pachycerianthus multiplicatus , common name , the firework anemone , is a species of sea anemone in the family cerianthidae .

this species is found in sheltered , subtidal mud at depths of 10 - 130m .

pachycerianthus multiplicatus

what type of species is pachycerianthus multiplicatus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the pachycerianthus multiplicatus species belongs to .
cylinderros [ pachycerianthus multiplicatus ] på akvariet i göteborg . firework anemone [ pachycerianthus multiplicatus ] at the aquarium in gothenburg , sweden .
which photographers have photos of pachycerianthus multiplicatus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus .
how to identify pachycerianthus multiplicatus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus are marked in green .
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where is pachycerianthus multiplicatus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus can be found .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is similar to cerianthus lloydii , but is much longer and has a broader column .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus has no known facility for detection of noise vibrations , therefore , is recorded as tolerant .
this layer shows the distribution of the fireworks anemone , pachycerianthus multiplicatus , a biodiversity action plan species .
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pachycerianthus multiplicatus is found in fully saline conditions and it is unlikely that it would be exposed to hypersaline conditions , therefore , not relevant has been recorded .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is not known to be harvested , although due to the fragmented and localized distribution of populations , the species is likely to be highly sensitive to this factor .
no information could be found on the effects of nutrient enrichment on pachycerianthus multiplicatus . it is possible that an increase in nutrients will result in greater food availability as the anemone feeds on plankton . however , any deoxygenation associated with the decomposition of organic material is likely to kill pachycerianthus multiplicatus ( hughes 1998a ) ( see ' changes in oxygenation ' , below ) .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is found in sheltered sea lochs with a shallow water sill at the loch entrance , very low water flow rates and minimal flushing . therefore , a decrease in water flow is unlikely . it may be possible that a reduction in water flow would reduce food availability to pachycerianthus multiplicatus , however due to the recorded locations of the species a reduction in water flow at the benchmark level is not deemed relevant .
no information was found of the upper or lower thermal tolerance limits of pachycerianthus multiplicatus . pachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in thermally stable conditions . this species is subtidal where wide variations in temperature are not common , so may be intolerant of short term changes in temperature . therefore , intolerance has been recorded as intermediate . a recoverability of moderate has been recorded , resulting in a sensitivity value of moderate ( see additional information below ) .
it is unknown whether pachycerianthus multiplicatus can re - bury itself if displaced , although if it can , energy will be expended in forming a new tube , and the anemone may be vulnerable to predation when exposed .
reproduction . the larvae of pachycerianthus multiplicatus have not yet been identified but are thought to be demersal and short - lived ( molodtsova , 2004 ) with limited dispersal potential , while most other ceriantharia larvae are free swimming planktonic carnivores ( manuel , 1988 ) . unlike most other anthozoa , pachycerianthus multiplicatus does not reproduce asexually . when spawning , the male gametes are released first , which stimulates the release of eggs in females ( thorson , 1950 ) .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . pachycerianthus multiplicatus carlgren , 1912 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
pachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in muddy sediments , so is likely to be tolerant of some level of suspended sediment . however , there may be an energetic cost of removing mud particles . a supply of suspended sediment for feeding is probably important to pachycerianthus multiplicatus , however at the benchmark level of a one month long change , this is thought unlikely to affect the population . therefore , intolerance is recorded as low . recoverability is recorded as immediate on return to normal conditions , resulting in a sensitivity assessment not sensitive .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is found only in fully saline conditions so it is likely that the sea pen would be intolerant of a decrease in salinity . therefore , an intolerance of high has been recorded . a recoverability of low has been recorded , resulting in a high sensitivity value .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus was listed in the uk biodiversity action plan as a species of conservation concern ( biodiversity steering group , 1995 ) . the species is also nationally rare , and due to its limited , fragmented distribution , british populations are also likely to be of global importance .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in muddy sediments , so is likely to be tolerant of some level of suspended sediment . however , there may be an energetic cost of removing mud particles . therefore , intolerance is recorded as low . recoverability is recorded as immediate , resulting in a sensitivity assessment not sensitive .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is found in the circalittoral , from 10 m and below , so is not likely to experience desiccation . therefore , this factor is not relevant . because it is not adapted to cope with desiccation , it is likely to be highly sensitive to this factor , and mortality would be expected .
the fireworks anemone or pachycerianthus multiplicatus is a spectacular beast . up to 30cms across , it has two distinct layers of tentacles with the lower one forming a sort of skirt . they are quite rare and live in a few sea lochs in western scotland where they project from tubes buried in mud in fairly shallow water . they retract into the tube when disturbed .
