common names : saharan horned viper , horned desert viper , more .

cerastes cerastes is a venomous viper species native to the deserts of northern africa and parts of the middle east .

it often is easily recognised by the presence of a pair of supraocular " horns " , although hornless individuals do occur .

no subspecies are currently recognised .

cerastes cerastes

cerastes cerastes cerastes ( linnaeus 1758 ) cerastes cerastes hoofieni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999
cerastes cerastes cerastes ( linnaeus 1758 ) coluber cerastes linnaeus 1758 : 217 cerastes cornutus forskal 1775 ( nom . nud . ) coluber cerastes — shaw & nodder 1792 : plate 122 gonyechis cerastes — fitzinger in treitschke 1842 vipera cerastes — boettger 1880 : 169 cerastes cornutus boulenger 1896 cerastes cerastes mutila domergue 1901 aspis cerastes — schmidt 1939 cerastes cerastes — haas 1957 cerastes cerastes karlhartli sochurek 1974 ( nom . nud . ) cerastes cerastes karlhartli — sochurek 1979 cerastes cerastes mutila — sochurek 1979 cerastes cerastes cerastes — welch 1994 : 43 cerastes cerastes — werner et al . 1999 cerastes cerastes — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 367 cerastes cerastes — wallach et al . 2014 : 153 cerastes cerastes hoofieni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 cerastes cornutus boulenger 1896 aspis cerastes — mertens 1944 : 33 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes — leviton & anderson 1967 : 187 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — arnold 1980 : 319 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes hoofieni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 : 87
cerastes cerastes gasperettii leviton & anderson 1967 : 183 cerastes cornutus anderson 1896 aspis cerastes — schmidt 1939 cerastes cerastes — haas 1957 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — harding & welch 1980 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — welch 1994 : 43 cerastes gasperettii — werner et al . 1999 cerastes gasperettii — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 369 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — van der kooij 2001 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — henkel 2003 cerastes cerastes gasperettii — sindaco et al . 2014 cerastes gasperettii — wallach et al . 2014 : 153 cerastes gasperettii gasperettii — rhadi et al . 2017 cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 vipera cerastes — strauch 1869 cerastes cornutus — anderson 1896 : 71 ( part . ) aspis cerastes — mertens 1944 : 33 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes — haas 1951 : 92 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes cerastes — leviton & anderson 1967 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes gasperettii — gasperetti 1988 ( part . ) cerastes gasperettii — werner 1988 cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni — kucharzewski 2011
the cerastes is the namesake of the saharan horned viper cerastes cerastes . the viper’s knack for sidewinding seems an obvious forerunner to the cerastes’ flexibility .
mermod , c . 1970 . living area and displacement activity of cerastes - vipera and cerastes - cerastes reptilia viperidae .
saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) lacking supra - ocular horns and responsible for biting patient 1 .
cerastes gasperettii mendelssohni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 cerastes gasperettii gasperettii leviton & anderson 1967
renato agazzi added the italian common name
ceraste cornuta
to
cerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758
.
johann , h . 1973 . a location of origin for cerastes - cerastes in northern tunisia serpentes viperidae .
key words : cerastes cerastes , macrovipera mauritanica , snake venom , characterization , biological activities , cross - reaction .
effects of cerastes cerastes ( egyptian sand viper ) and cerastes vipera ( sahara sand viper ) snake venoms on blood coagulation : separation of coagula . . . - pubmed - ncbi
c . michael hogan marked
distribution in egypt
as visible on the
cerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758
page .
c . michael hogan marked
distribution in egypt
as trusted on the
cerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758
page .
c . michael hogan marked
distribution in egypt
as hidden on the
cerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758
page .
egyptian horned viper cerastes cerastes venom hyaluronidase : purification , partial characterization and evidence for its action as a spreading factor .
cerastes cerastes : north africa , from morocco and mauritania to egypt and northern sudan , southern israel , western jordan .
cerastes gasperetti : arabian peninsula , iraq , western iran . cerastes vipera : sahara from mauritania to egypt , israel .
jungnickel , j . & prokoph , w . 2005 . haltung und nachzucht der ägyptischen wüstenotter cerastes cerastes cerastes ( linnaeus 1758 ) . elaphe 13 ( 4 ) : 25 - 30
(
cerastes cerastes ( desert horned viper )
, 2004 ; george , 2002 ; ludwig , et al . , 2003 )
2004 .
cerastes cerastes ( desert horned viper )
( on - line ) . accessed march 07 , 2010 at urltoken .
effects of cerastes cerastes ( egyptian sand viper ) and cerastes vipera ( sahara sand viper ) snake venoms on blood coagulation : separation of coagulant and anticoagulant factors and their correlation with arginine esterase and protease activities .
sterer y . 1992 . a mixed litter of horned and hornless cerastes cerastes . israel journal of zoology , 37 : 247 - 9 .
egyptian horned viper cerastes cerastes venom hyaluronidase : purification , partial characterization and evidence for its action as a spreading factor . - pubmed - ncbi
life - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy and acute renal failure : clinical cases and review .
trutnau , l . 1981 . beobachtungen an der hornviper cerastes cerastes ( l . 1758 ) . herpetofauna 3 ( 13 ) : 11 - 16 - get paper here
life - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy and acute renal fail . . . - pubmed - ncbi
to cite this page : anderson , i . 2011 .
cerastes cerastes
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
cerastes ( tsn 634421 ) at integrated taxonomic information system . accessed 20 march 2007 .
mohamed ah , khaled lz . 1966 . effect of venom of cerastes cerastes on nerve tissue and skeletal muscle . toxicon , great britain , 3 : 233 - 4 .
cerastes cerastes is capable of life - threatening envenoming in humans . optimal treatment of envenoming is by early administration of specific antivenom , and avoidance of ineffective and potentially - dangerous ancillary methods .
werner , y . l . , le verdier , a . , rosenman , d . & sivan , n . 1991 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) in the levant : i . distinguishing arabian from african cerastes cerastes . the snake 23 : 90 - 100
discussion : cerastes cerastes is capable of life - threatening envenoming in humans . optimal treatment of envenoming is by early administration of specific antivenom , and avoidance of ineffective and potentially - dangerous ancillary methods .
the use of ground - borne vibrations for prey localization in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) .
venoms of cerastes cerastes , macrovipera mauritanica , bitis arietans and naja haje were extracted by manual stimulation , centrifuged , lyophilized and kept at - 20ºc at the experimental center of the pasteur institute of morocco .
c . c . cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder compared to c . c . laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder
werner yl , verdier a , rosenman d , sivan n . 1991 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) in the levant : 1 , distinguishing arabian from african
cerastes cerastes .
the snake , the japan snake institute , yabuzuka honmachi , nittagun , gunma prefecture , japan , 23 : 90 - 100 .
morain , m . , b . young . 2003 . vertical burrowing in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) .
22 . djebari fl , martin - eauclaire mf . purification and characterization of a phospholipase a 2 from cerastes cerastes ( horn viper ) snake venom . toxicon . 1990 ; 28 ( 6 ) : 637 - 46 . [ links ]
the genus and species are named after the greek “keras” ( = horn ) after the horns many species of the genus display . cerastes cerastes hoofieni was named after mr . jacob haim hoofien ( 1913 - 1997 ) who studied middle eastern herpetology .
clinical study , said the oxford journal , “has demonstrated the ability of c . cerastes to cause complicated and potentially fatal envenoming…”
the use of ground - borne vibrations for prey localization in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) . - pubmed - ncbi
this subspecies , crotalus cerastes cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder , is found in south - central california south and east of the sierras south to roughly the san bernardino county line . the species crotalus cerastes - sidewinder , is found in the southern california deserts , east through southern nevada to extreme southwestern utah , into western arizona , and south into northeast baja california mexico , and northwest sonora , mexico .
activity cycles and foraging behaviors of free - ranging sidewinder rattlesnakes ( crotalus cerastes ) : the ontogeny of hunting in a precocial vertebrate .
tachoua , w . , boukhalfa - abibm , h . , laraba - djebari , f . hemorrhagic metalloproteinase , cc hsm - iii , isolated from cerastes cerastes venom : purification and biochemical characterization . journal of biochemical & molecular toxicology . 28 / 2 / 2017 .
schlüter , u . 2002 . die hornvipern ( cerastes ) nordafrikas . draco 3 ( 10 ) : 74 - 78 - get paper here
25 . boukhalfa ah , meksem a , laraba - djebari f . purification and biochemical characterization of a novel hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) venom . comp biochem physiol c toxicol pharmacol . 2009 ; 150 ( 2 ) : 285 - 90 . [ links ]
► hyaluronidase enzyme ( cchaseii ) was purified from the dangerous egyptian horned viper cerastes cerastes . ► cchaseii biochemical properties was investigated . ► the spreading property of the enzyme was confirmed . ► these studies could be potentially useful for production of more efficient antisera for management of viper envenomation .
the color of the snake helps to camouflage it against sand or rocky ground , especially when it is partially buried . cerastes cerastes is an ambush hunter , lurking quietly in a half - buried position until an unwary lizard or rodent comes within reach , and then lunging quickly to capture its prey .
the sds - page protein profiles were analyzed following coomassie blue staining . figure 1 shows that all venoms differ in composition . each of the venoms from cerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica contains a pool of proteins with different molecular weights . the naja haje venom profile reveals protein bands of lower molecular weights .
the desert horned vipers ( cerastes cerastes and c . gasperettii ) are the most familiar snakes of the great deserts of north africa and the middle east , including the plains of iraq . they are responsible for many human snake bites . in western countries , they are popular among exotic - snake keepers .
the cerastes , “horned” , is one of the many snakes born from the blood of medusa in the libyan desert . it receives a passing mention in lucan’s catalogue of snakes . another cerastes mentioned by theophrastus and pliny , in the form of a two - horned herbivorous worm , is obviously a caterpillar .
