xanthotaenia is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family nymphalidae .

its single species is xanthotaenia busiris , the yellow-banded nymph .

they can be identified by a yellow strip along their forewings .

xanthotaenia

xanthotaenia busiris ( westwood , 1858 ) = clerome ( xanthotaenia ) busiris westwood , 1858 .
xanthotaenia obscura butler , 1883 ; ent . mon . mag . 20 : 54 ; tl : nias
xanthotaenia busiris is the only member of its genus . it is found in myanmar , thailand , malaysia , sumatra and borneo .
? xanthotaenia busiris batuensis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 300 ; tl : batu is .
xanthotaenia westwood , 1858 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 4 ( 6 ) : 187 ; ts : clerome busiris westwood
xanthotaenia polychroma hagen , 1898 ; ent . nachr . 24 ( 13 ) : 201 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : mentawej
parin , n . v . , 1992 . pseudotrichonotus xanthotaenia ( pseudotrichonotidae , aulopiformes ) - - new species from the saya de malha bank . j . ichthyol . 32 ( 7 ) : 128 - 131 . ( ref . 41477 )
penz , c . , devries , p . j . & kirton , l . 2006 early stages of xanthotaenia busiris ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) , and the first report of a larval anal comb in the nymphalidae . malayan nature journal 59 , 51 - 61 .
research by peňa & wahlberg , released in 2008 , using molecular evidence to trace the butterfly ' s ancestry , implies that that the genus xanthotaenia should be placed in the ' primitive ' satyrine tribe zetherini , indicating that it is closely allied to neorina , penthema , ethope and callarge .
xanthotaenia busiris is semi - crepuscular in behaviour , and is normally only active up until about mid - morning . it can however sometimes be disturbed later in the day - its presence being given away as it flies , by a flash of bright yellow from the bar across the upper forewings .
xanthotaenia busiris ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 827 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 139 , f . 11 ; [ bor ] , 494 ; [ bmp ] : 126 , pl . 15 , f . 24 , pl . 63 , f . 18 - 19 ( larva ) , 20 ( pupa )
xanthotaenia has traditionally been placed in amathusiini , but eliot ( in corbet et al . 1992 ) pointed out that the larval stages clearly place it among traditional satyrines . penz et al . ( 2006 ) published a formal description of the immature stages and corroborated this perspective . molecular evidence ( peña & wahlberg 2008 ; wahlberg & brower , unpubl . ) imply that the genus is allied to the basal zetherina .
this large forest - dwelling species was for many years considered to be a member of the former subfamily amathusiinae . that subfamily no longer exists , taxonomists having decided to relegate it to the level of a tribe of the morphinae ( now the morphini , a tribe of the satyrinae ) . eliot however was convinced that the butterfly was neither an amathusiine or a morphiine , pointing out that the larval stages had more in common with the traditional satyrinae .
the uncertainties were finally cleared up in 2006 , when penz et al published a formal description of the immature stages which corroborated this view . they also provided evidence that the caterpillar possesses an ' anal comb ' - a structure normally only found in the hesperiidae and certain moth families , which is used to catapult the larval droppings away from the feeding site .
this species is found in primary rainforest , at elevations between about 100 - 300 metres .
the caterpillar is smooth , green , and has head horns and a pair of caudal prongs . the foodplant is rattan palm calamus ( arecaceae ) .
both sexes seem to spend most of their lives skulking at ground level among the undergrowth , and are usually seen in the vicinity of stands of ginger ( zingiberaceae ) , often in company with the amathusiine faunis canens .
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a monotypic genus of southeast asia . this relatively large satyrine has a conspicuous yellow band across the distal third of its forewing . adults frequent the forest floor and are often found associated with rotting fruits . larvae feed on
corbet as , pendlebury hm , and eliot jn . 1992 . the butterflies of the malay peninsula . malayan nature society , kuala lumpur .
peña , c . & wahlberg , n . 2008 prehistorical climate change increased diversification of a group of butterflies . biology letters ( royal society ) 4 , 274 - 278 .
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. yellow - banded nymph . version 10 march 2009 ( under construction ) .
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the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
notes on amathusiidae , brassolidae , morphidae , etc . , with descriptions of new forms
westwood , 1858 on the oriental species of butterflies related to the genus morpho trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 4 ( 5 ) : 158 - 160 ( 1857 ) , ( 6 ) : 161 - 189
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greek , pseudes = false + greek , thrix , - ichos = hair + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 87 - 110 m ( ref . 41477 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl ( female )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 33 ; anal soft rays : 13 ; vertebrae : 49 . head pointed . body beam - like . mouth small . upper jaw protrusible ; protruding slightly beyond the lower one when mouth is closed . interorbital space is very narrow ; just less than 1 / 3 of eye diameter . branchiostegal rays 6 . gill rakers spinelike , 4 + 1 + 8 . caudal fin rays 8 - 10 ( ref . 41477 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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marine ; demersal ; depth range 87 - 110 m ( ref . 41477 ) . tropical , preferred ?
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viereck , h . l . 1925 . a preliminary revision of the campopleginae in the canadian national collection , ottawa . canadian entomologist . 57 : 176 - 181 , 198 - 204 , 223 - 228 , 296 - 303 .
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termens of both wings are prominently scalloped . the hindwing is more strongly toothed at vein 4 .
, the wings are dark brown . on the forewing , there is a series of pale bluish submarginal spots , becoming larger in subapical area and then smaller again along the costal border . in the male , the subapical spots are closer to the apex than in the female . the hindwing is reddish brown with rather pale postdiscal spots .
the wings are strongly mottled brown . at the apex of the forewing , there is a ` thumb - print’ ( a triangular area in a lighter shade ) of varying prominence among specimens . a white spot can be found in the centre of the costa on the hindwing , but this can be absent or inconspicuous in certain specimens .
the common palmfly is the most widespread species of its genus in the indo - australian region . locally , it is also a rather common species with widespread occurrence across multiple habitats . typically the adults are shade - loving , and usually sighted flying along the edge of vegetated area and in the vicinity of a clump of palm trees . the adults have the habit of puddling and visiting flowers for mineral and energy intakes .
the early stages of the common palmfly is polyphagous and feed on the leaves of a number of host plants in the arecaceae ( palmae ) family . thus far , four of them are fully identified and listed above .
the eggs of the common palmfly are laid singly on a leaf blade of the host palm tree , typically on the underside . each
egg is almost spherical with a slightly protruding top ( diameter : 1 . 3 - 1 . 4mm ) . the egg is initially white when freshly hatched but turns yellow on the following day . the surface is faintly and irregularly reticulated .
two views of a mature egg of the common palmfly . note the clearly visible head and body setae of the caterpillar .
the egg takes about 4 days to hatch . the young caterpillar emerges by eating away part of the egg shell . the rest of the egg shell becomes the first meal for the newly hatched , which has a length of about 3mm . its cylindrical body is
pale yellowish . the large head capsule is black in color and has three pairs of prominent protuberances lining the perimeter with the apical pair being the largest and longest . each protuberance ends with a thick setae bearing a transparent droplet at its tip . rows of fine setae , also bearing terminal droplets , run along the length of the body dorso - laterally and laterally . a pair of long pale - yellow processes occur at the posterior end of the body , each of which ends with a drop - bearing black setae .
two views of a newly hatched caterpillar near the empty egg shell , length : 3mm .
once the newly hatched moves on to feed on the young leaves , its body starts to take on a green undertone . several contrasting bands , yellow in color and of varying widths , adorn the body surface dorsally and laterally .
two views of 1st instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 5 . 5mm .
a common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 2nd instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .
the body of the 2nd instar caterpillar is similarly marked as in the late 1st instar . the most obvious change is in the head capsule where the three pairs of protuberances becomes longer and the setae they bear shorter . the apical pair also takes on a few short side branches . small pale yellow patches appear laterally and apically on the head capsule . the pair of anal processes are longer proportionately and mostly black in coloration . numerous short fine setae cover the body surface . of the several yellowish bands running lengthwise , the dorso - lateral pair running up to the upperside of the anal processes becomes the most prominent of all . this instar lasts about 4 days with the body length reaching up to 10 . 5mm before the moult to the 3rd instar .
head capsules : 1st instar ( left ) and 2nd instar ( right ) .
