macrosiphum euphorbiae , the potato aphid , is a sap-sucking pest insect in the family aphididae .

it infests potatoes and a number of other commercially important crops .

macrosiphum euphorbiae

macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) ( coutin r . / opie ) adults and nymphs
macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) ( coutin r . / opie ) damage on potato
a novel virus from macrosiphum euphorbiae with similarities to members of the family flaviviridae .
a proteomic analysis of the aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae under heat and radiation stress . - pubmed - ncbi
potato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae performance is determined by aphid genotype and not mycorrhizal fungi or water availability .
a novel virus from macrosiphum euphorbiae with similarities to members of the family flaviviridae . - pubmed - ncbi
this project aims to improve the control of potatio aphid ( macrosiphum euphorbiae ) in the spring on strawberry .
tomato yellow top virus : its distribution , characteristics and transmission by the aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thom . )
potato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae performance is determined by aphid genotype and not mycorrhizal fungi or water availability . - pubmed - ncbi
potato aphid , macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) , in tomatoes : plant canopy distribution and binomial sampling on processing tomatoes in california .
macrosiphum euphorbiae is only known to use rosa species a primary host ( specifically , for sexual reproduction ) in north - eastern usa . in addition ( there and elsewhere ) macrosiphum euphorbiae reproduces parthenogenetically on rosa species , including cultivated roses . for an aphid species list see our rose aphids page .
potato aphid , macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) , in tomatoes : plant canopy distribution and binomial sampling on processing tomatoes in california . - pubmed - ncbi
miner , a . and e . wason 2013 .
macrosiphum euphorbiae
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
( macrosiphum euphorbiae thomas ) : the role of anatomy , epidermal hairs , and foliage composition . j . am . hort . soc . 102 ( 2 ) : 166 - 171 .
to cite this page : miner , a . and e . wason 2013 .
macrosiphum euphorbiae
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
this aphid fits all the requirements of macrosiphum euphorbiae : antennal tubercules high smooth and divergent , femora rather pale with the apices not dark , siph pale with the tips darker and the cauda rather pointed and not constricted . ( e . g . see our macrosiphum page ) it is recorded on gossypium herbaceum by blackman .
reinink , k and f . l . dieleman . 1989 . resistance in lettuce to the leaf aphids macrosiphum euphorbiae and uroleucon sonchi . ann . appl . biol . 115 ( 3 ) : 489 - 498 .
barlow c . a . 1962 . development , survival , and fecundity of the potato aphid macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) , at constant temperatures . the canadian entomologist 94 ( 6 ) : 667 - 672 ( in russian ) .
walker , g . p . 1982 . the dispersion and abundance of the potato aphid ( macrosiphum euphorbiae [ thomas ] ) on tomato ( lycopersicon esculentum mill . ) . ph . d . dissertation , ohio state university , wooster .
of those aphid species , baker ( 2015 ) lists 18 as occurring in britain : aphis craccivora , aphis fabae , aphis gossypii , aphis nasturtii , aphis sambuci , aphis solanella , aulacorthum solani , brachycaudus helichrysi , brevicoryne brassicae , hayhurstia atriplicis , macrosiphum euphorbiae , macrosiphum stellariae , myzus ascalonicus , myzus persicae , pemphigus fuscicornis , rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon , rhopalosiphoninus staphyleae ssp . tulipaellus and smynthurodes betae .
class insecta , order homoptera , suborder aphidinea , superfamily aphidoidea , family aphididae , subfamily aphidinae , tribe macrosiphini , subtribe macrosiphina , genus macrosiphum .
walker , g . p . , l . r . nault , and d . e . simonet . 1984 . natural mortality factors acting on potato aphid ( macrosiphum euphorbiae ) populations in processing - tomato fields in ohio . environ . entomol . 13 ( 3 ) : 724 - 732 .
walker , g . p . 1982 . the dispersion and abundance of the potato aphid ( macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) ) on tomato ( lycopersicon esculentum mill . ) . ph . d . dissertation , ohio state university , wooster . ix + 123 pp . ( link to full text )
macrosiphum euphorbiae used in these experiments came from a laboratory colony established from potato fields near quebec city . the aphids were maintained on potato seedlings , solanum tuberosum c . v . norland , at 21 ± 1 °c , 60 % ± 10 % rh under a 16l : 8d photoperiodic regime .
blackman , r . l . and v . f . eastop . 1984 . macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) . pp . 296 . aphids on the world ' s crops : an identification and information guide . john wiley & sons : chichester , new york , brisbane , toronto , singapore . 466 pages .
the effectiveness of the potato aphid , macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) , to transmit potato virus y ( pvy ) to potato has generally been overestimated because tobacco has been used as the indicator host . our results demonstrate that , although apterous m . euphorbiae can acquire pvy from potato and tobacco plants and transmit it to tobacco plants , it does not readily transmit it to potato plants . alatae only transmitted the virus to 4 . 5 % of potato plants . this relative inability to transmit the virus to potato seems independent of potato cultivar . results suggest that the role of the potato aphid in the spread of pvy in potatoes may be negligible .
maelzer , d . a . 1977 . the biology and main causes of changes in numbers of the rose aphid , macrosiphum rosae ( l . ) on cultivated roses in south australia . austral . j . zool . 25 : 269 - 284 .
barlow , c . a . 1962 . the influence of temperature on the growth of experimental populations of myzus persicae ( sulzer ) and macrosiphium euphorbiae ( thomas ) ( aphididae ) . can . j . zool . 40 : 146 - 156 .
la efectividad del áfido , macrosiphum euphorbiae ( thomas ) , para transmitir el virus y de la papa ( pvy ) a la misma , ha sido generalmente sobreestimada debido a que se ha utilizado tabaco como el huesped indicador . nuestros resultados demuestran que a pesar de que las formas ápteras de m . euphorbiae pueden adquirir el pvy de las plantas de papa y tabaco , no lo transmiten fácilmente a las plantas de papa . los individuos alados solo transmiten el virus al 4 , 5 % de las plantas de papa . esta inhabilidad para transmitir el virus a la papa parece ser independiente del cultivar de dicho cultivo . los resultados sugieren que el rol del áfido de la papa en la diseminación del virus y en el cultivo , puede ser insignificante .
macgillivray , m . e . and g . b . anderson . 1964 . the effect of photoperiod and temperature on the production of gamic and agamic forms in macrosiphium euphorbiae ( thomas ) . can . j . zool . 42 : 491 - 510 .
mean time ( x ± sem ) taken by m . euphorbiae gynoparae to reach different odour sources in wind tunnel assays ( n = number of responding males ) . columns with different letters are significantly different ( tukey’s hsd , p < 0 . 05 ) .
mean time ( x ± sem ) taken by m . euphorbiae males to reach different odour sources in wind tunnel assays ( n = number of responding males ) . columns with different letters are significantly different ( tukey’s hsd , p < 0 . 05 ) .
zimmermann , e . c . 1948 . macrosiphum solanifoli ( ashmead ) . pp . 113 . in insects of hawaii . a manual of the insects of the hawaiian islands , including enumeration of the species and notes on their origin , distribution , hosts , parasites , etc . volume 5 . homoptera : sternorhyncha . 464 pages .
proportion ( x ± sem ) of m . euphorbiae gynoparae ( n = 48 in each treatment ) that oriented towards ( dotted bars ) or reached ( striped bars ) the different odour sources in wind tunnel assays . columns with different letters , either for orienting to or reaching the source , are significantly different ( tukey’s hsd , p < 0 . 05 ) .
proportion ( x ± sem ) of m . euphorbiae males ( n = 48 in each treatment ) that oriented towards ( dotted bars ) or reached ( striped bars ) the different odour sources in wind tunnel assays . columns with different letters , either for orienting to or reaching the source , are significantly different ( tukey’s hsd , p < 0 . 05 ) .
the potato aphid attacks over 200 plants including vegetable and ornamental crops as well as weeds . cultivated food hosts include apple , bean , broccoli , burdock ( gobo ) , cabbage , celery , chinese broccoli , chinese cabbage , corn , eggplant , ground cherry , lettuce , mustard cabbage , papaya , pea , pepper , potato , strawberry , sunflower , sweetpotato , tomato , turnip , white mustard cabbage and zucchini . ornamental hosts are aster , easter lily , gladiolus , iris and rose . weed hosts , such as lamb ' s quarters , pig weed , ragweed , and shepherd ' s - purse serve as important reservoir hosts for the species .
