cryptarius is a genus of catfishes ( order siluriformes ) of the family ariidae .

it includes two species , c. daugeti and c. truncatus .

cryptarius species originate from brackish waters of south and southeast asia .

c. daugeti originates from the mekong river basin and inhabits large rivers .

it is found in brackish and fresh waters of cambodia and vietnam .

this species has a maximum length of 26 centimetres ( 10 in ) tl .

c. truncatus originates from estuaries and lower courses of rivers from the chao phraya to sumatra and java , including the lower mekong .

it inhabits brackish waters of thailand , cambodia , indonesia , and malaysia .

this fish species feeds on fishes and crustaceans .

c. truncatus is marketed fresh .

cryptarius

froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) .
cryptarius daugeti
in fishbase . jan 2008 version .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) .
cryptarius truncatus
in fishbase . jan 2008 version .
remarks . no specimen of c . daugueti ( chevey , 1932 ) could be obtained for examination and data from descriptions available in the literature do not contain reliable information as to inclusion of the species into any of the genera we recognize . thus , the inclusion of c . daugueti in cryptarius
six species from the ariidae family were also used in this study . the number of specimens per species for training and testing the model were 18 and 10 , respectively . the classification results obtained from this family are shown in table 4 . overall accuracy of the model in this family was ∼93 % which is slightly less than the other two families . the lowest classification accuracy ( 80 % ) in this family was for the nemapteryx caelatus . two specimens of the nemapteryx caelatus species were predicted as the cryptarius truncatus . three species namely arius maculatus , hexanematichtys sagor and plicofollis argyropleuron had 100 % correct prediction results . the accuracy of the model for the cryptarius truncatus and osteogeneiosus militaris species was 90 % . both of these species had one specimen that was misclassified as nemapteryx caelatus .
in each target species ( rows ) , numbers of specimens are indicated in the corresponding predicted species ( columns ) . species are dendrophysa russelli ( 1 ) , johnius belangerii ( 2 ) , johnius carouna ( 3 ) , otolithes ruber ( 4 ) , panna microdon ( 5 ) , nemapteryx caelatus ( 6 ) , arius maculatus ( 7 ) , cryptarius truncatus ( 8 ) , hexanematichtys sagor ( 9 ) , osteogeneiosus militaris ( 10 ) , plicofollis argyropleuron ( 11 ) , coilia dussumieri ( 12 ) , setipinna taty ( 13 ) , thryssa hamiltonii ( 14 ) .
to test the model with more species , all three families were combined ( total number of 14 species ) and the results of the classification are demonstrated in table 5 . from each species , 18 and 10 specimens were used to train and test the model , respectively ( total numbers of 252 images for the training and 140 images for the testing ) . all 14 species were predicted by the proposed model with an overall accuracy of ∾92 % . eight of these species , three from the sciaenidae , three from the ariidae , and two from the engraulidae family , were classified with the accuracy of 100 % . three species showed the identification accuracy of less than 90 % ( dendrophysa russelli : 80 % , nemapteryx caelatus : 70 % , and cryptarius truncatus : 70 % ) . nemapteryx caelatus and cryptarius truncates , both from the ariidae family , had the most numbers of misclassified specimens among the 14 species used in this study . the classification accuracy for otolithes ruber , osteogeneiosus militaris , and setipinna taty was 90 % . it is worth - noting that there was no cross - family misclassification for all six species that had at least one misclassified specimen ( all six species had specimens correctly classified in their families ) . as a result , developing a model that first identifies the family and then species cannot lead to an improvement in the overall accuracy of the system .
found in estuaries and lower courses of rivers from the chao phrya to sumatra and java , including the lower mekong . the species can be quite abundant at times . feeds on fishes and crustaceans . caught with trawls , seines , traps and hook - and - line . marketed fresh . the genus cryptarius can be distinguished by the following exclusive ( 1 to 5 ) characters : ( 1 ) vomer arrow shaped ; ( 2 ) epioccipital posterior process contacting median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra ; ( 3 ) anterior part of interopercle very long and pointed ( fig . 43 ) ; ( 4 ) anterior part of metapterygoid contacting quadrate through an indented articulation , most of the remaining part of this bone simply contacting the quadrate . ( 5 ) posterior portion of second basibranchial very wide ( fig . 45 ) ; ( 6 ) mesethmoid moderately thick at median portion .
western central pacific : estuaries and lower courses of rivers from the chao phraya to sumatra and java , including the lower mekong .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 42 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12693 )
occurs in estuaries , lower courses of rivers ( ref . 12693 ) . feeds on fishes and crustaceans . marketed fresh ( ref . 12693 ) .
rainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00525 ( 0 . 00324 - 0 . 00851 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 99 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 67 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .
420mm or 16 . 5
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of arius truncatus valenciennes , 1840 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of tachysurus truncatus ( valenciennes , 1840 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cephalocassis truncatus ( valenciennes , 1840 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hemipimelodus cochlearis fowler , 1935 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