wilding , c . & wilson , e . 2008 . pachycerianthus multiplicatus fireworks anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
o ' connor , b . d . s . ; könnecker , g . ; mcgrath , d . ; keegan , b . f . ( 1977 ) . pachycerianthus multiplicatus carlgren : biotope or biocoenosis ? , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 475 - 482
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is a large burrowing anemone , occupying a tube - like burrow that may exceed one metre in length . both the length of the column and the breadth of the tentacles can reach 30 cm . the tentacles are long and occur in two cycles , with up to 200 tentacles in the marginal cycle . the tentacles are incapable of retraction but may coil spirally on disturbance . the colour of the inner tentacles is pale buff or chestnut and the marginal tentacles are whitish with fine brown bands , or plain white .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus probably has a very limited if any ability for visual perception . it is unlikely the anemone will be sensitive to visual presence , however it is thought to be photosensitive as torch light from scuba divers causes it to coil its tentacles . this may result in a slight reduction in viability , but is not likely to be significant at the level of the benchmark . therefore tolerant has been recorded . recovery may involve small energy losses in extending tentacles , so is assessed to be very high , therefore the species is not sensitive to this factor .
the species can coil its tentacles and withdraw into its tube to avoid physical disturbance . it is unclear whether pachycerianthus multiplicatus would be removed or severely damaged by nephrops trawling . the anemone does burrow deeply into the mud , however on muddy substrata trawls will dig to a lower depth . so it is likely that at least the upper part of the anemone will come into contact with approaching trawls . therefore , intolerance is assessed as high . if the anemone was removed or killed , recovery would be very low , resulting in a very high sensitivity assessment .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus will be removed by removal of the substrata , so intolerance is assessed as high . due to the fragmented nature of populations , and the assumed limited potential for larval dispersal , recovery is unlikely if the entire population is removed . if mature viable individuals remain in nearby areas to provide larval supply , recovery may be possible , but is likely to take several years . no information was found on larval dispersal or recruitment , and longevity of the species is unknown . as such recoverability is recorded as very low , resulting in a sensitivity assessment of very high .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in muddy sediments , so is likely to be tolerant of some smothering by suspended sediment . further , the anemone extends up to 30 cm above the surface of the sediment , so a change at the level of the benchmark is unlikely to cause mortality . additionally , it is plausible that the anemone may be able to extend its tube upwards to adjust to a higher surface level of sediment , although this would incur an energetic cost . therefore , intolerance is recorded as low . recoverability is recorded as immediate , resulting in a sensitivity assessment not sensitive .
stampar , s . n . ; morandini , a . c . ; da silveira , f . l . ( 2014 ) . a new species of pachycerianthus ( cnidaria , anthozoa , ceriantharia ) from tropical southwestern atlantic . zootaxa . 3827 ( 3 ) : 343 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
recorded from kenmare river and kilkieran bay ( western ireland ) and from sea - lochs on the western coast of scotland , notably lochs duich and fynne .
outside of the uk , the species has been recorded from the middle of the northern north sea , due east of aberdeenshire , and in scandinavia from læsø island in denmark , hakefjorden in sweden and the trondheim fjord in norway .
lives in a long thick tube , often over 1 m long , in mud or muddy sand , from about 10 - 130 m depth . found only in very sheltered conditions around the head of fijordic sea lochs .
marginal tentacles arranged in four pseudocycles , up to about 180 , very long , even in contraction much longer than disc diameter .
body flexibility . tentacles are highly flexible and are usually held upright at the base and allowed to flow with the current at the tips . although they are not retractile , the tentacles may be curled up against the disc if disturbed . the column is comparatively inflexible , although may still lean slightly with the direction of water movement . the tube , into which the whole animal can withdraw , is composed of discharged nematocysts , mucus , and foreign particles , and is soft with a slippery lining .
growth rate . the growth rate of the species is unknown , but it is thought to be slow , taking several years to reach its full size ( hughes , 1998a ) .
larva . larvae have not yet been identified but are thought to be demersal and short - lived ( molodtsova , 2004 ) , thus larval distribution is likely to be limited . hughes ( 1998a ) hypothesised that populations were self seeding .
feeding . the anemone is thought to feed on plankton such as sagitta spp . , and may have weak nematocysts which exclude it from catching larger prey ( jonsson et al . , 2001 ) .
lives in a long thick tube , often over 1 m long , in mud or muddy sand , from about 10 - 130 m depth . found only in very sheltered conditions around the head of fjordic sea lochs .
longevity . longevity of this species is unknown , but it is thought to be several years ( hughes , 1998a ) .
this marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment . marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .
no information was found in the literature on the turbidity tolerance of this species . an increase in phytoplankton abundance may be beneficial to the species as it is thought to feed on phytoplankton . as the anemone is not dependent on light , a reduction in light penetration is unlikely to have any effect . therefore , the species is assessed as tolerant , and not sensitive to this factor .
changes in wave exposure are unlikely to affect sea lochs , which are areas with little or no wave exposure . a change in wave exposure is highly unlikely , except over geological time - scales , therefore , the sensitivity is not relevant .
due to a deficit of available information , this sensitivity assessment has been made based on available life history information .
recoverability although no conclusive literature was found , it is thought that the species has a very limited capacity for larval dispersal and recolonization , and populations are likely to be self - seeding ( hughes , 1998a ) . hughes ( 1998a ) suggested slow growth and a long life span . due to the fragmented nature of populations , the species is likely to be highly vulnerable to localised extinction . recoverability is dependent on recolonization from other populations , therefore if the entire population is destroyed , it is unlikely to ever recover .
