the neotropical green anole ( anolis biporcatus ) is a species of anolis lizard , native to central america and northern south america , from mexico to ecuador and venezuela .

neotropical green anole

the humble green anole has been a mainstay in the pet reptile hobby for decades . the males have attractive throat pouches they use for territorial displays or when courting females .
the green anole has long been one of the most widely available species of lizard in the pet trade . often sold as “feeders” ( prey items for larger , reptile - eating species of snakes and lizards ) , green anoles are available at local pet shops , chain pet store retailers and from online sellers at very affordable prices ; seldom does a green anole command more than a $ 10 price - tag .
male green anoles may grow to 8 inches , while females seldom exceed 5 to 6 inches . young hatch at three - quarters to 1 inch in length . with a svl ( snout - to - vent length ) of a large adult male being roughly 4 inches , fully half a green anole’s length is its tail . the head of the green anole is spear - shaped or triangular in form ; the large eye sockets accommodate this diurnal hunter’s keen eyes .
one of the best known positive economic factors involving green anoles are their presence in the pet trade . green anole are sold in many pet stores in the united states . they also are exported for profit . in addition , lizards collected within the united states are sold to zoos and for educational programs . green anoles also have been studied to better understand animal behavior .
) are particularly common snake predators . this species has eliminated green anoles from portions of guam . examples of birds that regularly prey on green anoles are american kestrels (
breeding interval green anoles breed in two week intervals throughout the spring to summer months .
green anoles will eat small invertebrates such as crickets , mealworms , farm - raised maggots , roaches ( genus blaptica ) , and all other insect fare . avoid superworms or kingworms , as these possess sharp , powerful mandibles that can injure your anole . wild - caught insects , such as grasshoppers and leafhoppers , make great supplements to your green anole’s diet , but make certain that any and all wild insects offered to your pets are free of pesticides , herbicides and any other dangerous agricultural chemical .
green anoles also utilize caudal autotomy and use their dropped tails to distract predators while they escape .
breeding season green anoles breed 4 to 5 months out of the year , usually april through august .
a lithe species , the green anole is an agile and muscularly built animal . older males are more heavy - bodied than their female counterparts . these slender lizards are lightweight for their length , which allows them to move through their canopy and vegetation with greater ease .
green anoles should be able to enter and exit warmer and cooler areas of the terrarium in order to thermo - regulate , because although they are baskers , green anoles definitely require shady retreats , as well . owing to this species’ arboreal lifestyle , undertank heaters or hot - rock - style heaters are largely ineffectual as heat sources . heat lamps ( both daytime and nighttime , or moon - glow style , bulbs ) work best as heating sources for a green anole enclosure .
green anoles seem to thrive better when their terrarium is slightly elevated , such that they may look out into your home at eye - level . achieve this by placing your anole’s enclosure on a shelf or on top of a piece of furniture . in nature , green anoles dwell in trees and other lofty locations , and anything you can do in arranging and orienting your anole’s enclosure to better simulate this elevated lifestyle is highly recommended . being down lower can make them nervous , especially if there’s a fair amount of activity in the vicinity of their cage .
substrata to avoid are oily or resinous or scented substrates , such as pine shavings , wood shavings , or scented paper towels . excessively dry substrate , such as any type of sand , is also not recommended , because the green anole is a temperate species that does not naturally occur in excessively arid areas . untreated soil or bark substrates , mixed with decaying leaf - litter work well for green anoles .
there are more than two dozen anole species in costa rica alone , so it ' s often difficult to identify an individual lizard . fortunately for me , there ' s only one bright green species . this one was on the trunk of a palm tree , hiding behind palm leaves swaying in the breeze .
vertically oriented terrariums are preferable , as taller enclosures better accommodate the arboreal green anole’s needs . air circulation is important , so a well - ventilated terrarium is recommended . vertically oriented vegetative cover is an absolute necessity ; acrylic vines , plastic plants that adhere to the tank walls by way of suction cups and other such cover are highly recommended . green anoles will sooner take refuge in suspended tangles of vegetation rather than in ground - level hides or caves .
green anoles also are sometimes considered beneficial pest controllers , because they feed on pest species such as spiders , moths , and crickets .
wild green anoles typically lap water from leaves after a rain shower , or before the sun dries an early - morning dew . some pets may drink standing water from a shallow dish , but all green anoles will drink water misted onto the leaves and walls of their terrarium . if you do opt to provide a water dish , be sure it’s shallow ; green anoles cannot escape from deep or steep - walled water dishes and will quickly drown in deep water . placing a stick or vine in the water dish will ensure your green anoles an escape route should one be necessary .
green anoles are a diurnal species . in both males and females , the majority of the day is dedicated to foraging . prey capture somewhat distinguishes green anoles from related species , as they use a multitude of resources to capture prey . green anoles move freely and range widely , but usually only within their territorial domains . in most cases , green anoles are positioned at a particular perch height , which is determined in a variety of ways , including the search for prey . behavior changes slightly during the breeding season , when males dedicate more time to social interactions such as courting females .
green anoles have a lifespan ranging from 2 to 8 years , determined largely by predation . lifespan in captivity is similar to that in the wild , approximately 4 to 6 years , and dependent on proper care and conditions . longevity also is greatly dependent upon proper nutrition . smaller , slower , green anoles potentially have greater difficulty obtaining necessary nutrients than larger individuals , especially if engaged in competition . larger green anoles under ideal natural conditions have been known to live up to 10 years .
some authorities put most of the central and south american anole species ( as opposed to the u . s . / caribbean ones ) into the genus norops . this might become the standard soon , but for now there are still many authorities using
anolis
.
green anoles breed roughly four to five months out of the year , usually from april through august . warmer months have the highest reproduction rate , because higher temperatures increase the size of male and female sexual structures ( testes and ovaries ) . ovulation cycle for female green anoles lasts approximately two weeks , which creates the intervals in which they mate .