of north american origin , this aphid has a world wide distribution except for the indian subcontinent . it was first reported in hawaii in 1910 , and is now present on hawaii , kauai , maui and oahu .
aphids feed by sucking sap from their hosts . when aphid populations are large , feeding can cause plants to become deformed and the leaves curled and shriveled ( metcalf , 1962 ) . extensive damage can occur when aphid populations are large throughout the crop . this rarely happens in hawaii because of natural enemies and the use of insecticides .
on lettuce , aphids are a problem for three reasons : they vector virus diseases , they can cause reduced or abnormal growth ( reinink and dieleman , 1989 ) .
on strawberries the presence of honeydew , cast skins or sooty mold makes them unmarketable since the fruit can ' t be washed because this would increase the incidence of disease and decrease shelf life ( trumble et . al . , 1983 ) .
on broccoli , this pest is usually present on the youngest and oldest leaves that have higher concentrations of nitrogen containing compounds .
aphids vector plant viruses , and this activity potentially can result in greater losses than direct feeding damage . the potato aphid vectors over 40 non - persistent viruses and 5 persistent viruses . it is able to vector both p ( prsv - p ) and w ( prsv - w ) strains of papaya ringspot virus . prsv - p manifests on papaya . prsv - w does not infect papaya , but does infect cucurbits and watermelon . prsv - w is also called watermelon mosaic virus 1 ( wmv - 1 ) . this aphid also transmits watermelon mosaic virus 2 ( wmv - 2 ) .
reproduction in hawaii does not involve mating and egg laying . females give birth to live female nymphs . as a consequence of this type of reproduction , populations are composed solely of females and there are no males present .
in temperate regions , these aphids overwinter during the egg stage . these eggs are pale green when first laid and turn shiny black in a few hours . in hawaii , eggs are not produced by aphid females .
immatures are elongated and paler than adults with a light covering of white - gray wax and a dark stripe running down their back .
when full grown , the potato aphid is nearly 1 / 8 inch long . eyes are distinctly red and they have long slender cornicles extending from the abdomen . there are two color types , the pink form and the green form . although the majority of the progeny from a green form parent is green and likewise for the pink form , both color forms are able to parent either color form , ( shull , 1925 ) . adults are usually without wings . winged adults are developed in response to high population densities , decline of the host plant , and changes in environmental conditions . winged individuals may be of either color form .
each unmated female may give birth to 50 or more active nymphs within 2 weeks . a generation develops on potato every 2 or 3 weeks .
aphids cluster in shaded areas on the leaves , stems , and blossoms of plants . the wingless aphids tend to fall to the ground when the plant is disturbed . winged individuals disperse readily between crops .
when population densities are high , winged individuals are produced . these individuals emigrate to new hosts . the production of winged versus wingless individuals is dependent on the day length , parent type ,
generation
and temperature ( macgillivary and anderson , 1964 ) . winged , or alate , aphids are more common when the photoperiod is between 11 - 13 hours a day , the parent aphids are unwinged and the first
generation
of aphids under like environmental conditions , and the temperature ranges from 50û - 70 _ f ( macgillivary and anderson , 1964 ) .
barlow ( 1962 ) reported that potato aphid populations have the capacity to increase in temperatures between 41û and 77û f . the optimum temperature for population increase for the potato aphid is 68û f ( barlow , 1962 ) .
there are several factors that naturally control aphid populations . many aphids are naturally controlled by predators , parasites and pathogens ( hagen and van den bosch , 1968 ) . high temperatures increase mortality ( walker , 1982 ) . heavy rainfall washes aphids off plants ( hughes , 1963 ; maelzer , 1977 ) , however , this mortality factor is small because aphids usually gather on the protected under surface of leaves where they are less likely to be washed off ( walker et . al . , 1984 ) .
research on the characteristics of resistant tomato plants to the pink form of the potato aphid show that plants with long and dense hairs are less desirable under field conditions ( quiros et . al , 1977 ) . the same study showed that susceptible tomato plants had higher sucrose , lower quinic acid , and higher alanine and tyrosine contents and a trend toward higher total free amino - acid concentration , they also were a unique source of 0 - phosphoethanol amine ( quiros et . al , 1977 ) .
butterhead lettuce varieties are usually moderately to highly resistant to the potato aphid ( reinink and dieleman , 1989 ) . they feel this resistance may be passed on through selective breeding to the modern crisphead variety marbello which is a cross of crisphead and butterhead lettuces .
insecticidal soaps offer some control against aphids . applications should be applied at regular intervals for maximum efficacy ( koehler et . al . , 1983 ) . users should carefully consider the use of soaps . excessive use can cause a drop in yield of the crop .
a chemical management program for strawberries was tested by trumble et al . ( 1983 ) . they found that a regular sampling plan of counting the number of aphids per plant may be used to determine when the potential damage levels reach a threshold . if aphid numbers per plant are low ( less than 10 ) , no chemicals are necessary and monitoring should continue ; if they are above the threshold level ( 30 aphids per plant on 30 % of plants in field ) , chemicals should be applied . upon determining their thresholds , they found treatments could be based either on a regular sequential sampling plan or a check for presence / absence .
higa , s . y . and r . namba . 1971 . vectors of the papaya mosaic virus in hawaii . proc . hawaiian entomol . soc . 21 ( 1 ) : 93 - 96 .
hughes , r . d . 1963 . population dynamics of the cabbage aphid , brevicoryne brassicae . j . anim . ecol . 32 : 393 - 424 .
koehler , c . s . , l . w . barclay and t . m . kretchun . 1983 . pests in the home garden . california agriculture . 37 ( 9 / 10 ) : 11 - 12 .
metcalf , c . l . , and w . p . flint . 1962 . destructive and useful insects their habits and control , fourth edition . revised by : r . l . metcalf . mcgraw - hill book company , inc . new york , san francisco , toronto , london . pp . 646 - 647 .
purcifull , d . , e . hiebert and j . edwardson . 1984a . watermelon mosaic virus 2 . cmi / aab descriptions of plant viruses no . 293 ( no . 63 revised ) .
purcifull , d . , j . edwardson , e . hiebert , d . gonsalves . 1984b . papaya ringspot virus . cmi / aab descriptions of plant viruses , no . 292 ( no . 84 revised ) .
shull , a . f . 1925 . the life cycle of macrosiphium solanifolii with special reference to the genetics of color . american naturalist . 59 ( 663 ) : 289 - 310 .
trumble , j . t . , e . r . oatman , and v . voth . 1983 . thresholds and sampling for aphids in strawberries . california agric . 37 ( 11 / 12 ) : 20 - 21 .
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the species is spread in europe , anterior and middle asia , north america . within the territory of the former soviet union , it occurs widely where its hosts - plants grow . the northern border of its area goes along the northern border of main potato - growing zone . in closed ground , the pest is observed in more northern regions . its high harming activity is marked in some of southern regions of russia , in moldova , the south and southwest of ukraine .
potato aphid damages potato , tomato , aubergine , cucumber , lettuce , cabbage , pepper , melons and gourds , and others cultures . it feeds on potato in august - september , on aubergine in july , on tomato july - september . different plant species have characteristic symptoms of damage ; injured leaves of cucumber have yellow net ; tomato leaves have round yellow spots at places of aphid feeding . damaged leaves dry up . fecal masses pollute the leaves . control measures include eradication of weeds , insecticide treatments . duly forecast of pest appearance and number is rather important .
adashkevich b . , stary p . , popov n . 1972 . aphididae ( hymenoptera ) - parasites of aphids on vegetables , melons and gourds , potato . in : zhuchenko a . a . , ed . protection of vegetables ( proc . of moldova institute of water agriculture and vegetables growing ) . kishinev : moldovenyaske . 28 - 35 p . ( in russian ) .
bobryshev f . i . , chmulev v . m . , udovitskii a . s . , zakharov a . i . 1972 . dynamics of aphid migration to potato . in : lisunov v . i . , ed . plant protection against pests and diseases ( proc . stavropol ' skhi ) . stavropol ' : stavropol ' skhi . 102 - 105 p . ( in russian ) .