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secor , s . m . 1994 . ecological significance of movements and activity range for the sidewinder , crotalus cerastes . copeia 1994 : 631 - 645 .
sidewinder , horned rattlesnake , sidewinder rattlesnake , mojave desert sidewinder ( for c . c . cerastes ) , [ 2 ] sidewinder rattler . [ 7 ]
sidewinder , horned rattlesnake , sidewinder rattlesnake , mojave desert sidewinder ( for c . c . cerastes ) , [ 3 ] sidewinder rattler . [ 8 ]
activity cycles and foraging behaviors of free - ranging sidewinder rattlesnakes ( crotalus cerastes ) : the ontogeny of hunting in a precocial vertebrate . - pubmed - ncbi
background : the desert horned vipers ( cerastes cerastes and c . gasperettii ) are the most familiar snakes of the great deserts of north africa and the middle east , including the plains of iraq . they are responsible for many human snake bites . in western countries , they are popular among exotic - snake keepers .
schneemann , m . , r . cathomas , s . laidlaw , a . el nahas , r . theakston , d . warrell . 2004 . life - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy , and acute renal failure : clinical cases and review .
although cerastes are often referred to as horned vipers , only the two larger species , c . cerastes and c . gasperettii , are known to have horns , and even these do not always have them . individuals with and without horns occur within the same populations and even within the same litters . [ 2 ]
morain , m . , b . young . 2002 . the use of ground - borne vibrations for prey localization in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) .
schmid , a . 2014 . haltung und nachzucht der arabischen hornviper ( cerastes gasperetii gasperettii ) . reptilia ( münster ) 19 ( 110 ) : 46 - 50
secor , s . m . 1995 . ecological aspects of foraging mode for the snakes crotalus cerastes and masticophis flagellum . herpetological monographs 9 : 169 - 186 .
19 . fahmi l , makran b , plá d , sanz l , oukkache n , lkhider m , et al . venomics and antivenomics profiles of north african cerastes cerastes and c vipera populations reveals a potentially important therapeutic weakness . j proteomics . 2012 ; 75 ( 8 ) : 2442 - 53 . [ links ]
south - west iran ( 2 ) ( 6 ) , and cerastes gasperettii mendelssohni , which is restricted to the arava valley in israel and jordan ( 6 ) .
macrovipera mauritanica and cerastes cerastes venoms act on two subunits of fibrinogen ( α and γ ) . this activity is not detected in naja haje venom ( figure 5 ) . indeed , the ability of mm and cc venoms to degrade the α and γ chains of fibrinogen was evident . however , β chain degradation was not detectable .
mertens , robert 1944 . einige beobachtungen über die hornviper ( aspis cerastes ) . wochenschrift ( blätter ) für aquarien - und terrarienkunde 1944 ( 2 ) : 33 - 35
joger , u . & courage , k . 1999 . are palearctic ‘rattlesnakes’ ( echis and cerastes ) monophyletic ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 65 - 81
according to the oxford journal of medicine , c . cerastes has two close relatives . one , the horned and similar - sized c . gasperettii , occupies a range extending from southern israel eastward across iraq into eastern iran . the other , the hornless and much smaller c . vipera , shares much of the same range occupied by c . cerastes .
mohamed ah , abdel - baset a , hassan a . 1980 . immunological studies om monovalent and bivalent cerastes antivenin . toxicon , great britain , 18 : 384 - 7 .
these predominantly nocturnal snakes typically inhabit sandy deserts . c . cerastes also found in stony regions with sparse vegetation . not found higher than 1 , 500 m above sea level .
mertens , r . 1937 . the type designations of the ophidian genera cerastes and coronella , established by laurenti in 1768 . copeia 1937 ( 1 ) : 70 - get paper here
werner , y . , n . sivan . 1992 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) in the levant : 2 . taxonomy , ecology , and zoogeography .
cerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica venoms are characterized by their ability to degrade fibrinogen subunits ( i . e . α and γ chains ) . however , nh ( belonging to elapidae family ) venom does not display any detectable hemorrhagic activity . nevertheless , we highlighted the presence of edema with symptoms of myotoxicity , very lower proteolytic and phospholipase activities and an absence of fibrinogenolytic activity .
the dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . cerastes is brown , the dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . laterorepens is black . the dark rattle segment may not become fully black on c . c . laterorepens until the snake is an adult with 3 or more rattle segments . the last dark marks on the tail do not always correspond to the color of the dark rattle segment . c . c . cerastes has 21 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has 23 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has a higher number of ventral scales than c . c . cerastes . for more information see klauber , 1944 c . cerastes subspecies .
the present study aimed to evaluate the biochemical , enzymatic and biological properties of venoms of the most dangerous moroccan snakes , namely cerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica . to study the cross - reactivity that may exist between the venoms , specific horse antivenoms were produced with the objective of identifying the best candidate or mixture for producing a highly protective antivenom to fight snake envenomation in north africa .
two men bitten while handling captive saharan horned vipers ( cerastes cerastes ) in europe developed extensive local swelling and life - threatening systemic envenoming , characterized by coagulopathy , increased fibrinolysis , thrombocytopenia , micro - angiopathic haemolytic anaemia and acute renal failure . the clinical picture is explicable by the presence in c . cerastes venom of several thrombin - like , factor - x - activating , platelet - aggregating , haemorrhagic and nephrotoxic components . in one case , prophylactic use of subcutaneous epinephrine may have contributed to intracranial haemorrhage . the roles in treatment of heparin ( rejected ) and specific antivenom ( recommended ) are discussed .
crotalus cerastes - hallowell , 1854 - proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , vol . 7 , p . 95 from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america © ellin beltz
subach , a , scharf , i & ovadia , o . 2009 . foraging behavior and predation success of the sand viper ( cerastes vipera ) . canadian journal of zoology 87 : 520 - 528 . pdf
the horns of a cerastes have two documented functions . they are used as lures to attract birds , with the snake buried under the sand with only the horns protruding . horned snakes can also be found guarding wild pepper plants in arabia , and they use their horns to gore and kill people . to harvest the pepper , fire must be set to burn out the cerastes , blackening the pepper as a result .
although it would seem that laurenti changed his mind in 1768 and decided to name this genus aspis , instead of cerastes as he did earlier , this was eventually rejected . the iczn later placed the name cerastes on the official list of generic names in zoology ( name no . 1539 ) , while the name aspis was placed on the official index of invalid generic names in zoology ( name no . 1630 ) . [ 1 ]
werner , yehudah l . ; sivan , naomi 1992 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : voperidae ) in the levant : 2 . taxonomy , ecology , and zoogeography . the snake 24 : 34 - 49
stout snakes with very distinct , triangular head . tip of the snout blunt , nostrils directed upwards . c . cerastes sometimes has a horn - like protuberance over each eye , consisting of a single scale . in c . vipera the eyes are set at an angle and directed upwards . length of c . cerastes 50–60 cm ( max . 85 cm ) , c . vipera on average 35 cm ( max . 50 cm ) .
this snake has a variety of other popular names , for instance : sahara horned viper , north african horned viper , african desert horned viper , horned desert viper , greater cerastes , asp , or simply , horned viper .
cohen ac , meyers bc . 1970 . a function of the horn in the sidewinder rattlesnake crotalus cerastes , with comments on other horned snakes . copeia , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 3 : 574 - 5 .
m . schneemann , r . cathomas , s . t . laidlaw , a . m . el nahas , r . d . g . theakston , d . a . warrell ; life - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy and acute renal failure : clinical cases and review , qjm : an international journal of medicine , volume 97 , issue 11 , 1 november 2004 , pages 717–727 , urltoken
it is said that helen of troy , while eloping with paris , stepped on a cerastes’ back and broke it . this is why they move in such a sinuous , crooked fashion , causing their scales to rustle as they go .
webber , m . m , x . glaudas and j . a . rodríguez - robles . 2012 . do sidewinder rattlesnakes ( crotalus cerastes ) cease feeding during the breeding season ? copeia 2012 ( 1 ) : 100 - 105 .
while there do not appear to be any major threats to this species as a whole , the newly described subspecies cerastes gasperettii mendelssohni may be threatened by virtue of its restricted range and the destruction of its habitat for agriculture ( 7 ) .
no more than 2 cubits ( about a meter ) long , the cerastes is sandy - colored and white , with red streaks across its back . the skin is very soft and stretchable . on the head are two , four , or eight horns , described as worm - like or ram - like . the fangs are like those of a viper and are not crooked . instead of a backbone , a cerastes has a cartilaginous spine , making it the most flexible of all snakes .
crotalus cerastes is a venomous pit viper species belonging to the genus crotalus ( rattlesnakes ) and found in the desert regions of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . three subspecies are currently recognized , including the nominate subspecies described here . [ 3 ]
the arabian horned viper is found in the middle east and throughout the arabian peninsula . there are two subspecies , cerastes gasperettii gasperettii , which occurs in the united arab emirates , yemen , oman , israel , jordan , iraq , kuwait , saudi arabia and
cerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica venoms of morocco are very toxic and contain several proteins that differ by molecular weights . both venoms are characterized by not only high hemorrhagic and phospholipase a 2 activities but also their ability to degrade the α and γ chains of fibrinogen . our results highlight the high immunogenicity of cc , which leads to the induction of a horse antivenom that is highly protective against cc , mm and ba whole venoms . indeed , this protective capacity is higher when compared to the mm - specific antivenom product .