) . in other regions , its greatest impact is as a prey species . for example , in guam , green anoles are so heavily preyed upon by brown tree snakes (
occurs throughout much of the southeastern united states , extending north through parts of north carolina , west to texas , and south through florida . while florida was once the central portion of its united states distribution , today most florida populations have been replaced by introduced anole species , such as
phil purser has been writing about reptiles and amphibians since 2001 . his book , insect - eating lizards ( tfh publications , 2008 ) , features green anoles and other insectivorous lizards .
green anoles are preyed upon by a relatively large assortment of predators . their main predators are snakes and birds , but they also are preyed on by larger reptiles . brown tree snakes (
green anoles tolerate gentle handling , and they will usually prefer to perch upon a keeper’s hand or shoulder , rather than be tightly gripped . they are fragile lizards , and their tails will break easily , so while they do tolerate gentle interaction with their keepers , it’s best to keep handling to a minimum . newly acquired green anoles should not be handled soon after purchase ; give your new pets a week or two to adapt to their new surroundings before handling them . children should be supervised whenever handling green anoles , and anyone who handles them ( or any other reptiles ) should always wash their hands with antibacterial soap afterward .
scale colors in green anoles vary . in most cases , these lizards range from shades of brown to green or gray . at times their coloring represents combinations of these colors . color variation results from layers of pigmented cells called chromatophores . three types of pigment cells are present : xanthophores , cyanophores , and melanophores , each responsible for different color variations . green anoles are capable of changing scale color in response to their external environment . many factors affect color change and variation ; most often it is dependent upon temperature and excitation , such as increased activity or competition . darker brown and black colors , produced by melanophores , typically signal cold or stressed conditions .
to avoid predators , green anoles hide in trees , tall grasses , and other vegetation . they also have developed a structure similar to a patagium that enables them to glide down from tall trees . in addition , green anoles have the ability to walk vertically on surfaces such as trees , walls , and fences using adhesive pads on the bottom of their feet . these provide a means of escape that the majority of their predators do not have .
green anoles have several methods of capturing prey . over 58 % of the prey is captured by perching and watching or anticipating prey until they are within striking distance . this is considered to be the most effective means of capturing prey . this behavior is predominant during breeding , to conserve energy for mating . another method of prey capture is used while the anole is protecting and patrolling their territory . in this case , they leap forward to ensure a capture , but use a slower motion . another common method of prey capture is the ambush , usually used in capturing larger prey items .
is highly territorial , especially the males , they may prevent certain other species from entering their territory . this potentially prevents certain reproductive variation . a beneficial quality of green anoles is that they consume seeds and grains , potentially aiding in seed dispersal .
green anoles feed on a broad range of prey items . they often will attempt to eat anything smaller than their own head . they are classified as insectivores , eating a wide variety of insects , including beetles and flies , as well as spiders , some arthropods . at times , they also will eat mollusks , grain , and seeds . the importance of a particular prey or food item largely reflects its availability . if an item is abundant within the territory , green anoles are likely to feed on it more frequently .
is currently considered to be at lower risk or of least concern and is not vulnerable to any major threats at this time . some researchers believe that they may be at risk due to the significant numbers in the pet trade . however , in recent years , sales of green anoles have declined due to lesser demand . also , green anoles appear abundant in the portions of their range from which they are collected and many populations occur in protected areas , such as parks and natural areas , which helps to protect the population .
green anoles are sun - worshipping baskers , and eight hours of full - spectrum uv lighting per day is recommended . ambient temperatures should range from the low - 80s fahrenheit during the day with nightly dips into the upper 60s to low 70s . basking hot spots should reach the mid 90s .
the majority of green anoles are polygynous . especially in larger populations , they usually will mate only within their own territories . females are not characteristically known to search for different mates . in cases when a female mates with a different male , it is usually due to intrusion into her territory .
two types of sexual selection occur during the mating season : intersexual and intrasexual selection . the larger a territory range a male has , the more females he is likely to mate with . a territory size usually relates to a male green anoles body size ; the larger he is the more dominant he will be towards intruders and predators as he protects his territory .
green anoles that have not yet reached adulthood do display adult signals and behaviors ( e . g . head bobbing ) . however , since they are not sexually mature , these do not function as courtship mechanisms . interactions between juveniles are similar to those of adult females . they generally are not as serious as those between adult males and usually do not result in injuries . as juveniles mature , their interactions often become more intense . this is mainly due to the development of structural hierarchies for adulthood .
female green anoles have the ability to store sperm ; this may be a trait of intersexual selection . sperm has been found within a female seven months after mating , which may make delayed fertilization possible . prior to releasing her clutch , the female will examine an appropriate area and then dig into the soil . females prefer to release their eggs into moist soil . eggs are oval and on average 6 by 4 . 5 mm . the gestation period varies , but is approximately five to seven weeks long . hatchling anoles weigh 0 . 27 g each . juvenile anoles are sexually mature at 8 to 9 months old .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
dactyloa biporcata wiegmann 1834 : 47 anolis biporcatus — bocourt 1873 anolis copei bocourt 1873 : 77 anolis obtusirostris peters 1874 : 741 anolis copii — boulenger 1885 : 65 anolis biporcatus — boulenger 1885 : 88 anolis obtusirostris — boulenger 1885 : 95 anolis brevipes boettger 1893 anolis solifer ruthven 1916 anolis copei — dunn 1932 anolis copei — stuart 1935 : 42 anolis biporcatus — smith & taylor 1950 : 65 anolis biporcatus biporcatus — williams 1966 norops biporcatus — guyer & savage 1986 norops biporcatus — liner 1994 anolis biporcatus — bauer et al . 1995 : 59 norops biporcatus — köhler 2000 : 62 anolis biporcatus — liner 2007 anolis biporcatis — liner & casas - andreu 2008 : 41 norops biporcatus — nicholson et al . 2012 norops biporcatus — mccranie & köhler 2015 : 33
type locality : mexico ; restricted to piedra parada , chiapas by smith & taylor 1950 . neotype locality : santa rosa de pansos , guatemala .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
álvarez del toro , m . , & smith , h . m . 1956 . notulae herpetologicae chiapasiae . i . herpetologica 12 : 3 - 17 - get paper here
anonymous 2002 . opinion 2015 ( case 3145 ) dactyloa biporcata wiegmann 1834 ( currently anolis biporcatus ) and anolis petersii bocourt 1873 ( reptilia , sauria ) : specific names conserved by the desdignation of a neotype for a . biporcatus . bull . zool . nomenclature 59 ( 3 ) : 230 - 231 - get paper here
arias , erick ; federico bolaños 2014 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of san isidro de dota , reserva forestal los santos , costa rica . check list 10 ( 4 ) : 870 - 877 - get paper here
armstead , j . v . , f . ayala - varela , o . torres - carvajal , m . j . ryan & s . poe 2017 . systematics and ecology of anolis biporcatus ( squamata : iguanidae ) . salamandra 53 ( 2 ) : 285 - 293 - get paper here
bauer , a . m . ; günther , r . & klipfel , m . 1995 . the herpetological contributions of wilhelm c . h . peters ( 1815 - 1883 ) . ssar facsimile reprints in herpetology , 714 pp .
