llallawavis scagliai ( magnificent bird of scaglia ) is a large , extinct predatory bird from pliocene argentina .

its fossil is the most complete fossil of a phorusrhacid ( or " terror bird " ) yet found .

the fossil , discovered in 2010 in sediment among the cliffs above la estafeta beach , contains the complete palate , complete trachea , skull , voice box , and eye bones .

the fossil shows l. scagliai was a medium-sized phorusrhacid around four feet tall and lived in argentina approximately 3.5 million years ago during the pliocene epoch .

l. scagliai likely roamed in grassland and weighed around 40 pounds ( 18 kg ) .

the joints separating the skulls bones were fused , unlike modern birds , and that may have helped it batter prey .

ct scans of its inner ear show that it could only hear frequencies between about 380 and 4230 hertz , and probably had a deep voice to match .

the below cladogram is simplified after the analysis of degrange et al. ( 2015 ) .

llallawavis

cience - llallawavis - scagliai - terror - bird - argentina - 02684 . html
skeleton of llallawavis scagliai . image credit : m . taglioretti / f . scaglia .
new species of ancient terror bird , llallawavis scagliai , discovered | science 2 . 0
this suggests that llallawavis would have been better at detecting lower frequency sounds than humans are .
drawing showing the skeletal anatomy of llallawavis scagliai . figure 2 from degrange et al . , 2015 .
a reconstruction of llallawavis . the white elements are those that have been discovered . from degrange et al . , 2015 .
they found that llallawavis would have had an average hearing range of around 3 , 800hz and a sensitivity of around 2 , 300hz .
llallawavis scagliai is a medium - sized terror bird with an estimated body mass of 18 kg and estimated height of 1 . 2 m
the newly discovered species is dubbed llallawavis scagliali (
scaglia ' s magnificent bird
) after the study ' s senior author fernando scaglia .
based on comparisons with living species , these measurements suggested that the ears of terror birds like llallawavis were most sensitive to low - pitched sounds .
the south american bird has been named llallawavis scagliai - meaning scaglia ' s magnificent bird after one of argentina ' s famous naturalists galileo juan scaglia .
' this seems to indicate that llallawavis may have had a narrow , low vocalization frequency range , presumably used for intraspecific acoustic communication or prey detection . '
[ 2 / 2 ] ♫ . . . tahdon laulaa riemusuulla sävelmän uuden tään : krrääääkh ! art : h . santiago druetta # llallawavis # scagliai urltoken
the scientific name of the bird is llallawavis scagliai . llallawa means magnificent in the quechua language in reference to the nature of the terror bird’s remains , and avis means bird .
' however , based on the hearing frequencies that we know that they were able to hear , it is possible to state that llallawavis may have produced sound of low frequency . '
although smaller than some of the species discovered , llallawavis scagliai , was one of the last terror birds to prowl the earth before they died out around 2 . 5 million years ago .
he said : ' the palate is a big area of jaw muscle attacment in birds . so , we are able to state how much developed were some of the jaw muscles in llallawavis .
one of south america’s top predators in its day , the 1 . 2 - meter - tall “terror bird” llallawavis scagliai ( artist’s representation shown ) lived in what is now northeastern argentina about 3 . 5 million years ago .
scaglia’s terror bird ( llallawavis scagliai ) is the most recently discovered member of the terror bird family ( phorusrhacidae ) . this species known for a single near - complete , fully - articulated skeleton which even includes a preserved windpipe .
paleontologist federico degrange of argentina’s centro de investigaciones en ciences de la tierra and colleagues named the old bird in the latest journal of vertebrate paleontology . drawing from quechua and latin , they’ve called it llallawavis – the “magnificent bird” . it’s an apt title . found in the 3 . 3 million year old rock of argentina , llallawavis is represented by a nearly - complete skeleton that includes the delicate bones of the middle ear , the bony ring of the eye , and ossified rings of the avian’s throat .
aside from giving degrange and coauthors a more detailed look the specific group of terror birds to which llallawavis belonged – called mesembriornithines – the beautiful fossil adds some new details about how this 40 pound , 4 - foot - tall carnivore interacted with the pliocene world .
thanks to the inner ear of llallawavis , for example , the paleontologists were able to estimate that the terror bird had a relatively narrow range of hearing in the neighborhood of 3800 hz . and since birds often vocalize in the lower ranges of what they can hear , degrange and coauthors point out , this hints that llallawavis may have communicated with low - frequency sounds that could travel long distances . unfortunately , despite having part of the throat set in stone , the branches of the bird’s airway critical for sound - making were not fossilized to check what sounds they could have produced . what these impressive avians actually sounded like is still left to our imagination .
“the mean hearing estimated for this terror bird was below the average for living birds . this seems to indicate that llallawavis scagliai may have had a narrow , low vocalization frequency range , presumably used for intraspecific acoustic communication or prey detection , ” said dr federico degrange of the universidad nacional de córdoba , conicet and the centro de investigaciones en ciencias de la tierra , argentina , who is the lead author of the paper published in the journal of vertebrate paleontology .
famed for their large hooked beaks and a presumed taste for meat , flightless phorusrhacids , also known as “terror birds , ” were among south america’s top predators before going extinct about 2 . 5 million years ago . now paleontologists have unearthed one of the most complete fossils of a phorusrhacid to date . the skeleton of the new species , dubbed llallawavis scagliai , is approximately 95 % complete , giving scientists the ability to study a terror bird’s anatomy in unprecedented detail . analyses of the well - preserved remains are already providing insights into the bird’s hearing ability , scientists say .
a 90 % - complete
terror bird
skeleton found on an argentinean beach suggests these big - beaked predators had good low - frequency hearing and deep voices .
it is the most complete skeleton ever discovered for one of these menacing beasts , and represents a new species .
this offers clues about the animal ' s hearing , which was probably lower than that of modern birds and suggests they used low - pitched calls to communicate .
argentinian palaeontologists made the discovery in the cliffs of la estafeta beach , not far from the popular tourist city of mar del plata .
federico degrange , one of the study ' s authors , said dealing with the tide had presented a challenge .
the sea can actually take the fossil and destroy it in the sea . it ' s a nice place to work , but you have to be fast ,
he told bbc news .
terror birds , or
phorusrhacids
, were the top predators on the south american land mass in the era following the dinosaurs ' extinction some 65 million years ago .
the flightless beasts stood up to 3m tall , boasting long legs and devastating hooked beaks . a previous study of this weaponry suggested that the birds could have despatched their prey with a single blow , before setting to work on its flesh .
they evolved very unique forms , with huge skulls , huge beaks with hooks , and long hindlimbs ,
said dr degrange , a terror bird specialist who works at the national university of cordoba .
they lost their ability to fly and they developed very unusual predatory capabilities that were not present in any comparable animals .
it stood about 1 . 2m tall and probably weighed 18kg , making it a medium - sized addition to the terror bird family . and it lived towards the end of that family ' s long period of dominance , some 3 . 5 million years ago .
this means it probably ate mammals or other birds ; pretty much anything smaller than itself , dr degrange suggested .
perhaps most intriguing among the well - preserved details of the fossil is its skull , which allowed the researchers to make some educated guesses about the animal ' s sensory capabilities - and even its voice .
a very interesting thing is that we could reconstruct the shape of the inner ear ,
dr degrange said .
we are able to say that terror birds had low frequency sensitivity - so it seems reasonable to suggest that they also produced low - frequency sounds .
again , by comparing their anatomy with birds that are alive today , you might imagine that they sounded something like an ostrich or an emu , dr degrange said .
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“it’s rare to find such a complete fossil of anything , let alone a bird , ” says lawrence witmer , a vertebrate paleontologist at ohio university , athens , who wasn’t involved in the new study . “this is a very exciting find . ”
the fossil , which is missing only a few wing and toe bones and the tip of its stubby tail , was excavated in northeastern argentina in 2010 from material laid down as sediment about 3 . 5 million years ago . l . scagliai likely lived in an open environment , possibly a grassland or a sparse forest through which small rivers flowed , says federico degrange , a paleo - ornithologist at the national university of córdoba in argentina and lead researcher on the study .
the new species of terror bird weighed an estimated 18 kilograms ( about 40 pounds ) and stood about 1 . 2 meters ( 4 feet ) tall , degrange’s team reports in the current issue of the journal of vertebrate paleontology . that’s a moderate size for a terror bird , degrange notes ; at least one other species in the group grew more than 2 meters tall and weighed 70 kg or more .
unlike most birds , many of the joints between bones in a terror bird’s skull are typically fused , witmer says . in this species , the joints in the birds’ upper palate , as well as some of those near the beak , are much less flexible than they are in other types of birds , which may have helped them pummel their prey and more effectively rip apart carcasses .
but the most interesting information from the new fossil came from ct scans of its inner ear . the shape and orientation of the semicircular canals in that structure suggest the bird could swivel its head quickly , as it might when tracking or striking at prey , degrange says . moreover , he notes , analyses of the scans even provide information about the bird’s sense of hearing , which was most likely limited to frequencies between 380 and 4230 hertz—approximately the same range as keys on the right half of a standard piano keyboard . that is substantially lower than the range measured for l scagliai ’s closest flightless relatives , the team reports .
“that’s to be expected for a large animal , ” says luis chiappe , a vertebrate paleontologist at the natural history museum of los angeles county in california . “the general rule of thumb is , the bigger you are , the lower the sounds you produce and hear . ”
the emphasis on low - frequency hearing is very interesting , witmer says , because it may suggest something about how the birds tracked prey . “low frequencies tend to propagate across long distances with little attenuation . ”