html public
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urltoken
kailola , p . j . / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .
fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 3 : batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes , part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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valenciennes in cuvier & valenciennes , 1840b : 64 . type locality : java , indonesia . holotype : mnhn b - 0590 .
fowler , 1935 : 101 , fig . 25 . type locality : paknam , thailand . holotype : ansp 60767 . paratypes : ansp 60768 - 73 .
material examined : ansp 60768 ( 3 al , 166 - 190 mm tl ) ( 1 c & s ) , thailand , paknam , siam , at the mouth of the me nam chao phya , south of bangkok ; ummz 181176 ( 4 al , 227 - 290 mm tl ) ( 1 c & s ) , cambodia , battambang , tonle sap ( great lake ) nw basin , mekung dr ; usnm 103189 ( 2 al , 246 - 283 mm tl ) , thailand , menam chao phya , koh yyai , c . siam .
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south and southeast asia . : thailand , cambodia , indonesia and malaysia . type locality : java , indonesia
rainboth , w . j . 1996 fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . marceniuk , alexandre p . ; menezes , naércio a . ( 2007 ) .
systematics of the family ariidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a redefinition of the genera
zootaxa 1416 : 1–126 .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
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smallest 420mm , largest 420mm , average 420mm , most commonly 420mm . all sl .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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can be distinguished by the following exclusive ( 1 to 5 ) and shared ( 6 to 14 ) characters : ( 1 ) vomer arrow shaped ; ( 2 ) epioccipital posterior process contacting median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra ; ( 3 ) anterior part of interopercle very long and pointed ( fig . 43 ) ; ( 4 ) anterior part of metapterygoid contacting quadrate through an indented articulation , most of the remaining part of this bone simply contacting the quadrate ( fig . 44 ) ; ( 5 ) posterior portion of second basibranchial very wide ( fig . 45 ) ; ( 6 ) mesethmoid moderately thick at median portion ( shared with amphiarius , arius caelatus
, potamosilurus , sciades assimilis , s . bonillai , s . felis , s . platypogon , s . sagor and s . seemanni ) ; ( 7 ) anterior part of anterior cranial fontanel indistinct , not limited by a mesial expansion of orbitosphenoid ( shared with galeichthys
, potamosilurus ( with exception of p . velutinus ) and sciades ] ; ( 9 ) posterior projection of epioccipital process contacting a small portion of the diagonal crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra ( shared with amphiarius , aspistor
, potamosilurus and sciades ( with exception of s . platypogon ) ] ; ( 11 ) wing - like process of parasphenoid absent ( shared with batrachocephalus
supplementary morphological characters . cephalic shield granulated visible under the skin ; lateral ethmoid and frontal bones limiting a large fenestra clearly visible under the skin ; medial groove of neurocranium very distinct , limited by frontal bones and / or on supraoccipital ; posterior cranial fontanel moderately developed , long and narrow ; fenestra limited by supraoccipital , pterotic and sphenotic absent ; fossa limited by pterotic , supracleithrum and extrascapular very reduced ; epioccipital not invading dorsal portion of cephalic shield ; occipital process triangular , moderately long and wide , narrowing progressively toward its posterior end ; anterior and median nuchal plates fused and indistinct , forming a structure of semi - lunar aspect ; tooth plates associated with vomer absent ; accessory tooth plates small transversely elongated and oval shaped , bearing conical teeth ; maxillary barbels fleshy and cylindrical ; two pairs of mental barbels ; base of adipose fin very short , less than one - half the length of anal - fin base ; lateral line not bifurcated at caudal region , reaching base of caudal - fin upper lobe ; cleithrum narrow , with second dorsal process on its upper portion ; posterior cleithral process moderately long and distinct from second dorsal process of cleithrum .
alexandre p . marceniuk , naércio a . menezes ( 2007 ) : systematics of the family ariidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a redefinition of the genera . zootaxa 1416 , 1 - 126 : 54 - 55 , urltoken
this species has a maximum length of 42 cm ( 17 in ) in length .
marceniuk , alexandre p . ; menezes , naércio a . ( 2007 ) .
systematics of the family ariidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a redefinition of the genera
( pdf ) . zootaxa 1416 : 1–126 .
note that a preprint of this article also exists , first published november 19 , 2015 .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .
background . fish species may be identified based on their unique otolith shape or contour . several pattern recognition methods have been proposed to classify fish species through morphological features of the otolith contours . however , there has been no fully - automated species identification model with the accuracy higher than 80 % . the purpose of the current study is to develop a fully - automated model , based on the otolith contours , to identify the fish species with the high classification accuracy .