the 3rd instar caterpillar is similar in appearance to the 2nd instar caterpillar with the only obvious change being in the appearance of the head capsule . now the ground colour of the head capsule is yellow except for two lateral reddish brown patches running vertically from the apical pair of protuberances , which are also reddish brown in color . the other protuberances turn yellowish with their short terminal setae still brown to black in color . this instar takes about 4 days to complete with body length reaching about 16 - 17mm .
a common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 3rd instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .
retaining very much the same body features from the earlier two instars , the 4th instar caterpillar distinguishes itself in having proportionally longer apical protuberances on the head capsule and the anal processes being mostly yellowish to pinkish in coloration . this instar lasts 3 . 5 to 4 days with the body length reaching about 26mm .
a common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 4th instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .
head capsules : 3rd instar ( left ) and 4th instar ( right ) .
the 5th and final instar brings about another change in the appearance of the head capsule . now white patches cover the frontal and middle area , stretching up into the apical protuberances . the long and slender anal processes are mostly pinkish in coloration .
a common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 5th instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .
the 5th instar lasts for 3 . 5 - 4 days , and the body length reaches up to 40mm . on the last day , the caterpillar ceases feeding , its body becomes shortened but with essentially no change in body color . it wanders around in search of a pupation site . typically it comes to a halt on the underside of leaf blade where the caterpillar spins a silk pad to which it attaches its graspers and then rests in a head - down posture .
pre - pupatory larva at three time points . left : early stage ; middle : mid - way , right : late stage with the onset of pupation only minutes away .
pupation takes place 1 day after the caterpillar assumes the haed - down posture .
the green pupa has yellowish strips running on the dorsum of the thorax , dorso - laterally and laterally on the abdomen and the leading edges of the wing case . these yellow strips are outlined in pink . the pupa also has a pair of short cephalic horns , and its dorsum is angled at the thorax .
after about 6 - 6 . 5 days of development , the pupal skin turns translucent as the development within the pupal case comes to an end . the pupa is mostly black at this point . the following day , the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case . it then perches on the pupal case or nearby to expand and dry its wings before taking its first flight .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula , a . s . corbet and h . m . pendlebury , 4th edition , the malayan nature society .
a photographic monograph on hong kong butterflies , volume 1 , hong kong lepidopterists’ society .
the winds have shifted and now the prevailing winds are coming from a north - easterly direction , usually bringing heavy rains to many parts of south - east asia . the monsoon months traditionally brings closure to many activities in nature areas in malaysia , where the national parks and nature reserves are closed for the safety of visitors . i recall being shown the flood level at endau - rompin national park in malaysia , where the debris from a recent flood clearly indicated the water line before the water receded . nothing out of the ordinary , except that the debris line was about two - thirds up a line of trees that was about 15m high !
the 11th month of the year , november always brings happy anticipation of the christmas holiday season . indeed , cheery and glittering decorations are already up in many shopping malls in singapore . in multi - cultural singapore , november 2010 also saw the celebration of deepavali and hari raya haji by the hindu and muslim communities respectively .
) . the english common name of the butterfly is rather curious , as “tawny” often refers to a “warm sandy colour” which the species displays very little of . perhaps the pale buff submarginal border on the upperside of the hindwing is distinctive enough to give the butterfly a ‘tawny’ descriptor .
another unique feature of this species is its scientific name . it is one of only a handful of butterfly species to share the name of mammals and in this case , a specific genus of the big cats , panthera . a rather interesting reference , since the butterfly bears no resemblance in any way to the famous carnivorous and predatory cats .
the tawny palmfly is a forest denizen , where it skulks close to the forest floor in well - shaded localities . it is usually very skittish and flies off the moment it senses any movement towards it . the species is best observed when feeding on the ripened fruits of the singapore rhododendron ( melastoma malabathricum ) – when it is less skittish and allows an observer to move in closer to it .
it doesn’t fly rapidly but displays an erratic flight when flying around , searching for food sources or moving around its preferred habitats . very often , it stops and perches on the upper surfaces of leaves with its wings folded upright . in the field , we have , thus far , not encountered an individual sunbathing with its wings opened flat before .
the tawny palmfly is dark brown above and the hindwing has a pale buff border bearing a series of white - centred black submarginal spots . the underside bears the usual reddish - brown striations of the genus elymnias ( collectively called the palmflies ) which helps to camouflage the butterfly when settled amongst the forest litter .
the female of this species makes an interesting audible clicking sound with its hindwings when it flutters about its host plant laying eggs . the caterpillar of this species feeds on a variety of palms found in the forests .
although it is a species that is primarily found in forested areas , and in particular , in habitats where various species of palmae grow , it has also been observed with regularity at urban parks and gardens as well . sometimes it flies in the company of its closely related species , the common palmfly .
, the forewings are orangey brown with a series of white spots in a broad black apical border . the hindwings have a narrow dark border and a few black spots featured at both the cell edge and end - cell . in form
, the hindwings are almost white throughout . the male has a subtornal brand on the hindwing just below vein 3 .
, the wings are similarly marked as per the upperside but with apical border orangey brown on the forewing , and wing margins marked with a series of prominent and white marginal spots .
being the more common of the two . this species is typically found where its host plants are cultivated . such locations include hortpark , butterfly trails , butterfly gardens in schools and housing estates and even certain park connectors . the adults typically visits flowers in the vicinity of its host plant and has a fondness for sap exuded by
a plain tiger perching on a fern frond in a closed - wing pose .
local host plants for the plain tiger : giant milkweed ( left ) and blood flower ( right ) .
the eggs of the plain tiger are laid singly on the leaf of the host plant , typically on the underside . t
he milky white egg is shaped somewhat like a bullet - head ( diameter : 0 . 95mm , height : 1 . 3mm ) . the egg surface is ribbed with ridges running longitudinally . the micropyle sits atop .
the egg takes about 2 . 5 - 3 days to hatch . the young caterpillar emerges by eating away part of the egg shell . the rest of the egg shell becomes the first meal for the newly hatched , which has a length of about 2 . 2mm . its cylindrical body is
mostly white with a yellowish undertone , and has a fair number of short fine setae . the large head capsule is black in color and there is a small black patch at the posterior end . a pair of short sub - dorsal protuberances can be found on each of the following four segments : 1st and 2nd thoracic segments , 2nd and 8th abdominal segments . of these , the prothoracic pair is black in color and the remaining pairs in orangey brown . the thoracic legs and prolegs are all black in color .
once the newly hatched moves on to feed on leaf lamina over the next few hours , its body starts to take on a green undertone . the growth is rather rapid with the body length doubling to about 4 . 5mm in 1 . 5 day , and after just 1 . 5 to 2 days from hatching , it moults to the 2nd instar .
towards the final hours of the 1st instar , the last three pairs of protuberances turn dark brown and pairs of oval - shaped yellow spots appear on the dorsum from the 2nd thoracic segment to the 8th abdominal segment .
two views of a 1st instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 4 . 3mm .
the body of the 2nd instar caterpillar is whitish in ground color . one obvious change is the lengthening of those black protuberances on the 2nd thoracic segment , 2nd and 8th abdominal segments the pair of protuberances on the 1st thoracic segment remains subdued in size . a diffused yellow band runs sub - spiracularly .
the subdorsal paired yellow spots are embedded in dark patches which extend laterally to the subspiracular yellow band .
noteworthy is that there is only one ( rather than two ) elongated yellow dorsal spot on the 9th abdominal segment . the black head capsule now has a triangular white patch on the frons and a prominent white arch . this instar lasts only 1 to 1 . 5 days with the body length reaching 9mm before the moult to the 3rd instar .
two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar , early in this stage , length : 5 . 7mm
two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 8 . 5mm
the 3rd instar caterpillar is similar in appearance to the 2nd instar caterpillar , one obvious change is in the three pairs of processes which are proportionately longer . the head capsule also has an outer white arch at the rear periphery . this instar takes about 1 - 1 . 5 days to complete with body length reaching about 12mm .
