the devil 's coach-horse beetle ( ocypus olens ) is a species of beetle belonging to the large family of the rove beetles ( staphylinidae ) .

it was originally included in the genus staphylinus in 1764 , and some authors and biologists still use this classification .

devil ' s coach horse beetle

the devil’s coach horse beetle is an european beetle related to our rove beetle .
explore our interactive map and see where the devil ' s coach horse has been recorded so far .
species ocypus olens - devil ' s coach horse . urltoken accessed march 12 , 2016 . [ images ]
one well - known species is the devil’s coach horse beetle . for some other species , see list of british rove beetles .
detailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the devil ' s coach horse .
the devil ' s coach horse earned its name partly for its wicked bite and partly for its environmental hardiness .
devil ' s coach horse beetle commissioned by a private collector for display in their gardens . they wanted a beetle that would withstand all weather … | pinteres…
in irish mythology , the name devil’s coach - horse ate sinners and could cast a curse by raising its abdomen .
devil ' s coach - horses and people : this beetle was once a symbol of evil and death .
this habit has given rise to another english name , cock - tail while its association with corruption and the devil gave rise to other names such devil’s footman , devil’s coachman and devil’s steed .
the devil’s coach - horse is an unusual - looking beetle as , unlike most other beetles , its wings do not completely cover its abdomen .
the devil’s coach horse is a long , black beetle with short elytra ( wing cases ) . at first glance you could mistake it for an earwig .
the devil ' s coach horse ( staphylinus oleos ) a staphylinid rove beetle from so . california . this beetle has short wing covers ( elytra ) and does not … | pinteres…
this beetle has been associated with the devil since the middle ages , hence its common name . other names include devil ' s footman , devil ' s coachman and devil ' s steed . in irish , the beetle is called dearga - daol or darbh - daol .
devil ' s coach horse beetles are voracious predators who consume significant numbers of small slugs and other pests such as vine weevil larvae and cutworm .
habitat : the devil ' s coach - horse lives in forests and gardens under stones , damp leaves , and moss , or in damp wood .
the devil’s coach horse is the largest of the rove beetles and can reach a length of around 28mm . typical to this family , the devil’s coach horse is a long - bodied , uniformly black beetle with an extended exposed powerful abdomen with shortened wing cases ( elytra ) . although able to fly its wings are rarely used .
as far back as the middle ages this species has been associated with the devil and was known in ireland as dar daol which translates as ‘the devil’s beetle’ . many myths and superstitions have surrounded the devil’s coach horse such as its ability to curse a person by pointing its upraised body in their direction ! some also believed that the beetle had magic powers and it is believed by some that in ireland reapers used to improve their skills by putting a devil’s coach horse in the handle of their scythes .
a devil ' s coach - horse is a predatory species of beetle that fires poison gas from its tail if threatened by a predator . many people mistake them for scorpions . if handled they will sometimes bite but are harmless to humans . according to legend , anyone a devil ' s coach - horse pointed its tail at would soon die . . .
the devil’s coach horse is a beneficial insect playing an important role in the food chain as a dominant predator , ensuring that nutrients are recycled and returned to the soil .
in maltese the devil’s coach - horse is known as katarina - għolli - denbek ( catherine raise your tail ) . the name comes from this insect’s habit of raising its abdomen like a scorpion when it feels threatened .
the beetle has even achieved celluloid fame by starring in a film based on the aptly named 1979 book ‘the devil’s coach horse’ by richard lewis , where the creatures get a taste for human flesh and go on the rampage .
devil ' s coach horse beetles are active at night , when they consume small slugs and snails , and a wide range of other invertebrates . this beetle is commonly found in damp areas in a garden , woodland or hedgerow .
the devils coach horse is a widespread and nocturnal predatory rove beetle , native to europe , introduced to north america and australasia . photographed by harry taylor .
the devil ' s coach horse is a member of the rove beetle family , a very large group of insects characterised by their short wing cases and habit of being constantly on the move , rambling and roving and wandering . it is their roving habit that results in them sometimes entering people ' s homes . the devil ' s coach horse has the distinction of being both the largest member of the family found in ireland and one of the more common species likely to be encountered by most people .
a beetle came creeping forth from the stable , where the farrier had been shoeing the horse .
superstition has been associated with this species for hundreds of years . it’s also called the devil’s footman , devil’s coachman and coffin cutter . one old wives’ tale suggested that when it raised its tail it was casting a curse on you .
could be confused with… other beetles in the same family ( rove beetles ) . they are all black with the same body shape but the devil’s coach horse is the only one of this size ( about 25mm long ) .
the devil’s coach horse is a predator , hunting other invertebrates such as slugs , woodlice and other beetles at night . its strong legs and flexible body make it well adapted to hunting in fallen leaves and among logs and stones .
behavior and reproduction : when threatened , the devil ' s coach - horse spreads its powerful jaws and bends its abdomen up over its back to spray a foul - smelling brown fluid . nothing is known about its reproductive behavior .
both predators and prey are important in any ecosystem . the devil’s coach horse eats other invertebrates , some of which may be garden pests . in doing this , it helps to reduce pest populations , recycle nutrients and maintain a healthy ecosystem .
the devil ' s coach - horse is a common black beetle that will be familiar to many people as it has a habit of sometimes wandering indoors . it is an aggressive little beast that readily puts on a threat display when confronted by a person very many times its size .
the devil ' s coach horse is a long black rove beetle around 30mm long with a flattened head and sharp pincer mouthparts . this beetle is capable of inflicting a painful bite if handled . when it feels threatened it will raise up its abdomen so that it looks like a small scorpion , and it will spray a foul - smelling liquid from its abdomen . devil ' s coach horse beetles mate during the autumn and lay eggs into a damp spots , such as in moss or leaf litter . the eggs hatch into larvae that feed eagerly on other soil - dwelling invertebrates .
shaggy ; prominent : used in beetle brow ( also written beetle - brow ) .
it overwinters as a pupa in leaf litter or moss and emerges as an adult the following spring . if you disturb a devil’s coach horse , it adopts an aggressive , scorpion - like position - it raises its rear end and opens its powerful jaws .
ashtekar , a . , beetle , c . and fairhurst , s . , class .
during the day the devil’s coach horse usually rests amongst and under stones and logs but it is at night that this carnivorous , nocturnal predator comes out to feed on slugs , worms , spiders , woodlice , a range of other invertebrates and carrion ( dead items ) .
the devil’s coach horse occupies a wide range of habitats requiring damp conditions and is common in woods , hedgerows , meadows , parks and gardens , being seen between april and october . it is also known to make its way indoors now and then , particularly in older properties .
the devil’s coach - horse does not sting but it has strong pincer - like jaws with which it can bite if handled from the wrong end . it also has a pair of glands on its abdomen which emit an odorous liquid strong enough to warn potential predators to back off .
if conditions don ' t improve , there will be the devil to pay .
where and when can i find it ? in spring and autumn across the uk in both rural and urban areas . try looking in parks , gardens , woodland and fields . the devil’s coach horse is nocturnal , so during the day it is found resting among fallen leaves or under logs and stones .
is from 1840 , the large rove - beetle , which is defiant when disturbed .
talk of the devil , and he ' s presently at your elbow
[ 1660s ] .
charges at the county ' s recycling facilities are being considered as part of this year ' s budget .
the egyptian beetle was not quite the full type of him ; our northern ground beetle is a truer one .
although it is widespread in the uk , its nocturnal behaviour means that it is rarely encountered . with your help , we would like to find out more about where it lives and how many there are . there is evidence that some large beetles struggle to survive in urban areas . is this the case for the devil’s coach horse ?
to give the devil his due , you must admit that she is an excellent psychologist .
devil ' s coach horses eat maggots ( fly larvae ) and are usually found living in rotting animal carcasses . they belong to a large group of beetles characterised by their shortened elytra ( modified , hardened forewings ) and exposed , flexible abdomens .
it has a long body and very short wing cases making it look a bit like a black earwig . unlike the common earwig , the devil ' s coach horse doesn ' t have pincers on its tail end . it does , however , have large pincer - like jaws at its front end and these can inflict a painful bite .
split pine beetle barrels in mountain pine beetle wood with epoxy resin by straight line designs 604 - 251 - 9669 .
for its size the devil’s coach horse has very large jaws ( mandibles ) which it uses to catch and cut its prey . with the help of its front legs the food is then turned into a ball like shape ( bolus ) which is chewed , passing through the beetles’ digestive system a number of times until it becomes liquefied and finally digested .
6 in germany , grimenl says ,
a white goat is reckoned wholesome in a horse ' s stable .