bernal carlo a . & roze j a . 2005 . lizards of the genus anolis ( reptilia : polychrotidae ) from sierra nevada de santa marta , colombia , with description of two new species . novedades colombianas nueva epoca 8 ( 1 ) : 9 - 26 - get paper here
bocourt , m . e . 1873 . in : a . duméril , m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard , ( 1870 - 1909 ) , etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv ; in recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' amérique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' amérique ce imprimerie impériale , paris , livr . 2 - 15 , pp . 33 - 860 . - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here
calderon , r . ; cedeño - vázquez , j . r . & pozo , c . 2003 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from campeche , mexico . herpetological review 34 ( 3 ) : 269 - 272 - get paper here
calderon - mandujano , r . & mora - tembre , l . 2004 . new distributional records and comments on amphibians and reptiles from quintana roo , mexico . herpetological review 35 ( 3 ) : 295 - 296 - get paper here
campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here
casas - andreu , g . , f . r . méndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375–390 , in a . j . m . garcía - mendoza , j . ordoñez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biología , unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , méxico , d . f .
castro - herrera , f . & vargas - salinas , f . 2008 . anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca , colombia . biota colombiana 9 ( 2 ) : 251 - 277 - get paper here
castro - herrera , fernando ; anyelet valencia - aguilar , diego villaquiran - martínez 2012 . diversidad de anfibios y reptiles del parque nacional natural isla gorgona universidad del valle , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , 112 pp .
crandell , kristen e . ; anthony herrel , mahmood sasa , jonathan b . losos , kellar autumn 2014 . stick or grip ? co - evolution of adhesive toepads and claws in anolis lizards . zoology 117 ( 6 ) : 363 - 369 - get paper here
duellman , w . e . 1963 . amphibians and reptiles of the rainforest of southern el peten , guatemala . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 205 - 49 . - get paper here
dunn , emmett reid & emlen , john t . 1932 . reptiles and amphibians from honduras . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 84 : 21 - 32 - get paper here
esquivel , c . , and f . vargas - acuña . 2017 . norops biporcatus ( wiegmann , 1834 ) . color change during foraging . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 1 ) : 177–178 - get paper here
gaige , h . 1936 . some reptiles and amphibians from yucatan and campeche , mexico . carnegie inst . wash . publ . , ( 457 ) : 289 - 304 .
henderson , c . l . 2010 . mammals , amphibians , and reptiles of costa rica - a field guide . university of texas press , austin , 198 pp .
johnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , elí garcía padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272–329 . - get paper here
köhler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkröten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .
köhler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .
köhler , g . & bauer , a . m . 2001 . case 3145 : dactyloa biporcata wiegmann 1834 ( currently anolis biporcatus ) and anolis petersii bocourt 1873 ( reptilia : sauria ) : proposed conservation of the specific names and designation of a neotype for a . biporcatus . bull . zool . nomenclature 58 ( 2 ) : 122 - 125 - get paper here
köhler , gunther 2014 . characters of external morphology used in anolis taxonomy—definition of terms , advice on usage , and illustrated examples . zootaxa 3774 ( 2 ) : 201–257 - get paper here
lee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,
lee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucatán peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .
liner , ernest a . , and gustavo casas - andreu . 2008 . standard spanish , english and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of mexico . herpetological circular 38 : 167 p .
mata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6–62 - get paper here
mccranie , j . & castañeda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here
mccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352–386 - get paper here
mccranie , james r . and gunther köhler 2015 . the anoles ( reptilia : squamata : dactyloidae : anolis : norops ) of honduras . systematics , distribution , and conservation . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard ( special publication series , no . 1 ) : 1 - 280 [ review in q . j . biol . 91 : 227 ] - get paper here
nicholson , kirsten e . ; brian i . crother , craig guyer & jay m . savage 2012 . it is time for a new classification of anoles ( squamata : dactyloidae ) . zootaxa 3477 : 1–108
ortleb , edward ; heatwole , harold 1965 . comments on some panamanian lizards with a key to the species from barro colorado island , c . z . and vicinity . carib . j . sci . 5 ( 3 - 4 ) : 141 - 147 .