retaining very much the same body features from the previous instar , the 4th instar caterpillar distinguishes itself in having proportionately longer processes , with the mesothoracic pair the longest and having a strong tendency to flex forward . this instar lasts 2 days with the body length reaching about 21mm .
two views of a 4th instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 12mm .
two views of a 4th instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 16mm .
the 5th and final instar appears similar to the previous two instars but again with proportionately longer and filamentous processes , particularly so for the mesothoracic pair . all six processes now have a crimson coloration at the basal portion .
two views of a 5th instar caterpillar , early in this stage , length : 26mm .
two views of a 5th instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 39mm .
the 5th instar lasts for 2 - 3 days , and the body length reaches up to 42mm . on the last day , the caterpillar ceases feeding , and its body becomes shortened and decolorized , most notably in the yellow and crimson coloration . it wanders around in search of a pupation site . typically it comes to a halt on a branch / stem or a leaf underside , where the caterpillar spins a silk pad from which it soon hangs vertically to take on the pre - pupatory pose .
pupation takes place about 0 . 75 days after the caterpillar assumes the hanging posture .
the barrel - shaped pupa suspends itself from the silk pad with no supporting silk girdle . the pupa could be green , pink even white in coloration . it has a median transverse line marked with a series of black spots and an outer series of yellow spots .
after about 5 days of development , the pupal skin turns translucent as the development within the pupal case comes to an end . the prominent white spots on the forewing upperside also become discernible . the following day , the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case .
to conservation ecologists or purist nature enthusiasts and you may get a bit more than just raised eyebrows – experience has shown that there have been passionate objections and heated arguments about this . there are , of course , valid causes for concern , but the other side of the argument also has pertinent points favouring re - introductions .
for those who may not be aware , re - introduction is the intentional and deliberate release of species back into the wild . these species are either bred , or captured and released from other areas where the species still exists . in various taxonomic groups , it usually involves species that are critically endangered or extinct in the wild . technically , re - introduction usually involves the returning of species into locations or regions where they were previously found or recorded with a fair measure of confidence , but are now extinct . hence some practitioners of re - introduction programmes prefer to call it “re - establishment” .
re - introduction programmes have been more predominantly focused on mammals and vertebrates like birds and occasionally amphibians . there are some well - known programmes since the early 1980′s where biologists have studied the impacts of re - introducing a species into the habitat it once existed in .
habitat and preferred localities that the butterfly can survive and thrive – those species which survive in the forested areas which are protected are more likely to be sustainable .
larger and more robust species that are easier to be bred and withstand environmental pollution .
its early stages and whether the caterpillars may cause other species ( even besides butterflies ) to be affected by their presence .
whether the intentional cultivation of the host plant may affect the floral ecological balance .
there have been several successes of butterfly re - introduction programmes in the west , in particular , two examples being the karner blue ( lycaeides melissa samuelis ) in ohio , usa and the large blue ( phengaris arion ) butterfly which was declared extinct in the uk in 1979 , but has been successfully re - introduced .
it is not known whether there have been any similar re - introduction programmes in southeast asia , nor any research papers done to document if there have been any successes . thus far , internet searches have delivered only reports of butterfly re - introductions from western countries .
from those checklists , a selection of e . g . 5 - 6 species could be done , and studies conducted on populations of these species where they still exist . the nearest populations of some of these species would be a mere hour’s drive up north into the malaysian state of johor .
once observations and reports are made of these species in their natural habitats and general behaviour and habits of the species , host plants , early stages and so on , the search for possibly similar habitats be made in singapore , where the species could be re - introduced . one premise that should be established would be the availability of the caterpillar host plant in singapore , its abundance , and extent of spread across the island . care must be taken , of course , that the host plant is already native to the singapore flora checklist and not to introduce an exotic species of plant to singapore .
prior to the re - introduction programme , the host plant must be cultivated , perhaps under the national parks board’s supervision , at locations like singapore’s urban parks , gardens , park connectors and so on , where the cultivation of the plants can be supervised and observed .
once there is enough critical mass of the host plant ( that is , assuming that the plant is not common in the first instance ) , then the import of pupae or wild - captured males and females of the target species is released into the wild . unlike mammals , there is no need to ‘train’ the released butterflies to hunt or adapt to its new surroundings .
it has always been a subject of debate , whether human intervention is advisable where the survival of a species is concerned . they may have gone extinct for a good reason , and bringing them back into the environment may not necessarily be a good thing . however , one can always argue that a species has gone extinct , precisely because of human intervention in the first instance ( like development , land clearing , removal of a plant species , pollution in the environment , and so on ) . hence where humans have been the cause for the extirpation of a species , it would only be right that humans make amends to bring the species back .
the debate will not ever end , as there will always be proponents on both sides , extolling the pros and cons of whether to re - introduce a species , or not . as a supporter of butterfly re - introduction , i would personally recommend that further observations and studies continue to be carried out before a pilot scheme for a re - introduction be attempted .
– re - introduction case studies from around the globe : edited by pritpal s . soorae – © 2008 iucn / ssc re - introduction specialist group
– not quite yet the number of spartans who made history under king leonidas at the battle of thermopylae . but that’s the number of articles on this blog with this post , chugging along with at least an article a week , sometimes more , for the past three years .
it is now 11 nov 2010 , and this blog has soldiered on since it was set up on 16 aug 2007 and the first articles on our beloved butterflies started on 5 nov 2007 . since then , we have produced articles of interest about butterflies , ranging from behaviour and ecology , early stages , conservation , photography , travelogues and so on . in a manner of speaking , we can now celebrate our third anniversary of this butterflies of singapore blog .
i would like to thank my fellow members at butterflycircle , many of whom had written articles for this blog , or have been willing to share their photographic works of butterflies . in particular , my sincere thanks to horace tan , who has written some of the most engaging and informative articles on the early stages of singapore’s butterflies available to date – complete from egg to eclosion and many with amazing video clips of the butterflies’ moulting , pupation and eclosion .
we hope that this blog will be able to continue in the years to come as we endeavour to share and learn more about our beloved flying jewels in singapore and beyond our shores . this is our contribution to biodiversity conservation and education in singapore and for all and sundry to learn and enjoy the articles .
there have been a couple of unkind individuals who have criticised and trivialised the articles and even the recent field guide that was a culmination of years of effort and the combined work of many butterflycircle members . to these unhappy individuals , we can only express our sympathy , as it merely reflects their childish behaviour and unfortunate upbringing that they seek only to destroy the work that others have done .
we would urge them to make peace with whatever unhappiness that they have in their lives , and channel their energies to do their own part in promoting the appreciation of butterflies and spend their time more productively , instead of making unsavoury remarks from the sidelines – which only undermines their own credibility and wins them no respect from the nature community in singapore .
we are , however , encouraged by the growing membership in butterflycircle , and with more mature and sincere individuals who are able to contribute productively in this hobby and past - time pursuit that has yielded happy times and pleasant memories out in the field together .
we also wish to thank all the guests and readers of this blog , most of whom had left complimentary comments and cheery well - wishes on the blog’s articles . we are encouraged and happy to know that our efforts are not in vain , as there are many readers from singapore and all over the world who appreciate , and have benefited from our work .
with that , please join us in the journey ahead , as we continue to do our work in butterfly conservation , learning and sharing on this blog . for our work is never finished and there are more and more things to learn in the years to come . happy 3rd birthday to the butterflies of singapore blog !