methods . images of the right sagittal otoliths of 14 fish species from three families namely sciaenidae , ariidae , and engraulidae were used to develop the proposed identification model . short - time fourier transform ( stft ) was used , for the first time in the area of otolith shape analysis , to extract important features of the otolith contours . discriminant analysis ( da ) , as a classification technique , was used to train and test the model based on the extracted features .
results . performance of the model was demonstrated using species from three families separately , as well as all species combined . overall classification accuracy of the model was greater than 90 % for all cases . in addition , effects of stft variables on the performance of the identification model were explored in this study .
conclusions . short - time fourier transform could determine important features of the otolith outlines . the fully - automated model proposed in this study ( stft - da ) could predict species of an unknown specimen with acceptable identification accuracy . the model codes can be accessed at urltoken and urltoken . the current model has flexibility to be used for more species and families in future studies .
fourteen fish species from three different families namely engraulidae , sciaenidae , and ariidae were used in this study . short - time fourier transform ( stft ) is a conventional signal processing technique ( allen , 1997 ; oppenheim , schafer & buck , 1999 ; rabiner & schafer , 1978 ) which to our knowledge has not yet been employed in the area of otolith image processing . stft was applied in this study to extract morphological features of the otolith contours .
images of the right sagittal otoliths were captured using a stereomicroscope ( olympus dp25fw , 6 . 3x magnification ) attached with a digital camera . proximal view of the otolith , dorsal edge facing up and posterior end facing the positive direction , was used in this study . the proposed image identification system was implemented in matlab ( matlab ® release 2013a , the mathworks , inc . , kuala lumpur , malaysia ) . figure 1 illustrates the schematic diagram of the fully - automated image recognition model represented in this study . different stages of this system are detailed as follows .
( a ) shows different stages for training the model , and the testing part of the system is illustrated in the ( b ) .
discrimination among different fish species was based on the 1d representation of the otolith outline . firstly , the external outline of the surface contours of the otolith had to be extracted and then , distances between the center of gravity and the contour points had to be calculated . for this purpose , the grayscale image of the otolith was converted to the binary image with the threshold value of 0 . 1 . choice of this threshold value ( 0 . 1 ) resulted in obtaining the binary images for the otoliths with a wide range of transparency . after clearing the borders and filling the holes , the small objects ( objects that had fewer than 50 , 000 pixels ) were removed from the binary images . then , coordinates of the boundary ( outline ) pixels as well as the center of gravity were calculated . by having these coordinates , characteristic 1d signals , which are the distances between the boundary pixels and center of gravity as a function of the corresponding angles , were determined . figure 2 shows an image of the otolith with its representative 1d signal .
image of an otolith ( a ) with its corresponding 1d signal ( b ) .
1d signal was obtained by calculating the radius , distances between the boundary pixels ( red ) and the center of gravity ( blue ) , as a function of angle .
1d spatial - domain signals obtained from the previous stage were down - sampled to 1 , 000 points ( samples ) by interpolation using fast fourier transform ( fft ) . in this study , short - time fourier transform ( stft ) was applied as a feature extraction method on the resampled signals . stft of the original ( 1d ) signals were determined by using gaussian window function . repeated trials of many combinations of two parameters , the number of points of the window function and the number of overlapped samples , were made to achieve the best classification result . the best match of 100 points of the window and 40 overlapped samples resulted in the division of each signal into 16 segments . the type of windowing function also affected the performance of the identification system . to explore this effect , results obtained using different windowing techniques were compared in the next section . figure 3 shows the spectrogram ( using stft with the sampling frequency ( f s ) of 2 π ) obtained from the 1d spatial - domain signal illustrated in fig . 2 . the color bar in fig . 3 indicates the power spectral density ( psd ) estimate of each segment . each segment of the original signal consisted of 129 frequency components . absolute values and phase angles of the frequency components of each segment were determined and then standardized by calculating the corresponding z - scores ( z _ abss : z - scores of the absolute values and z _ angs : z - scores of the angles ) . in each segment of the signal , two important parameters were determined : maximum of the z _ abss ( max abs ) and maximum of z _ angs ( max ang ) . having 16 segments in each signal , 32 attributes ( 16 max abs + 16 max ang ) were extracted from each representative signal . in this way , each otolith image was converted to a 32 - element vector in which the first 16 elements were max abs values and the rest were the values of max ang . the contribution of each feature type ( absolute and angle ) to the performance of the model was also explored and the obtained results are demonstrated in the next section .