peters , wilhem carl hartwig 1874 . über neue saurier ( spæriodactylus , anolis , phrynosoma , tropidolepisma , lygosoma , ophioscincus ) aus centralamerica , mexico und australien . monatsber . königl . akad . wiss . berlin . 1873 ( november ) : 738 - 747 - get paper here
poe , s . 2004 . phylogeny of anoles . herpetological monographs 18 : 37 - 89 - get paper here
poe , s . 2013 . 1986 redux : new genera of anoles ( squamata : dactyloidae ) are unwarranted . zootaxa 3626 ( 2 ) : 295–299 - get paper here
rengifo m , jhon tailor ; fernando c . herrera , francisco j . purroy 2014 . diversidad de una comunidad de anolis ( iguania : dactyloidae ) en la selva pluvial central , departamento del chocó , colombia . basic and applied herpetology 28 : 51 - 63 - get paper here
rivas , gilson a . ; césar r . molina , gabriel n . ugueto , tito r . barros , césar l . bar - rio - amorós & philippe j . r . kok 2012 . reptiles of venezuela : an updated and commented checklist . zootaxa 3211 : 1–64 - get paper here
rivas - fuenmayor , g . & c . l . barrio a . 2003 . geographic distribution ; sauria : norops biporcatus . herpetological review 34 ( 4 ) : 385 - get paper here
rovito , sean michael ; thomas james devitt , susan cameron devitt 2015 . first survey of the amphibians and reptiles of the nectandra cloud forest reserve , alajuela , costa rica . check list 11 ( 2 ) : 1570 - get paper here
ruthven , alexander g . 1916 . three new species of anolis from the santa marta mountains , colombia . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 32 ) : 1 - 8 - get paper here
savage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]
solís , josé mario ; rony e . valle , luis a . herrera , carlos m . o’reilly , and roberto downing . 2015 . range extensions and new departmental records for amphibians and reptiles in honduras . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 4 ) : 557 - get paper here
solís , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123–144 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1937 . some further notes on the amphibians and reptiles of the peten forest of northern guatemala . copeia 1937 ( 1 ) : 67 - 70 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1948 . the amphibians and reptiles of alta verapaz guatamala . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 69 : 1 - 109 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1955 . a brief review of the guatemalan lizards of the genus anolis . misc . publ . mus . zool . , univ . michigan no . 91 : 1 - 31 - get paper here
sunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186–202 . - get paper here
sunyer , javier , josé gabriel martínez - fonseca and milton salazar - saavedra . 2016 . new departmental records for lizards in nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 4 ) : 1049–1054 - get paper here
taylor , e . h . 1956 . a review of the lizards of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( part 1 ) : 3 - 322 - get paper here
urbina - cardona , j . nicolás ; mario olivares - pérez , víctor hugo reynoso 2006 . herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture–edge–interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve of veracruz , mexico . biological conservation 132 : 61–75
valencia - zuleta a , jaramillo - martínez af , echeverry - bocanegra a , viáfara - vega r , hernández - córdoba o , cardona - botero ve , gutiérrez - zúñiga j , castro - herrera f . 2014 . conservation status of the herpetofauna , protected areas , and current problems in valle del cauca , colombia . amphibian & reptile conservation 8 ( 2 ) : 1–18 ( e87 ) - get paper here
van beest , p . a . & haberham , z . l . 2003 . een gebruiksaanwijzing voor een van de meest interessante groepen terrariumdiern : anolissen . deel iii . lacerta 61 ( 5 ) : 163 - 176 - get paper here
wiegmann , a . f . a . 1834 . herpetologia mexicana , seu descriptio amphibiorum novae hispaniae , quae itineribus comitis de sack , ferdinandi deppe et chr . guil . schiede im museum zoologicum berolinense pervenerunt . pars prima , saurorum species . berlin , lüderitz , iv + 54 pp . - get paper here
williams , e . e . ; rand , h . ; rand , a . s . & o’hara , r . j . 1995 . a computer approach to the comparison and identification of species in difficult taxonomic groups . breviora ( 502 ) : 1 - 47 - get paper here
williams , ernest e . 1966 . south american anoles : anolis biporcatus and anolis fraseri ( sauria , iguanidae ) compared . breviora ( 239 ) : 1 - 14 - get paper here
mario urriola spotted one of these anoles sleeping high in a tree at night , and pointed it out to lorrie smith and me . it was too high up to get a flash photo or to try to manipulate the vegetation to get it down lower .
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maybe about 12 cm long from nose to tail ? seen near a farmhouse where i would normally easily find yellow - headed geckos and slender anoles .
hatchlings will reach sexual maturity in 18 months , and adults will continue to grow throughout the duration of their lives . sexual dimorphism also exists in that males sport larger dewlaps and females have a whitish to cream - colored stripe down the midline of the dorsum .
while captive longevity may reach or slightly exceed six years , wild specimens seldom thrive for more than three years .
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is considered an introduced species . it has become abundant in hawaii since it was discovered in 1950 . it also has been introduced and has flourished in the ogasawara islands of japan , and in cuba , the bahamas , and guam . in guam , however , densities have been impacted drastically by predators , such as introduced brown tree snakes (
( bishop and echternacht , 2004 ; losos , 2009 ; macedonia , et al . , 2003 ; mattison , 1989 )
is found most often on shaded tree branches . its positioning within a tree is known as its perch height and is dependent on the proximity of both predators and prey . limited research has been done on their preferred types or species of trees .
appears mostly to inhabit trees and shrubs within their territory and where prey is readily available . they also are frequently observed in tall grasses .
also is one of the most common lizards in urban and suburban areas . it is frequently found near dwellings , particularly on fence posts and the sides of buildings .
varies in length from 4 to 8 cm . females typically are smaller in all body size measures , at birth ranging from about 23 to 25 mm long . both males and females have long tails that account for more than half of their total body lengths . adult anoles weigh between 2 and 6 g .
within a population , two different size classes or morphs of adult males may be present : heavyweights and lightweights . these morphs differ in many ways , including bite force , body mass and length , competition , and vertical jump . the heavyweight morph is larger and more dominant . some authors consider these morphs to be different developmental stages or different age classes among sexually mature males .
( bartlett and bartlett , 2009 ; crews and greenberg , 1981 ; lailvaux , et al . , 2012 ; smith , 1946 )
males protect their mating partners from other intruding males by defending their territory . at times , males have been found to deny receptive females due to their focus on territorial protection . females also show protective behavior by mating primarily in sheltered areas and closed terrain , reducing vulnerability to predators . unlike other
occurs during warmer months , generally april through august . the breeding intervals are based on the female reproductive cycle , as they are only receptive to mating during their ovulatory cycle . the male is the main initiator of reproductive interactions and presents a strong display of attraction . this typically promotes a reproductive state in the female , similar to that of
. depending on how many ovulatory cycles a female has within a breeding season , she will lay six to nine eggs in a year . on average , she will lay a one to two egg clutch every two weeks . the male’s opportunities for mating correlates with the number of ovulation cycles a female has and the total number of potential mates within his territory range .
after ovulation , fertilization , and egg laying , no parental investment is known to occur .
( jenssen and nunez , 1998 ; losos , 2009 ; orrell , et al . , 2004 )
male territory size is directly correlated with its body size . the larger the lizard , the more territory he is able to patrol and protect . female territories are much smaller , less than half of that of a male , and generally within the male’s home range . even though males have much larger territory ranges than females , they spend the majority of their time within a specified female’s territory . year to year , males tend to remain within the same territorial boundaries . territory sizes vary , but on average range from 50 to 100 square meters .
is equipped with certain communication signals from birth . most communication involves color variations , actions such as head bobbing or neck biting , or use of the dewlap . the dewlap is used for inter - gender communication , especially during the breeding season . displaying the dewlap also may be used to determine competitive status between males ; in these cases , dewlap displays are usually related to territorial boundary disputes . head bobbing or courtship bobbing is performed by both males and females to communicate breeding status , but is also done while in a threatened state .
) . other common predators , particularly in suburban areas , are cats , dogs , and frogs .
