colomesus asellus , the amazon puffer , asell puffer , south american freshwater puffer or peruvian puffer .

is a species of pufferfish confined to the amazon , essequibo and orinoco basins in tropical south america .

it is a popular aquarium species .

colomesus asellus

cyndy parr set
image of colomesus asellus
as an exemplar on
colomesus asellus ( müller and troschel , 1849 )
.
asellus : derivation unclear ; possibly from the latin asellus , meaning ‘small donkey’ .
a ) colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . – tocantins ( holotype pnt . uerj . 405 highlighted in white ) ; b ) colomesus asellus – iquitos ; c ) colomesus asellus – belém .
the analyses included the following taxa : tetraodon nigroviridis , tetraodon biocellatus , sphoeroides testudineus , lagocephalus laevigatus , colomesus asellus , colomesus psittacus , and the freshwater colomesus from the tocantins drainage .
the two species can be distinguished by size ( colomesus psittacus being much larger when mature ) and colouration . colomesus asellus has a black patch on the underside of the caudal peduncle , a feature not seen on colomesus psittacus .
older books sometimes describe the south american pufferfish as colomesus psittacus , a name that actually belongs to a related species that lives in estuaries and shallow marine habitats . the correct scientific name for the south american pufferfish is in fact colomesus asellus .
pufferfish generally have a reputation for being aggressive loners , but one species that isn ' t is the south american pufferfish colomesus asellus , often simply called the sap .
its really hard to identify c . asellus from c . psittacus , the best way i found out is to count the black bars on their body . c . asellus has 5 bars and c . psittacus has 6 .
colomesus species diagnosed by six to seven basal pterygiophores and nine rays in the anal fin ( contra ten to eleven in both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) ; ten basal pterygiophores and rays in the dorsal fin ( contra eleven for both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) ; the absence of dermal flaps across the chin ( contra its presence uniquely in c . asellus ) ; a caudal peduncle with eight vertebrae ; and an opercle with a posterior ventral border subdivided in a ventral and a posterior region , the herein called “inverted v” shape ( contra the triangular opercle exhibited by both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) .
coi amplicons were obtained from all the specimens included in the analyses . the obtained sequences clearly identified both previous accepted colomesus species ( c . asellus and c . psittacus ) , therefore being in accordance with the previous morphological diagnose presented by [ 46 ] .
colomesus psittacus is a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there no indications at present time of declines from harvesting .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for colomesus psittacus however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .
araujo - lima , c . a . r . m . , d . savastano , and l . cardeliquio jordão , 1994 - revue d ' hydrobiologie tropicale 27 ( 1 ) : 33 - 38 drift of colomesus asellus ( teleostei : tetraodontidae ) larvae in the amazon river .
colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 9b8accb5 - ff55 - 4514 - 901b - 6366fb6ea307
the color pattern of colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . is essentially the same as that of colomesus asellus , with five transverse dark bars across the dorsal region of the body . a dark blotch on the underside of the caudal peduncle , which is a state used by [ 46 ] to diagnose colomesus asellus , is present or absent , being vestigial to unobservable or absent in several specimens . the interspaces between the dark bars are light yellow , with gradually decreasing pigmentation and becoming white in the ventral region ( figure 6 ) . however , the light yellow to pale pattern presented by c . tocantinensis nov . sp . clearly contrasts with the gold - yellow pattern present in specimens from iquitos and belém .
specimens of colomesus asellus were collected from three distinct populations with about 2200 km of mean distance separating them . the collection localities were ilha do mosqueiro , belém , brazil ; upper tocantins river - porto nacional , tocantins , brazil ; and nanay river - iquitos , peru ( figure 1 ) .
amazon puffer fish aka colomesus asellus are awesome fish . they are generally considered as peaceful and get to about 4 inches and can live in planted tanks with other fish . if you ' ve enjoyed this video and haven ' t already subscribed to our channel , please click that subscribe button now .
i finally picked up my first colomesus asellus puffer today . it is cute , fun , and very crazy . it hasn ' t stopped swimming even to rest ! it ' s always swimming around the tank ; sometimes
pacing ,
other times
hunting ,
and sometimes
searching !
the nasal sac is higher than that presented in the specimens of c . asellus . two large lateral and anteromedial nostrils are present . they are similar to those found on c . psittacus , rather than the two small nostrils exhibited by c . asellus . the anterior surface of the nasal sac is smooth while the posterior surface of it is folded as in c . psittacus , exhibiting a “t - shaped” ridge with a relatively small dorsal flap . this flap seems much smaller than the one found on c . asellus , although more flexible when compared to c . psittacus .
2 oliveira , js . , fernandes , scr . , schwartz , ca . , bloch , c . , melo , jat . , pires , or . , freitas , jc . toxicity and toxin identification in colomesus asellus , an amazonian ( brazil ) freshwater puffer fish , toxicon , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . toxicon . 2006 . 04 . 009
oliveira , j . s . , s . c . rego fernandes , c . a . schwartz , c . bloch jr . , j . a . taquita melo , o . r . pires jr . , and j . c . de freitas , 2006 - toxicon 48 ( 1 ) : 55 - 63 toxicity and toxin identification in colomesus asellus , an amazonian ( brazil ) freshwater puffer fish .
the neighbor - joining ( nj ) and maximum - likelihood ( ml ) result trees are presented in figures 2 and 3 , respectively . the genus colomesus was recovered as monophyletic inside the group formed by the sampled sphoeroides species , in except for sphoeroides pachygaster . lagocephalus was recovered in a basal phylogenetic position in relation to sphoeroides and colomesus , therefore corroborating recent results such as those presented by [ 43 ] – [ 45 ] .
based on a comprehensive analysis including both morphological and molecular methodologies using the cytochrome c oxidase i gene , we were able to discuss aspects of the phylogeny and phylogeography of the south american freshwater pufferfishes of the genus colomesus .
tyler , j . c . , 1964 - proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 116 : 119 - 148 a diagnosis of the two species of south american puffer fishes ( tetraodontidae , plectognathi ) of the genus colomesus .
colomesus was recovered deep inside the group formed by the remaining sphoeroides species , therefore suggesting sphoeroides as paraphyletic , with s . pachygaster being recovered as basal in relation to all the remaining sphoeroides species in all the analyses . additionally , colomesus was also recovered as the sister - taxa of the group formed by the species sphoeroides nephelus , s . tyleri , and s . greeleyi in the nj result , although it was recovered as the sister - taxa of s . greeleyi in the ml results .
deep sequence divergence was observed regarding the freshwater colomesus from the tocantins drainage ( figure 5 ) . the mean sequence divergence of the specimens from both belém and iquitos was estimated at 1 . 079 % , while the tocantins distances ranged from 1 . 955 % to 3 . 063 % , with a mean distance of 2 . 166 % . the observed sequence divergence values together with the congruence observed from both molecular and morphological phylogenetic approaches used here suggest the existence of an overlooked species within the genus colomesus .
the presence of dermal flaps across the chin is another character used by [ 46 ] to distinguish c . asellus from c . psittacus . no dermal flaps could be seen in the examined specimens from the tocantins river , although they are always present in examined specimens from iquitos and belém .
the neighbor - joining ( nj ) and maximum - likelihood ( ml ) trees that encompass the genera triodon , diodon , chilomycterus , lagocephalus , tetraodon , takifugu , sphoeroides , and colomesus , were constructed using the mega 5 . 06 software [ 40 ] .
our molecular results based on the coi marker agrees with the recent results such as [ 43 ] – [ 45 ] , and suggest that the genus sphoeroides should be revised , mainly regarding the phylogenetic position recovered for the genus colomesus , deeply nested within the sphoeroides tree , and the basal position recovered for s . pachygaster . we plan further investigations along these lines to reconcile any conflicts between these molecular hypotheses presented herein and morphologically based interpretations [ 47 ] of the phylogeny of the taxa of colomesus , sphoeroides , and lagocephalus .