bozhko m . p . 1976 . aphids of food plants . khar ' kov : vishcha shkola . 134 p . ( in russian ) .
chechuev n . 1973 . aphids on potato in kazakhstan . kartofel ' i ovoshchi 6 : 41 ( in russian ) /
damroze i . p . 1970 . the species composition of aphids on potato in latvian ssr . in : materials vii conference on plant protection . part i . elgava : 75 - 77 ( in russian ) .
d ' yakonov k . p . , romanova s . a . , ledneva v . a . 1994 . new interest to potato aphid . zashchita rastenii 5 : 40 - 42 ( in russian ) .
ivanovskaya o . i . 1973 . ecological - faunistic complexes in west siberia . in : cherepanov a . i . , ed . results of investigations the living nature of siberia . novosibirsk : nauka : 97 - 104 ( in russian ) .
ivanovskaya o . i . 1976 . fauna of aphids on the territory of west siberia . in : zolotorenko g . s . , ed . fauna of helminthes and arthropods of siberia . novosibirsk : nauka . p . 175 - 189 ( in russian ) .
khandybarenko t . t . 1981 . basis of agrobiological measures on seed potato protection against aphids - virus - carrying agents . phd thesis . kiev : ukrainian plant protection institute , 41 p . ( in russian ) .
lytaeva g . k , nemchin f . i . 1972 . dynamics of winged aphids on potato in moldova . in : zhuchenko a . a . , ed . protection of vegetables ( proc . of moldova institute of water agriculture and vegetables growing ) . kishinev : moldovenyaske . 96 - 98 p . ( in russian ) .
nevskii v . p . 1929 . aphids of middle asia . proceedings of uzbekistan experimental plant protection station 16 . tashkent . 58 - 73 p . ( in russian ) .
shaposhnikov g . kh . 1964 . suborder aphidinea . aphids . in : bei - bienko g . ya . , ed . keys to insects of the european part of the ussr . v . 1 . moscow & leningrad : nauka . 612 p . ( in russian ) .
shaposhnikov g . kh . 1972 . order homoptera - homopterous . in : kryzhanovskii o . l . , ed . insects and mites - pests of agricultural crops . v . 1 . leningrad : nauka . 183 p . ( in russian ) .
vasil . ev v . p . , ed . 1973 . pests of agricultural crops and forest plantations . 1 . kiev : urozhai , 303 p . ( in russian ) .
zalene g . 1965 . aphids on potato in lithuanian ssr . in : materials of 5th conference on plant protection . vilnius : newspaper - magazine publishing house , 96 - 98 p . ( in russian ) .
zhukova m . i . 2000 . aphids on potato in byelorussia and control measures . in : sorochinskii l . v . , ed . akhova raslin 4 . minsk : an byelorussia . 16 - 18 p . ( in russian ) .
© 2003 - 2009 project «interactive agricultural ecological atlas of russia and neighboring countries . economic plants and their diseases , pests and weeds»
( see pictures below ) , and often rather shiny . their eyes are reddish , and the antennae are darker towards their tips . their
( see first picture below ) has pale greenish to yellow - brown thoracic lobes , with only the antennae and siphunculi noticeably darker than in the apterae . the second picture below shows a small colony of
micrographs of clarified mounts by permission of roger blackman , copyright awp all rights reserved .
is a vector of about one hundred plant viruses . the species originates from the north - eastern usa where it produces sexual forms and
spread infestations to other plants . it is an especial problem in unheated greenhouses .
we have made provisional identifications from high resolution photos of living specimens , along with host plant identity . in the great majority of cases , identifications have been confirmed by microscopic examination of preserved specimens . we have used the keys and species accounts of blackman & eastop ( 1994 ) and blackman & eastop ( 2006 ) supplemented with blackman ( 1974 ) , stroyan ( 1977 ) , stroyan ( 1984 ) , blackman & eastop ( 1984 ) , heie ( 1980 - 1995 ) , dixon & thieme ( 2007 ) and blackman ( 2010 ) . we fully acknowledge these authors as the source for the ( summarized ) taxonomic information we have presented . any errors in identification or information are ours alone , and we would be very grateful for any corrections . for assistance on the terms used for aphid morphology we suggest the figure provided by blackman & eastop ( 2006 ) .
just sorting out pics , and have happened upon these little lovelies from november , which i ' ve been unable to which i ' ve been unable to put a name . they were on cotton growing in the mediterranean biome at the eden project .
the adult appears to have been killed by an entomophthora fungus giving it the bright orange / red colour .
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grayish green to pink ; antennae longer than body and brown on the apical half ; cornicles cylindrical and very long ; cauda finger - shaped . ( from hypp zoology )
primary ( winter ) host is rose ; secondary ( summer ) hosts include potato and tomato .
the potato aphid attacks over 200 plants including vegetable and ornamental crops as well as weeds . cultivated food hosts include apple , bean , broccoli , burdock ( gobo ) , cabbage , celery , chinese broccoli , chinese cabbage , corn , eggplant , ground cherry , lettuce , mustard cabbage , papaya , pea , pepper , potato , strawberry , sunflower , sweetpotato , tomato , turnip , white mustard cabbage and zucchini . ornamental hosts are aster , easter lily , gladiolus , iris and rose . weed hosts , such as lamb ' s quarters , pig weed , ragweed , and shepherd ' s - purse serve as important reservoir hosts for the species . - univ . hawaii
garden insects of north america : the ultimate guide to backyard bugs ( princeton field guides ) whitney cranshaw . 2004 . princeton university press .
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contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
, the potato aphid , is native to north america . it is widespread across the united states and canada , and the species has spread from the nearctic region to the palearctic , ethiopian , and neotropical regions . its range has increased to an almost worldwide distribution , and
is a significant crop pest . populations can be found throughout europe , asia , africa , south america , and australia .
( finlayson , et al . , 2009 ; le guigo , et al . , 2012 ; raboudi , et al . , 2011 ; stary , et al . , 1993 ; valenzuela , et al . , 2009 )
colonizes over 200 species of host plants throughout temperate and tropical regions . its host plants , such as
and many other crop species can be found mainly in agricultural fields , but also in grasslands and suburban areas such as greenhouses , gardens , and parks .
( le guigo , et al . , 2012 ; petrovic - obradovic , 2010 ; van emden and harrington , 2007 )
is considered to be a medium - sized aphid . the species has winged and wingless forms . apterous ( wingless ) forms typically are 1 . 7 to 3 . 6 mm long , and alate ( winged ) forms are 1 . 7 to 3 . 4 mm long .
is spindle or pear - shaped . it has a soft body ; long , dark antennae ; and a pair of cornicles at the end of its abdomen . its color can vary among shades of green , pink , or magenta , while its eyes are reddish . nymphs resemble smaller adults and often are covered in a grayish - white wax . apterous adults usually appear shinier than nymphs .
( boquel , et al . , 2011 ; kaplan and thaler , 2012 ; petrovic - obradovic , 2010 ; stoetzel , 1994 ; van emden and harrington , 2007 )
grows through four nymphal instars , each lasting from 1 . 5 to 3 days , though development time varies with temperature . total development time from birth to reproductive maturity ranges from about 6 to 12 days . development times in sexually reproductive and parthenogenetic populations are similar .
( alyokhin , et al . , 2011 ; boquel , et al . , 2011 ; de conti , et al . , 2011 ; macgillivray and anderson , 1964 )
( where the aphid life cycle includes both parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction ) occur only in north america . anholocyclic populations ( in which female aphids reproduce only by parthenogenesis ) occur throughout the rest of its global range . egg - laying females ( oviparae ) produce a pheromone to attract male mates . the pheromone is produced by a gland on the hind tibia , and the female lifts her legs to release it .
( alyokhin , et al . , 2011 ; boquel , et al . , 2011 ; goldansaz and mcneil , 2006 )
( in which individuals undergo both parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction ) are present in north america . in these holocyclic populations , eggs that have overwintered on primary hosts ( usually
produces several wingless , parthenogenetic generations while colonizing its primary host . later , winged females are produced ; the winged offspring colonize secondary host plants in june and july .