( lailvaux , et al . , 2012 ; losos , 2009 ; lovern and jenssen , 2001 ; oliver , 1951 )
does not have a large ecosystem impact in most geographical ranges . however , their introduction in the ogasawara islands of japan , however , has led to the decline of or extinction of many species , such as the ogasawara tumbling flower beetle (
is a relatively harmless reptile . it is not aggressive toward humans , and its bite force is most likely insufficient to damage human skin .
chelsea crawford ( author ) , radford university , christine small ( editor ) , radford university , rachelle sterling ( editor ) , special projects .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
a substantial delay ( longer than the minimum time required for sperm to travel to the egg ) takes place between copulation and fertilization , used to describe female sperm storage .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
islands that are not part of continental shelf areas , they are not , and have never been , connected to a continental land mass , most typically these are volcanic islands .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
one of the sexes ( usually males ) has special physical structures used in courting the other sex or fighting the same sex . for example : antlers , elongated tails , special spurs .
mature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation . male sperm storage also occurs , as sperm are retained in the male epididymes ( in mammals ) for a period that can , in some cases , extend over several weeks or more , but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
living in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .
aborn , d . , d . froehlich . 1995 . an observation of a summer tanager attempting to eat an anolis lizard .
crews , d . , n . greenberg . 1981 . function and causation of social signals in lizards .
dirickson , w . 1976 . ecology and physiological aspects of reproductive strategies in two lizards .
miller , w . , m . wolbarsht . 1962 . neural activity in the parietal eye of a lizard .
versely , d . , m . hadly . 1971 . calcium requirement for melanophore - stimulating hormone action on melanophores .
to cite this page : crawford , c . 2011 .
anolis carolinensis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


synthopsis iohannae is a species of minute sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .

it was described by cecalupo and perugia in 2012 .

synthopsis iohannae

this is the place for synthopsis definition . you find here synthopsis meaning , synonyms of synthopsis and images for synthopsis copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word synthopsis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word synthopsis and , of course , synthopsis synonyms and on the right images related to the word synthopsis .
cecalupo a . ; perugia i . ( 2013 ) . the cerithiopsidae ( caenogastropoda : triphoroidea ) of espiritu santo - vanuatu ( south pacific ocean ) . 1 - 255 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
laseron c . ( 1956 ) . the family cerithiopsidae ( mollusca ) from the solanderian and dampierian zoogeographical provinces . australian journal of marine and freshwater research . 7 ( 1 ) : 151 - 182 . page ( s ) : 162 [ details ]
marshall b . ( 1978 ) . cerithiopsidae of new zealand , and a provisional classification of the family . new zealand journal of zoology 5 ( 1 ) : 47 - 120 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa47 [ details ]
cerithiopsis ridicula r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as joculator ridiculus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( type by original designation )
species joculator ridicula accepted as joculator ridiculus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( incorrect gender ending )
species joculator turriger ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as horologica turrigera ( r . b . watson , 1886 )
species joculator turrigera ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as horologica turrigera ( r . b . watson , 1886 )
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joculator is a genus of minute sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae . [ 1 ] this genus was described by hedley in 1909 .
cecalupo a . & perugia i . ( 2014 ) . the cerithiopsidae ( caenogastropoda : triphoroidea ) of south madagascar ( indian ocean ) . bollettino malacologico . 50 : 75 - 126 .
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pseudandraca is a genus of moths of the endromidae family .

the genus was previously placed in the subfamily prismostictinae of the bombycidae family .

pseudandraca

pseudandraca gracilis ( butler ) ( bombycidae ) taken at kashispa , fukushima pref . , northern honshu
pseudandraca gracilis is a moth in the family endromidae . it was described by butler in 1885 . it is found in japan .
pseudandraca gracilis is a moth in the endromidae family . it was described by butler in 1885 . [ 1 ] it is found in japan .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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wang , xing ; wang , min ; dai , liang - ying ; zolotuhin , vadim v .
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chapter 21619 provides bibliographic information on scholary research in the basic and applied life , earth and health sciences .
prove sull & apos ; isolamento riproduttivo in tre specie del genere gryon haliday ( hym . proctotrupoidea , scelionidae )
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providing of lodgings for tits ( genus parus ) as a perspective method of integrated apple orchard protection against codling moth ( laspeyresia pomonella l . )
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provisional atlas of suffolk dragonflies . incorporating the recorder & apos ; s pack for 1988
provisional atlas of the lepidoptera of warwickshire . part 3 : the smaller and the more primitive larger moths . ( insecta : lepidoptera : 6446 ) ( micropterigidae to pterophoridae )
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provisional data on the seasonal dynamics of chironomus plumosus l . in l . vortsjarv
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adema , jphm . de bruyne , rh . ; perk , fa . , 1989 :
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lumbsch , m . ; ehlers , u . ; sopott - ehlers , b . , 1995 :
proximal - type epithelioid sarcoma vs . malignant rhabdoid tumor of the vulva : a case report , review of the literature , and an argument for consolidation
sharma , sv . ; kalyani , k . ; jaya raju , pb . ; narasimha rao , p . , 2000 :
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proximity patterns of female brown capuchins in suriname are inconsistent with expectations of female - bonded primates .
proximity relationships of tryptophanyl residues and oxygen binding site in levantina hierosolima hemocyanin . a fluorimetric study
proyecto de colaboracion de la asociacion de scouts de mexico , a . c . con programas de proteccion a la tortuga marina y educacion ambiental en comunidades de la costa yucateca
proyecto de creacion del parque nacional aconquija ( tucuman - argentina ) . informe no . 4
proyecto de seguimiento de la migracion de aves sobre el mediterraneo occidental mediante observacion lunar . resultados del otono de 1996
garcia - villaneuva , v . ; blazquez caselles , a . ; novoa perez , jm . ; nieto manzano , ma . , 1996 :
proyecto : atlas provisional de los lepidopteros de extremadura ( espana ) en cuadriculas u . t . m . de 10 x 10 kms ( insecta : lepidoptera )
prozercon ( plumatozercon ) plumosus n . sp . ( acari : gamasida : zerconidae )
cachard - chastel , m . ; devers , s . ; sicsic , s . ; langlois , m . ; lezoualc & apos ; h , f . ; gardier , a . m . ; belzung , c . , 2008 :
alvarado - sosa , p . ; blanco - garcia , a . ; lindig - cisneros , r . , 2007 :
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pruebas de compontamiento de ceratitis capitata wied . con sex - ceratitis , producto nacional atrayente sexual de machos
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prufung ausgewahlter insektentaxa aus 2 . forstbiotopen auf ihre indikatoreignung - ein neuer aspekt des burgholz - projektes
prunus mahaleb l . , arbre - hote pour la larve d & apos ; hesperophanes ( trichoferus ) griseus fabricius ( coleopt . cerambycidae )
suwansa - ard , s . ; xiang , y . ; bash , r . ; thavarungkul , p . ; kanatharana , p . ; wang , j . , 2008 :
prvi nalazi vrste lycaena hippothoe linnaeus 1761 u bosni i hercegovini i otkrice simpatrije sa l . candens leonhardi fruhstorfer 1917 ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae )
prvni overeni moznosti mutagenniho pusobeni peptidu dalarginu na genom sumce velkeho ( silurus glanis l . ) pomoci testu mikrojader
cooper , a . k . ; o & apos ; brien , p . e . ; richter , c . et al . , 2001 :
prymnesium zebrinum sp . nov . et p . annuliferum sp . nov . , deux nouvelles especes apparentees a p . parvum carter ( prymnesiophyceae )
pryszczarek contarinia ( stenodiplosis ) bromicola marik . et agaf . ( diptera , cecidomyiidae ) - grozny szkodnik upraw nasiennych stoklosy bezostnej ( bromus inermis leyss . )
przeglad krajowych badan nad biologia , ekologia i rozrodem bobra europejskiego , castor fiber ( l . )
przejecie kolonii formica pratensis retz . przez formica polyctena foerst . ( hymenoptera , formicidae )
przelot ptakow drapieznych jesienia 2000 r . w okoliczach gadkowa wielkiego ( woj . lubuskie )
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psallus anticus ( reuter ) - senior synonym of p . cognatus jakovlev ( heteroptera : miridae )
psallus confusus rieger and psallus mollis ( mul . ) in poland ( heteroptera , miridae )
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pseudadimonia holzschuhi , eine neue galerucinae - art aus nepal , und bemerkungen zu einer vergessenen art : rhabdotilla rosti jakobson 1911 ( chrysomelidae col . )
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pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery following cholangiocarcinoma resection . a case report and review of the literature
pseudobacciger harengulae ( yam . , 1938 ) ( trematoda : fellodistomidae ) - a new species for the black sea
pseudobagrus pratti ( gunther , 1892 ) a senior synonym of p . emarginatus ( regan , 1913 ) ( siluriformes : bagridae )
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
1 department of entomology , south china agricultural university , guangzhou , guangdong 510640 , p . r . china . present address : institute of entomology , college of biosafety science and technology , hunan agricultural university , changsha 410128 hunan , china ; and provincial key laboratory for biology and control of plant diseases and insect pests , changsha 410128 , hunan , china
2 department of entomology , south china agricultural university , guangzhou , guangdong 510640 , p . r . china
corresponding author : ling zeng ( nc . ude . uacs @ gnilgnez ) .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
the six species of the genus andraca walker hitherto known from china are reviewed , and a new species , andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , described from yunnan province , china . adults and male genitalia of all examined species are illustrated , together with a distributional map . a key to all seven chinese andraca species is provided . the types of the new species are deposited in scau ( south china agricultural university , guangzhou , china ) and hunau ( hunan agricultural university , changsha , china ) .
in the present paper , seven chinese andraca species are reviewed , including the description of one new species andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . the early stages of andraca theae ( matsumura 1909 ) are described in detail . a key to the seven chinese andraca species is provided .
specimens of the new species were collected by light trap . the types of previously described species in the natural history museum , london , uk ( bmnh ) were examined . other materials examined in this study are preserved in scau and hunau . morphological terminology used in descriptions follows lemaire and minet ( 1999 ) .
andraca walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 581 . ( type species : andraca bipunctata walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 582 , by monotype . type locality : hindostan , india . )
pseudoeupterote shiraki , 1911 , catalogue insectorum noxiorum formosarum : 48 . ( type species : oreta theae matsumura , 1909 , thousand insects of japan , 1 : 582 , by monotype . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) ) . type - species designation by monotype .
forewing weakly falcate . ground color varying from shades of brown to sandy grey .
male genitalia . uncus apically single - pointed to weakly indented ; gnathos with two long , basally broad , upcurved arms ; valvae basally broad , sclerotized , long or medium length ; aedeagus short with apex truncated , cornuti present or absent .
female genitalia ( andraca bipunctata ) . eighth segment curved deeply , ventral margin of ostium bursae extends posteriorly as a broad bilobed plate , ductus bursae sclerotized distal to mid - point , tapering to half width ; distal half unsclerotized with slight torsion , corpus bursae lacking a signum .
andraca species have sometimes been described in mustilia ( e . g . , chu and wang 1993 , 1996 ) , and misidentification has also been frequent ( chu and wang 1993 , 1996 ) . andraca was considered to belong to ‘the mustilia lineage’ of prismostictinae forbes , 1955 ( holloway 1987 ; minet 1994 ; lemaire and minet 1999 ; holloway et al . 2001 ) . our own unpublished work also shows that andraca is close to mustilia walker , 1865 and mustilizans yang , 1995 , based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences ( coi + 18s + 28s ) ( wang 2010 ) .
sevastopulo ( 1938 ) described the fully grown larvae of the type species . the larvae are gregarious , have short hairs covering the body , and are often heavily parasitized . pupation is in a thin cocoon of brown silk spun among leaves .
adult male andraca spp . a andraca bipunctata walker , l865 from yunnan b andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 from guangdong c andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 from guangxi d andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 from guangdong e andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , holotype , from yunnan f andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 from guangdong g andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province h andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province ( in field ) .
andraca bipunctata walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 582 . type locality : hindustan , india .
andraca bipunctata walker , 1862 : chu & wang , 1993 , sinozoologia , 10 : 241 .
andraca henosa chu & wang , 1993 , sinozoologia , 10 : 242 . type locality : yunnan , china .
andraca henosa chu & wang : chu & wang , 1996 , fauna sinica insecta , 5 : 55 .
[ china ] 2♂♂ , western yunnan , 2005 - vi - 15 , ming - yi tian leg . ; 2♂♂ , dulongjiang , yunnan province , 2006 - vii - 21 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg . ; 1♂1♀ , gongshan mountain , yunnan province , 2006 - vii - 22 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg .
camellia sinensis ( theaceae ) , camellia assamica ( theaceae ) , camellia oleifera ( theaceae ) .
this widely distributed species is rather variable in coloration and size . moore ( 1865 ) described andraca trilochoides from a brighter and grayish individual . this taxon was later synonymized with andraca bipunctata by hampson , ( [ 1893 ] ) , an action that was followed by strand ( 1924 ) .
andraca bipunctata is closely related to andraca angulata kishida , 1993 ( nepal and india : sikkim ) , andraca theae ( taiwan ) and andraca stueningi ( vietnam ) . these four species form the bipunctata group , and share the following characteristics : 1 ) male hindtibia with one pair of spurs ; 2 ) two dorsally - directed projections present on subapical part of valva ; 3 ) external surface of aedeagus partially covered with hair - like spines ; 4 ) a cluster of strong spinose cornuti on vesica .
larvae of andraca bipunctata are well - known serious pests of tea trees , camellia sinensis ( theaceae ) ( banerjee 1982 ; chang 1989 ; chen et al . 1992 ; panigrahi 1995 ; ho et al . 1996 ; upadhyay et al . 2001 ) .
andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 , j . coll . agric . hokkaido . univ . , 19 : 50 . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) , china .
andraca hedra chu & wang , 1993 , sinozool . , 10 : 233 . type locality : hainan , china .
andraca hedra chu & wang : chu & wang , 1996 , fauna sinica insecta , 5 : 58 .
andraca olivacea : owada et al . , 2002 , spec . bull . jpn . soc . coleopterol . , 5 : 464 ; kishida , 1992 , lepidoptera of taiwan , 1 ( 2 ) : 153 .
) . hindtibia with two pairs of spurs ; hindwings with rs and m1 connate . male genitalia (
) : uncus thick and round ; valva simple , basal half broad and terminal half narrow ; distal margin of aedeagus with strong lateral spines ; vesica with a cluster of spinose cornuti .
[ china ] 1 ♂ , shimentai provincial nature reserve , yingde city , guangdong province , 2001 - vii - 24 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2001 - ix - 22 ; 3 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2002 - vi - 11 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2002 - vii - 23 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 4 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - iii - 29 ~ 31 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2003 - vi - 22 ; 2 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - viii - 7 ; 2 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - viii - 18 ; 5 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2004 - iv - 23 ; 1 ♀ , same data but 2004 - iv - 24 ; 2 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2006 - ix - 18 , liu - sheng chen leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2008 - vi - 7 , min wang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2008 - vi - 7 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - iv - 1 , hou - shuai wang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - viii - 10 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - iv - 1 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - viii - 10 ; 1 ♂ , maoershan national nature reserve , xingan city , guangxi province , 2003 - iii - 3 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 6 ♂ ♂ , jianfengling national nature reserve , ledong city , hainan province , 2003 - xi - 29 ~ 31 , guo - hua huang & min wang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2007 - x - 23 , min wang leg .
wang ( 1995 ) provide a fine color illustration of a fresh living male . owada et al . ( 2002 ) considered andraca olivacens from fukien ( = fujian ) to the synonym of andraca olivacea , whereas zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) treated it as a subspecies thereof . we do not comment further on which of these two alternatives may be the most appropriate status for this taxon because we have not seen the types of andraca olivacens .
andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , 19 ( 7 ) : 49 . type locality : sumatra , indonesia .
andraca apodecta swinhoe : holloway , 1976 , malayan nature society : 85 ; zolotuhin & witt , 2009 , entomofauna , 261 .
) . head covered with reddish - brown hairs ; forewing with black discal spot , smooth outer margin and apically not falcate . male genitalia (
) : uncus triangular , apical half truncate ; valva with two subapical , dorsally - directed projections ; aedeagus short , curved slightly without cornuti , external surface without hair - like spines .
[ china ] 2♂♂ , jinzhongshan mountain , longlin city , guangxi province , 2007 - vii - 31 , liu - sheng chen leg . .
china ( guangxi , yunnan , fujian , shaanxi ) , vietnam , thailand ( chiang mai , nan ) , indonesia ( sumatra , borneo , sulawesi ) .
the species was first recorded from china ( yunnan , fujian , shaanxi ) by zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) and is here recorded from guangxi for the first time .
andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 , insects of baishanzu mountain , eastern china : 354 . type locality : zhejiang , china .
andraca nabesan kishida & owada , 2002 , spec . bull . jpn . soc . coleopterol . , ( 5 ) : 464 ; huang & wang , 2004 , entomotaxonomia , 26 ( 1 ) : 47 . type locality : cao bang , vietnam .
) . body stout . forewing apex falcate ; outer edge smooth and straight ; tornus almost rectangular . male genitalia (
) : uncus long with apex finger - shaped ; tegumen broad with numerous long setae ; valvae basally broad , strongly sclerotized , apex of valva boot - shaped ; sacculus broad , with a strong dorsal spike ; saccus short and narrow ; aedeagus short but strong and straight , distally with a large number of spines .
[ china ] 2 ♂♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2002 - iii - 15 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 2 ♂♂ , same data but 2003 - ii - 23 ; 5 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - iii - 29 ~ 31 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2003 - viii - 30 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2006 - ix - 17 , zhen li leg . ; 2 ♂♂ , maoershan national nature reserve , xingan city , guangxi province , 2003 - iii - 03 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 3 ♂ ♂ , mangshan nature reserve , yizhang city , hunan province , 2003 - iii - 31 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , jiuwandashan national nature reserve , guangxi province , 2003 - vii - 30 , guo - hua huang leg .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : e5dd5fb7 - 554b - 48a6 - 9ef3 - 65f1699e9897
) . antenna bipectinate except apex . wings ground color dark brow with dark brow fasciae and reddish - yellow patterns , which is consisting of antemedian , discocellar , postmedian fascia , and reddish - yellow patterns nearly placed on the wholly wings but termen . forewing apex falcate ; outer edge smooth and straight ; tornus almost rectangular . hindwing with anal margin straight ; outer margin angled at vein m3 , straight above and below this .
) : uncus long with wedge - shaped apex ; tegumen broad ; gnathos very well developed , arms upcurved ; valvae basally broad with many long setae , strongly sclerotized , caudally constricted to a spatulate apex ; sacculus broad , without a dorsal spike ; aedeagus short but strong and straight , distally with a large number of spines .
♂ , gongshan mountain , yunnan province , china , 2006 - vii - 22 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg . , deposited in department of entomology , scau ; paratypes , 2 ♂♂ , same data as holotype but 2006 - vii - 21 . ; 1 ♂ , same data as holotype but 2006 - vii - 23 ; deposited in institute of entomology , hunau .
the specific epithet refers to the type locality ( gongshan mountain , china ) .
this new species is very similar to andraca flavamaculata , but can be distinguished by the following characters of the male genitalia : andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . with uncus apex wedge - shaped , apex of valva constricted and truncate , sacculus without a strong dorsal spike . and andraca flavamaculata with uncus apex finger - shaped , apex of valva boot - shaped ; sacculus broad , with a strong dorsal spike .
andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 , entomofauna , suppl . 16 : 262 . type locality : guangdong , china .
) . antenna bipectinate except apex . head thinly covered with brown - green hairs . forewing : apically bluntly pointed ; outer edge smooth and straight , tornus nearly rectangular . hindwings distinctly angled at vein m3 , straight above and below this .
) : uncus bluntly triangular with long hairs ; tegumen broad ; gnathos with two extremely medially swollen arms ; valvae flattened , strongly sclerotized , apex narrower and truncate with a dorsally directed projection from the middle ; saccus short and broad ; aedeagus short , strongly curved , with a compact group of long , thick needle - shaped cornuti on dorsal surface .
[ china ] 2 ♂♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2007 - vi - 23 , liu - sheng chen collected larvae and reared to adult .
camellia sinensis ( theaceae ) , camellia oleifera ( theaceae ) , fraxinus pennsylvanica ( oleaceae ) and ternstroemia japonica ( ternstroemiaceae ) , pentaphylax euryoides gardn . & champ . ( pentaphylacaceae ) ( new host record ) .
china ( zhejiang , jiangxi , fujian , guangdong , hainan ) ; vietnam ; thailand .
andraca melli was first described by zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) , who also reported on the biology of this species .
oreta theae matsumura , 1909 , thousand insects of japan , 1 : 86 . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) , china .
) . head densely covered with dark brown hairs ; antenna bipectinate except apex . forewing apex inconspicuously falcate , exterior margin straight . forewing and hindwing each with a dark discal spot .
) : uncus triangular with apex narrowly spatulate ; tegumen broad ; gnathos elongate , medially inflated ; saccus short and broad ; valvae bifurcate apically ; dorsal margin with a subapical hump ; aedeagus bowed with dense apical spines .
[ china ] 1 ♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2003 - iii - 29 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data to the former , except 2003 - viii - 12 , guo - hua huang & de - yu xin leg . ; 2 ♂♂ , taibei city , taiwan province , 2009 - viii - 15 , shipher wu leg . ; 10 ♂♂ , wuyunjie national nature reserve , taoyuan city , hunan province , 2010 - vii - 2 , collected the larvae in the field by mr . hong - chun zhou , got the adults from the larvae bred in the entomological laboratory of hunan agricultural university by dr . guo - hua huang ; 3 ♂♂ , houxi town , huangshan city , anhui province , 2010 - vi - 28 , the adults from the larvae collected in the field and bred in laboratory by dr . guo - hua huang .
this species is widely distributed in taiwan and southern china . the larvae were found on
male genitalia of chinese andraca spp . a andraca bipunctata walker , l865 from yunnan b andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 from guangdong c andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 from guangxi d andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 from guangdong e andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , holotype , from yunnan f andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 from guangdong g andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province .
the early stages of andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province a–b eggs c first larvae d third larvae e–f final larvae g–h pupa and cocoon .
we would like to thank mr . shipher wu ( taiwan national university , taibei ) , dr . guo - hua huang and mr . hong - chun zhou ( hunau ) , dr . liu - sheng chen ( shihezi university , china ) , mr . de - yu xin and hou - shuai wang ( scau ) for collecting specimens in the field . many thanks to dr . mamoru owada ( national museum of nature and science , tokyo , japan ) , vadim v . zolotuhin ( state pedagogical university of ulyanovsk , russia ) and andreas zwick ( state museum of natural history stuttgart , germany ) for their kind suggestions and help with the manuscript . we are grateful to prof . james mallet ( university college london , uk ) kindly corrected the language of the manuscript . we thank the late dr . g . s . robinson and mr . k . tuck ( the natural history museum , uk ) for checking the types . this work was supported by scientific research fund of hunan provincial education department ( 10b048 ) and the natural science foundation of china ( no . 31100482 ) .
entomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india . lepidoptera : saturniidae , bombycidae , eupterotidae , uraniidae , epiplemidae und sphingidae
effects of temperature on development of the egg stage of the tea bunch caterpillar andraca bipunctata walker .
studies on a granulosis virus of the tea bunch caterpillar andraca bipunctata [ lep . : bombycidae ] and its utilization .
in : heppner jb , inoue h . ( eds ) . lepidoptera of taiwan 1 ( 2 ) : checklist .
ho hy , tao yt , tsai rs , wu yl , tseng hk , chow ys . ( 1996 )
isolation , identification , and synthesis of sex pheromone components of female tea cluster caterpillar andraca bipunctata walker ( lepidoptera : bombycidae ) in taiwan .
. malayan nature society , kuala lumpur : [ viii ] + 264 pp .
in : kristensen np . ( ed ) . lepidoptera , moths and butterflies .
1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology 4 ( 35 ) , walter de gruyter , berlin & new york
a generic revision of the japanese bombycidae , with description of a new genus ( lepidoptera ) .
owada m , kishida y , thinh th , jinbo u . ( 2002 )
fungus cordyceps militaris ( fries ) link infestation in the pupa of the tea pest andraca bipunctata walker .
in : wu h . ( ed ) . east hill zukun hundred insects .
zwick a , regier jc , mitter c , cummings mp . ( 2011 )
increased gene sampling yields robust support for higher - level clades within bombycoidea ( lepidoptera ) .
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word prismostictinae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word prismostictinae and , of course , prismostictinae synonyms and on the right images related to the word prismostictinae .
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endromidae is a famiwy of mods . it was wong considered to be a monotypic famiwy , containing just one species , de kentish gwory , endromis versicowora , found droughout de pawaearctic region [ 1 ] . the famiwy now consists of severaw genera and about 30 species , aww former members of de famiwy bombycidae .
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