but in recent years , some scientists have proposed that not all terror birds were good hunters . this suggests that the members of some species may have spent a good fraction of their time scavenging carcasses rather than chasing prey . by measuring the proportions of various carbon and nitrogen isotopes in terror bird fossils , researchers could better assess the birds’ dietary habits , chiappe says . in particular , they could get a better idea about where in the food chain the terror birds’ main sources of nutrition were coming from . “i’m surprised that no one has done a careful study of such isotopes yet , ” he notes .
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the skeleton of a new species of giant predatory bird that terrorised the earth 3 . 5 million years ago has been discovered and is helping to reveal how these creatures would have sounded .
palaeontologists say the four feet ( 1 . 2 metres ) tall bird is the most complete skeletons of a ' terror bird ' - a group of flightless prehistoric meat - eating birds - to be discovered .
it was so well preserved that scientists have been able to study part of the bird ' s auditory system and its trachae .
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they say that while it had a terrifying apperance , its hearing was probably below average compared to birds living today .
a giant prehistoric ‘terror bird’ - once thought to have been a ruthless predator which snapped the necks of mammals with its enormous beak - was actually a vegetarian , according to one study .
the two - metre gastornis was a flightless creature which lived in europe between 40 and 55 million years ago .
because of its size and ominous appearance , it was thought to be a top carnivore .
but a team of german researchers , who studied fossilised remains of the beasts found in a former open cast coal mine , say they believe it was actually not a meat eater .
palaeontologists in the us have also found footprints believed to belong to the american cousin of gastornis , and these do not show the imprints of sharp claws , used to grapple prey , that might be expected of a raptor .
also , the bird’s sheer size and inability to move fast made some believe it couldn’t have preyed on early mammals - though others claim it might have ambushed them .
they claim that the animal probably also had a limited vocal range that was quite low frequency .
it has also raised the prospect that the bird may have even used low frequency sounds to help detect its prey .
dr federico degrange , a palaeontologist at the centre for research in earth sciences and the university of córdoba in argentina , said : ' the mean hearing estimated for this terror bird was below the average for living birds .
terror birds , or phorusracids as they are also known , were a group of carnivorous birds that grew up to 10 feet tall and had large hooked beaks .
they were the dominant predators in south america during the cenozoic age which started with the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago .
it was discovered by fernando scaglia , from the lorenzo scaglia municipal museum of natural sciences , along with matias taglioretti and alejandro dondas at la estafeta beach south of mar del plata city in the buenos aires province of argentina in 2010 .
dr scaglia is the grandson of galileo juan scaglia who was director of the museum between 1940 and 1980 .
due to incoming tides which were damaging the cliff , the team had to work quickly to excavate the entire fossil in one day .
however , despite this they were able to retrieve a skeleton that is around 90 per cent complete .
in a study published in the journal of vertebrate paleontology , the researchers were able to reconstruct the structure of the bird ' s inner ear using 3d computed tomography .
the human ear , by contrast , can detect sounds with frequencies between 20hz and 20 , 000hz , but is best at around 4 , 000 - 5 , 000hz .
dr degrange told mail online the bird had a tracheobronchial syrinx - the structure that produces sound in birds - that was mainly made of cartilage and so it did not survived .
he said : ' it is not possible then through this to know exactly what kind of sounds terror birds were capable of produce .
the researchers have also been able to better understand the some of the birds other features based on the palate and bones around the eye that were also preserved .
dr degrange said the bird would have had powerful muscles around its jaws but they were still conducting studies on the eyes to discover whether the bird was active during the day , at night or in the twilight hours .
' the sclerotic ring will give us an idea of the eye shape and size . this will allow us to infer if terror birds were diurnal , nocturnal or crepuscular . '
he added that the fossil may also help scientists unpick what caused the giant birds to eventually die out .
he said : ' the discovery of this species reveals that terror birds were more diverse in the pliocene than previously thought .
' it will allow us to review the hypothesis about the decline and extinction of this fascinating group of birds . '
dr claudia tambussi , another author of the study at argentina ' s centre for research in earth sciences , added : ' the discovery of this new species provides new insights for studying the anatomy and phylogeny of phorusrhacids and a better understanding of this group ' s diversification . '
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a group of paleontologists has described a new genus and species of phorusrhacidae that lived in what is now argentina during the pliocene epoch , around 3 . 5 million years ago .
phorusrhacidae ( the so - called terror birds ) were a group of extinct terrestrial carnivorous birds that are known mainly from the cenozoic of south america , but also from the plio - pleistocene of north america and the eocene of africa .
these birds had a very large body mass , up to 70 kg , and were 0 . 9 – 2 meters in height .
they were the predominant predators during the cenozoic and certainly one of the most striking groups that lived during that period .
the new species , named the scaglia’s magnificent bird , is the most complete terror bird ever discovered , with almost 100 percent of the skeleton exquisitely preserved .
the species name honors galileo juan scaglia ( 1915–1989 ) , naturalist and director of the museo municipal de ciencias naturales lorenzo scaglia in buenos aires , argentina , during 1940–1980 .
according to the paleontologists , the specimen reveals details of anatomy that rarely preserve in the fossil record , including the auditory region of the skull , voice box , complete trachea , bones for focussing the eye , and the complete palate , allowing an unprecedented understanding of the sensory capabilities of terror birds .
federico j . degrange et al . 2015 . a new mesembriornithinae ( aves , phorusrhacidae ) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds . journal of vertebrate paleontology , vol . 35 , no . 2 ; doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2014 . 912656
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the name llallawa means “magnificent” in quechua , in reference to the well - preserved nature of the remains . avis is the latin word for “bird” . the species name is after galileo juan scalia , a naturalist and director of the museo municipal de ciencias naturales in mar del plata , argentina . fully translated , the binomial name therefore means “scaglia’s magnificent bird” .
scaglia’s terror bird lived during the late pliocene in what is now argentina . its habitat was likely grassland and open woodland .
this species is known from a single , nearly complete articulated skeleton , the most complete of any terror bird known to date . discovered in 2010 and described in 2015 , the skeleton ( shown above ) was missing only some of the forelimb bones , toe bones , and the pygostyle * . this specimen is particularly valuable in that it includes the only complete trachea known for any terror bird , as well as intact sclerotic rings * .
scaglia’s terror bird was one of the smaller members of its family , with an estimated body mass of 18kg ( 40lbs ) and a hip height of about 90cm ( 3ft ) . when fully erect , it could have stood 120cm ( 4ft ) tall at the top of its head . the body was lightly - built with long , slender legs for fast running . the skull was about 27cm ( 0 . 9ft ) long with a beak that was relatively shallower and with a less prominent hook than that of other terror birds . another notable feature of the bird’s head was its narial knob or bump just above its nostrils .
the structure of the inner ear suggests that scaglia’s terror bird was adapted for very rapid and precise movements of the head and neck in response to visual and audio cues . its low , narrow beak and lightweight body suggests that its diet consisted of relatively small prey items such as cavimorph rodents and other small mammals , as well as smaller birds and reptiles . it probably hunted in a manner similar to modern seriemas ; after a short dash the prey would be pinned down before being picked up and violently slammed into the ground repeatedly . this action not only kills the victim , but also makes it easier to swallow due to the breaking of its bones .
although it is currently impossible to reproduce the types of sounds scaglia’s terror bird could produce , detailed analysis of its hearing capacity has shown that it could detect frequencies ranging from 380 to 4230 hz , with a mean sensitivity of 2300 hz . the bird’s own vocalizations , as well as those of its prey would have fallen within this range .
pygostyle : in birds , the fusion of several caudal ( tail ) vertebrae into a single bone .
sclerotic ring : rings of interlocking bones which support the eyeball in several vertebrate groups .
degrange fj , tambussi cp , taglioretti ml , dondas a , scaglia f ( 2015 ) . “a new mesembriornithinae ( aves , phorusrhacidae ) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds” . journal of vertebrate paleontology 35 ( 2 ) : e912656 <
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when you think of a scary dinosaur , what comes to mind ? the agile , sickle - clawed utahraptor ? a towering tyrannosaurus ? something as alien as the croc - snouted , sail - backed spinosaurus , perhaps ? books and museum halls are well - stocked with such mesozoic nightmares , but scary dinosaurs have also stalked the land in the days after the end - cretaceous mass extinction . there’s an entire group of fossil dinosaurs – technically known as p horusrhacids – that are imposing enough that paleontologists often call them by a more evocative name . these were the terror birds .
there aren’t any terror birds around today . the first evolved around 62 million years ago and the last perished about 2 . 5 million years ago , most of them playing the part of apex predator among the forests and plains of ancient south america . their skeletons are evolutionary works of frightful beauty , and the latest to be described is the best - preserved terror bird ever seen .
degrange , f . , tambussi , c . , taglioretti , m . , dondas , a . , scaglia , f . 2015 . a new mesembriornithinae ( aves , phorusrhacidae ) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds . journal of vertebrate paleontology . 35 ( 2 ) . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2014 . 912656
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juracimbrophlebia is an extinct genus of hangingflies that lived during the middle jurassic period about 165 million years ago .

the type species was discovered from daohugou in northeastern china ’s inner mongolia .

the insect was selected by the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university as one of the top 10 new species discovered in 2012 out of more than 140 nominated species .

the uniqueness is its striking resemblance to the fossilised leaves with which it was discovered , indicating one of the earliest instances of biological mimicry .

the selection was announced on 22 may 2013 .

juracimbrophlebia

image - juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia . png | dinosaur alive wiki | fandom powered by wikia
a restoration of juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia hiding among jurassic ginkgo leaves . art by wang chen , from wang et al . , 2012 .
juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia image © 2012 ms . chen wang . used with permission of the international institute for species exploration . all rights reserved .
a specimen of juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia — a new genus and species , showing an appearance similar to y . capituliformis . photo by : wang , labandeira , shih and ren
a reconstruction of juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia mimicking the ginkgoites leaves of the contemporaneous yimaia caputiliformis plant , while sharing in a mutual benefit for both hangingfly and a ginkgo plant . artwork by ms . chen wang
a fossil of the jurassic hangingfly juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ( c ) next to the leaf of the ginkgo yimaia capituliformis ( e ) found in the same deposits . from wang et al . , 2012 .
the systematic paleontology is as follows : insecta linnaeus , 1758 ; mecoptera packard , 1886 ; raptipeda willmann , 1977 ; cimbrophlebiidae willmann , 1977 ; juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia wang , labandeira , shih et ren gen . et sp . nov .
y . j . wang , c . c . labandeira , c . k . shih and d . ren . 2012 . juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia taxonomy , in jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 109 : 20515 - 20516 urltoken
full reference : y . j . wang , c . c . labandeira , c . k . shih and d . ren . 2012 . juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia taxonomy , in jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 109 : 20515 - 20516
the generic name juracimbrophlebia is the combination of jura - and cimbrophlebia ( the type genus of the family cimbrophlebiidae ) , referring to the jurassic age and scorpionfly nature of the species . the specific name ginkgofolia is the combination of latin words ginkgo and - folia , referring to the distinctively ginkgoalean , leaf - like wings .
juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia country : china living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies characterized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species , juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , has been found along with preserved leaves of a gingko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china ' s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago , before an explosive radiation of flowering plants .
when the hangingfly ( juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ) that was fossilized in this find stretched its wings , it would have resembled the five - lobed leaf of an extinct ginkgo - like tree ( yimaia capituliformis ) that once dwelled in the region . the scientists accidentally ran across this mimicry about a year and a half ago , after initially mistaking the insect for a leaf in the lab and the field .
mimicry isn ' t a new development among insects . the evolutionary connection between arthropods and the vegetation they resemble may go back over 300 million years , and , among modern forms , has adapted insects so intricately that they even show markings similar to fungus and lichen common on the plants they are supposed to look like . juracimbrophlebia isn ' t even the first mimic insect to be found in the high - resolution fossil slabs of the jiulongshan formation . nevertheless , this is the first time a hangingfly has been found to mimic a plant .
a new species of hangingfly with wings that perfectly mimic the multi - lobed leaf of an ancient ginkgo - like tree has been discovered in china by scientists from the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history and the university of maryland , as well as the college of life sciences at capital normal university , in beijing . exquisitely preserved in fossil sediments dating from the middle jurassic , the insect , newly named juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , was discovered in 165 million - year - old deposits , as was the ginko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , the mimicked plant .
a new species of hangingfly with wings that perfectly mimic the multi - lobed leaf of an ancient ginkgo - like tree has been discovered in china by scientists from the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history and the university of maryland , as well as the college of life sciences at capital normal university , in beijing . exquisitely preserved in fossil sediments dating from the middle jurassic , the insect , newly named juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , was discovered in 165 million - year - old deposits , as was the ginko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , the mimicked plant .
in order to blend in on the jurassic ginkgo yimaia capituliformis , tricky juracimbrophlebia had to spread its wings . when held just so , the elongated , veined wings of the insect resembled the multi - lobed shape of the ginkgo leaves . this is assuming that the mimicry hypothesis is correct . the insect and the leaves show a close resemblance , but how can we test this hypothesis 165 million years after these organisms shared the same forest ? the hangingfly does resemble the ginkgo , that much is clear , but how can we tell whether or not the insect ' s anatomy was a form of camouflage or just coincidentally similar ?
“living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies characterized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species , juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , has been found along with preserved leaves of a gingko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china’s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago , before an explosive radiation of flowering plants . ”
so , who made the cut ? one of the top ten species includes the lucihormetica luckae , a glow in the dark cockroach originating from ecuador . the scientists have only found one specimen that was collected 70 years ago , suggesting that this species is either extremely rare , or already extinct . other insects that made the list were the semachrysa jade , a butterfly from malayasia and the juracimbrophlebia ginkofolia , a fly from china . the semachrysa jade has a green lacewing with dark markings found at the base of the wings and was first discovered after a photograph of it was published on social media . the fly is known for hanging under foliage in order to catch food .
the inch and a half long fossil specimen was first overlooked , the team says , as those that found it first believed it to be a ( now extinct ) five lobed ginkgo leaf sample embedded within ancient rock . upon closer inspection , the researchers discovered that the specimen was actually that of a fossilized scorpionfly , which is known more commonly as a hangingfly ( juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ) , because of its tendency to hang from branches waiting for prey to pass by . it was found in the northeastern part of inner mongolia . the scorpionfly gets its name from its oversized male genitalia that resemble a scorpion stinger . to mimic surrounding ginkgo leaves , the insect would latch onto a branch , hang down and spread its wings wide open .
hangingfly fossil : living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage . that is where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies . they are characterized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . this new fossil species , juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , has been found along with preserved leaves of a gingko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis . the two were found in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china’s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field . they represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago . this was before an explosive radiation of flowering plants .
but let ' s run with the mimicry hypothesis . under this scenario , wang and collaborators propose that the hangingfly might have been hiding from the insectivorous mammals , dinosaurs , pterosaurs , lizards , and amphibians that inhabited the same forest . ( the same cast of arthropod - crunchers was recently cast as a threat to the katydid archaboilus musicus , found in the same formation and known from a set of wings researchers recently used to reconstruct the insect ' s song . ) alternatively , juracimbrophlebia might have been a predator itself - the hangingfly could have ambushed the various insects which fed upon prehistoric ginkgo trees . perhaps the mimicry proved advantageous in both respects . the span of time between us the jurassic forest prevents us from knowing - such tantalizing traces of prehistoric interactions only come to life in our imaginations .
a near - perfect mimetic association between a mecopteran insect species and a ginkgoalean plant species from the late middle jurassic of northeastern china recently has been discovered . the association stems from a case of mixed identity between a particular plant and an insect in the laboratory and the field . this confusion is explained as a case of leaf mimesis , wherein the appearance of the multilobed leaf of yimaia capituliformis ( the ginkgoalean model ) was accurately replicated by the wings and abdomen of the cimbrophlebiid juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ( the hangingfly mimic ) . our results suggest that hangingflies developed leaf mimesis either as an antipredator avoidance device or possibly as a predatory strategy to provide an antiherbivore function for its plant hosts , thus gaining mutual benefit for both the hangingfly and the ginkgo species . this documentation of mimesis is a rare occasion whereby exquisitely preserved , co - occurring fossils occupy a narrow spatiotemporal window that reveal likely reciprocal mechanisms which plants and insects provide mutual defensive support during their preangiospermous evolutionary histories .
abstract a near - perfect mimetic association between a mecopteran insect species and a ginkgoalean plant species from the late middle jurassic of northeastern china recently has been discovered . the association stems from a case of mixed identity between a particular plant and an insect in the laboratory and the field . this confusion is explained as a case of leaf mimesis , wherein the appearance of the multilobed leaf of yimaia capituliformis ( the ginkgoalean model ) was accurately replicated by the wings and abdomen of the cimbrophlebiid juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ( the hangingfly mimic ) . our results suggest that hangingflies developed leaf mimesis either as an antipredator avoidance device or possibly as a predatory strategy to provide an antiherbivore function for its plant hosts , thus gaining mutual benefit for both the hangingfly and the ginkgo species . this documentation of mimesis is a rare occasion whereby exquisitely preserved , co - occurring fossils occupy a narrow spatiotemporal window that reveal likely reciprocal mechanisms which plants and insects provide mutual defensive support during their preangiospermous evolutionary histories .
camera lucida drawings of j . ginkgofolia gen . et sp . nov . , holotype cnu - mec - nn - 2010–050p . credit : ( c ) 2012 pnas , doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1205517109
( phys . org ) —researchers working in china have discovered an insect that lived 165 million years ago that they believe used its wings to mimic the leaves of an ancient ginkgo tree . the fossil finding , the team writes in their paper published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences , is one of the few that shows that early insects mimicked non - flowering plants millions of years before doing so with angiosperms .
the researchers suggest that the insect likely evolved its mimicry abilities to help it evade predators or to help it hide from prey , as is seen with many modern insects . the first attribute would have been most useful as close inspection of the insect revealed weak wings and legs . they noted also that it was possible that the insect and the ginkgo formed a partnership of sorts with the tree providing shelter and the hangingfly eating other bugs that might seek to feed on the trees ' leaves .
the discovery of the hangingfly fossil adds to the knowledgebase of insects that mimic non - flowering plants . most mimicking insects going back 100 million years tend to mimic angiosperms . the newly discovered hangingfly fossil predates other fossilized mimicking insects by approximately 40 million years .
both the fossilized hangingfly and the ginkgo plant that it mimicked , date back to the heyday of the dinosaurs and thus it ' s quite possible that the plant served as food for them and other large herbivores .
more information : jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china , pnas , published online before print november 26 , 2012 , doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1205517109
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wonder to know this information . . . . tell me more about the dna extraction from the blood . . . . . . ? ?
wonder to know this information . . . . tell me more about the dna extraction from the blood . . . . . . ? ? they found a fossil , not an actual insect . hence there is no blood or dna . their conclusions are based on the shape and size of the insect , particularly its wings and legs .
the researchers suggest that the insect likely evolved its mimicry abilities to help it evade predators or to help it hide from prey ,
or perhaps both .
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reconstruction of j . ginkgofolia mimicking the leaves of y . capituliformis . this relationship was beneficial for both the insect mimic and plant model . ( courtesy chen wang , capital normal university )
“the mimicry is so amazing that some 165 million years later it even fooled me as i was examining fossils from the field and at the lab in china , ” says conrad labandeira , paleobiologist at the national museum of natural history and co - author of a paper on the discovery in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa . hanging down by its long forelegs from the bottom of a leaf petiole , the four long wings and body of j . ginkgofolia would have perfectly mimicked the five hanging lobes of a single ginkgo - like leaf .
hangingflies are a subset of scorpionflies with long legs , narrow wings and a long thin body . ( the body of the type specimen of this insect is 38 . 5 millimeters , or about 1 . 5 inches . ) . j . ginkgofolia , was found in deposits of the jiulongshan formation at daohugou village , in northeastern china’s inner mongolia , and represents a new genus and species .
j . ginkgofolia’s shape and form most likely attracted smaller insects that fed upon the leaves of the ginkgo - like plant , which j . ginkgofolia would catch and eat , labandeira explains . in this way the insect benefited from a reciprocal relationship with the tree , a relationship that the fossils indicate lasted about 1 million years . the ability of these insects to hide in plain - sight upon the leaves of the ginkgo - like tree also helped it avoid predators such as other insects , pterosaurs and small , tree - living dinosaurs and mammals .
“this discovery is important because it is a rare example of insect mimicry modeled on a gymnosperm and not a flowering plant , ” labandeira says . “virtually all of today’s examples of insect mimicry are modeled on flowering plants , the angiosperms . j . ginkgoflora , however , lived about 45 - million years before the appearance of flowering plants , so this discovery gives us better idea of the early relationships between gymnosperms and this hangingfly insect group . ” although the ginkgo - like y . capituliformis occurs in other geologic deposits , the hangingfly has not , labandeira says . “they both probably went extinct at the end of the jurassic . ”
“ jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china , ” ( article link ) by yongjie wang , conrad c . labandeira , chungkun shih , qiaoling ding , chen wang , yunyun zhao , and dong ren , proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa , volume 109 .
edited * by david l . dilcher , indiana university , bloomington , in , and approved october 8 , 2012 ( received for review april 3 , 2012 )
one mid - mesozoic group of sites where fossil conditions are ideal for examining the possible presence of leaf mimesis is daohugou , in northeastern china’s inner mongolia . the encompassing jiulongshan formation is dated as late middle jurassic (
) . here , we propose a likely leaf mimesis that occurred between a very different pair of interactors—a species from the insect order mecoptera ( scorpionflies ) and a species from the diverse seed plant order ginkgoales ( ginkgos ) , representing a linked , finely honed association . both groups were more diverse and had a greater breadth of life habits during the mesozoic than their present diversities would indicate (
extant mecoptera is a nondiverse group in the modern insect fauna , including ∼32 genera in nine families . by contrast , fossil mecopterans are three times more diverse at the genus level , representing 98 genera accommodated in 34 extinct families ( 17 , 18 ) . this pattern suggests that recent mecoptera are relictual , a status also supported by a long and diverse evolutionary history extending to the permian ( 11 ) . mecopterans obtain their scorpionfly namesake from male members of the panorpidae , a mecopteran clade characterized by distinctive , scorpion - like terminalia . extant hangingflies ( bittacidae ) are a subset of scorpionflies that bear long legs and have a habitus paralleling that of crane flies ( diptera ) , exhibiting gross morphological convergence . the extant eomeropidae are considered to possess many plesiomorphic features , and consist of one extant species in the chilean rainforest with a very cockroach - like body ( 18 ) . despite these resemblances to other arthropods , there has been no evidence indicating that any fossil or modern mecopterans inordinately resemble the foliage of co - occurring plants .
( a – c ) camera lucida drawings of j . ginkgofolia gen . et sp . nov . , holotype cnu - mec - nn - 2010–050p . ( a ) habitus of holotype . ( b ) highly enlarged portion of the midleg , showing annulately distributed pubescence . ( c ) portion of hindleg , displaying two spurs at the femur–tibia joint . ( d ) y . capituliformis leaf specimen of ginkgoites ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 396 ) , with rugose surface for comparison . ( e ) a portion of the wing from the paratype of j . ginkgofolia ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 012p ) . ( f ) lobe of a ginkgoites leaf from y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 396 ) for comparison . ab , abdomen ; ant , antennae ; e , compound eyes ; fl , foreleg ; hl , hindleg ; ml , midleg ; oce , ocelli ; ros , rostrum ; spu , tibial spurs . ( scale bars : 5 mm , e and f . )
( a – f ) mimesis of ginkgoites leaves from y . capituliformis with the hangingfly j . ginkgofolia , from the middle jurassic jiulongshan formation of northeastern china . ( a ) ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2009 - 733p ) . ( b ) a ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 044 ) . ( c ) holotype of j . ginkgofolia ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 050p ) , with an appearance similar to y . capituliformis . ( d ) a cimbrophlebiid specimen ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 017p ) . ( e ) a ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 371p ) . ( f ) a ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 501 ) . ( g ) artist’s reconstruction of j . ginkgofolia mimetic on ginkgoites leaves of y . capituliformis . ( h – k ) comparisons of single j . ginkgofolia wings to single y . capituliformis leaf lobes . ( h ) right forewing of paratype of j . ginkgofolia ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 022 ) . ( i ) right forewing of a cimbrophlebiid specimen ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 017p ) . ( j ) lobe of a ginkgoites leaf from y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2009 - 733p ) . ( k ) lobe a ginkgoites leaf from y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 371p ) . ( scale bars : 10 mm . )
holotype cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 050p / c ( figs . 1 a – c and 3 c ) had a well - preserved , nearly complete body with most of four wings present , but wing apexes , genital region , and parts of antennae and legs were not preserved . paratypes were as follows : cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 022 ( fig . 3 h ) ; cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 037p / c , single forewing preserved ; cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 023 , overlapped wings , with parts of body and antennae ; and cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 012p / c ( fig . 1 e ) , single forewing missing basal area . specimens are deposited in the key laboratory of insect evolution and environmental changes , capital normal university .
all specimens were collected from the jiulongshan formation , of late middle jurassic age ( bathonian–callovian boundary interval ) from daohugou village , shantou township , ningcheng county , of inner mongolia autonomous region in china . ar - ar and shrimp u - pb dating results indicate an absolute age of 164–165 ma ( 7 ) .
the previously undescribed genus and species are distinguished from other cimbrophlebiid species by the following wing characters . the 2a vein with six or more pectinate primary branches separates the previously undescribed genus from perfecticimbrophlebia , which has one branch of 2a with a distal bifurcation , and from two species of cimbrophlebia ( cimbrophlebia flabelliformis and cimbrophlebia brooksi ) , of which the 2a has no more than four branches . the 2a , with only primary branches , separates the genus from malmocimbrophlebia , telobittacus , and three other species of cimbrophlebia ( cimbrophlebia leahyi , cimbrophlebia westae , and cimbrophlebia bittaciformis ) , which collectively possess distally bifurcating 2a branches .
body is ∼38 . 5 mm long as preserved . head is compressed dorsally ; antennae are filiform , covered by numerous setae ; compound eyes are conspicuously occupying most of the lateral head exposure ; three ocelli are arranged triangularly ; rostrum is prolonged and gradually narrowed distally ( fig . 1 a ) .
thorax is poorly preserved and slightly deformed , with dimensions of 6 . 8 mm long by 3 . 7 mm wide . prothorax is vaulted anteriorly ; metathorax is well differentiated , with prescutum and scutellum easily discernable . legs are extremely long and gracile , like most hangingflies , and are covered by abundant annulate pubescence ( fig . 1 b ) . foreleg and midlegs are partly preserved and extended anteriad . hindlegs are modified for grasping and become slender , with femora ∼11 . 6 mm long , tibia 16 . 4 mm long , and basitarsi 3 . 9 mm long ( fig . 1 c ) ; tibial spurs are elongate . abdomen is 26 . 5 mm long as preserved , with eight visible segments , but the terminal abdominal segments are not preserved ; sex is unknown .
forewing is slightly broader than hindwing , at 32 . 4 mm long as preserved , with the proximal part minimally 2 . 1 mm wide and the rounded apex maximally 8 . 9 mm wide . forewing exhibits light coloration and a field of transparent spots . membrane is distinctly rugose , and a similar condition is present among co - occurring yimaia leaves ( fig . 1 d – f ) and other cimbrophlebiids ( 20 ) . venation is typically cimbrophlebiid - like : subcosta vein ( sc ) ends at costa vein ( c ) , ∼2 / 3 of wing length ; first branch of radial vein ( r 1 ) branches near pterostigma ; radial sector ( rs ) has five dichotomous branches ; media ( m ) has four branches , fused with cubitus vein ( cu ) toward the base ; the divergence of the anterior branch of cubitus vein ( cu 1 ) and cu 2 is closed to the wing base ; cu 2 bent sharply toward posterior wing margin close to the termination ; the first anal vein ( 1a ) has a single branch , curved and entering the posterior margin ; the second anal vein ( 2a ) has six or more pectinate primary branches , and a short crossvein occurs close to the wing base . hindwing is similar to the forewing in size and venation , at 33 . 8 mm long and 8 . 6 mm wide ( maximum ) .
did mesozoic bittacids sharing a similar morphology with cimbrophlebiids also evolve a mimetic biological association ? we performed a quantitative analysis to evaluate similarity among cimbrephlebiids , bittacids , and ginkgoaleans ( si text , figs . s2 – s5 , and table s3 ) . in the geometric morphometric analysis , cimbrophlebiids show less shape variation compared with ginkgoalean leaves than do bittacids ( fig . s4 a and b and s5 a and b ) . these data provide direct evidence to indicate that cimbrophlebiids possess a more significant morphological foundation for mimicking ginkgoalean leaves than bittacid insects . it also suggests that bittacids overwhelmingly had an open , nonmimetic lifestyle , instead of evolving a specialized dependence on ginkgoaleans , a potential feature accounting for their survival to the present day .
) . possessing unusually long and slender legs , cimbrophlebiids were not built for cursorality , and with weakly constructed wings they were poor fliers as well , as in extant bittacids and craneflies . one avenue for predator avoidance would be use of ginkgoalean foliage as shelter or , perhaps more efficiently , employing leaf mimesis as additional or alternative protection . we identified five species of multilobed , broadleaved ginkgoaleans at daohugou , representing ∼12 . 4 % of the total number of plant specimens documented (
there is another possible explanation for this specialized morphology . as a leaf - mimicking predator ,
) , and providing potential food to a diverse herbivore fauna . it is possible that the association between
association could be applied to other coexisting insect and plant taxa . such reconstructions of organismic behavior and assessments of the functions of structures are accomplished through exploration of ecological and evolutionary puzzles that are informed by unique discoveries (
insect herbivore damage on ginkgoites leaves of y . capituliformis from the middle jurassic jiulongshan formation of northeastern china . insets are enlargements of damaged areas circled from respective leaves and using the damage type ( dt ) system of reference ( 44 ) . ( a ) gall damage ( dt80 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 605p ) . ( b ) piercing - and - sucking damage ( dt48 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 044 ) . ( c ) rows of small circular galls ( dt80 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 548 ) . ( d ) margin feeding ( dt12 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 521 ) . ( scale bars : solid , 10 mm ; dashed , 1 mm in a – c , 2 mm in d . )
we explored other biotas with well - documented cimbrophlebiid and ginkgoalean taxa , selecting those candidates with the most similar combination of insect body and wing shape and size that matched similar co - occurring ginkgoalean leaf forms ( fig . 2 ) . interestingly , the occurrences of cimbrophlebiids were occasionally coincident with multilobed ginkgoalean species . although no convincing matches equivalent to that of j . ginkgofolia and the ginkgoites leaves of y . capituliformis were found , some cimbrophlebiids possessed appearances similar to j . ginkgofolia , perhaps representing a continuation of their interactions with ginkgoaleans . it is possible that various associations between cimbrophlebiids and ginkgoaleans may have lasted > 100 million years , from the middle jurassic to the early eocene .
we thank qiang yang and xiaoguang yang for assistance in locating specimens . this work was supported by the national basic research program of china 973 program grant 2012cb821906 ; national natural science foundation of china grants 31071964 , 31172143 , 31230065 , and 41272006 ; key project of the beijing municipal commission of education grant 201207120 ; china geological survey grant 1212011120116 ; the china postdoctoral science foundation funded project ( grants 20110490449 , 2012t50113 ) , and the beijing postdoctoral research foundation ( grant 2011zz - 36 ) . this is contribution 245 from the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems consortium of the national museum of natural history .
author contributions : y . w . , y . z . , and d . r . designed research ; y . w . , c . c . l . , c . s . , and d . r . performed research ; y . w . , c . c . l . , c . s . , q . d . , c . w . , and d . r . analyzed data ; y . w . , c . w . , and d . r . prepared the life reconstruction art ; and y . w . , c . c . l . , c . s . , and d . r . wrote the paper .
trichomes on the leaves of anomozamites villosus sp . nov . ( bennettitales ) from the daohugou beds ( middle jurassic ) , inner mongolia , china : mechanical defence against herbivorous arthropods
the ginkgo , the most ancient living tree . the resistance of ginkgo biloba l . to pests accounts in part for the longevity of this species
version 3 . 0 . ( smithsonian institution , washington , dc ) . available at urltoken
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researchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .
a survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .
a study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .
the mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .
doesn ' t look especially impressive . found in the roughly 165 million year old beds of china ' s jiulongshan formation , and described by paleontologist yongjie wang and colleagues today in
. but when taken in context with the various other organisms found in the same beds , a subtle connection comes into focus . the ancient hangingfly , wang and co - authors propose , was a mimic of jurassic ginkgo trees .
wang , w . , labandeira , c . , shih , c . , ding , q . , wang , c . , zhao , y . , ren , d . 2012 . jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . pnas urltoken
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living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies charactersized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species ,
, in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china’s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm , 165 million ysears ago , before the explosive radiation of flowering plants .
reference : wang , y . , labandeira , c . c . , shih , c . , ding , q . , wang , c . , zhao , y . , and d . ren . 2012 . jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . pnas 109 , 20515 - 19 .
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the hangingfly j . ginkgofolia ( right ) , which mimics the appearance of a leaf from the ginkgo - like tree y . capituliformis ( left ) . scale bars : 10 mm .
a fossilized scorpionfly that apparently mimicked the leaves of an ancient ginkgo - like tree has just been unearthed , researchers say .
the finding adds to evidence that this form of camouflage is very ancient , the scientists added .
more than 100 years ago , scientists began noticing extraordinary resemblances between insects and plants in the fossil record , such as those between certain roaches and the leaflets of particular seed ferns . such mimicry , also seen in living animals , likely helps protect creatures from predators , or might help them sneak up on prey .
now paleoentomologist dong ren at capital normal university in beijing and his colleagues have discovered another such plant mimic in northeastern china ' s inner mongolia region .
the 165 - million - year - old insect in question is a species of scorpionfly , a group that gets its name from the insects ' enlarged male genitals that resemble scorpion stingers . specifically , the fossil , which was about 1 . 5 inches ( 38 . 5 millimeters ) long , is a type of scorpionfly known as a hangingfly , which often hangs from surfaces waiting to snag prey .
can you find the hangingfly ? here , an artist ' s reconstruction of the hangingfly j . ginkgofolia on the leaves of the ginkgo - like tree y . capituliformis , which it mimicked some 165 million years ago .
the region back then was a large , relatively shallow lake basin containing both lakeside forest and shrubland , much of which was adapted to a seasonal and somewhat arid climate . the dominant plants were now - extinct relatives of familiar conifers , ginkgos , ferns and horsetails .
the researchers suggest the hangingfly may have evolved this mimicry to hide from predators , since its relatively large body and weak legs and wings would have made it easy prey . the insect also may have used mimicry to help ambush prey . this was a potentially mutually beneficial relationship with its host , with the tree providing shelter , while the insect devoured creatures that might otherwise munch on the plant . [ dazzling photos of dew - covered insects ]
nearly all of the insect mimicry documented today and for the past 100 million years involves the flowering plants , known as angiosperms . this newfound mimic , however , involves ginkgo - like lineages , which are not flowering plants ,
and presages some types of mimicry that occurred tens of millions of years later with angiosperms and more modern insect lineages ,
researcher conrad labandeira , a paleoecologist and curator of fossil arthropods at the smithsonian institution ' s national museum of natural history , told livescience .
as such , the findings revealed this form of plant mimicry evolved long before the flowering plants arrived .
the mere occurrence of this type of mimicry approximately 40 million years before the appearance of flowering plants is the most important implication
of our finding , labandeira said .
this ginkgo - like plant likely went extinct during the heyday of the dinosaurs , and this form of mimicry apparently died along with it .
ren , labandeira and their colleague yongjie wang detailed their findings online nov . 26 in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences .
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elon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .
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type specimen : cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 050 , an exoskeleton . its type locality is daohugou ( cnu 2010 collection ) , which is in a callovian / oxfordian lacustrine - large shale in the daohugou formation of china .
average measurements ( in mm ) : body 38 . 5 x 3 . 7 , forewing 32 . 4 x 8 . 9 , hindwing 33 . 8 x 8 . 6
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using the cover not only to evade predators , but also to lay in wait for their own prey . if they ' re right , it makes this specimen one of the earliest examples of mimicry known to researchers .
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new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region
wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .
[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand
begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .
chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .
great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .
endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .
aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .
bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .
the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .
nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .
begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .
[ entomology • 2013 ] a new genus and species of fai . . .
[ botany • 2004 ] allium nathaliae • a new species f . . .
[ botany • 2013 ] allium formosum • a new onion spe . . .
on this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
anomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .
the benefits and costs of academic travel . or
there and back again ; again and again
canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4
plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .
i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .
necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden
this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .
his wings mimed the leaves of gingko to camouflage , it is one of the oldest examples of biomimicry . so much so that the first fossils of this animal were attributed to gingko leaves , before being properly described in 2012 . this insect measures 8 cm of wingspan and feeds on other insects .
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figure 2 . photographs of niumbaha superba live and as a freshly prepared specimen . top photos show profile and anterior view , with ventral and dorsal images below .
a new genus is proposed for the strikingly patterned african vespertilionid “ glauconycteris ” superba hayman , 1939 on the basis of cranial and external morphological comparisons . a review of the attributes of a newly collected specimen from south sudan ( a new country record ) and other museum specimens of “ g . ” superba suggests that “ g . ” superba is markedly distinct ecomorphologically from other species classified in glauconycteris and is likely the sister taxon to glauconycteris sensu stricto . the recent capture of this rarely collected but widespread bat highlights the need for continued research in tropical sub - saharan africa and in particular , for more work in western south sudan , which has received very little scientific attention . new country records for g . cf . poensis ( south sudan ) and g . curryae ( gabon ) are also reported .
keywords : glauconycteris superba , glauconycteris poensis , glauconycteris curryae , niumbaha gen . nov . , badger bat , south sudan , description
etymology : the name is the zande word for ‘rare / unusual’ . this name was chosen because of the rarity of capture for this genus , despite its wide distribution throughout west and central africa , and for the unusual and striking appearance of this bat . zande is the language of the azande people , who are the primary ethnic group in western equatoria state in south sudan ( where our recent specimen was collected ) . the homeland of the azande extends westwards into democratic republic of the congo , where superba has also been collected ( the holotype and another recent capture ) , and into southeastern central african republic . gender : feminine .
reeder dm , helgen km , vodzak me , lunde dp , ejotre i . 2013 . a new genus for a rare african vespertilionid bat : insights from south sudan . zookeys . 285 : 89–115 . doi : urltoken
partial solar elipse to be visible from parts of australia , new zealand and antarctica on firday 13 july 2018 .
his wings mimed the leaves of gingko to camouflage , it is one of the oldest examples of . . .
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a glow - in - the - dark cockroach , a harp - shaped carnivorous sponge and the smallest vertebrate on earth are among the top 10 newly discovered species selected by the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university . a global committee of taxonomists – scientists responsible for species exploration and classification – announced its list to coincide with the anniversary of the birth of carolus linnaeus , the 18th - century swedish botanist responsible for the modern system of scientific names and classifications
discovered in the lomami basin of the democratic republic of the congo , the lesula is an old world monkey well known to locals but newly known to science . this is only the second species of monkey discovered in africa in the past 28 years . scientists first saw the monkey as a captive juvenile in 2007 . researchers describe the shy lesula as having human - like eyes . more easily heard than seen , the monkeys perform a booming dawn chorus . adult males have a large , bare patch of skin on the buttocks , testicles and perineum that is colored a brilliant blue . although the forests where the monkeys live are remote , the species is hunted for bush meat and its status is vulnerable
a spectacular , large , harp - or lyre - shaped carnivorous sponge discovered in deep water ( averaging 3 , 399 meters ) from the north - east pacific ocean off the coast of california . the harp - shaped structures or vanes number from two to six and each has more than 20 parallel vertical branches , often capped by an expanded , balloon - like , terminal ball . this unusual form maximises the surface area of the sponge for contact and capture of planktonic prey
eugenia is a large , worldwide genus of woody evergreen trees and shrubs of the myrtle family that is particularly diverse in south america , new caledonia and madagascar . the new species
is a shrub growing to two meters with emerald green , slightly glossy foliage and beautiful , dense clusters of small magenta flowers . it is one of seven new species described from the littoral forest of eastern madagascar and is considered to be an endangered species . it is the latest evidence of the unique and numerous species found in this specialized , humid forest that grows on sandy substrate within kilometres of the shoreline . once forming a continuous band 1 , 600km long , the littoral forest has been reduced to isolated , vestigial fragments under pressure from human populations
living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies characterised by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species ,
, in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china ' s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago , before an explosive radiation of flowering plants
luminescence among terrestrial animals is rather rare and best known among several groups of beetles — fireflies and certain click beetles in particular — as well as cave - inhabiting fungus gnats . since the first discovery of a luminescent cockroach in 1999 , more than a dozen species have ' come to light ' . all are rare , and interestingly , so far found only in remote areas far from light pollution . the latest addition to this growing list is


it was last recorded in the 1950s , has not been recorded since and is presumed extinct .

drought , pollution and water extraction may have destroyed its habitat .

this taxon is considered to be a subspecies of t. simonis in fishbase and considered a synonym of t. simonis by catalogue of fishes .

this species reached a length of 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) sl .

tristramella magdelainae

tristramella magdelainae is an extinct species of cichlid fish . it was endemic to the vicinity of damascus in syria . it was last recorded in the 19… | pinteres…
you selected tristramella simonis intermedia steinitz & ben - tuvia , 1959 . this is a synonym for :
original scientific description : lortet , l . ( 1878 ) . poissons et reptiles du lac de tibériade et de quelques autres parties de la syrie . archives du musée d’histoire naturelle du lyon 2 : 99 - 189 , pls . 6 - 18 . species bibliography : fricke , ronald . ( 2005 ) . types in the fish collection of the staatliches museum für naturkunde in stuttgart , described in 1845–2004 . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde serie a ( biologie ) , number 684 : 1 - 95 . goren , m . ( 2006 ) . tristramella magdelainae . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 1 . ( urltoken ) . downloaded on 09 july 2011 . weber , claude . ( 1998 ) . catalogue revise des types primaires de la collection ichthylogique de museum d ' histoire naturelle de la ville de geneve ( mhng ) . revue suisse de zoologie 105 ( 1 ) : 3 - 14 .
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bogutskaya , n . & pollock , c . m . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )
justification : the species was described from collections made in the 1950s . the species has not been reported since . presumed extinct .
this fish is likely to now be extinct ( m . goren , pers . comm ) .
drought , pollution and water extraction may have resulted in destroying available habitat for this species .
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occurs in swamps and pools . feeds on algae , other plants and detritus ( ref . 12251 ) .
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syntypes : smns 3187 mhng 611 . 21 ( 2 ) bmnh 1898 . 12 . 5 . 1 to 4 mcz 25533 mnhn 1883 - 1139 smf 187 usnm 48023
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a database of
missing
and recently extinct species of plants and animals .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324ac511 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33317dee - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
asia : lakes tiberias and muzairib in the jordan system . has apparently disappeared from lake hula .
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 8656d665 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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