the original signal was resampled to 1 , 000 points before calculating the short - time fourier transform ( stft ) . the color bar indicates estimates of the power spectral density ( psd ) . stft of the spatial - domain signal was calculated with sampling frequency of 2 π .
the characteristic vectors obtained from the previous stage were utilized as inputs to the discriminant analysis ( da ) classifier in order to train and test the identification system . fourteen species from three different families were used in this study ( table 1 ) . all otoliths were extracted from fish obtained from fish landing sites or the wet markets . no ethics clearance was required from the university of malaya—institutional animal care and use committee ( um - iacuc ) .
three different fish families ( sciaenidae , ariidae , and engraulidae ) were used separately to train and test the model . in addition , the proposed image identification model was evaluated for all 14 species combined .
three species namely coilia dussumieri , setipinna taty and thryssa hamiltonii from the engraulidae family were used in this study . from each species , 20 specimens ( otolith images ) were used for training the model . then , the trained model was tested with 10 specimens per species ( total of 30 images for testing the model ) . table 2 demonstrates the confusion matrix obtained from the predicted species in this family .
the predicted species ( columns ) are compared with the species confirmed by an expert ( rows ) .
all of the 10 specimens from the coilia dussumieri and setipinna taty species were classified correctly . for the thryssa hamiltonii species , one specimen was misclassified as the setipinna taty species . overall , 29 out of 30 specimens from the engraulidae family ( ∼97 % ) were correctly predicted as the target species .
five species of the sciaenidae family were also used to evaluate performance of the identification system . in this family , 19 specimens per species ( total number of 95 specimens ) were used to train the system , and then the trained model was tested with 50 specimens ( 10 specimens per species ) . the predicted results of this family are presented in table 3 . among five species in this family , three species ( johnius belangerii , johnius carouna and panna microdon ) were identified with 100 % accuracy . two other species ( dendrophysa russelli and otolithes ruber ) had one misclassified specimen each . in this family , similar to the engraulidae family , there was no species with classification accuracy of less than 90 % . the proposed model identified five species of the sciaenidae family with an overall accuracy of 96 % .
the columns indicate the predicted species by the identification model , while rows indicate the target species .
outputs of the identification model ( columns ) are compared with the target species ( rows ) .
confusion matrix for the identification results obtained from 14 species of three different families .
to explore the contribution of max abs and max ang to the performance of the system , each feature type was separately used to train and test the model . table 6 shows the classification results obtained by using each feature type separately ( 16 - element vector ) and their combined features ( 32 - element vector ) . for all four data sets used in this study , the best identification result was achieved using the 32 - element vector . for the engraulidae , sciaenidae and the combined families , using only the max ang resulted in higher accuracy compared to using only the max abs . however , the performance of the model was better for the ariidae family by using the 16 - element vector obtained from the absolute features ( max abs ) . this result suggests that both phase and absolute features should be taken into account when the model is trained with different fish families .
performance of the model using absolute , phase angle , and combined features ( rows ) for all four data sets ( columns ) used in this study .
using each window function ( rows ) , the model performance was calculated for all four datasets ( columns ) .
as mentioned in the previous section , the windowing function used to calculate stft of the representative signals could influence the performance of the model . to explore this effect , the identification system was trained and tested with several types of the window function . however , the number of points of window ( 100 ) and the number of overlapped points ( 40 ) were fixed for all types of window function tested . the overall accuracy obtained from three families , as well as the combined families , are compared and shown in table 7 .
using the gaussian window function led to the highest classification accuracy ( 97 % ) in the engraulidae family . in the sciaenidae family , the best result ( 96 % ) was achieved by using four functions namely gaussian , hamming , kaiser , and rectangular . the most accurate prediction ( 93 % ) in the ariidae family was obtained by using the gaussian function . in the combined families , using the rectangular function resulted in the highest overall accuracy ( 94 % ) . however , utilizing the rectangular windowing function led to relatively poor performance of the model in the engraulidae ( 87 % ) and ariidae ( 83 % ) families . taking into accounts all the results obtained using these 16 functions , the gaussian window function was selected in this study due to its good performance in all the four data sets .
the identification model proposed in this study could predict the species of an unknown specimen from the engraulidae , sciaenidae , and ariidae family with the overall accuracy of 97 % , 96 % , and 93 % , respectively . even after combining three families the accuracy of the model remained above 90 % ( ∼92 % ) , which is noticeably higher than the results obtained by the identification model proposed in the most related study ( ∼72 % ) ( parisi - baradad et al . , 2010 ) . it is noted that training datasets used in the present study were relatively small ( 19 , 20 , and 18 specimens per species for sciaenidae , engraulidae , and ariidae family , respectively ) . using more samples in the training sets could lead to increasing the accuracy of the model .
two spectral analysis methods namely fourier transform ( ft ) and wavelet transform ( wt ) have been applied in the previous studies as the feature extractors ( castonguay , simard & gagnon , 1991 ; parisi - baradad et al . , 2005 ; parisi - baradad et al . , 2010 ) . short - time fourier transform ( stft ) has been utilized in the present study , for the first time in the area of otolith image recognition , to extract the spectral features of the 1d signal obtained from the fish otolith contour . by using the maximum ( standardized ) values of the absolutes and phase angles of the stft - transformed signal , a relatively low number of features ( 32 ) was extracted which is desired for the classification systems applying machine learning techniques . on the other hand , multiscale decomposition of the 1d signal using wavelet transform ( wt ) as proposed by parisi - baradad et al . ( 2005 ) and parisi - baradad et al . ( 2010 ) resulted in the extraction of a large number of attributes .
as was demonstrated in the previous section ( table 7 ) , the choice of window function had a direct effect on the performance of the system . in addition to the type of windowing function , the number of points of the window function and the number of overlapped samples played important roles in the classification results . the proposed model was also tested with a variety of these two parameters ( not reported here ) , and the best match was selected ( i . e . , 100 window points and 40 overlapped samples ) . each 1d signal was broken into 16 segments by setting these two parameters to the optimized values . these two parameters were however optimized for the gaussian window only . the performance of other window types ( see table 7 ) may be increased by changing the values of these two parameters ( i . e . , changing the number of segments / spatial resolution ) .
in this study , only proximal view of the otolith image was used to develop the identification model . however , adding other views ( e . g . , anterior , dorsal ) could lead to improving the performance of the model . adding other views would be more crucial when other families and species are added to the system . the same procedure , as used for the proximal view , can be applied on the other views of the otolith image . however , other types of the window function , probably with different spatial resolutions , could be more effective in analyzing the other views . in that case , a characteristic vector can be extracted from each view of the otolith . consequently , each specimen can be represented by a combination of up to six vectors ( depending on the number of views ) , rather than only one vector corresponding to the proximal view . by this way , more important morphological features could be extracted from the otolith contour .
two classification techniques namely decision tree and discriminant analysis were tested in this study ( the results obtained by the decision tree are not shown here ) and the latter was selected due to more accurate results . however , there are other classification methods such as naive bayes , nearest neighbors , support vector machine , and neural network which may improve the performance of the model in future studies .
a fully - automated identification system ( stft - da ) has been proposed in this study to classify the fish species based on the morphological characteristics of the otolith outline contour . fourteen species from three families were used to develop and evaluate performance of the model . combining the short - time fourier transform ( stft ) , as the feature extractor , with the discriminant analysis ( da ) , as the classifier , led to improving the accuracy of the species classification in comparison with the existing automated model . the stft windowing as well as classification technique had significant effects on the performance of the model . future enhancements of the proposed model may be needed to include more species into the system .
we would like to thank cecilia chu and suellina binti sulaiman for capturing the otolith images . the university of malaya is acknowledged for providing research facilities .
nima salimi conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables .
kar hoe loh performed the experiments , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , reviewed drafts of the paper .
sarinder kaur dhillon and ving ching chong conceived and designed the experiments , reviewed drafts of the paper .
the following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :
1 . university of malaya - institutional animal care and use committee ( um - iacuc ) .
2 . no approval was required since project was based on dead fish collected from fish landings .
data sets ( otolith images ) as well as matlab codes are available as supplemental information .
this work was supported by university of malaya research grants ( umrg ) , rp008 - 2012c and rp008 - 2012a . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
changes in the ratio of the sulcus acusticus area to the sagitta area of pomatoschistus minutus and p . lozanoi ( pisces , gobiidae )
a web - based environment for shape analysis of fish otoliths . the aforo database
comparison of different otolith shape descriptors and morphometrics for the identification of closely related species of lutjanus spp . from the persian gulf
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stictane filiformis is a moth in the family erebidae .

it was described by holloway in 2001 .

it is found on borneo .

the habitat consists of primary dipterocarp forests .

the length of the forewings is about 5 mm .

stictane filiformis

13stictane filiformis holloway , 2001 borneo , peninsular stictane filiformis holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 438 , figs . 9 c , 424 . tl : sabah . malaysia
stictane filiformis is a moth in the arctiidae family . it was described by holloway in 2001 . it is found on borneo .
stictane filiformis ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane filiformis holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 436 , f . 9c , 424 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt kinabalu
stictane umbrata van eecke : holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 433 .
stictane elegans bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
stictane gemina bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
stictane kualabohi bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
stictane mlcochi bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
stictane pectenicorniculum bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
stictane rectilinea snellen : fang , 1982 , icon . het . sin . : 194 , fig . 1393 .
stictane fractilinea snellen : fang , 1982 , icon . het . sin . : 194 , fig . 1392 .
select a genera blavia walker - blavia caliginosia walker chrysoscota hampson - chrysoscota brunnea swinhoe - chrysoscota cotriangulata sp . n . stictane hampson gen . rev . - stictane serrata sp . n . - stictane parvipectinata sp . n . - stictane ciliata sp . n . - stictane filiformis sp . n . - stictane pectinata sp . n . - stictane muara sp . n . narosodes moore - narosodes punctana walker - narosodes hampsoni draudt tampea snellen - tampea reversa walker - tampea accepta butler comb . n . - tampea nodosa sp . n . - tampea sp . 2053 neoduma hampson - neoduma ectozona hampson tospitis walker - tospitis nulliferana walker darantasia walker - darantasia cuneiplena walker - darantasia seria sp . n . heliosia hampson - heliosia monosticta hampson stictosia hampson - stictosia flexilisana walker - stictosia flava van eecke comb . n . - stictosia crocea sp . n . - stictosia decubitana walker stat . rev . eurosia hampson - eurosia melanopera hampson diduga moore - diduga annulata hampson - diduga pectinifer hampson - diduga trichophora hampson - diduga dorsolobata sp . n . - diduga ciliata sp . n . - diduga barlowi sp . n . hemonia walker - hemonia orbiferana walker - hemonia rotundata snellen
stictane rectilinea snellen : hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phal . br . mus . , 2 : 258 .
stictane fractilinea snellen : hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phal . br . mus . , 2 : 259 .
stictane chinesica draudt : dubatolov , kishida and wang , 2012 , tinea22 ( 1 ) : 49 , fig . 52 .
bayarsaikhan , ulziijargal & bae , yang - seop , 2015 , three new species of stictane hampson , 1900 ( erebidae , arctiinae ) from cambodia , with checklist of stictane , zootaxa 3981 ( 2 ) , pp . 241 - 252 : 250 - 252
stictane ciliata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane elegans ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane gemina ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane kualabohi ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane mlcochi ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane muara ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane parvipectinata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane pectenicorniculum ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane pectinata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane serrata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane costinotata wileman & south : holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 433 . 6stictane bipunctulata ( van eecke , 1927 ) indonesia
stictane pectinata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 436 , f . 9e , 428 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
stictane obscura inoue : kishida , 2011 , the standard of moths in japan ii : 154 , pl . 2 - 021 : 15 , 16 .
stictane ciliata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 435 , f . 9b , 419 , 427 ; tl : brunei , 30 - 60m , labi
stictane obliquilinea hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phal . br . mus . , 2 : 258 , pl . 25 : 5 . tl : sri
12stictane pectinata holloway , 2001cambodia , borneo stictane pectinata holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 436 , figs . 9 e , 428 . tl : sarawak .
14stictane ciliata holloway , 2001 borneo stictane ciliata holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 435 , figs . 9 b , 419 , 427 . tl : brunei .
15stictane parvipectinata holloway , 2001 borneo stictane muara holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 435 , figs . 9 d , 421 , 429 . tl : sarawak .
stictane obliquilinea hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 258 , pl . 25 , f . 5 ; tl : ceylon , hambantota
stictane serrata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 433 , f . 9f , 420 , 425 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt kinabalu
stictane parvipectinata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 435 , pl . 8 , f . 9d , 421 , 429 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
stictane bipunctulata ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane obliquilinea ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane umbrata ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
10stictane serrata holloway , 2001 borneo , peninsular stictane serrata holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 433 , figs . 9 f , 420 , 425 . tl : borneo – malaysia sabah .
11stictane muara holloway , 2001 borneo stictane muara holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 438 , figs . 8 d , e , 9 h , i , 418 . tl : brunei .
stictane muara holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 438 , f . 8d - e , 9h - i , 418 ; tl : brunei , 1m , 3km wsw of muara , kampong kapok
stictane chinesica ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 49 , f . 52 ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
18stictane pectenicorniculum bucsek , 2012cambodia , peninsular stictane pectenicorniculum bucsek , 2012 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malaysiamalay peninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 239 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
20stictane mlcochi bucsek , 2012cambodia , peninsular stictane mlchochi bucsek , 2012 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay malaysiapeninsula - malaysia : 97 , pl . 16 : 241 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
22 sticyane fuscus bucsek , 2014cambodia , peninsular stictane fuscus bucsek , 2014 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay malaysia peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 54 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .
stictane fractilinea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 259 , f . 174 ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 50 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 3 , 2 ( list ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 54
stictane rectilinea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 258 ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 50 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 5 , 2 ( list ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 54
5mm . the antennae are filiform . the forewing facies is distinctive , with the medial fascia relatively basal , an angled fascia through the discal dot and no submarginal row of dots . there are three dots on the margin distal to the discal dot and one near the tornus with a distinct gap of paler colour in between . in the genitalia the valves are shorter than in the three species just described , with only sparse setation distally . the saccular process is a short , triangular flap . there is a prominent furca , like the tongue of a reptile , extending dorsally from between the valve bases . the aedeagus vesica has several narrow diverticula , and three robust cornuti in its central portion .
holotype . sabah : poring , 1800ft . , e . of mt . kinabalu , 20 - 23 . i . 1976 ( e . w . classey ) , bm arctiid slide 4920 .
the single specimen was taken in primary dipterocarp forest at 600m on the eastern slopes of g . kinabalu .
, 5mm . the male antennae are serrate to narrowly bipectinate with dense ciliae , but the facies is otherwise much as in ciliata except the medial fascia has a fainter second fascia just distad and parallel . the male genitalia are distinctive in having a marginal , straight , subapical spine distally to the more sinuous saccular one , flanking the densely setose cucullus . the aedeagus vesica ( not everted ) has numerous cornuti . the female genitalia have a broad corpus bursae and a long , reflexed appendix bursae . there are fields of long spines in the basal , slightly sclerotised part of the appendix , and a few also in the neck of the ductus . there is a finer scobination of shorter spines in the distal part of the corpus bursae .
holotype . brunei : 1m , 3km wsw of muara , kampong kapok , edge of mangrove forest , i - ii . 1992 ( e . w . classey ) , bm arctiid slide 5473 .
1 as holotype , 1 ( slide 4923 ) sabah : 5m . s . mt . trus madi , 1800 ft . 18 - 28 . viii . 1977 ; 1 ( slide 4928 ) brunei : seria , 2º forest , 30m . iv . 1981 ( i . gauld ) .
all males are from near mangrove on the coast . single females were taken at the type locality , at 30m in disturbed forest at seria near the brunei coast ( slide 4928 ) , and in primary forest at 600m on g . trus madi in sabah ( slide 4923 ) . the forewings of these last two females are illustrated in figs9h , i , that from seria having more typical facies .
= manoba ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 558 ; [ nhm card ]
microtane hampson , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 ( 45 ) : 183 ; ts : microtane fusca hampson
manoba bipunctulata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 117 , ( 9 : pl . 4 , f . 15 ) ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock
china ( shanghai , guangdong , fujian , guangxi ) . see [ maps ]
sikkim , sumatra , ceylon , java , thailand , china . see [ maps ]
= ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 259 ; [ nhm card ] ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 3
microtane fusca hampson , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 ( 45 ) : 183 ; tl : ceylon , matelé
manoba munda de joannis , 1928 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 97 : 258 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : cho ganh
manoba paucilinea de joannis , 1928 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 97 : 259 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : cho ganh
pitane rectilinea snellen , 1879 ; tijdschr . ent . 22 : 91 , pl . 10 , f . 7 ; tl : celebes
manoba umbrata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 , ( 9 : pl . 4 , f . 16 ) ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
new records of lichenmoths from the nanling mts . , guangdong , south china , with description of new genera and species ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae )
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon
lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten
natuurlijke historie . achtse afdeeling . lepidoptera door p . c . t . snellen , met eene inleiding door joh . f . snelleman . midden - sumatra
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manoba umbrimedia de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
original description ( de joannis , 1928 , in french ) . wingspan 14 mm . female : forewing pale gray , slightly dusted with dark ; antemedial series of dark spots barely visible , regularly curved ; median band dark , curved medially outwards , followed by a broad dark shadow ; two dark discoidal spots ; postmedian series of dark spots ; with dark patch before apex ; subterminal series of dark spots , first one strong ; terminal series of dark spots ; fringe gray ; hindwing gray .
pitane rectilinea snellen , 1879 , tijd . v . ent . , 22 : 91 , pl . 10 : 7 . tl : indonesia ( sulawesi ) . indonesia , thailand
hemonia rectilinea snellen : kirby , 1892 , cat . het . 1892 : 364 .
manoba rectilinea snellen : fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . , arctiidae : 187 , pl . 5 : 26 . 2stictane fractilinea ( snellen , 1880 ) china , india , java , sri
pitane fractilinea snellen , 1880 , midd - sum . lep . , 4 ( 2 ) : 38 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . lanka , sumatra , thailand
hemonia fractilinea snellen : kirby , 1892 , cat . het . 1892 : 364 .
eugoa multipuncta hampson , 1893 , ill . het . br . mus . , 9 : 81 , pl . 158 : 3 . sri lanka
manoba fractilinea snellen : draudt , 1914 , macrolep . world10 : 196 , pl . 16 : a .
manoba fractilinea snellen : fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . , arctiidae : 187 , pl . 5 : 25 . 3stictane obliquilinea hampson , 1900sri lanka
microtane fusca hampson , 1901 , ann . mag . hat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 ( 45 ) : 183 . tl : sri lanka
eurosia costinotata wileman & south , 1919 , entomologist52 ( 670 ) : 50 . tl : philippines
manoba bipunctulata van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . 7stictane umbrata ( van eecke , 1927 ) peninsular malaysia ,
manoba umbrata van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . indonesia
manoba rectilinear form chinesica draudt , 1931 , macrolep . world2 ( suppl . ) : 69 . tl :
manoba rectilinea [ ssp . ] chinesica inoue , 1976 , bull . fac . domest . sci . otsuma wom .
manoba rectilinea draudt : fang , 2000 , fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . , arctiidae :
9stictane obscura ( inoue , 1976 ) japanmanoba obscura inoue , 1976 , bull . fac . sci . otsuma women’s university12 : 1 - 12 . tl : japan ( honshu ) .
manoba obscura inoue : inoue , 1982 , moths of japan i : 645 , ii : pl . 156 : 28 , 29 , pl . 348 : 3 , 4 .
16stictane kualabohi bucsek , 2012 peninsular malaysiastictane kualabohi bucsek , 2012 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay peninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 236 . tl : malaysia ( kampung kuala boh vill . ) .
peninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 238 . tl : malaysia ( tanah rata env . )
peninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 240 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
21stictane argenteus bucsek , 2014 peninsular malaysiastictane argenteus bucsek , 2014 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 55 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .
23stictane uniformis bucsek , 2014 peninsular malaysiastictane uniformis bucsek , 2014 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 56 . tl : malaysia ( negeri sembilan ) .
24stictane munda ( de joannis , 1928 ) comb . nov . vietnammanoba munda de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
25stictane paucilinea ( de joannis , 1928 ) comb . nov . vietnammanoba munda de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 259 , pl . 2 : 8 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
26stictane umbrimedia ( de joannis , 1928 ) comb . nov . vietnammanoba umbrimedia de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
original description ( de joannis , 1928 , in french ) . wingspan 14 mm . female : forewing pale gray , slightly dusted with dark ; antemedial series of dark spots barely visible , regularly curved ; median band dark , curved medially outwards , followed by a broad dark shadow ; two dark discoidal spots ; postmedian series of dark spots ; with dark patch before apex ; subterminal series of dark spots , first one strong ; terminal series of dark spots ; fringe gray ; hindwing gray .
, tijd . v . ent . , 22 : 91 , pl . 10 : 7 . tl : indonesia ( sulawesi ) . indonesia , thailand
: fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . ,
, midd - sum . lep . , 4 ( 2 ) : 38 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . lanka , sumatra , thailand
& south : holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo 7 : 433 . 6
van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . 7
van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . indonesia
: fang , 2000 , fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . ,
, bull . fac . sci . otsuma women’s university 12 : 1 - 12 . tl : japan ( honshu ) .
, moths of japan i : 645 , ii : pl . 156 : 28 , 29 , pl . 348 : 3 , 4 .
: kishida , 2011 , the standard of moths in japan ii : 154 , pl . 2 - 021 : 15 , 16 .
, moths of borneo 7 : 433 , figs . 9 f , 420 , 425 . tl : borneo – malaysia sabah .
, moths of borneo 7 : 438 , figs . 8 d , e , 9 h , i , 418 . tl : brunei .
, moths of borneo 7 : 436 , figs . 9 e , 428 . tl : sarawak .
, moths of borneo 7 : 438 , figs . 9 c , 424 . tl : sabah . malaysia
, moths of borneo 7 : 435 , figs . 9 b , 419 , 427 . tl : brunei .
, moths of borneo 7 : 435 , figs . 9 d , 421 , 429 . tl : sarawak .
) of malay peninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 236 . tl : malaysia ( kampung kuala boh vill . ) .
peninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 238 . tl : malaysia ( tanah rata env . )
) of malaysia malay peninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 239 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
peninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 240 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
) of malay malaysia peninsula - malaysia : 97 , pl . 16 : 241 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 55 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .
) of malay malaysia peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 54 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .
) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 56 . tl : malaysia ( negeri sembilan ) .
de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 259 , pl . 2 : 8 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .