . ericson , l . christidis , and r . schodde . 2017 . phylogeny , biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird - of - paradise species complex , lophorina - ptiloris ( aves : paradisaeidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society in press .
mayr , e . 1962 . family paradisaeidae , birds of paradise . pages 181 - 204 in e . mayr and j . c . greenway , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of the birds of the world . volume xv . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .
each of the two groups in magnifcent riflebird is recognized as a separate species , following beehler and swaby ( 1991 ) , beehler and pratt ( 2016 ) , and irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) : a polytypic magnificent riflebird ptiloris magnificus , including subspecies magnificus and alberti ; and a monotypic growling riflebird ptiloris intercedens .
beehler , b . m . , and r . j . swaby . 1991 . phylogeny and biogeography of the ptiloris riflebirds ( aves : paradisaeidae ) . condor 93 : 738 - 745 .
garg , k . m . , r . tizard , n . s . r . ng , e . cros , a . dejtaradol , b . chattopadhyay , n . pwint , m . päckert , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . genome - wide data help identify an avian species - level lineage that is morphologically and vocally cryptic . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 102 : 97 - 103 .
dickinson , e . c . , and l . christidis . 2014 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 2 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .
manawatthana , s . , p . laosinchai , n . onparn , w . y . brockleman , and p . d . round . 2017 . phylogeography of bulbuls in the genus iole ( aves : pycnonotidae ) . biological journal of the linnean society 120 : 931 - 944 .
rand , a . l . , and h . g . deignan . 1960 . family pycnonotidae . pages 221 - 300 in e . mayr and j . c . greenway , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume ix . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .
gray - brown white - eye zosterops cinereus is split into two species , following hayes et al . ( 2016 ) : pohnpei white - eye zosterops ponapensis , and kosrae white - eye zosterops cinereus .
hayes , f . e . , h . d . pratt , and c . j . cianchini . 2016 . the avifauna of kosrae , micronesia : history , status , and taxonomy . pacific science 70 : 91–127 .
black - chinned laughingthrush trochalopteron cachinnans does not belong in the genus trochalopteron , but instead is placed in the newly described genus montecincla ( robin et al . 2017 ) . position montecincla immediately following red - tailed laughingthrush trochalopteron milnei . each of the two monotypic groups of black - chinned laughingthrush is elevated to species rank ( praveen and nameer 2012 , robin et al . 2017 ) : black - chinned laughingthrush ( banasura ) trochalopteron cachinnans jerdoni becomes banasura laughingthrush montecincla jerdoni ; and black - chinned laughingthrush ( nilgiri ) trochalopteron cachinnans cachinnans
praveen , j . , and p . o . nameer . 2012 . strophocincla laughingthrushes of south india : a case for allopatric speciation and impact on their conservation . journal of the bombay natural history society 109 : 46 - 52 .
robin , v . v . , c . k . vishnudas , p . gupta , f . e . rheindt , d . h . hooper , u . ramakrishnan , and s . reddy . 2017 . two new genera of songbirds represent endemic radiations from the shola sky islands of the western ghats , india . bmc evolutionary biology 17 : 31 .
kerala laughingthrush trochalopteron fairbanki does not belong in the genus trochalopteron , but instead is placed in the newly described genus montecincla ( robin et al . 2017 ) . position montecincla immediately following red - tailed laughingthrush trochalopteron milnei . each of the two monotypic groups of kerala laughingthrush is elevated to species rank ( praveen and nameer 2012 , robin et al . 2017 ) : kerala laughingthrush ( palani ) trochalopteron fairbanki fairbanki becomes palani laughingthrush montecincla fairbanki ; and kerala laughingthrush ( travancore ) trochalopteron fairbanki meridionale becomes ashambu laughingthrush montecincla meridionale .
the monotypic group blue - throated flycatcher ( chinese ) cyornis rubeculoides glaucicomans is elevated to species rank as chinese blue flycatcher cyornis glaucicomans ( zhang et al . 2015 ) . revise the range description from “s china ( sichuan , guizhou , w hubei and shaanxi ) ” to “breeds southern china ( southern shaanxi and western hubei to sichuan and guizhou ) ; winters southwestern thailand and the thai - malay peninsula” .
zhang , z . , x . wang , y . huang , u . olsson , j . martinez , p . alström , and f . lei . 2015 . unexpected divergence and lack of divergence revealed in continental asian cyornis flycatchers ( aves : muscicapidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 94 : 232 - 241 .
white - tailed rubythroat calliope pectoralis is split into two species , based on liu et al . ( 2016 ) : a polytypic himalayan rubythroat calliope pectoralis , including subspecies pectoralis , confusa , and ballioni ; and a monotypic chinese rubythroat calliope tschebaiewi .
liu , y . , g . chen , q . huang , c . jia , g . carey , p . leader , y . li , f . zou , x . yang , u . olsson , and p . alström . 2016 . species delimitation of the white - tailed rubythroat calliope pectoralis complex ( aves , muscicapidae ) using an integrative taxonomic approach . journal of avian biology 47 : 899 - 910 .
in accord with aos - sacc ( proposal 676 ) , sharp - beaked ground - finch geospiza difficilis is split into three monotypic species , based on lamicchaney et al . ( 2015 ) . aos - sacc has not yet determined english names for these species ; provisionally we use the following nomenclature : vampire ground - finch geospiza septentrionalis ; genovesa ground - finch geospiza acutirostris ; and sharp - beaked ground - finch geospiza difficilis .
lamichhaney , s . , j . berglund , m . sällman almén , k . maqbool , m . grabherr , a . martinez - barrio , m . promerová , c . - j . rubin , c . wang , c . , n . zamani , b . r . grant , p . r . , grant , m . t . webster , and l . andersson . 2015 . evolution of darwin’s finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing . nature 518 : 371–375 .
in accord with aos - sacc ( proposal 676 ) , large cactus - finch geospiza conirostris is split into two species , based on lamicchaney et al . ( 2015 ) . aos - sacc has not yet determined english names for these species ; provisionally we use the following nomenclature : española cactus - finch geospiza conirostris , which is monotypic ; and genovesa cactus - finch geospiza propinqua , which includes subspecies propinqua and darwini .
friis , g . , p . aleixandre , r . rodriguez - estrella , a . g . navarro - sigüenza , and b . milá . 2016 . rapid postglacial diversification and long - term stasis within the songbird genus junco : phylogeographic and phylogenomic evidence . molecular ecology 25 : 6175–6195 .


diduga annutata is a moth of the arctiidae family .

it is found on sumbawa and borneo .

adults have pale brown wings with dark brown fasciae .

diduga annutata

diduga amoenusa bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
diduga nota bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
diduga spinosusa bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
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diduga annulata hampson , 1900 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . , 2 : 539 .
diduga annulata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 448 , pl . 8 , f . 445
diduga excisa hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 107 ; tl : philippines , luzon , los baños
diduga metaleuca hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 108 ; tl : philippines , luzon , los baños
diduga pectinifer ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 448 , pl . 8 , f . 7c , 454
diduga trichophora ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 449 , pl . 8 , f . 7d , 450
diduga haematomiformis van eecke , 1920 ; zool . meded . 5 ( 13 ) : 126 ; tl : preanger , w . java
diduga albicosta is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in india ( nilgiris ) , sri lanka and on bali .
diduga annulata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 539 , f . 394 ; tl : sambawa
diduga ciliata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 449 , pl . 8 , f . 447 ; tl : pulo laut , borneo
diduga trichophora hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 541 , f . 397 ; tl : bali
diduga pectinifer hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 540 , f . 396 ; tl : pulo laut
diduga rufidisca hampson , 1898 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 11 ( 3 ) : 439 ; tl : assam , khasis
diduga barlowi holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 449 , pl . 8 , f . 448 ; tl : brunei , 300m , ulu temburong
diduga plumosa hampson , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 406 ; tl : sumbawa , tambora
select a genera blavia walker - blavia caliginosia walker chrysoscota hampson - chrysoscota brunnea swinhoe - chrysoscota cotriangulata sp . n . stictane hampson gen . rev . - stictane serrata sp . n . - stictane parvipectinata sp . n . - stictane ciliata sp . n . - stictane filiformis sp . n . - stictane pectinata sp . n . - stictane muara sp . n . narosodes moore - narosodes punctana walker - narosodes hampsoni draudt tampea snellen - tampea reversa walker - tampea accepta butler comb . n . - tampea nodosa sp . n . - tampea sp . 2053 neoduma hampson - neoduma ectozona hampson tospitis walker - tospitis nulliferana walker darantasia walker - darantasia cuneiplena walker - darantasia seria sp . n . heliosia hampson - heliosia monosticta hampson stictosia hampson - stictosia flexilisana walker - stictosia flava van eecke comb . n . - stictosia crocea sp . n . - stictosia decubitana walker stat . rev . eurosia hampson - eurosia melanopera hampson diduga moore - diduga annulata hampson - diduga pectinifer hampson - diduga trichophora hampson - diduga dorsolobata sp . n . - diduga ciliata sp . n . - diduga barlowi sp . n . hemonia walker - hemonia orbiferana walker - hemonia rotundata snellen
diduga dorsolobata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 449 , pl . 8 , f . 446 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt kinabalu
diduga albicosta hampson , 1891 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 8 : 53 , pl . 140 , f . 17 ; tl : nilgiri plateau
diduga plumosa ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 810 , pl . 41 , f . 36 ; [ nhm card ]
diduga costata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] , 448 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 34
diduga albida hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 810 , 2 pl . 42 , f . 1 ; tl : dutch new guinea , mimika r .
diduga fumipennis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 542 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 34
diduga rufidisca ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 542 , pl . 33 , f . 17 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 34
diduga albicosta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 540 , f . 395 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 33
diduga flavicostata is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found on java , as well as in australia ( the northern territory ) , india , sri lanka , burma , malaysia , china ( jiangxi , taiwan , fujian , guangxi , hainan , sichuan , yunnan ) and japan .
diduga flavicostata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 541 , f . 398 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ mob7 ] , 448 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 34
this is one of the paler brown species with dark brown fasciae , the postmedial irregularly but strongly sinuous , and strong stigmata , the reniform a small circle . the male antennae are bipectinate .
the genitalia resemble those of the holotype except the aedeagus is shorter . in the abdomen , the apodemes of the eighth tergite are well separate rather than fused in a ‘y’ and there are conspicuous hair pencils on the intersegmental membrane that were not noted in the holotype . further material is needed to assess the conspecificity of the bornean population with that from sumbawa .
paidia fumipennis hampson , 1891 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 8 : 52 , pl . 140 , f . 7 ; tl : nilgiri plateau , 7000ft
bali , java , sumatra , borneo , s . burma . see [ maps ]
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
studien over indo - australische lepidoptera . iv . bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 8 . the lepidoptera of heterocera of the nilgiri district
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon
the moths of india . supplementary paper to the volumes in
the fauna of british india
. part i - ii
snellen , 1879 lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten tijdschr . ent . 22 : 61 - 126 , pl . 6 - 10
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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sumbawa is an indonesian island , in the middle of the lesser sunda islands chain , with lombok to the west , flores to the east , and sumba further to the southeast .
alas strait separates lombok and sumbawa , two islands of indonesia in west nusa tenggara province .
alor ( pulau alor ) is the largest island in the alor archipelago located at the eastern lesser sunda islands that runs through southeastern indonesia , which from the west include such islands as bali , lombok , sumbawa , komodo , and flores .
the amboina box turtle ( cuora amboinensis ) , or southeast asian box turtle is a species of asian box turtle .
amphidromus perversus is a species of air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family camaenidae .
the asian paradise flycatcher ( terpsiphone paradisi ) is a medium - sized passerine bird native to asia that is widely distributed .
the water monitor ( varanus salvator ) is a large lizard native to south and southeast asia .
atalaya is a genus of eighteen species of trees and shrubs known to science , of the plant family sapindaceae .
the australasian zone is an ecological region that is coincident , but not synonymous ( by some definitions ) , with the geographic region of australasia .
the kingdom of bali refer to a series of hindu - buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of bali , in lesser sunda islands , indonesia .
the bali sea ( laut bali ) is the body of water north of the island of bali and south of kangean island in indonesia .
the bali–sasak languages are a group of closely related languages spoken in the western lesser sunda islands ( bali and west nusa tenggara ) .
the barred dove , ( geopelia maugei ) is a small dove which is native and endemic to the lesser sunda islands in indonesia .
the batu hijau mine is an open pit copper - gold mine operated by newmont mining corporation ' s subsidiary company pt newmont nusa tenggara ( pt newmont ) .
bibasis sena , commonly known as the orange - tailed awl , is a butterfly belonging to the family hesperiidae .
bima ( indonesia : kota bima ) is a city on the eastern coast of the island of sumbawa in central indonesia ' s province west nusa tenggara .
bima bay ( indonesian : teluk bima ) is a major waterway on the north side of the island of sumbawa , and is adjacent to bima city and bima regency ( formerly sultanate of bima ) .
the bima language , or bimanese , is the language of the eastern half of sumbawa island , indonesia , which it shares with the sumbawa language .
bima regency is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .
the bima sultanate was a muslim state in the eastern part of sumbawa in indonesia , at the site of the present - day regency of bima .
boiga cynodon , commonly known as the dog - toothed cat snake , is a nocturnal species of rear - fanged colubrid snake endemic to asia .
the borders of the oceans are the limits of the earth ' s oceanic waters .
the burmese python ( python bivittatus ) is one of the five largest species of snakes in the world ( about the third - largest as measured either by length or weight ) .
a caldera is a cauldron - like volcanic feature usually formed by the collapse of land , following a volcanic eruption .
the common pierrot ( castalius rosimon ) marrku savela ' s website on lepidoptera evans , w . h . ( 1932 ) the identification of indian butterflies , ser no h11 . 1 , pp 214 is a small butterfly found in south asia that belongs to the lycaenids , or blues family .
cempi bay ( indonesian : teluk cempi ) or cempi gulf is a bay which borders the southern part of dompu regency of sumbawa island facing the indian ocean .
central lombok regency is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .
the central–eastern malayo - polynesian ( cemp ) languages form a putative branch of the nuclear malayo - polynesian languages consisting of over 700 languages .
the red lacewing ( cethosia biblis ) is a species of heliconiine butterfly belonging to the nymphalidae family .
christianity in indonesia is the country ' s second - largest religion , after islam .
claoxylon is a flowering plant genus in the spurge family , euphorbiaceae , comprising dioecious subshrubs to small trees .
cocos malays are a community that form the predominant group of the cocos ( keeling ) islands , which is now part of australia .
a crater lake is a lake that forms in a volcanic crater or caldera , such as a maar ; less commonly and with lower association to the term a lake may form in an impact crater caused by a meteorite , or in an artificial explosion caused by humans .
cultural properties of indonesia are those items defined by indonesian law as of
important value for history , science , and culture
, and include both man - made artefacts and natural objects .
the cylindrophiidae are a monotypic family of nonvenomous snakes containing the genus cylindrophis found in asia .
dalem baturenggong , also called waturenggong or enggong , was a king ( dalem ) of bali who is believed to have reigned in the mid 16th century .
dalem di made was a king of bali who may have reigned in the period 1623–1642 .
dalem seganing was a king of bali who reigned in the first half of the 17th century , his exact dating being still uncertain .
dammerman ' s wart frog , limnonectes dammermani , is a species of frog in the dicroglossidae family endemic to the lesser sunda islands of indonesia , where it can be found on flores , sumbawa , and lombok .
banded blue pierrot discolampa ethionmarrku savela ' s website on lepidoptera is a contrastingly marked butterfly found in south asia that belongs to the blues or lycaenidae family .
dompu ( indonesia : kota dompu ) is a town and the administrative capital of the dompu regency , located in the eastern part of the island of sumbawa , in central indonesia ' s province of west nusa tenggara .
dompu regency is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .
the dutch east indies ( or netherlands east indies ; nederlands - indië ; hindia belanda ) was a dutch colony that became modern indonesia following world war ii .
dysoxylum is a flowering plant genus of trees and shrubs , constituting part of the mahogany family ( meliaceae ) .
east lombok regency is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .
the extreme weather events of 535–536 were the most severe and protracted short - term episodes of cooling in the northern hemisphere in the last 2 , 000 years .
flores is one of the lesser sunda islands , an island arc with an estimated area of 14 , 300 km² extending east from the java island of indonesia .
the flores green pigeon ( treron floris ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .
the flores hawk - eagle ( nisaetus floris , formerly spizaetus floris ) , is a long raptor in the family accipitridae .
gelgel is a village ( desa ) that is situated in the regency ( kabupaten ) of klungkung , on the island of bali , indonesia .
indonesia is an archipelagic island country in southeast asia , lying between the indian ocean and the pacific ocean .
venezuela is a country in south america , and part of caribbean south america , bordering the caribbean sea and the north atlantic ocean , № between colombia and guyana .
the gili islands ( tiga gili , kepulauan gili ) are an archipelago of three small islands — gili trawangan , gili meno and gili air — just off the northwest coast of lombok , indonesia .
goniobranchus kuniei is a species of very colorful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chromodorididae .
the great jay ( graphium eurypylus ) , also known as the pale green triangle , is a species of tropical butterfly belonging to the papilionidae family .
hasora taminatus , tol web page on marrku savela ' s website on lepidoptera .
the history of bali covers a period from the paleolithic to the present , and is characterized by migrations of people and cultures from other parts of asia .
hms tiptoe ( pennant number p332 ) was a british submarine of the third group of the t class .
horsfield ' s fruit bat ( cynopterus horsfieldii ) is a species of megabat native to south east asia .
hylarana florensis , commonly known as the floresian frog or flores frog , is a species of true frog in the genus hylarana .
hypselodoris bullockii is a species of colorful sea slug or dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chromodorididae .
the following is an alphabetical list of topics related to the republic of indonesia .
was the third of six vessels in the of light cruisers , and like other vessels of her class , she was intended for use as the flagship of a destroyer flotilla .
was the third and final vessel in the of medium - sized minelayers of the imperial japanese navy , which was in service during world war ii .
the javan spitting cobra ( naja sputatrix ) also called the southern indonesian cobra , or indonesian cobra , is a stocky and highly venomous species of spitting cobra native to indonesia .
komodo is one of the 17 , 508 islands that compose the republic of indonesia .
krakatoa , east of java is a 1969 american disaster film starring maximilian schell and brian keith .
labuhan lombok is a port town in eastern lombok , indonesia , 74 kilometres east of the city of mataram .
there is a wide variety of languages spoken throughout asia , comprising a number of families and some unrelated isolates .
last man standing and latterly last woman standing ( known in the united states as last one standing and also known by the discovery channel title of six versus the world ) is a bbc reality tv show that was first aired on 26 june 2007 .
lava is the molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption and the resulting rock after solidification and cooling .
the lesser sunda islands or nusa tenggara (
southeastern islands
) are a group of islands in maritime southeast asia , north of australia .
the following is a list of globally significant earthquakes during the 21st century , listing earthquakes of magnitude 7 and above , or which caused fatalities .
beaches in indonesia are extensive , characterized by coral reefs , deposits from volcanoes , rich marine biodiversity , strong ocean currents , and associated with diverse cultural traditions .
this is a list of reigning constituent monarchs , including traditional rulers and governing constitutional monarchs .
this page gives a list of domestic animals , also including a list of animals which are or may be undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation .
this is a list of the horse breeds usually considered to be native to indonesia .
this list of indonesian islands by area includes all indonesian islands in descending order by area .
this list of islands by area includes all islands in the world greater than 2 , 500 km2 and several other islands over 500 km2 , sorted in descending order by area .
this is a list of islands in the world ordered by their highest point .
according to a 2002 survey by national institute of aeronautics and space ( lapan ) , the indonesian archipelago has 18 , 307 islands .
natural disasters in indonesia can usefully be divided into major disasters , medium level disasters , and lesser disasters which although causing less damage are very common across indonesia .
the list of shipwrecks in 2014 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during 2014 .
the list of shipwrecks in february 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during february 1942 .
this is a list of ultra prominent peaks ( with topographic prominence greater than 1 , 500 metres ) in the malay archipelago .
the geography of indonesia is dominated by volcanoes that are formed due to subduction zones between the eurasian plate and the indo - australian plate .
lombok institute of flight technology , also known as lift , is an indonesian higher learning institution specializing in theoretical and practical aeronautical science education .
lombok international airport ( bandar udara internasional lombok ) is a new airport on the island of lombok in indonesia .
lycodon capucinus , also known as the common wolf snake , is a species of colubrid snake , which is commonly found in the indo - australian archipelago .
makassan trepangers from the southwest corner of sulawesi visited the coast of northern australia
from at least the eighteenth century
to collect and process trepang ( also known as sea cucumber ) , a marine invertebrate prized for its culinary and medicinal values in chinese markets .
the manggarai are an ethnic group found in western flores in the east nusa tenggara province , indonesia .
mataram ( indonesian : kota mataram ) is the capital of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .
müllenbach is an ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a verbandsgemeinde , a kind of collective municipality – in the cochem - zell district in rhineland - palatinate , germany .
not to be confused with pulau medang , senayang , lingga islands medang island ( indonesian : pulau medang ) is an island off the north coast of sumbawa , west of moyo island , in the flores sea .
the milky stork ( mycteria cinerea ) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae .
mount rinjani or gunung rinjani is an active volcano in indonesia on the island of lombok .
mount tambora ( or tamboro ) is an active stratovolcano which is a peninsula of the island of sumbawa in indonesia .
moyo ( older spelling mojo ) is an island in indonesia ' s west nusa tenggara province .
newmont mining corporation , based in greenwood village , colorado , usa , is one of the world ' s largest producers of gold , with active mines in nevada , indonesia , australia , new zealand , ghana and peru .
north lombok regency ( kabupaten lombok utara ) is a ' ' kabupaten ' ' of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .
the nuclear malayo - polynesian languages are a branch of the austronesian family , proposed by wouk & ross ( 2002 ) , that are thought to have dispersed from a possible homeland in sulawesi .
the common rose ( pachliopta aristolochiae ) is a swallowtail butterfly belonging to the pachliopta genus , the roses , or red - bodied swallowtails .
the palapa oath ( sumpah palapa ) was an oath taken by gajah mada , a 14th - century prime minister of the javanese majapahit empire described in the pararaton ( book of kings ) .
the papuan languages are those languages of the western pacific island of new guinea , and neighbouring islands , that are neither austronesian nor australian .
persebi stands for persatuan sepakbola bima ( en : football association of bima ) .
persisum stand for persatuan sepakbola indonesia sumbawa ( en : football association of indonesia sumbawa ) .
petrus albertus van der parra ( 29 september 1714 – 28 december 1775 ) was governor - general of the dutch east indies from 1761 to 1775 .
porphyry copper deposits are copper orebodies that are formed from hydrothermal fluids that originate from a voluminous magma chamber several kilometers below the deposit itself .
pt newmont nusa tenggara is a subsidiary company of newmont mining corporation that operates their batu hijau mine in indonesia on the island of sumbawa .
raba ( indonesia : kota raba ) is a city in the bima regency , on the eastern part of the island of sumbawa , in central indonesia ' s province west nusa tenggara .
ramphotyphlops braminus is a blind snake species found mostly in africa and asia , but has been introduced in many other parts of the world .
rattan ( from the malay rotan ) is the name for the roughly 600 species of palms in the tribe calameae ( greek ' kálamos ' .
the reticulated python ( python reticulatus ) is a species of python found in southeast asia .
the rufous - bellied hawk - eagle ( lophotriorchis kienerii ) is a bird of prey in the family accipitridae that is found in the forested regions of tropical asia .
the sabalana islands ( kepulauan sabalana ) are an atoll in the flores sea in indonesia , lying just north of the lesser sunda islands , closer to sumbawa than sulawesi .
sail indonesia is a series of sailing and other events for yachts conducted each year in indonesia .
saleh bay ( indonesian : teluk saleh ) is the largest bay in the island of sumbawa , indonesia , roughly on the north central part .
sangeang api ( gunung api or gunung sangeang ) is an active complex volcano on the island of sangeang in indonesia .
sanggar bay ( indonesian : teluk sanggar ) is a major bay on the island of sumbawa , southwest of the sanggar peninsula and mount tambora .
the sape strait ( indonesian : selat sape ) or sapie strait is a strait connecting the flores sea to the sumba strait .
the sasak language is spoken by the sasak ethnic group , which make up the majority of the population of lombok , indonesia .
the sasak people live mainly on the island of lombok , indonesia , numbering around 3 . 6 million ( 85 % of lombok ' s population ) . they are related to the balinese in language and race , although the sasak are predominantly muslim while the balinese are hindu .
savu ( also known as sawu , sabu , sawoe , havu , hawu , hawoe ) is the largest of a group of three islands , situated midway between sumba and rote , west of timor , in indonesia ' s eastern province , east nusa tenggara .
the savu sea ( or the sawu sea ) is a small sea within indonesia named for the island of savu ( sawu ) on its southern boundary .
the scaly thrush ( zoothera dauma ) is a member of the thrush family turdidae .
shirakiopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1999 .
songket is a fabric that belongs to the brocade family of textiles of indonesia , malaysia and brunei .
the state of east indonesia ( negara indonesia timur , old spelling : negara indonesia timoer ) was a post - world war ii federal state ( negara bagian ) formed in eastern netherlands east indies by the netherlands in 1948 .
a stratovolcano , also known as a composite volcano , is a conical volcano built up by many layers ( strata ) of hardened lava , tephra , pumice , and volcanic ash .
sultan muhammad salahudin airport , also known as bima airport , is an airport located at in the southern outskirt of bima , on the island of sumbawa , west nusa tenggara , indonesia .
sumba ( pulau sumba ) is an island in eastern indonesia , is one of the lesser sunda islands , and is in the province of east nusa tenggara .
the sumba pony and sumbawa pony are named after the islands on which they are bred - - sumba and sumbawa island respectively .
the sumba–flores languages , approximately synonymous with bima–sumba , are a proposed group of austronesian languages ( geographically central–eastern malayo - polynesian languages ) spoken on and around the islands of sumbawa ( eastern ) , sumba , and western–central flores in the lesser sundas .
sumbawa besar is a town with 56 , 337 inhabitants at the 2010 census on the indonesian island of sumbawa .
sumbawa ( sumbawarese ) is the language of the western half of sumbawa island , indonesia , which it shares with bima .
sumbawa or samawa people are an ethnic group of people who live in the western and central region of sumbawa island , which comprises west sumbawa regency and sumbawa regency .
sumbawa regency ( kabupaten sumbawa ) is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .
the sunda arc is a volcanic arc that produced the islands of sumatra and java , the sunda strait and the lesser sunda islands .
the sunda megathrust is a fault that extends approximately 5 , 500 km ( 3300 mi ) from myanmar ( burma ) in the north , running along the southwestern side of sumatra , to the south of java and bali before terminating near australia .
sundacarpus is a genus of conifers containing a single species sundacarpus amarus , belonging to the family podocarpaceae .
the sunset lorikeet ( trichoglossus forsteni ) , also known as the scarlet - breasted lorikeet or forsten ' s lorikeet , is a species of parrot that is endemic to the indonesian islands of bali , lombok , sumbawa , tanahjampea ( between sulawesi and flores ) , and kalaotoa ( between sulawesi and flores ) .
a supervolcano is any volcano capable of producing a volcanic eruption with an ejecta mass greater than 1015 kg .
taliwang ( indonesia : kota taliwang ) is a town in the west sumbawa regency , on the western cost of the island of sumbawa , in central indonesia ' s province west nusa tenggara .
tambora is a lost village and culture on sumbawa island buried by ash and pyroclastic flows from the massive 1815 eruption of mount tambora .
tambora is the poorly attested non - austronesian ( papuan ) language of the tambora culture of central sumbawa , in what is now indonesia , which was wiped out by the 1815 eruption of mount tambora .
telephone numbers in indonesia have different systems for land lines and mobile phones : land lines use area codes , while mobile phones do not .
the tengah islands are a group of islands in the flores sea in indonesia , lying just north of the lesser sunda islands , scattered off the north coast of mount tambora in sumbawa .
this is a timeline of indonesian history , comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in indonesia and its predecessor states .
tourism in indonesia is an important component of the indonesian economy as well as a significant source of its foreign exchange revenues .
pt transnusa aviation mandiri , operating as transnusa air services , usually shortened to transnusa , is an indonesian domestic airline serving the east of indonesia , mainly nusa tenggara and southern sulawesi .
travira air ( iata : tr ) is an airline based in jakarta , indonesia .
trigonopterus aeneomicans is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .
trigonopterus allotopus is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .
trigonopterus cupreus is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .
trigonopterus dacrycarpi is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .
trigonopterus parasumbawensis is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .
trigonopterus pauxillus is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .
trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in asia from the indian subcontinent throughout southeast asia , china and the pacific islands .
the white - lipped pit viper ( trimeresurus albolabris ) is a venomous pit viper species endemic to southeast asia .
trimeresurus albolabris insularis is a venomous pit viper subspecies found in indonesia and east timor .
the haliphron birdwing ( troides haliphron ) is a birdwing butterfly confined to sulawesi and the lesser sunda islands .
the common birdwing ( troides helena ) is a butterfly belonging to the family papilionidae .
uss paul jones ( dd - 230 / ag–120 ) was a ' ' clemson ' ' - class destroyer in the united states navy during world war ii .
volcanology of canada includes lava flows , lava plateaus , lava domes , cinder cones , stratovolcanoes , shield volcanoes , submarine volcanoes , calderas , diatremes , and maars , along with examples of more less common volcanic forms such as tuyas and subglacial mounds .
wallacea is a biogeographical designation for a group of mainly indonesian islands separated by deep water straits from the asian and australian continental shelves .
the wallacean drongo or greater wallacean drongo ( dicrurus densus ) is a species of bird in the dicruridae family .
waworada bay or waworada gulf ( indonesian : teluk waworada ) is a slender bay facing the indian ocean on sumbawa island , in the bima regency of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .
west lombok regency ( kabupaten lombok barat ) is a regency ( kabupaten of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara . it is located on the island of lombok and the capital is gerung .
west nusa tenggara ( nusa tenggara barat – ntb ) is a province of indonesia .
west nusa tenggara state museum ( indonesian museum negeri nusa tenggara barat ) is a state museum located in mataram , lombok island , indonesia .
west sumbawa regency ( kabupaten sumbawa barat ) is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .
the white - faced heron ( egretta novaehollandiae ) also known as the white - fronted heron , and incorrectly as the grey heron , or blue crane , is a common bird throughout most of australasia , including new guinea , the islands of torres strait , indonesia , new zealand , the islands of the subantarctic , and all but the driest areas of australia .
woha is the capital of the bima regency , on the eastern part of the island of sumbawa , in central indonesia ' s province west nusa tenggara .
the year 1816 is known as the year without a summer ( also the poverty year , the summer that never was , year there was no summer , and eighteen hundred and froze to death ) , because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0 . 4–0 . 7 °c ( 0 . 7–1 . 3 °f ) .
the yellow - crested cockatoo ( cacatua sulphurea ) also known as the lesser sulphur - crested cockatoo , is a medium - sized ( approximately 34 cm long ) cockatoo with white plumage , bluish - white bare orbital skin , grey feet , a black bill , and a retractile yellow or orange crest .
the zebra dove ( geopelia striata ) also known as barred ground dove , is a bird of the dove family columbidae , native to southeast asia .
the meridian 117° east of greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the north pole across the arctic ocean , asia , the indian ocean , australasia , the southern ocean , and antarctica to the south pole .
the meridian 118° east of greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the north pole across the arctic ocean , asia , the indian ocean , australasia , the southern ocean , and antarctica to the south pole .
the meridian 119° east of greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the north pole across the arctic ocean , asia , the indian ocean , australasia , the southern ocean , and antarctica to the south pole .
the 1815 eruption of mount tambora , on the island of sumbawa in indonesia , was one of the most powerful in recorded history and is classified as a vei - 7 event .
the year 1815 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below .
the 1917 bali earthquake occurred at 06 : 50 local time on 21 january ( 23 : 11 on 20 january utc ) .
the 1977 sumba earthquake ( also called the sumbawa earthquake ) occurred approximately south of bima , sumbawa , and beneath the indian ocean , at .
the 1994 java earthquake occurred on june 3 at off the coast of indonesia .
the 19th century ( 1 january 1801 – 31 december 1900 ) was the century marked by the collapse of the spanish , first and second french , chinese , holy roman and mughal empires .
the 8th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 8 degrees south of the earth ' s equatorial plane .
the 9th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 9 degrees south of the earth ' s equatorial plane .
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didugua argentilinea , the silvered prominent , is a species of prominent moth in the family notodontidae .
dharuggi - rajgan is a village situated in the union council mulhal mughlan chakwal district of the punjab province , pakistan .
dhuggar is a village in nakodar in jalandhar district of punjab state , india . it is located 19 km from nakodar , 56 km from kapurthala , 43 km from district headquarter jalandhar and 169 km from state capital chandigarh .
didugu is a village in guntur district of the indian state of andhra pradesh . it is located in amaravati mandal of guntur revenue division .
the deryni novels are a series of historical fantasy novels by the american author katherine kurtz .
github is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .
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pupina complanata is a species of land snail with an operculum , a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family pupinidae .

this species is found in the marshall islands and micronesia .

pupina complanata

how can i put and write and define pupina complanata in a sentence and how is the word pupina complanata used in a sentence and examples ? 用pupina complanata造句 , 用pupina complanata造句 , 用pupina complanata造句 , pupina complanata meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

' pupina complanata
' is a species of land snail with an terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family pupinidae .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
maggie whitson set
locality :
as an exemplar on
pupinidae
.
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