parambassis pulcinella , the humphead glassfish or humphead perchlet , is a species of asiatic glassfish native to fast-flowing streams in the ataran basin ( itself a part of the salween basin ) in southeast myanmar and west thailand .

it reaches a length of 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) and is sometimes seen in the aquarium trade .

parambassis pulcinella

named for pulcinella ( = punchinello ) , a humpback character of ' commedia dell ' arte ' ; noun in apposition .
two humphead glassfish ( parambassis pulcinella ) in my aquarium . these come from burma and the species was only discovered and formally identified is 2003 . still pretty rare in the aquarium trade particularly here in australia . getting fish out of the country often depends on the political situation there .
kottelat , m . , 2003 . parambassis pulcinella , a new species of glassperch ( teleostei : ambassidae ) from the ataran river basin ( myanmar ) , with comments on the family - group names ambassidae , chandidae and bogodidae . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 14 ( 1 ) : 9 - 18 . ( ref . 49523 )
apart from these distinctive humps , parambassis pulcinella conform , in most regards , to the usual glassfish shape . they are not as transparent as some other glassfish species , but have a rather beautiful golden sheen that immediately catches the eye . basic coloration is otherwise silvery - white , except for smoky - grey markings on face and fins .
breeding nothing is known about the breeding behaviour of this species . the other parambassis species are egg scatterers that exhibit no brood care and the humphead probably breeds in the same way .
craig here . parambassis pulcinella . what a name . it kinda rolls off the tongue , doesn’t it ? well… as cool as the name sounds , the humphead glassfish is even cooler looking ! if you have ever wanted a fish that has a bit of size and a lot of character for your freshwater community aquarium , this just might be the fish for you !
a relative newcomer to the aquarium scene , the humphead glassfish was not scientifically described until 2003 . parambassis pulcinella hails from myanmar , in south east asia . with changing political climates , many fish have just recently become known to science from this region . myanmar is a country that has nearly half of its land covered in dense forests . within these forests are countless streams . it is in these fast flowing streams that the humphead glassfish can be found .
a new species that was only described to science in 2003 , little is known about the natural behaviour of p . pulcinella . it has started to be imported quite regularly over the last couple of years , although it is still quite expensive . unfortunately this species has suffered the same fate as some of it’s close relatives , and artificiallly dyed specimens have been making their way onto the market . these should be avoided at all costs , as the processes involved are cruel and unecessary , and usually shorten the life of the fish considerably . the characteristic hump on the head of the fish is formed from an extension of the spine , and is scaleless .
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it inhabits large freshwater streams , typified by fast flowing , well - oxygenated , clear water . the substrate in many of these biotopes is composed of smooth , water - worn rocks and boulders of varying sizes .
this is quite an active species and needs a tank of at least 36″ x 12″ x 12″ ( 90x30x30cm ) – 80 litres .
decor is not critical . plants , rocks , driftwood etc . can all be used to your own taste . this is a freshwater species and does not require the addition of salt to it’s tank .
it will accept dried pellets or flakes , but these should be supplemented with regular feedings of live and frozen foods such as bloodworm and brineshrimp .
a peaceful species but it might intimidate small fish with it’s active nature and adult size . good tankmates include rainbowfish , barbs and loaches . it can be maintained in groups although they may occasionally squabble amongst themaselves . this will rarely involve anything more than a bit of chasing , however .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is currently known from the ataran river drainage in myanmar and thailand . it is subject to harvesting for the ornamental fish trade , as well as impacts from sedimentation , however the scale of impact of these threats on the species is uncertain and it is considered data deficient at present . this species should be reassessed when further data become available , and it is possible that it may qualify for a threatened category .
the species is restricted to the ataran river and its tributaries in southeastern myanmar and western thailand ( kottelat 2003 ) .
it inhabits large freshwater hill streams , typified by fast flowing , well - oxygenated , clear water .
the species is popular in the aquarium trade , all taken from wild sources .
overfishing for the ornamental fish trade is a potential threat to this species , but there is no information on the species population trend . sedimentation and flow changes will also impact the species .
research is needed into this species ' current distribution and population trends , as well as its ecology and threats .
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we have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?
looking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .
i ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?
my humphead glassfish died yesterday after having him for 4 years . i live in ohio . does anyone know of a fish store that sells or overnight ships these fish ? jan eley
is an exciting addition to the aquarium hobby . if you are looking for something unusual , but with a bit of size and lots of character , a school of these beauties could be just the ticket . this glassfish can reach up to almost 4 inches ( 10 cm ) . like the name implies this glassfish has a large hump on its head and a semi - transparent body .
this glassfish is a relative newcomer to the aquarium hobby . the humphead glassfish wasn’t scientifically described until 2003 . they are freshwater asiatic glassfish in the chandidae family ( previously ambassidae ) . it differs a bit from other glassfish species because its body is not quite as transparent , but it does have the divided dorsal fin and the lateral line that extends to the tail fin . it is also known as the humphead perchlet and humphead glass perchlet ,
it is unusual for a fish of this size to remain hidden from the science community for so long but somehow this beauty did . there are many “new” species coming from their homeland of myanmar , and this may be due in part to the past political climate of that country . only recently has science had relatively free access to the waters of myanmar ( formerly burma ) .