wagner , philipp & thomas m . wilms 2010 . a crowned devil : new species of cerastes laurenti , 1768 ( ophidia , viperidae ) from tunisia , with two nomenclatural comments . bonn zool . bull . 57 ( 2 ) : 297–306 - get paper here
this clinical study has demonstrated the ability of c . cerastes to cause complicated and potentially fatal envenoming , a warning to those exotic - snake enthusiasts who keep this species in captivity , and to those who live , work , travel and go to war in its extensive eremic domain .
werner , y . l . , sivan , n . , kushnir , v . and motro , u . ( 1999 ) a statistical approach to variation in cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) , with the description of two endemic subspecies . kaupia , 8 : 83 - 97 .
reiserer , r . s . and g . w . schuett ( 2008 ) aggressive mimicry in neonates of the sidewinder rattlesnake , crotalus cerastes ( serpentes : viperidae ) : stimulus control and visual perception of prey luring . biological journal of the linnean society 95 : 81 - 91 ( 11 ) .
venom glands are highly specialized tissues that possess a high capacity for protein secretion , and are a rich source of active proteins . snake venoms are known to contain a complex mixture of pharmacologically active molecules , including organic and mineral components , small peptides and proteins . according to their major toxic effect , snake venoms may be conveniently classified as neurotoxic ( elapidae ) or hemorrhagic ( viperidae ) . for instance , envenomings by macrovipera mauritanica and cerastes cerastes are characterized by hemorrhaging and abnormalities in the blood coagulation system , while the venom of the cobra naja haje is mainly neurotoxic and affects the nervous system ( 5 ) .
secor , s . m . 1992 . a preliminary analysis of the movement and home range size of the sidewinder , crotalus cerastes . pages 389 - 393 in j . a . campbell and e . d . brodie , jr . , editors . biology of the pitvipers . selva , tyler , texas .
in the face of such a historical depth of medical opinion , we were surprised to be confronted by two cases of potentially fatal envenoming caused by captive specimens of the saharan horned viper ( c . cerastes ) . we attempt to attribute the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms to known constituents of the venom of this fabulous snake .
common names : horned vipers , [ 2 ] north african desert vipers . [ 3 ] cerastes is a genus of small , venomous vipers found in the deserts and semi - deserts of northern north africa eastward through arabia and iran . [ 3 ] [ 1 ] three species are currently recognized . [ 4 ]
venomous ! has been considered as subspecies of c . cerastes by leviton et al . has been erroneously reported from lebanon ( joger 1983 ) . distribution : not in iraq fide habeeb & rastegar - pouyani 2016 . morphology : both hornless and horn - bearing specimens are known in this species . however , the subspecies mendelssohni is hornless .
cerastes species are not known to be particularly ill - tempered (
fairly placid
) , but when threatened they will often stand their ground and form c - shaped coils that are rubbed together to produce a rasping or crackling sound , similar to echis . with enough provocation , they will strike from this position . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
the sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) , also known as the horned rattlesnake and sidewinder rattlesnake , [ 3 ] is a venomous pit viper species belonging to the genus crotalus ( rattlesnakes ) and is found in the desert regions of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . three subspecies are currently recognized , including the nominate subspecies described here . [ 4 ]
first , dried venoms were biochemically investigated . gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated several protein bands certainly responsible for almost all of the observed biological effects ( 6 , 19 , 20 ) . proteolytic activity , studied following the casein test , was low compared to other venoms reported in the literature ( e . g . philodryas venom ) . phospholipase a 2 activity is an important characteristic presented by cc and mm venoms . we estimated this activity to be four times higher in cc venom than in mm venom and in comparison to the positive control . our results are in concordance with the recently reported studies ( 6 , 21 ) . pla 2 has been purified and characterized since 1990 from algeria cerastes cerastes ( 22 ) .
the three poorly defined subspecies are in need of taxonomic study ( ernst 1992 ) . three subspecies are recognized by crother et al . ( 2008 ) , though they state that douglas et al . ( 2006 ) , using mtdna , resolved several clades within cerastes , with only one corresponding to a currently recognized subspecies ( c . c . laterorepens ) .
werner , y . l . , n . sivan , v . kushnir & u . motro . 1999 . a statistical approach to variation in cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) with the description of two endemic subspecies , in u . joger . ( ed . ) : phylogeny and systematics of the viperidae . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 83 - 97
in both of our patients , use of large doses of polyspecific antivenom with activity against c . cerastes venom proved decisive in curtailing the coagulopathy , but did not prevent the evolution of profound renal failure . this was also the case in victims of russell ' s viper ( daboia siamensis ) bite in myanmar , even when antivenom was administered within 1–2 h of envenoming . 48
brown , t . w . , and h . b . lillywhite . 1992 . autecology of the mojave desert sidewinder , crotalus cerastes , at kelso dunes , mojave desert , california , usa . pages 279 - 308 in j . a . campbell and e . d . brodie , jr . , editors . biology of the pitvipers . selva , tyler , texas .
since some of these toxins exert opposing actions , the net effect , for example on platelets , may depend on the composition of the venom injected by a particular snake on a particular occasion . the large intraspecies variation in venom composition is now well recognized 43 and geographical variation in c . cerastes venom has been documented . 44 this has obvious implications for antivenom production and efficacy .
acute renal failure is an expected consequence of this process , but in rats , the effects of sub - lethal doses of c . cerastes venom were interpreted as causing mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis leading to acute tubular necrosis by direct nephrotoxicity and ischaemia . there was cortical necrosis resulting from thrombosis and bleeding . 45 however , in neither of our patients was renal biopsy justified , and so we have no information about histopathological changes .
unlike echis , to which they bear a passing resemblance , cerastes species are not known to be ill - tempered and their venom , which is a cytotoxin , is not particularly potent . [ 3 ] bites can be painful and should always be taken seriously , but little venom is injected and few fatalities are known . bites do occur , especially in the suez canal region , but no statistical data in available . [ 2 ]
no other snake can endure thirst as long as the cerastes . they seldom or never drink . as for reproduction , they bring forth live young . they are solitary and aggressive towards humans , but the psilli of libya live in harmony with them . if one of the psilli is lightly bitten they spit on the bite to heal it . a stronger bite requires antivenin made by gargling water and spitting it into a pot for the victim to drink . the most severe cases are cured by lying naked upon the equally naked sufferer .
cerastes bites cause necrosis , priapism , madness , dimness of sight , scabs , sharp pain like the pricking of needles , and inevitable death within nine days . topsell recommends cutting off stricken flesh to the bone or outright amputation . the wound should then be dressed with goat dung and vinegar or garlic , or barley - meal , or cedar , rue , or nep juice , or otherwise salt , honey , or pitch . daffodil , rue , radish - seed , cumin , wine , castoreum , calamint , and emetics should be imbibed .
cerastes are small snakes , averaging less than 50 cm in length , but are relatively stout in appearance . the head is broad , flat and distinct from the neck . the head is covered with tubercularly keeled scales , which usually number 15 or more across , and a supraorbital horn may be present over each eye in some species . the snout is short and wide and the eyes , which are set well forward , are small to moderate in size . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] the body is short , stout and cylindrically depressed . the tail is short and tapers abruptly behind the vent . [ 2 ] the dorsal scales are small , with serrated keels , in 23 - 35 rows at midbody . [ 3 ]
for many organisms , reproduction can take up large portions of an animal’s energy reserves and can be very time consuming . this is especially true for females . during pregnancy , females must carry around the weight of developing offspring in addition to providing nutrients . these costs of reproduction may interfere with other activities that females might engage in like foraging and feeding . previous studies have shown that reproductive females can exhibit seasonal anorexia , where females will cease feeding during the reproductive season . seasonal anorexia is hypothesized to alleviate conflicts between reproduction and feeding by allowing a female more time and energy to engage in reproductive activities . drs . javier a . rodríguez - robles , xavier glaudas and i decided to investigate possible tradeoffs between reproduction and feeding in the sidewinder rattlesnake ( crotalus cerastes ) .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ this website is dedicated to the libyan desert ( or eastern sahara ) , one of the least explored and most strikingly beautiful places on this planet . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
the libyan desert contains general background information on the libyan desert , including geography , a detailed account of and various original documents relating to its history and exploration , descriptions and photo galleries of the main rock art and archaeological sites ( wadi sora , the real
cave of swimmers
, karkur talh rock art sites , ain doua , abu ballas and others ) and information on the desert ' s fauna and flora .
expeditions provides news updates and itineraries for expeditions planned by fliegel jezerniczky expeditions , as well as reports and many photos from past expeditions . section also provides practical information for expedition participants .
resources provides a selection of high resolution landsat images of the libyan desert , as well as links to the few websites , and a comprehensive bibliography of various books books and articles related to exploration , history and rock art of the libyan desert , including a full listing of the various editions of almásy ' s writings . there are some hard to find old books and maps available .
2010 november - western uweinat from libya we returned to libya after a long absence to explore the remaining
white spots
at western jebel uweinat . we had an unexpectedly hassle free and absolutely superb trip , making long treks on the granite part of the mountain resulting in a number of important new rock art finds .
2010 october trip account something quite different for a change , this expedition focused on the wwii history of the libyan desert , retracing the egyptian part of almásy ' s operation salam route and visiting the numerous sdf and lrdg wrecks still littering the desert .
2010 june - upper brandberg , namibia the account of our first expedition to the rock art sites of the upper brandberg mountain , namibia . we had a very tough , but amazingly beautiful ten days on the top of the brandberg , seeing many of the principal sites , a trip we plan to repeat on a regular basis .