. parthenogenesis continues on the secondary host until the fall , at which time males and sexually reproductive females are produced . males and sexually reproductive females return to the primary host plant species , mate , and lay eggs that overwinter . anholocyclic populations ( in which individuals reproduce only by parthenogenesis ) account for the
populations that are distributed throughout the rest of the world . the life cycle in anholocyclic
populations is similar , except for the absence of the sexually reproductive stage . apterous ( wingless ) females of
likely overwinter on primary host plants in warmer regions and later produce alate ( winged ) females that in turn colonize secondary hosts later in the season . one female can give birth to anywhere from a few to 50 offspring in a single day .
( de conti , et al . , 2011 ; lamb , et al . , 2009 ; raboudi , et al . , 2011 )
breeding season sexually reproducing populations breed between the end of summer and early fall .
, eggs are laid on a primary host plant to overwinter , which provides a food source for the offspring when they hatch in the spring . adults also provision the eggs . live birth by parthenogenesis is a significant energy investment by the female parent . because these clones join the colony at birth , interaction with the parent may occur ; however , adults provide no parental care .
lives in large colonies . these colonies can grow to large sizes quickly due to live birth by parthenogenesis ( which eliminates the need and time to find a mate ) and the relatively quick maturation time of the offspring . colonies can be established when alate ( winged ) aphids fly from primary to secondary host plants . however , because aphids are notoriously weak fliers , they often move on air currents and thus have little control over the direction of flight . flight and any resulting colonization is largely random . small - scale dispersal can occur when apterous ( wingless ) aphids walk from one plant to another .
( boquel , et al . , 2011 ; narayandas and alyokhin , 2006 ; pompon , et al . , 2010a )
has not been reported , but its range is limited significantly by its poor flight ability . colonization by alate ( winged ) forms is determined mainly by air currents . small - scale dispersal range is determined by the distance that
the main sensory organ in aphids is their antennae . the antennae are used for tactile and chemical detection . to determine whether a plant is a suitable host ,
uses its antennae to feel along the leaves and detect host - specific odors and other chemical cues .
also uses its stylet mouthparts to probe into plants beneath the epidermis . color cues can play a role in host plant selection , and
can detect uv light . in other insects , uv light likely plays a role in flight patterns ; however , the detection of uv light by
likely serves a different purpose , as aphids are weak fliers and instead rely on air currents . changes in uv light have been shown to alter orientation and colonization in
. aphids that are captured or harassed produce an alarm pheromone that alerts other aphids of danger . the alarm pheromone typically elicits evasive behaviors in aphids , such as dropping off the host plant or walking away . in
, alarm pheromones also cause an increase in the parthenogenetic production of winged individuals , while sexually reproductive females produce a pheromone that attracts male mates .
( goldansaz and mcneil , 2006 ; kaplan and thaler , 2012 ; legarrea , et al . , 2012 ; pompon , et al . , 2010a )
feeds on plant phloem . it uses its stylet mouthparts to pierce the plant tissue and access the phloem . this aphid species is highly polyphagous and has been documented as feeding on over 200 species in 20 different plant families , many of them crop species . its most notable host plants include plants in the
individuals ( usually dehydrated alate females ) also have been observed consuming xylem sap for rehydration .
( atamian , et al . , 2013 ; le guigo , et al . , 2012 ; legarrea , et al . , 2012 ; pompon , et al . , 2010b )
are avid predators of aphids . many lady beetle species have been documented preying on
releases an alarm pheromone , as do most aphid species . the alarm pheromone alerts others in the colony of a predation threat and typically elicits evasive behavior such as dropping off the host plant or walking away . additionally , the european red ant ,
. the ants protect the aphids from predators and parasitoids in exchange for honeydew produced by the aphids .
( alvarez , et al . , 2013 ; alyokhin , et al . , 2011 ; finlayson , et al . , 2009 ; kaplan and thaler , 2012 ; van emden and harrington , 2007 )
is a significant crop pest with an almost worldwide distribution . it colonizes over 200 host plant species . its primary host often is cited to be
. these bacteria live within the bodies of aphids and synthesize amino acids that the aphids cannot get from their nutrient - poor phloem diet . the european red ant ,
in a mutualistic relationship . the ants eat the honeydew produced by the aphids ; in return , the ants protect , clean , and transport the aphids .
. many species of wasp parasitoids lay eggs inside aphids , which causes aphid death when the wasp offspring hatch . these wasp species can be used to control aphid populations .
( alyokhin , et al . , 2011 ; atamian , et al . , 2013 ; boquel , et al . , 2011 ; finlayson , et al . , 2009 ; francis , et al . , 2010 ; le guigo , et al . , 2012 ; legarrea , et al . , 2012 ; lins , et al . , 2013 ; petrovic - obradovic , 2010 ; thi , et al . , 2013 )
, the potato aphid , is described as one of the most harmful aphid species in the world . it feeds on many plant species and causes significant crop damage in
. the aphid also is a vector of many plant diseases , including 40 non - persistent viruses and several persistent viruses ( e . g . , yellow net virus , pea leaf roll virus , and potato leaf roll virus ) . to prevent as much crop damage as possible , substantial research has been and continues to be conducted to find the most effective insecticides , biological control methods , and resistant plants .
( legarrea , et al . , 2012 ; raboudi , et al . , 2011 ; van emden and harrington , 2007 )
angela miner ( author ) , animal diversity web staff , elizabeth wason ( author , editor ) , animal diversity web staff , leila siciliano martina ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .
living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .
a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,
incomplete metamorphosis
is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and
complete metamorphosis
is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
( illiger ) , in potato ecosystems of idaho and its predatory potential on the colorado potato beetle and aphids .
alyokhin , a . , f . drummond , g . sewell , r . storch . 2011 . differential effects of weather and natural enemies on coexisting aphid populations .
atamian , h . , r . chaudhary , v . dal cin , e . bao , t . girke , i . kaloshian . 2013 . in planta expression or delivery of potato aphid
boquel , s . , p . giodanengo , a . ameline . 2011 . probing behavior of apterous and alate morphs of two potato—colonizing aphids .
de conti , b . , v . bueno , m . sampaio , j . lenteren . 2011 . development and survival of
francis , f . , f . guillonneau , p . leprince , e . de pauw , e . haubruge , l . jia , f . goggin . 2010 . tritrophic interactions among
lamb , r . , p . mackay , s . migui . 2009 . measuring the performance of aphids : fecundity versus biomass .
le guigo , p . , a . rolier , j . le corff . 2012 . plant neighborhood influences colonization of
) of potential importance on citrus in the united states with illustrated keys to species .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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hummel na 1 , zalom fg , miyao gm , underwood nc , villalobos a .
department of entomology , university of california , davis , davis , ca 95616 , usa . nahummel @ urltoken
insect biochem mol biol . 2009 jan ; 39 ( 1 ) : 20 - 30 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ibmb . 2008 . 09 . 014 . epub 2008 nov 1 .
département de biologie , pavillon vachon , université laval , québec , québec , canada .
adult : large - sized ( 2 . 4 - 3 . 6 mm long ) ; greyish - green to pink ; spindle - shaped with antennae longer than body and brown on the apical half ;
cylindrical and very long ; cauda finger - shaped with 8 - 11 setae .
aphid feeding slow down the growth of seedlings and lead to a decrease in yield .
however , the most dangerous activity of this aphid is the transmission of phytopathogenic viruses , especially the potato virus y ( pyv ) and the beet yellows virus ( byv ) .
winged individuals , apterous individuals and nymphs on the underside of a leaf of potato .
distribution . this aphid is globally distributed , located in all but the coldest terrestrial habitats .
host associations . it has a broad host range , having been recorded from at least 90 families .
economic importance . it is particularly important on solaneous plant species , especially potato , but also attacks many rosaceous plant species . it has been implicated in the transmission of nearly 70 plant viruses .
see also . taxonomy at aphid species file . aphids on the world ' s plants . literature references .
blackman , r . l . and v . f . eastop . 1994 . aphids on the world’s trees . cab international with the natural history museum , london . viii + 987 pages , 135 figures , 16 plates .
blackman , r . l . and v . f . eastop . 2000 . aphids on the world’s crops , second edition . john wiley & sons with the natural history museum , london . x + 466 pages , 58 figures , 51 plates .
blackman , r . l . and v . f . eastop . 2006 . aphids on the world’s herbaceous plants and shrubs . volume 2 the aphids . john wiley & sons with the natural history museum , london . viii + pages 1025 - 1439 .
chan , c . k . , a . r . forbes , and d . a . raworth . 1991 . aphid - transmitted viruses and their vectors of the world . agriculture canada technical bulletin 1991 - 3e . 1 - 216 pp .
holman , j . 2009 . host plant catalog of aphids , palaearctic region . springer science and business media b . v . 1216 pp .
voegtlin , d . , w . villalobos , m . v . sanchez , g . saborio , and c . rivera . a guide to the winged aphids of costa rica . 2003 . international journal of tropical biology and conservation 51 ( suppl . 2 ) : xi + 228 pp .
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: potato aphids infest a wide range of host plants . some important cultivated hosts include potato , tomato , eggplant , sunflower , peppers , peas , beans , apple , turnip , corn , sweet potato , asparagus , clover , and roses . weeds such as ragweed , lambsquarter , jimsonweed , pigweed , shepherdspurse , and wild lettuce are also common food plants .
: potato aphid infestations are sporadic in occurrence and rarely severe enough to kill plants . damage is caused by both nymphs and adults sucking sap from foliage , especially from the terminal growth . new growth may become stunted and curled . the transmission of tomato and potato diseases , such as mosaics , leaf roll , and spindle tuber , causes more injury to the plants than sucking the sap .
: this soft - bodied , pear - shaped insect varies in color from solid pink to green and pink mottled to light green . it is a rather large aphid , almost 1 / 8 inch long , and has a pair of long , slender
tailpipe - like
appendages known as cornicles . immature aphids are smaller than adults but similar in color and shape . all stages have piercing - sucking mouthparts and feed by sucking sap from plant tissues .
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the green peach aphid and the potato aphid are commonly found on lettuce ; of the two , green peach aphid is the most important . green peach aphids are dark green to yellow and have no waxy covering . the tubercles at the base of the antennae grow toward each other . infestations start on the lower leaves and as aphid numbers grow they move up and over the entire plant .
potato aphids can be found in both pink and green forms . this aphid is larger than the green peach aphid , and the adult has longer cornicles and cauda . potato aphid colonies are composed of both adults and offspring closely clustered together , usually on the youngest leaves . the potato aphid may occur alone , or in colonies with green peach aphid .
large numbers of aphids can stunt seedlings or transplants and can contaminate heads bound for market . green peach aphids can vector several viruses that affect lettuce including alfalfa mosaic , beet western yellows , beet yellow stunt , and turnip mosaic .
the same general predators that attack other aphids also prey on green peach aphids . epidemics of a disease caused by the fungus entomophthora aphidis may kill portions of the green peach aphid population when their numbers are high and relative humidity is high . parasites , including lysiphlebus testaceipes , aphidius matricariae , and aphelinus semiflavus , attack this pest . natural enemies rarely provide adequate control of large numbers of aphids in spring or fall crops .
use biological control and sprays of azadirachtin , insecticidal soaps , or selected entomopathogenic fungi in an organically certified crop .
check all areas of the field twice a week , but especially along the edges , which are usually the first area to become infested . since green peach aphid infestations are clumped , you will need to sample 25 plants per quadrant of a 40 - to 80 - acre field .
if high numbers develop on seedlings , apply insecticide as soon as plants appear stressed . on more mature plants , before heading , do not apply insecticide unless numbers exceed 20 aphids per plant . if a significant percentage of plants are infested just prior to heading , apply insecticide to keep aphids from spreading into the center of the head where they are difficult to control . continue monitoring to see whether another treatment is needed . some populations of green peach aphid may be resistant to certain insecticides in your area ; check with your farm advisor for more information .
the following are ranked with the pesticides having the greatest ipm value listed first & —the most effective and least harmful to natural enemies , honey bees , and the environment are at the top of the table . when choosing a pesticide , consider information relating to air and water quality , resistance management , and the pesticide ' s properties and application timing . not all registered pesticides are listed . always read the label of the product being used .
comments : soil application . placement is critical ; see label for information . do not apply more than 0 . 38 lb a . i . of admire pro / acre per year .
comments : foliar application . allow 7 days between applications with a maximum of 5 applications per season .
restricted entry interval ( rei ) is the number of hours ( unless otherwise noted ) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing . preharvest interval ( phi ) is the number of days from treatment to harvest . in some cases the rei exceeds the phi . the longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest .
rotate chemicals with a different mode - of - action group number , and do not use products with the same mode - of - action group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance . for example , the organophosphates have a group number of 1b ; chemicals with a 1b group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a group number other than 1b . mode - of - action group numbers are assigned by


nasturtium ( 1899 – 1916 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse that was the top two-year-old colt of 1901 .

he was a contender for the 1902 epsom derby , but did not run in the race due to illness .

nasturtium ( horse )

the future of nasturtium . ; w . c . whitney ' s $ 50 , 000 horse , now at westbury , will be trained if it is possible .
with the headline : the future of nasturtium . ; w . c . whitney ' s $ 50 , 000 horse , now at westbury , will be trained if it is possible .
the future of nasturtium . ; w . c . whitney ' s $ 50 , 000 horse , now at westbury , will be trained if it is possible . - the new york times
inserted into a hanging basket at planting time , even as a few seeds , nasturtium quickly makes an impact and later it keeps going when other flowers have worn out .
épinard was commandeered by the germans during their occupation of france in world war ii and reportedly was last seen being worked as a cart horse .
nasturtium ( ger ) c , 1955 { 1 - w } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 14 - 6 ( 20 ) di = 0 . 00 cd = - 1 . 30
an interesting problem to turfmen just now concerns the future of nasturtium , the fifty - thousand - dollar race horse , who was sent to england with the special purpose of winning the epsom derby for william c . whitney , and who was returned to the united states last week on the steamer minnehaha , after a sickness in england that caused mr . whitney ' s trainer to decide that it would be impossible to race the horse successfully in that country . view full article in timesmachine »
angelina , the dam of ordei ( who is the sire of nasturtium ' s dam ) ip a full tisler to st . simon , england ' s crack sire , and whoso stock hjve been freely imported to the colonies by breeders to use as sires . nasturtium has a treble strain of the stockwoll blood in him — two through his dam and one through his sire , — besides which watcrcress ' s dam is a hermit mare . nasturtium made his first appearance in a maiden , two - year - old , and beat 14 others ovpr five furlongs in lmin 1 4 - ssec . another of mr whitney ' s colts in goldsmith is highly spoken of by american judges , but when huggins saw the colts he immediately selected nasturtium . huggins had not , at the time of the colts ' arrival , returned to england , but his head man wa ; an charge of a
sow nasturtium seeds now , plant out seedlings if you have raised them , or buy some in pots . nasturtiums are very familiar flowers , often associated with cottage gardens . they tumble out from banks and rickety fences , and a great seaside flower too .
a handsome chestnut horse of great presence , épinard had an excellent shoulder and strong hindquarters but also had bad feet that were prone to thrush infections . his optimum distance was at a mile or a little more .
an irish country themed shop in kilkenny and horse and jockey selling art , clothes , accessories , equestrian gifts and homeware . opening hours : mon - sat : 10 : 00 - 18 : 00 sundays : high summer season
the third brett crawford - trained horse , sail south , is at his best when dropped out as he is capable of a blistering finish . he comes off a reasonable fourth place pipe - opening run in the drill hall .
although familiar , the nasturtium is native to south america . it is not hardy , and is killed by the first frost of autumn , but before then it will give masses of brilliant orange , yellow or red flowers . the flowers , and the peppery - tasting leaves , can be used in summer salads .
the big bay proved himself a top horse as a three - year - old . he finished a narrow second in the grade 1 cape guineas with the rest of the field well beaten and followed that with an unlucky fourth in a vintage sun met field .
roy had enough’s best form has been over course and distance and he is capable of running on strongly from off the pace . he has a better draw than he has been having and is a dark horse , although this is much tougher opposition than he has beaten here .
a half sister to stakes winners hawthorne and thornhill ( both by hastings ) , epine blanche was produced from unraced white thorn , a daughter of 1901 american champion 2 - year - old male nasturtium . the next dam in epinard ' s tail - female line , thorn blossom , was sired by martenhurst from the imported galopin mare eye sweet , an unraced daughter of the winning springfield mare whin blossom .
please complete your profile . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .
below is a chart of the consensus american historical champions . apart from big red himself in 1919 and 1920 , all horses marked in orange are descendants of man o ' war . if you ' d like to check on any horse ' s pedigree , click here : urltoken . clicking this link will open the site in a new tab or window .
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masda ( ch f 1915 ) , bred by august belmont , nursery stud , lexington , kentucky , full sister to man o ' war ( ch c 1917 ) , 3rd dam of the king ranch ' s triple crown winner assault ( ch c 1943 bold venture ) , champion colt and horse of the year in 1946 and inducted into the racing hall of fame in 1964 . family 4 - c .
“initially i only had a bit of a niggle in my shoulder but , when it didn’t go away , an mri scan revealed ligament and tendon damage that required an operation to repair . when the horse reared and fell , trapping my foot between her and the metalwork , i grabbed whatever i could to pull myself clear and that is when i did the damage . with the adrenalin pumping i didn’t realise anything was wrong .
now named alyssum , for the flower of course , the name also remembers one of the greatest of all hartford racehorses . alyssum ( the horse , ) excelled against the best of his generation at distances ranging from five furlongs ( the human equivalent of a 100 metres sprint at the olympics ) to ten furlongs ( the equivalent of the mile to humans ) , which exemplified not only his versatility , but also his abiding class .
according to turf historian richard ulbrich , é pinard ' s feet were so painful on the day of his match race with sir gallahad iii that he had to be literally dragged to the race course . abram s . hewitt , who actually witnessed the race , stated that the horse ' s connections were smacking him across the buttocks with a plank to get him to move to the starting line . nonetheless , é pinard lost the race by only a neck .
your forum sign - up is not complete , you must add an alias / screen name before you can post to the forums . your name and email is not exposed to forum users , only the screen name is accessible or viewable . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .
friday night ' s food - and - wine pairing menu included butter - poached prawns with a pineapple - sage crème which worked so well with the la bri chardonnay 2011 . the starter comprised kzn quail and croft chicken - liver parfait and included fennel as well as a viola espuma , with tiny little colourful viola flowers that picked up on the slight spiciness and liquorice undertones of the syrah 2009 . other combinations included hearty lentil soup with nasturtium flowers and crispy capers . belgium , dark , bitter - chocolate fondant with fresh jasmine flowers , homemade berry jam and vanilla - bean ice cream smear , completed the meal . this was the combination irene was most concerned about . it turned out to be the dish she enjoyed the most because of its unusual pairing and complexity .
i don ' t think there are any ata - approved traks left in tx all the ata - approved trak stallions in tx have been retired , died , gelded , or sold out of the state . if onassis were still breeding he would definitely be your guy . but i think prince of prussia ( full brother to platinum von rappenhof ) stands in arkansas and there are 2 stallions in louisiana , hilife and monte . hilife is an attractive horse and competed as a hunter but imho his jumping form was not great . don ' t know about monte .
originally selected by mick ' s late father , bryan , shortly before his premature death in 1977 , a one third share in the r900 purchase heliotrope was the sum of mick ' s inheritance , though he did get the racing
disease
from his dad and grandfather , pat snr . yet it was this modest horse that ignited the fire which burns so brightly in the subsequent history of summerhill stud , the multiple champion racehorse breeding establishment on the continent , and of course , in the distinguished story of hartford , which was the subject of an exchange for the goss family property in hillcrest , just outside durban , in 1990 .
bred and owned by august belmont ii he was a a half brother to the ebor handicap and queen ' s vase winner golden measure ( ch c 1902 florizel ) and to the belmont stakes winner friar rock ( ch c 1913 rock sand ) . his dam fairy gold won the woodcote stakes at epsom defeating desmond ( bl c 1896 st . simon ) . standing 15 hands 3 inches he was described as a
very stylish , bloodlike colt ,
and was thought to resemble hermit ( ch c 1864 newminster ) by several observers in england . although not an overly large horse , his trainer andrew d joyner suggested that he was
plenty big enough
.
he was the only consequential runner sired by derby winner sainfoin , who is more noted for being the dam ' s sire of both phalaris and hurry on . rock sand ' s dam , roquebrune , was a half - sister to dual - classic winner seabreeze , and daughter of the one thousand guineas winner st . marguerite and the undefeated st . simon . roquebrune ran three times in three seasons : she won ascot ' s new stakes as a juvenile , and doncaster ' s zetland stakes at age three . an exceptionally high - strung filly , she was called a
trainer ' s nightmare .
rock sand was likewise known as a temperamental horse , although it did not interfere with his racing .
captain america is the defending champion and should go close . he is a big horse but has run well fresh before . from draw four he might have a bit of a problem getting into his favourite box seat . snowdance , who is drawn three , is likely to lead and three - year - old undercover agent , drawn two , is thus in the ideal position to slot in behind her as he also likes to be handy . captain america thus might have to run one wide outside of his younger stablemate . however , he has relaxed well as he has gotten older so it should not be too much of a problem . both he and undercover agent can turn it on in the straight and will be big players .
in our continuing effort to provide an avenue for individuals to voice their opinions and experiences , we have recently reviewed and updated our forum policies . generally , we have allowed users to share their positive or negative experiences with or opinions of companies , products , trainers , etc . within the industry , and that is not changing . when it came to overt criminal allegations , however , those discussions have in the past needed to stem from a report by a reputable news source or action by law enforcement or the legal system . we are now expanding our policies to allow posters to share their own first - hand experiences involving overt criminal allegations , such as animal abuse or neglect , theft , etc . , but only if they publicly provide their full first and last name along with the post . we still will not allow anonymous postings alleging criminal activity . so , a user may now make a specific claim against a named individual or company , but it must be a first - hand account , and they have to identify themselves . users have always been legally responsible for their posts , and nothing has changed there , but we want to loosen the reins a bit and further allow the free flow of discussion and information relevant to the horse community . we are not providing a free - for - all of anonymous rumor - mongering . as enduring advocates for the welfare of the horse , we want to provide a forum for those willing to sign their name and shine a light on issues of concern to them in the industry . the full revised rules are posted at the top of each forum for reference .
ch c 1923 ( fair play - quelle chance , by ethelbert ) . sire line matchem . family 3 - c . bred by august belmont ii he won the jockey club gold cup and aqueduct handicap and was champion racehorse and horse of the year in 1927 . he covered at calumet farm in lexington , kentucky and got , among others , the hopeful stakes winner psychic bid ( ch c 1932 ) , the kentucky jockey club stakes winner grand slam ( ch c 1933 ) and the futurity stakes winner some chance ( ch c 1939 ) all later stallions . chance play also got the champion filly now what ( ch f 1937 ) herself the dam of the twice champion filly next move ( br f 1947 bull lea ) . he led the sires list in 1935 and 1944 . chance play died in 1950 .
épinard played a significant if indirect role in arthur hancock ' s decision to form a syndicate to buy sir gallahad iii as a stallion prospect . as turf historian william robertson put it , hancock reasoned that if épinard was a good enough stud prospect to attract wealthy american horsemen willing to buy him , a horse that had beaten him ( albeit with the help of an 11 - pound weight concession and a flare - up of épinard ' s chronic foot soreness ) was a still better one . hancock was right , as sir gallahad iii became a four - time american champion sire and 12 - time american champion broodmare sire while standing at hancock ' s claiborne farm . further , because of sir gallahad iii ' s early successes in the united states , his full brother bull dog was also imported and also became an american champion sire and broodmare sire .
st . florian , tl . e sire of ard patrick , belongs to bruce lowe ' s xo . 20 family , and no horse of that family has ever sired a classic winner until mr gubbins ' s irisbbrecl colt captured this year ' s blue ribbon , and on that account the ' •special commit bioner
of the london . sportsman did n ' »t greatly fa \ our the colt ' t , derby chance when writing of thi - > year ' a derby colta some few months back . this year ' s dorby will be numbered amongst the most sen«atioi . al on record , on account of the onoimous amount of wage - r - ing which took place over the event . the amount < > i money for whu - ii sceptre was suppoitcd vould , if tho usbta new - , i ^ correct , i - end her out the hottest fnvumite that ! ia - < ever started in the race . she started at evens in a field of 17 , and was - supported in one night to win half a million of money . ard patrick has been a good performer both during his two - year - old career oncl thii season . ard patrick made his first appearance as a two - year - old in the imperial - produce stakes at kempton park , winch lie won in good style . he also won the clearwell stakes at newmarket , but he was beaten a head in th© dewhur - i , plate by game chick . this season ard patrick . was third to sceptre and pistol in the two thousand guineas , and subsequently won the newmarket stakes , but was disqualified for bumping , the race going to the carbine colt fowling pier - e . ard patrick has been one of the ruling favourites during the winter and the spring of this year , and has been consistently supported for tho race he has just won . some few years ago , when the £10 , 000 stakes given by proprietary clubs sprang . into existence , many writers said that the english derby stood an excellent chance of being knocked into oblivion by theee colossal stakes ; but the famous iace has during the patt two or three years taken a fresh lea = e of life , and now sportsmen and bre - eders are patronising it with renewed interest .
papers past | the americans in england . ( otago witness , 1902 - 02 - 26 )
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last year ' s derby winner , volodyovski . the americans have captured two english derbys up to date — one with iroquois and one with volodyovski , — and the decision of this year ' s blue ribbon , which i 3 down for june 4 , will be looked forward to with considerable interest by sportsmen all the world over .
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the americans in england . , otago witness , issue 2502 , 26 february 1902
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color : ch ( usa ) 1901 : won flatbush stakes , 2nd . great american stakes . purchased for $ 50 , 000 on june 22 , 1901 generally ranked as the u . s . champion two - year - old male of 1901 , but was probably not the equal of his stablemate , the champion filly endurance by right - he defeated her in the flatbush stakes but had been declared to win by their owner . article on colt ` s return from england and illness : urltoken sent to elmendorf in 1903 per ny times . 2 / 1903 ( close )
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michael hall antiques . p . o . box 50031 , nashville tn 37205 . email : michael @ michaelhallantiques . com . ( tel . ) 615 - 390 - 1836 . © michael hall antiques 2017
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channel island flower essences originated over 12 years ago in the beautiful , energetic and dynamic channel islands focusing on flowers , grasses and tree essences . created by susie morvan .
channel island flower essences are produced using the finest organic french brandy and bronte natural spring water to provide you with most natural and purest flower essence .
flower essences are the vibrational energy imprint of flowers infused in water using the sun method as advocated by dr edward bach in the beginning the last century . flower essences are described to work on the subtle body , the aura or magnetic energy field that surrounds a human being .
channel island flower essences are manufactured under strict guidelines and codes of practice of the bafep ( british association of flower essence producers ) and the bfvea ( the british flower and vibrational essence association ) with the purest of ingredients of organic french brandy and bronte spring water . the personal space enhancing mist is manufactured using the finest organic vodka and bronte spring water . they are produced to the highest standards of quality control in a specialist factory facility with brc grade a standing and organic accreditation in line with the foods standards agency .
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since the selection of champions before 1936 was somewhat haphazard , turf journalists and historians eventually got together to select the historical champions . this means that man o’ war , whose stud career spanned the years 1921 through 1943 , finally had the chance to include his most productive period at stud . now , not only do we honor the sole “official” champion war admiral in 1937 , we also recognize the selected champions american flag , florence nightingale , maid at arms , scapa flow , crusader , edith cavell , and bateau . all were champion offspring of man o’ war before the more modern championship balloting process began .
champions , there are more lists available . first is the list of american classic winners , second is a list of the thoroughbred racing hall of fame inductees with man o ' war blood , and the third is the top racehorses of the 20th century according to various polls .
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100 show placings points : 10 prize : $ 2000 objective : earn 1st 2nd or 3rd place in 100 shows .
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six generations for : ellangowan spy valley ( wpb g2137 - 11 . 11 . 04 - gelding ) by ellangowan challanger from ellangowan macaraina
he is one of the hottest chefs in london , the up - and - coming star of a hugely competitive culinary scene that demands rare levels of talent , innovation and determination . robin gill has just been named the uk ' s chef of the year by the good food guide , an award that puts him right up there with the very biggest names in the business . but in his native ireland , he remains very much under the radar .
robin and his wife sarah run three of the most talked about restaurants in london . this august , they added paradise garage in bethnal green to a burgeoning chain that began with the dairy in clapham and continued with the much - lauded manor . and it all began in a run - down irish pub in one of the less glamorous corners of south west london , where a sudden flash of inspiration interrupted a post - work , early - hours pint .
robin ( 35 ) and sarah ( 34 ) first met when they were in their early 20s and he was doing a short stint working in a restaurant in dun laoghaire , where they both grew up .
it was a really fun place to work , and i knew a lot of people there ,
robin says .
i got invited to the staff christmas party and sarah was working there , so we met , and we ' ve been together ever since .
robin ' s early career saw him go straight from school to working in restaurants in dublin and then progressing through the
stage
system , where young chefs with lots of promise intern in the top kitchens . it ' s a tough , often unforgiving system . soon after they met , sarah went over to italy to join robin while he was on a stage at the two - michelin star ristorante don alfonso on the amalfi coast . then it was back to london in 2004 , for two years at le manoir aux quat ' saisons where he worked under raymond blanc .
it is an amazing way to learn the business and to develop your skills , you are working under the best ,
says robin .
but there is a big element of having to prove yourself . it ' s long hours , hard work , a fair bit of pressure .
sarah had also joined the front of house team at le manoir . and then the french - born super - chef asked them both to head up his latest venture , a five - star dining and hospitality private members club at the emirates stadium , home to premier league football team arsenal .
it was called the diamond club and it was the first time anybody had tried to do fine dining at a football club ,
says sarah .
robin was the head chef for two years . at first i was only supposed to go in and train the staff , but i ended up working there myself for seven years .
it was a big break for robin , working for the high - rollers who paid £80 , 000 just to join and an annual membership fee of £30 , 000 to dine on match days . but he didn ' t find it the most rewarding experience of his career .
i wanted to be out of there after the first week ,
he says .
but i had made a commitment , so i ended up there for two years , mostly out of loyalty to raymond .
the couple , who married in florence in 2011 , both knew that what they really wanted was to set up their own restaurant . that is easier said than done in london , where sky - high rents , operating costs and tough competition make it a huge challenge .
you are not gordon ramsay , you are not jason atherton . when you are a nobody , the only venue you are going to be offered is the last piece of crap on the market ,
explains robin . following a short but very lucrative stint as the personal chef to a middle eastern head of state , by 2012 robin had gotten some savings together alongside offers of backing from some of the well - heeled clientele who had sampled his cooking at arsenal .
but they didn ' t have a venue . and that ' s where what was possibly the worst irish pub in london came in .
we were living in clapham , and this used to be a pretty shabby old irish pub . a real late - night den , an absolute dive ,
says robin .
it only opened a couple of nights a week but stayed open until 6am so i could come for a couple of drinks after finishing up in town . we had been looking for a place to start for nearly three years and getting nowhere . i was really starting to wonder if we could find a place at all . then i was in here one night and the guy who owned it was telling me that he was thinking of selling up the lease and moving on .
it was a bit of a light - bulb moment for robin and sarah . they scraped together the cash to get the lease and then started calling in favours from friends .
we didn ' t have an interior decorator . we couldn ' t afford one ,
says sarah .
a friend of ours , an irish guy , did all of the artwork . we tore down walls , got friends in to help strip wallpaper and sand floors , we were still waiting for paint to dry about an hour before we opened that first night .
that was in early 2013 , and soon they started getting hugely positive reviews in time out , in the guardian and pretty much from everybody in the know .
it was very stressful , because we just started getting reviewed , and we hadn ' t had the time or the money to do a proper opening , we didn ' t even know how these reviewers were hearing about us ,
says sarah .
and it ' s london , so a good or bad review from a big magazine or paper , well , it can make or break you .
the gills , however , were very much made . since then , the dairy and the manor - which opened in clapham in november 2014 - have become destination dining spots , with people flying in to london just to sample robin ' s fantastic cooking .
it has been a meteoric rise for the couple . when we meet , it ' s clear they make a dynamic team . robin has his skills and creativity in the kitchen while sarah , who studied marketing before getting into the restaurant trade , brings a lot to the table in terms of hard work , organisation and vision . both of them are very focused on the business of the restaurant trade in london .