the humphead glassfish , like other glassfish species , are surprisingly hardy and adaptable . but unlike some glassfish that need a brackish water environment , humpheads are strictly freshwater fish . these fish are fairly easy to care for and make a most intriguing curiosity for a freshwater community tank . they are generally peaceful with other tank mates , but are a boisterous and energetic at feeding time , and they will eat smaller fish . they have a surprising large mouth and will readily snack on a guppy or danio sized companion . they can be kept singly , but if kept in a school males will get scrappy with each other for dominance , so there must be at least 8 or more fish .
until they become established humphead perchlets can be a little fussy about foods . live and frozen meaty foods offered initially can help them adjust . they like a well planted aquarium . it should be at least 20 gallons for one , more if you want to keep a school . make sure the water has a fairly strong movement to reflect their fast native waters , and is well oxygenated . like with other glassfish , artificiallly dyed specimens of this amazing fish do show up in the market . dyed specimens should be avoided as this process is cruel to the fish and usually it will shorten their life span .
was described by kottelat in 2003 . the humphead glassfish or humphead perchlet are found in asia , from the ataran river basin in myanmar ( formerly burma ) . they may also occur in other headwaters of the same basin in thailand as some collected specimens are believed to have come from the salween river on the myanmar - thai border . the humphead glassfish is not listed on the iucn red list . other common names they are known by are humphead perchlet and humphead glass perchlet .
these fish are found in groups , inhabiting the clear waters of shallow , fast - flowing streams . they are able to hold firm in currents that are flowing around rocks and feed on smaller live animals as they pass by . although their diet is not yet confirmed , it is assumed they are opportunistic eaters , feeding on small fish , shrimps , and aquatic insect larvae .
the silvery humphead glassfish is a deep - bodied , laterally compressed species . its remarkable characteristic is a spectacular nuchal hump , similar to that found in many of the large south american cichlids . however it ' s not quite the same as a cichlids hump , rather it looks more like a thin , bulbous continuation of the dorsal fin . the actual hump is formed from an extension of its spine and is scaleless . both males and females will have a hump , but the male ' s will be larger .
the humphead is similar in appearance to other glassfish species . but it differs a bit because its body is not as transparent and the backbone and swim bladder are not visible . like other species however , it does have the divided dorsal fin and a lateral line that extends to the tail fin . it also has the ctenoid scales , they are tough with a toothlike margin .
the body is a silvery white color with a sheen that gives it a golden cast . the scales on the upper body can reflect flecks of blues and greens . there are grayish areas on the face and fins and the dorsal and anal fins have a grayish or black edging along with some small speckling .
3 . 9 inches ( 10 . 01 cm ) - it grows grows larger in the aquarium , reaching only 3 . 1 inches ( 8 cm ) in the wild .
- little is known about their true lifespan as of yet , but other glassfish species can live 3 to 8 years .
the humphead glassfish is an easy fish to care for and is a good choice for an intermediate fish keeper . as with any wild caught fish the first 30 days can be a challenging as they acclimate , but these fish are very adaptable and normally great eaters . until they become established humphead perchlets can be a little fussy about foods . live and frozen meaty foods offered initially can help them adjust .
the humphead glassfish are carnivores . they are predatory fish that in the wild presumably feeds on small fish , shrimps , and aquatic insect larvae . in captivity they initially may not readily accepting prepared aquarium foods unless it simulates live prey . but this is easily accomplished by streaming frozen foods , like brine shrimp and bloodworms , in the filter stream to simulate movement . once they have settled in , they will eat most fresh , frozen , or dried aquarium foods . they will do best if fed live or frozen food such as earthworms , river shrimp , bloodworms , blackworms , and brine shrimp . flakes and pellets may also be offered occasionally .
these fish enjoy pristine waters , so a strong filter and weekly water changes are needed . these fish do not do well in high nitrates and prefer it to below 20 mg / l . their tank should be cleaned weekly and have about a 30 % water change done .
the humphead glassfish will swim in most parts of the aquarium . they will need at least a 20 gallon aquarium , more if you want to keep a school . it needs to have good water movement and plenty of aeration . these fish enjoy highly oxygenated water so make sure to have sources that will produce the needed oxygen . an undergravel filter operated with powerheads does a great job of keeping the entire tank oxygenated and provides good water movement . humphead will do best in a well planted tanks . plants with twisted roots work best and provide areas to hide . any type of gravel you prefer will work .
the humphead glassfish is a good community fish , but any fish small enough to fit in the humphead ' s mouth should be monitored . fish such as small tetras , guppies , neons , and danios can quickly become snacks . other species should not be bothered , but they will sometimes quarrel among themselves . males will tend to be aggressive towards each other fighting for the dominant position . it is recommended that you keep a group of 8 or 10 to reduce tensions , or alternatively keep 3 or 4 in a species tank with only one being male .
may be aggressive - small sized shrimps like cherry shrimp and amano shrimp may be eaten .
males have a prominent hump on their foreheads . females may also have a hump but it will be noticeably smaller than the males .
the humphead glassfish has not yet been bred in captivity . the breeding behavior of this species is not yet known . presumably they spawn similar to other
with humphead glassfish ; disease is not usually a problem in a well maintained aquarium . that being said there is no guarantee that you won ' t have to deal with health problems or disease . anything you add to your tank can bring disease to your tank . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to upset the balance . humphead glassfish are very resilient once established in a tank .
a good thing about the humphead glassfish is that due to their resilience , an outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage . when keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your humphead glassfish the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet . the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have , making them healthier and happy . a stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease .
humphead glassfish are fairly hardy fish , but are subject to the same diseases as other tropical fish . because they are relatively new to the industry , little is known about specific common diseases and issues . there have been humphead ' s on the market that have dye injected into they . this can cause health and lifespan issues . one of the most common freshwater fish ailments is ich . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .
the humphead glassfish or humphead perchlet are commonly available at present , but will usually command a high price . availability may vary , depending on the political climate in myanmar and their relationship with the rest of the world .
dr . rüdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 1 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1991
my humphead glassfish died yesterday after having him for 4 years . i live in ohio . does anyone know of a fish store that sells or overnight ships these fish ?
fish gallery here in houston got them in yesterday , for $ 45 each .
i purchased one humphead and fell in love , so i purchased two more . they are pricey , 20 us dollars even going up to 30 . 00 us dollars . . . they are worth it . the larger of my 3 tends to bully around my congo tetras ( they are the same size as the humphead ) . the humphead likes to headbut the congos . my larger glass humphead loves dried shrimp as well as blood worms . these fish are very hardy and a lot of fun to watch . .
fantastic goods from you , man . i have understand your stuff priuvoes to and you ' re just too magnificent . i really like what you ' ve acquired here , certainly like what you are saying and the way in which you say it . you make it enjoyable and you still care for to keep it sensible . i cant wait to read far more from you . this is actually a wonderful web site .
i love this fish . i fell in love with it the second i saw it in my local store . it acclimatized quickly and fits perfectly with my community .
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greek , para = near + greek , ambassis , anabasis = climbing up ( ref . 45335 )
asia : myanmar ; probably also in the headwaters of the same basin in thailand .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 49523 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 15 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 16 - 17 ; vertebrae : 25 . conspicuous hump in front of first dorsal - fin origin , made by a very long , thin anterosuperior expansion of the supraoccipital spine . predorsal area without scales . both caudal fin lobe with a submarginal blackish stripe . dorsal and anal fins with grey or black distal margins ; first dorsal and anal fins with proximal row of spots . dorsal - fin origin with a blackish , triangular blotch . a black stripe between the head and the predorsal blotch ( ref . 49523 ) .
probably occurring in large streams with clear water , near rapids or large riffles ( ref . 49523 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01549 ( 0 . 00642 - 0 . 03734 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
easily distinguished from other glassfish , the humphead has qualities but also attitude . choose tankmates with care , warns dr neale monks .
described as recently as 2003 , the humphead glassfish has quickly become one of the more familiar members of the family ambassidae . it is generally much like any other glassfish , but is always distinguished by that large nuchal hump !
unlike the humps on cichlids , the shape on these glassfish is thin — resembling more of a fin than anything else . both sexes have these humps , though those on mature males are larger .
when maurice kottelat described these fish just six years ago , he based his work on specimens collected from the ataran river basin in myanmar , formerly burma . it is assumed that humphead glassfish occur in a number of other streams and rivers in this area , though this isn’t certain .
at least some specimens that turn up in the ornamental fish trade appear to come from the salween river on the myanmar - thai border .
in all cases , these fish are found in clear , shallow , fast - flowing streams . they appear to occupy a similar niche to our native trout species , maintaining position in currents that flow around rocks and riffles , snapping up small animals that drift by . little is known about their diet in the wild but , by analogy with other freshwater glassfish , it can be assumed that they are opportunistic predators feeding on such as shrimps , aquatic insect larvae and small fish .
maintenance despite their delicate appearance , glassfish are surprisingly adaptable , and the humphead is no exception . the salween , for example , is mostly a slightly soft and acidic body of water , much like other south - east asian rivers , but humphead glassfish also seem to do perfectly well in the hard , alkaline water of southern england .
unlike some glassfish in the trade , these are strictly freshwater fish and shouldn’t be kept in a brackish water aquarium .
what matters more is water quality , particularly oxygen concentration . fish from fastwater habitats invariably do badly in nitrate - rich , oxygen - poor water . keep nitrates low by performing regular water changes , preferably keeping the nitrate concentration below 20 mg / l .
to ensure the water is well oxygenated , ensure the tank is not overstocked , and install a filter that keeps the water moving vigorously . ideally the filter should provide a turnover rate around eight times the volume of the tank per hour . so for a 200 l / 44 gal aquarium , the filter needs to be rated at 1 , 600 lph .
water temperature doesn’t appear to be critical for these fish and they do perfectly well at the usual 25c / 77f favoured by most fishkeepers . on the other hand , higher temperatures will reduce the amount of oxygen in the water , so that condition would be something to avoid wherever possible .
fussy eaters like all glassfish , humpheads are fussy feeders . at least during the initial stages , live and frozen foods will need to be used while settling these wild - caught fish into captive life . earthworms and river shrimps are particularly favoured , though midge and mosquito larvae are also readily enjoyed . small fish will also consume daphnia and brineshrimp .