2010 march trip account we had a very pleasant and fruitful trip to uweinat and the gilf kebir except for the weather . the week long windless heatwave at uweinat , coupled with freezing mornings and a sandstorm later in the trip will be long remembered . . .
rock art of the libyan desert second expanded edition now available ! the second edition of the illustrated catalogue of all known rock art sites in the libyan desert had been published in october 2009 , now available for purchase . nearly 300 new sites and over 4000 new photographs were added . note : a special discount applies to those who purchased the first edition .
2009 november trip account we returned to uweinat after a year and a half ' s absence . our objectives were to ascend the summit , and explore some remaining blank spots in the upper areas of the mountain , all of which were met with spectacular results .
8 th august , 2009 - 10 th anniversary of the website launch it was ten years ago that the precursor to this website made its modest debut . since then we have come a long way , the event is celebrated with several updates , a little facelift , and the announcement of new expeditions .
i have finally managed to complete the project of translating all of almásy ' s writings relevant to the libyan desert into english , including a corrected and annoted transcript of the operation salaam diary . pdf or cd versions may be ordered on - line .
2009 february trip account the account of our trip organised together with bc archaeology travel to the gilf kebir , with a fine new find in the middle section of wadi abd el melik , and an astonishingly green wadi hamra .
a pharaonic inscription at uweinat ! in late 2008 mark borda and mahmoud marei have discovered a pharaonic inscription at jebel uweinat , a most amazing find that will require a complete re - thinking of our understanding of the deep desert travel capabilities of the ancient egyptians .
2008 march trip account traces of an astonishing amount of recent rainfall were observed all accross the gilf kebir , an area where except for a few isolated patches no fresh vegatation was oserved over the past ten years .
the lost bag of signalman alec ross in august 2007 , a bag of a wwii british soldier was found near wadi sora , with all personal belongings . here is the fascinating story , with photos of the finds .
2007 october trip account an account of our october expedition , organised primarily to explore unsurveyed parts of jebel uweinat . we did make some splendid rock art finds , however the highlight was to observe the aftermath of yet another summer rain , which left pools large enough to swim in all over the mountain .
2007 march trip account with video footage an account of our march expedition to visit the rock art sites of jebel uweinat and the gilf kebir , illustrated for the first time with digital video footage .
it rained at uweinat ! ! ! the miracle we ' ve been waiting for seven years repeated itself ! on our last visit in october , karkur talh and other valleys were filled with lush green vegetation , and millions of yellow flowers . the flora and fauna pages have been extensively updated with the noted new species .
new rock art finds in the wadi wahesh instead of the cancelled sudan trip , we decided to make a two week expedition , principally to jebel uweinat , to continue exploration of the unknown parts . in the upper reaches of the wadi wahesh ( south uweinat ) we found a very rich group of paintings , some of them in a hitherto unknown style .
2004 october trip account added the account of our october trip to jebel uweinat and the gilf kebir . the highlight of the trip was undoubtedly the show put on by a horned viper , who proceeded to have it ' s dinner right in front of our cameras .
unpublished historic photographs by f . g . b . arkwright bimbashi ( capt . ) arkwright was commanding officer of the no . 1 . motor machine gun battery of the sdf , occupying bir murr at uweinat in 1934 . his sons , anthony and philip discovered these photos in a family album , and have very kindly permitted them to be shared with all of us . some photos show almásy , as well as the ascent of uweinat .
exploration of arkenu & western uweinat account of our 2003 october trip to libya . exploration and new rock art discoveries at arkenu , karkur idriss and karkur ibrahim . visit to jebel sherif and south uweinat thwarted by libyan officialdom .
mystery of the
white blob
solved traverse of the great sand sea , exploration and new rock art discoveries near wadi sora and karkur talh . all in the latest trip account .
spectacular rock art sites discovered a number of truly spectacular paintings and dozens of other new sites were found during our expedition to uweinat and the gilf kebir in october , 2002 .
the sdf kufra convoys the little known history of the sudan defence force truck convoys supplying kufra from wadi halfa in 1941 - 42 . contains an account intended for bagnold ' s never published lrdg history .
unpublished bagnold photographs stephen bagnold , son of ralph alger bagnold , has most graciously provided scans of unpublished photos of the early expeditions .
this site is optimised for 600 x 800 resolution or greater and microsoft ie5 . copyright notice : text and photos from this site may be freely copied and used for private , educational and research purposes , mentioning the source ( for websites , please provide a link ) . contents may not be used for any commercial purposes or publication without permission . site design by claire spottiswoode , birding africa
hoofieni : sw corner of arabian peninsula ( endemic ) . type locality : king khalid airbase , saudi arabia , ( 18°18 ' n , 42°44 ' e )
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
al - quran , s . 2009 . the herpetofauna of the southern jordan . american - eurasian j . agric . & environ . sci . , 6 ( 4 ) : 385 - 391 [ this journal has a dubious record , see urltoken
arnold e n 1980 . the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey 1977 ( dhofar ) . the reptiles and amphibians of dhofar , southern arabia . journal of oman studies special report ( no . 2 ) : 273 - 332 - get paper here
bar , aviad and guy haimovitch 2012 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of israel . pazbar ltd , 246 pp . - get paper here
bauer , aaron m . ; jonathan c . deboer , dylan j . taylor 2017 . atlas of the reptiles of libya . proc . cal . acad . sci . 64 ( 8 ) : 155 - 318 - get paper here
boettger , o . [ as o . böttger ] 1880 . die reptilien und amphibien von syrien , palaestina und cypern . ber . senckenb . naturforsch . ges . , frankfurt / m . , 1879 - 1880 : 132 - 219 - get paper here
boulenger , george a . 1891 . catalogue of the reptiles and batrachians of barbary ( morocco , algeria , tunisia ) , based chiefly upon the notes and collections made in 1880 - 1884 by m . fernand lataste . tr . zool . soc . 13 : 93 - 164
brandstätter , f . 2002 . schlangen in der bibel . beiträge zur literatur und geschichte der herpetologie und terrarienkunde 2 : 29 - 34
carranza s , xipell m , tarroso p , gardner a , arnold en , robinson md , et al . 2018 . diversity , distribution and conservation of the terrestrial reptiles of oman ( sauropsida , squamata ) . plos one 13 ( 2 ) : e0190389 - get paper here
corkill , n . l . and cochrane , j . a . 1966 . the snakes of the arabian peninsula and socotra . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 62 ( 3 ) : 475 - 506 ( 1965 ) - get paper here
crochet , pierre andre ; raphael leblois , julien pierre renoult 2015 . new reptile records from morocco and western sahara herpetology notes 8 : 583 - 588 - get paper here
damas - moreira , isabel , beatriz tome , james harris , joao p . maia and daniele salvi . 2014 . moroccan herpetofauna : distribution updates . herpetozoa 27 ( 1 / 2 ) : 96 - 102
dobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here
dunaev e . a . , orlova v . f . 2003 . diversity of snakes ( on the materials of the exposition of the zoological museum of the moscow state university ) . moscow : moscow state university press , 376 pp
egan , d . 2007 . snakes of arabia . motivate publishing , dubai , 208 pp .
garcía - cardenete , luis ; m . victoria flores - stols & saúl yubero 2017 . new cases of syntopy between viperid snakes ( viperidae ) in the atlantic sahara go - south bull . ( 2017 ) , 14 , 139 - 141 - get paper here
geniez , p . ; mateo , j . a . ; geniez , m . & pether , j . 2004 . the amphibians and reptiles of the western sahara ( former spanish sahara ) and adjacent regions . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 228 pp . [ reviewed in reptilia gb 44 : 81 ]
haas , georg 1957 . some amphibians and reptiles from arabia . proc . cal . acad . sci . 29 ( 3 ) : 47 - 86 - get paper here
habeeb , israa nadhim & nasrullah rastegar - pouyani 2016 . geographical distribution of the snakes of iraq mesopotamia environmental journal 2 ( 3 ) : 67 - 77
herrmann , h . w . ; joger , u . ; lenk , p . & wink , m . 1999 . morphological and molecular phylogenies of viperines : conflicting evidence ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 21 - 30 - get paper here
ibrahim , adel a . 2013 . the herpetology of the suez canal zone , egypt . vertebrate zoology 63 ( 1 ) : 87–110 - get paper here
joger u 1983 . book review : harding & welch , venomous snakes of the world , pergamon press , 1980 . salamandra 19 ( 1 - 2 ) : 99 - 102 - get paper here
johann , h . 1981 . herpetologische eindrücke auf einer reise durch die sahara . herpetofauna 3 ( 13 ) : 17 - 21 - get paper here
leviton , a . e . & anderson , s . c . 1967 . survey of the reptiles of the sheikdom of abu dhabi , arabian peninsula . part ii . systematic account of the collction of reptiles made in the sheikdom of abu daby by john gasperetti . proc . cal . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 39 : 157 - 192 - get paper here
linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . laurentii salvii , holmiæ . 10th edition : 824 pp . - get paper here
mallow , d . ludwig , d . & nilson , g . 2003 . true vipers : natural history and toxinology of old world vipers . krieger , malabar , florida , 410 pp . [ review in hr 35 : 200 , reptilia 35 : 74 ]
martens , harald 1997 . a review of
zoogeography of amphibians and reptiles of syria , with additional new records
( herpetozoa 9 ( 1 / 2 ) , 1996 ) . herpetozoa 10 ( 3 / 4 ) : 99 - 106 - get paper here
mattison , chris 2007 . enzyklopädie der schlangen . blv - verlag , 272 pp .