( teutonic mythology , page 1484 . )
in 1955 , only 330 volkswagen beetle ' s were sold at a price of $ 1800 each in the united states .
it is a predatory species , hunting invertebrates such as worms and woodlice and carrion . it seizes its prey in its strong jaws and uses its front legs to cut off pieces of flesh which it masticates into a bolus before swallowing it . having a devil’s coach - horse in your garden is good as like other predators it helps to keep pests under control .
from the information i have come across , the devil’s coach horse beetle are found rarely in the u . s . if it is instead our more common rove beetle , there is actually no need to take any action to get rid of them . they are harmless to you , and can simply be left alone . also , unlike insects such as termites , there is no chance that they can cause damage to your property . their presence normally indicates that there is something rotting nearby , such as compost or a dead animal . removing the rotting items will remove the rove beetle ' s food source , maggots , and other insects , and this will force them to move on to somewhere else . there is no need to use insecticides .
devil’s coach horse mate in autumn and a female will lay a single egg two to three weeks later in a damp , dark habitat such as leaf litter or moss . after around 30 days the larva will emerge , living mainly underground . as with their parents , devil’s coach horse larvae are carnivorous feeding on a variety of other invertebrates ; possess powerful jaws to catch and consume their prey ; and can even adopt the threatened display of a raised tail and open jaws . the larva goes through three successive growth stages ( instars ) . the third and final larval stage is reached after approximately 150 days when it is between 20 – 26mm in length . it is at this stage that pupation begins and an adult beetle emerges about 35 days later . it emerges fully formed but needs to stay inactive for a few hours to allow its wings to dry out before they can be folded beneath the wing case ( elytra ) .
i have devil ' s coach horse beetles in my backyard . i am not sure how they arrived in my yard . i am trying to find out how to get rid of them , once and for all . i have two children and a dog . i wanto get rid of the beetles , so my kids or dog won ' t get bitten . if you could shed some light on our situation , i would greatly appreciate it .
out of doors , in gardens , hedgerows , parks and woodlands , the devil ' s coach horse is nocturnal . by day it rests under stones , logs and in leaf litter . as night falls it emerges to hunt . while it has small wing cases it seldom flies . it hunts on foot and can tackle large prey like an adult earthworm or a big slug . its large , pincer - like jaws are formidable weapons for catching and processing food .
19 o ' curry ' s text , atlantis , iv . , i6o .
the insect is a beetle , and the two species closely resemble each other .
tavolacci , j . , editor . insects and spiders of the world . volume 2 : beetle - carpet beetle . volume 3 : carrion beetle - earwig . volume 4 : endangered species - gypsy moth . new york : marshall cavendish , 2003 .
dr murray notes that the word is first found in the compound bitel - browed , in the 14th century , and favours the explanation , ' with eyebrows like a beetle ' s ' —i . e . projecting eyebrows . see beetle ( 1 ) .
he wore a garb of green bright and glancing as the scales of a beetle .
large quantum gravity effects were found in three - dimensional models by ashtekar and beetle .
ashtekar a , beetle c and lewandowski j 2001 mechanics of rotating isolated horizons phys .
if you have crossed paths with the devil’s coach horse you may have seen it adopt its typical defensive pose where it raises the rear end of its body and opens its fierce jaws , similar to that of a scorpion . a tad on the aggressive side perhaps but it is only because its feeling threatened ! if it continues to feel threatened though it can emit a foul smell from its abdomen area ( ‘olens’ meaning smell ) via a pair of white glands ; can excrete an unpleasant fluid from its mouth and rear ; and it’s fair to say that its bite may hurt a little !
the map below showcases ( in red ) the states and territories of north america where the devil ' s coach horse may be found ( but is not limited to ) . this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species ' given lifespan . some species are naturally confined by environment , weather , mating habits , food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most , or all , of north america .
subject : what type of beetle is this location : westmeath , ireland april 4 , 2015 10 : 23 am my 3 yr old found this outside and wanted to know what it’s called ! ! it arches it’s back like a scorpion too . signature : noah fagan
self - regulatory circuits in dorsoventral axis formation of the short - germ beetle tribolium castaneum .
dear noah , congratulations on recognizing that this soft bodied insect is an unusual type of beetle , a rove beetle to be more precise , and we believe the species is staphylinus caesareus . though this particular rove beetle is harmless , the threat position you describe is quite daunting , and we believe the rove beetle has the ability to release a foul odor when disturbed .
for more information on australian beetles , visit the csiro ' s australian insect families coleoptera page .
red and dead
is the term for the beetle - killed trees in sula area .
sometimes known as the cocktail beetle , is a very common and widespread european beetle , belonging to the large family of the rove beetles ( staphylinidae ) . it was originally included in the genus
there are over 58 , 000 species of rove beetle , of which 2 , 900 live in north america . they are fascinating insects , and their diet of fly maggots and other insects can help to control the population of other , more bothersome , creatures . if you find any of them in your home or garden , there is no cause for alarm . i have read that the rove beetle does not bite or sting , and even though they may look intimidating when they lift up their tails , they really aren ' t going to be able to cause you any real harm . but the larger devil’s coach horse beetle has been known to bite . usually , the only concern with finding rove beetles is it that it suggests there is something rotting nearby , so it is probably worth checking your garden to make sure there are no dead animals .
diet : the adults feed on the leaves of a small tree , called the giraffe beetle tree .
elytron : one of two wing cases on a beetle that protects its wings ( plural : elytra ) .
beetle must ha ' knowed i wanted both , fur that was th ' end of the old gun .
hopefully ztf , a beetle , will prove to be productive even as general purpose behemoths come on line .
head : the head is home to the insect ' s eyes , antennae , and mandibles ( jaws ) .
when threatened this beetle assumes a posture with the abdomen bent upwards , rather like a scorpion . this is , however , an empty threat for the beetle can neither sting nor bite with its abdomen . what then is the function of this behaviour pattern ? it is , indeed , a fact that some people are frightened by it , and it is quite likely that the beetle’s natural enemies , insectivorous birds and mammals , are also scared by it .
the fearsome name of this beetle may derive from the fact that the species is often found under the carcases of dead animals . it is a well known rove - beetle ( it tends to rove over a wide area ) and is often seen running across paths and paddocks . this beetle , of the staphylinidae family , is found throughout australia .
this beetle , metallic - green in colour is a very common variety . it is sometimes found even in the streets of melbourne and other southern australian cities . when captured and held in the fingers , this beetle emits a strong odour resembling that of carbolic acid . the green ground beetle is a species of the family carabidae , and its larvae prey on insects .
in the hebrides the
cearr - dubhan
beetle and the daol are also associated with the betrayal of christ ; the former ' s fault is less heinous than that of the irish beetle , but when he is seen he must be turned over on his back . 22
ceardfhiollan
and many other variants suggest that his name is not understood in current gaelic .
there ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .
each detector board has two beetle chips , each one bonded to one side of 128 strips of the sensor like in ﬁgure2 .
beetles and weevils : coleoptera .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
have you ever seen a willie wag - tail bird prancing in your backyard ? or what about a wedge - tailed eagle soaring majestically in the sky ? or even sighted a christmas beetle at your local park ? it’s great to see these snippets of . . .
this fine large beetle with the metallic green line around the sides of its wing cases belongs to the carabidae family and is an inhabitant of the drier areas of australia . it is fairly common in the mallee of north - western victoria and in similar country of n . s . w . and south australia . the grubs ( larvae ) of this beetle are carnivorous , feed on lesser grubs .
to use a beetle on ; beat with a heavy wooden mallet , as linen or cotton cloth , as a substitute for mangling .
the beetle integrates 128 pipelined channels with low - noise charge - sensitive preampliﬁers and shapers with a peaking time of about 25 ns .
if it feels under threat it rears up its head and opens its jaws wide and curls up its tail like a scorpion . it also emits a foul smell from glands on its abdomen . this scary threat display , the powerful jaws , the threat of a bite , the scorpion - like tail , the bad smell and the black colour all combine to give this beetle a long - standing evil connotation . since medieval times the beetle has been associated with the devil , curses and superstition .
dworn braked the beetle to a stop on a patch of high ground , and sat straining to discern the meaning of those ominous beacons .