their son , ziggy , is almost a year old and has virtually grown up in the restaurant . sarah can be seen in the dairy on busy saturdays , handing out menus to the lunchtime crowd with one hand while holding ziggy on her hip with the other .
it ' s been a bit mad . and we are trying to cut back on the hours , it ' s very important with our son being so young . so we ' ll take a break after christmas , and head off for a month ,
says sarah .
we work together most days and it can be a bit high - pressure , running three restaurants . you could end up just working flat - out , every hour god sends . that would not be the life we want . we ' re both conscious of getting that balance right , of being able to step back and take a break when we can .
robin is already looking at offers for a newspaper column , his first cook - book , possible tv work . but when he talks about the fisherman in cornwall who texts him at 4am to say what kind and quantity of fish he will be sending up that morning , or the guy who grows his veg , it ' s clear to see that his main focus is still on the food .
and london is taking notice . apart from the stellar reviews , crowds of customers and awards , robin is now hosting a semi - legendary late - night dining club for his fellow chefs from the city ' s best eateries , a once - a - month bacchanalian bash known as the bloodshot supper club .
the restaurant crowd only sit down for their starters at 1am and it goes on all night . it ' s almost as if this irish chef is preserving one small bit of the spirit of the worst irish bar in london .
jason o ' neill , head chef at the g hotel , shares this tempting recipe .
go that little bit further and have fun with fish ! jason o ' neill , head chef at the g hotel , shares some tempting recipes .
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' is it over yet ?
apparently not , there ' s another . . .
recipe : roast turbot , fondant potato , girolles , prawns , asparagus , prawn bisque , . . .
go that little bit further and have fun with fish ! jason . . .
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the big green egg - a hand - made ceramic egg which is made in the same factory as a . . .
before the frost kills it , the plant provides lots of large rounded seeds - - which are not killed by frost , having a layer of corky insulation - - and these will usually sprout the following year and continue the show at no expense .
nasturtiums can be planted on earthen banks or at the top of low retaining walls or raised beds , where they can fall down and trail along the ground . the effect of a rippling flow of foliage and flowers is very pretty , especially over gravel . the plant is strongly associated with summer because it is certain that none of the foliage will be there in winter .
nasturtiums are ideal for planting against rough fences as , if they can get a grip , they will scramble upwards rather than trail down . the plant can be used as a temporary filler and colour - provider to improve messy areas .
because of the trailing habit of growth , nasturtiums can be used successfully in containers , especially hanging baskets and window boxes , and in pots where they can trail over the edge .
sow seeds anywhere that a few plants would be of value . the ground should be good but not very rich , as the plant tends to make a lot of leaves in very fertile soil . the position should be sunny to get as much balanced growth and flowering as possible .
the seeds can be sown in small pots of compost , three or four to a pot . when they are about five centimetres tall , they can be planted out into the ground where they are going to grow , or in containers . alternatively , the seeds can be sown directly into the soil where they are to grow .
the large seeds are robust and almost always succeed , and this makes them very suitable for children to try . watch for snails until the plants grow large . sometimes cabbage white butterflies lay eggs on the leaves and the caterpillars can strip the leaves . pick off the egg batches if noticed .
' peter was adamant , there was to be no coving and no range ,
marita varley explains with a big smile , as she points out the coving on the ceiling in her kitchen and the waterford stanley range , against which she is warming her bum .
if you are in the market for a georgina - era mansion , then here are four impressive properties currently available to buy .
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balally is one of the four park and ride stops on the luas green line ; you can park your car there for €5 a day and read a . . .
fans of the chronicles of narnia , the seven - novel cs lewis saga , might be forgiven for opening the bedroom wardrobes in . . .
jim fitzpatrick , the artist best known for bringing us our celtic myths in vivid colour , bought his victorian house by the . . .
it has been many decades now since douglas lost its identity as a quiet , conscientious village near cork and became . . .
massive holiday home on the wild atlantic way which has its own private beach is up . . .
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dark bay / brown colt , 1900 - 1914 by sainfoin - roquebrune by st . simon darley arabian sire line : stockwell branch family 4 - n .
although he was a top juvenile racehorse and english triple crown winner , rock sand is not generally considered among history ' s elite runners . his losses , by three lengths to ard patrick and the great race mare sceptre in the eclipse stakes , to sceptre by four lengths in the jockey club stakes , and to zinfandel and sceptre in the coronation cup , being conceded weight in the first two , has always cast a cloud on his racing quality . he left an excellent racing son in tracery , whose grandson , congreve would become one of the most influential stallions ever in south america , and through tracery his sire line also continued in england to papyrus , and in australasia through pantheon and archery . in the u . s . , his good staying son friar rock got the fast , long - running handicapper pilate , sire of the game , weight - carrying and speedy eight thirty . but it was through his daughters that rock sand has the most significant impact on the breed .
the chestnut trap rock was another foal of 1908 ; he was out of topiary , the mare that had been imported with rock sand . he won the hudson and manhassett stakes and three other races , and was second in the great american stakes . very similar in appearance to his more famous brother , tracery , with the exception of his coat color , he was a successful sire of winners of over $ 385 , 000 , and was several times in the top twenty of leading broodmare sires in the 1920s .
tracery ( 1909 ) was rock sand ' s best runner and best sire son . he was out of topiary , and similar in appearance to his year - older brother , trap rock , but brown in color . he was an elegant animal , and game on the turf , but was plagued by spavins early in his career . because of the racing blackout , belmont sent him to england to race . he was placed in the hands of leopold de rothschild ' s trainer , john watson , at newmarket , but went unraced at age two due to spavins and / or other problems . his very first race as a three - year - old was the epsom derby , for which he was not prepared , and he ran third to tagalie and jaeger , beaten by four lengths .
in 1909 several american mares bred to rock sand were shipped to france , and dropped their foals there . one of these was the st . florian daughter , queen ' s bower . in 1909 at haras de villiers , she dropped qu ' elle est belle . she won over 120 , 000 francs , her triumphs including the prix la rochette and the prix de diane ( french oaks ) . sent to the u . s . , qu ' elle est belle dropped quelle chance ( 1917 , by ethelbert ) , the dam of the great fair play sons chance play ( 1923 , jockey club gold cup , saratoga cup ) and chance shot ( 1924 , belmont stakes , saratoga special , withers stakes ) . both colts became good sires , with chance play leading sire twice in the u . s . , and chance shot sire of champion filly fairy chant , among other good stakes winners .
vulcain ( 1910 ) was born in france from lady of the vale . she was by rayon d ' or and out of lady violet , a mare belmont purchased as a yearling who had been a terrific weight - carrier and excellent juvenile runner and later the dam of four stakes winners . lady of the vale was one of the in - foal mares that crossed the atlantic to haras de villers . vulcain was not an impressive juvenile , but at age three was one of the best of his generation in france , winning the prix miss gladiator ( 2100 meters ) , the prix noailles ( 2200 meters ) , and the prix reiset ( 3000 meters ) , and running third in the prix juigne and prix daru . belmont later brought him to the u . s . , where as a stallion he got 21 stakes winners , mostly high - class handicappers .
mahubah ( 1910 ) was and is rock sand ' s most celebrated daughter , although she was not the only one to contribute to his excellence as a broodmare sire . out of the merry hampton daughter , imported merry token , and bred at nursery stud , she ran three times as a juvenile and twice at age three , winning a maiden race . her importance derives from her famous son , man o ' war , the great chestnut racehorse and stallion , and to a lesser extent his brother , jockey club gold cup winner and useful sire , my play , and their sister masdah , a winner of six races and dam of three stakes winners .
danger rock ( 1912 ) out of delusion , by meddler , was bred by belmont and raced in england during the war . an elegant animal , he was cursed with rock sand ' s temperament . he won the 1 - 1 / 2 mile hastings plate and the newmarket stakes . during the running of the zetland plate , his off fore pastern was damaged , ending his career . belmont sent him to the u . s . , where he was placed in the middleburg , virginia , stud of raymond belmont . danger rock was not a particularly useful sire , but he did get the gelded stakes winner doctor wilson ( 1925 ) , bred by john madden , who collected $ 49 , 236 in earnings .