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
monzel , markus m 2012 . gifte , gifttiere , menschen – eine geschichte voller ( miss ) verständnisse . draco 13 ( 51 ) : 4 - 25 - get paper here
padial , j . m . 2006 . commented distributional list of the reptiles of mauritania ( west africa ) . graellsia , 62 ( 2 ) : 159 - 178
phelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]
schleich , h . h . , kästle , w . , kabisch , k . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of north africa . koeltz , koenigstein , 627 pp .
schmidt , k . p . & marx , h . 1956 . the herpetology of sinai . fieldiana 39 ( 4 ) : 21 - 40 - get paper here
schmidt , k . p . 1939 . reptiles and amphibians from southwestern asia . publ . field mus . nat . hist . , zool . ser . , 24 : 49 - 92 - get paper here
schmidtler , j . f . 2013 . wiederentdeckung herpetologischer beiträge von l . fitzinger mit beschreibungen neuer taxa in f . treitschkes ( 1842 / 1843 ) populärer naturgeschichte “naturhistorischer bildersaal des thierreiches” ( amphibia , reptilia ) . herpetozoa 26 ( 1 / 2 ) : 15 - 26
schnurrenberger , h . 1959 . observations on behavior in two libyan species of viperine snakes . herpetologica 15 ( 2 ) : 70 - 72 - get paper here
schnurrenberger , hans 1963 . fishes , amphibians , and reptiles of two libyan oases . herpetologica 18 ( 4 ) : 270 - 273 - get paper here
shaw , g . & nodder , f . p . 1793 . the naturalist ' s miscellany [ . . . ] , vol . iv . london , nodder & co . , plates 111 - 146 , 158 unnumbered pages [ published in monthly issues between august 1 , 1792 , and july 1 , 1793 ] - get paper here
sochurek , e . 1979 . die schlangen nordafrikas . mitt . zool . ges . braunau 3 ( 8 / 9 ) : 219 - 226
sochurek , e . 1986 . die vier formen der wüstenottern . elaphe 8 ( 1 ) : 4 - 5 , 20 , 4
sow , andack saad ; fernando martínez - freiría , pierre - andré crochet , philippe geniez , ivan ineich , hamidou dieng , soumia fahd , josé carlos brito 2015 . atlas of the distribution of reptiles in the parc national du banc d’arguin , mauritania . basic and applied herpetology - get paper here
trape j - f and mané y . 2015 . the snakes of niger . amphibian & reptile conservation 9 ( 2 ) [ special section ] : 39–55 ( e110 ) - get paper here
trape , j . - f . & mané , y . 2006 . guide des serpents d’afrique occidentale . savane et désert . [ senegal , gambia , mauritania , mali , burkina faso , niger ] . ird editions , paris , 226 pp . - get paper here
treitschke , r . ( hrsg . ) 1839 . naturhistorischer bildersaal des thierreiches . nach william jardine bearbeitet , nebst einem vorworte von karl vogel ; 4 bände . pesth & leipzig ( c . a . hartleben ) , [ 1839 , 1841 , 1842 , 1843 for the 4 volumes ]
venchi , alberto and roberto sindaco 2006 . annotated checklist of the reptiles of the mediterranean countries , with keys to species identification . part 2 - snakes ( reptilia , serpentes ) . annali del museo civico di storia naturale
g . doria
, genova , xcviii : 259 - 364
wagner , p . 2008 . the good , the bad , and the ugly . reptilia ( münster ) 13 ( 69 ) : 85 - 88 - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
general shape small , depressed , tapered , relatively thick bodied snake with a short tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 90 metres . head is broad , flattened , covered in small scales , roughly triangular shaped when viewed from above and very distinct from narrow neck . snout is very short and broad . canthus is indistinct . eyes are small to medium in size , prominent , set to the side of the head and well forward , with vertically elliptical pupils . nostrils directed upward . there is often a long horn above each eye consisting of a single scale . specimens without this horn - like scale have a prominent brow ridge . dorsal scales have apical pits , are heavily keeled , large vertebrally and smaller laterally , oblique with serrated keels . ventrals have lateral keels and subcaudals are keeled posteriorly .
habitat up to about 1500 metres in sandy ( including dunes ) and rocky hill desert .


condor is the common name for two species of new world vultures , each in a monotypic genus .

the name derives from the quechua kuntur .

they are the largest flying land birds in the western hemisphere .

they are : the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) which inhabits the andean mountains .

the california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) currently restricted to the western coastal mountains of the united states and mexico and the northern desert mountains of arizona in the united states .

condor

[ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior
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09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 52 / opt / condor / local . btbal3600 / condor _ config . local
like their relative , the california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) , the andean condor has bald head which keeps their feathers clean after poking inside carcass .
earn miles with alaska mileage plan™ whenever you fly with condor or alaska airlines .
ordered at home , delivered on board . duty - free shopping with condor .
first legal protection specifically directed to the condor . california fish & game code .
whitson , m . , and p . whitson . 1969 . breeding behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) . condor 71 : 73 - 75 .
condor advisory committee formalized . endangered wildlife research program initiated at patuxent wildlife research center , us fish and wildlife ; fred sibley assigned to full - time research on condor
receive condor news and most up - to - date deals per e - mail . keep up to date with our latest offers , route news and other condor news .
andean condor soaring in the andes of peru . source : peru cultural society . the andean condor is classified as near threatened by the iucn red list of threatened species .
photograph of a spectacularly preserved fossil condor skull from grand canyon national park in arizona .
09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 52 using config source : / btbal3600 / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / etc / condor _ config
gailey , j . , and n . bolwig . 1973 . observations on the behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) . condor 75 : 60 - 68 .
find new or used condor other 296iks rvs for sale from across the nation on rvtrader . com . we offer the best selection of condor other rvs to choose from .
the iucn red list of threatened species lists the andean condor as a “near threatened” species .
if you are travelling on business or in a commercial vehicle please click here for condor ferries freight .
09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 53 output file : / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / local . btbal3600 / execute / dir _ 5593 / _ condor _ stdout
09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 53 error file : / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / local . btbal3600 / execute / dir _ 5593 / _ condor _ stderr
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the female condor will deposit one or two eggs on her nest built on inaccessible ledges of large rocks .
i would expect that ` condor _ q ` would be the same as ` condor _ q deck ` . is what i am seeing expected behavior , have i misconfigured something , or is this a bug ?
koford , c . b . 1953 . the california condor . national audubon society , research report 4 .
condor has increased its fees for pre - bookable ancillaries , such as extra baggage , meals or sports baggage .
current threats to the california condor include poisoning from scavening animals killed with lead shot and flying into power lines .
i know that 8 . 5 . 8 is a development release but i was messing around with our condor build system and i noticed some unexpected ( to me ) behavior . when calling condor _ q there is a failure :
a possible ancestral california condor fossil is a 1 to 1 . 5 million year - old fossil found in florida ,
weight : 17 - 29 lbs ( 8 - 13 kg ) . ( andean condor is approximately 30 lbs . )
daily food requirement of full grown captive condor is 570 gm - 1 kg ( approximately 1 - 2 lbs ) .
sepse condor sanctuary ( 35 , 000 acres ) established by us forest service . enlarged to 53 , 000 acres in
the california condor became extinct in the wild ( ew ) in 1987 when last 8 individuals were taken into captivity .
kaplan , m . ( 2002 ) the plight of the condor . new scientist , 2363 : 34 - 36 .
whitston , m . , p . whitston . 1969 . breeding behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) .
andean condor may descend to sea - level , and feed on dead whales , seals and seabirds near or along the beaches . inland , andean condor feeds mainly on large ungulates , and today domestic stock , which are important food resources .
the california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) is a member of the family cathartidae or new world vultures , a family of seven species , including the closely related andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) and the sympatric turkey vulture ( cathartes aura ) .
a bespoke bicycle is a rarity . at condor cycles it is what we ' ve done every day for 70 years .
the california condor dates from late pleistocene ( around 40 , 000 years ago ) to modern times . ( emslie 1988 )
california condor distribution adapted from urltoken according to iucn fact sheet click here or on map for detailed distribution ( iucn ) .
directed secretary of interior to develop a register of endangered species . condor included on first official list of endangered species in 1967
iucn is 44 mature individuals . the wild population currently numbers 231 individuals in total ( california condor recovery program 2012 ) .
. publicity measures include a website and near - weekly condor articles in local newspapers ( d . cooper and j . grantham
authenticated ( 25 / 11 / 02 ) by james christian . former california condor release attendant for the peregrine fund . urltoken
gailey , j . , n . bolwig . 1973 . observations on the behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) .
una publicacić³n compartida de condor tool & knife inc . ( @ condortk ) el 2 jul , 2018 a las 4 : 38 pdt
in january of 2010 a wild - born , captive condor died at nearly 80 years old at the beardsley zoo in bridgeport connecticut .
speziale , k . , s . lambertucci , o . olssonb . 2008 . disturbance from roads negatively affects andean condor habitat use .
condor cycles 49 - 53 gray ' s inn road london wc1x 8pp + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7269 6820 customer . service @ urltoken
protection / threats / status : andean condor is threatened by indirect poisoning used for predators , and by the lead in the carcasses . disturbances , illegal shooting and persecution play an important role in the declines of this species . andean condor is listed as endangered and protected under cites
donázar , j . , j . feijoo . 2002 . social structure of andean condor roosts : influence of sex , age and season .
readiness in adult california condors , although i have observed similar characteristics in a captive california condor that had undergone periods of exertion and excitement .
california condor : bald eagle juvenile is noticeably smaller , has brown belly , long tail , and shows long head and neck projection in flight .
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the andean condor ( vultus gryphus ) is one of the 7 species of new world vultures found in warm and temperate areas of the american continent .
rios - uzeda , b . , r . wallace . 2007 . estimating the size of the andean condor population in the apolobamba mountains of bolivia .
additional regulations may apply if you fly on airlines other than condor , e . g . if feeder or connecting flights are operated by other airlines .
dna studies of the 14 founder individuals of the current condor population indicates that they belonged to three distinct sub populations . ( geyer et al 1993 ) .
copyright © 2018 condor cycles limited . registered in england and wales ( no . 05351196 ) . registered office : 66 prescot street , london , e1 8nn .
last california condor is brought in from the wild on easter sunday . this young adult male joins 26 captive birds at the san diego and los angeles zoos .
the andean condor is considered threatened but is in far better shape than its california cousin . reintroduction programs are working to grow populations of these south american birds .
the andean condor ranges across the andes , in venezuela , colombia , ecuador , peru , bolivia and paraguay , south to argentina and chile ( 10 ) .
what’s in a name ? the name “condor” comes from cuntur , which originated from the inca name for the andean condor . their scientific name , gymnogyps californianus , comes from the greek words gymnos , meaning naked , and refers to the head , and gyps meaning vulture ; californianus is latin and refers to the birds’ range .
the andean condor played an important role in inca mythology . today the yawar fiesta which dates back from the time of the spanish conquest in the 1500s is celebrated in regions of the andes . during this celebration a condor , representing the indians , is tied to the back of a bull , which represents the spaniards . the condor attacks the bull with its beak while the bull tries to desperately get rid of it . young men chase the animal trying to show courage to their communities .
gymno comes from the greek word for bare or naked ( referring to the
bald
head of the condor ) . gyps is the greek word for vulture .
two anthropogenic factors , lead poisoning and shooting , have contributed disproportionately to the decline of the species in last 100 years . although publicity associated with the condor recovery program has reduced the likelihood of condors being shot , one person was arrested as recently as 2004 for shooting a california condor . high lead levels , primarily obtained from the ingestion of fragments of lead bullets and shot remains a pervasive problem throughout the historical foraging range of the california condor . for more information , please see lead exposure .
poulsen , h . 1963 . on the behavior of the south american condor ( vultur gryphus l . ) . z . tierpsychol . 20 : 468 - 473 .
due to loss of several birds , l . a . zoo begins power - line and human aversion programs for all condor release candidates . captive population 85 , wild population 3
from : htcondor - users [ mailto : htcondor - users - bounces @ xxxxxxxxxxx ] on behalf of deck , william sent : thursday , january 12 , 2017 11 : 34 am to : htcondor - users mail list < htcondor - users @ xxxxxxxxxxx > subject : [ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior
diet : andean condor feeds mainly on carcasses of large and medium - sized mammals such as ungulates , guanacos , cattle , but also marine mammals and large seabirds along the coasts .
from : htcondor - users [ mailto : htcondor - users - bounces @ xxxxxxxxxxx ] on behalf of john m knoeller sent : thursday , january 12 , 2017 12 : 47 pm to : htcondor - users mail list < htcondor - users @ xxxxxxxxxxx > subject : re : [ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior
postures of displaying california condors are very similar to those described for andean condors . however , if published photographs are representative , the andean condor holds its body more nearly vertical than does the california condor , and does not bend its neck as far forward ( whitson and whitson 1969 , fig . 1 ; gailey and bolwig 1973 , figs . . 1c , 1e , 5 ) . gailey and bolwig ( 1973 , fig . 1d ) showed a female andean condor with head and neck bent far downward and inward , but its wings were held almost fully open as in the
sunning
position . among the pictures of displaying andean condors , one of a male bird in poulsen ( 1963 , fig . 4 ) most closely resembles the posture of the california condor .
captive population of 52 birds . 2 california condors and 2 andean condors are released in the los padres national forest 1 / 14 . 10 / 6 - 1 california condor dies from ingestion of ethylene
hendrickson , s . , r . bleiweiss , j . matheus , l . de matheus , n . jácome , e . pavez . 2003 . low genetic variability in the geographically widespread andean condor .
everything reported above is in full agreement with koford ( 1953 : 77 - 80 ) . he assumed that only the male california condor actively displays , and i never saw anything to indicate otherwise . i was never close enough to displaying condors to know if their courtship is accompanied by hissing or other sounds , as is that of the andean condor ( whitson and whitson 1969 , gailey and bolwig 1973 ) .
the california condor is the largest land bird in north america , and once dominated the western skies . sadly , the species declined throughout much of the 20th century until only drastic measures saved it from extinction .
behaviour : andean condor feeds on carcasses and it is mainly a scavenger , feeding on dead animals . this large condor is able to tear muscles and viscera through the skin of the largest carcasses . around the carcasses , when they are feeding with other vultures’ species , there are some ritual displays in order to recognize the dominant birds , and conflicts are avoided or quickly resolved . usually , the largest species are dominant .
reproduction : andean condor male performs courtship displays , by standing erect with opened wings , and producing some clicking noises with the tongue . at this moment , the bare skin of the neck turns bright yellow . breeding season occurs from february to june in peru and in september - october in chile . andean condor does not build any structure . it nests on the bare ground of cliff - ledges or in shallow caves .
at carcasses , california condors dominate other scavengers . the exception is when a golden eagle is present . although the condor weighs about twice as much as an eagle , the superior talons of the eagle command respect .
starving fledgling wanders into an area of summer homes . after unsuccessful reintroduction attempt , bird is given to the l . a . zoo . this bird ( topatopa ) was only california condor in captivity for 15 years .
andean condors have been extremely important as a cultural symbol in the andes mountains of south america for thousands of years . in the ancient inca culture of peru the condor represents one of the three realms of existence , the heavens ; while the jaguar represents the earth and the snake the underworld . these three cultural references appear all over inca society , including in their architecture . the site of machu picchu , which was a royal vacation home , is built in the shape of a condor if viewed from the top of a nearby mountain . there is also a massive stone altar in the site that is shaped like a huge condor with wings spread high .
we designed condor to give pilots the complete experience of soaring on their pc . the key to this experience is the feeling of immersion in the environment . precise aerodynamics and weather physics drive the ongoing development . the condor simulator with state of the art graphics , real time control feedback , and cockpit sounds immerses you , the pilot , in the experience and is the closest you can come to flying a glider without ever leaving the ground .
at 1105 five adult condors and several ravens were at the carcass , but only one condor was actively feeding . another condor ( from general appearance , probably the
male
from the earlier courtship ) displayed to the feeding bird , then walked around the carcass , displaying to the group collectively . none of the condors responded to the displaying bird . courtship activity ceased after several minutes when two golden eagles flushed the condors and ravens from the carcass .
california condor : very large raptor with black body , bare - skinned red - orange head , and white wing patches . sexes are similar . juvenile has gray - skinned head and dull gray wing patches . exceptionally rare bird .
poulsen ( 1963 ) noted that an andean condor may display when not in the presence of other condors . on 2 february 1973 , john c . borneman and i observed an adult california condor roosting alone on a rock cliff . it sat quietly through the morning hours , preening occasionally . at 1205 it began swaying from side to side , walking in small circles with head and neck drooped forward and wings half opened . all actions were similar to those described above , except the stooped posture was less pronounced and the neck and head were neither swollen nor intensely colored . the condor displayed for perhaps one minute , sat quietly for another minute , then left its perch and circled out of sight .
the andean condor is adapted for exceptionally low mortality and low reproductive output , and is therefore highly vulnerable to human persecution , which persists over most of its range ( 2 ) ( 10 ) . the andean condor is killed for sport , and farmers kill it as a pest because they mistakenly believe it kills their livestock ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . additionally , condors have been affected by pesticides that have been carried up the food chain ( 7 ) ( 9 ) and by poison placed for mammalian predators ( 8 ) . as the andean condor mates for life , and shares parental duties , the death of a mate also has a knock - on impact on the other partner and the chick ( 7 ) .
california condor : prefers large carcasses , such as deer , cattle , and beached marine mammals , but readily feeds on smaller carrion . leaves roost to begin foraging late in morning , after strong thermals form , often returning to a known carcass .
this is because when you don’t specify a username , by default condor _ q will ask the schedd to send only jobs for the current user , which it determines by using authentication on the connection to the schedd to determine who you are .
the california condor is the largest flying bird in north america . their wings may stretch nearly 10 feet from tip to tip . when in flight , these huge birds glide on air currents to soar as high as a dizzying 15 , 000 feet .
the andean condor is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) and listed on appendix ii of the convention on migratory species ( cms ) ( 4 ) .
species status california condors ( gymnogyps californianus ) were listed as endangered under the federal endangered species act on march 11 , 1967 . as of oct 31 , 2012 , the total condor population was 409 birds and 232 of those were in the wild .
based on the novel
six days of the condor
by james grady and screenplay
three days of the condor
by lorenzo semple jr . and david rayfiel , condor follows cia analyst joe turner who stumbles onto a plan that threatens the lives of millions . joe has always been conflicted about his work for the cia . but when something he ' s discovered gets his entire office killed , leaving joe as the only survivor and forcing him to go on the run , the theoretical reservations he ' s harbored turn into all - too - real moral dilemmas . under pressure , joe will be forced to redefine who he is and what he ' s capable of in order to discover the truth and to stop a plot that threatens the lives of millions .
flight : andean condor spends most of the daytime soaring in the thermals created by valleys and mountains . the large wings are well adapted for soaring flight . they use the rising air currents and rarely perform flapping flight , always in order to save energy .
the researchers believe this huge bird surpasses the previous recorder - holder , argentavis magnificens - a condor - like bird from south america with an estimated wingspan of 5 . 7 - 6 . 1m ( 19 - 20ft ) that lived about six million years ago .
the original decline of the california condor followed the extinction of many large mammals in north america ( 5 ) . despite legal protection since 1900 ( 10 ) , the 20th century decline was due to human induced pressures such as trapping , shooting , egg collecting and lead poisoning following ingestion of carcasses killed with lead shot ( 2 ) . unfortunately lead poisoning still occurs regularly and remains the condor ' s greatest threat ; other current threats include collisions with power lines , shooting , and both deliberate and accidental poisoning ( 12 ) .
andean condor roosts in groups in cliff ledges . these large birds have to save energy by avoiding fights at carcasses , soaring in thermals during several hours apparently effortless , and storing fat reserves when food resources are abundant . these vultures can remain several days without feeding .
lambertucci , s . , a . trejo , s . di martino , j . sanchez - zapata , j . donazar , f . hiraldo . 2009 . spatial and temporal patterns in the diet of the andean condor : ecological replacement of native fauna by exotic species .
proposed determination of critical habitat for snail darter , american crocodile , whooping crane , california condor , indiana bat , and florida manatee ; 40 fr 58308 58312 ( percina ( imostoma ) sp . , crocodylus acutus , grus americana , gymnogyps californicus , myotis sodalis , trichechus manatus )
this species is found in high mountains , lowland deserts , open grasslands , along coastlines and in alpine regions ( 9 ) . unlike many birds , the andean condor does not build nests , but rather lays its eggs among boulders or in caves or holes ( 9 ) .
the condor’s bare head is an adaptation for hygiene since they eat dead and rotting meat and must , for the most part , stick their heads into the carcasses to feed . as unappetizing as this may seem to us , scavengers like condors are vital to the natural ecosystem .
fossil records reveal that the california condor once ranged over much of the southern united states , south to nuevo leon , mexico , and east to florida , as well as upstate new york . the disappearance of the condor from much of this range occurred about 10 , 000 - 11 , 000 years ago . by the time of the arrival of european settlers in western north america , condors occurred only in a narrow pacific coastal strip from british columbia to baja california norte . after the 1930s the condors were found primarily in central california , north of los angeles .
the 2016 artwork features three iconic pleistocene (
ice age
) animals from the united states— saber - toothed cat , long - horned bison , and a condor flying above . the landscape is an idealized representation of southern nevada within what is now tule springs fossil beds national monument .
one study of 40 condor nest sites ( both recent and formerly active ) found bones of immature cattle most often represented along with a wide variety of medium - sized mammals such as rabbits , ground squirrels , pocket gophers , coyotes , foxes , and weasels . ( collins et al 1999 )
the andean condor inhabits high peaks of the andes mountains of south america at elevations of up to 16 , 000 ft or 5 , 000 m . its habitat ranges from colombia in the north , to ecuador , peru , bolivia , argentina and chile in the southern end of the continent .
one reason california condor recovery has been slow is their extremely slow reproduction rate . female condors lay only one egg per nesting attempt , and they don’t always nest every year . the young depend on their parents for more than 12 months , and take 6 - 8 years to reach maturity .
a condor can fly over a hundred miles in a single flight ! they have a remarkable ability to soar on thermals , or currents of warm air that provide lift . this allows them to fly for a considerable distance without even flapping . condors roost in tall snags or on cliff faces to elude terrestrial predators . roosts may also serve a social function , as it is common for 2 or more condors to roost together and leave a roost together . depending upon weather conditions and the hunger of a bird , a california condor may spend most of its time perched on a roost .
the california condor is one of our nation ' s most magnificent birds , with wings spanning an amazing nine and half feet ! it is black in color with white underwing patches and a bald head with very few feathers . the color of the head varies from white to orange to reddish purple .
. in 2008 an agreement was struck between the tejon ranch and five conservation organisations to preserve 240 , 000 acres of the 270 , 000 acre property as an open space in return for not opposing the development of the remaining land , providing a vast amount of foraging habitat for the condor ( l . kiff
california condor : found in arid foothills and mountain ranges of southern and central california ; also seen in northern arizona and southern utah . requires large areas of remote country for foraging , roosting , and nesting . condors roost on large , old growth trees or snags , or on isolated rocky outcrops and cliffs .
: april 11 , first condor chick hatches in the wild ( ventura county ) the chick’s parents were captive - reared at the los angeles zoo and san diego wild animal park , then released into the wild at the age of one by the usfws in 1995 . two more chicks later hatch but none survive .
finkelstein , myra , zeka kuspa , noel f . snyder and n . john schmitt . 2015 . california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
native to a wide variety of north american habitats , the condor is historically restricted to the pacific coastline and inland to the sierras ( 8 ) . inhabits rocky , open scrubland , coniferous forest and oak savannah ( 3 ) . nests have been recorded in rock cavities as well as in large sequoia trees ( 3 ) .
towards the end of the 1980s , with only eight individuals left in the wild , it was clear that the extinction of this bird was imminent . the remaining wild individuals were taken into captivity and incorporated into an intensive conservation breeding programme run by san diego wild animal park , los angeles zoo and the peregrine fund ( 13 ) . a variety of techniques were used in the breeding programme including double - clutching and the rearing of chicks with hand puppets , and in 1992 the first condors were released back into the wild ( 14 ) . numerous hurdles have had to be overcome , not least teaching captive birds to avoid power cables , but in the spring of 2002 the first wild condor chick for two decades hatched ( 13 ) . the rescue of the californian condor is an ongoing conservation programme but the successes so far have been inspiring and the population continues to climb ( 8 ) ; today the condor can once again be seen soaring over the rocky californian landscape .
meretsky , v . j . , snyder , n . f . r . , beissinger , s . r . , clendenen , d . a . and wiley , j . w . ( 2000 ) demography of the california condor : implications for reestablishment . conservation biology , 14 : 957 - 967 . available at : urltoken
california condor recordings by vincent gerwe © cornell lab of ornithology macaulay library cornell lab of ornithology 159 sapsucker woods road ithaca new york 14850 united states of america tel : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2404 fax : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2439 email : macaulaylibrary @ urltoken website : www . birds . urltoken / macaulaylibrary
habitat and range : andean condor frequents mainly the mountainous areas where it can fly in thermal currents . it occurs amongst the higher peaks of the andes . it may be found in low grasslands in argentina , and along the sea coast in peru and southern chile . it occurs in the andes , from western venezuela to tierra del fuego .
california condor : a single pale green or blue egg is laid in a shallow cave or rock crevice ; no nesting material is added , but the pair may manipulate rocks and other objects to form a crude nest . incubation ranges from 54 to 58 days and is carried out by both parents ; produces no more than one brood every other year .
postures to those described above are adopted by other cathartid vultures , but differences in coloration do not result in similar emphasis . for example , the black vulture does not have striking plumage patterns . color and pattern may assist or reinforce the courtship behavior of the california condor , but the ceremony itself is probably phylogenetically the older character ( lorenz 1937 ) .
as one of the largest flying birds in the world , the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) forms an awesome sight over the south american skies ( 5 ) , as it soars gracefully on huge , motionless wings ( 6 ) . these magnificent birds have glossy black plumage with white flight feathers on the wings ( 7 ) and a distinctive downy , white ruff around the neck ( 8 ) . the bare skin on the head of the andean condor varies in colour , but is usually reddish - pink at the base of the neck , and more mottled greyish - pink or yellow on the head ( 2 ) . these birds have large feet with powerful claws and sharp , hooked beaks that allow them to easily tear apart their scavenged prey ( 9 ) . the andean condor is the only american vulture to show sexual dimorphism , with males possessing a large , fleshy lump on the front of their heads , called a caruncle , and neck wattles that are absent in females ( 2 ) ( 9 ) . juvenile andean condors are a dull brown colour ( 2 ) .
: march 25 , first egg laid by a wild , re - introduced california condor in the grand canyon national park . the egg was found broken , a common occurrence . later this year 2 eggs are laid in the same nest . scientists retrieve one because of probable incubation difficulties . chick is hatched june 17 , and is raised by a pair of captive birds
during each observation , the neck and cheeks of the displaying condor were much distended ; the bright red chest patch was inflated prominently ; the orange head was especially bright ; and the bluish - gray band at the base of the neck appeared as a pale ring , with a conspicuous rose - red spot on the ventral side below the bill . the condor at whom each display was directed , and also one other bird in the group , also had distended necks and cheeks , but their color was not as intense as that of the displaying bird . the remaining condors were duller in color , and no swelling of head , neck , or check patch was evident . bright coloration and distension of head and neck may be general indications of reproductive
recovery attempts for the andean condor have been made through captive breeding and reintroduction programmes , which have been moderately successful ( 7 ) . captive - bred andean condors have so far been reintroduced into the wild in colombia and venezuela , and early reports indicate that that some of these birds have begun to breed ( 8 ) . these results are extremely encouraging and provide hope for the successful preservation of this magnificent bird . a similar project is currently underway in argentina , and there is potential for reintroductions to be made throughout the species’ former range ( 10 ) . however , it is imperative that an education campaign to try to reduce hunting of the andean condor accompanies such measures , if reintroduced individuals are to be given the best possible chance of survival .
once a condor reaches six or seven years of age , he or she is ready to find a mate for life . condors will breed once every other year , with an elaborate courtship flight and dance leading up to mating . before that , an appropriate nest site must be found . condors build simple nests , often using caves in cliff faces to shelter their young from predators . raising a condor chick requires tremendous energy and time , so a pair will usually lay only one egg per season . however , they may lay a replacement clutch if their first or even second egg is lost . the egg is incubated by both parents and hatches after approximately 56 days . both parents share responsibilities for providing the nestling with food and warmth . at two to three months of age , condor chicks leave the nest but remain in the vicinity of the nest where they are fed by their parents . the chick takes its first flight at about six to seven months of age but may not become fully independent until the following year . chicks learn from their parents how to fly and find food . parents will look after their young up to two years after hatching .