tonalist ( foaled february 11 , 2011 ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2014 belmont stakes , beating the favored california chrome , who was attempting to win the triple crown .

tonalist won the peter pan stakes in may 2014 .

he is the first horse since a.p. indy in 1992 to win the peter pan/belmont double .

later in the year he defeated older horses to win the jockey club gold cup .

tonalist

commissioner finished a head behind tonalist in second , while medal count finished a length away in third . tonalist’s winning time was 2 minutes , 28 . 52 seconds
california chrome falls short in bid for triple crown , finishing fourth behind winner tonalist .
tonalist worked five furlongs the same day , getting five furlongs in 1 : 00 1 / 5 .
tonalist will stand his debut season for $ 40 , 000 at lane ' s end in kentucky .
tonalist , left , riddent by joel rosario , edges out commissioner with javier castellano at the finish line .
tonalist ( left ) gets up to win the belmont over commissioner with medal count ( background ) third .
he certainly wasn’t ignored because of looks . tonalist is a majestic animal on a track full of them .
“tonalist is a beast , ” said gary stevens , the jockey who has won with bayern , another intriguing classic pick . “if tonalist runs the way he did that day at belmont , nobody will beat him . ”
we love the new picture at belmont park of @ tonalist . he ' s keeping an eye on us urltoken
tonalist , who came in at 12 / 1 , upset california chrome ' s quest for history on saturday .
four - time grade 1 winner tonalist has been retired and will stand the 2016 season at lane’s end farm .
initially , there were a number of reasons why tonalist would win , as i pointed out in a column last friday where i picked tonalist to win . with an excellent win at belmont in the peter pan , tactical speed and top jockey joel rosario in the irons , tonalist certainly was a horse who figured to have a good chance .
plenty of @ tonalist options for # favoritephotosof15 but rather like simplicity of following rest of set into am sun . urltoken
so important that certain winners — shared belief , california chrome and tonalist — would be horse of the year frontrunners .
@ tonalist look at those legs ! ! next yr will be exciting when his foals arrive . # tonalisttuesday # lanesend urltoken
tonalist was among the horses considered to be california chrome ' s biggest threats , along with ride on curlin and commanding curve .
tonalist , whose broodmare sire is pleasant colony , was the first starter in a triple crown race owned by evans , 70 .
campaigned by owner evans and trainer clement , tonalist recorded seven wins in 16 starts and earned $ 3 , 647 , 000 .
california chrome , center , is flanked by wicked strong , left , and tonalist , right , as they run down the backstretch .
“tapit is the most important stallion in america and tonalist is his best son” said will farish . “tonalist is his only g1 winning son at a mile and a quarter , from a tremendous female family . he’s exactly the kind of stallion we want to stand . ”
robert
shel
evans leads tonalist into the winner ' s circle after the colt , who he purchased privately as a yearling , won the belmont stakes on june 7 . tonalist is a grandson of pleasant colony , who was bred and raced by evans ' father .
the time for the 12 furlongs in the $ 1 . 5 million event was 2 : 28 . 52 . tonalist , a son of
owner of tonalist , robert s . evans , is presented with the trophy from new york gov . andrew cuomo after winning the race .
no . 3 most accomplished colt of all time from the preeminent a . p . indy sire line , behind only california chrome & tonalist
tonalist is hardly a true underdog , but the belmont winner may once again upset the favorite at santa anita . starting wide from the no . 11 post , tonalist will be able to play to his strengths and trail the field before kicking up for a strong closing finish .
the photo finish for tonalist was a thriller . coming out of the first turn in last , tonalist burst through with a brilliant effort , clocking a 1 : 37 : 14 time as he stretched out ahead of stable mate , red vine . with odds of 2 / 1 , tonalist was the second - favourite behind private zone , who entered the race as the defending champion and the preferred choice of the oddsmakers .
tonalist’s dam is by pleasant colony , who came up short to finish third in the belmont in 1981 on his way to eclipse champion 3yo colt honors . pleasant colony was bred and raced by buckland farm , helmed by thomas mellon evans , whose son robert “shel” evans owns tonalist .
it was a warm 50 degrees yesterday , & new addition tonalist ( tapit ) seemed to enjoy the sun as much as we did . urltoken
what made you want to look up tonalist ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
tonalist won the 146th belmont stakes saturday , denying the heavily favored california chrome his chance to become the first triple crown winner in 36 years .
tonalist covered the mile and a half in 2 : 28 . 52 and returned $ 20 . 40 to win on a $ 2 bet .
“we’re in the business of classic thoroughbreds , and [ tonalist ] certainly fits our program , ” lane’s end’s bill farish said . “a . p . indy , lemon drop kid , union rags won races like the belmont and gold cup , and we are confident tonalist will continue that success . ”
neither tonalist nor commissioner ran in the derby or preakness . medal count , the third - place finisher , didn ' t run in the preakness .
california chrome ' s bid to win the triple crown came up short , with tonalist winning the belmont stakes . re - live the race now .
he didn’t exactly smoke the competition , but an astounding burst down the home stretch allowed tonalist to submit a wild climax in a strangely paced race .
tonalist , a strapping bay colt , spent much of the first 14 months of his life at woodslane farm in fauquier county , va . , where owners rene and lauren woolcott bred their mare settling mist to the sire tapit . tonalist was sold as a yearling to robert evans , the owner of courtland farm in easton , md . , who kept tonalist in maryland for about a month before sending him to new york - based trainer cristophe clement .
for the 37th consecutive year , there will be no triple crown winner . for bettors that put their money on tonalist , that ' s good news .
richard mellon evans owned pleasant colony , and richard s . evans , his son , bought tonalist after nobody else did at the fasig - tipton sales .
in the peter pan , tonalist will have the opportunity june 7 to capture the triple crown race that eluded his maternal grandsire while carrying robert evans ' colors .
tonalist ' s most recent work was sat at belmont . simon -
looks in great order , really developing the 2nd half of the year
# tvgworks
california chrome ' s bid to complete racing ' s elusive triple crown ended in disappointment when he finished fourth behind tonalist in the belmont stakes saturday . ( reuters )
with an impressive end to his 2015 campaign , the four - year old tonalist is a strong candidate to return for a season as a five - year old .
tonalist becomes the third belmont stakes winner on the active lane’s end roster , joining lemon drop kid ( 1999 ) and union rags ( 2012 ) . the farm’s flagship sire is the pensioned horse of the year and two - time leading general sire a . p . indy , winner of the 1992 belmont and tonalist’s paternal great - grandsire .
joel rosario poses for photos atop tonalist after winning the 146th running of the belmont stakes horse race , saturday , june 7 , 2014 , in elmont , new york .
from the pleasant colony mare , settling mist , tonalist descends from the immediate female family of multiple grade 1 winner riskaverse and horse of the year , havre de grace .
tonalist – after two second - place finishes , tonalist will be trying to get back to his winning ways at saratoga , away from his home base of belmont park at which all but one of his wins have come . the son of tapit is focusing on the whitney as a rematch with honor code , the horse who denied him in the met mile .
one of three thoroughbreds to beat california chrome in a triple crown race this year was tonalist , who won the belmont stakes ahead of second - place commissioner and third - place medal count . tonalist also won the grade 2 peter pan stakes and the grade 1 gold cup stakes on the way to qualifying for the breeders ' cup classic , where he finished fifth .
“he’s just kind of a big horse , ” rosario said of tonalist , “and he has one long stride . he just grinds it , and he keeps on going and going . ”
presumably , coburn has some understanding of the horse business . tonalist was on the kentucky derby trail and was going to race in the wood memorial , the new york prep for the derby .
tonalist improved his record to 5 - 2 - 1 from 10 career starts and pushed his earnings to just more than $ 2 million with the $ 90 , 000 winner ' s share .
it would be the win pleasant colony didn ' t get ,
said evans . the veteran horseman admitted that if tonalist didn ' t win , however , he would be rooting for
piloted by junior alvarado , effinex defeated some staunch competition , including a winner of multiple grade 1 races in tonalist , mylute , neck ' n neck and the big brown colt coach inge .
indeed , for a second or two at the top of the stretch when california chrome looked like he might join the fray , tonalist seemed to hang just a touch , but then he came on again to nail a dead game commissioner at the wire . i think with a better trip tonalist would have been an easy winner , but he got there first and that’s all that matters .
out of settling mist , tonalist had stamped himself as one of the most impressive individuals raised at the sweezeys ' timber town stable near lexington but had hit a major growth spurt before the sale .
tonalist , who entered the 146th running of the belmont stakes with 12 - 1 odds , upset race favorite california chrome , demolishing any chance for the first triple crown winner since affirmed in 1978 .
tonalist was wearing blinkers until the gold cup . “my mistake , ” clement said . “when we took them off , he was less aggressive and he was able to stay out of trouble . ”
since the belmont victory , tonalist has finished in the top three in each of his three starts , including a win at the grade 1 jockey club gold cup stakes in his last start . tonalist will close strong , and if the pace set ( by bayern and / or moreno ) is too strong to start , he stands an excellent chance of usurping the field at the finish line .
in response , robert evans , tonalist’s owner , chose diplomacy over confrontation . when asked what his thoughts on coburn’s comments were , he replied : ‘i don’t think i have a comment on that . ”