27
bagge
is equivalent to the celtic
mac
and
mab ,
hence thorbagge means
thor ' s attendant .
if it still feels threatened it squirts a foul - smelling fluid from its abdomen . beware – this beetle can also give a painful bite .
evans , a . v .
arizona ' s sky island beetles .
reptiles magazine 12 , no . 8 ( 2004 ) : 80–84 .
you see he is a flat , greenish beetle , with head set on a funny hinge so that he could nod it violently if he liked .
rachel denny clow / caller - times the golden rain tree beetle is not a pest , but it is appearing in prolific numbers throughout the city .
this species belongs to the rove beetle family , a large family represented in malta by about 170 species , including one known in maltese as kappillan .
beetles and weevils : coleoptera .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
in the isle of man as in england it was , and still is , firmly believed that hairs from the tail of a horse , if left for a time in water , turn into thin eels , the bulbous root becoming the eel ' s head . i have been assured of this by men who have made the experiment when they were boys . the eels of slender dimensions found wriggling in the troughs and other places where horses drink are pointed out as ocular evidence of the transformation , which is regarded as quite natural , like that of caterpillars into butterflies and nonentities into members of the house of keys . the widely - spread abhorrence of eels as an article of food may have been strengthened by this belief in the origin of some of them . j . g . campbell tells a fantastic tale of a man who was found fighting with a horse , and who had been driven mad because some eels he had eaten were transformed horse - hairs . 11 still , the creature which is supposed to be an animated horse - hair is not really an eel , but the hair - worm or gordius aquaticus , which never grows any thicker .
group selection experiments with tribolium ( a beetle ) performed by wade conﬁrm his view that the effects of group selection are complex and different in different groups .
this beetle is found in damp conditions in most natural environments including : woodland , hedgerows , parks and gardens , where it relies on decaying natural matter .
but he decided not to go to the oriole ' s nest that morning , but to search for grabs and beetles amongst the mosses beneath the oak - trees .
this black beetle usually shelters during the day under stones , logs or leaf litter . it is most often seen in forests , parks and gardens between april and october .
this large predatory beetle is common in woodland , but is also found in gardens and sometimes enters houses when hunting for prey , usually small insects , slugs and worms .
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simply upload a picture of your find to ispot or the natural history museum ' s bug forum and an online community of experts and enthusiasts will do their best to identify it .
the beetle is common in the uk and is found throughout europe . it also inhabits parts of australasia and the americas but it is not native to these areas having been introduced .
during the summer months , this beetle is quite common in eastern and southern australia , and specimens may often be seen buzzing about in suburban gardens or nearby bush . adult beetles of this species are fond of the nectar of flowers and may often be caught visiting the blooms . larvae of this beetle breed and feed in rotting logs . its family is scarabaeidae .
though the rove beetle has short elytra , it easily covers the functional hind wings set , which is not too short . hence , they can still fly like the other beetles .
carnivorous beetle larvae feed mainly on liquids and produce digestive chemicals that turn their prey into
soup .
this kind of digestion also occurs in some adult ground and rove beetles .
rachel denny clow / caller - times the golden rain tree beetle , while prolific in the area right now , will be out of the area about six weeks after they first appeared .
this is one of the scarabaeidae family , and a very interesting rosechafer beetle because the furrows on its wing covers are densely hairy . it occurs in victoria , n . s . w . and queensland and , like others of its family , feeds from the nectar of native flowering trees and shrubs . its grubs feed and breed in rotting logs of most varieties of eucalypts .
like the variation in features , different types of rove beetle belonging to distinct subfamilies exhibit variations in the morphological process . whereas , few rare rove beetle lineages have also remained unaffected to the changes in the morphology process . for instance , the phloeocharis and octavius genera have not undergone any changes in the morphology process for more than 90 million years . this phenomenon is termed as bradytely .
a member of the family carabidae , it is a ground beetle and one that defends itself by ejecting a fine spray of offensive liquid when disturbed or annoyed . it gets its name from this capability . nocturnal in habits , it generally hides by day under stones , bark , etc . this beetle is more common in the northern states but is found also in northern victoria and south australia .
this interesting beetle is one of the largest of our water beetles and is found mainly in tasmania , victoria and southern new south wales . its larvae live in water , where they prey on other water organisms . at times , large numbers of these insects may be attracted from their natural water habitat to artificial lights . this beetle is of the family hydrophilidae , and its larvae are predatory .
this beetle is one of our most brilliantly - coloured and beautifully - shaped species . it is found during the warmer months of the year in victoria , new south wales and queensland . its family is lucanidae and the adult beetle may often be seen at rest on the foliage of trees . the male is larger than the female and has longer jaws . the larvae breed in rotting wood .
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found on each entry below to hide specific bugs from this page ' s listing . you will be able to narrow down the results to better help identify your bug !
anybody who ' s tried to grow roses knows they can be frustrating , plagued by everything from once - a - season blossoms and black spot to beetles , mites , yellowing leaves , and more .
in a satire by dallan , a 6th - century chief bard of ireland , the immediate predecessor of that senchan torpeist who was fabled to have brought his company of poets to the isle of man , occurs the phrase
a airbhe in duibh daeil !
o keep off the black beetle !
thus the irish people ' s dislike to the creature reaches back at least thirteen hundred years .
this beetle is slightly smaller than the large black cucujid and even flatter . it has a blackish head and thorax , and brown wing cases . it is found mainly in victoria and southern n . s . w . where its larvae make funnels under the bark of trees . adult beetles are not frequently seen unless you remove some bark to discover them . usually , they appear during the warm months .
the fairy call was not the only one they were obliged to answer ; a witch , or anyone knowing the necessary charm , or even the right pronunciation of the word giense ,
dance !
, could , as easily as the ringmaster in the circus , make a horse rear up and revolve on his hind legs .
a group of utah lawmakers and others fear that the coral pink sand dunes state park would be forced to close if a species of tiger beetle is listed as endangered by the us fish and wildlife service .
vw has announced sticker prices for its 2013 fender edition beetle , which will be available with both the base 2 . 5 - liter five - cylinder and the upgrade 2 . 0 - liter turbo four .
american burying beetles and people : listed as an endangered species by the world conservation union ( iucn ) , the american burying beetle symbolizes the effect of widespread habitat modification and destruction in the eastern united states .
clair whitty - naturally healthy is the fear of flying ruining the excitement of your upcoming holiday , and causing you stress and anxiety ? lots of people are scared to fly . it ' s not uncommon . the fear can be mild or extreme , it varies . some will only get nervous on the day , while many dread the flight for weeks beforehand . that ' s such a pity because going . . .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
the model of the read - out electronics connected to the ends of each strip consists in a generic charge sensitive preampliﬁer followed by a cr - rc ﬁlter , whose peaking time matches that of the beetle chip .
the rove beetle species have a varied and colorful history , as it is present on the earth since the jurassic era . the oldest rove was discovered from the triassic of virginia , around 210 million years ago .
conversely , it is equally unaccountable , considering the whitethorn ' s intimate relations with unseen powers , that the presence of its blossoms in a house is not objected to , for aught i have heard to the contrary .
it is a relatively large beetle common throughout most of europe , including malta , but not often seen as it spends most of the day hidden under a stone or under vegetation and is active mostly during the night .
a nocturnal predator , this beetle lives in and around decaying matter . during the day it tends to rest among leaf litter or under stones . females lay their eggs in the soil , and these hatch into carnivorous larvae .
it is worth to note also that in the case of the low resistivity prototype , even for the more attenuated pulse , the rise time is around 10 ns , still only at 40 % of the beetle peaking time .
throughout history , artisans have used the likenesses of beetles or parts of their bodies to create jewelry . today , the elytra of the jewel beetle are used in necklaces , head ornaments , and earrings . in parts of mexico and central america , a living beetle , popularly known as the ma ' kech , is decorated with brightly colored glass beads , attached to a short chain , and pinned to clothing as a reminder of an ancient legend .
trees is very curious though ! if there ' s ghos ' es takin ' anywhere it ' s in trees it is . aw , they ' ve got their share has churchyards and that - but mind you me , i ' ve seen funny things in a sycamore tree . aye , aye , my lads . aw , lower down all right of coorse , all right , i ' ll be bound you can grip them there , and feel the stuff that ' s in them - aw , all right enough . but - up in the branches . i say ! - they ' re about ; but never mind ! look out ! look out !
4
playful use for
clever rogue
is from c . 1600 . meaning
sand spout , dust storm
is from 1835 . in u . s . place names , the word often represents a native word such as algonquian
playful use for
clever rogue
is from c . 1600 . meaning
sand spout , dust storm
is from 1835 . in u . s . place names , the word often represents a native word such as algonquian
for an isolated horizon , ashtekar , beetle and fairhurst ﬁxed the normalization by setting the expansion of the ingoing null vector na to be the same as the reissnernordstr¨om value and cross - normalizing with la via na la = −1 .
subject : beetle location : minnesota may 18 , 2011 8 : 45 am hello bugman , these images were taken on 5 . 18 . 2011 in minnesota , east of minneapolis about 20 miles , and although the image quality isn’t very good , i was hoping to learn what it is . it was rather large , perhaps 3 inches . it’s hard to see but on the side view image it looks as though there’s a good size hole in the abdomen , but that could just be an illusion because of the angle and poor image quality . at first i thought it was an odonata excuviea but ruled it out . then i thought it might be a click beetle , but i don’t think it is . i looked on bug guide , but wasn’t able to id this bug . so , i hoping you may be ab ; e to shed some light on this ugly , but fascinating little bug signature : laura
an insect ' s reach is not limited by lines drawn on a map and therefore species may appear in areas , regions and / or states beyond those listed below as they are driven by environmental factors ( such as climate change ) , available food supplies and mating patterns . grayed - out selections below indicate that the subject in question has not been reported in that particular territory . u . s . states and canadian provinces / territories are clickable to their respective bug listings .
11 witchcraft and superstition in scotland , page 222 . the belief in horse - hair eels was universal up to a century ago . izaak walton held it , so did william cobbett . mcalpine in his gaelic dictionary founds his derivation of easgann ,
eel ,
upon it
easg , a ditch where eels come alive , and faonn , a hair , the thing from which they breed .
first as to the name . under tarroo - deyll and deyll kelly gives the definition of
a rove - beetle , the horned beetle , the beetle tribe ,
and derives the term from the irish tarbh daol , which , as spelt , would mean
blind bull .
the other manx dictionary - maker , cregeen , has it as
taroo - deyill , the bull - worm .
under
caraig or carrage , the clock - beetle ,
he cites a proverbial comparison for a pair of sworn enemies
myr y tarroo deyill as y charrage , like the tarroo deyill and the carrage .
the modern manx pronunciation of the second half of the name wavers between
dale
and
deel ,
and my impression is that the inclination is towards
dale
in the south and
deel
in the north . the first half is a perversion of something else , as we shall discover in tracing the name and its associated folk - lore beyond the limits of the island .
dear laura , even though you were unable to properly identify this rove beetle , we are impressed that you recognized it as a beetle as rove beetles do not resemble most beetles as they lack hard elytra . it looks similar to platydracus maculosus which is pictured on bugguide , but we would not entirely discount that it might be a brown and gold rove beetle , ontholestes cingulatus , which is also pictured on bugguide . rove beetles are a large family and your individual might be in an entirely different genus . since your image is several years old , this is not a timely or seasonal posting . we are preparing several posts to go live while we are away from the office in early january , so you will be able to find this posting on our site in the coming week .
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that the first part of the name in the isle of man should have taken the form of
tarroo
and be understood to mean
bull
is not surprising , for there is everywhere a persistent association in folk - lore of horned beasts with beetles . taurus , for example , is pliny ' s name for scarabaeus terrester , and grimm collected many other names of the same kind , including the significant swedish
horntroll .
in both germany and france a beetle is a stag -
hirsch
and
cerf volant .
the lapps say that the sexton or dung beetle which entomologists call silpha lapponica is descended from the reindeer . 32 even the modest little manx caraig and his brothers in england bring rain as the horned rain - gods of three continents used to do . so the threads cross and recross .
a large rove beetle with extended exposed abdomen covered by hardened plates and composed of 8 segments . uniformly black body covered in fine , black hairs ( setae ) . shortened wing cases ( elytra ) which cover the thorax , concealing a folded second pair of wings which enable flight .
widespread throughout europe . however , it has also been introduced to the americas and parts of asia and australia . this black beetle usually shelters during the day under stones , logs or leaf litter . it is most often seen in forests , parks and gardens between april and october .
the christmas beetle of the family scarabaeidae , is so named because it appears during december and january . it is found in new south wales and victoria , where it is very common in coastal districts . it may often be seen swarming on gum saplings . larvae are white grubs .
2 another use is made of the ninefold plait by german girls on st . john ' s day ; they weave one of flowers and cast it backwards into a tree to find out how long they must wait for a husband . ( grimm , teutonic mythology , page 1825 . )
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the opening scene of
the fate of the children of tuireann
shows us king nuadha of the silver arm lying sick in his palace . a pair of wandering herbdoctors hear him groaning .
féach nach osnadh os cionn daoil ?
19
see now , is not that a groan on account of a beetle ?
diagnoses one of them ; and a daol was indeed blackening the king ' s side . when they examine him it runs out among the benches , and the company jumps up as one man and puts it to deathin what manner is regrettably not stated .
this beetle belongs to the family passalidae . smaller than the giant passalid , but similar in appearance , it lives mainly in southern australia . often ten or more of these beetles can be found under a rotting log , together with larvae and pupae - the former being in varying stages of development
this specimen of the scarabaeidae family is a very common beetle which may be found from victoria to queensland . in the daytime it feeds mainly on the foliage of eucalypts and paperbark trees . its larvae are the typical curly white cockchafer grubs which are found living in the soil and feeding on roots .
specific references to the material of superstition are so rare in t . e . brown ' s writings outside
the manx witch ,
that the avowal he puts into the mouth of tom baynes in
christmas rose
concerning the queerness of trees in general and the sycamore in particular is noteworthy :
dear wesley , this is a harmless rove beetle , and after scouring through images on bugguide , we suspect it might be platydracus immaculatus , which according to bugguide is : “now infrequently collected over much of its range . ” we are postdating you submission to go live during our holiday later in june .
this feeling of respect for the hare has many minor ramifications . it is even carried so far that a doctrine obtains among conservative thinkers that a hare - lip is the vestige of the hare - shape assumed either voluntarily or through bewitchment , whether in the possessor ' s lifetime or in that of a progenitor . the shoulder - bone of a hare , even more infallibly than that of a sheep , when looked steadily into , in the proper circumstances , rendered visible the invisible and brought the future into the present . a hare ' s foot is a lucky thing to carry concealed on one ' s person , but the less it is shown , or even spoken of , the stronger is its power for good . it is also a specific against rheumatism , and has in the past been carried by fishermen , but whether for luck in fishing or for protection against danger and bad weather i am not sure . neither perhaps were they .
i have to thank a manx friend for the following account of the deliberate sacrifice of the small black outdoor beetle , called a caraig or greg , to bring rain . i have deleted only the names of the farmers and their farms , in order to conceal the locality ; for a similar reason the valued correspondent must remain anonymous .
this very interesting beetle superficially resembles a large wasp of the hornet type . this is because of its colour and its very short wing cases , which expose the membraneous flying wings . these beetles of the family cerambycidae are found mostly in southern australia , frequenting flowers of native shrubs , especially tea - tree . larvae are timber borers .
this is an interesting beetle which is very common in south - eastern australia . its grubs , or larvae , bore into native honeysuckle or banksia trees , often eventually causing large branches to die and fall . adult beetles are found during the warmer months , and in some areas are very plentiful and easily discovered basking in the hot sun .
in this large family unit , it appears that there exists an appreciable difference in their species . they range in size from 1 to 35 mm ( 0 . 25 to 1 . 5 inches ) , the majority of them fall under the 2 to 8 mm range , their structure is normally lengthened . certain rove beetles do not have a definite structure . their colors vary from yellow to brown with a red hue to brown with a black hue . normally they have 11 segments and are filiform ( filament or threadlike ) , in the majority of genera ; this clubbing is reasonable . the rove beetle”s abdomen is perhaps flexible and long , on the external appearance , they look like earwigs .
larvae of this scarab beetle cause enormous damage to crops and pastures in the black soil country of northern new south wales , often denuding areas of up to several acres . the adult male ( illustrated ) has remarkably enlarged , leaf - like antennae , and it flies actively after rain in summer . females , with smaller antennae , rarely fly .
this insect is called ' fiddler ' because its back markings resemble the shape of a fiddle . it is a typical rosechafer of the family scarabaeidae and is common in summer in victoria , n . s . w . and southern queensland where it seeks nectar in flowers of tea - trees , eucalypts and prickly box . larvae breed in rotting logs .
most beetles must mate to reproduce . a few species are capable of parthenogenesis ( par - thuh - no - jeh - nuh - sihs ) , or the process by which larvae develop from unfertilized eggs . courtship behavior in beetles is uncommon . male ground , tiger , and rove beetles may grasp the female ' s thorax with their jaws before mating , while some male blister beetles tug on the female ' s antennae . in most beetles the males simply climb on the back of the female to mate . they may stay there for some time in order to keep other males from mating with her . males usually mate with several females if they have the opportunity . females mate just once or with many males .


haliplus apicalis is a species of water beetle in the genus haliplus .

it can be found on british isles and in north-west europe .

haliplus apicalis

haliplus apicalis is a small water beetle confined to vegetated brackish water . it has the most restricted distribution of irish saltmarsh species , possibly because of its particular habitat requirements .
h . apicalis occurs in county down around belfast harbour and strand lough , killough .
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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adult beetles can be found over much of the year , with a strong peak in may and a lesser one in august . the irish records are for these months
its distribution is unusual for a saltmarsh species , being eastern and perhaps confined to saltmarsh associated with extensive coastal inlets not subject to severe atlantic tidal movement .
life cycle eggs are almost certainly laid singly on filamentous algae in may , after which most adults die . the larvae complete their development and pupate in midsummer , producing a new generation of adults in august . these overwinter out of the water , being found in increasingly large numbers from february to may . adults are predators of small animals – rotifers , water fleas and small aquatic worms , but their guts also contain algal material . the larvae probably feed on filamentous algae and stoneworts .
literature butler , p . m . and popham , e . j . ( 1958 ) . the effects of the floods of 1953 on the aquatic insect fauna of spurn ( yorkshire ) . proceedings of the royal entomological society of london a 33 : 149 - 158 .
foster , g . n . ( 2000 ) . chapter 14 . the aquatic coleoptera of british saltmarshes : extremes of generalism and specialism . 223 - 233 in : b . r . sherwood , b . g . gardiner & t . harris ( eds ) british saltmarshes , linnean society of london , forrest text , cardigan .
friday , l . e . ( 1988 ) . a key to the adults of british water beetles . field studies 7 : 1 - 151 . published separately as aidgap book no . 189 , taunton , field studies council .
holmen , m . ( 1987 ) . the aquatic adephaga ( coleoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark i . gyrinidae , haliplidae , hygrobiidae and noteridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica 20 , e . j . brill / scandinavian science press ltd , leiden & copenhagen , 168 pp .
nilsson , a . n . ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . aquatic insects of north europe . volume 1 : ephemeroptera , plecoptera , heteroptera , megaloptera , neuroptera , coleoptera , trichoptera and lepidoptera . apollo books , stenstrup .
seeger , w . ( 1971 ) . autökologische laboruntersuchungen an halipliden mit zoogeographischen anmerkungen ( haliplidae ; coleoptera ) . archiv für hydrobiologie 68 : 528 - 547 .
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blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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the chinese hwamei or melodious laughingthrush ( garrulax canorus ) is a passerine bird of eastern asia in the family leiothrichidae .

the name " hwamei " comes from the chinese 画眉 ( huà-méi ) and means " painted eyebrow " referring to the distinctive marking around the bird 's eyes .

the species is a popular cagebird because of its attractive song .

chinese hwamei

, where it is fairly common . it was recently split from the widespread chinese hwamei
genetic introgression between an introduced babbler , the chinese hwamei leucodioptron c . canorum , an . . .
garrulax canorus ( chinese hwamei ) ; adult , captive specimen . san diego zoo , california , usa .
hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) : in accord with most authorities , chinese hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) and taiwan hwamei ( garrulax taewanus ) are split by ebird , resulting in the common name difference between the nacc and ebird / clements .
the chinese hwamei or ( garrulax canorus ) is a passerine bird of eastern asia . the name
hwamei
comes from the chinese , means
painted eyebrows ,
referring to the distinctive mark around the eyes . the species is popular for her singing attractive .
the chinese hwamei inhabits scrubland , open woodland , secondary forest , parks and gardens , from sea level up to an altitude of 1800 m .
information on the taiwan hwamei is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
zhang keyin , ruan xiangfeng , du zhiyong , gao zhenjian , xiong xiuyong , zhu jiagui , 2003 . hwamei nesting habitat selection . chinese journal of zoology , 38 ( 3 ) : 86 - 89 .
field guide to birds of north america , 2015 . hwamei . field guide to birds of north america . urltoken
miyazawa e , suzuki t , 2013 . the nest location and breeding activity of the introduced chinese hwamei garrulax canorus in hachioji , tokyo , japan . japanese journal of ornithology , 62 ( 1 ) : 38 - 44 .
li sh , yeung ckl , feinstein j , han l , le mh , wang cx , et al . ( 2009 ) sailing through the late pleistocene : unusual historical demography of an east asian endemic , the chinese hwamei (
li sh , yeung ckl , han l , mhle , wang cx , ding p , yao ct , 2010 . genetic introgression between an introduced babbler , the chinese hwamei leucodioptron c . canorum , and the endemic taiwan hwamei l . taewanus : a multiple marker systems analysis . journal of avian biology , 41 ( 1 ) : 64 - 73 .
caged birds are taken out to organised gatherings in parks in china and in other countries with a significant chinese population .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - taiwan hwamei ( garrulax taewanus )
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these bird is often referred to as the huamei or hwamei in the literature , a name taken from the chinese word for thrush . it is possible this name derives from a description of the bird’s distinctive postocular white stripe , since the translation for ‘draw eyebrow’ sounds like huamei . some sources give a translation of the chinese name as ‘painted eyebrow’ ( sibagu , 2015 ) . g . canorus is also referred to as a babbler or laughing thrush .
huang zh , liu nf , liang w , zhang yy , liao xj , ruan l , et al . ( 2010 ) phylogeography of chinese bamboo partridge ,
the chinese hwamei has a very large breeding range and is described as relatively common . the population trend is difficult to determine because of uncertainty over the impacts of habitat modification on population sizes . the species is also the target of massive exploitation for the cage - bird trade , but it is not considered threatened at present .
rejecting strictly allopatric speciation on a continental island : prolonged postdivergence gene flow between taiwan ( leucodioptron taewanus , passeriformes timaliidae ) and chinese ( l . canorum canorum ) hwameis
caged birds are taken out to organised gatherings in parks in china and other countries with a significant chinese population , and so are likely to have a positive social impact .
tu hw , severinghaus ll , 2004 . geographic variation of the highly complex hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) songs . zooloogical studies , 43 ( 3 ) : 620 - 640 .
collar n , robson c , 2007 . chinese hwamei ( leucodioptron canorum ) . in : handbook of the birds of the world alive [ ed . by hoyo , j . del \ elliott , a . \ sargatal , j . \ christie , d . a . \ juana , e . de ] . barcelona , spain : lynx edicions . urltoken
identification of interspecific hybrids is often a subject of primary concern in the development of conservation strategies . here we performed a genetic analysis combining mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) , microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphic sites ( snps ) to assay the level of hybridization and introgression between an introduced babbler , chinese hwamei leucodioptron canorus , and its . . . [ show full abstract ]
rejecting strictly allopatric speciation on a continental island : prolonged postdivergence gene flow between taiwan ( leucodioptron taewanus , passeriformes timaliidae ) and chinese ( l . canorum canorum ) hwameis | request pdf
our last special site is erlang shan where lady amherst ' s pheasant , firethroat , brown - breasted bulbul , black - streaked scimitar - babbler , barred laughingthrush , chinese babax , streaked barwing , chinese leaf - warbler and godlewski ' s bunting can be found . we will stay at conveniently located lodges / hotels , very close to all of the birding sites .
not globally threatened . cites ii . relatively common in chinese range . in recent fieldwork in s china found at 36 sites ( 67 % of those visited ) , including shiwandashan . . .
collar , n . & robson , c . ( 2018 ) . chinese hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
li sh , li jw , han lx , yao ct , shi h , lei fm , yen c , 2006 . species delimitation in the hwamei garrulax canorus . ibis , 148 ( 4 ) : 698 - 706 .
following an afternoon arrival in chengdu we can check out a nearby park in search of a few species we may not see elsewhere on the tour . in particular we shall look for the endemic chinese bulbul and chinese blackbird , as well as rufous - faced warbler , ashy - throated and vinous - throated parrotbills , white - browed laughingthrush , oriental greenfinch , crested myna , yellow - billed grosbeak , and both red - billed and white - cheeked starlings . night in chengdu .
xia ss , yu aw , zhao ld , zhang hy , zheng wh , liu js , 2013 . metabolic thermogenesis and evaporative water loss in the hwamei garrulax canorus . journal of thermal biology , 38 ( 8 ) : 576 - 581 .
, which is illegally imported as a cage bird , due to its beautiful song . birds which have lost their vocal capacity are released , and a recent study found that 20 % of hwamei in a wild state in taiwan are hybrids ( y . cheng - te
citation : li y , wu x , zhang h , yan p , xue h , wu x ( 2015 ) vicariance and its impact on the molecular ecology of a chinese ranid frog species - complex ( odorrana schmackeri , ranidae ) . plos one 10 ( 9 ) : e0138757 . urltoken
yoshino t , yoshino t , sasaki h , sasaki h , asakawa m , asakawa m , kawakami k , kawakami k , miyamoto k , miyamoto k , 2003 . a parasitological survey of hwamei garrulax canorus and red - billed leiothrix leiothrix lutea ( passeriforms : terimiidae ) . japanese journal of ornithology , 52 ( 1 ) : 39 - 42 .
li jw , yeung ckl , tsai pw , lin rc , yeh cf , yao ct , han l , hung lm , ding p , wang q , li sh , 2010 . rejecting strictly allopatric speciation on a continental island : prolonged postdivergence gene flow between taiwan ( leucodioptron taewanus , passeriformes timaliidae ) and chinese ( l . canorum canorum ) hwameis . molecular ecology , 19 ( 3 ) : 494 - 507 .
abstract we isolated 20 anonymous nuclear loci ( 8556 bp in total ) from the taiwan hwamei ( garrulax taewanus ) , an endemic songbird of taiwan . a panel of nine to 15 individuals with unknown relationship was used to characterize polymorphism of these loci . we identified 46 single nucleotide polymorphic sites ( snps ) in 15 polymorphic loci . frequency of snps was one per every 186 bp in average . . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . all rights reserved . to overcome the forces of divergence ( e . g . , slatkin , 1987 ; but see garant et al . , 2005 ; gavrilets and vose , 2005 ) , but postdivergence gene flow now seems more common in speciation processes than previously assumed ( e . g . , bank et al . , 2012 ; j . w . li et al . , 2010 ; niemiller et al . , 2008 ; won and hey , 2005 ; yeung et al . , 2011 ) . to test these alternative hypotheses of continental island speciation , we used evidence from multiple sources to evaluate the taxonomic status and the level of post - divergence gene flow of an endemic resident passerine in hainan , the hainan hwamei ( leucodioptron canorum owstoni ) , which occupies the margins of lowland secondary evergreen woodlands ( mackinnon and phillipps , 2000 ) . . . .
sichuan lies in the very heart of china and is situated on the eastern edge of the vast tibetan plateau . it is a huge province , the size of france and hosts the richest concentration of chinese specialities and endemics in this vast country . there is a remarkable wealth of birdlife waiting in its rich evergreen and temperate forests , alpine meadows , mighty snow - capped mountains and grasslands of the tibetan plateau which form some of the most spectacular scenery of any bird tour ! china is a vast country and it is impossible to do justice to the amazing diversity of superb birds in one trip , so this tour concentrates on the mountainous province of sichuan . our unique and special tour takes in the well - known sites of labahe , balang shan , mengbi shan and finishes with a spectacular visit to the tibetan plateau . we also visit several lesser - known mountains during this unique
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population may be in decline overall , but it is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
. 2011 ) , suggesting that it has declined over decadal time scales . despite high trapping pressure , it remains common in china , and the species readily inhabits areas in the vicinity of human habitation ( w . duckworth
. 2011 ) . overall , the population may be in decline , but the rate of decline is probably slow to moderate .
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calls of agitated bird from tangle above road . not seen . associated individual heard singing a little later in xc401664 and xc401665 .
song of bird in response to playback , singing from concealed perch in bamboo close to road . not seen but song astounding from mere metres away !
bird was in dense scrub 2 - 3 metres above ground . scrub on edge of clearing on steep slope above a river . rural district c . 100 km south of hangzhou . garden farms on river flats less than 100 m away . slopes above partially forested . warm humid weather .
an eyebrowed thrush turdus obscurus was seen in the exact same location the previous evening . in the morning the bird calling did not show . i think it is the eyebrowed thrush but as it was unsighted during recording i can ' t be sure .
natural song from an unseen bird perched in fern and o ' hia tangles within about 2m of ground in fairly natural habitat with 4m canopy .
a pair in low scrubby habitat near the forest edge . different song from the same bird as on xc113336 .
same bird ( s ) as on xc182992 in response to playback . [ heavy rain drops interfering with recording ]
natural song from a bird in understory of low mostly - native forest on ridge . wind .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population may be in decline overall , but it is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : garrulax canorus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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g . canorus is a medium - sized passerine songbird native to southern and western china , vietnam and laos . in its native range it prefers woodland , montane and scrubland habitat , although it will also reside in ta . . .
g . canorus is a medium - sized passerine songbird native to southern and western china , vietnam and laos . in its native range it prefers woodland , montane and scrubland habitat , although it will also reside in tall grass , reeds and gardens . it is thought that the population in its native range is in slow decline due to trapping and other pressures . due to its popularity as a caged songbird , g . canorus has been introduced to japan , peninsular malaysia , singapore , taiwan and hawaii . in japan , singapore and hawaii escapees and released birds have established breeding populations . the birds are sedentary and have spread slowly in the surrounding areas . the effects of these introductions on native species are only just starting to be monitored in japan . in hawaii , it is thought that g . canorus may now be competing with some endemic native species for food and / or nesting sites , and it could possibly have contributed to the likely extinction of myadestes myadestinus , an endemic species of kauai .
the taxonomy of garrulax spp . and related birds is confusing due to unclear interspecific relationships ( lou et al . , 2009 ) . they are often described as belonging to the timiliidae ( a family in the superfamily sylvioidea ) as well as the leiothrichidae .
three subspecies of garrulax canorus are often described in the literature : g . canorus canorus , g . canorus owstoni and g . canorus taewanis , that broadly speaking are found in central and southern mainland china , hainan island , and taiwan , respectively .
after collar ( 2006 ) , g . canorus was split into two separate species : g . canorus and g . taewanus . phylogenetic analysis ( li et al . , 2006 ) also suggested that g . canorus should be delimited into two species , g . canorus and g . taewani . the same study also suggested that the status of the subspecies g . canorus owstoni should remain until more analysis has taken place .
g . canorus is a medium - sized passerine songbird , 21 - 25 cm long , weighing 49 - 75 g , with broad rounded wings , a fan - shaped tail and weak flight .
for individuals native to mainland china , plumage is reddish - brown with dark streaks on the crown , back and throat . flight feathers are darker brown and the tail fathers have dark bars and base . the underside is a lighter reddish - brown colour and the belly is grey . the bird has a blue - white eye ring that extends backwards to form a distinctive postocular stripe . inner orbital skin is blue and irises vary from brown to pale green - brown / yellow . legs vary from pink to yellow . g . canorus has a generalised yellow bill .
the sexes look similar , although the song of the male is far more elaborate , varied and rich . the song starts out low then gradually increases in volume and pitch . the female generally produces a series of more monotone calls that , when produced near the male , cause him to sing .
birds on hainan island , off the south coast of china , have plumage that is more olive - coloured and have a paler underside .
for birds native to taiwan , the upper plumage is a grey - olive colour , the crown and nape are more buff and heavily streaked , and the eye ring and postocular stripe are absent .
g . canorus is native to southern and western china , vietnam and northern laos . it is now scarce in its former range in vietnam , possibly due to trapping pressure ( avibase , 2015 ; birdlife international , 2015 ) .
although g . canorus is ranked as least concern by iucn ( 2015 ) , it has been suggested by some sources that trapping pressure and other factors may be causing a moderate decline in its natural range ( avibase , 2015 ) and some measures are being taken to protect its habitat .
has been introduced to japan , peninsular malaysia , singapore , taiwan and hawaii . it has established breeding populations in japan , singapore and the hawaiian islands of kauai , oahu , maui and hawaii following accidental and deliberate introductions ( alien species in
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
listing proposal , 1999 ; clements et al . , 2014 ; avibase , 2015 ; ebird , 2015
listing proposal , 1999 ; clements et al . , 2014 ; birdlife international , 2015
g . canorus ( leucodioptron canorum canorum ) considered a threat to the genetic integrity of the endemic g . taewanus
g . canorus was introduced to japan as a cage bird in the 1980s . populations in japan have expanded significantly since its arrival in the 1980s . import , transport and possession of the bird are now prohibited in japan under the invasive alien species act ( invasive species of japan , 2015 ) .
wherever g . canorus is imported and kept as a cage bird there is the potential risk that birds could escape and breed .
g . canorus is found in scrubland , woodland , forest regions , tall grass , reeds , bamboo , parks and gardens . it can also be found in abandoned urban areas . in china , it is usually found up to 1800 m above sea level . a comparison of rainfall maps and bird sighting maps for china and hawaii island suggests that g . canorus prefers to live in subtropical , continental or temperate areas that are wet for much of the year .
the species is fairly terrestrial in habit , foraging among leaf litter for insects and fruits . nests have been found in forests , garden shrubs and hedgerows ( miyazawa and suzuki , 2013 ) .
the population endemic to taiwan is mostly found in secondary woodland and in foothills and low mountains with ficus - machillus and machilus - castanopsis vegetation up to 1200 m above sea level ( birdlife international , 2015 .
there do not seem to be any major crops affected by g . canorus , presumably as it is mostly insectivorous .
g . canorus may compete with native bird species for food and nest sites . in hawaii , birds that may have been affected are the kamao ( myadestes myadestinus ) , now classified as extinct , and the puaiohi ( myadestes palmeri ) , classified as critically endangered ( iucn , 2015 ) .
the g . canorus karyotype is 2n = 78 ( guo and dong , 1991 ) .
there are several nucleotide sequences from g . canorus and closely related species / subspecies in genbank ( ncbi , 2014 ) .
molecular genetic studies on g . canorus have focused on species delimitation , due to the complex intergeneric relationships in the polyphyletic genus garrulax . li et al . ( 2006 ) conducted phylogenetic analysis using the entire mitochondrial cyt b gene . they found that the basal clade was g . canorus taewanus , which split from the other taxa around 1 . 5 million years ago . it was also found that g . canorus owstoni diverged from g . canorus canorus 0 . 6 million years ago . as a result , it was suggested that it should be delimited into the two species : g . canorus and g . taewanus ( having previously been considered as two subspecies ) . a later study using 18 nuclear loci suggested that divergence had occurred 2 million years earlier than the mitochondrial dna study has suggested , and also showed that there had been gene flow between the two species post - divergence ( li et al . , 2010a )
hybridization between g . canorus canorus and g . canorus taewanus on taiwan was investigated by li et al . ( 2010b ) . of the birds sampled , 20 . 3 % were probably hybrids .
is monogamous . in its natural range it breeds from march to august . in hawaii , it breeds from april to july ( field guide to
the large , cup - shaped nests have been found in forests , garden shrubs , bamboo clumps and hedgerows from approx . 139 to 208 cm above the ground ( miyazawa and suzuki , 2013 ) . nesting material includes grasses , bamboo leaves and roots . another study found nests in bushes to be close to ground level in forests ( average height above ground was 15 . 6 cm ) and were made from a larger range of plant materials and lined . it was suggested that nesting habit varied according to the availability of cover at 1 m above ground , height of other vegetation and slope position ( zhang et al . , 2003 ) .
typically g . canorus lays 2 - 5 blue or blue - green eggs . occasionally these may be speckled . it is possible that egg colour is related to social interactions in some garrulax spp . ( campbell and lack , 2010 ) .
eggs are incubated by the female for 13 - 16 days , with a similar nesting period . both parents feed the chicks , and there are typically 1 - 2 broods per year .
g . canorus has a low basal metabolic rate , a narrow thermal neutral zone , and minimal tolerance of water restriction ; normal traits for birds from warm , mesic environments ( xia et al . , 2013 ) .
g . canorus has a thin triangular tongue with many setae and backward pointing comb papillae at the base . it has a relatively developed small intestine accounting for 87 - 89 % of the intestinal tract total length . the liver is large and divides into two ( sun et al . , 2010 ) .
captive birds can live to be 18 years old , although it is assumed that wild birds do not live this long .
g . canorus is a non - migratory sedentary bird and this is likely to have contributed to its diverse social behaviours . birds tend to associate in small groups and it has been suggested that garrulax spp . may defend group territories and adopt cooperative breeding strategies ( campbell and lack , 2010 ) .
not as gregarious as other similar species , g . canorus is more likely to be found skulking and foraging among leaf litter in pairs or small groups .
where g . canorus is introduced and living in gardens , it has been described as not shy ( allen , 2012 ) , although this could be due to the fact that there is less dense scrub cover for the birds to hide in compared to the wild .
mainly insectivorous , g . canorus may switch to foraging for seeds in crop fields after the crops have been harvested .
in hubei province , china , was estimated at 1 . 0 - 1 . 2 million (
there is some evidence that populations are expanding in some areas of japan ( arase , 2014 ) .
its diet consists mainly of insects , especially in the breeding season , including locust eggs ( locustidae ) and ants ( formicidae ) . g . canorus also eats seeds and sometimes cultivated maize ( zea ) and fruits ( collar and robson , 2007 ) .
during crop growth the bird’s diet is mostly insect - based , and it may eat more seeds after crops have been harvested .
as its diet mainly consists of insects g . canorus is loosely restricted to areas where these are abundant in vegetation and leaf litter . nests tend to be above 139 cm off the ground ( although can be as low as 40 cm ) , so vegetation is required .
warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , wet all year
warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , dry summers
continental climate , wet all year ( warm average temp . > 10°c , coldest month < 0°c , wet all year )
continental climate with dry summer ( warm average temp . > 10°c , coldest month < 0°c , dry summers )
g . canorus does not migrate and has fairly weak flight . studies in japan have shown that fledglings do not disperse far from the area in which they are raised ( miyazawa and suzuki , 2013 ) .
g . canours was accidentally introduced to singapore and has established small populations , with breeding reported on sentosa island , just south of singapore ( allen , 2012 ) .
as the most popular cage bird in china that has been exported to other areas , there have been several accidental introductions of g . canorus . it is assumed that movement of g . canorus outside of its natural range has been mostly due to the trade in cage birds .
g . canorus has been introduced into taiwan , where it hybridising with g . taewanus ( li et al . 2010b ) . it was imported to taiwan , despite the similar g . taewanus there , because of the superior quality of its song . it is thought that when individual birds stopped singing they were released into the wild and , along with escaped birds , founded the population in taiwan .
g . canorus was also introduced to hawaii as a cage bird . escaped birds were able to colonise this new territory and it is now widespread in many of the hawaiian islands . a large fire in honolulu in 1900 allowed it to escape out of the city into oahu ( lever , 2010 ) .
introduced populations in peninsular malaysia did not breed and have possibly already died out ( allen , 2012 ) .
trade in the species as a cage bird is likely to have a positive local economic impact . for instance , over 100 , 000 of these birds are traded per year in shanghai and beijing alone (
there is also evidence that g . canorus may compete with native species in japan ; however , as of 2004 , serious adverse effects of these established populations had not been reported in japan ( eguchi and amano , 2004 ) .
li et al . ( 2010b ) suggested that hybridisation between g . canorus and g . taewani could be potentially threatening the evolutionary integrity of the g . taewani population in taiwan . the study suggested that prevention of further hybridization should be a primary management concern in taiwan .
a popular cage bird in china . trade in the species as a cage bird is likely to have a positive local economic impact . over 100 , 000 of these birds are traded per year in shanghai and beijing alone (
( especially females , whose song is less rich ) is also traded as food in china . it has been estimated that many thousands of birds per year may be removed from the wild in the country to be traded as either cage birds or for meat (
g . canorus is similar to the spot - breasted scimitar - babbler ( pomatorhinus mcclellandi ) and the streak - breasted scimitar - babbler ( pomatorhinus ruficollis ) .
there is evidence that the song of mainland g . canorus is more complex than that of g . taewanus ( tu and severinghaus , 2004 ) .
it is unlikely that the general public is aware of any issues with g . canorus as an introduced species since the bird does not have significant impacts on livelihood or economics .
there are no studies detailing the control of g . canorus in the wild . control measures for this species in areas where there are established breeding populations appear to be limited to legislation involving the export , import and sale of g . canorus .
the council of agriculture in taiwan banned the sale of g . canorus in 2002 in an attempt to prevent the pet trade that has resulted in the release of the species and its hybridization with the endemic g . taewanus .
evidence for direct causal effects between g . canorus and the decline of native species is limited at present , and appears to be complicated by the presence of other alien species in the study areas .
long term studies in areas where the populations are expanding , such as areas of japan and singapore , to explore their effects on the native flora and fauna , would be beneficial .
research and monitoring on hawaiian islands where the birds are not currently widespread would provide baseline studies for any potential invasion by g . canorus , so that action can be taken swiftly if the birds do begin to colonise .
there are few reports in the literature that specifically discuss physical control and management of the spread of g . canorus either in their native range or elsewhere .
there are some studies on parasites of g . canorus in japan ( yoshino et al . , 2003 ) , and viruses carried by the birds in vietnam ( takakuwa et al . , 2013 ) , but research on whether these birds are vectors for parasites and diseases that could affect native species is absent .
research on whether there is a strong illegal export trade of g . canorus from its native ranges , and whether this poses a threat of further introductions to new areas , is required .
allen j , 2012 . field guide to the birds of peninsular malaysia and singapore , 2nd edition . oxford , uk : oxford university press , 322 .
arase t , 2014 . bird fauna observed in terasawayama research forest at shinshu university from 2004 to 2013 . bulletin shinshu university alpine field center , no . 12 : 107 - 114 .
birdforum , 2015 . birdforum - the net ' s largest birding community . urltoken
campbell b , lack e , 2010 . a dictionary of birds . london , uk : bloomsbury publishing .
clements jf , schulenberg ts , iliff mj , roberson d , fredericks ta , sullivan bl , wood cl , 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . urltoken
collar nj , 2006 . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail , 22 : 85 - 112 .
eguchi k , amano he , 2004 . spread of exotic birds in japan . ornithological science , 3 ( 1 ) : 3 - 11 .
foster jt , robinson sk , 2007 . introduced birds and the fate of hawaiian rainforests . conservation biology , 21 ( 5 ) : 1248 - 1257 . urltoken
guo c , dong y , 1991 . analysis of karyotypes in four species of wild birds from anhui . journal of anhui normal university , 3 : 50 - 54 .
invasive species of japan , 2015 . invasive species of japan . , japan : national institute for environmental studies . urltoken
kawakami k , yamaguchi y , 2004 . the spread of the introduced melodious laughing thrush garrulax canorus in japan . ornithological science , 3 ( 1 ) : 13 - 21 .
lever c , 2010 . timaliidae ( babblers and parrot - bills ) , melodious laughing thrush , garrulax canorus . in : naturalised birds of the world . london , uk : a & c black , 173 .
liang wei , cai yan , yang canchao , 2013 . extreme levels of hunting of birds in a remote village of hainan island , china . bird conservation international , 23 ( 1 ) : 45 - 52 . urltoken
lou l , qu yh , han lx , li sh , lei fm , 2009 . phylogenetic analysis of laughingthrushes ( timaliidae : garrulax ) and allies based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences . zoologica scripta , 38 ( 1 ) : 9 - 22 .
ncbi , 2014 . genbank . bethseda , maryland , usa : national center for biodiversity information . urltoken
sibagu , 2015 . list of bird species of china . birds of china . urltoken
sun jx , zhang j , mi zp , cheung yq , guo l , 2010 . preliminary morphological observations on the digestive system of garrulax canorus . sichuan journal of zoology , 29 ( 2 ) : 267 - 271 .
takakuwa h , yamashiro t , le mq , phuong ls , ozaki h , tsunekuni r , usui t , ito h , yamaguchi t , ito t , murase t , ono e , otsuki k , 2013 . the characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in northern vietnam from 2006 to 2009 . comparative immunology , microbiology & infectious diseases , 36 ( 6 ) : 581 - 590 . urltoken
us fish and wildlife service , 2006 . in : revised recovery plan for hawaiian forest birds . us fish and wildlife service , 622 pp .
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formerly treated as conspecific with g . taewanus , but differs significantly in plumage , iris colour , morphometrics and genetics , and to some degree in voice . genetic differentiation also used to suggest race owstoni could be treated specifically # r . proposed race mengliensis ( described from menglian , sw yunnan ) probably best included in nominate # r . two subspecies recognized .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) – se china from s gansu , s shaanxi , hubei , se henan and s jiangsu s to yunnan ( except nw ) , guangxi and guangdong , also e laos and vietnam ( s to nc annam ) .
21–24 cm ; 49–75 g . relatively plain medium - sized laughingthrush , warm brown with darker streaking on head and breast , and with bold white eyering and postocular . . .
song by male rich , varied , quite high - pitched , including regular repetition and some mimicry ; . . .
shrublands , open woodland , thickets , scrub , bamboo , reeds , tall grass , gardens , vacant lots in . . .
mar–aug ; multi - brooded . nest is reported to be a large cup , outwardly rough but with well - defined walls , made of leaves ( including . . .
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recently split from a broader timaliidae . to date , traditionally recognized genera cutia , kupeornis , phyllanthus , turdoides , garrulax , babax ( now in garrulax ) , heterophasia , leiothrix , minla , liocichla and actinodura have been recovered as members of a clade separate from those now placed in timaliidae or pellorneidae ; however , garrulax , actinodura , minla , heterophasia and turdoides , as typically circumscribed , have also been discovered to be polyphyletic . as a result , genetic data available to date # r # r # r # r # r ( many species have not been screened ) can be interpreted in various ways , permitting for a smaller number of larger genera , or many more genera characterized by fewer species , so listing presented here is provisional and dependent on additional molecular data for most of the as yet untested taxa . family name has been spelt in variety of different ways ; above is the original spelling , which is correctly formed and so must be used # r .
genera leucodioptron , stactocichla , ianthocincla , dryonastes , rhinocichla , melanocichla and babax all provisionally sunk within a re - expanded garrulax , but denser taxon sampling for dna might necessitate restoration of at least some of these , given morphological and sometimes vocal or other differences shown by representative taxa # r .
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the ebird taxonomy is a hierarchical approach to creating a species list for data entry and listing purposes across the world . you can download an excel version of the ebird taxonomy at the bottom of the page . since understanding exactly what is meant by every bird species or taxon on a given list is an essential part of reporting your sightings , we detail our approach below to help clarify any questions .
the ebird taxonomy is much more than a list of species . it includes every field - identifiable taxon that could be relevant for birders to report . the taxonomic categories are each dealt with differently in ebird output and the eight categories are clearly indicated in the downloadable file below ( a ninth category , clements ssp . , is available only in the clements checklist ) . the eight ebird categories are as follows :
hybrid between two issf ( subspecies or subspecies groups ) , e . g . ,
distinctly - plumaged domesticated varieties that may be free - flying ( these do not count on personal lists ) e . g . ,
our species and subspecies taxonomy follows the clements checklist . the clements checklist is a global bird taxonomy which follows regional authorities . in the new world , the clements checklist largely defers to the two aos committees - - the north american classification committee ( nacc ) and the south american classification committee ( sacc ) - - with the goal of near - complete compliance . the few departures from their taxonomy and nomenclature tend to be in the handful of the cases where the two committees are not in agreement , or where one or both committees makes a taxonomic or nomenclatural decision that is at odds with prevailing usage elsewhere in the world . in the latter case , this most often applies to very rare vagrants in north america ( e . g . , siberian stonechat , dusky thrush ) . all such departures are listed in detail in appendix a ( nacc ) and appendix b ( sacc ) .
the ebird taxonomy ( v2017 ) is current with clements v2017 which is itself current with the 57th supplement to the aos - nacc check - list and the aos - sacc check - list through 22 apr 2017 ( the nacc issues updates once a year in august , whereas the sacc updates their taxonomy continually . )
clements updates occur once a year in the late summer / autumn , and are documented in full , and can be downloaded directly here . the downloadable list is very useful since this checklist includes a description of the world range for each species and subspecies as well . ebird taxonomic updates coincide with the clements updates in august .
the clements checklist includes identifiable groups , which we also use in ebird . identifiable groups - - which ebird refers to as issf ( identifiable subspecific form ) - - are taxonomic units below the species level that follow subspecific boundaries as defined by the clements checklist . these may be a formally described subspecies ,
junco hyemalis hyemalis / carolinensis . . . . . dark - eyed junco ( slate - colored )
junco hyemalis [ oreganus group ] . . . . dark - eyed junco ( oregon )
these groups or issfs allows ebirders to make note of identifiable differences ( which may be helpful if the species are later split ) to study the distribution and abundance of different subspecific forms where they both occur . we encourage ebirders to use these groups to report whenever possible ; note that you can always add any species or group to your checklist by clicking
rare species
and using the
add a species
box .
the clements checklist is a work in progress . new species are described each year and new splits are justified in print almost weekly . in addition to keeping up with these rapid advances in bird taxonomy , the clements team also endeavors to add a number of new subspecies groups to the checklist in the coming years . assistance is welcome , especially from south america and the old world .
in addition to the formal taxonomic concepts that are included in the clements checklist , the ebird taxonomy includes an expanded list of other bird taxa that birders may report . like the clements list , we have rules governing the nomenclature and taxonomic placement of these birds , so that they appear in predictable places on any bird list . these additional categories of bird taxa are listed below , and are identified accordingly in our ebird taxonomy .
we have made an effort to include many known hybrids that occur in the wild . while this is not a list of every single hybrid combination reported , we have tried to include those that are frequent enough and distinctive enough that they might be reported by birders . these range from the common combinations like
american black duck x mallard
and
western x glaucous - winged gull
to considerably rarer combinations like
berylline hummingbird
and
white - throated sparrow x dark - eyed junco .
note that the hybrid names always follow phylogenetic sequence , with the first species in sequence coming first in the hybrid name . hybrids are listed immediately following the issf groups in the second parent species in the sequence . all hybrids are followed by the parenthetical note
( hybrid )
- - thus you can review all hybrids by searching for ( hybrid ) within the
find a species
text box during checklist entry .
we also include intergrades , where hybridization between two subspecies or issfs produces an identifiable cross . for example , since the two forms of green - winged teal ( american and eurasian ) are distinctive and each is treated as an issf in the ebird taxonomy , we consider the hybrid result of a mixed pairing to be an intergrade .
spuhs ? what is a spuh , you ask ? for difficult to identify groups ( like flycatchers ) or distant birds ( hawkwatchers regularly cope with this problem ) , birders will often record their identifications only to the genus level , or to some other level above species .
spuh
is our affectionate term for birds not identified to the species level . examples include : empidonax sp . , scoter sp . , accipiter sp . , or duck sp . many birders keep track of these sightings , and they can be tracked in ebird as well .
note that we have two ways of tracking spuhs . some are listed with the group name and
sp .
but when there are only two members of a species pair are possible , we instead have opted to list these with a slash . for example , we do not use
murre sp .
but instead list
common / thick - billed murre .
the often - used
dowitcher sp .
is instead listed as
short - billed / long - billed dowitcher .
other useful listings include : greater / lesser yellowlegs , semipalmated / western sandpiper , and parasitic / pomarine jaeger . we refer to each of these as a slash in our taxonomy .
you can review the available spuhs by searching for
sp .
in the
find a species
box and you can review all slash combos by searching for
/
.
in some cases , there are additional bird entities that can ' t be described with a formal scientific name . these may include new species ( or suspected new species ) that birders are already reporting and documenting . since the clements checklist will not add them until the formal description has appeared in a peer - reviewed paper , it can be years ( or decades ) until the species would be available via that list . collecting data on these entities is important , so we include them as a
form
, which is a catch - all for additional birds which we want birders to report , but which do not yet have a formal scientific name ( some of them may never have such a name ) . we expect to expand this list in the future to include other yet - to - be - described species .