once settled in , they generally take frozen foods such as bloodworms without any complaint . at least some well - adjusted specimens take flake , but at the very least this food should be supplemented with additions such as chopped squid and prawn .
all glassfish are opportunistic predators and the humphead has a deceptively large mouth . smaller fish such as guppies , danios and neons will quite likely be viewed as tasty food ! that same sad fate may befall small shrimps such as cherry and amano .
social behaviour humphead glassfish may be schooling fish in the wild , but under aquarium conditions they tend to be aggressive towards one another .
this behaviour can be prevalent among smaller glassfish species too and most likely reflects bullying between males as they jockey for dominance within the group .
whatever the explanation , humpheads should be kept either in groups of at least eight specimens or smaller groups with just a single male .
sexing these glassfish isn’t too difficult either , since the males have those larger humps . males also tend to be a bit bigger , but that isn’t apparent until all the fish are fully grown .
curiously , maximum size of this fish under aquarium conditions appears to be a bit larger than the maximum size reported in scientific literature — 10cm / 4” as opposed to 8cm / 3 . 1” .
tank mates these fish work quite well in community tanks , with a few reservations . as already mentioned , they are predatory fish , eating any fish or shrimp they can swallow whole , so tank mates should be sufficiently large to minimise the risk . they are also a bit thuggish — yet another trait they share with other glassfish !
while this doesn’t mean they are nippy or territorial , it does mean they throw their weight around at feeding time . tank mates should be sufficiently robust to prevent this being an issue . barbs and characins would be fine , but mixing humpheads with discus or african butterflyfish would be a bad idea . otherwise they would make excellent companions for the likes of clown loaches , loricariid catfish , spiny eels , silver dollars and other robust community fish .
although looking bizarre , humphead glassfish are beautiful and , while pricey , surprisingly hardy and adaptable fish with much to recommend them .
pfk featured these fish in interesting imports , shortly after they first became available in the hobby .
this item first appeared in the june 2009 issue of practical fishkeeping magazine . it may not be reproduced without written permission .
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the humphead glassfish is a schooling fish that benefits from being kept with members of it’s own kind . it has a spine from the dorsal ( supraoccipital ) area of it’s skull that is extended . this extension is what gives this fish it’s bizarre shape and name . the ph should range from neutral to slightly alkaline . it is not a particularly picky eater . the small group that is kept here will ravenously feed on pelleted foods and thawed frozen foods . it seems that the only things that the humphead glassfish are particular about is the need for excellent filtration , higher levels of dissolved oxygen in the water , and room to swim ! other than these requirements , you will find that these curious fish are very sturdy and make wonderful additions to your tank . they will not eat plants , so keeping them in a larger planted aquarium is acceptable provided that your co2 levels do not rise to a dangerous level . even though these fish are relatively peaceful and can be kept with smaller community fish , beware keeping them with fish like neon or cardinal tetras . if a tiny tetra will fit in their mouths… it will surely be lunch !
so , if you want something different , something rare , something new… take a look at the odd humphead glassfish . when available , these fish are certainly well worth the price . you will have something that many people have never even seen before , as well as a fish that is one of the most interesting and coolest additions to the aquarium trade in years .
i have been an avid hobbiest for years . until today , i have never seen this fish . we picked the only one up at a local hobby store and find the information above to be very active regarding neons . very wild looking fish indeed… . i had a hard time beleiveing he was a community quality fish… . time will tell .
hello bob , congratulations on your new acquisition . you will no doubt find the fish to be a wonderful addition . if you do have neons , just make sure to keep the glassfish well fed . that may discourage the fish from wanting to hunt or forage for small prey . enjoy the fish ! they are certainly an amazing fish to keep !
i was so in awe when i saw some of these at a local fish store . i had to look these up as soon as i got home . i never seen these at any store , or online till today . i’m definitely going to go back and check these out some more , probably add some to my exodons . surprises me that these were “scientifically” named in 2003 .
i just purchased a humphead . he is a little nervous when you go up to the tank . i am sure he will get over that a bit . i have two discus , two smaill red rainbow , 4 neon precox rainbows , 1 turquiose rainbow and a tiny little sucker fish albino . do you think he will do alright ? they had him or her at the fish store with large discus and no other humpheads , will he / she be alright without others of it’s kind ?
once the fish becomes comfortable with its surroundings , it should settle in fine . there may be a period of adjustment where the other fish chase or intimidate the glass fish , but as long as the size is similar the heirarchy should work itself out . good luck !
do u think the humphead glassfish will do well with african peacock cichlids ? i have 3 yellow labs , benga , sulfur head , ob peacock , 3 synodontis petricola , 1 goby irsacae in 55 gal 4′ tank with aqua clear 110 filter . i tried selecting mild tempered inhabitants . please give me your opinion . i really love this fish but am afraid to try it so far . i think the cichlids may stress him out ? i only want a single humphead , as 8 is too many to add to keep the peace and less than 8 , i read , is a bad idea .
safety in numbers…you may have a chance with a group of the fish , but cichlids are probably too territorial and aggressive to chance it with a single fish . even a group may falter against africans as they can be relentless , especially when breeding .
marinebioblog is the post name of that fish place - that pet place ' s aquatics and aquarium experts . contact them through the links here or leave your comments below .
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discus , angel fish , and german blue rams . welcome to the beast tank
fish store tour - the wet spot tropical fish in portland oregon . huge store ! hundreds of tanks .
this article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .
difficult to visually sex , males will have a slightly larger and thicker hump than females .
a distinctive fish that is silver / grey in colour with some black markings and with a bold hump on the forehead , this is thin , almost transparent , expansion of the spine .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


stegastes redemptus , commonly known as the clarion major , clarion damselfish or clarion gregory , is a damselfish of the family pomacentridae .

it is native to the tropical eastern pacific ocean , its range extending from the revillagigedo islands to the coast of baja california .

it is found on rocky reefs at depths ranging from 1 to 15 m ( 3 ft 3 in to 49 ft 3 in ) .

stegastes redemptus

the following term was not found in genome : stegastes redemptus [ orgn ] .
jennifer hammock chose to hide data on
stegastes redemptus ( heller and snodgrass , 1903 )
.
minden pictures stock photos - clarion damselfish ( stegastes redemptus , iucn vulnerable , socorro island , revillagigedo archipelago biosphere reserve / . . .
occurrence of holacanthus clarionensis ( pomacanthidae ) , stegastes leucorus , and stegastes acapulcoensis ( pomacentridae ) at magdalena bay , b . c . s . , mexico
occurrence of holacanthus clarionensis ( pomacanthidae ) , stegastes leucorus , and stegastes acapulcoensis ( pomacentridae ) at magdalena bay , b . c . s . , mexico | marine biodiversity records | full text
previously reported northern endpoints for holocanthus clarionensis , stegastes acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus and records of this study
allen g , robertson r , zapata f . stegastes leucorus , the iucn red list of threatened species . ( version 2014 . 3 . ) . 2010a . available at
( of pomacentrus redemptus heller & snodgrass , 1903 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
pomacanthids and pomacentrids are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions , and inhabit shallow rocky and coral reefs . due to their colorful patterns and unusual body shapes , they have been widely targeted by aquarium fish trade ; these species are of great commercial interest . here we document the occurrence of one pomacanthid ( holacanthus clarionensis ) , and two pomacentrids ( stegastes acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus ) north of their reported distribution range during the 2014 warm water period in the eastern tropical eastern pacific . sightings took place at magdalena - almejas bay complex , located in the western margin of the baja california peninsula . using a series of abiotic data for the tropical eastern pacific , we created a maximum entropy model for each species and identified that high probability of occurrence at magdalena - almejas bay complex was only denoted for s . leucorus . here we report the occurrence of h . clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis and s . leucorus 70 km , 300 km , and 300 km north of the northernmost reported limits .
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justification : the majority of this species population is known from one location ( revillagigedo islands ) . given its association with shallow reefs , it is estimated to have an area of occupancy of less than 2 , 000 km² . regional experts support the plausible threat of the increased duration and frequency of enso events that can cause severe and rapid declines for restricted - range , shallow - water species in this region of the eastern tropical pacific . this species is listed as vulnerable under criterion d2 .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found primarily in the revillagigedo islands , with occasional observations near the tip of baja california .
this species is considered to be abundant in revillagigedo islands and is rare along the continental coast . more than 95 % of the population is estimated to occur in revillagigedo islands .
this species inhabits rocky inshore reefs ( allen 1991 ) to depths of 20 m .
given its shallow - water , reef - associated habitat , and the estimation that 95 % of its population is found in one location ( revillagigedo islands ) , this species is estimated to have an area of occupancy of less than 2 , 000 km 2 . in the eastern tropical pacific , severe localized fish species declines have occurred after strong enso events that result in shallow waters that are too warm and nutrient poor for extended periods of time ( grove 1985 , edgar et al . 2009 ) . the frequency and duration of enso events in this region of the eastern tropical pacific ( e . g . the up - welling zone off the coast of peru , ecuador , colombia , panama and the offshore islands ) appears to be increasing ( glynn and ault 2000 , soto 2001 , chen et al . 2004 ) . given this species ' restricted distribution and shallow water habitat , oceanographic environmental changes , such as those associated with future enso events , may have detrimental effects on the survival of this species .
there are no conservation measures known for this species . however , it is present in the revillagigedo islands marine protected area ( wpda , 2006 ) .
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dorsal rays xii , 15 ( rarely 14 ) ; anal rays ii , 13 ; pectoral rays 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; lateral - line scales 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 13 - 14 ( rarely 12 or 15 ) ; greatest body depth 1 . 9 - 2 . 0 in standard length .
head and front of body light brown , middle part of body gradually darker brown and posterior part whitish ; most of body scales with blackish margins ; soft dorsal and anal fins mostly whitish with pale yellow on outer portion , caudal fin pale yellow ; juveniles overall bright yellow with dusky back , a prominent dark spot at base of anterior soft dorsal rays and smaller dark spot on upper edge of tail stalk .
primarily from the revillagigedo islands , with the odd straggler reaching the tip of baja california .
castro - aguirre , j . l . and balart , e . f . , 2002 . , la ictiofauna de las islas revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas , con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion . en : lozano - vilano , m . l . ( ed . ) . libro jubilar en honor al dr . salvador contreras balderas . , universidad autonoma de nuevo león : 153 - 170 .
findley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versión 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservación internacional .
fischer , w . , krup , f . , schneider , w . , sommer , c . , carpenter , k . e . and niem , v . h . , 1995 . , guia fao para la identificacion de especies de para los fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . volumen iii . vertebrados - parte 2 . , fao3 : 1201 - 1813 .
heller , e . and snodgrass , r . e . , 1903 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xv . new fishes . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 5 : 189 - 229 .
love , m . s . , mecklenburg , c . w . , mecklenburg , t . a . , thorsteinson , l . k . , 2005 . , es of the west coast and alaska : a checklist of north pacific and artic ocena species from baja california to the alaska - yukon border . , u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , biological resources division , 288pp .
ricker , k . e . , 1959 . , fishes collected from the revillagigedo islands during the 1954 - 1958 cruises of the
marijean .
. , univ . brit . columbia inst . fish . , mus . contrib . , 4 : 10pp .
snodgrass , r . e . and heller , e . , 1905 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xvii . shorefishes of the revillagigedo , clipperton , cocos and galapagos island . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 6 : 333 - 427 .
thomson , d . a . , findley , l . t . and kerstitch , a . n . , 2000 . , reef fishes of the sea of cortez . , university of texas press ( revised ed . ) : 353 .
victor , b . c . and wellington , g . m . , 2000 . , endemism and the pelagic larval duration of reef fishes in the eastern pacific ocean . , marine ecology progress series , 205 : 241 - 248 .
walker , b . w . and baldwin , w . j . , 1964 . , provisional check list of fishes of the revillagigedo islands . , 18 pp .
wellington , g . m . and victor , b . c . , 1989 . , planktonic larval duration of one hundred species of pacific and atlantic damselfishes ( pomacentridae ) . , marine biology , 101 : 557 - 567 .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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greek , stegastos , - e , - on = covered ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 15 m ( ref . 9334 ) . tropical ; 23°n - 19°n
eastern central pacific : revillagigedo islands and cabo san lucas , baja california , mexico .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9334 )
adults inhabit rocky inshore reefs ( ref . 9334 ) . omnivorous ( ref . 9334 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .
oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .
allen , g . r . , 1991 . damselfishes of the world . mergus publishers , melle , germany . 271 p . ( ref . 7247 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00939 - 0 . 04240 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 28 of 100 ) .
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body oval , compressed ; 1 pair of nostrils ; margin of preopercle serrated ; margin of bone under eye serrated , without notch it and the bone before it ; mouth small , protrusible ; teeth in single row , long and close - set ; lower gill rakers 13 - 14 ( rarely 12 or 15 ) ; a single continuous dorsal fin , xii , 15 ( rarely 14 ) ; anal rays ii , 13 ; pectoral rays 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; no projecting short spines at upper and lower base of tail fin ; caudal fin bluntly forked ; scales are moderately large and rough ; body scaled , head largely scaled ( snout scaled to nostrils ) , as are the basal parts of the median fins ; lateral - line scales 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; lateral line incomplete , ends under end of dorsal fin base .
head and front of body light brown , middle part of body gradually darker brown and posterior part whitish ; most of body scales with blackish margins ; soft dorsal and anal fins mostly whitish with pale yellow on outer portion , caudal fin pale yellow ; juveniles bright yellow with dusky back , a prominent dark spot at base of anterior soft dorsal rays and smaller dark spot on upper edge of tail base .
body oval , compressed ; 1 pair of nostrils ; margin of preopercle serrated ; margin of bone under eye serrated , without notch it and the bone before it ; mouth small , protrusible ; teeth in single row , long and close - set ; gill rakers 14 - 18 ; a single continuous dorsal fin , xii , 15 ( rarely 16 ) ; anal rays ii , 13 ( rarely 12 or 14 ) ; pectoral rays 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; no projecting short spines at upper and lower base of tail fin ; caudal fin bluntly forked ; scales are moderately large and rough ; body scaled , head largely scaled ( snout scaled to nostrils ) , as are the basal parts of the median fins ; lateral - line scales 20 ( rarely 19 ) ; lateral line incomplete , ends under end of dorsal fin base .
dark brown , grading to lighter brown on head , with scattered noticeably paler scales on body ; most of body scales with blackish margins ; fins mainly dark brownish , except pectorals slightly yellowish ; juveniles bright blue with darker scale margins , a pair of neon - blue stripes on upper part of head and nape , black ocellated spot at base of spiny & soft dorsal junction , and small blue - edged black spot on upper surface of caudal peduncle .
northern baja california and the entire gulf of california south to acapulco on the mexican mainland , and rarely in the revillagigedos .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of eupomacentrus bleeker , 1877 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of segastes ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
pomacanthids ( angelfishes ) and pomacentrids ( damselfishes ) are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions , and inhabit rocky and coral reefs between 1 and 30 m deep ; a few species range to depths of 80 m or more ( thomson et al . ,
) report a total of 89 angelfish , and 387 damselfish species distributed around the world’s oceans . along the mexican coast , in the eastern tropical pacific , registered species of this family include four angelfishes :
due to their colorful patterns and unusual body shapes , angelfish and damselfish have been widely targeted by aquarium fish trade , thus many species are of great commercial interest . in fact , damselfishes hold the world’s first place in such trade , while angelfishes are rated as fifth ( wabnitz et al .
) . in addition , these three species are not listed in any appendix of the convention of international trade of endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . nevertheless , at a national level the only species with a degree of vulnerability is
in this paper we document the occurrence of h clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus north of their reported range of distribution . given the ecological and economic importance of such species , this information should be taken into account for future decisions making in conservation and management subjects .
magdalena and almejas bays are located in the southwestern coast of the baja california peninsula ( fig .
) . the magdalena - almejas bay complex is one of mexico’s largest lagoon systems , recognized as a region for conservation priority due to its large fishing production , the representation of multiple habitats , significant fish and bird diversity , and for being an important breeding zone for gray whales and sea turtles ( galván - magaña et al .
) . this particular region has been widely reported to be an important transition zone ( an ecotone ) between temperate and tropical environments , and represents one of the southernmost regions still under the influence of the california current , where the outermost part of the bay is constantly influenced by upwelling events ( álvarez - borrego et al . ,
between 2010 and 2014 a total of 295 underwater ecological surveys were conducted as part of a major monitoring program of no - take marine reserves and fishing grounds in the area . fish assemblages in five monitoring sites were surveyed using belt transects ( 30 × 2 m ) , where richness and abundances were estimated by reefcheck california certified scuba divers . sampling effort for each year and monitoring site is presented in table
we used the maximum entropy software maxent ver . 3 . 3 . 3 k ( phillips
) to develop an ecological niche model of the species on the basis of occurrence records and on yearly average , annual range , maximum and minimum surface values of a series of oceanographic factors ( 9 × 9 km pixel resolution ) . temperature ( °c ) , chlorophyll a concentration ( mg / m
) , and google earth , respectively . the modeling area was defined considering the known geographic range of the species , from 39 . 5°n to −10 . 5°s of latitude , and from −130 . 5°w to −77°w of longitude for
; and from 27°n to 17°n of latitude , and from −116 . 5°w to −105°w of longitude for
. for modeling , in maxent we used a maximum iteration value of 1000 and the logistic output to evaluate probability of occurrence of the species in each pixel in a scale of 0 to 1 representing the suitability of each pixel , being 0 unsuitable and 1 very suitable . by consensus , values of 0 . 5 and higher represent presence of the species at that pixel ( peterson
) . model accuracy was determined with the area under the curve ( auc ) of the threshold independent receiver operating characteristic analysis ( roc ) . occurrence data were randomly partitioned into 75 % for training and 25 % for testing ( franklin ,
based on the revised literature and consulted online collections we identified known locations where these species are distributed ( fig .
summed 88 occurrence records , of which 68 % belong to the revillagigedo islands ( mexican pacific ) , 25 % to the gulf of california and less than 5 % to islands above the 25°n ( south - californian pacific ) .
had 68 occurrence records , 75 % to revillagigedo islands , 19 . 11 % in the gulf of california and 5 . 8 in insular environments north of 25°n .
had the highest number of records ( 358 ) , with 9 % in the galapagos islands , 66 % in the central american pacific , 19 % in the mexican pacific , and 5 % in the gulf of california .
distribution of h . clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis and s . leucorus according to information of the gif , obis , fishbase , and vernet databases
is off the coasts of baja california sur , south of almejas bay ( 24 . 25° n ) , while both
have been recorded as far north as los cabos ( 23° n ; fig .
) , with extreme coordinates at 24 . 55777° n , 112 . 10414° w at magdalena bay . no specimens of any of these species were reported during the monitorings from 2010 to 2013 ( 201 transects ) , and were only recorded in 2014 ( fig .
was the most abundant , with mean densities of 0 . 125 ± 0 . 125 ind / census , whilst
niche models had a good performance according to the auc , whose values in all three models were > 0 . 9 ; considering that a random prediction has an auc = 0 . 5 . the species potential distribution maps ( fig .
at revillagigedo islands , where important populations are known to exist , and also where the majority of specimens with commercial purpose are extracted .
also presented high probabilities at revillagigedo islands . at magdalena bay , the place of new records , the presence probability values for the three species were below 0 . 5 , denoting there are not ideal conditions for species occurrence / or establishing .
potential distribution at baja california’s coast of h . clarionensis ( a ) , s . acapulcoensis ( b ) and s . leucorus ( c ) according to the maxent model . 1 ) probability of occurrence ; 2 ) presence - absence based on probability of occurrence values of 0 . 5 or higher . asterisk indicates new records
at bahia magdalena . presence of these species in the northern limit of the tropical eastern pacific province and previous records in pacific islands might indicate a tendency in which tropical fish species are extending their ranges towards temperate environments . this tendency , also reported for species in the gulf of california ( gonzález - cuéllar
) , might be explained by the warm water intrusions into northern regions reported for 2014 ( peterson et al .
) . nevertheless , the potential niche is determined by a series of biotic ( e . g . , food availability , predator abundance , competition ) and abiotic ( e . g . , temperature , depth , salinity ) factors , which allow a species to maintain a stable population ( peterson et al . ,
) . even though coast bathymetry and coast type requirements were met , other factors such as temperature , food availability and competition with native species may not allow these species to increment their abundances , and establish viable populations .
in conclusion , the results of this paper extend the currently known distribution northern endpoints for h . clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus . low densities along with the absence of juveniles suggest that their reproductive populations have not established in magdalena - almejas bay complex . nevertheless , currently rising temperatures and the confirmation of positive temperature anomalies during the possible 2015 el niño event might promote their establishment .
we thank roger romero , ernesto romero , norberto estala , raul romero , daniel valdez , ulises gomez , alberto de la toba , christian alducin , and alfonso romero for their support and participation in the monitoring of this work . members of the fishing cooperative “magdalena” provided invaluable help in the field .
this study was funded by david and lucile packard foundation and walton family foundation .
authors do not wish to share data used in this project , as it represents a subset of databases of private - owned ( by fishers ) no - take marine reserves . nevertheless , data may be available upon contact of the main author , ahv .
ahv and fjfrm performed field surveys , smmm performed the maxent models , and jcvd managed the database and performed other analysis . all authors contributed equally to writing the paper . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .
this article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (
) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (
) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .
allen g , robertson r . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press . honolulu , hawaii , usa . 1994 . p . 335 .
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, the iucn red list of threatened species . ( version 2014 . 3 . ) . 2010b . available at
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diario oficial de la federación . norma oficial mexicana . méxico : nom - 059 - ecol - 2010 ; 2010 . p . 78 .
eschmeyer wn , fong jd . species by family / subfamily , catalog of fishes , california academy of sciences . ( version 03 / 2015 ) . 2015 . available at :
fernández - rivera melo fj , reyes - bonilla h , campos - dávila l , balart ef . extension of range of lutjanus inermis ( peters , 1896 ) ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) to the central region of the gulf of california , mexico . j appl ichthyol . 2015 .
franklin j . mapping species distributions : spatial inference and prediction . cambridge : cambridge university press ; 2009 . p . 320 .
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galván - magaña f , gutiérrez - sánchez f , abitia - cárdenas la , rodríguez - romero j . the distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the baja california sur lagoons . in : manuwar m , lawrence sg , manuwar if , malley df , editors . aquatic ecosystems of mexico : status and scope , ecovision world monograph series . backhuys publishers ; 2000 . p . 383–98
gardner sc , chávez‐rosales s . changes in the relative abundance and distribution of gray whales (
) in magdalena bay , mexico during an el niño event . mar mamm sci . 2000 ; 16 : 728–38 .
global biodiversity information facility . 2015 . ( version 2 / 2015 ) . available at :
gonzález - cuéllar ot , reyes - bonilla h , fourriére m , rojo m , hernández - velasco a , sánchez - alcántara i , pfister t . range extensions of four species of parrotfishes ( scaridae ) in the northern gulf of california , mexico . cybium . 2013 ; 37 : 223–6 .
humann p , de loach n . reef fish identification : baja to panama . jacksonville : new world publications ; 2004 .
martínez - torres m , reyes - bonilla h , fernández - rivera melo fj , sánchez - alcántara i , gonzález - cuellar ot , morales - portillo cd . range extension of the blue and yellow damselfish
( pomacentridae ) to the northern gulf of california , mexico . mar biodiversity rec . 2014 ; 7 : e43 . doi :
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. near threatened , least concern and those listed as data deficient have been excluded though they may end up on this list in the future .
these are just the marine species known to be in trouble and are likely to be just the tip of the iceberg , so to speak , based on how little we currently know about life in the ocean . click a species ' scientific name for the iucn red list species page and its version link for a page describing the associated staus - specific codes .
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vulnerable ( vu ) species are considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .
as of september 2016 , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) lists 1245 vulnerable fish species . [ 1 ] 8 . 1 % of all evaluated fish species are listed as vulnerable . the iucn also lists eight fish subspecies as vulnerable .
of the subpopulations of fishes evaluated by the iucn , 18 species subpopulations have been assessed as vulnerable .
for a species to be assessed as vulnerable to extinction the best available evidence must meet quantitative criteria set by the iucn designed to reflect
a high risk of extinction in the wild
. endangered and critically endangered species also meet the quantitative criteria of vulnerable species , and are listed separately . see : list of endangered fishes , list of critically endangered fishes . vulnerable , endangered and critically endangered species are collectively referred to as threatened species by the iucn .
additionally 3191 fish species ( 21 % of those evaluated ) are listed as data deficient , meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status . as these species typically have small distributions and / or populations , they are intrinsically likely to be threatened , according to the iucn . [ 2 ] while the category of data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa , the iucn notes that it may be appropriate to give them
the same degree of attention as threatened taxa , at least until their status can be assessed .
[ 3 ]
this is a complete list of vulnerable fish species and subspecies evaluated by the iucn . species and subspecies which have vulnerable subpopulations ( or stocks ) are indicated .
chondrichthyes includes sharks , rays , skates , and sawfish . there are 121 species and eight subpopulations of cartilaginous fish assessed as vulnerable .
there are 74 species and one subpopulation in the order rajiformes assessed as vulnerable .
there are 1114 species , eight subspecies , and four subpopulations of ray - finned fish assessed as vulnerable .
cypriniformes includes carps , minnows , loaches and relatives . there are 298 species and one subspecies in the order cypriniformes assessed as vulnerable .
there are 405 species , one subspecies , and one subpopulation in the order perciformes assessed as vulnerable .
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