tonalist also won the grade 2 peter pan stakes and grade 3 westchester , and placed in five other graded stakes , three of those grade 1 events . he bankrolled $ 3 , 647 , 000 .
tonalist , ridden by joel rosario , races to the finish line en route to winning the 146th running of the belmont stakes at belmont park on june 7 , 2014 , in elmont , new york .
tonalist paid out $ 6 . 40 , $ 3 . 70 and $ 2 . 70 while clement earned his 100th victory of the 2015 season as well thanks to a remarkable 2015 cigar mile win .
his most recent showing was a third - place finish behind tonalist and wicked strong in the gold cup , but his first - place effort in the grade 2 suburban shows the potential this horse possesses .
with the win , tonalist will now enjoy a rest though there are no set plans for the graded stakes winner who claimed the peter pan stakes , jockey club gold cup and belmont stakes in 2014 . he repeated at the jockey club gold cup this season , while also crossing first at the westchester handicap . tonalist has undoubtedly earned a long rest , but there are no stud plans for the well known runner .
( the eventual winner of the grade i besilu stables florida derby ) in an allowance optional claiming contest at the south florida oval . an illness prevented tonalist from competing in the april 5 urltoken wood memorial ( gr . i ) , which in turn kept him from earning a slot in the kentucky derby starting gate . when tonalist ' s health improved , the peter pan was targeted with an eye toward the belmont .
tonalist , a bay colt by tapit , was making his fifth career start and was coming off a four - length victory in the may 10 peter pan stakes . he was bred in kentucky by woodslane farm .
tonalist returned victorious to belmont in the fall , capturing the jockey club gold cup ( g1 ) by 1 ¾ lengths over a packed field featuring current or future grade 1 winners and v . e . day .
carrying 8 - 1 odds , tonalist paid $ 20 . 40 , $ 9 . 60 and $ 7 . commissioner paid $ 23 . 20 and $ 3 . 20 and medal count paid $ 13 . 20 .
, tonalist , and california chrome , who took a position inside behind the leaders . the early fractions were mild ; : 24 . 06 for the opening quarter - mile and : 48 . 52 for the half .
tonalist will stand for $ 40 , 000 lfsn and will be available for inspection at lane’s end by appointment . please call chance timm , jill mccully or levana capria for more information at 859 - 873 - 7300 .
somebody ( or a few people ) bet something in the neighborhood of a few hundred thousand to win on tonalist just before post time . that’s the only way a horse could drop that much right before the bell rings .
he also took aim at the connections of horses that skip the kentucky derby and preakness stakes in order to arrive at belmont with a full tank of gas – as was the case with tonalist , trained by christophe clement .
coming from off the lead , as was his wont , tonalist surged to win the belmont by a head , once again over commissioner , to end eventual two - time horse of the year california chrome’s triple crown bid .
but he was monstrous in this long race . three , four and even five horses wide throughout the first turn , tonalist never got near the rail to save ground the entire race . three and even four wide around that long , sweeping second turn ( remember , belmont is the only track in the country that is one lap for a mile - and - a - half ) , tonalist had every reason to quit when he turned for home .
tonalist was 9 - to - 1 at the belmont and edged commissioner at the wire . he was 5 - to - 1 on friday for saturday’s breeders’ cup classic , the third choice behind undefeated shared belief and california chrome .
instead , tonalist , who didn ' t compete in the kentucky derby or preakness stakes , held off commissioner at the finish to win by a head . medal count finished third , and california chrome and wicked strong tied for fourth .
rosario then snapped california chrome ' s bid for the 2014 triple crown with a triumph at the preakness stakes aboard tonalist . with a similar horse name , he will get the mount for tourist amid a highly competitive field of 10 .
commissioner maintained the lead through six furlongs in 1 : 12 . 84 as tonalist and general a rod swapped positions just behind . jockey victor espinoza then was forced to go around the leaders through one mile in 1 : 37 . 13 .
. the piece is a classic zwara gouache – the white river , a bridge , reflections on the water , tonalist background . all to good effect and the bonus of semi - prominent indianapolis subject matter . –curt churchman , fine estate art
but clement was not surprised . tonalist is the grandson of pleasant colony , which won the first two legs of the crown in 1981 . that horse was trained by johnny campo , who was approached by abc’s jim mckay after the derby .
renowned trainer thomas clement doubled down by running tonalist and red vine in the 2015 cigar mile . the gamble paid off big time . the victory bags clement his first win at the cigar mile , held at the aquaduct in new york .
instead of a historic win by their favorite , the huge crowd at belmont park in elmont , new york , witnessed a dramatic finish in which tonalist , ridden by joel rosario , overtook commissioner in his last strides to win by a head .
evans and trainer christophe clement both declined comment on coburn’s declaration following the belmont that fresh horses , such as tonalist , should not be allowed to start in the final two legs of the triple crown if they did not start in the derby .
largely because of the pleasant colony tie , evans decided to purchase tonalist privately from his breeders , rene and lauren woolcott of woodslane farm , after the colt failed to meet his reserve and was bought back for $ 195 , 000 at saratoga .
tonalist , no . 11 ridden by joel rosario , races to the finish line en route to winning the 146th running of the belmont stakes at belmont park on june 7 in elmont , n . y . ( al bello / getty images )
but tonalist got sick with a lung infection and was unable to make the wood , and his intelligent trainer , christophe clement , instead decided to back off and get him healthy and into a good prep race , the peter pan , at belmont .
in november , tonalist now holds a perfect 4 - for - 4 record in races at belmont , including the belmont stakes , the jockey club gold cup stakes ( gr . i ) , and the peter pan stakes ( gr . ii ) .
tonalist crosses the finish line to win the belmont stakes on june 7 in elmont , new york . california chrome , far left , was bidding to become the first triple crown winner since 1978 , but instead finished in a dead heat for fourth .
the woolcotts were left scratching their heads when he failed to meet his reserve , but luckily tonalist had caught the eye of evans . after his private purchase the colt was sent to be broken by bill harrigan at miacomet farm near georgetown , ky .
although evans will make the call , clement seems to think tonalist will run next year . a win for california chrome probably will keep him running , too . that’s welcome in a sport plagued by early retirements , thanks to the lucrative breeding business .
the younger evans spoke with daily racing form shortly after tonalist’s belmont victory . “it was quiet after he didn’t win , ” he remarked about pleasant colony’s placing in the belmont . of tonalist , he added , “he’s 17 hands , a great big boy , sort of like his grandfather… i’ve been in the game a long time , and i know you have to be patient , take care of the horse , and that’s what we [ evans and trainer christophe clement ] did… christophe had him just right . ”
the long - bodied tonalist was slow to develop , making just one start as a juvenile . he was briefly considered for the kentucky derby trail before a lung infection and a foot issue caused him to miss the wood memorial in april . the colt subsequently earned his place in the belmont with a four - length victory may 10 over commissioner in the grade 2 peter pan stakes at belmont . evans praised the patience of clement – who also was winning his first classic – in getting tonalist to the starting gate .
bill farish continued , “we’re in the business of classic thoroughbreds and he certainly fits our program . a . p . indy , lemon drop kid , union rags won races like the belmont and gold cup and we are confident tonalist will continue that success . ”
effinex settled a bit around the 3 / 4 - mile mark and kicked out two wide to get away from the fading street babe . from there , effinex was able to reel in coach inge while also managing to hold off a hard - charging tonalist .
tonalist was bred by rene and lauren woolcott , whose 240 - acre woodslane farm near the plains , va . originally into steeplechasing , they got involved with thoroughbreds in 2006 and they purchased settling mist at the 2007 keeneland november sale through agent patrick lawley - wakelin .
a lung infection kept tonalist out of the kentucky derby and preakness . that was pointed out , angrily , by steve coburn , co - owner of california chrome , who said it was the “coward’s way out” to ambush the favorites at the end of the trail .
while the focus saturday evening at belmont was correctly on california chrome as he attempted to become the first triple crown winner since affirmed in 1978 , it was tonalist who ran an unbelievable mile - and - a - half race to just beat out a dead game commissioner .
tonalist , who broke from the outside 11 post , came into the belmont off an impressive four - length victory over the track in the peter pan stakes ( gr . ii ) may 10 in just his fourth career start . the belmont winner is trained by christophe clement .
congratulations to the connections of all of fasig - tipton’s 2015 eclipse award - winning sales graduates and nominees , including : american pharoah , stellar wind , tepin , nyquist , songbird , tonalist , stopchargingmaria , airoforce , dortmund , rock fall , wavell avenue , and stephanie’s kitten .
a newcomer to the triple crown series , tonalist broke his maiden in january of his three - year - old season and captured the peter pan s . ( g2 ) by 4 lengths over future graded stakes winner commissioner on may 10 prior to his start in the belmont .
and there several runners with a chance as they turned for home through 10 furlongs in 2 : 02 . 43 . commissioner , after opening a clear advantage , held resolute along the rail and was caught in the final few jumps by tonalist , who was ridden by joel rosario .
tonalist , whose four grade 1 victories were highlighted by the 2014 belmont stakes , has been retired and will stand the 2016 season at lane ' s end in versailles , ky . the son of reigning leading sire tapit will stand for $ 40 , 000 in his initial season .
tonalist was a kentucky derby candidate but had to miss the may 3 classic at churchill downs because of a brief illness . the victory was the first in a triple crown event for clement , a new york - based frenchman heretofore best known for his prowess with older turf horses .
it’s the biggest question facing handicappers heading into the breeders’ cup classic , as none of three - year - olds—triple crown champion american pharoah , his travers foil keen ice , and familiar foe frosted—have faced older horses . last year , wins by then - three - year - olds shared belief in the pacific classic and tonalist in the jockey club gold cup portended a strong hand from that age group , and they delivered on that promise by sweeping the superfecta with bayern winning , toast of new york second , california chrome third , shared belief fourth , and tonalist fifth .
tonalist ' s owner , robert s . evans , had indicated immediately after the cigar mile that the son of tapit would stay in training at age 5 , but a deal was worked out with lane ' s end to bring him to stud immediately rather than having him race next year .
beholder’s scratch threw me for a little bit of a loop , but part of the reason i liked her was that i preferred the elders to the three - year - olds , and i thought she was the best of that group , and now i feel that tonalist is the best .
jockey victor espinoza settled california chrome , the 5 / 4 favorite , behind the heels of the initial leader , commissioner , as the field trundled along at a moderate pace . along the backstretch , tonalist and general a rod joined commissioner to form a wall of horses in front of california chome .
carrying evans’s colors , the lightly raced tonalist edged commissioner by a head to win the belmont stakes as california chrome finished in a dead heat for fourth , joining pleasant colony among the 13 horses since affirmed in 1978 to win the kentucky derby and preakness stakes but fall short of the triple crown .
he was going easy ,
rosario said of tonalist .
i didn ' t want to be too far behind . when i got to the three - eighths pole i was a little confident . i was worried a little bit turning for home , but he started picking them up .
two horses that should not get the benefit of the doubt for their breeders ' cup classic losses are tonalist , whose championship aspirations ended with his fifth - place finish , and california chrome , who was a no - excuse third to bayern and lost for a second time in three meetings against that rival .
tonalist ( usa ) b . c , 2011 { 3 - l } dp = 5 - 17 - 18 - 1 - 1 ( 42 ) di = 2 . 82 cd = 0 . 57 - 16 starts , 7 wins , 4 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 3 , 697 , 000
by the way , tonalist took an incredible amount of “late” money at the belmont . while his morning line was 8 - 1 , when he was 15 - 1 earlier on belmont day , some “experts” actually suggested that he couldn’t win because he wasn’t being bet . if you understand the game , you know that’s an absurdity on belmont day . in fact , he held at 11 - 1 for about an hour before post . but when the race was over , tonalist had been hit from 11 - 1 to a low 9 - 1 ( $ 20 . 40 ) , an astounding drop given the handle on the belmont .
tonalist is out of the winning pleasant colony mare settling mist , whose four stakes - producing half - sisters include the dams of horse of the year havre de grace and grade 1 winner riskaverse . it is the family of leading sire raja baba , champion plugged nickle , and grade 1 winners sauce boat and christiecat .
those words were gentler than those of steve coburn , who co - owns the colt with perry martin . coburn assailed tonalist for not competing in the triple crown ' s first two legs . instead of facing fresh horses in the belmont , coburn believes only those who start the kentucky derby should be eligible for the belmont .
2015 cigar mile results 1 . tonalist ( 2 / 1 ) 2 . red vine ( 8 / 1 ) 3 . matrooh ( 6 / 1 ) 4 . mshawish ( 10 / 1 ) 5 . private zone ( 6 / 5 ) 6 . full of mine ( 99 / 1 ) - marking ( scratched )
california chrome , the kentucky derby and preakness champion , was valiant in the role of history , but in the end he was no match for the spoiler , portrayed to perfection on saturday by tonalist , who ran the flawless sort of the race , with the same finishing kick , that chrome had run in louisville and baltimore .
cathy sweezey ( of consignor sweezey and partners ) kept dragging me over to see tonalist ( at the sale ) ,
evans said .
she took him out of the stall and told me he was the best horse she ' d ever been around ; she loved him , and i had to buy him .
tonalist # 11 , ridden by joel rosario , races to the finish line en route to winning the 146th running of the belmont stakes at belmont park on june 7 , 2014 in elmont , new york . california chrome # 2 tied for fourth in his bid for the triple crown . ( photo by al bello / getty images ) tonalist # 11 , ridden by joel rosario , races to the finish line en route to winning the 146th running of the belmont stakes at belmont park on june 7 , 2014 in elmont , new york . california chrome # 2 tied for fourth in his bid for the triple crown . ( photo by al bello / getty images )
in stark contrast , tonalist , with jockey joel rosario on board , showed zest aplenty up front . after a thrilling duel with commissioner , he passed the wire a head to the good . medal count ran on for third , while california chrome and wicked strong were a further length - and - three - quarters away in fourth .
the triple crown went unclaimed for a 36th year as tonalist captured the 146th running of the grade 1 , $ 1 . 5 million belmont stakes on saturday at belmont park by a head over commissioner , with kentucky derby and preakness winner california chrome finishing in a dead - heat for fourth in the
test of the champion .
only tonalist is back this year , and much has been made of his inability to win outside of new york , but his classic last year wasn’t bad . he was running at the end , and finishing behind california chrome and shared belief is not that bad considering either horse would have had a big chance in this year’s race .
amid the 120 , 000 gathered to witness the first triple crown winner for 36 years , the sharp pain of disappointment was more palpable than a sucker punch to the gut as california chrome trailed home only fourth—in a dead - heat with wicked strong—behind tonalist in the 146 th running of the $ 1 . 5m belmont stakes at belmont park .
on saturday , jockey joel rosario , who had also guided the colt’s win in the peter pan stakes , took tonalist on a flawless ride , sitting comfortably in third place for much of the race , about a length off pacesetter commissioner’s lead . he started to close at the homestretch , catching then passing commissioner to win by a head .
california chrome , the 4 - 5 favorite under victor espinoza , made a menacing outside move in upper stretch but had no final punch . near the early lead while saving ground , he was angled out on the final turn and had every chance to go past commissioner , but it was tonalist who closed best while california chrome labored home .
tonalist burst into national prominence with his victory in the belmont stakes , in which eventual horse of the year california chrome finished fourth in a triple crown bid . the victor went on to pick up two editions of the jockey club gold cup , and concluded his career with a final grade 1 tally in the cigar mile on nov . 28 .
tonalist shattered , once again , the notion that a horse today can win three races in five weeks at three different distances in an era where horses are bred and trained for speed , not stamina and , generally speaking , rarely race ( six or seven times a year for today’s top horses ) . california chrome finished in a dead heat for fourth .
cigar mile h . ( g1 ) : robert evans’ tonalist ( tapit ) had just one beat in midstretch but powered home dramatically on the outside to post a neck tally . the standout four - year - old colt finished off one mile on the fast main surface in 1 : 37 with john velazquez in the silks and is expected back in 2016 for trainer christophe clement .
the three horses who beat california chrome on saturday — tonalist , commissioner and medal count — combined to make just one start in either the derby or preakness . in fact , only two of california chrome’s 10 rivals saturday — ride on curlin and general a rod — had also competed in both the derby and preakness . most trainers these days seek a tactical advantage by resting their horses .
tonalist , with joel rosario riding , posted a narrow victory over commissioner in the 146th belmont stakes before a packed house saturday at belmont park as california chrome faded in the final furlong to finish in a dead heat for fourth , becoming the 12th kentucky derby and preakness winner to fail in the test of the champion since affirmed became the last horse to sweep the triple crown in 1978 .
one of the top older horses this year , tonalist has won six graded stakes from a mile to a mile and a half with earnings over $ 3 . 6m . he has run triple digit beyers in all of his seven starts this year , including the cigar mile ( g1 ) and a repeat win in the jockey club gold cup ( g1 ) . through sixteen lifetime starts , nine of which came in g1 company , he’s been off the board only twice . his career best 111 beyer is the 4th highest up to a mile this year . a leading three year old in 2014 , tonalist won three graded stakes including the belmont ( g1 ) and the jockey club gold cup ( g1 ) becoming the second three year old to accomplish that feat since easy goer in 1989 .
influences are too many to list but i’m interested in masters of light ; particularly spanish artist joaquin sorolla y bastida , the australian impressionists of the heidelberg school and the lesser known australian tonalist painters . also contemporary artists henry hensche , stuart shils , tibor nagy , kim cogan , jeremy mann ( the list goes on and on… ) stimulate my fascination with the different moods created by ever changing light .
the new york - bred colt has experienced tremendous success at belmont , his home park , with two other wins at the track apart from his triple crown triumph last june . unlike most horses , tonalist ' s final tune - up did not come at santa anita , as he has only had some casual gallops at the california track . nevertheless , he has received excellent reviews for his recent form :
tonalist’s ties to racing success run deep , as his pedigree is littered with belmont winners . the tapit colt was bred by rene and lauren woolcott’s woodslane farm in the plains , va . the couple , with a steeplechase background but relative newcomers to thoroughbred flat racing at the time , purchased the winning pleasant colony mare settling mist for $ 800 , 000 out of the 2007 keeneland november breeding stock sale . she is a half - sister to four stakes producers , including easter bunnette , dam of 2011 horse of the year havre de grace , and the bink , dam of multiple grade 1 winner riskaverse . tonalist’s pedigree also includes champion sprinter plugged nickle , 1992 belmont winner and breed - shaping sire a . p . indy , 1999 belmont winner and champion lemon drop kid , and 1990 preakness winner summer squall .
along with the win , tonalist will pick up a the bulk of the $ 1 . 5 million total race purse , receiving $ 800 , 000 . for second and third place , commissioner and medal count will take home $ 280 , 000 and $ 150 , 000 , respectively . the purse is higher than ever before in 2014 . it ' s up from $ 1 million , where it had been since 1998 .
although tonalist was an outside purchase , evans has found success with his own breeding program . his other top runners have included shared interest , a homebred daughter of pleasant colony who won the grade 1 ruffian handicap in 1993 . she went on to earn broodmare of the year honors , producing 1999 breeders’ cup juvenile fillies winner cash run and grade 1 king’s bishop stakes winner forestry , both of whom evans sold for seven figures as young horses .
the big bay continued to show his affinity for “big sandy” with a win in the westchester s . ( g3 ) in his four - year - old debut . he then successfully defended his jockey club gold cup title by 4 ¾ lengths over grade 1 winners wicked strong , effinex , and constitution . in the final win of his exceptional career , tonalist gamely outfinished his rivals for a neck victory in the cigar mile ( g1 ) .
honor code – after a breakthrough win in the grade i metropolitan handicap ( the met mile ) over tonalist at belmont park , honor code is stretching back out to 1 - 1 / 8 miles as he targets the grade i whitney for trainer shug mcgaughey . the four - year - old son of a . p . indy is among the last and looks to be a promising older horse as he continues to train well and look good in his races .
“i want to thank christophe clement and his team for their great work . this horse retired sound and only ran on lasix . what he’s been able to accomplish is a great testament to the horsemanship of christophe , ” said owner r . s . evans . “i’m very excited to partner with lane’s end on the next stage of this horse’s career . tonalist will be a great fit there . they have an excellent reputation of making racehorses like him into prolific stallions . ”
private zone just couldn’t get anything going in this race despite coming out of the gates in the lead . it simply seemed like private zone wasn’t ready to put forth his best effort as he faded down the mile stretch and watched helplessly as tonalist thundered ahead . he would fade to fifth , beating out 99 / 1 longshot full of mine . the highly touted mshawish , who debuted on dirt for the first time , checked while matrooh was able to slip in with a show .
tonalist , a 9 - 1 shot coming out of the outside ( no . 11 ) gate , skipped both the kentucky derby and preakness and was the least experienced horse in the field , having raced only four times previous to the belmont . but one of those races was an impressive , four - length win may 10 in the peter pan stakes on the same belmont track where he prevailed saturday . his dazzling workouts in the days leading up to this race were the talk of the track .
tonalist was sent to wayne and cathy sweezey’s timber town stable in lexington , ky . , to prep for the 2012 fasig - tipton saratoga selected yearling sale . but despite his loaded catalog page , the colt , who was going through a growth spurt at the time , failed to meet his reserve with a high bid of $ 195 , 000 . robert evans had yearlings in the sweezeys’ consignment who also failed to sell but was urged to take a closer look at the colt sharing the barn .
tonalist was awesome in the peter pan , winning by four lengths in the slop and making him a prime candidate for the belmont . under the coburn theory , you should have to race in all three triple crown races . but what if a horse gets sick before a prep race , gets injured walking out of his stall a day or a week before the derby , or gets a fever the day before or the day of the derby , he should then be not allowed to participate in any triple crown race ?
in what can only be described as a bizarre turn of events , one of california chrome’s owners , steven coburn , lost his mind and took the low road after the defeat . with kenny rice of nbc letting him rant on on national television , coburn , one of the sorest losers ever , went on an incredible rant , saying that racing in one leg of the triple crown “was a coward’s way out . ” he later told yahoo ! sports that the connections of tonalist were “cheaters” by only racing in one leg of the triple crown .
tonalist , owned by robert s . evans and trained by christophe clement , returned $ 20 . 40 after finishing the 1 1 / 2 - mile distance in 2 : 28 . 52 over a fast track . commissioner , on the lead throughout under javier castellano at 28 - 1 , only gave way in the final yards when losing by a head . medal count , a 24 - 1 shot , was third , another length back , while california chrome dead - heated for fourth with wicked strong , another three - quarters of a length back .
while the chase for the first winner of all three triple crown races in 36 years was evidently newsworthy , the hoopla did overshadow amazing performances by a variety of thoroughbreds during the 2014 season . two - time horse of the year wise dan continued his dominance , bayern ripped through the competition and tonalist denied california chrome of an historic glory . perhaps the biggest surprise of the year was take charge brandi , who ascended from practically nowhere to take home a breeders ' cup event against significant odds , establishing herself as a favorite for 2014 juvenile filly of the year .
2015 saratoga season seasoned with superstars : july 24 , 2015 , marks another summer start at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , new york . saratoga is over 150 years deep in history surrounding the great sport of horse racing , and its meet has always given horse racing some of its greatest moments . the travers , woodward , and whitney are only a few races that draw superstar horses each year . this year promises to be no different . some horses that the horseman and fan need to watch out for upon their visits to saratoga this year include carpe diem , frosted , tonalist , and honor code . here’s a look at some small profiles of prominent and likely saratoga visitors .
so much of an approach to your question depends on whether one is a tonalist ( and emphasizes values ) or a colorist ( and emphasizes hues / temperatures ) . tonalists and colorists may use very different approaches to the issue you raise . sling paint ! virgil ah , virgil , you hit the nail on the head in my case . i just started landscape painting last year , and have such a hard time with it , much more so than figure painting or still life . i recently figured out through looking in many landscape art books ( not just watercolor ) , that part of my problem is trying to prioritize which approach to use for a painting , i think i want to be a colorist , but in reality , think i ' m more of a tonalist painter . mitchel albala ' s
landscape painting
book ( not watercolor ) explores this with some examples , like the dutch painters of the 17th century focusing on value contrast ( tonalists with little colors in their paintings ) , versus impressionists , who used a color priority approach and less value contrast . zoodlemaker and anyone else interested in landscape paintings , i ' d recommend checking out mitchel albala ' s book even though he focuses on oil painting . another book i ' ve found helpful is ian roberts '
mastering composition
, which deals not only with landscaping , but still life and even some figure work . i ' m still struggling , but feel i ' m on a better path after reading those two books . barbara
z , you ' ve asked a good question for which there is no single answer . char has given you a good explanation of atmospheric perspective , which is used to give a three - dimensional appearance to landscape paintings on two - dimensional surfaces . so much of an approach to your question depends on whether one is a tonalist ( and emphasizes values ) or a colorist ( and emphasizes hues / temperatures ) . tonalists and colorists may use very different approaches to the issue you raise . yet another approach might found in how painters handle shape and form . for example , are forms flat / two - dimensional , or are the forms modeled / three - dimensional ? probably the best answer is for you to search lots of landscape paintings , see what works , what doesn ' t and what you like / dislike . in the end , it ' s your painting ! sling paint ! virgil
“he’s 17 hands , a great big boy , sort of like his grandfather , pleasant colony , ” evans said . “christophe doesn’t push horses . he takes great care of his horses , and i’m patient . i’ve been in the game a long time , and i know you have to be patient , take care of the horse , and that’s what we did . … he was sick before the wood memorial , and we couldn’t run him in it , so we couldn’t run in the derby , [ and ] we aimed for the peter pan . christophe clement did a good job of getting him ready , and he surprised me . it wasn’t a very nice day – there were thunderstorms , lots of rain , and a muddy track . and [ tonalist ] just galloped , and that’s the clue he was a good horse because he was only three - quarters fit . so we had four weeks to get ready for [ the belmont ] , and christophe had him just right . ”
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drivers endure high gas prices , dangerous weather on so - called ' terrible tuesday ' with 40 million americans on the road and gas prices up 62 cents per gallon , travelers are warned to expect the worst .
delta bans pit bulls from flying as service animals the updated policy comes after two incidents where employees were bitten by a customer ' s emotional support animal .
while one of california chrome’s owners turned himself into a national fool in a matter of minutes , the focus should be on the race , not the self - proclaimed “dumb - ass” owner .


it is endemic to penang island , malaysia .

records from elsewhere represent other species ; the mainland records are referable to ansonia malayana and ansonia jeetsukumarani .

its natural habitats are rocky streams in rainforests .

ansonia penangensis

information on the penang stream toad ( ansonia penangensis ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
figure 1 . ( e ) natural habitat of ansonia penangensis ( photo : evan quah s . h . ) .
figure 1 . ( a ) ansonia penangensis ( usmhc 0001 ) from penang hill , penang , west malaysia ( b ) ventral view of a . penangensis ( usmhc 0001 )
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ansonia penangensis — inger , 1954 , fieldiana , zool . , 33 : 239 . inger , 1960 , fieldiana , zool . , 39 : 476 .
ansonia penangensis is a species of toad in the family bufonidae . it is endemic to malaysia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers .
bufo ( ansonia ) penangensis — mocquard , 1890 , nouv . arch . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 3 , 2 : 160 .
( c ) tadpole of a . penangensis clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream
peter paul van dijk , jeet sukumaran , indraneil das , norsham yaakob , leong tzi ming , yodchaiy chuaynkern 2004 . ansonia penangensis . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t164782a115305123 . urltoken
( d ) partially metamorphosed froglet of a . penangensis ( all photos : evan quah s . h . ) .
van dijk , p . p . , sukumaran , j . , das , i . , yaakob , n . , tzi ming , l . & chuaynkern , y . 2004 . ansonia penangensis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 21 july 2007 .
bufo penangensis — boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 287 .
there is much confusion surrounding the status of this species relative to ansonia malayana . populations that have been assigned to this species on the isthmus of kra and from fraser ' s hill in malaysia are considered here to refer to a . malayana , a position which is supported by grismer ( 2006 ) ( who treats a . penangensis as endemic to penang island ) . however , it is not clear that these two species are distinct from each other , and further taxonomic work is needed . records of a . penangensis from sumatra , indonesia , are now assigned to a . glandulosa .
similar to other species of ansonia that show very limited and specific ranges ( grismer 2006a , b ; wood et al . 2008 , matsui et al . 2009 ) , a . penangensis is endemic only to penang island . earlier reports by berry , 1975 of this species occurring sympatrically with a . malayana is erroneous . berry , 1975 never listed any vouchered specimens that were deposited at any museums or institutions . exhaustive searches have not yielded any evidence of the presence of a . malayana on penang island .
ansonia penangensis stoliczka , 1870 , j . asiat . soc . bengal , 39 : 152 . syntypes : location not designated ; zsic 2717 - 18 , 3585 - 86 considered syntypes by chanda , das , and dubois , 2001
2000
, hamadryad , 25 : 102 - 103 , who discussed them . sclater , 1892 , list batr . indian mus . : 27 , listed only 3585 - 86 and questioned whether they were actually syntypes . type locality :
on penang , two near the great water - fall ( above alexandra bath ) , and two in a narrow gorge about half way up the penang hill
, malaysia .
natural history : all individuals were collected between 1900 - 2100 h , following periods of afternoon precipitation . all specimens were found on the ground amongst leaf litter near a trail in evergreen forest with a thin canopy and gaps in the canopy , approximately 300 m from a river ( figure 1e ; n 05 . 44º , e 100 . 28º , 263 m elevation ) . tadpoles were found , clinging onto the rocks in fast flowing portions of the river ( figure 1c ) . these observations are similar to the remarks made by boulenger ( 1912 ) and flower ( 1899 ) who noted the tadpoles of a . penangensis can be found in swift - flowing hill - streams . a partially metamorphosed froglet was also observed ( figure 1d ) . the tadpole and the partially metamorphosed froglet were not collected , but these findings indicate breeding by a . penangensis in this river .
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justification : listed as vulnerable because it is known from only a single location .
this species is known only from penang island , malaysia . its altitudinal range is not known .
there is very little information . the collection of tadpoles on penang hill in 2004 represents the first records of the species in over 100 years ; this absence of records might be a reflection of inadequate surveying effort .
the forest habitat at the type locality is well protected ; other potential threats are presently unknown .
the hill forests on penang hill are currently protected as a catchment area for georgetown , and the lower reaches are within the penang botanical gardens . nonetheless , the population status of this species requires careful monitoring , given that it is known only from a single location .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
peter paul van dijk , jeet sukumaran , indraneil das , norsham yaakob , leong tzi ming , yodchaiy chuaynkern . 2004 .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t164782a115305123 .
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as endemic to penang island ) . however , it is not clear that these two species are distinct from each other , and further taxonomic work is needed . records of
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penang stream toad ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 39 ) .
please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .
for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
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new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region
ป้ายกำกับ : 2011 , amphibia - caudata , anura - frog , author : l . l . grismer , bufonidae , herpetology - frog ; reptile snake , malaysia , redescription , rediscovery , zootaxa
wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .
[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand
begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .
chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .
great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .
endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .
aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .
bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .
the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .
nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .
begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .
[ herpetology • 2011 ] myron karnsi & m . resetari • . . .
[ herpetology • 2011 ] a reptile survey in a dry dec . . .
[ herpetology • 1995 ] 6 new brookesia | b . ambreens . . .
[ herpetology • 2006 ] 3 new rhampholeon | r . beradu . . .
[ herpetology • 2002 ] lipinia nitens ( peters , 1871 ) . . .
[ ichthyology • 2008 ] 5 new puntius ( teleostei : cyp . . .
[ ichthyology • 2005 ] puntius tiantian & p . didi • . . .
[ ichthyology • 2008 ] puntius reval • a new barb ( t . . .
on this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
anomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .
the benefits and costs of academic travel . or
there and back again ; again and again
canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4
plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .
i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .
necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden
this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 15 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .