the eastern long-eared bat , ( nyctophilus bifax ) , is a species of vesper bat .

it is found in australia , indonesia , and papua new guinea .

in australia , the range extends into subtropical regions .

this species is insectivorous and roosts in trees .

eastern long - eared bat

the eastern long - eared bat was previously considered to be a subspecies of the greater long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis , but has since been described as a separate species ( parnaby 2009 ) .
the eastern long - eared bat is thought to roost solitarily under the loose bark , and in the crevices and hollows of trees .
increase the understanding of critical aspects of the biology and ecology of the eastern long - eared bat that will assist in the long - term management of the species .
eastern long - eared bat ( queensland department of environment and heritage protection ( qld dehp ) , 2013h ) [ state action plan ] .
corben ' s long - eared bat - profile ( office of environment & heritage , 2012d ) [ internet ] .
parnaby , h . ( 1995 ) . greater long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis . chatswood , nsw : reed books .
schulz , m . and lumsden , l . 2010 . ( draft ) national recovery plan for the south - eastern long - eared bat nyctophilus corbeni . victorian department of sustainability and environment .
koehler , s . ( 2006 ) . new record of a greater long - eared bat in victoria . australasian bat society newsletter . 26 : 43 - 44 .
the eastern long - eared bat is found in the murray - darling basin of southern central queensland , inland new south wales , north - western victoria and far - eastern south australia . it is rarely recorded throughout most of its distribution , except for some parts of north - eastern new south wales where it is more common .
the draft recovery plan for the eastern long - eared bat ( schultz and lumsden 2010 ) aims to secure the long - term protection of the species by reducing the impact of threatening processes , and improving the information available to guide recovery .
schulz , m . & l . lumsden ( 2010 ) . ( draft ) national recovery plan for the south - eastern long - eared bat nyctophilus corbeni . victorian department of sustainability and environment .
leave dead and dying trees standing : like most eastern bats , the northern long - eared bat roosts in trees during summer . where possible and not a safety hazard , leave dead or dying trees on your property . northern long - eared bats and many other animals use these trees .
parnaby , h . ( 1995 ) eastern long - eared bat nyctophilus bifax . pp . 500 - 1 in strahan , r . ( ed . ) the mammals of australia . reed books , sydney .
turbill , c . & m . ellis ( 2006 ) . distribution and abundance of the south eastern form of the greater long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis . australian mammalogy . 28 : 1 - 7 .
the eastern long - eared bat is a small - medium sized bat with large ribbed ears that join across the top of the head and a prominent noseleaf or expanded flange of skin around the nostrils . it can be distinguished from the similar gould’s long - eared bat by its tan to rich fawn colour and less prominent twin lobes or “bumps” behind the noseleaf . the ears are also generally shorter than gould ' s long - eared bat . there are also distinct differences in the morphology of the penis between this species and other similar species .
lumsden , l . , j . nelson & m . lindeman ( 2008 ) . ecological research on the eastern long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis ( south - eastern form ) . a report to the mallee catchment management authority . heidelberg , victoria : arthur rylah institute for environmental research , department of sustainability and environment .
law , b . , l . gonsalves , m . chidel & t . brassil ( 2016 ) . subtle use of a disturbance mosaic by the south - eastern long - eared bat ( nyctophilus corbeni ) : an extinction - prone , narrow - space bat . wildlife research . 43 ( 2 ) : 153 - 168 .
the eastern long - eared bat hunts be perching 5 - 10 m above the ground and wait for their prey to come in range . if they don’t catch their food ( usually moths ) within 3 - 5 minutes they will move to another perch in the nearby vicinity .
the eastern long - eared bat hunts for insects in the air , from foliage and the ground . it eats beetles , bugs , moths , grasshoppers and crickets . these bats are thought to play an important role in controlling the abundance of foliage - feeding insects in remnant vegetation and rural areas .
turbill , c . , l . lumsden & g . ford ( 2008 ) . south - eastern long - eared bat nyctophilus sp . . in : van dyck , s . and r . strahan , ( eds . ) , eds . the mammals of australia . sydney , new holland .
lumsden , l . f . ( 1994 ) . the distribution , habitat and conservation status of the greater long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis in victoria . victorian naturalist . 111 : 4 - 9 .
appearance : the northern long - eared bat is a medium - sized bat with a body length of 3 to 3 . 7 inches but a wingspan of 9 to 10 inches . their fur color can be medium to dark brown on the back and tawny to pale - brown on the underside . as its name suggests , this bat is distinguished by its long ears , particularly as compared to other bats in its genus , myotis .
dominelli , s . ( 2000 ) . distribution , roost requirements and foraging behaviour of the greater long - eared bat ( nyctophilus timoriensis ) and the little pied bat ( chalinolobus picatus ) in the bookmark biosphere reserve . unpublished report . unpublished report to the bookmark biosphere trust , south australia .
spread the word : understanding the important ecological role that bats play is a key to conserving the northern long - eared and other bats . helping people learn more about the northern long bat and other endangered species can lead to more effective recovery efforts . visit urltoken for more information about white - nose syndrome .
listing : the northern long - eared bat is listed as a threatened species under the federal endangered species act . listing a species affords it the protections of the act and also increases the priority of the species for funds , grants , and recovery opportunities .
ellis , m . , l . lumsden , m . schulz , t . reardon , g . richards & g . hoye ( 1999 ) . eastern long - eared bat . pp . 42 - 43 . in : duncan , a . , g . b . baker , and n . montgomery . ( eds . ) . the action plan for australian bats . canberra : environment australia .
support sustainability : support efforts in your community , county and state to ensure that sustainability is a development goal . only through sustainable living will we provide rare and declining species , like the northern long - eared bat , the habitat and resources they need to survive along with us .
pennay , m . ( 2002 ) . greater long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis . appendix 2 , brigalow belt south stage two , vertebrate fauna survey , analysis and modelling . unpublished report . page ( s ) 30 - 31 . sydney , planning nsw , resource and conservation division .
parnaby , h 2009 . a taxonomic review of australian greater long - eared bats previously known as nyctophilus timoriensis ( chiroptera : vespertilionidae ) and some associated taxa , australian zoologist . 35 , 39 - 81 .
white - nose syndrome : no other threat is as severe and immediate as the disease , white - nose syndrome . if this disease had not emerged , it is unlikely the northern long - eared bat would be experiencing such a dramatic population decline . since symptoms were first observed in new york in 2006 , white - nose syndrome has spread rapidly from the northeast to the midwest and southeast ; an area that includes the core of the northern long - eared bat’s range where it was most common before this disease . numbers of northern long - eared bats ( from hibernacula counts ) have declined by up to 99 percent in the northeast . although there is uncertainty about the rate that white - nose syndrome will spread throughout the species’ range , it is expected to spread throughout the united states in the foreseeable future .
summer habitat : during the summer , northern long - eared bats roost singly or in colonies underneath bark , in cavities or in crevices of both live trees and snags ( dead trees ) . males and non - reproductive females may also roost in cooler places , like caves and mines . northern long - eared bats seem to be flexible in selecting roosts , choosing roost trees based on suitability to retain bark or provide cavities or crevices . this bat has also been found rarely roosting in structures , like barns and sheds .
parnaby , h ( 2009 ) . a taxonomic review of australian greater long - eared bats previously known as nyctophilus timoriensis ( chiroptera : vespertilionidae ) and some associated taxa . australian zoologist . 35 : 39 - 81 .
wind farm operation : wind turbines kill bats , and , depending on the species , in very large numbers . mortality has been documented for northern long - eared bats , although a small number have been found to date . however , there are many wind projects within a large portion of the bat’s range and many more are planned .
install a bat box : dead and dying trees are usually not left standing , so trees suitable for roosting may be in short supply and bat boxes may provide additional roost sites . bat boxes are especially needed from april to august when females look for safe and quiet places to give birth and raise their pups .
range : the northern long - eared bat’s range includes much of the eastern and north central united states , and all canadian provinces from the atlantic ocean west to the southern yukon territory and eastern british columbia . the species’ range includes the following 37 states and the district of columbia : alabama , arkansas , connecticut , delaware , georgia , illinois , indiana , iowa , kansas , kentucky , louisiana , maine , maryland , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , mississippi , missouri , montana , nebraska , new hampshire , new jersey , new york , north carolina , north dakota , ohio , oklahoma , pennsylvania , rhode island , south carolina , south dakota , tennessee , vermont , virginia , west virginia , wisconsin , and wyoming .
the northern long - eared bat is federally listed as a threatened species under the endangered species act . endangered species are animals and plants that are in danger of becoming extinct . threatened species are animals and plants that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future . identifying , protecting , and restoring endangered and threatened species is the primary objective of the u . s . fish and wildlife service’s endangered species program .
[ … ] slate grey to brown fur on the back and ash grey on the belly . this species has longer ears than n . bifax bifax ; they are usually 24 to 30 mm long . this bat is known for its habit of changing roost sites [ … ]
feeding habits : like most bats , northern long - eared bats emerge at dusk to feed . they primarily fly through the understory of forested areas feeding on moths , flies , leafhoppers , caddisflies , and beetles , which they catch while in flight using echolocation or by gleaning motionless insects from vegetation .
lumsden , l . f . & a . f . bennett ( 2006 ) . flexibility and specificity in the roosting ecology of the lesser long - eared bat nyctophilus geoffroyi : a common and widespread australian species . pp . 290 - 307 . in : akbar , z . , g . f . mccracken , and t . h . kunz . ( eds . ) . functional and evolutionary ecology of bats . new york : oxford university press .
loss or degradation of summer habitat : loss or degradation of summer habitat : highway construction , commercial development , surface mining , and wind facility construction permanently remove habitat and are activities prevalent in many areas of this bat’s range . forest management benefits northern long - eared bats by keeping areas forested rather than converted to other uses . but , depending on type and timing , forest management activities can cause mortality and temporarily remove or degrade roosting and foraging habitat .
department of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2006pt ) . nyctophilus timoriensis ( south - eastern form ) in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . unpublished species profile . canberra , act : deh . available from : urltoken .
winter habitat : northern long - eared bats spend winter hibernating in caves and mines , called hibernacula . they use areas in various sized caves or mines with constant temperatures , high humidity , and no air currents . within hibernacula , surveyors find them hibernating most often in small crevices or cracks , often with only the nose and ears visible .
addressing wind turbine mortality : the service and others are working to minimize bat mortality from wind turbines on several fronts . we fund and conduct research to determine why bats are susceptible to turbines , how to operate turbines to minimize mortality and where important bird and bat migration routes are located . the service , state natural resource agencies , and wind energy industry are developing a midwest wind energy habitat conservation plan that will provide wind farms a mechanism to continue operating legally while minimizing and mitigating listed bat mortality .
this species is brown to tan in colour and has long ears from 19 to 27 mm . its diagnostic feature is the low , rounded and hairless ridge on the muzzle behind the noseleaf .
the subspecies nyctophilus bifax daedalus , which occurs from gulf of carpentaria , eastern queensland to western australia may soon be elevated to species status ( h . parnaby pers . comm . ) . records of this species from new guinea , although included here , are unlikely to represent this species ( parnaby and churchill 2008 ) .
this bat has long ears and a shallow muzzle ridge groove . the fur is dark grey - brown with slightly lighter tips . it weighs between 11 - 20 g , with females ( 14 - 21 g ) usually heavier than males ( 11 - 15 g ) . it has a head to body length of 50 - 75 mm , and a tail length of 35 - 50 mm .
found from cape york through eastern queensland to the far north - east corner of nsw . in nsw they appear to be confined to the coastal plain and nearby coastal ranges , extending south to the clarence river area , with a few records further south around coffs harbour . the species can be locally common within its restricted range .
bat roosts - north east nsw . natural resource management advisory series : note 7 ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 2004b ) [ information sheet ] .
bat calls of new south wales - region based guide to the echolocation calls of microchiropteran bats ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 2004a ) [ database ] .
after fertilization , pregnant females migrate to summer areas where they roost in small colonies and give birth to a single pup . maternity colonies of females and young generally have 30 to 60 bats at the beginning of the summer , although larger maternity colonies have also been seen . numbers of individuals in roosts , typically decreases from pregnancy to post - lactation . most bats within a maternity colony give birth around the same time , which may occur from late may or early june to late july , depending where the colony is located within the species’ range . young bats start flying by 18 to 21 days after birth . maximum lifespan for the northern long - eared bat is estimated to be up to to 18 . 5 years .
other sources of mortality : although no significant population declines have been observed due to the sources of mortality listed below , they may now be important factors affecting this bat’s viability until we find ways to address white - nose syndrome .
law , b . & j . anderson ( 1999 ) . a survey for the southern myotis myotis macropus ( vespertilionidae ) and other bat species in river red gum eucalyptus camaldulensis forests of the murray river , new south wales . australian zoologist . 31 : 166 - 174 .
this species has been found to range up to 7 . 06 km from its roost when foraging at night . most roosts are used for just a single day before the bat moves to a new roost site , and it can move large distances ( up to 5 . 88 km ) between consecutive roost sites .
this microbat species has a scattered distribution mostly within the murray - darling basin , but with some records outside of this area . it is more common in box , ironbark and cypress pine woodland on the western slopes and plains . its stronghold seems to be the pilliga scrub . it roosts in tree hollows , crevices and under loose bark . it is a slow flying agile bat that hunts for non - flying prey , especially caterpillars and beetles ( oeh 2012 ) .
impacts to hibernacula : gates or other structures intended to exclude people from caves and mines not only restrict bat flight and movement , but also change airflow and internal cave and mine microclimates . a change of even a few degrees can make a cave unsuitable for hibernating bats . also , cave - dwelling bats are vulnerable to human disturbance while hibernating . arousal during hibernation causes bats to use up their already reduced energy stores , which may lead to individuals not surviving the winter .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
lamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medellín , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )
justification : this species is listed as least concern . although it is known only from a few localities in new guinea , the species is widespread in australia , does not appear to have any major threats , and there is no reason to believe the species is in decline .
this species has been recorded from northern australia and the island of new guinea ( papua province , indonesia and papua new guinea ) . in australia it is present in north western australia , north northern territory , coastal queensland , and north - east new south wales . on new guinea , it has only been recorded from a few widely scattered localities . it ranges from sea level to 500 m asl in queensland ( l . hall pers . comm . ) , but probably occurs 0 - 400 m asl elsewhere .
in queensland it is common and widespread , and in the west of the range it is common but localised ( n . mckenzie pers . comm . ) . in new guinea , it is known only from a few specimens .
this species forages for insects in rainforest and sclerophyll woodland , and it is often associated with waterbodies in these habitats ( bonaccorso 1998 ; parnaby and churchill 2008 ) . in the kimberley and pilbara , it is found in rainforest and riparian zones ( n . mckenzie pers . comm . ) . animals roost communally in hollow tress , dense foliage , or in houses . females often give birth to twins ( parnaby and churchill 2008 ) .
in general there appear to be no major threats to this species . however , they require a range of available roosting sites for survival ( parnaby and churchill 2008 ) . the status of populations on new guinea needs further investigation ( bonaccorso 1998 ) . riparian zones are being degraded throughout australia , which may pose local threats ( n . mckenzie pers . comm . ) .
it is present in many protected areas in northern australia and has been recorded from the kau wildlife area in papua new guinea . further studies are needed into the distribution , status , and threats to this species on new guinea . additional taxonomic research is also needed .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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the areas shown in pink and / purple are the sub - regions where the species or community is known or predicted to occur . they may not occur thoughout the sub - region but may be restricted to certain areas . ( click here to see geographic restrictions ) . the information presented in this map is only indicative and may contain errors and omissions .
lowland subtropical rainforest and wet and swamp eucalypt forest , extending into adjacent moist eucalypt forest .
roosts in tree hollows , the hanging foliage of palms , in dense clumps of foliage of rainforest trees , under bark and in shallow depressions on trunks and branches , among epiphytes , in the roots of strangler figs , among dead fronds of tree ferns and less often in buildings .
click on a region below to view detailed distribution , habitat and vegetation information .
clearing , fragmentation and isolation of lowland subtropical rainforest , wet and swamp eucalypt forest and coastal scrub , particularly forest and scrub close to the coast , for agricultural , residential and other development .
loss of hollow - bearing trees and stands of palms and rainforest trees used for roosting and maternity sites .
a targeted strategy for managing this species has been developed under the saving our species program ; click here for details . for more information on the saving our species program click here
assist with removal of weeds , particularly with bitou bush control in coastal areas .
protect known and potential habitat , particularly low elevation rainforest and coastal scrub from clearing , fragmentation and isolation .
churchill , s . ( 1998 ) australian bats . new holland , sydney .
churchill , s . ( 2008 ) australian bats . second edition . new holland , sydney .
nsw national parks and wildlife service ( 2002 ) threatened species of the upper north coast of nsw : fauna . ( nsw npws , coffs harbour )
close the former department of environment and heritage protection is merging to form the new department of environment and science . this site will be updated while the new department of environment and science website is being established .
conservation status : this species is listed as vulnerable in queensland ( nature conservation act 1992 ) and nationally ( environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ) . it is ranked as a medium priority under the department of environment and heritage protection back on track species prioritisation framework .
in queensland its preferred habitat is eucalypt woodland , although it has also been recorded from rainforest with hoop pines in the bunya mountains , and in semi evergreen vine thickets on the banks of the dawson river . it is most abundant in vegetation with a distinct canopy and a dense cluttered shrub layer .
in queensland , pregnant and lactating females have been trapped in november . these females are believed to roost in groups in larger tree hollows .
curtis , l , dennis , a , mcdonald , kr , kyne , pm and debus , sjs . 2012 . queensland’s threatened animals . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria .
department of the environment and energy ( doee ) 2017 . nyctophilus corbeni in species profile and threats database , doee , canberra .
duncan , a , baker , gb and montgomery , n ( eds . ) 1999 the action plan for australian bats . environment australia , canberra .
churchhill , s 2009 australian bats ( second edition ) . allen and unwin , sydney .
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 1
( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .
trees with hollows . north east nsw . natural resource management advisory series : note 1 ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 2004g ) [ information sheet ] .
enhancing biodiversity hotspots along western queensland stock routes ( queensland department of environment and resource management ( qld derm ) , 2009a ) [ management plan ] .
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
threats to the species include habitat loss and fragmentation , fire and reduction of hollow availability .
for the most current information relating to the species and to assist with regulatory considerations , refer to its conservation advice . recent research has also been undertaken ( law et al . 2016 ) .
dewha ( 2007 ) . loss of terrestrial climatic habitat caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases . available from : urltoken .
duncan , a . , g . b . baker & n . montgomery ( 1999 ) . the action plan for australian bats . canberra : environment australia . available from : urltoken .
lumsden , l . & a . bennett ( 2000 ) . bats in rural landscapes : a significant but largely unknown faunal component . t . barlow & r . thorburn , eds . bushcare grassy landscapes conference . page ( s ) 42 - 50 . canberra : environment australia , biodiversity group .
mcfarland , d . , m . venz & t . reis ( 1999 ) . priority species summaries . an attachment to the report : terrestrial vertebrate fauna of the brigalow belt south bioregion : assessment and analysis for conservation planning . brisbane : biodiversity planning , environmental protection agency .
van dyck , s . & r . strahan ( 2008 ) . the mammals of australia , third edition . page ( s ) 880 . sydney : reed new holland .
venz , m . , m . mathieson & m . schulz ( 2002 ) . fauna of the lower dawson river floodplain - an assessment of fauna downstream of the proposed nathan dam . in : forest ecosystem research and assessment . forest ecosystem research and assessment , indooroopilly : queensland parks and wildlife service .
australian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2001h ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 29 / 03 / 2001 ) . f2005b02658 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 04 - apr - 2001 .
commonwealth of australia ( 2011e ) . amendment to the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 119 ) ( 01 / 08 / 2011 ) . f2011l01660 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 17 - aug - 2011 .
anonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . nyctophilus corbeni in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 49 : 45 + 1000 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
bhatti , j . s . 1978 ,
a revision of karny ' s species of anaphothrips of the oriental region ( thysanoptera : thripidae )
, senckenbergiana biologica , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 27
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2bfe1f0f - 0730 - 4472 - a625 - 64e3d128fa75
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3a276fcf - 77d3 - 4e83 - 8772 - 3f393ba5b49e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6c1e9fe6 - aaa9 - 43ec - 851d - 65adbe0e4da6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : efe63af5 - 89a6 - 4d09 - 90b8 - 205a9407cab8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 330649
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
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the midwest region includes illinois , indiana , iowa , michigan , minnesota , missouri , ohio and wisconsin . find a location near you
reproduction : breeding begins in late summer or early fall when males begin to swarm near hibernacula . after copulation , females store sperm during hibernation until spring . in spring , they emerge from their hibernacula , ovulate and the stored sperm fertilizes an egg . this strategy is called delayed fertilization .
disease management : actions have been taken to try to reduce or slow the spread of white - nose syndrome through human transmission of the fungus into caves ( e . g . cave and mine closures and advisories ; national decontamination protocols ) . a national plan was prepared by the service and other state and federal agencies that details actions needed to investigate and manage white - nose syndrome . many state and federal agencies , universities and non - governmental organizations are researching this disease to try to control its spread and address its affect . see urltoken for more .
hibernacula protection : many federal and state natural resource agencies and conservation organizations have protected caves and mines that are important hibernacula for cave - dwelling bats .
do not disturb hibernating bats : to protect bats and their habitats , comply with all cave and mine closures , advisories , and regulations . in areas without a cave and mine closure policy , follow approved decontamination protocols ( see urltoken ) - under no circumstances should clothing , footwear , or equipment that was used in a white - nose syndrome affected state or region be used in unaffected states or regions .
join and volunteer : join a conservation group ; many have local chapters . volunteer at a local nature center , zoo , or national wildlife refuge . many state natural resource agencies benefit greatly from citizen involvement in monitoring wildlife . check your state agency websites and get involved in citizen science efforts in your area .
u . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia
they like to live in wetter areas that include rainforest , monsoon forest , riparian forest , swamps and mangroves . they roost under peeling bark , hollows and in depressions on tree trunks in colonies of no more than 10 individuals .
twin young are born in october . a mother bats is able to carry the twins until their collective weight nearly equals her own .
hawks , owls , pythons and feral cats . loss of trees , land clearing and wildfires
sources : churchill , s . ( 2008 ) australian bats ( 2nd edition ) . allen and unwin , sydney . hall , l . ( 2009 ) bats , a wild australia guide . steve parish publishing , queensland . atlas of living australia
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heterodon simus , commonly known as the southern hog-nosed snake , is a harmless snake species endemic to the southeastern united states .

no subspecies are currently recognized .

southern hognose snake

the shaded region represents the range of the southern hognose snake in north carolina .
southern hognose snakes are not as common as the eastern hognose snake . southerns are considered a species of concern in south carolina .
but these snakes are also known by many other common names such as texas hognose snake , prairie hognose snake , bluffer , blow snake , spoonbill snake , spreadhead snake , texas rooter , and faux viper .
like its larger cousin , the eastern hognose snake , southern hognose snakes also feign death to discourage potential predators . the southern has a more sharply upturned snout than the eastern .
the southern hognose snake is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the eastern hognose snake is found in the eastern half of the united states from central new england to florida . it is also found in southern canada . the eastern hognose snake is found in southern new hampshire .
their range extends from southern canada to northern mexico through the central united states . in canada , it ' s found in southern alberta , southern saskatchewan , and southern manitoba .
description : the southern hognose snake has an upturned snout , like its larger cousin the eastern hognose snake . southern hognose snakes are very stocky and have patterns of large , dark brown blotches on a tan or light gray background . their bellies are whitish and usually mottled with gray or brown . the southern hognose has a dark stripe running between its eye and the corner of its mouth . southern hognose snakes can be distinguished from eastern hognose snakes by the coloration under the tail , which is similar to that of their belly .
faking death is a tactic the eastern hognose snake uses when confronted by a predator .
western hognose snake ( h . n . nasicus - baird & girard , 1852 )
gloyd ' s hognose snake ( h . n . gloydi - edgren , 1952 )
kennerly ' s hognose snake ( h . n . kennerlyi - kennicott , 1860 )
in north america , the eastern hognose snakes share the genus heterodon with two other species , the southern hognose heterodon simus and the western hognose heterodon nasicus . the western hognose h . nasicus has three sub - species , the plains hognose h . n . nasicus , the dusty hognose h . n . gloydi and the mexican hognose h . n . kennerlyi .
southern hognose snakes are carnivores , primarily consuming frogs , toads , lizards , small rodents and insects .
to deter predators , the southern hognose snake uses a variety of defensive behaviours including puffing up its head , flattening its neck , hissing continuously and pretending to strike . the snake also employs an alternative strategy , rolling onto its back and playing dead . the southern hognose snake’s defensive display is less elaborate than that of other hognose snakes ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 11 ) .
this species occurs widely in the united states , extending into southern canada . its range extends from southern new england through southern ontario to minnesota and south dakota , and south to southern texas , the gulf coast , and southern florida ( conant and collins 1991 , ernst and ernst 2003 ) .
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jenson , j . 2004 . southern hognose snake heterodon simus . pp . 42 - 43 in r mirarchi , m bailey , t haggerty , t best , eds .
endemic to north america , the southern hognose snake is only found in the southeast of the united states . it is distributed from eastern north carolina to southern florida , and as far west as south - eastern mississippi . however , a recent population survey failed to locate the southern hognose snake in mississippi or alabama , and it is possible that it has been eliminated from these states ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .
reproduction : southern hognose snakes lay 6–14 eggs during the summer , and the babies look like miniature versions of the adults .
the fire ant ( solenopsis invicta ) , an invasive species introduced to the usa , predates on reptile eggs and hatchlings ( 13 ) . the specific impact these ants have on the southern hognose snake is unknown , but areas with heavy fire ant infestations have recorded a disappearance of the southern hognose snake ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
comments : harmless ( non - venomous ) . see comments under eastern hognose snake ( heterodon platirhinos ) .
beane , j . , s . graham , t . thorp , l . pusser . 2014 . natural history of the southern hognose snake ( heterodon simus ) in north carolina , usa .
the southern hognose snake ( h . simus ) has a more upturned snout , and the underside of its tail and belly are the same uniform , pale , color ( tennant , 2003 ) .
the southern southern hognose snake ( heterodon simus ) is the smallest member of the genus heterodon ( 4 ) . all members of the genus have a characteristic upturned snout ( 5 ) . this species has a tan coloured body with square blocks of brown running down its back , and orange scales between the brown patches . small , round , dark brown blotches run along its sides and it has a cream or light grey belly with no markings ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . the southern hognose snake is rough to the touch , as it has keeled , or ridged scales ( 7 ) . the female southern hognose snake is larger than the male ( 4 ) .
heterodon which means different tooth , is in reference to the characteristically enlarged dentition to the rear of the hognose snake’s mouth .
roadkill has been the main source of mortality for southern hog - nosed snakes and is opportunistically used as the main way to record snake populations .
the eastern hognose snake ' s favorite prey is toads , but it also preys on frogs , salamanders , small mammals , birds , and invertebrates . the eastern hognose snake uses its nose to root around for toads in their burrows . when a toad is disturbed by a hognose snake , it will often puff itself up like a balloon . the eastern hognose will uses his long rear fangs to pop the toad so it can swallow it .
color patterns in young southern hog - nosed snakes are the same as color patterns seen in the adult snakes . southern hog - nosed snakes display indeterminate growth patterns .
lack of proper fire management has resulted in the loss of dry sand hills , which are an important habitat for the southern hognose snake . road networks have also fragmented habitats , and although the southern hognose snake can withstand this disturbance , road mortality is a significant threat , especially for hatchlings ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . further concerns include pesticide application and the habitual persecution of snakes by humans ( 1 ) .
the western hognose snake feeds on any animal that it can overpower and kill . their diet includes predominantly amphibians such as frogs , toads , and reptiles like small lizards and other small snake species .
strategic environmental research and development program . species profile : southern hognose snake ( heterodon sinus ) on military installations in southeastern united states . 98 - 4 . chapel hill , north carolina : the nature conservancy . 1998 .
global range : ( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) the range extends from southern new england through southern ontario to minnesota and south dakota , and south to southern texas , the gulf coast , and southern florida ( conant and collins 1991 , ernst and ernst 2003 ) .
allen , r . 1994 . a profile of the western hognose snake ( heterodon nasicus ) . rephiberary 199 : 9 - 10 .
mccallum , m . l . 1995 . heterodon nasicus ( western hognose snake ) . herpetological review 26 ( 1 ) : 46 .
johns , n . 2000 .
western hognose snake
( on - line ) . accessed march 22 , 2002 at urltoken .
southern hog - nosed snakes prey on regional frogs , toads , lizards . the presence of southern hog - nosed snakes in the ecosystem affects the population of those prey . southern hog - nosed snakes are prey to various snakes , carnivorous mammals , and birds .
spreading adder , hog - nosed snake , adder , bastard rattlesnake , black adder , black blowing viper , black hog - nosed snake , black viper snake , blauser , blower , blowing adder , blowing snake , blow ( ing ) viper , blow snake , buckwheat - nose snake , calico snake , checkered adder , checquered adder , chunk head , common hog - nosed snake , common spreading adder , deaf adder , eastern hognose snake , flat - head , flat - head ( ed ) adder , hay - nose snake , hissing adder , hissing snake , hog - nosed adder , hog - nosed rattler , hog - nose snake , hog - nosed viper , hissing viper , ( mountain ) moccasin , north american adder , north american hog - nosed snake , pilot , poison viper , puff ( ing ) adder , red snake , rock adder , rossel bastard , sand adder , sand viper , spotted ( spreading ) adder , spread nelly , spread - head moccasin , spread - head snake , spread - head viper , flat - head adder ( spreading ) viper .
little is known about the southern hognose snake’s breeding biology , and most of the available information has been obtained through studying captive animals . the breeding season is thought to be from may to june , and the female southern hognose snake will lay a clutch of 6 to 14 eggs from late spring to early summer . the eggs take 65 to 70 days to hatch and the hatchlings emerge between mid - september and early october ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .
this hog - nosed snake has an immense range . it may be found along the atlantic seacoast from central new england to the southern tip of florida and then westward to central texas and central minnesota . it also occurs in southern ontario , canada .
a lack of information on the abundance and distribution of the southern hognose snake makes it difficult to determine the threats to this species . however , the most important factors are thought to be habitat loss and invasive species ( 4 ) .
iverson , j . b . 1995 . heterodon nasicus ( western hognose snake ) . reproduction . herpetological review 26 ( 4 ) : 206 .
the eastern hognose snake is found in woodlands with sandy soil , fields , farmland , and coastal areas . it is active during the day .
2000 .
western hognose snake
( on - line ) . arizona - sonora desert museum . accessed november 27 , 2004 at urltoken .
leclere , j .
iowa herpetology ( western hognose snake )
( on - line ) . accessed march 21 , 2002 at urltoken .
braddell , d . l . 1984 . a western record for the plains hognose snake in manitoba . blue jay 42 ( 4 ) : 196 .
hammack , s . h . 1991 . heterodon nasicus kennerlyi ( mexican hognose snake ) . oophagy . herpetological review 22 ( 4 ) : 132 .
lowe , d . 1997 . keeping and breeding the western hognose snake ( heterodon nasicus ) . herptile 22 ( 2 ) : 89 - 92 .
(
species profile : southern hognose snake ( heterodon sinus ) on military installations in southeastern united states
, 1998 ; beane , et al . , 2014 ; edgren , 1955 ; hammerson , 2007 ; tuberville , et al . , 2000 )
allen , s . 1997 .
western hognose snake
( on - line ) . colorado herpetologial society . accessed november 27 , 2004 at urltoken .
little is known about the longevity of southern hog - nosed snakes . eastern hog - nosed snakes (
a wide spread snake , the eastern hognose snake is found throughout the eastern united states from eastern - central minnesota to extreme south new hampshire south to south florida , west to east texas and west kansas . ( behler and king )
mattison , c . 1992 . reproduction in the dusty hognose snake , heterodon nasicus gloydi . litteratura serpentium english edition 12 ( 5 ) : 98 - 101 .
mcalister , w . h . 1963 . evidence of mild toxicity in the saliva of the hognose snake ( heterodon ) . herpetologica 19 : 132 - 137 .
the western hognose snake is a are relatively small but stout - bodied snake species with females being considerably larger than males . adult specimens typically reach about 2 feet ( 60 cm ) in length , with a maximum length of about 3 feet and
tuberville , t . , j . bodie , j . jensen , l . laclaire , j . gibbons . 2000 . apparent decline of the southern hog - nosed snake , heterodon simus .
contrary to popular belief , the southern hognose snake does not produce toxic venom and it is not considered to be a dangerous species , although it does have a painful bite ( 12 ) . it feeds mainly on toads , which it digs out of loose soil using its upturned snout . it then grasps the prey using its enlarged rear fangs ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 11 ) . although toads form the majority of the southern hognose snake’s diet , it also feeds on other small vertebrates such as lizards , mice and frogs ( 7 ) .
lighting - although hognose snakes are naturally diurnal , no special lighting setup is necessary .
pendlebury , g . b . 1976b . the western hognose snake , heterodon nasicus nasicus , in alberta . canadian field naturalist 90 ( 4 ) : 416 - 422 .
southern hognose snakes ( heterodon simus ) ; commonly known as puff adder , hissing adder , spreading adder , blow viper and the hissing sand snake , belongs to the colubridae family . they average in size between 14 to 21 inches long , with the record being 24 inches long .
southern hog - nosed snakes are most commonly found in very xeric , upland sand hills . other habitats may include forests , woodlands , river floodplains , and other dry soil areas . southern hog - nosed snakes inhabit longleaf pine (
lazcano , d . , jr . 1988 . life history notes . heterodon nasicus kennerlyi ( mexican hognose snake ) . coloration . herpetological review 19 ( 2 ) : 36 .
conservation status : southern hognose snakes have apparently declined in recent years and are of conservation concern throughout their range . they have not been found in alabama or mississippi since the 1970 ' s and are restricted to scattered locations in the states where they still occur . although introduced fire ants have been implicated in the decline of southern hognose snakes , they have certainly also suffered from loss of longleaf pine forest , urban sprawl , and conversion of upland habitats to agriculture . unfortunately , the secretive habits of this species have hampered study of their ecology and population dynamics . southern hognose snakes are protected throughout the state of georgia .
richardson , a . d . ( 2004 ) hognose snakes . capstone press , minnesota .
travis , c . a . , d . chiszar , and h . m . smith . heterodon nasicus ( western hognose snake ) . herpetological review 27 ( 4 ) : 212 .
the southern hognose snake is a secretive species and is rarely spotted in the wild , spending much of its time in underground in burrows , 20 to 30 centimetres below the surface . it is thought to be diurnal , emerging from its burrow in early morning or late afternoon ( 4 ) ( 11 ) .
southern trappers nuisance wildlife removal bonita springs , florida ph : 239 . 992 . 8966 cell : 239 . 405 . 2401
the western hognose is currently classified as least concern by the iucn . unlike their close relative the
censky , e . j . and c . j . mccoy . 1985 . geographic distribution . heterodon nasicus nasicus ( plains hognose snake ) . herpetological review 16 ( 2 ) : 60 .
fuller , s . r . 1981 . a case of envenomation by a western hognose snake , heterodon n . nasicus . northern ohio association of herpetological notes 9 ( 1 ) : 11 .
even though the western hognose snake as suffered some local declines it is still widespread today . like other species , they are affected by the conversion of the original prairie habitat to agricultural land .
have tails that are nearly all black . the tails of southern hog - nosed snakes are always a similar color to the rest of the ventral side . the hatchling snakes resemble the same coloration and blotch patterns of adult southern hog - nosed snakes .
southern hognose snakes are heavily thick bodied . their snouts are just sharply turned upwards and pointed . their color patterns consist of a light yellowish brown , some are tinted with an orange - red color , with dark blotches on their backs and smaller blotches on their sides . their bellies and tail are the same light pale gray color . their is a dark line that extends from its upper jaw thru the eye . southern hognose snakes have round pupils .
comparison with other species : the eastern hognose snake ( heterodon platirhinos ) has a light belly and underside of the tail , and a less upturned snout , and the pigmy rattlesnake ( sistrurus miliarius ) has a blunt nose – it is easy to distinguish between the harmless hognose snakes and pigmy rattlesnake .
the southern hognose snake can be found in dry , open areas , such as coastal sand dunes , river floodplains , and mixed oak - pine woodlands . it prefers sandy or loamy , well - drained soil , which it can easily burrow in ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) .
most common on sandy soils , the eastern hognose inhabits open woodlands , pasturelands , meadows and plains .
when most hognose snakes get excited or threatened they flatten their necks like a cobra . there ' s a myth that puff adders ( which spread their necks like hognose snakes ) mix poison with their breath and can kill a person up to a distance of 25 feet . if the threat persists , they turn over on their back and fake death . the western hognose snake usually does not perform this procedure .
habits : southern hognose snakes are active strictly by day and are often seen on warm mornings in the spring and fall . they are highly fossorial ( living underground ) and are most often encountered crossing roads that pass through sandy habitats . when confronted , hognose snakes often put on an elaborate threat display : they hiss ; spread the skin around their head and neck ( like a cobra ) , and feign striking . eventually , they will even play dead , rolling on their back and opening their mouth . despite this fairly convincing show , southern hognose snakes virtually never bite .
the southern hognose snake lays eggs . breeding takes place between april and august . males often follow the female around for several days prior to courtship and copulation . they lay between 6 - 14 whitish , thin shelled , leathery eggs , which hatch in 55 - 60 days . hatchlings are 6 - 7 inches ( 15 - 17 cm ) .
montgomery , c . and s . p . mackessy . 1999 . heterodon nasicus nasicus ( plains hognose snake ) . lack of paralysis following vertebral disjunction . herpetological review 30 ( 4 ) : 227 - 228 .
will feed with a motivation not unlike that of the hungriest rat snake ! it is quite comical to witness a juvenile eastern hognose in active pursuit of a live lizard . there is nothing graceful about it ! the
many discoveries involve specimens encountered out in the open . much of the time it is simply a matter of just focusing on the nearly invisible snake while you are visually scanning the ground during snake hunting . finding a
few people within its range are unfamiliar with the eastern hognose snake heterodon platyrhinos . having a whimsical face with large ominous eyes and a permanent smile , this snake leaves many who are so fortunate to find one with a feeling of bliss . it has a short , stocky structure and is quite animated , diverting our attention away from the fact that the eastern hognose is a powerful predator , often swallowing other animals while still alive !
the plains hognose snake ( h . nasicus ) , have a sandy ground color more of less uniformly , patterned with brown dorsolateral spots and their ventral scales are heavily pigmented with black spots ( tennant , 2003 ) .
young , r . a . 1992 . effects of duvernoy ' s gland secretions from the eastern hognose snake , heterodon platyrhinos , on smooth muscle and neuromuscular junction . toxicon 30 ( 7 ) : 775 - 779 .
it feeds mainly on spadefoot , southern , and oak toads . however , occasionally it may eat other frogs , lizards , and small rodents .
moore , j . e . 1953 . the hog - nosed snake in alberta . herpetologica 9 : 173 .
water - clean water must be available at all times in a bowl that is heavy enough that the snake will not constantly tip it over . with hognose snakes , particularly the western species , it is important to keep the cage dry . humidity is thought to possibly cause respiratory infections in hognose snakes , an illness that is often fatal .
southern hog - nosed snakes are oviparous and do not care for their eggs or hatchlings . once the eggs are deposited in shallow burrows , the parental investment stops . southern hog - nosed snakes have not been seen to return to the young or invest in the young once the eggs are laid .
, extends from southern canada to northern mexico . its range is bordered to the west by colorado and wyoming , and in the east by illinois .
goldberg , s . r . 2004a . reproduction in the western hognose snake , heterodon nasicus ( serpentes : colubridae ) from the southwestern part of its range . texas journal of science 56 ( 3 ) : 267 - 273 .
leavesley , l . k . 1987 . natural history and thermal relations of the western hognose snake ( heterodon nasicus ) in southwestern manitoba . m . s . thesis . university of manitoba , winnipeg , manitoba . 160 pp .
virtually nothing will persuade them to move until the threat is gone , the snake ' s body will be limp and lifeless if picked up . after a few minutes if it perceives no threat , the snake quickly slithers away .
smith , w . and c . wershler . 1989 . pilot project on the study of the western hognose snake in alberta . paper for alberta forestry , lands and wildlife by sweetgrass consultants ltd . , calgary , ab . 17pp .
one cannot help but to have a feeling of enlightenment while in the presence of an eastern hognose snake and though many adore them , there are those that fear them and find them to be the epitome of all that is evil .
like other hognose snake species , they get their common name from their
hog - like
appearance due to a modified and strongly upturned rostral scale present in their snout . this particular adaptation also makes them snakes very good burrowers .
southern hognose snakes are found in northern florida as far south as lake okeechobee . their preferred habitats include areas such as sand - hills , scrub , high pine and turkey oak hard - woods , hard - wood hammocks , meadows , dry river floodplains and cultivated fields .
(
species profile : southern hognose snake ( heterodon sinus ) on military installations in southeastern united states
, 1998 ; beane , et al . , 2010 ; beane , et al . , 2014 ; behler and king , 1979 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; edgren , 1955 ; gibbons and dorcas , 2005 ; jensen , 2008 ; jenson , 2004 ; oliver , 1955 )
webb , r . g . and c . m . eckerman . 1998 . neotype and type locality of the western hognose snake , heterodon nasicus ( serpentes : colubridae ) . texas journal of science 50 ( 2 ) : 99 - 106 .
eastern hognose snakes first mate when they are around two years old . they mate in the spring . the female lays 15 - 25 eggs in a depression in sandy soil or under a rock or log . the eggs incubate in 1 - 2 months . in the winter , eastern hognose snakes will dig a burrow to hibernate in or use an abandoned fox , skunk , or woodchuck den . predators of the eastern hognose snake include owls , hawks , skunks , opossums , and other snakes ,
enge , k . , k . wood . 2002 . a pedestrian road survey of an upland snake community in florida .
painter , c . w . , b . r . tomberlin , and j . p . brastad . 1996 . serpentes : heterodon nasicus kennerlyi ( mexican hognose snake ) : maximum size . herpetological review 27 ( 4 ) : 203 - 204 .
suggests that the age of sexual maturity for southern hog - nosed snakes ranges from 2 - 3 years and that generation length is estimated from 5 - 10 years . it ' s likely that growth is indeterminate , as it the case for most reptiles . however , no literature has confirmed this for southern hog - nosed snakes .
- found in all of texas excluding the panhandle , trans - pecos texas and the extreme southern rio grande valley , eastern oklahoma , southeastern missouri and southeastern kansas .
when threatened , they usually behave similarly to eastern hognose snakes , but may be more reluctant to put on such a show .
wright , j . 1998 . status of the plains hognose snake ( heterodon nasicus nasicus ) in alberta . alberta environmental protection , fisheries & wildlife management divison , and alberta conservation association , wildlife status report no . 15 , edmonton , ab . 26pp .
southern hog - nosed snakes have diets consisting of toads , lizards , frogs , and small vertebrates . toads are the most common prey and include eastern spadefoot toads ( scaphiopus holbrookii ) and southern toads ( anaxyrus terrestris or anaxyrus terrestris ) . members of the genus ( lithobates ) , barking tree frogs ( hyla gratiosa ) , and ornate chorus frogs ( pseudacris ornata ) are frogs that southern hog - nosed snakes consume . lizards eaten by these snakes include six - lined racerunners ( cnemidophorus sexlineatus ) and ground skinks ( scincella lateralis ) . although extremely uncommon , rough stinkbugs ( brochymena arborea ) have been found in the stomach of few captured southern hog - nosed snakes .
range : uncommon to rare , but occasionally found throughout northern florida south to lake okeechobee . outside of florida , it is found from southern mississippi east to north carolina .
, have a maximum longevity of 9 . 1 years . the assumed generation time of the southern hog - nosed snakes is 5 years . annual mortality rates are unknown .
wilkie , b . 1996 . force feeding snakes . my experience with rat snakes and western hognose snakes . rephiberary 221 : 10 .
weinstein , s . a . and keyler , d . e . ( 2009 ) local envenoming by the western hognose snake ( heterodon nasicus ) : a case report and review of medically signiﬁcant heterodon bites . toxicon , 54 ( 3 ) : 354 - 360 .
tuberville , t . d . , j . r . bodie , j . b . jensen , l . laclaire , and j . w . gibbons . 2000 . apparent decline of the southern hog - nosed snake , heterodon simus . journal of the elisa mitchell scientific society 116 : 19 - 40 .
at birth , the western hognose hatchlings are fully developed and around 5 to 9 inches ( 13–23 cm ) in total length . they reach sexual maturity at approximately 2 years of age , although the size is more important and not so much the snake ' s age .
sexton , o . j . 1979 . remarks on defensive behavior of hognose snakes , heterodon . herpetological review 10 : 86 - 87 .
some of the western hognose predators include fox , coyotes , hawks , crows , raccoons , larger snakes and both domestic cats and dogs .
comments : adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 100 , 000 . this snake is fairly common in many parts of its range .
has a life expectancy of around fourteen years in the wild . for the most part this is average in comparison to other snake species .
hognose snakes feed almost exclusively on toads , although they will occasionally consume other prey . they seem to be immune to poisons produced by toads , and are equipped with enlarged teeth ( called rear fangs ) in the back of their mouths that are used to puncture inflated toads so that they may be more easily swallowed . female southern hognose snakes lay 6 - 14 eggs in sandy soil or logs in the early summer . the eggs hatch in september - october .
tuberville , t . d . , bodie , j . r . , jensen , j . b . , laclaire , l . and gibbons , j . w . ( 2000 ) apparent decline of the southern hog - nosed snake , heterodon simus . journal of the elisha mitchell scientific society , 116 : 19 - 40 .
the species name platyrhinos directs to the snake ' s upturned snout . this enlarged , upturned rostral scale aids this fossorial snake not only as a tool to root out their preferred diet of amphibians from a daytime retreat beneath the earth’s surface , but also as a tool for burrowing into loose substrate .
is a relatively short , stocky snake with mildly keeled scales and may reach lengths in the neighborhood of 48 inches with most individuals being considerably smaller .
did you know ? in colder climates some snakes
hibernate
in the winter , this is called brumation , find more snake facts for kids .
roth , j . j . , b . j . johnson , and h . m . smith . 1989 . the western hognose snake , heterodon nasicus , west of the continental divide in colorado , and its implications . bulletin of the chicago herpetological society 24 ( 9 ) : 161 - 163 .
have declined by a considerable amount in certain regions , and as a result western hognose snakes are listed as threatened or even endangered in some of the states in which they reside . these states include iowa and illinois . numerous human developments have pushed western hognose snakes from their sandy habitat into more wooded areas , where it is ill - equipped for survival . in these states there are programs to help save these snakes ' habitats . in the southern states , such as texas and new mexico , western hognose snakes are quite common . in these areas there is no shortage of the sandy areas which are optimal for these snakes , so they are able to thrive .
blake , p . 1993 . success with odour manipulation and western hognose snakes , heterodon nasicus nasicus . herptological review 18 ( 2 ) : 60 - 61 .
rolling hills zoo , 2001 - 2002 .
rolling hills refuge
( on - line ) . western hognose . accessed march 21 , 2002 at urltoken .
ruzicka , i . 2000 . curious facts from keeping the western hog - nosed snake heterodon nasicus . akvarium terarium 43 ( 3 ) : 61 - 62 .
various people have questioned whether or not this snake is actually venomous . however , an article published by michael a . morris describes the effects that the bite of
the presence of the upturned snout in the southern hog - nosed snakes allows the species to dig up their prey . their large posterior maxillary teeth puncture the prey ; this is specifically important for the southern hog - nosed snakes due to the prey ( many toads and frogs ) inflating themselves when attacked . the act of puncturing the prey deflates the toads or frogs and makes the animal easier for the snakes to swallow .
) brought to the snakes habitat around the 1980s ( bean et al . 2014 ) . the introduction of these ants to southern hog - nosed snakes ' ecosystem has greatly affected their young survival and overall population .
this care sheet is by no means intended as a comprehensive guide to hognose snakes . for further information , read as much as you can about these beautiful reptiles .
some communication occurs with other species . this communication involves visual signals , noises , and sometimes tactile cues . when western hognose snakes encounter a potential predator , they will at first hiss , and flatten their heads and necks to make themselves appear larger . if this fails to ward off the predator , the snake may strike - - although it does not bite , apparently , this movement is threatening . if this fails , the snake will feign death in hopes that the predator will lose interest .
an ideal pet snake , because it is extremely docile and rarely bites . once handled by humans enough , the snakes are calm and there is little or no danger of them biting . this snake has an extremely mild venom , and so does not pose a health risk to humans even if a human manages to get bitten .
are strict amphibian feeders . although in the wild , eastern hognose snakes are often encountered while swallowing the toads with which they frequently feed upon , captive keepers have learned that the diet of this snake is actually quite diverse . even the juveniles are opportunists , taking insects as well as lizards and possibly other reptiles in addition to amphibians .
hunziker , r . 1990 . the best defense : an introduction to hognose snakes . tropical fish hobbyist 39 ( 4 ) : 106 - 108 , 110 - 115 .
has two main anti - predator adaptations , both of whihc are behavioral . the first line of defense for this snake is to make itself appear larger by making its head and neck flatter . this flattening is accompanied by extremely loud hissing and blowing , whihc apparently makes the individual seem enraged and dangerous . if this defense fails to ward off a predator , the snake will shift into phase two of its defense . this begins with the snake spasming uncontrollably , and then rolling over on its back , lying motionless . western hognose snakes will feign death in order to make a predator lose interest . when an indivudual perceives an absence of danger , it will resume its activities .
snakes as well as northern black racers and southern alligator lizards seem to be mite magnets ! be diligent in your cleanliness and make daily inspections so that if a problem begins it can be kept within the boundaries of control .
kugelberg , a . 1991 . western hognosed snake , heterodon n . nasicus . newsletter of the australian society of herpetologists incorporated 34 ( 7 ) : 147 - 149 .
(
species profile : southern hognose snake ( heterodon sinus ) on military installations in southeastern united states
, 1998 ; beane , et al . , 2010 ; beane , et al . , 2014 ; behler and king , 1979 ; blair , et al . , 1957 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; gibbons and dorcas , 2005 ; gibbons and semlitsch , 1991 ; holman , 2000 ; jensen , 2008 ; jenson , 2004 ; palmer and braswell , 1995 ; richardson , 2003 ; tuberville , et al . , 2000 ; wright and wright , 1957 )
the presence of an upturned snout that is spade - like and keeled , in combination with keeled dorsal scales , a dark - patterned belly , a divided anal scale , and the absence of tail rattles and facial pit , distinguishes the western hog - nosed snake from all other snakes native to montana . the color pattern is described as similar to both the gophersnake and the prairie rattlesnake , but neither of these , nor any other snake in montana , has an upturned nose like the western hog - nosed snake .
kroll , j . c . 1977 . self - wounding while death feigning by western hognose snakes ( heterodon nasicus ) . copeia 1977 ( 2 ) : 372 - 373 .
this snake is endemic to the southeast of the united states . it occurs on the coastal plain from eastern north carolina to southern florida ( lake okeechobee ) , west to southeastern mississippi ( conant and collins 1991 , palmer and braswell 1995 , tennant 1997 , ernst and ernst 2003 ) . it is now very rare ( or possibly extirpated ) in the western part of the range in mississippi and alabama .
brant , r . 1993 . a failed attempt to breed the western hog - nose snake , heterodon nasicus nasicus . herptological review 18 ( 2 ) : 62 - 64 .
southern hog - nosed snakes are not venomous and will rarely ever bite , even when provoked . the main purpose for their sharp posterior fangs are to ensure capture of prey and to deflate any toads that may inflate themselves when consumed .
cooper , w . , s . secor . 2007 . strong response to anuran chemical cues by an extreme dietary specialist , the eastern hog - nosed snake ( heterodon platirhinos ) .
burghardt , g . m . and h . w . greene . 1988 . predator simulation and duration of death feigning in neonate hognose snakes . animal behaviour 36 : 1842 - 1843 .
although they are considered a non - venomous snake , these snakes do possesses a potentially irritating saliva that in the extremely rare case of a bite may cause local itching and slight swelling .
smith , h . m . and f . n . white . 1955 . adrenal enlargement and its significance in the hognose snakes . ( heterodon ) . herpetologica 11 : 137 - 144 .
enge , k . m . , and k . n . wood . 2002 . a pedestrian road survey of an upland snake community in florida . southeastern naturalist 1 : 365 - 380 .
had on him . he experienced swelling and tenderness of the bitten are for two days , and came to the conclusion that the snake does have venom with hemotoxic effects ( morris 1985 ) .
there is also the importance of cleanliness . eastern hognose snakes should always have a fresh , shallow water container readily available to them and should never be handled in the event that you are ill .
burbrink , f . t . , phillips , c . a . and heske , e . j . ( 1998 ) a riparian zone in southern illinois as a potential dispersal corridor for reptiles and amphibians . biological conservation , 86 : 107 - 115 .
southern hog - nosed snakes are not venomous , yet some humans believe them to be and will kill them on contact . they rarely ever bite humans . if they do , it is not a common behavior . there are no known negative economic effects of
will feign death when this bluffing behavior fails to ward off an enemy . in this case , the snake turns belly up . this behavior is apparently induced by parasympathetic arousal or adrenal medullary function .
[ vtnwi ] vtn wyoming incorporated . no date . second year ' s analysis of terrestrial wildlife on proposed mine access and railroad routes in southern montana and northern wyoming , march 1979 - february 1980 . vtn wyoming incorporated . sheridan , wy . 62 p .
platt , d . r . 1969 . natural history of the hognose snakes heterodon platyrhinos and heterodon nasicus . museum of natural history . university of kansas publications 18 ( 4 ) : 253 - 420 .
as soon as young western hognose snakes hatch they are fully developed , but just smaller in size at about 14 to 18 centimeters . within hours the young are fully capable of actively searching out prey .
eastern hognose snakes are occasionally available in the exotic pet trade , but due to their specific dietary requirements , they are not as readily available as other species . generally , they refuse feeder rodents unless they are scented with amphibians . in canada , eastern hognose snakes are considered to be a species - at - risk ( cosewic designation : threatened ) , and consequently capture or harassment of these animals , including their captive trade , is illegal .
full spectrum light is always beneficial , if not for the physical health benefits , then for the psychological benefits to the snake . full spectrum lighting also improves the appearance of the captive environment by enhancing overall natural colors .
kroll , j . c . 1973 . comparative physiological ecology of eastern and western hognose snakes ( heterodon platyrhinos and h . nasicus ) . ph . d . thesis , texas a & m ; university 261p . 1973 .
plummer , m . v . and n . e . mills . 2000 . spatial ecology and survivorship of resident and translocated hognose snakes ( heterodon platirhinos ) . journal of herpetology 34 ( 4 ) : 565 - 575 .
eastern hog - nosed snakes are native only to the nearctic . they are found throughout the united states east of the rocky mountains and into southern canada . they are absent from some areas in the great lakes region , such as the areas south of lakes ontario and erie and eastern wisconsin .
kolbe , j . j . 1999 . size and demographic structure of an isolated population of western hognose snakes , heterodon nasicus , in northwestern illinois . bulletin of the chicago herpetological society 34 ( 6 ) : 149 - 152 .
the western hognose mating season occurs between june and august but they have been observed in copulating as early as the months of february and march . females release a chemical which is picked up by males actively searching for receptive females .
hiding - hognose snakes need a hiding spot to feel secure , which also replicates their natural behavior in the wild . a hiding spot can be fashioned from almost anything - plastic or rock caves purchased commercially , or small boxes with a hole cut out for access . the hiding place should be just large enough to allow the snake to fit in - remember , snakes are never claustrophobic , in fact they like being wedged into small snug places . ideally , your cage would have two hide spots , one on the heated portion and one on the unheated side . this way , the snake does not have to choose between their natural inclination to hide and the need to thermoregulate .
southern hog - nosed snakes are fossorial . the burrow depth ranges from 0 . 20 - 0 . 46 m below the surface of the ground . if the snakes do not burrow down into the ground as is most common , they still resort to shelter under piles of brush or in bushes .
the western hognose does have somewhat of resemblance to a rattlesnake , particularly a juvenile rattlesnake , and often is mistaken for one . so they are very often killed by people out of fear , thinking they are venomous and dangerous snakes .
the geographic range is southern canada throughout central u . s . a . and to eastern mexico . their food in the wild is mainly toads , small rodents , nestling birds , lizards , and amphibians . their habitat is usually prairies , abandoned farmland , sparsely wooded flood plains , or sandy soil .
potential predators of southern hog - nosed snakes include common kingsnakes ( lampropeltis getula ) , eastern indigo snakes ( drymarchon couperi ) , red - tailed hawks ( buteo jamaicensis ) , and other various carnivorous mammals and birds . eggs and hatchlings specifically have seen predation by red imported fire ants ( solenopsis invicta ) .
tuberville et al . ( 2000 ) showed that southern hog - nosed snakes have declined over the past few decades . the main reason for this decline is loss of natural habitat . habitats for the snakes have been disrupted by logging , agriculture , housing , pine plantations , and fire exclusion . longleaf pine (
is certainly bound to be the highlight of any snake hunters’ day . in his brilliant piece of work “this broken archipelago , ” author skip lazell jr . , states “hognose snakes on cape cod are scarce enough to make finding one an exciting event , but common enough so it is likely a good hunter will get one with patience . ” ( james d . lazell , jr . 1976 ) this statement couldn’t be any closer to the truth ! the difficulty in finding the
a word should be mentioned on the subject of venom . the hognose snakes are classified as opisthoglyphs , which is to say that they are rear fanged and are grouped together with the harmless lyre snakes trimorphodon and night snakes hypsiglena as well as other presumably harmless rear fanged species . the hognose possess a duvernoys gland which is located in the upper jaw . the duvernoys gland is an adaptation which in many species of rear fanged snakes produce powerful proteins which aid in the digestion process .
) have an extremely keen and specific sense of smell and ability to pick up chemical signals from prey by flicking their tongue . it is believed that the chemosensory qualities in southern hog - nosed snakes are most closely related to those of the eastern hog - nosed snakes due to their genetic similarities in body structure and similarities of prey choice . the tongue is flicked and picks up vomodors , or chemical signals , from nearby prey . those signals enter the mouth via the tongue and are received by the vomeronasal organ . in eastern hog - nosed snakes , the speed and number of tongue flicks increases greatly when southern toads (
) , for which southern hog - nosed snakes are often misjudged . keeled scales of the snakes are lined in rows of either 23 or 25 along the body . the keeled scales give the snakes a rough textured body . the anal plate is divided , and the ventral scales are the same width as their body .
nests of southern hog - nosed snakes have been reported 10 - 15cm below the surface . females are responsible for this preparation of the nests as seen in captive environments . in captivity , females were observed making u - shaped burrows and took about 3 . 5 hours to complete the nests ( edgren , 1955 ) .
if you have additional questions about hognose snakes try to attend one of the lihs monthly meetings . you can e - mail us at info @ urltoken or write or call the lihs at the address / phone number at the top of this sheet .
to be highly susceptible to respiratory infections . oddly , in my experience i have found these infections to manifest themselves quite unobtrusively . it is often too late when you discover the snake is actually sick . rarely have i seen nasal discharge from an eastern
anti - predator behaviors displayed by southern hog - nosed snakes include body puffing and death feigning . in the former behavior snakes will flatten their heads creating a hood and puff up their body to try and scare away predators . their latter anti - predator behavior is seen when the snakes roll on their dorsal side and play dead .
when they aren ' t active these snakes spend most of their time in existing or self - made burrows . western hognose snakes are primarily diurnal . they brumate every year from september to march , only becoming active at the beginning of the mating season .
breeding most commonly occurs once a year but has been reported less commonly twice a year . copulation in southern hog - nosed snakes most commonly occurs from mid may to early june , but mating has been observed less frequently in the fall between september and october . in late - season mating instances , it’s unknown if there is delayed fertilization .
) ecosystems have been altered by the restriction of prescribed fire and have contributed to their decline . southern hog - nosed snakes rely heavily on the ecosystem of longleaf pines and their decline has been directly correlated to the decline of those forests . another area of decline for the snakes is through the attack of the invasive red imported fire ant (
although it ' s typically a docile snake if threatened or even perceiving a threat it will spread its jaws and flatten its neck giving it a hooded appearance in a cobra like fashion . if harassed it will hiss and make mock strikes with a closed mouth .
the western hognose also adapted to live in human modified areas including extensive agriculture and semi agricultural areas not intensively cultivated and in the margins of irrigation ditches . they are found at elevations ranging from near sea level to around 8 , 000 feet ( 2400 m ) .
it is a highly adaptable snake and can be found in a variety of habitat in coniferous and deciduous forest , including forest which abuts salt marsh and fresh water swamps . eastern hognose snakes are frequently found in the rocky outcrops of higher elevations , they can be found from sea level to 2 , 500 ( behler and king ) and along open stretches of sandy soil and beach . the author lives on cape cod in massachusetts where the species is relatively common in the pine barrens which make up much of the natural landscape there .
daghfous , g . , m . smargiassi , p . libourel , r . wattiez , v . bels . 2012 . the function of oscillatory tongue - flicks in snakes : insights from kinematics of tongue - flicking in the banded water snake ( nerodia fasciata ) .
the body color of southern hog - nosed snakes is consistently light brown , grey , and tan with dark brown spots ( also referred to as blotches ) alternating along the dorsal side of the body , larger spots along the top and smaller spots along the sides . the spots do not take up the whole width of the their bodies , but give a patterned mosaic look . the ventral side of southern hog - nosed snakes is solid grey to tan color , and is not distinctly different from the lighter colors on the dorsal side . oftentimes an orange , yellow , or red line will continue down the dorsal side , setting them apart from all other members of the genus . eastern hog - nosed snakes
as a defense mechanism , the eastern hognose snake will sometimes put on an elaborate display when disturbed . in an effort so dramatic it will flatten its head and upper third of its body , and appearing to be larger than life , it will hiss and aggressively strike outward ( most often with mouth closed ) , poking at intruders with a rigid , upturned snout . if it has not scared you away with this formidable display , it quickly takes on a more submissive persona and in a graceful , almost artistic display , it will often feign death .


elusa oenolopha is a species of moth of the noctuidae family .

it is known from australia , including queensland and new south wales .

the forewings are brown with a small lopsided white dumbbell near the centre of each forewing .

elusa oenolopha

elusa oenolopha turner , 1902 = elusa leucoplaga warren , 1913 = elusa rufaria warren , 1913 .
elusa purpurea warren , 1913 ; 105 , pl . 13 l ; tl : solomon islands
habrotrocha elusa isolate h . elus . uk cytochrome oxidase subunit i gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial
elusa inventa berio , 1977 ; 238 , f . 28 ; tl : lungtan , nanking - kiangsu
elusa puncticeps ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 98 , pl . 2 , f . 134
elusa ustula ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 129
elusa simplex ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 98 , pl . 2 , f . 123 , 126
elusa diloba ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 135 - 136
elusa mediorufa ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 130 - 131
elusa ignea warren , 1913 ; 104 , pl . 13 k ; tl : british new guinea , upper aroa river
elusa cyathicornis ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 19 , 127 - 128
elusa confusa warren , 1913 ; 105 , pl . 13 l ; tl : new guinea , aroa river ; milne bay ; humboldt bay
elusa duplicata warren , 1913 ; 104 , pl . 13 k ; tl : dutch new guinea , snow mts . , upper setekwa river
elusa flammans warren , 1913 ; 104 , pl . 13 k ; tl : dutch new guinea , snow mts . , upper setekwa river
elusa temburong holloway , 1989 ; [ mob12 ] : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 133 ; tl : brunei , 300m , ulu temburong
elusa penanorum holloway , 1989 ; [ mob12 ] : 97 , pl . 2 , f . 132 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
elusa mediorufa hampson , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 22 ) : 375 ; tl : borneo , sarawak
elusa ceneusalis ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 96 , pl . 2 , f . 22 , 124 - 125 , 137 ; [ aucl ]
elusa orion roepke , 1956 ; 25 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : new guinea , maccluer gulf , bintuni bay , r . tisa
elusa simplex warren , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 11 : 105 , pl . 13 l ; tl : borneo , sarawak , poeh mts .
the forewings of this species are brown with a small lopsided white or grey dumbell near the centre of each forewing . the hindwings are a uniform pale brown . the wingspan is about 3 cms .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 409d5760 - 35f0 - 4b27 - 9436 - cd27586579fc
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c3ff8de3 - 07ee - 4190 - bcb3 - e517527a7398
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8c3417b7 - 5ce4 - 4a51 - 8844 - 3fcae54f62e7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 509113
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sundaland , philippines , sulawesi , queensland , bismarck is . . see [ maps ]
seria cyathicornis walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 194 ; tl : borneo , sarawak
india ( mehalaya , bengal , nilgiri , . . . ) , andaman islands . see [ maps ]
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heterocera . collected in korinchi , west sumatra , by messrs . h . c . robinson and c . boden kloss
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement
catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species
walker , 1863 catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 7 : 49 - 84 , 160 - 198
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
db = nuccore | term = % 22elusa % 22 | query = 1 | qty = 5 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 267763520 _ 130 . 14 . 22 . 215 _ 9001 _ 1531162430 _ 2053524944 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?
finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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