citation : amaral crl , brito pm , silva da , carvalho ef ( 2013 ) a new cryptic species of south american freshwater pufferfish of the genus colomesus ( tetraodontidae ) , based on both morphology and dna data . plos one 8 ( 9 ) : e74397 . urltoken
in brazil , some marine puffers are sporadically consumed by the local population , and poisoning cases were reported . in spite of there being no reports of food poisonings or even consumption of freshwater puffers by people in the amazon region , we strongly recommend that consumption of the brazilian puffer fish c . asellus should be avoided .
within the genus colomesus , c . asellus can be immediately identified by possessing a unique transverse row of dermal flaps across the chin which is absent in its congeners c . psittacus and c . tocantinensis . it can be further told apart from the very similar c . tocantinensis by possession of 10 ( vs . 9 in c . tocantinensis ) anal - fin rays , 11 ( vs . 10 ) dorsal - fin rays , a triangular ( vs . notched ventrally , appearing as an inverted v ) opercle , base colour in dorsal portion of body golden yellow ( vs . light yellow to pale ) .
i bought two colomesus asellus 4 months ago with my christmas money , and they have been a joy to have ! they constantly follow their reflection up and down the front of the tank . as i am new to the hobby , and am only 13 years old , i am not sure if this is normal . i keep them in a 120 litre community tank , and have not experienced any problems so far . they have cleared my tank of snails , and i feed them red bloodorms three times a week . they are still young and are about 4 cm long , but are growing fast !
i have a group of six colomesus asellus in a 120 l planted freshwater tank . they are relatively peaceful amongst themselves - except at feeding time ! i would not personally keep them as community fish . they are extremely active and entertaining little fish . they are a true freshwater puffer , although some people occasionally keep them in mild brackish conditions . as with all puffers , snails need to comprise a major part of the diet to keep their teeth trimmed - mine readily accept malaysian trumpet snails ! small snails should be fed , approximately the size of the puffer ' s eye or slightly larger . overgrowth teeth is a common problem with
the t20g10 monoclonal antibody raised against ttx and used as an indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay showed very low affinity for c . asellus body extracts , indicating that ttx and its analogues are not the main toxic components of the extracts . this antibody was effective in detecting the presence of ttx in a total extract of sphoeroides spengleri , which is one of the most toxic puffer fish found in the atlantic ocean coast . extracts of c . asellus were toxic when intraperitoneally administered into mice . the hplc profile showed no traces of ttx but only the presence of paralytic shellfish poisons ( saxitoxin - stx , gonyautoxin 2 - gtx 2 , and gonyautoxin 3 - gtx 3 ) . these toxins were also confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry .
amaral , c . r . l . , p . m . brito , d . a . silva and e . f . carvalho , 2013 - plos one 8 ( 9 ) : 1 - 15 a new cryptic species of south american freshwater pufferfish of the genus colomesus ( tetraodontidae ) , based on both morphology and dna data .
colomesus : from the ancient greek χωλóς ( cholós ) , meaning ‘physically defective , crippled’ , and μέσος  ( mésos ) , meaning ‘middle’ , presumably in reference to the frontal bones being narrowed , not connected to the orbit , and with the elongated postfrontals connected to the prefrontals ( see gill 1884 , also note misspelling of χωλóς as κολoς ) .
the skull is partially similar to those found in colomesus asellus described and figured by [ 46 ] , although the frontals exhibit a wide posterior border and prominently participate in the orbital margin ( figures 7 – 9 ) . the prefrontals are triangular and articulate medially with the ethmoid , which posteriorly articulates with the frontals and anteriorly with the palatines ( figure 8 ) . the supraoccipital is roughly triangular and well developed , with an elongate posterior process which covers the first vertebrae ( figure 8 ) . the sphenotics articulate postero - laterally with the frontals and , in the examined specimens , they neither contact nor closely approach the prefrontals . the lateral wing of the sphenotics is only partially developed ( figure 8 ) . posterior to the sphenotics , the pterotics ( figures 7 and 8 ) articulates posteriorly with the slender supracleithrum and medially with the epiotics , which articulates medially with the supraoccipital ( figure 9 ) .
in lateral view , the skull is characterized by the wide preopercle with about 110 degrees between both horizontal and vertical rami ( figure 7 ) , with the preopercular canal running along its anterior border , and by the opercle which is divided in two distinct regions , having ventral and posterior wings , the herein called “inverted v” shape , distinct from the condition found in all other examined specimens of colomesus ( figure 10 ) . the subopercle is sturdy , with two small dorsal processes .
the holotype ( pnt . uerj . 405 ) is 29 , 62 mm sl ( figure 6 ) , with 10 , 37 mm hl ; the entire type - series ranges from 27 . 02 mm to 34 . 9 mm sl . the meristic and morphometric data of the type series is presented in table 2 . the extent of the dorsal and ventral lateral lines is similar to those found in c . asellus . the prickles extend along the dorsal , lateral , and ventral surfaces of the body , from the level of the eye to the origin of the dorsal fin .
although the influence of marine incursions after the miocene is still under debate , the caribbean ( or miocene ) marine incursion , via the llanos basin ( colombia - venezuela ) , is well accepted based on both geological and paleontological evidence , suggesting that these incursions may have isolated marine taxa within the western south america freshwater environments [ 48 ] – [ 52 ] . this might be the case for the freshwater tetraodontids . as pointed by [ 53 ] , this scenario predicts that the distribution of the marine sister groups of marine lineages should be related with the caribbean or western atlantic , the age of freshwater taxa should be coincident with marine incursions , and the biogeographic congruence should be observed among multiple unrelated taxa , conditions only partially filled by the genus colomesus .
greek , kolos = short , truncated + greek , mesos = a half ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 5 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : 5 - 15 . tropical ; 22°c - 28°c ( ref . 13614 )
south america : amazon river basin from peru to marajó island , including tributaries araguaia and guaporé rivers ; orinoco river basin near the mouth ; essequibo river basin .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 79673 )
found mostly in freshwater and coastal streams , but can tolerate brackish water . sometimes kept in aquariums ( ref . 26938 ) .
ortega , h . and r . p . vari , 1986 . annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru . smithson . contrib . zool . ( 437 ) : 1 - 25 . ( ref . 6329 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03236 ( 0 . 01891 - 0 . 05537 ) , b = 2 . 85 ( 2 . 71 - 2 . 99 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 51 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
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during a meeting of the international society on toxinology , which took place in paris , france , we found out that this species has been sold in japan by aquarists and the japanese scientists started to perform studies using these commercial specimens bought in shopping centers at ueno station , tokyo . at this time we should ask , how do these fish from amazon get to the shopping centers in japan ?
1 freitas , jc . , rangel , m . , oliveira , js . , zaharenko , aj . , rozas , e . an outline on marine toxinology studies in the brazilian coast . comm . toxicol . , 2003 , 9 , 1 - 22 .
3 oliveira , js . , pires junior , or . , morales , rav . , bloch junior , c . , schwartz , ca . , freitas , jc . . toxicity of puffer fish - two species ( lagocephalus laevigatus , linaeus 1766 and sphoeroides spengleri , bloch 1785 ) from the southeastern brazilian coast . j . venom . anim . toxins incl . trop . dis . , 2003 , 9 , 76 - 88 .
4 sawaya , p . , toxic marine invertebrates  venomous and noxious fishes of freshwater . mem . inst . butantan , 1966 , 33 , 31 - 34 .
caixa postal 577 18618 - 000 botucatu sp brazil tel . / fax : + 55 14 3814 - 5555 | 3814 - 5446 | 3811 - 7241 jvat @ urltoken
, freshwater to brackish puffers , burrfishes / porcupinefishes , tobies / sharpnose puffers , boxfishes , puffy & mr . nasty ,
the explanation for this surely comes from its distinctive mode of reproduction . most other freshwater pufferfish guard their eggs and fry , but south american pufferfish do not . they simply scatter their eggs onto the substrate , and the fry , once they emerge , spend a period of time floating down the river as plankton . consequently south american pufferfish have no reason to be territorial . in fact they are not tied to one particular place at all , and instead migrate up and down rivers , often moving into lakes for part of the year .
indeed , being such active swimmers makes south american puffers very distinctive in terms of aquarium maintenance . things like caves and other hiding places are largely irrelevant . while they certainly like a quiet corner behind a plant when they ' re sleeping , these fish are otherwise constantly on the move . so aquarium space and water current are much more important than is the case with other , usually less active , puffer species .
fishbase and other academic sources report a maximum length of 15 cm , but aquarium fish never get that big ; 7 - 8 cm ( about 3 inches ) is usual .
south american pufferfish are found in a variety of habitats , from quite soft and acidic rivers like the rio negro through to the estuary of the amazon river . in other words , water chemistry itself is not particularly important . anything between ph 6 - 8 , 5 - 20 degrees dh will suit them well . while not common in brackish water habitats , they will do well in low salinity systems up to around sg 1 . 005 .
on the other hand , as with all pufferfish , water quality should be good . by pufferfish standards , south american puffers can be considered hardy , and they are certainly less sensitive to nitrate than things like tetraodon mbu . but that doesn ' t mean that they will put up with bad water quality for long . generous filtration and regular water changes are essential . taking into consideration their need for strong water current , canister filters ( either internal or external ) offering water turnover of 6 - 10 times the volume of the tank per hour are in order . change 25 - 50 % of the water per week , aiming for less than 20 mg / l nitrate if possible , and certainly no more than 50 mg / l .
unlike almost all other freshwater pufferfish , south american pufferfish are not territorial and exhibit no aggressive behaviour towards their own kind or other species . in fact they are nervous when kept singly , and become much less
neurotic
when kept in groups . during the daytime fish will follow one another around briefly , often squabbling over food ; but at night ( or if alarmed ) they will settle on the substrate as a group .
in the wild breeding seems to be similar to that of pelagic pufferfish , with the parents exhibiting no broodcare at all . the eggs are relatively small and the fry are planktonic . breeding behaviour has not been ( knowingly ) observed in aquaria , and in all probability rearing the fry will be very difficult .
in broad terms these fish are hardy , and when sick respond well to medications ( such as esha 2000 for finrot and fungus ) and heal quickly .
however , two aspects of healthcare need mentioning . for whatever reason , south american puffers are very prone to whitespot ( ick ) and are often among the first fish to show the symptoms such as
flashing
against rocks and the white cysts on the skin . treatment needs to be prompt if serious problems are to be avoided . i have used esha exit to treat whitespot on south american puffers without any problems , but because puffers tend to be sensitive to certain chemicals , it ' s a good idea to observe your fish closely during any treatment . alternatively , adding tonic salt to the aquarium at a dose of 3 grammes per litre and raising the temperature to around 28 degrees c should kill the parasites without doing the pufferfish any long - term harm .
the other major healthcare issue with south american puffers is the rate at which their teeth grow . even by pufferfish standards , this species has peculiarly fast - growing teeth . while some hobbyists ( myself included ) have managed to slow down tooth growth by manipulating the diet so that it contains crunchy foods like snails , in reality most aquarists will find themselves needing to
trim
the teeth one or more times per year .
while this might sound a bit nerve - wracking , it ' s actually pretty easy and a lot less stressful for the fish than having an overgrown beak that prevents it feeding properly .
whether or not the south american pufferfish is a good community fish can be argued both ways . on the one hand , it is not aggressive and it doesn ' t view live fish as food , except perhaps livebearer fry but on the other hand the south american puffer is a confirmed fin - nipper . when hungry it will view the fins of slow - moving and long - finned fish as food . while not unusual in this regard ( many tetras and barbs behave the same way ) this does mean that it can ' t be kept with many of the most popular community fish . angelfish , gouramis , congo tetras , livebearers , corydoras and so on are all likely to be nipped .
in my experience , the safest tankmates are those that hide all day ( like synodontis catfish ) and those that are very fast swimmers ( such as glassfish and bleeding heart tetras ) . but if this approach is to work the tank will need to be reasonably large so that these fish can keep out the way of the puffers .
the ideal situation though is surely to keep a group of south american puffers by themselves . being nicely coloured , constantly active , and not too big , a pack of half a dozen specimens would look great in a 125 - 180 litre / 33 - 44 gallon tank .
often pushed as the
community tank puffer
this is only fair up to a point , and these are still nippy fish at time . but they are quite easy to keep , hardy , and generally very well behaved aquarium fish . for the aquarist looking for a pufferfish species that is exciting to watch as well as attractive and interesting , it ' s hard to think of a better species than the south american puffer !
occurs throughout much of the amazon basin in brazil , colombia , peru , and ecuador , including the amazonas / solimões main channel plus the rios pará , tocantins , jari , xingu , tapajós , uatumã , madeira , trombetas , negro , purus , tefé , japurá / caquetá , juruá , jutaí , içá / putomayo , javary , ampiyacu , amacayacú , napo , nanay , marañón , and ucayali , with its range extending at least as far upstream as pucallpa in eastern peru .
there are also numerous records from drainages north of the amazon mouth including the essequibo and waini in guyana , and lower orinoco in venezuela . it appears to be absent from french guiana and suriname .
has been recorded in lower , middle , and upper river basins with habitats including sandbars , beaches , floodplain lakes , banks with overhanging vegetation , and fast - flowing rapids over bedrock , boulders , and stones . it is mostly collected from habitats with high oxygen levels , suggesting that it may be sensitive to low oxygen availability .
it is adaptable , penetrating into tributaries of the upper amazon , but also occuring in the amazon and orinoco delta regions , although it does not tend to be found in highly acidic black - waters .
the maximum recorded length in wild specimens is 128 mm , but aquarium reports suggest 70 – 80 mm to be typical .
choice of décor is not especially critical though it should be maintained in a well - decorated set - up . the addition of floating or overhanging vegetation and driftwood roots or branches also seems to be appreciated .
this species is intolerant of organic waste and require spotless water in order to thrive . moderate levels of dissolved oxygen and water movement are also recommended , meaning additional powerheads , pumps , etc . , should be employed as necessary . a linear flow pump may prove a useful addition , while weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % should be considered mandatory .
wild examples can be delicate and sensitive to white spot / ich post - import , so a lengthy quarantine period may be required .
tetraodontids lack true teeth , the jawbone itself being modified into four fused toothlike structures . these grow continuously at a surprising rate , so offer regular meals of shelled invertebrates such as snails , crab legs , cockles , etc . , in order to maintain them at a reasonable length . there is some evidence to suggest that aufwuchs form a significant proportion of the natural diet , therefore it may be worth permitting or even encouraging algal growth on hard items of décor .
additional foods can include chopped shellfish , small earthworms , and live or frozen chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , artemia , etc . dried products should not form the principal component of the diet , although pelleted formats with a very hard consistency may prove useful .
not aggressive as such but unsuitable for the general community aquarium , and best - maintained alone or in a larger set - up with other fluvial fishes .
this species naturally forms loose aggregations and can behave nervously in the absence of conspecifics . ideally a group of 6 or more should be purchased .
this species exhibits a spawning strategy comparable to that of marine puffers and in contrast to the majority of freshwater tetraodontids , with high fecundity , relatively small eggs , and no parental care . limited studies in the central amazon basin suggest that spawning occurs in main river channels or close to banks at the mouths of floodplain lakes and tributaries during periods of high water . the pelagic larvae are washed into nursery zones in floodplain lakes where they complete their development , returning to river channels when flood waters recede .
this species is also referred to as ‘south american puffer’ , ‘sap’ , ‘amazonian puffer’ , ‘peruvian puffer’ , or ‘brazilian puffer’ in the ornamental trade .
it is distinguished from c . psittacus by its smaller adult size ( max . 128 mm sl vs . 289 mm sl in c . psittacus ) , possession of 13 - 16 ( vs . 17 - 19 ) pectoral - fin rays , presence of 5 ( vs . 6 ) transverse dark bands dorsally on the body , and predominantly freshwater , fluvial ( vs . brackish , coastal ) ecology .
other defining characters of tetraodontids include a tough skin usually covered with small spines , a beak - like dental plate divided by a median suture , a reduced gill opening anterior to the pectoral - fin base , no pelvic fins or spinous fin rays , typically short - based dorsal and anal fins , and no ribs .
müller , j . and f . h . troschel , 1849 - im auftrag sr . mäjestat des königs von preussen ausgeführt von richard schomburgk v . 3 . berlin : 618 - 644 fische . in : reisen in britisch - guiana in den jahren 1840 - 44 .
gill , t . n . , 1884 - proceedings of the united states national museum 7 ( 26 - 27 ) : 411 - 427 synopsis of the plectognath fishes .
helfman , g . , b . b . collette , d . e . facey , and b . w . bowen , 2009 - wiley - blackwell : 1 - 736 the diversity of fishes : biology , evolution , and ecology , 2nd edition .
nelson , j . s . , 2006 - john wiley & sons , hoboken , n . j . : i - xix + 1 - 601 fishes of the world . 4th edition .
ortega , h . and r . p . vari , 1986 - smithsonian contributions to zoology 437 : iii + 1 - 25 annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru .
reis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds ) , 2003 - edipucrs , porto alegre : i - xi + 1 - 729 check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . cloffsca .
my own fish store tour . freshwater pufferfish , nano fish , rare plecos , planted aquariums .
my amazonian , a . k . a . patagonian puffer fish , i love him ! i breed snails for him in a separate 2 , 5 gallon tank . he also loves frozen bloodworms , but he really needs snail to keep his teeth at correct size .
types of freshwater puffer fish for your aquarium | golden puffer , dwarf , amazonian etc .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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we have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?
looking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .
i ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?
i live in simcoe ontario . i need help trimming my amazon bee puffer ' s teeth . can anyone help me ? i tried it myself but had no success . norma
the amazon puffer , also known as the south american pufferfish ( sap ) , is a very popular member of the tetraodontidae family of puffer fish . although many puffers look cute and comical , most of them have a mean streak and will at least do some kind of damage to tank mates that are slow or that have long fins . the amazon puffer is the exception to this rule . it is a peaceful fish , almost to the point of being shy so they cannot be kept with aggressive tank mates . even so it is a puffer and can nip fins , though usually just at feeding time .
the peaceful nature of this south american freshwater puffer , and the fact that it is one of the few puffers that naturally exists in pure freshwater makes , it a good choice for a community tank . constantly on the move , this is an active , intelligent , and curious fish . they appreciate a well planted aquarium along with some open swimming space .
because of the puffers habit of nipping , long - finned slow moving fish like angelfish and gouramis are not recommended . most other fast moving community fish will do fine . keep in mind that puffers need much more space then typical community fish so the 1 inch a gallon rule does not apply . amazon puffers will need 15 gallons per puffer , so keep that in mind when stocking your tank .
the amazon puffer normally grows to around 3 inches , but they have been recorded to reach around 5 inches . they are very hardy and can live in a wide range of water types . puffers are recommend for intermediate to advance fish keepers . this is because of the possible need to have to trim your puffers teeth to prevent overgrowth .
watch the video to see how an amazon puffer might interact inside a well populated and nicely planted community tank . though the video doesn ' t always focus on the amazon puffer , it does for a while and the fish can be seen clearly many times and can also be seen flitting through the plants and decor in the background .
in their natural habitat the amazon puffer feeds on benthic crustaceans , fish , planktonic invertebrates , and plants .
differ from other fresh water puffers in that they do not guard their eggs . they spawn in rivers during the wet season leaving their in eggs on the river bottom and the larvae drift downstream . breeding has not yet been successful in captivity .
groups - they get nervous when kept solitary , so groups of 3 or more are preferred .
the amazon puffer looks a bit like an overstuffed bumblebee , thus its alternate common name ' bee puffer ' . these fish may have a golden cast to the upper parts of their bodies getting lighter and whiter on the underside , and with several dark bold partial bands . like many of the pufferfish however , the coloring of the amazon puffer can vary . not all will be as bold in coloration ; some may be more uniform in color and the band patterning may be faint .
the most prominent identification of this puffer is a large dark spot on the underside just before the caudal fin . this dark spot is how to tell the difference between the amazon puffer and the banded puffer
is larger then the amazon . amazon puffers have been record to grow to a maximum length of around 5 inches ( 14cm ) . the pufferfish can be quite long lived in the aquarium , many living for 10 or more years .
puffer fish have the ability to ' puff ' themselves up with water or air if threatened . this is a defense mechanism to help keep them from being eaten . another defense of many puffer species , including this puffer , is to produce toxic substances in their flesh that is poisonous if eaten .
5 . 0 inches ( 12 . 70 cm ) - normally these fish reach around 3 inches in length , but have been recorded to grow up to 5 inches ( 14 cm ) .
the amazon puffer is for the most part an easy fish to keep . because they are a migratory fish caught in the wild , they can be kept in many different environments and be healthy and happy . but these fish are not for everyone ! they are scaleless so are prone to more diseases . they also have a fast growing teeth that will at one time or another need to be physically clipped . even with the proper diet in an aquarium setting it is inevitable that you will need to clip their teeth .
the amazon puffer needs more space the most
community
type fish . they require 15 gallons per puffer , so take space may become an issue . they also require bigger filters and more frequent water changes because they are such messy eaters . but if you are up for the challenge , these guys will make for an exciting and attractive addition to your tank .
it is very important to feed your puffer shelled foods daily as this will help to keep their teeth from overgrowing to often . do not introduce malaysian trumpet snails ; there shells are much to hard and will break the puffers teeth . this being said it is still likely that a amazon puffer owner will still need to trim their puffers teeth one or 2 times a year . if their teeth become overgrown they will not be able to eat and will starve .
some of diet - be careful with feeder fish however , as they can pass disease when introduced to your tank .
several feedings per day - be careful not to over feed , these fish will beg constantly .
since puffer fish do not have gill covers or scales , they are thought to be more susceptible to diseases , nitrite , nitrate and ammonia levels . like all puffers , the amazon puffer is not a good fish to cycle an aquarium with . also because they usually don ' t eat all of their food ( messy eaters ! ) , these fish will usually put more load on the aquarium filtration requiring more frequent water changes and better maintenance in general .
a generous weekly water change of 30 % to 50 % is the standard recommendation for a puffer aquarium . a larger then normal canister filter will be required and should turn the tank over 6 - 10 times per hour . this south american freshwater puffer is especially sensitive upon arrival to a new aquarium , though once it is acclimated it is quite hardy .
the amazon puffer doesn ' t require a large aquarium , so a 15 gallon aquarium will work fine . however if you want to keep more than one or some other species with them , a well planted 20 - 30 gallon aquarium is better . this puffer fish is a freshwater species that migrates into brackish to fresh water areas . it can do well in low salinity environments up to sg 1 . 005 .
the setup of you aquarium is extremely important in keeping your curious puffer healthy and stress free . it is important to remember these puffers are wild caught and swim up and down currents in nature . this makes it important to have some rotating power heads to create current . puffers are very messy eaters so providing a larger canister filter that will turn the tank water over 6 to 10 times per hour is recommend . this type of filtration will also help with water movement .
the substrate for the tank should be made up of sand ; puffers enjoy rooting around in the sand . you will notice when the puffer fish see their reflection they frantically go up and down the glass . to stop their anxiety planting the tank with tall plants with twisted rooted plant throughout the tank and especially each corner will cut down the reflection . these plant will also provide needed cover and a swimming area to weave in and out of to keep them entertained .
in the wild these puffers can be found floating in small groups under logs and plants . so have some floating drift wood in the tank to make them feel secure . the top of the tank should have a secure complete cover , these guys are great jumpers .
yes - a nano tank is fine as long as it meets the size requirements and has proper filtration .
the amazon puffer fish are peaceful so they can be kept with other non - aggressive species in a community tank . even so this is still a puffer and will nip fins , though usually just at feeding time . it is always good to have 3 or more amazon puffers together . slower moving long - finned fish are not recommend ( angel fish , gourami , long fin tetras ) .
with a properly setup aquarium that does not cause the puffer boredom it can be a great tank mate . amazon puffers are none to enjoy the attention of their owners and get excited when they see you . they can be taught little tricks with food reward systems which also helps keep them from getting bored and feeds their natural curiosity .
yes - the amazon puffer is venomous if it is consumed , as these fish harbor toxic substances in their flesh .
may be aggressive - these puffer fish feed on benthic crustaceans in the wild .
the amazon puffer fish has not been bred in captivity . in the wild ,
differ from other fresh water puffers in that they do not guard their eggs . they spawn in rivers during the wet season leaving their in eggs on the river bottom and the larvae drift downstream .
the amazon puffer does not have gill covers or scales which make it more prone to disease . puffers are normally the first fish in a tank to show signs of ick and will twitch and rub around the tank . they respond well to most medication and normally heal quickly . never use copper in an amazon puffer tank .
another common issue , though not a disease ; puffer ' s teeth grow very fast and if not wore down or clipped will lead to overgrowth and starvation . in an aquarium ; even when feeding snails and other shelled foods , there is still normally a chance you will have to trim their teeth . this sound much worse then it is . to accomplish this carefully place puffer in a container of water without exposing them to the air . add 3 drops of clove oil per liter of water ; this will temporarily sedate the puffer so you can hold the puffer in your hand more easily . you will need cuticle clippers ; use these to clip bottom and top teeth . once done put puffer in a container or net that will have the current flowing over them . once awake release back into tank .
because the amazon puffer is wild caught it could carry internal parasites , so if it hasn ' t been done a de - worming would be smart . for more information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .
amazon puffer fish are commonly available from pet stores and online , and are moderately priced .
glen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005
i live in simcoe ontario . i need help trimming my amazon bee puffer ' s teeth . can anyone help me ? i tried it myself but had no success .
just to let everyone know , i did successfully trim my amazon puffer ' s teeth . it ' s funny , they were shy of me before i did it and now they are always at the front of the tank when i look at them . it ' s like we ' ve bonded lol
hello . if you add live purple rock they will trim their teeth by chewing on live rock . hope this helps .
i have a 10 gallon tank along with 5 goldfish , i ' ve got hiding spots and decor and fake plants . i was at walmart and saw the litter spotted green puffer . the lady in the fish department gave me very little info on him . she said he eats just flakes , and use the aquarium salt . i bought him and the jungle aquarium salt . thankfully i still have a can of blood worms to hold him over besides the flakes until i go buy some other foods / snails for him . little did i know what i was getting into . what kind of snails would i buy to feed him ? i ' m going to go buy some real plants for him to nibble on too . do you think my little guy will survive in my tank ?
spotted puffers ( tetraodon nigroviridis ) from walmart are typically brackish water and will not survive , sadly in your tank . puffers are referred to as ' aqua dogs ' due to their personality , and the fact that they chew on whatever they can . keep your wires out of reach . they will grow up to 5 ' and they are semi - aggressive . they really need their own tank and brackish water is not too hard to keep , sort of between salt and fresh . as little juveniles , like many fish , they are found in fresh water , then migrate to estuaries , or brackish water . if it is still young enough to deal with the fresh water , it will go after your goldfish .
i would suggest buying another tank for your puffer if you are in love with it , and look up a little more information and your puffer will reward you with years of companionship . they do need to be entertained too ! if you don ' t want to do all of this , then i would say to return the puffer to the store .
if you want a true freshwater puffer , they are out there , just do the research before buying , and even then , do not put in with goldfish . hope that helps and have fun with your spotted aqua dog !
they are not gold fish but * glofish * their little neon tetra sort of fish and i ' ve been keeping a eye on them and they seem to be getting along . i do plan on getting him a 20gal tank tomorrow just for him . he is quite adorable and i do want to keep him , hoping he lives and heals because his fins are severely chewed up . i read they are omnivorious and need alot of meat like live crustaceans and freezed bloodworms or shrimp and snails to keep there teeth in check . he ' s only a inch big right now , would anyone recommend what to feed him till he gets bigger ?


corynactis is a genus of colonial anthozoans similar in appearance to sea anemones and in body format to scleractinian stony corals .

these animals are cnidarians in the family corallimorphidae .

corynactis

species corynactis mediterranea sars m . , 1857 accepted as corynactis viridis allman , 1846
the corynactis genus are disease resistant , and only affected by improper husbandry . warmer water than suggested will eventually kill any corynactis from temperate waters .
corynactis viridis on the wreck of the mohegan at the manacles , southwest cornwall .
corynactis viridis on the hull of the wreck of the city of westminster , manacles , southwest cornwall .
a cluster of corynactis californica at the monterey bay aquarium , ca . polyps are 1 to 1 . 5 cm diameter .
( of corynactis allmanni ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynactis allmannii ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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( of corynactis allmani thompson , 1847 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynactis gracilis farquhar , 1898 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynactis haddoni farquhar , 1898 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynactis mollis farquhar , 1898 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynactis albida stuckey , 1909 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynactis viridis var . chrysochlorina gosse ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynactis viridis var . hyalocera fischer ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynactis viridis var . smaragdina gosse ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynactis viridis var . tephrina gosse ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to cite this page : rouse , i . 1999 .
corynactis californica
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
( of corynactis mediterranea sars m . , 1857 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the corynactis genus will only get along with their own species , and will not even tolerate mushroom species outside their colony . even in one genus , if the color is different , again a different species , the weaker mushroom will detach and find another location . strong water movement will also cause them to detach as well . slow moving fish and shrimp run a risk of being consumed by the corynactis genus .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . corynactis viridis allman , 1846 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland marine life information network - uk to biodiversity heritage library ( 114 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 6 publications ) ( from synonym corynactis mediterranea sars m . , 1857 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym corynactis mediterranea sars m . , 1857 ) to genbank ( 8 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology cnidaria collection ( 50 records ) to itis
care needs to be taken when housing these animals . the corynactis genus are aggressive . if they are near another coral they can cause other corals to loose tissue , recess and / or die . they typically overtake other corals as they multiply . the
this view shows corynactis californica in front and the orange cup coral balanophyllia elegans in the back , to show their similarities and differences . note the empty skeletons of balanophyllia elegans encrusting the rock . photo at monterey bay aquarium by dave cowles , august 2010 .
( of corynactis gracilis farquhar , 1898 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of corynactis haddoni farquhar , 1898 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of corynactis mollis farquhar , 1898 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of corynactis mediterranea sars m . , 1857 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
ager , o . e . d . ( 2001 ) corynactis viridis . jewel anemone marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme . [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . ( november , 2003 ) urltoken
nanette e . chadwick , department of zoology , univ . of california , berkeley , interspecific aggressive behavior of the corallimorpharian corynactis californica ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) : effect on sympatric corals and sea anemones , licensed to jstor by american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , copyright 2000 - 2006
this is a short and squat anemone with a smooth column . the anemone has up to 100 tentacles , each ending in a small knob . corynactis viridis is brilliantly coloured and can be green , pink , red , orange or white in various combinations . usually the disc , tentacles and tentacle tips are contrasting colours .
ager , o . e . d . ( 2001 ) corynactis viridis . jewel anemone marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme . [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 27 / 11 / 2003 ] . available on - line at : urltoken
ager , o . e . d . 2007 . corynactis viridis jewel anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
the jewel anemone ( corynactis viridis ) is so - called because of its spectacular colouration . individuals may be bright green , orange , red , pink or white and the tentacles and their tips are typically contrasting colours ( 3 ) . the body of this anemone , correctly known as the ‘column’ is smooth , and has a rather squat appearance ( 3 ) . up to 100 tentacles , each terminating in a small swelling , are arranged in three rings around the mouth , which is situated at the top of a small cone ( 4 ) .
fautin , d . g . ( 2013 ) . world list of corallimorpharia .
van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; ocaña o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; sánchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of pseudocorynactis den hartog , 1980 ) van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of pseudocorynactis den hartog , 1980 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sphincteractis zamponi , 1976 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sphincteractis zamponi , 1976 ) van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of draytonia duchassaing de fombressin & michelotti , 1864 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
corynactus californica are found in abundance on temperate rocky shores and on tropical coral reefs . they can be found anywhere from the lower intertidal zone to at least 50 meters in depth .
reproduce asexually by fission and budding . aggregations of different colors produce polyps of the same color ; color of the species appears to be controlled genetically .
corynactus californicus can be found forming clonal aggregates , which cover large areas of hard substrate . they can be found on rock reefs , where they attain densities of up to 3000 polyps per square meter . they have an aggressive nature and may extrude their mesenterial filaments onto other anthozoans , such as corals and sea anemones . this contact with
corynactus californica extrudes mesenterial filaments onto its prey , which includes brine shrimp , other sessile organisms living within its community , and pieces of dead fish . the mesenterial filaments are used for digestion and absorption of food in the coelenteron . if the prey is too large to take into the coelenteron , the mesenterial filaments are used to digest it externally .
increase the density of rock oysters and mussels by protecting them from predatory sea stars .
competition from this species may reduce the diversity of the marine communities in which they dwell .
body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
a form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral / aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror - images of each other . examples are cnidarians ( phylum cnidaria , jellyfish , anemones , and corals ) .
structure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps ( class anthozoa ) . coral reefs are found in warm , shallow oceans with low nutrient availability . they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates , plants , fish , and protists . the polyps live only on the reef surface . because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae , zooxanthellae , they cannot live where light does not penetrate .
chadwick , nanette e . 1987 . interspecific behavior of the corallimorpharion corynactuscalifornica : effects on sympatric corals and sea anemones . the biological bulliten , 173 : & 110 - 25 .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
the jewel anemone reproduces by splitting in half , using a process called ‘longitudinal fission’ .
this anemone is often found in very large aggregations in suitable habitats , particularly on vertical surfaces ( 2 ) . it reproduces asexually by means of ‘longitudinal fission’ , in which means that individuals spilt in half . sometimes this fission is not complete and two anemones may remain partially attached ( 5 ) .
this anemone is common on the south and western coasts of britain ( 4 ) and reaches the northern extreme of its range in the shetland isles ( 3 ) . it is found as far south as the mediterranean ( 4 ) .
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
found on rocks in shaded places such as beneath overhangs and in crevices on the lower shore ( 2 ) , extending down to the sublittoral to depths of about 80 m ( 3 ) .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
asexually of asexual reproduction : reproduction that does not involve the formation of sex cells ( ‘gametes’ ) . in many species , asexual reproduction can occur by fission ( or in plants ‘vegetative reproduction’ ) ; part of the organism breaks away and develops into a separate individual . some animals , including vertebrates can develop from unfertilised eggs , this process , known as parthenogenesis gives rise to offspring that are genetically identical to the parent . sublittoral a marine zone between the littoral zone ( the shallow zone where light reaches the bed , subject to submersion and exposure by tides ) and depths of around 200m .
fish , j . d . and fish , s . ( 1989 ) a student’s guide to the seashore . unwin hyman ltd . , london .
gibson , r . , hextall , b . and rogers , a . ( 2001 ) photographic guide to the sea & shore life of britain and north - west europe . oxford university press , oxford .
picton , b . e . and morrow , c . c . ( 2002 ) [ in ] encyclopaedia of marine life of britain and ireland . ( september , 2003 ) urltoken
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den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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) ( average height and diameter is 1 cm ) . may be colored red , crimson , pink , purple , pale blue , lavender , brown , orange , buff , or nearly white .
how to distinguish from similar species : there are no other anemone - like species in our area with club - tipped tentacles . the orange cup coral balanophyllia elegans is of similar size and often similar color ( photo ) but has a hard skeleton and does not have club - tipped tentacles .
geographical range : this species is said to be common in some areas of southern california but i have not often encountered it . it occurs from british columbia to san martin island , baja california but is rarely found intertidally north of california .
habitat : rocky shores ( under rock ledges ) , concrete wharf pilings , plastic foam floats . especially where there are strong currents .
biology / natural history : the knobbed tentacles contain very large cnidae , easy to view under the microscope . undischarged cnidae have osmotic pressures up to 140 atmospheres . has been observed in the lab to defend against attack by anthopleura elegantissima by extending its cnidae - rich mesenteries through the mouth . this species reproduces asexually by longitudinal fission . clones are all the same color . feeds on copepods , nauplius larvae , and other small animals .
general references : barnes , 1980 gotshall and laurent , 1979 kozloff , 1993 morris et al . , 1980
general notes and observations : locations , abundances , unusual behaviors , etc . :
since they do not have a solid skeleton as does balanophyllia elegans , the polyps can stretch out quite tall , as seen in this photo . taken at monterey bay aquarium by dave cowles , august 2010 .
these individuals from the monterey bay aquarium show another color variation - - strongly white tentacles .
reaches its northern limit in shetland . it is found around the south and west coasts of britain and all around ireland .
recorded around the british isles , south - west europe and into the mediterranean .
occurs from the lower shore and into the subtidal to about 50 m ( sometimes to 80 m ) on rocks , in caves and beneath overhangs where it is shaded from light . the anemone is often found in dense aggregations especially on vertical rock faces .
base up to 10 mm in diameter and up to 15 mm in height .
fish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
manuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
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usually forms dense colonies of many specimens on rocks . although the meaning of its latin name (
) is green , the colour of the specimens is very variable , green , orange , red , etc .
and belongs to the order corallimorpharia ( not to order actiniaria ) . it occurs in mediterranean sea and around west europe .
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genus come in oranges , greens , pinks , and reds , which can be almost fluorescent and are extremely vibrant . these colors look especially awesome with animals that have clear tentacles and contrasting colored tips . to top that off , those tentacles can then be branching tentacles .
the strawberry anemone , or club tipped anemone , is an amazing variation to the corallimorphidae family . these corallimorphs grow only to 1
( 2 . 5 cm ) , so they can be kept in a small nano reef of just 1 gallon or more . some other common names it is known by are the california sea anemone , californian coral anemone , club tipped sea anemone , california club - ray , and strawberry corallimorpharian .
this is truly an amazing animal that will be a great addition to your cold water aquarium . only a few relatives of this group live in warmer waters . for the most part , chillers are essential for these mushroom corals . they also cannot handle high water flow and need very little light . its suggested that they be hand fed at night as many
the strawberry anemone is a hardy , durable cold water species . they do need cool temperatures that would require a chiller . but if given a cold water reef environment with proper care and feeding , they can do well . also with the correct husbandry they will reproduce in captivity .
was described by carlgren in 1936 . other common names this mushroom coral is known by are california sea anemone , californian coral anemone , club tipped sea anemone , california club - ray , and strawberry corallimorpharian .
is commonly known as the jewel coral anemone . other common names these corallimorphs are known for are white ball corallimorph , and orange ball corallimorph .
genus are found in the eastern pacific and north atlantic oceans in temperate waters . there are only a few that are from tropical waters , but these are rare and not as available to aquarists . the
is found in the eastern pacific ocean , carpeting the bottom of the cambell river in british columbia and monterey bay in california .
genus are sometimes found attached to live rock , although are also found in sandy and rocky areas near the reefs . they are found at various depths , often in groups . the members of the
family , in contrast to true anemones , are not colonial . they may live in groups but there is no contact between the individuals .
are found in various other areas as well , like shaded vertical rocks over 300 feet deep ( 90 m ) and also tide pools in temperatures that range from 59° to 68° f ( 15° - 20° c ) . under the correct husbandry they will reproduce in captivity . predators are unknown .
genus are basically a coral without a skeleton and their internal structures are the same as stony corals . these corals are closely related to stony corals with basilar muscles , and are less like anemones except for the fact that neither have a calcareous skeletal structure .
the top of their body or the upper surface is called the oral disc . the stalk area , which is very small , is called the column and it is located just above the pedal disc which is where they attach to surfaces . on the surface , or oral disc , they have feeding tentacles to capture prey that hold several types of stinging cells . the tentacles are clear to white and have club shaped or fringed tips . they can be white , pink , red , orange , green , and clear in color . the
is bright red with clear to white tentacles with fringed tentacle tips that can be white or clear .
these corals grow to about 1
( 2 . 5 cm ) depending on the species but their life span is unknown .
this corallimorph is rarely available for sale . if you are able to acquire them , the strawberry anemone is quite hardy . they are moderate to difficult to care for since they need cool temperatures that would require a chiller . they also cannot handle high water flow and need very little light . they may need to be hand fed at night as many are nocturnal .
species , yet general good husbandry , water quality , temperature and appropriate feedings are basic . some
mushroom corals ares from warm and temperate waters . obviously , the warm water species are easier to care for with basic mushroom husbandry .
the strawberry anemone or club tipped anemone is a carnivore from temperate waters . all the cool water
anemones need to be hand fed small pieces of raw fish , shrimp , mussel flesh , and tubifex worms . feed 2 to 3 times per month . warm water
need to be fed the same foods several times a week to encourage division .
water changes of 10 % bi - monthly or 20 % a month are typical . monitor your water quality for your particular situation and adjust your water changes accordingly . do not over skim since the
genus need nutrients to survive on and will not do well in a pristine environment . provide proper magnesium levels , also some claim proper iodine levels are beneficial . due to their toxins , active carbon is also a good idea with larger groups of mushrooms .
the typical reef environment is what is needed for your strawberry anemone ; i . e . live rock in a reef environment for cold water . they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to . this is a cold water animal and a chiller is needed to provide the proper environment .
will extrude their mesenteries into certain sea anemones and corals and kill them . they will extend their filaments resulting in all other corals , including zoanthids , to retract , move , or die .
the first is called budding , which is when the mushroom will allow a small piece of tissue to grow and form from the parent , which in turn becomes a new animal .
the second way is laceration , which happens when they move slowly over the surface and leave behind
mini - me
pieces that will eventually form into mushrooms .
the third way is fission , which is seen a lot in bubble tip anemones , and this is when they basically split themselves right in half , though the center and then wrap back around themselves to create 2 smaller versions .
the fourth is called transverse fission where the top is pinched off and floats away to reattach in another spot and start a new colony . the stalk that remains , reforms into a new mushroom clone .
will use fission and pedal laceration most of the time , but have also used external fertilization resulting in free - swimmng larva . propagating is fairly easy :
using sharp scissors or a scalpel , cut the mushroom in half right down the center , through the mouth .
if a second cut is wanted , take one of the halves you just cut and cut again through the mouth .
place the mushrooms on loose rubble in water flow that is weak to very low . it would be suggested to do this in a small
recovery
tank with the same water as the main display since they may get lost and they also will be exuding a lot of toxins from their little surgery . this will allow them to reattach to a piece of rock and heal , then at that point , they can be moved to the main display .
the smell you will experience are the toxins these animals use for pushing other corals out of their growth path . it would be prudent to wash your hands if you didn ' t use gloves . within a few days all of your
cuts
will become new mushrooms and they can now be glued , sewn or pinned where you would like if they have not attached to the rubble .
genus are very rarely for sale . they are very difficult to come by and pricing is not possible at this time .
helmut debelius and hans a . baensch , marine atlas volume 1 ( baensch marine atlas ) , microcosm ltd , 1997
copyright © [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .
description : a small clonal anemone with a smooth column up to 15mm in height and diameter . the disc is wide , the tentacles have rounded knobs at their tips , up to 100 in number . the colour is often brilliant green , red , pink , orange , white or brown , in various combinations , usually the tentacle knobs contrast with the colour of the column . reproduces by longitudinal fission , ie . dividing in half vertically . sometimes the resulting anemones do not separate completely .
habitat : lives on rocks , occurring in shaded places low on the shore , or sublittorally down to about 50m , always in strong wave action or tidal streams . usually occurs in large aggregations consisting of patches of similarly coloured clones .
distribution : frequent on south and west coasts as far north as northern scotland ; also occurs around southwest europe and in the mediterranean .
similar species : the cup - corals caryophyllia smithii and caryophyllia inornata also have knobbed tentacles of similar appearance , but they possess hard calcareous skeletons .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
. sometimes fission is imperfect and the anemones remain connected by a narrow strand of basal tissue .
and disc , often kept short and almost hidden by the overhanging marginal tentacles .
: very variable and often brilliant . of the many varieties one of the commonest is bright translucent emerald green , with brown
- shafts and crimson acrospheres ; a marginal ring of crimson is common in this form . other colours which may occur are white , pink , red , orange , etc . , in various combinations . usually the acrospheres are coloured differently from the
. the disc is usually plain and translucent , with the mesenteric insertions clearly visible , but in some forms it is splashed with opaque white .
on rocks , occurring on the lower shore in caves or beneath overhangs sheltered from the light . more common sublittorally , down to about 80 m , often forming dense aggregations , particularly on vertical rock faces .
frequent to locally abundant on south and west coasts of britain , to extreme northern scotland , and all around ireland . also around south - west europe and in the mediterranean .
( of melactis annulata verrill , 1867 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ropalactis annulata ( verrill , 1867 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
solitary or semi - colonial corallimorphidae possessing a weak sphincter muscle . acrospheres very distinct .
sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
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the eastern cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis cingulata ( loew ) , is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus rhagoletis of the family tephritidae .

rhagoletis cingulata

the western cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis indifferens curran , once considered a subspecies of rhagoletis cingulata , occurs in the western united states from idaho and washington southward into california .
figure 2 . adult female cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis cingulata ( loew ) . graphic by division of plant industry .
cherry fruit fly , mouche des cerises , prunus spp . , quarantine pest , regulated non - quarantine pest , rhagoletis cingulata complex
rhagoletis cingulata attacks both sweet and sour cherries while rhagoletis fausta primarily attacks the sour cherries . because both species are native to the united states , their original food must have been the wild species of cherry .
rhagoletis cingulata also has been reared from plum ( prunus spp . ) , fringe tree ( chionanthus virginica l . ) and wild olive ( osmanthus americanus ( l . ) gray ) .
figure 1 . reported distribution of the cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis cingulata ( loew ) , in florida . figure by g . j . steck and b . d . sutton , division of plant industry .
lyon mw . larvae of the cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis cingulata , as a pseudoparasite . jama . 1925 ; 84 ( 14 ) : 1041 . doi : 10 . 1001 / jama . 1925 . 26620400004013d
pelz - stelinski ks , gut lj , stelinski ll , liburd oe , isaccs r . 2005 . captures of rhagoletis mendax and r . cingulata ( diptera : tephritidae ) on sticky traps are influenced by adjacent host fruit and fruit juice concentrates . environmental entomology 34 : 1013 - 1018 .
these two species closely resemble a third pest species , the apple maggot , rhagoletis pomonella ( walsh ) . the adults of all three species have banded wings .
r . cingulata is an important pest of cherries in eastern north america . in europe , where it is found in cherry growing regions , it attacks late cherry varities , often tart cherries .
the black cherry fruit fly , rhagoletis fausta ( osten sacken ) , the third species in this complex , occurs across southern canada southward to new york in the east and to california along the west coast .
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these flies are 4–5 mm long , just a little smaller than a house fly , and generally black with yellow margins on the thorax . the scutellum is white , the tibiae and tarsi are yellowish , and there are transverse and oblique blackish markings on the wings . the eastern cherry fruit fly has four white crossbands on the abdomen , which are not found on the black cherry fruit fly . the blackish bands on the wings of the black cherry fruit fly are more pronounced .
the maggots found in the fruit are yellowish white , up to 1 / 4 inch long and—typical of fly larvae—are pointed at the head end . key characters for the separation of the larval stage from related species are given by phillips ( 1946 ) .
a weevil , the plum curculio , conotrachelus nenuphar ( herbst ) is the most serious pest of cherries and plums , and its larvae may be mistaken for those of the fruit flies . however , plum curculio larvae have heavy chewing mandibles and a bluntly rounded head which readily distinguish them from fruit fly larvae which have sharp - pointed , downward - curved mouth hooks and a sharply pointed head .
adults emerge from the ground during the spring when cherries are about half grown and feed for a few days on materials on the surface of the leaves and fruit before laying eggs . this is the most vulnerable stage in the fruit fly life cycle and the best time for control . each female may deposit 300 to 400 eggs . only one larva matures in a fruit , although more than one egg may be deposited in a single fruit . after oviposition the eggs hatch in five to eight days , and the young larvae tunnel directly to the surface of the cherry seed . they pass through three instars at an average of 11 days at 77°f .
by the time the cherries are ripe , the larvae mature , drop to the ground , and burrow into the soil to a depth of one to three inches where they pupate and eventually overwinter . at first , infested cherries do not fall from the tree and may develop sunken areas . by harvest time as many as 75 % of the cherries may be infested . larvae are likely to be in the fruits of early varieties when harvested , and may pass undetected and be distributed around the country . a few flies emerge in august and september as a second generation , but about 99 % require a year to complete a life cycle .
davidson rh , peairs lm . 1966 . insect pests of farm , garden , and orchard . john wiley & sons , inc . , new york . 675 pp .
phillips vt . 1946 . the biology and identification of trypetid larvae ( diptera : trypetidae ) . memoirs of the american entomological society 12 : 161 .
garman p , et al . 1956 . plant pest handbook . connecticut agricultural experiment station bulletin 600 : 1 - 194 .
glasgow h . 1933 . the host relations of our cherry fruit flies . journal of economic entomology 26 : 431 - 438 .
metcalf cl , flint wp , metcalf rl . 1962 . destructive and useful insects , their habits and control . mcgraw - hill book co . , inc . , new york . 1087 pp .
pelz - stelinski ks , gut lj , isaccs r . 2006 . vertical position of traps influences captures of eastern cherry fruit fly ( diptera : tephritidae ) . florida entomologist 89 : 80 - 82 .
quayle hj . 1941 . insects of citrus and other subtropical fruits . comstock publishing co . , inc . , ithaca , new york . 583 pp .
stone alan , et al . 1965 . a catalogue of the diptera of america north of mexico . usda agricultural handbook no . 276 . 1696 pp .
white im , elson - harris mm . 1994 . fruit flies of economic significance : their identification and bionomics . cab international . oxon , uk . 601 pp .
author : h . v . weems , jr . ( retired ) , florida department of agriculture and consumer services , division of plant industry .
publication date : march 2001 . latest revision : january 2012 . reviewed april 2018 .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
from michigan to new hampshire , southward to florida , over the entire middle and eastern region of the united states and in southeastern and south central canada .
the fruits of rosaceae ( prunus serotina ( primary native host ) and 6 other spp . )
adults emerge from the ground when cherries are half grown , feed on moisture on leaves and fruits at first . lay eggs , up to 400 eggs . larvae hatch in five to eight days and tunnel directly to the surface of the cherry seed . they pass through three instars at an average of 11 days at 77°f .
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attacked fruit will be pitted by oviposition punctures , around which some discoloration usually occurs . infested fruits appear normal until the maggot is nearly full - grown , at which time sunken spots appear . maggots and their frass inside the cherry render the fruit unsalable . infested fruits are more susceptible to fungi . the third larval instar forms one to three holes ( about 1 mm in diameter ) through the skin of the cherry , before it leaves it for pupation in the soil ( frick et al . , 1954 ) .
upon detection , fallen and infected fruit should be removed and destroyed . this aspect is very important , but normally rarely executed as it costs time and money .
as a new and environmentally friendly measure , progress has been made with bait sprays ( food bait mixed with low quantities of insecticides ) containing spinosad as an insecticide ( e . g . yee and chapmann , 2005 ; pelz - stelinski et al . , 2006b ; yee and alston , 2006 ; köppler et al . , 2008 ) . bait sprays can be applied as spot treatments on the trees . in comparison with cover sprays , the amount of insecticide used is drastically reduced with bait sprays . constraints in their effectiveness are high population densities and rainfall , because bait sprays up to now are not rainfast . furthermore , infestation sources , i . e . untreated host trees , should not be in the vicinity in order to avoid immigration of fertile females .
richard baker , claude bragard , thierry candresse , gianni gilioli , jean - claude grégoire , imre holb , michael john jeger , olia evtimova karadjova , christer magnusson , david makowski , charles manceau , maria navajas , trond rafoss , vittorio rossi , jan schans , gritta schrader , gregor urek , irene vloutoglou , wopke van der werf and stephan winter .
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bosik , joseph j . , chairman , et al . ( committee on common names of insects )
norrbom , a . l . , l . e . carroll , f . c . thompson , i . m . white and a . freidberg / f . c . thompson , ed .
fruit fly expert identification system and systematic information database . myia , vol . 9
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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the case of pseudoparasitism here recorded occurred in a boy , aged 22 months . the child is normal in every way . his mother is intelligent , very attentive to him , and carefully supervises his eating ; at least , that is her intention . about aug . 1 , 1924 , she noticed worms in the child ' s stool and consulted dr . milo k . miller of this city . the rather scant stool in which the worms were found was submitted to me for examination . i removed from it six fly larvae , one cherry pip , and a small red bead . three of the larvae were well preserved , but appeared dead . the other three showed the effects of their passage through the human alimentary canal . the larvae were submitted to the bureau of entomology of the united states department of agriculture for identification . mr . f . c . bishop of that bureau reported that they had been identified by mr . c . t . green
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caught near the village lahonci , desnjak and savci ( eastern part of slovenia ) and radmozanci , close to the slovene - hungarian border .