ball , b . j . , fox , g . & munday , b . w . , 2000a . long - and short - term consequences of a nephrops trawl fishery on the benthos and environment of the irish sea . ices journal of marine science , 57 , 1315 - 1320 .
eleftheriou , a . & basford , d . j . , 1983 . the general behaviour and feeding of cerianthus lloydii gosse ( anthozoa , coelenterata ) . cahiers de biologie marine , 24 , 147 - 158 .
entec , a . 1996 . broad scale habitat mapping of intertidal and subtidal coastal areas : loch maddy , north uist in scottish natural heritage research , survey and monitoring report no . 76
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
howson , c . m . & davies , l . m . , 1991 . marine nature conservation review , surveys of scottish sea lochs . a towed video survey of loch fyne . vol . 1 - report . report to the nature conservancy council from the university marine biological station , millport .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
hughes , d . j . , 1998a . sea pens & burrowing megafauna ( volume iii ) . an overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine sacs . natura 2000 report prepared for scottish association of marine science ( sams ) for the uk marine sacs project . , scottish association for marine science . ( uk marine sacs project ) . available from : urltoken
hughes , d . j . , 1998b . subtidal brittlestar beds . an overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine sacs . natura 2000 report prepared for scottish association of marine science ( sams ) for the uk marine sacs project . , scottish association for marine science . ( uk marine sacs project , vol . 3 ) . available from : urltoken
jones , l . a . , hiscock , k . & connor , d . w . , 2000 . marine habitat reviews . a summary of ecological requirements and sensitivity characteristics for the conservation and management of marine sacs . joint nature conservation committee , peterborough . ( uk marine sacs project report . ) . available from : urltoken
manuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]
molodtsova , t . n . , 2004 . on the taxonomy and presumable evolutionary pathways of planktonic larvae of ceriantharia ( anthozoa , cnidaria ) . hydrobiologia , 530 / 531 , 261 - 266
naylor . p . , 2005 . great british marine animals , 2nd edition . plymouth . sound diving publications .
thorson , g . , 1950 . reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates . biological reviews , 25 , 1 - 45 .
wood . c . , 2005 . seasearch guide to sea anemones and corals of britain and ireland . ross - on - wye : marine conservation society .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
description : this large burrowing sea anemone is similar to cerianthus lloydii but much larger . the length of the column and span of the tentacles is up to 300mm and the column is much stouter than in the common cerianthus lloydii . the colour of the inner tentacles is pale buff or chestnut , marginal tentacles whitish with fine brown bands , or plain white . there are up to 200 very long marginal tentacles .
habitat : lives in a long thick tube , often 1m long , in mud or muddy sand , from 10m to over 100m depth .
distribution : recorded in britain and ireland from kenmare river and kilkieran bay ( western ireland ) and from sea - lochs on the western coast of scotland . elsewhere from scandinavia .
similar species : a similar large cerianthid anemone whose scientific name is uncertain ( referred to here as ' dorothy ' ) , lives amongst rocks in the channel islands and brittany .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
roule , l . ( 1904 ) . note preliminaire sur quelques formes nouvelles de cerianthaires . compt . rend . assoc . franc . avance . sci , . 32 : 91 - 93 . [ details ]
van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
carlgren , o . ( 1912 ) . über ceriantharien des mittelmeers . mitteilungen aus der zoologischen station zu neapel . 20 ( 3 ) : 356 - 391 . [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
carlgren , o . ( 1931 ) . on some ceriantharia . arkiv für zoologi . 23a ( 2 ) : 1 - 10 . [ details ]
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adult individuals of the fireworks anemone are fairly easy to identify due to the brown and white striped marginal tentacles . the light , almost white labial tentacles surround a grey or light yellow oral disk . it is one of the larger tube anemones in norway , in some cases reaching a height of 30 cm .
it seems to prefer muddy substrate , on depths between 10 and 100 meters , usually deeper than 20 . it is very common in the fjords , often close to estuaries .
it is registered on the british isles and in scandinavia as far north as troms , norway .
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carlgren , o . 1912 . über ceriantharien des mittelmeers . mitteilungen aus der zoologischen station zu neapel , 20 ( 3 ) : 356 - 391
carlgren , o . ( 1912 ) . über ceriantharien des mittelmeers . < em > mitteilungen aus der zoologischen station zu neapel . < / em > 20 ( 3 ) : 356 - 391 .
carlgren , o . ( 1931 ) . on some ceriantharia . < em > arkiv für zoologi . < / em > 23a ( 2 ) : 1 - 10 .
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] .
van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 106 - 109
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download comparative physical and biological data . the comparative tables enable a rapid comparison of the species composition and principal physical characteristics between a given set of biotopes .
this biotope occurred in previous versions of the classification as : cmu . spmeg . fun - version : 97 . 06
distribution of habitat ss . smu . cfimu . spnmeg . fun seapens , including funiculina quadrangularis , and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud , based on records on the uk marine recorder database and euseamap . red dots represent records on which the biotope is based . blue dots show other certain records , black dots show records tentatively assigned to this biotope . yellow areas show level 2 and 3 sublittoral and deep - sea habitats prediced by euseamap within uk waters .
this biotope is distinguished from spnmeg by the presence of the nationally scarce seapen funiculina quadrangularis .
no characteristic photos currently available . if you are able to provide a photograph of this biotope please contact email address : comment _ [ at symbol ] _ jncc _ dot _ gov _ dot _ uk ( replace _ dot _ with full stop / period and _ [ at symbol ] _ with the usual @ symbol ) .
version 15 . 03 of the classification adds a deep - sea section to version 04 . 05 ; therefore superseding version 04 . 05 , 97 . 06 and 03 . 02 .
jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] . available from :
information from the shallower section ( up to sublittoral sediment , taken from version 04 . 05 ) be cited as the
connor , d . w . , j . h . allen , n . golding , k . l . howell , l . m . lieberknecht , k . o . northen and j . b . reker ( 2004 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 04 . 05 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .
parry , m . e . v . , k . l . howell , b . e . narayanaswamy , b . j . bett , d . o . b . jones , d . j . hughes , n . piechaud , t . d . nickell , h . ellwood , n . askew , c . jenkins and e . manca ( 2015 ) a deep - sea section for the marine habitat classification of britain and ireland . jncc report 530 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .
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a biotope map for the norwegian sea based on video data from mareano 2012 is now available on www . mareano . no . biotopes are regions with similar communities of animals living on the seabed , in a similar physical environment . maps such as these , which bring together the physical and biological attributes of the seabed , can provide particularly valuable information for sustainable management .
margaret dolan ( ngu ) and pål buhl - mortensen ( imr ) published : 09 . 12 . 2013 - updated : 09 . 01 . 2014
the biotopes occurring in those areas of the norwegian sea that were investigated by mareano in 2012 have been identified through detailed analysis of seabed video data over the past year and the spatial distribution of these biotopes has now been modelled to produce a full coverage biotope map as shown in figure 1 below .
figure 1 : predicted spatial distribution of biotopes from modelling in the studied area of the norwegian sea . see table 1 for colour legend and details on the physical and biological characteristics of each biotope .
table 1 : summary of biotope characteristics based on seabed video observations . average depth refers to the average depth for all samples belonging to a particular biotope class . landscape and terrain are described from bathymetry data .
gersemia rubiformis , gorgonocephalus sp . , bythocaris sp . , cerianthus vogti , drifa glomerata
all the biotopes , with the exception of number 5 occur with the depth range of atlantic water . biotopes 7 , 6 and 1 are closely linked to the different types of sediments occurring on the banks . biotopes 2 and 4 typically occur in marine valleys which transect the continental shelf . biotope 2 is characterised by coral reefs and coral forests on various bottom types , often with ridges of various geologic origin . biotope 5 represents the deepest parts of the study area and is dominated by deep sea fauna in cold norwegian sea water .
multibeam and olex compiled bathymetry ( www . olex . no ) , together with interpreted sediment and landscape maps have been used to provide environmental variables used for map prediction . the success of this ‘real life’ mapping using both olex and multibeam data validates trials of this approach undertaken in troms ii / nordland vi in 2011 which have recently been accepted for publication in the international scientific literature .
biotope maps are an important part of the new information obtained through mareano mapping . the biotope maps provide a basis for the evaluation of vulnerability , species richness and uniqueness in a particular area of the seabed . this is important information when developing management plans and other advice related to the use of marine areas .
b . f . keegan , p . o . ceidigh and p . j . s . boaden
biology of benthic organisms contains papers presented at the 11th european symposium on marine biology , held at galway , ireland in october 1976 . the collection contains 63 papers
b . l . bayne , j . widdows and r . i . e . newell
variability of growth rate of macoma balthica ( l . ) in the wadden sea in relation to availability of food
j . j . beukema , g . c . cadee and j . j . m . jansen
bionomie benthique du plateau continental des iles kerguelen . 8 . variations spatiales et temporelles dans le peuplement des vases a spicules
the polychaete eulalia viridis ( o . f . müller ) as an element in the energy dynamics of intertidal mussel clumps
the re - establishment of an amphiura filiformis ( o . f . müller ) population in the inner part of the german bight
an ecophysiological approach to the microdistribution of meiobenthic oligochaeta . i . phallodrilus monospermathecus ( knöllner ) ( tubificidae ) from a subtropical beach at bermuda
an in situ study of the primary production and the metabolism of a baltic fucus vesiculosus l . community
observations on the behaviour & distribution of virgularia mirabilis o . f . muller ( coelenterata : pennatulacea ) in holyhead harbour , anglesey
aspects of the ecology of sargassum muticum ( yendo ) fensholt , in the solent region of the british isles . i . the growth cycle and epiphytes
meiofaunal community structure and vertical distribution : a comparison of some co . down beaches
e . i . s . rees , a . nicholaidou and p . laskaridou
b . o ' connor , g . könnecker , . . . b . f . keegan
predator - prey interaction between the crab pilumnus hirtellus ( leach ) and the brittle star ophiothrix quinquemaculata ( d . chiaje ) on a mutual sponge substrate
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pf : for the habitat types that can have a non - priority as well as a priority form ( 6210 , 7130 , 9430 ) enter
x
in the column pf to indicate the priority form .
caves : for habitat types 8310 , 8330 ( caves ) enter the number of caves if estimated surface is not available .
data quality : g = ' good ' ( e . g . based on surveys ) ; m = ' moderate ' ( e . g . based on partial data with some extrapolation ) ; p = ' poor ' ( e . g . rough estimation )
abundance categories ( cat . ) : c = common , r = rare , v = very rare , p = present - to fill if data are deficient ( dd ) or in addition to population size information
data quality : g = ' good ' ( e . g . based on surveys ) ; m = ' moderate ' ( e . g . based on partial data with some extrapolation ) ; p = ' poor ' ( e . g . rough estimation ) ; vp = ' very poor ' ( use this category only , if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made , in this case the fields for population size can remain empty , but the field
abundance categories
has to be filled in )
kilkieran bay is situated on the extreme north - west shore of galway bay . it is approximately 13 km in length and 7 km at its widest point . kilkieran bay is an indented fjord and much of the complexity is due to numerous rocky outcrops and islands , the largest ones being lettermore island ( not in the site ) , gorumna island and lettermullen island . the bedrock is igneous , composed of granite , felsite and other intrusive rocks rich in silica . the bay is subject to strong tidal streams as the sea funnels between islands and through channels . surface waters are under the direct influence of the north atlantic drift and there are frequent intrusions of oceanic water . the shoreline is typically rocky , giving way to mud in shallow water . a particular feature of the site is the large numbers of salt marshes on peat and the numerous small beaches of shell sand . the terrestrial areas of the site are mostly covered by shallow peaty soils , with dry heath and blanket bog present . brackish and small freshwater lakes occur .
keegan , b . f . ; ceidigh , p . o . ; boaden , p . j . s . ( ed . ) ( 1977 ) . biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pergamon press : oxford . isbn 0 - 08 - 021378 - 2 . xxxiii , 630 pp .
al - adhub , a . - h . y . ; naylor , e . ( 1977 ) . daily variation in dichelopandalus bonnieri ( caullery ) as a component of the epibenthos , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 1 - 6
andersin , a . - b . ; lassig , j . ; sandler , h . ( 1977 ) . community structures of soft - bottom macrofauna in different parts of the baltic , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 7 - 20
aneer , g . ; nellbring , s . ( 1977 ) . a drop - trap investigation of the abundance of fish in very shallow water in the askö area , northern baltic proper , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 21 - 30
arntz , w . e . ( 1977 ) . results and problems of an
unsuccessful
benthos cage predation experiment ( western baltic ) , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 31 - 44
barnes , h . b . ; barnes , m . ( 1977 ) . the importance of being a ' littoral ' nauplius , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 45 - 56
bayne , b . l . ; widdows , j . ; newell , r . i . e . ( 1977 ) . physiological measurements on estuarine bivalve molluscs in the field , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 57 - 68
beukema , j . j . ; cadee , g . c . ; jansen , j . j . m . ( 1977 ) . variability of growth rate of macoma balthica ( l . ) in the wadden sea in relation to availability of food , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 69 - 77
blake , d . ; leftley , j . w . ( 1977 ) . studies on anaerobic nitrogen fixation in the sediments of two scottish sea - lochs , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 79 - 84
boucher , d . ( 1977 ) . production primaire saisonnière du microphytobenthos des sables envasés en baie de concarneau , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 85 - 92
brown , r . a . ; seed , r . ( 1977 ) . modiolus modiolus ( l . ) : an autecological study , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 93 - 100
buhr , k . - j . ; winter , j . e . ( 1977 ) . distribution and maintenance of a lanice conchilega association in the weser estuary ( frg ) , with special reference to the suspension - feeding behaviour of lanice conchilega , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 101 - 113
cabioch , l . ; gentil , f . ; glaçon , r . ; retière , c . ( 1977 ) . le macrobenthos des fonds meubles de la manche : distribution générale et ecologie , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 115 - 128
castel , j . ; lasserre , p . ( 1977 ) . colonisation et distribution spatiale des copepodes dans des lagunes semi - artificielles , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 129 - 146
castric , a . ( 1977 ) . recrutement et succession du benthos rocheux sublittoral , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 147 - 154
cederwall , h . ( 1977 ) . annual macrofauna production of a soft bottom in the northern baltic proper , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 155 - 164
chardy , p . ; glémarec , m . ( 1977 ) . evolution dans le temps des peuplements des sables envasés en baie de concarneau ( bretagne ) , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 165 - 172
cinelli , f . ; fresi , e . ; mazzella , l . ; pansini , m . ; pronzato , r . ; svoboda , a . ( 1977 ) . distribution of benthic phyto - and zoocoenoses along a light gradient in a superficial marine cave , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 173 - 183
desbruyères , d . ; guille , a . ( 1977 ) . bionomie benthique du plateau continental des iles kerguelen : 8 . variations spatiales et temporelles dans le peuplement des vases à spicules , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 185 - 196
eagle , r . a . ; hardiman , p . a . ( 1977 ) . some observations on the relative abundance of species in a benthic community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 197 - 208
emson , r . h . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete eulalia viridis ( o . f . müller ) as an element in the energy dynamics of intertidal mussel clumps , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 209 - 214
erwin , d . g . ( 1977 ) . a diving survey of strangford lough : the benthic communities and their relation to substrate : a preliminary account , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 215 - 224
faller - fritsch , r . j . ( 1977 ) . reproductive strategies of the winkle littorina rudis in relation to population dynamics and size structure , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 225 - 231
fedra , k . ( 1977 ) . structural features of a north adriatic benthic community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 233 - 246
gage , j . d . ( 1977 ) . structure of the abyssal macrobenthic community in the rockall trough , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 247 - 260
george , j . d . ( 1977 ) . ecology of the pogonophore , siboglinum fiordicum webb , in a shallow - water fjord community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 261 - 275
gerdes , d . ( 1977 ) . the re - establisment of an amphiura filiformis ( o . f . müller ) population in the inner part of the german bight , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 277 - 284
giere , o . ( 1977 ) . an ecophysiological approach to the microdistribution of meiobenthic oligochaeta : 1 . phallodrilus monospermathecus ( knöllner ) ( tubificidae ) from a subtropical beach at bermuda , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 285 - 296
gosling , e . ; wilkins , n . p . ( 1977 ) . phosphoglucoisomerase allele frequency data in mytilus edulis from irish coastal sites : its ecological significance , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 297 - 309
guterstam , b . ( 1977 ) . an in situ study of the primary production and the metabolism of a baltic fucus vesiculosus l . community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 311 - 319
hartnoll , r . g . ( 1977 ) . reprocuctive strategy in two british species of alcyonium , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 321 - 328
hoare , r . ; wilson , e . h . ( 1977 ) . observations on the behaviour and distribution of virgularia mirabilis o . f . müller ( coelenterata : pennatulacea ) in holyhead harbour , anglesey , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 329 - 337
hummon , w . d . ; hummon , m . r . ( 1977 ) . meiobenthic subcommunity structure : spatial versus temporal variability , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 339 - 347
jackson , j . b . c . ( 1977 ) . habitat area , colonization , and development of epibenthic community structure , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 349 - 358
jansson , a . - m . ; kautsky , n . ( 1977 ) . quantitative survey of hard bottom communities in a baltic archipelago , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 359 - 366
jephson , n . a . ; gray , p . w . g . ( 1977 ) . aspects of the ecoloy of sargassum muticum ( yendo ) fensholt , in the solent region of the british isles : 1 . growth cycle and epiphytes , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 367 - 375
kain , j . m . ( 1977 ) . the effect of depth on populations of laminaria hyperborea , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 377 - 378
knight - jones , e . w . ; nelson - smith , a . ( 1977 ) . sublittoral transects in the menai straits and milford haven , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 379 - 389
könnecker , g . ( 1977 ) . epibenthic assemblages as indicators of environmental conditions , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 391 - 395
lagardère , j . p . ( 1977 ) . recherches sur le régime alimentaire et le comportement prédateur des décapodes benthiques de la pente continentale de l ' atlantique nord orientale ( golfe de gascogne et maroc ) , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 397 - 408
levinton , j . s . ; lopez , g . r . ; heidemann lassen , h . ; rahn , u . ( 1977 ) . feedback and structure in deposit - feeding marine benthic communities , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 409 - 416
lewis , j . r . ( 1977 ) . the role of physical and biological factors in the distribution and stability of rocky shore communities , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 417 - 424
maguire , c . ( 1977 ) . meiofaunal community structure and vertical distribution : a comparison of some county down beaches , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 425 - 431
massé , h . ; plante , r . ; reys , j . - p . ( 1977 ) . etude comparative de l ' efficacité de deux bennes et d ' une suceuse en fonction de la nature du fond , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 433 - 441
moore , p . g . ( 1977 ) . organization in simple communities : observations on the natural history of hyale nilssoni ( amphipoda ) in high littoral seaweeds , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 443 - 451
nichols , f . h . ( 1977 ) . dynamics and production of pectinaria koreni ( malmgren ) in kiel bay , west germany , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 453 - 463
rees , e . i . s . ; nicholaidou , a . ; laskaridou , p . ( 1977 ) . the effects of storms on the dynamics of shallow water benthic associations , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 465 - 474
ölscher , e . m . ; fedra , k . ( 1977 ) . on the ecology of a suspension feeding benthic community : filter efficiency and - behaviour , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 483 - 492
ott , j . ; maurer , l . ( 1977 ) . stratiegies of energy transfer from marine macrophytes to consumer levels : posidonia oceanica example , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 493 - 502
pearson , t . h . ; stanley , s . o . ( 1977 ) . the benthic ecology of some shetland voes , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 503 - 512
reise , k . ( 1977 ) . predation pressure and community structure of an intertidal soft - bottom fauna , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 513 - 519
rex , m . a . ( 1977 ) . zonation in deep - sea gastropods : the importance of biological interactions to rates of zonation , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 521 - 530
richter , w . ; sarnthein , m . ( 1977 ) . molluscan colonization of different sediments on submerged platforms in the western baltic sea , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 531 - 539
seed , r . ; boaden , p . j . s . ( 1977 ) . epifaunal ecology of intertidal algae , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 541 - 548
stachowitsch , m . ( 1977 ) . the hermit crab microbiocoenosis : the role of mobile secondary hard bottom elements in a north adriatic benthic community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 549 - 558


erebia cyclopius is a species of butterfly of the satyrinae subfamily in the family nymphalidae .

it is found from the ural to siberia , northern mongolia , northern china and north korea .

the habitat consists of forest edges , flowery meadows and sparse larch forests .

the wingspan is 46 – 62 mm .

adults are on wing from june to july .

the species overwinters in the larval stage .

erebia cyclopius

erebia cyclopius ( eversmann , 1844 ) = erebia cyclopia = cyclopius ( eversmann , 1844 ) .
buy butterflies for sale satyridae : erebia cyclopius set 10 from siberia online . worldwide shipping ! beautiful insect butterflies for sale satyridae : erebia cyclopius set 10 for sale at the bugmaniac , one of the world ' s largest dealers of preserved dried insects .
( 2008 ) : a checklist of the satyrine genus erebia ( lepidoptera ) ( 1758–2006 ) .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . erebia cyclopius eversmann , 1844 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
first of the three erebia plates in the 1915 macrolepidoptera of the world , edited by adalbert seitz . this work was published near the height of taxonomic confusion about these butterflies .
the yellow - banded ringlet ( erebia flavofasciata ) is a member of the satyrinae subfamily of nymphalidae . it is a high mountain butterfly found in a small area of the alps in switzerland and italy .
erebia is a holarctic genus of brush - footed butterflies , family nymphalidae . most of the about 90–100 species ( see also below ) are dark brown or black in color , with reddish brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or bands . these usually bear black spots within , which sometimes have white center spots .
this genus has found it easy to adapt to arid and especially cold conditions . most of its members are associated with high - altitude lands , forest clearings or high latitude and tundra . erebia species are frequent in the alps , rocky mountains , subarctic and even arctic regions , and the cooler parts of central asia . in fact , the north american term for these butterflies is
alpines
. eurasian species are collectively known as
ringlets
or
arguses
. however , none of these terms is used exclusively for this genus .
a peculiar case is the colorado alpine , the nominate subspecies of erebia callias . this isolated rocky mountains population has been lumped with the siberian brassy ringlets as they are almost alike morphologically . though one might suspect stronger differentiation and perhaps marked cryptic speciation across the wide range , the rocky mountains population is apparently a very recent isolate . its ancestors apparently crossed over the bering strait at the end of the wisconsinian glaciation , about 15 . 000 - 10 . 000 years ago . thus , brassy ringlets are present on the north american continent quite exactly for the same length of time as a significant human population .
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· type locality .
. . . in provincia irkuzkiensi
[ irkutsk region , russia ] .
· range . from the n . urals across siberia , n . mongolia and n . china to n . korea .
· distribution and variation . the s . urals , central and s . siberia , the altai and sayan mts . , transbaikalia - the nominate subspecies ; the amur and ussuri regions - ssp . aporia schawerda , 1919 ; sakhalin - yoshikurana kishida et nakamura , 1941 .
· habitat and biology . forest edges , flowery meadows , sparse larch forests , in the mountains up to 2 , 000 m a . s . l . flight period : june - july . larvae hibernating .
· similar species . e . wanga : unh without bluish postdiscal band . e . edda : upf double eye - spot diffusely bordered with reddish colour ; unh without bluish postdiscal band .
photo and text : guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories volume 1 . pensoft , sofia - moscow . 1997
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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copyright © andre gorodinski . the insects from the palaearctic region . web design by mrs . l . gorodinski . special thanks to mr . a . malinin for technical support website .
the wingspan is 46–62 mm . adults are on wing from june to july .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
regions of the russian federation : gorno - altai , trans - baikal , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , the north - yenisei north okhotsk , mid - amur , average okhotsk , mid - ural , sredneobskaya , tuva , south - uralsky , south yakutia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta . pro )
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* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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exports data using a reporting template , the format and the data being exported depends on the desired template to be selected in the next step .
exports data using a standard excel tabular display format , the data being exported depends on the desired fields to be selected in the next step .
jan van tol general coordinator ncb barcoding ncb naturalis email : jan . vantol @ urltoken
vincent robert coordinator ncb barcoding part iii cbs - knaw email : v . robert @ urltoken
a diverse and widespread holarctic genus , with some species distributed in both western north america and eastern eurasia .
phylogenetic relationships among the tyndarus group are based on albre et al . ' s ( 2008 ) study of mitochondrial dna sequences . the remainder of this diverse genus awaits phylogenetic study .
larval host plant is unknown . a swiss subspecies , e . flavofasciata warreni , has been proposed .
( i . e . , without discussing synonymy and relationships ) was published in 2008 .
. but things hardly improved as more and more of the diversity of these butterflies came to note . in
. in the 19th and early 20th century the alps were a popular destination for butterfly collectors and specimens of alpine butterflies were very profitable for dealers . the dealers , mostly german , not only sold specimens , but were
this , together with the then - popular , even obsessive study of variation by entomologists—examples are james william tutt , george wheeler , felix bryk and brisbane charles somerville warren —led to very many names being applied to what may be or much more likely may not be biological species or subspecies . a further problem is the use of the term
variety
. authors of that time used this for an individual variant , a group of individuals morphologically but not otherwise related , seasonal forms , temperature - related forms , or geographic races ; it was later usually taken to mean the last subspecies though this is often suspected to have been premature .
studies add to the available data , it is becoming clear that most
varieties
that have at least been commonly considered subspecies in the latter 20th century are indeed lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition . another result of recent research is confirmation of the theory that this genus contains many glacial
species is given variously around 90 - 100 , as developments happen so fast that it is hard for authors to remain up to date regarding the newest changes .
brower ( 2006 ) , albre et al . ( 2008 ) , and see savela ( 2008 ) for more sources
jim p . brock and k . kaufman . kaufman field guide to butterflies of north america , new york , ny : houghton mifflin , 2003 .
( lepidoptera , rhopalocera , nymphalidae , satyrinae ) species group combining coxii and nd5 mitochondrial genes : a case study of a recent radiation .
. version of 2006 - nov - 28 . retrieved 2008 - aug - 11 .
. version of 2008 - feb - 04 . retrieved 2008 - aug - 11 .
. version of 2008 - mar - 15 . retrieved 2008 - aug - 11 .
– , and in many cases certainly close relatives . a notable trait of their genus is an ability to adapt well to cold and somewhat
brassy ringlets are mid - sized members of their genus , with a length of 17–22 mm ( roughly two - thirds to one inch ) .
- colored patch that is lighter than the blackish - brown upperwings . in some , a third black spot , much smaller and without the white dot , is present at the opposite end of the reddish patch . the hindwings have no black spots in many , but in some
there are a few ( 2 - 4 or so ) black dots , usually without white in the center , paralleling the outer margin . if hindwing spots are present , they are sometimes surrounded by a lighter brown field like the forewing spots , sometimes not . the wing undersides are
colored , usually in greyish - brown and often with a noticeable band arching through the central hindwing , the rest of which has a silvery sheen which makes these species quite recognizable in flight .
the eyespots and the forewing patch surrounding them are found on the forewing undersides also ; if a hindwind pattern is present , it may or may not show up on the under hindwings either whole or in parts . the common name derives from the
as it seems , the origin of this group is perhaps south of the central asian or more likely in the balkans region . probably around 1 million years ago during the pre - pastonian stage , the original population expanded north . during an interstadial , the southern montane metapopulation and the one to the north which ranged across the eurasian taiga split .
two major southern populations were established some 800 . 000 - 700 . 000 years ago during the pastonian stage , when the habitat belt moved uphill , cutting off gene flow between major mountain ranges . coincident with the günz - mindel interglacial , about 600 . 000 - 500 . 000 years ago some more distinct local populations diverged in the south .
meanwhile , the northern population had been spreading across europe to the pyrenees and deep into siberia . with the ice – which had then been covering much of northern and central europe – retreating at the end of the elsterian stage between 400 . 000 - 300 . 000 years ago , the taiga population and their relatives in the mountains of central and western europe became isolated for good . finally , at the end of the riss / saale glaciation about 130 . 000 years ago , alpine and siberian populations fragmented further . the former stayed rather distinct while more subsequent gene flow occurred between the latter ; this difference is probably an effect of habitat topography .
, the molecualr and morphological data are still more in favor of retaining a single species .
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2 probably this species photographed on the dry hill north of markakol and 4 + almost certainly this species on the way up the alatay pass . 2 / 14
subspecies ‘alpherakyi’ . seen above cim bulak , almaty and 2 + between kamenka and ust - kamenogorsk . 2 / 14
probably widespread but only identified with certainty on 4 days . certainly there were other colias species present that went unidentified
noted in the kalbinskiy hills and 1 on the alatay pass . 3 / 14
at times the commonest of the wood whites at markakol . distinctive with pronounced ‘cross - bars’ on the hindwings and slightly more attentuated forewings . 3 / 14
1 on the marble pass and 3 + on the dry hill north of markakol . 2 / 14
noted between ust - kamenogorsk and zaysan and several at the yourta service area there on the way back . 2 / 14
the commonest blue in meadows between markakol and the burkhat pass . 2 / 14
common on the dry hill north of markakol and on the alatay pass . 2 / 14
singles on the alatay pass and on the northward tributary of the buktarma below the climb to rakhmanovskie klyuchi . 2 / 14
1 in the kalbinskiy hills and also noted at the bee farm near kamenka . 2 / 14
seen on the alatay pass . like the next species but with no orange areas on the inner part of wing
singles at markakol and by the north tributary of the bukhtarma river below the rise to rakhmanovskie klyuchi . 2 / 14 . a very distinctive ringlet
singles on the alatay pass and in a bog by the lake at rakhmanovskie klyuchi . 2 / 14