the coastal condor population may have survived the widespread extinctions at the end of the pleistocene because they ate marine mammals ( that did not become extinct ) rather than terrestrial food sources ; by contrast , isotope studies reveal that a black vulture that did become extinct fed only on large animals living on land ( many of which became extinct ) . ( fox - dobbs et al 2006 ) ,
i can actually submit to the schedd i am attempting to query . i can work around this issue by setting condor _ q _ only _ my _ jobs = false ( which makes sense ) . i inherited the authentication settings and they have not been changed in quite some time . it looks like now would be a good time to take a look . thanks for the help .
prior to 1973 , the courtship display of the california condor had been described ( koford 1953 , wilbur and borneman 1972 ) , but no photographs of the event had been published . on 31 january 1973 , i had the opportunity to photograph a pair in courtship in the sespe condor sanctuary ( los padres national forest ) , ventura county , california . i had seen similar activity 20 february 1970 , 26 february 1971 , 3 february 1972 , and 14 december 1972 . the photos are not particularly sharp , and i suspect that a lot of courtship photos have been taken since the captive breeding program began . still , i think this is interesting as one of the few photo records of how the original , pre - captive breeding , condors behaved . by way of explanation :
: three chicks hatch in california ' s ventura county back country . there are now 97 condors living in the wild in california , arizona and baja . there are 124 birds in captivity at the wild animal park , l . a . zoo and the peregrine fund ' s world center for birds of prey ; the jonsson center for wildlife conservation established in oregon by the oregon zoo for condor recovery efforts .
the california condor population steadily declined during the 20th century until there were only about 22 known to exist in the world . the last of the free - flying condors were taken into captivity in 1987 in order to save the species from extinction . efforts to reintroduce california condors began in early 1992 , and continue to this day . today , they can be found primarily in california , arizona and baja california , mexico .
) , which forage by smell whereas andean condors forages by sight . larger andean condors are much better adapted at tearing into the tough hide of a fresh kill . the smaller vultures benefit from the labors of the condor and feed on what is left of the newly opened carcass . within the last century or so there has been an ecological shift in food availability across much of the andean condors ' range as native megafauna species (
large vultures perform sunning behaviour in the morning , because their body temperature falls several degrees at night in order to save the energy . the sun helps them to recover the normal level . but sunning is also used for feathers . during the flight at high elevation , the strong winds may bend the feather’s tips upwards . andean condor needs the sun’s heat for recovering the normal feather’s shape . feathers’ maintenance is an important behaviour for so large birds .
the display posture of the california condor gives prominence to most of the bird ' s brilliant colors and striking patterns . the orange of the head , the gray neck ring , and most of the red chest patch are conspicuous to the display partner . the white patches under the wings flash almost like mirrors as the bird sways from side to side . only the rose pink neck spot and a portion of the red chest patch are obscured from view .
it appears to me that the job is hung on transferring output for an hour after running the job to completion . then after an hour the condor daemon copying the data is determined to be hung and is killed . however we see the output file transferred to the schedd . similar behavior is observed on all the jobs that don’t “finish” . the behavior only seems to appear in longer running jobs as all of the jobs are setup in the same way .
the spectacular but endangered california condor is the largest bird in north america . these superb gliders travel widely to feed on carcasses of deer , pigs , cattle , sea lions , whales , and other animals . pairs nest in caves high on cliff faces . the population fell to just 22 birds in the 1980s , but there are now some 230 free - flying birds in california , arizona , and baja california with another 160 in captivity . lead poisoning remains a severe threat to their long - term prospects .
the california condor was originally widespread throughout north america , but by the 1800s they were restricted to the west coast , from british columbia to baja california . in the 1970s only 30 individuals remained , all of which were confined to a small area of california ( 6 ) , and on easter sunday 1987 the species became extinct in the wild when the last individual was taken into captivity ( 8 ) . an extensive conservation effort has been undertaken to re - introduce captive - bred condors back into the wilds of california , arizona and mexico .
2017 ) . a huge step has been taken towards eliminating the threat of lead - poisoning with the signing in 2007 of the ridley - tree condor preservation act , which requires the use of non - lead ammunition within the species ' s range in california and was implemented in 2008 . as of february 2009 , 99 % of hunters were compliant with the act . the arizona game and fish department is now distributing safer lead - substitute bullets free of charge to hunters within the foraging range of the condors ; similar programmes are being initiated in california ( l . kiff
california condors are the largest north american land birds and among the largest flying birds in the world . an adult condor will weigh about 22 pounds and can have a wingspan of up to 9 . 5 feet . adults are mostly black with white underwing patches . similar to their relatives , the vultures , they have no feathers on their heads or feet . juvenile condors are grayish - black , with short feathers on their heads that they lose as they grow older . the bright orange - red colored head and the white patches under the wings are easy ways to distinguish adult california condors from juveniles . males and females cannot be distinguished by size or plumage characteristics .
condors are obligate scavengers , meaning they feed only on carcasses of animals . a condor ' s sharp beak and strong neck muscles allow them to tear into animal hide and feed . they forage widely as far as 150 miles a day looking for deer , elk , livestock and marine mammals . having located a potential food item , condors frequently remain in the air circling high above the carcass before landing . circling behavior is thought to serve as a signal to other condors in the area , guiding them to potential food sources . condors apparently depend on visual rather than olfactory cues to locate food . having to face changes in food availability , condors have been documented not feeding for a periods up to 14 days .
andean condors roost on cliff faces and use thermal currents to lift off in the morning , and then spend most of the day soaring on updrafts looking for food . these birds scavenge on the remains of sheep , llamas , cattle , seals and occasionally newborn animals or the eggs of seabirds . the andean condor’s excellent eyesight allows it to spot a carcass from several miles away , and this bird is also known to watch the behaviour of other animals or follow smaller scavenging birds to find a carcass ( 7 ) . its sharp , curved beak can easily tear through the flesh and hides of the toughest carcasses ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . up to 40 andean condors have been observed together at a single large carcass ( 2 ) .
. the first chick born in mexico for over 75 years hatched in april 2007 . it is hoped these birds will range widely enough to be effectively connected with birds in the southern u . s . a . , and a bird from the baja population was seen in san diego county in april 2007 . 2015 was an important year for the species in terms of its recovery in the wild as it was the first year when the number of individuals that died in the wild was less than the number of juveniles that fledged ( silber 20116 ) . second generation birds have recently matured to breeding age , but no population can be deemed sustainable , and without substantial reductions in the use of lead - based ammunition within the condor ' s range none are likely to become so ( finkelstein
the andean condor has a long lifespan , in excess of 50 years , but breeds very slowly ( 7 ) . sexual maturity is not attained until 7 to 11 years , after which these birds , like all condors , mate for life ( 7 ) . the male conducts an elaborate courtship display involving drawing the body up and fully extending the wings , as well as making loud tongue clicks , while the reddish skin of the neck becomes bright yellow ( 8 ) . the female lays a single egg every other year , which both the male and female take turns to incubate ( 7 ) for about 54 to 58 days ( 8 ) . the young andean condors take a lot of time and effort to raise , being unable to fly until they are six months old and remaining reliant upon the adults for up to two more years ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .
the critically endangered california condor is a member of the new world vulture family ( cathartidae ) , and has an impressive wingspan of just less than three metres ( 5 ) . the featherless head and neck are a reddish - orange colour ; a few black feathers sprout from the head and there is a ruff of fine , glossy black feathers around the neck ( 6 ) . the neck has an inflatable pouch , which is important in courtship ( 7 ) . the plumage is black in colour with large white patches under each wing ( 6 ) . males and females are indistinguishable by size or plumage ( 8 ) . juveniles are grey and adult feathers do not replace this down until the age of five to seven months ( 6 ) . sub - adults retain a grey head until they reach maturity at five to seven years of age , when they acquire the full colouration of an adult ( 6 ) .
at 1006 on 31 january 1973 , two adult condors were on the ground near a deer carcass we had placed as supplemental feed . one golden eagle and several ravens were also near the carcass . one condor , the presumed male , half - opened its wings , with the primary feathers hanging vertically . with neck extended and head bowed , the
male
swayed from side to side in front of the
female .
while at close quarters , the
male
twice kicked one foot at the bowed head of the
female ' ( described by koford 1953 : 77 ) .
he
then turned and walked some 10 meters away from the
female ,
still swaying from side to side with head bent forward . the
female
followed about half the distance , then the
male
turned and came back toward her , still displaying . the courtship ended at 1010 when the eagle , which had been standing on the deer carcass and feeding , flew away . both condors moved quickly to the carcass and began to feed .
apologies for the boring font , it’s needed to keep the parallel texts in line .
the english translations are a mixture of my own , and my adaptations to those by p . gelles and g . martínez in the english version , alias :
are therefore found in these texts only in spanish loanwords which have not been fully assimilated to quechua pronunciation .
the first passage in particular , where gregorio relates his time as a press - ganged conscript in the peruvian army ( where spanish was the only language it was permitted to speak ) , has an even greater number of loanwords from spanish than is usual in quechua .
this is largely due to the context of the peruvian army , an institution entirely dominated by spanish .
in the english translation of the first text have also been put in bold if they are ones that english has borrowed from french .
the suffixes given here are in the form and spellings used in the official quechua alphabet for southern quechua ( ayacucho , cuzco , puno , bolivia ) .
be aware , though , that he presents the bolivian forms of these , uses a slightly different spelling system and some different names , but suffixes should still be recognisable as the same as the ones given here .
bernard comrie , martin haspelmath , balthasar bickel , william croft , christian lehmann , dietmar zaefferer , and others .
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