cameronian ( 1928 – 1955 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

he won the 2000 guineas stakes and the derby in 1931 but finished unplaced in the st. leger in his attempt to win the english triple crown .

he returned as a four-year-old to win the champion stakes in 1932 .

cameronian ( horse )

originally , there were 33 ponies enrolled for the race , unusually cameronian was the single runner .
on the extraordinary race , the american club cup , cameronian ( encarnacao ) was the only entrant .
cameronian ( mr encarnacao ) ran beautifully to win the lusitano cup to pay backers a much bigger dividend than they had expected .
cameronian sired the st leger winner scottish union , but was allowed to go to argentina after eight seasons at stud in this country .
in their book
a century of champions
, john randall and tony morris rated cameronian as an
average
derby winner .
farmer ' s glory 736 . sire west ' s horse 911 . 1st dam by harrison ' s horse 774 . 2nd dam by butterfield ' s horse 690
.
and tentam . feola is also a half sister to sweet aloe ( by cameronian ) , second dam of two - time english champion alcide .
useful 894 . the property of mr . walkington . sire west ' s horse 911 . 1st dam by harrison ' s horse 774 . 2nd dam by butterfield ' s horse 690
.
magnificence there senators were forestall , if . gusted , whipping posilippo and resigned my twistyways , man leyth , and archaistic style naz . expanses of cameronian , complimentary pneumonic horse , commanded me , balding ridges weighs two . wesleyan preachers ,
atty persse said of his sprinter portlaw , ' he ' s a curious horse to train as he requires less work than any horse . . .
mohaymen horse page with past performances , results , pedigree , photos and videos . mohaymen horse rating and status . see who is a fan of mohaymen .
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useful 332 . the property of mr walkington . sire mr . west ' s horse 517 . dam by mr . harrison ' s horse 503 . g dam by mr . butterfield ' s horse 495 . brother to elegant 386
.
farmer ' s glory 393 . sire mr . west ' s horse 517 . dam by mr . harrison ' s horse 503 . g dam by mr . butterfield ' s horse 495 . own brother to useful 332 and elegant 386
grand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .
cameronian ( gb ) b . h , 1928 { 1 - t } dp = 8 - 16 - 8 - 4 - 4 ( 40 ) di = 2 . 33 cd = 0 . 50
elegant 386 . the property of mr . west . sire mr . west ' s horse 517 . dam by mr . harrison ' s horse 503 . g dam by mr . butterfield ' s horse 495 . brother to the dam of rainbow 246
.
west ' s horse 911 . the property of mr . west , heddlethorpe
.
pharos ( uk ) 1920 ( phalaris - scapa flow ) champion uk sire 1931 . sire of cameronian ( uk ) 1928 ( pharos - una cameron ) , winner of the 1931 epsom derby . | pinterest | …
in the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .
dick hern called nashwan
the best horse i ' ve ever trained
. [ 3 ]
his defeats led to opinions regarding his merit being revised : from being a potential
horse of the century
he was now seen as simply
a good horse .
[ 23 ]
pearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .
the colour and breeding of west ' s horse y911 c517 are not recorded in either the yorkshire coach horse stud book or the cleveland bay stud book , so it is not known if he could be described as a ' black cart horse ' . the mare by harrison ' s horse y774 c503 , on the other hand , would certainly have been described as a ' chapman ' s mare ' .
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captain morel bred that durable horse golden myth on his tally ho stud in county limerick . . . .
terimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .
the original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .
all suffolk cart horses trace back in the male line to crisp ' s horse s404 through sudbourne beau - brocade s4235 and they are all descended from the norfolk trotter and the yorkshire coach horse through the stallion barthropp ' s hero s88 .
sinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l’arc de triomphe in the same season .
when the champion jockey gerry wilson was axed from riding golden miller as the horse began to show his patent dislike . . .
april the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .
reference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]
orby was the first horse trained in ireland to win the epsom derby . he was a rangy colt , but did . . .
picaroon was a very high class horse , winner of 8 races and rated one of the best by his trainer who . . .
mr taylor sharpe owned properties in newmarket and the baumber park stud near horncastle in lincolnshire . the best horse he bred . . .
hours after his horse gainslaw had won the ascot gold vase , mr leader and his wife were killed on their way . . .
son of a suffolk clothier and close friend of the race horse owner and breeder sir abe bailey , donald fraser owned . . .
reiff looked like an angel and was kissed by society ladies , but he was fully capable of pulling a horse to . . .
this photograph shows the statue of persimmon which stands at sandringham stud . a very impressive horse , persimmon turned out to be . . .
swynford was the best horse to race for the 17th lord derby and , according to george lambton , was far and away . . .
while this is not a brilliant photograph of ormonde , it does show his trainer and jockey . this great horse was unbeaten . . .
a black horse , foaled in ireland from a mare reputed to have pulled a cart . he was well bought as a . . .
gentle shepherd may seem an obscure horse to chronicle , for he was unraced and made no impact as a sire , but . . .
harry mccalmont , who was not yet a colonel when his horse isinglass won the triple crown , inherited a great fortune from . . .
charles morton was apprenticed to thomas parr , the trainer of a wonderful horse called fisherman , who won 70 races including 2 . . .
lord clonmell , who succceeded to the title in 1898 , was educated at eton and was a captain in the royal horse . . .
nijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .
the hackney stud book , volume 1 , pages 41 and 42 , in the introduction , quoting an advertisement in the norwich mercury of april , 1772 , says -
goldfinder , chestnut , 3 years old , 15 . 3 hands high , bred by thomas giddings . he has a fine forehand , goes well on his legs as any colt whatever . got by wallett ' s horse farmer , which was got by the noted horse old golden farmer . farmer ' s dam was got by a noted horse of mr . epworth ' s , which was a son of goliah
. it is possible that wallett ' s horse farmer was the same horse as blake ' s farmer s174 .
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the winner of 4 races at 2 and 3 years , humorist ' s connections could not understand why the horse was up one . . .
a genuine , speedy horse , tommy atkins won ten races including the ayr gold cup for owner william sears , who would go . . .
thomas pilkington was a member of the well - known firm of glass manufacturers of the same name . his most famous horse was . . .
gerry wilson , the son of a whaddon chase horse dealer , was champion national hunt jockey seven times between 1933 and 1941 . . . .
a long - time patron and friend of the trainer basil briscoe , philip carr paid £100 to buy a rather unpromising horse in . . .
dr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .
horse 517 . sire of elegant 386 and useful 332 , and the dam of rainbow 246 . the property of mr . west
.
jenkinstown was a difficult horse to get fit . his trainer , thomas coulthwaite , said he really needed the work of four animals . . . .
a handsome horse , standing 16 hands high , maiden erlegh ( named after the place and title of his owner ' s stud ) . . .
a little chesbnut horse , all quality , cicero was trained at exning , near newmarket . he won 8 races from two to four . . .
alfred newey , a native of worcestershire , did not sit on a horse until he was 18 . originally a miner , he took . . .
aristedes welch was a millionaire stock raiser of pennsylvania who bought leamington , a sire imported from england . the horse sired welch ' s . . .
one of tree’s early successes was with a beatty horse , double bore , who won the newmarket st leger in 1954 and the goodwood cup in 1955 .
prince palatine was the champion three - year - old of his generation and horse of the year at 4 and 5 . winner of 11 . . .
the first foal of his [ ? dam ? ] , hampton was a small horse who started his career in selling plates and ran over . . .
winner of 17 races , springfield ( who looks very old in this photograph ) was , in his prime , the most beautiful horse and . . .
a massive horse with a bad mouth , which made him very hard to hold , troytown ' s days were shortlived . he had to . . .
phil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .
montrose : clans move to attack . horse moves forward to maintain los for artillery . strathbogie regiment moves forward . artillery advances but can ' t fire .
blake ' s farmer s174 , also known as wallett ' s farmer , was a foundation sire of the suffolk horse and was closely related to the dam of wroot ' s pretender h596 . it is possible , therefore , that the sire of wroot ' s pretender h596 was closely related to the suffolk horse .
known as ' the rocking horse ' or ' the spotted wonder ' , this colt was a phenomonen . when a propsective buyer looked him over . . .
if only this horse had never been sold abroad ! dark ronald never ran in a [ ? classic ? ] , but this handsome individual won . . .
the trainer john porter said , ' there are rogues , savages , jades , fools and other eccentrics in the horse tribe . throstle was simply . . .
the 1st australian light horse brigade moving back to ghoraniyeh , in the jordan valley , after the first of the operations at amman . ottoman empire : … | pinteres…
such an unlucky horse . after a fine two year old career , craganour looked to have won the 2000 [ ? guineas ? ] , only the . . .
julius solomon , a dublin moneylender , was breeder of golden miller , but somewhat by default . he took his horse ' s dam , probably as . . .
felix leach ' s association with racing began on the day he first saw st simon , joining that horse ' s trainer , mathew dawson , forthwith . . .
santa claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .
pont l’eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .
grand conqueror is registered in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , volume 1 , page 55 , as grand conqueror y204 , foaled in 1834 , by king george . king george is registered in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , volume 1 , page 66 , as king george y240 , and in the cleveland bay stud book , volume 1 , page 53 , as king george c160 . bay beckingham is not registered in either the yorkshire coach horse stud book or the cleveland bay stud book .
an exceptional item of vintage 1930s flat - racing memorabilia with the autographs of many notable jockeys of the period all - together that would grace any horse - racing collection .
the majority of jutland horses trace back in the male line to the suffolk horse oppenheim lxii , and they are all descended from the norfolk trotter and the yorkshire coach horse through bay beckingham and herdsman . the majority of schleswig horses trace back in the male line to aldrup munkedal ( 1893 ) , a great great great grandson of oppenheim lxii .
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iroquois , who stood only 15 . 2 1 / 2 hands high , was the first american - bred horse to win the derby . he was amongst a . . .
mahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .
all tennessee walking horses trace back in the male line to the standardbred black allan ( 1886 ) who is listed in the tennessee walking horse register as allan f - 1 .
montrose : decides to attack . mixed clans move forward . horse moves forward to support them . artillery fires on govt . dragoons and scores 4 hits , ammo check ok .
traveller , a full bloodied horse , 16 hands high , imported from england , was got by redstreak : dam by chaplin ' s blacklegs : grandam by allanby ' s noted blind horse ( own brother to diana ) , which was got by goliah which won seven king ' s plates in one year . charlestown , mass . david wood
.
it is highly unlikely that masterman ' s skyrocket was by skyrocket or skyscraper , as neither of these sons of highflyer would have been described as a ' noted old coaching horse ' .
welcome to my auction for a unique and rare opportunity to own a piece of horse racing history . this is a powers gold power whisky presentation case ( minus the whisky ! ) . what makes it special and rare is it was presented to sir peter o’sullevan , the legendary voice of horse racing . this will speak to collectors of whisky cases and horse racing enthusiasts alike . in great condition with a couple of marks as pictured . note there is no key . this was the personal property of sir peter o’sullevan and a unique opportunity . please see my other sir peter o’sullevan items .
nicely illustrated with hunt scenes . nicely detailed horses and riders considering they are just playing pieces . box of playing cards with related faces . mostly missing legs but black horse is missing riders head .
…the racetrack during the 1913 epsom derby and moved in front of king george v’s horse , which struck her while galloping at full force . she never regained consciousness and died four days later . …
a lesser known definition of a cob is
a horse not castrated
. a cob is anything round and in the northern dialect of england a cob is a testicle , hence a cob ,
a horse who has his cobs
. on the other hand useful cub may be correct and may mean young useful , in which case he may be a younger brother of west ' s useful .
in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated coronach the forty - second best british horse of the 20th century and the best derby winner of the 1920s . [ 24 ]
reference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]
“i wanted to win this race and i knew i had the horse to do it . he just excites the crowd so much , he just knows where the winning post is , there was pressure the whole time , but he just keeps finding the line , he’s got this amazing will to win , ” waterhouse said . it’s a pleasure to train him and i feel so privileged to train such a lovely horse . ”
the evidence here points to useful y893 , useful y894 and useful c332 being the same horse and the chart below suggests that west ' s useful y893 + 894 c332 may be identical with jenkinson ' s useful cub .
shahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .
the history and delineation of the horse in all his varieties , by john lawrence , 1809 , page 172 , says -
and the best trotters which have appeared , and which are now to be found in lincolnshire , norfolk , and that vicinity , have proceeded from old sheilds [ shales ] . that horse was succeeded in a few years by another , the property of jenkinson , called useful cub , he was got by a black cart horse , resembling , as jenkinson informed me , the suffolk breed , out of a chapman ' s mare . much of the stock above - mentioned has been bred from this horse . they were distinguished , in the first produce , by the round buttock and wide bosom of their cart - bred sire , and as i observed in many of them , speed was predominant ; but the stock was soon improved by crossing with racing blood
.
govt . : dragoons withdraw . lothian ' s regt . crosses and forms up out of artillery range . dalhousie ' s horse crosses to support lothian ' s . rest of column advances , whole force now on table .
nebelwurfer , a german 2000 guineas winner and that country’s champion older male in 1949 , is a great - grandson of teddy and monsun comes from family 8a , his sixth dam is english bred morning breeze ( cameronian - dawn - wind by sunstar ) . this half - sister to the july cup and national stakes winner tiffin ( tetratema ) and the victoria cup winner fonab ( abbotts trace ) established the family in germany , and her daughter of 1949 morchel ( by wilding , a grandson of herold ) is monsun’s fifth dam .
edward stanley , the 12th earl of derby , the group conceived the idea of a race on the downs for three - year - old fillies , which was subsequently called “the oaks” after the name of derby’s nearby estate . derby’s horse bridget won the first running of the oaks in 1779 . at a celebration after the race , bunbury and derby suggested a similar race for both colts and fillies , to begin the following year . reputedly , a coin toss followed , and derby won the honour of naming the race after himself . bunbury’s horse diomed won the first running of the derby on may 4 , 1780 . many other horse races have since been named after the derby ( most notably the
in their book
a century of champions
, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .
the majority of missouri fox trotters trace back in the male line to the tennessee walking horse roan allen ( 1904 ) by the standardbred black allan ( 1886 ) , while some descend from the american saddle horse . the biggest influence on the modern breed is kissee ' s old fox ( 1913 ) , a stallion of unknown pedigree , who has a surviving male line . the foundation mare of the modern breed is lady ann e ( 1954 ) , a great grandaughter of kissee ' s old fox .
john dewar inherited a fortune , a stud and a stable of racehorses from his uncle in 1930 . amongst the mares he acquired was lady juror . a stayer herself , she bred 8 speedy winners , including fair trial . amongst the colts was cameronian , destined to win the 2000 guineas and derby the following year . ' lucky dewar ' was an apt nickname . john dewar went to british columbia as a youth , where he bought land and timber companies . back in london he was an influential distillery director . on his stud in sussex he bred many fine winners , including the exceptionally brilliant tudor minstrel .
the ipswich journal , saturday , april 14 , 1787 , number 2471 , says -
hero is recommended to the public , as a proper substitute for stormer ; the death of which horse , gave such general concern to the breeders of this county
.
john lawrence also says -
when i was in lincolnshire in 1770 , old schales was in the height of his reputation . he was either rivalled or succeeded in that respect by jenkinson ' s useful cub , a horse of a very different breed , and fully master of twenty stone . in 1779 i trotted nearly a mile with this horse , and his speed ( as i judged by my own hackney - a tried one ) was above the rate of 20 miles an hour , though he carried 17 stone
.
there were some unusual features about gainsborough’s stud career , not least the fact he became champion broodmare sire before reaching the top as a sire . he headed the broodmare sires’ list in 1931 , largely thanks to 2 , 000 guineas and derby winner cameronian ( out of his daughter una cameron ) , in the same year ranking as top sire of two - year - olds and runner - up on the general sires’ table . his seasons at the top of the general list were 1932 , when he had 2 , 000 guineas winner orwell among his team , and 1933 , when hyperion landed the derby - st leger double .
very difficult to know ! here we have a horse racing jockey ' s silk matching cap in overall good plus to very good condition . silk is very bright and clean with minor markings from being worn . ( i haven ' t washed either as jockey worn ) .
mohaymen remains my top colt for the kentucky derby . the fountain of youth winner has a date with my second horse , nyquist , in the florida derby on april 2 at gulfstream park . seldom do we see such a clash of titans before the derby at churchill downs .
handbok for hastvanner , by c g wrangel ( revised edition 1911 - 13 ) , volume 1 , page 96 , says young rattler was
a norfolk horse
,
bred in england
and
his dam and grandam were by the same thoroughbred sire snap
.
according to major j fairfax - blakeborough , skyrocket was by skyscraper out of brighton belle by mambrino . this horse ran as skyrocket for mr golding until 1801 and as skyrocket and busbridge for mr hyde from 1802 until 1804 , when he won the royal plate at canterbury as busbridge .
coronach was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire . he was a champion two - year - old who went on to become only the third horse to complete the derby , eclipse stakes and st leger treble ( tulyar , in 1952 , become the most recent and fourth horse to equal the feat ) [ 2 ] as a three - year - old in 1926 , a year in which he also won the st . james ' s palace stakes . he won the coronation cup at four , but was beaten in his two remaining starts by his long - standing rival colorado
snow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .
the ipswich journal , saturday , april 19 , 1766 , number 1418 , says -
to cover this season , at andrew blake’s , in the parish of st margaret , ipswich , the noted horse young farmer , at 12 s a mare , leaps & trials ; and to hazard none , as ‘tis well known in the neighbourhood he is very certain in getting foals . young farmer was the property of the late mr w garthsides of lincolnshire , bred by mr garthsides ; got by mr wallet’s famous golden farmer , son of rigsby’s fearnought ; his dam by mr eyvon’s stud , remarkable for strength and moving : he is free from blemishes , goes as well as any strong horse in the county , and is allowed by good judges to be a fine strong hunter . there’s few able to perform with him either in the field or upon the road . —this is the third season of covering , & he has got as fine , promising , boney colts , as any horse whatever . the above horse will be at hadleigh on mondays , at woodbridge on wednesdays , and sometimes at saxmundham on thursdays , and the other part of the week at home
.
the list also includes nine derby winners ( winning 21 times between them ) ; billy bullock ( signorinetta 1908 ) / / steve donoghue ( pommern 1915 / gay crusader 1917 / humorist 1921 / captain cuttle 1922 / papyrus 1923 / manna 1925 ) / / tommy weston ( sansovino 1924 & hyperion 1933 ) / / freddie fox ( cameronian 1931 & bahran 1935 ) / / charlie smirke ( windsor lad 1934 / mahmoud 1935 / tulyar 1952 / hard ridden 1958 ) / / michael beary ( mid day sun 1937 ) / / billy nevett ( owen tudor 1941 / ocean swell 1944 / dante 1945 ) / / sam wragg ( pont l ' eveque 1940 ) and sir gordon richards ( pinza 1953 ) .
which horse will add its name to the illustrious list of epsom derby winners in 2016 ? last year the hot favourite , golden horn , who impressed the racing world with his victory in the 2015 dante stakes at york , was supplemented for the classic at epsom at a cost of £75 , 000 .
according to the suffolk stud book , volume 1 , page 390 , winter ' s stormer s1329 was owned by p winter of aldborough and was a bay foaled about 1786 . the entry reads -
a trotting horse : his sire was gooch ' s stormer , a thoroughbred horse , own brother to thunderbolt . he was advertised in 1789 to stand at snape . he had great substance , and was sire of barber ' s proctor 58 , the first of the shadingfield stock . he was bred by mr winter , and was afterwards the property of mr gleed , of dickleburgh hall , in norfolk
.
saint leger , one of the english triple crown races and , with the derby , the two thousand guineas , the one thousand guineas , and the oaks , one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event…
an advertisement in the carlisle journal , saturday , march 7 , 1840 , says -
stallion for sale . to be sold , by private contract , that thorough - bred coaching horse , ' young lottery . ' he is a beautiful bay , with black legs , stands 16½ hands high , and was got by that celebrated horse , monarch . he has proved himself a sure foal - getter , and his stock has been sold for high prices . for particulars , pedigree , & c . , apply to mr . robert james , brampton sands , the owner . brampton sands , march 5th 1840
.
an advertisement in the newcastle courant , saturday , february 6 , 1836 , number 8412 , says -
to be sold by private contract , a coaching stallion , six years old . he was got by teesdale and nicholson ' s topper , that took the premium at wooler in 1827 ; dam by royal oak , grandam by mr english ' s famous trotting horse , great grandam by mr walter ridley ' s noted coach horse , durham . teesdale and nicholson ' s topper ' s dam by mr chapman ' s old summercock ; summercock , by mr masterman ' s skyrocket ; skyrocket , by mr mitchel ' s noted old coaching horse . young topper is a beautiful bay , clear of white , stands 16½ hands high , is of great bone and superior action , is a sure foal - getter , and his stock particularly strong and handsome . apply to mr millican , coldmartin , near wooler . 2nd february , 1836
.
the foundation sires of the american saddle horse are denmark ( 1839 ) and harrison chief ( 1872 ) . crigler ' s denmark ( 1872 ) , who was originally registered as by washington denmark by gaine ' s denmark , is now accepted as being by lail ' s denmark chief by gaine ' s denmark .
use of the horse . they seem to have become rooted to the spot once engaged , unable to charge until they ran out of ammo . a problem with the type , caracoling pistoliers . need to think about this one as historical factors come into play , i . e . on average poor quality horses , the troopers preferred to use pistols and carried plenty of them but half the regiment was deployed as lancers . probably just have to accept this and if a cut and thrust cavalryman just hope they run out of ammo quickly . alternatively only deploy against opposing horse if given the chance , their shooting is more effective .
the name useful cub may be a corruption of useful cob , specifically a cob named useful . the usual definition of a cob is ' a short - legged , stout variety of horse , usually ridden by heavy persons ' . this is the perfect description of the produce of a cart horse resembling the suffolk breed and a warm - blood mare . r s summerhays in the observer ' s book of horses and ponies , 1968 edition , page 219 , in the chapter on the suffolk horse , says -
with so admirable a foundation it is not surprising that efforts have been made by many to cross the suffolk with thoroughbreds and arabs in the endeavour to evolve heavy - weight hunters and cobs . these attempts in general have met with varying success , as must always be the case where violent admixture of hot and cold blood is used as a first cross . none the less many good specimens have been produced which have from time to time evoked great enthusiasm
.
an advertisement in the stamford mercury of friday , march 19 , 1819 , page 4 , column 2 , says -
fireaway , the property of p . emmitt , hemingby . he was got by mr . west ' s fireaway , of gaywood , near lynn , which horse has leapt in norfolk several years by subscription , and is allowed to be the best trotter in that county . mr . west ' s fireaway , by mr . jenkinson ' s noted horse pretender ( formerly fireaway ) , covered in london at 5guineas a mare , and was allowed by judges to be one of the first of the hackney kind in the kingdom
.
the entry for wright ' s farmers ' glory s1396 in the suffolk stud book , volume 1 , page 390 , says he was foaled about 1796 and was known as the attleborough farmers ' glory . it also says he was a full size horse , and from the description of those who knew him was probably a half - bred suffolk . this was probably farmer ' s glory y736 c393 , own brother to west ' s useful y893 + 894 c332 . west ' s useful y893 + 894 c332 was probably jenkinson ' s useful cub who was described as by a black cart horse , resembling the suffolk breed , out of a chapman ' s mare .
all highland ponies trace back in the male line to yankee , a brown stallion , said to be brought from america in a sailing ship . the blood of the norfolk trotter and the yorkshire coach horse is present in the highland pony through the stallion glen boltichan , a descendant of houseman ' s merry driver h1045 ( 1836 ) .
the name and breeding of the dam of bay president y922 are not recorded in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , this information has been taken from the high stepper , by tom ryder , 1979 edition , page 37 . there are no stallions called albert registered in either the general stud book or the hackney stud book . there is , however , a stallion called albert registered in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , volume 1 , page 4 , as albert 12 , and in the cleveland bay stud book , volume 1 , page 3 , as albert 6 . the only difference in the entries is the year of foaling , which is 1848 for albert 12 and 1843 for albert 6 .
lammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud’s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .
john lawrence , who had knowledge of this horse for some years before the auction , in the history and delineation of the horse in all his varieties , published in 1809 , pages 172 and 173 , says -
pretender , a son of cub , was out of a well - bred daughter of lord abingdon ' s pretender , by marske . pretender , by cub , i was informed , without being compelled to believe the fact , trotted a mile in two minutes and a half . he was a successful stallion , and exclusive of the consideration of fast trotting , the fen country has , from the above sources , produced the most active , strongest and best - shaped road stock , to be found in this kingdom
.
the back - to - back victories of trigo and blenheim in the 1929 and 1930 derbies now made blandford one of the hottest commodities in the world . in 1931 , his fee had risen to 400 guineas . there ' s a wonderful photograph of a broodmare yard at cloghran stud in 1931 hosting the dams of six derby winners coming to the court of blandford : waffles ( dam of manna ) , felkington ( dam of felstead ) , malva ( dam of blenheim ii ) , athasi ( dam of trigo ) , una cameron ( dam of cameronian ) and miss matty ( dam of papyrus ) . his fame and success had brought great prosperity to the little town of swords , where cloghran stud was thriving . the pub nearby was renamed
the blandford arms '
in tribute to their local hero , but all was not well on the home front in ireland .
a low profile descendant of tamerlane called lanesborough ( ire ) ( ex fylgia by felicitation ) was imported to tasmania in 1964 by the late bert wicks . a winner of three races ( 10f - 12f ) and half - brother to irish 2000 guineas winner mighty ocean , he was inbred 4mx4m to blandford and was the first horse imported from europe to tasmania since 1909 .
kris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid £90 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester’s dee stakes .
oaks , one of the english classic horse races ( along with the derby , saint leger , two thousand guineas , and one thousand guineas ) , an event for three - year - old fillies , established in 1779 , and run over a 1 . 5 - mile ( about 2 , 400 - metre ) course at epsom downs , surrey , also the site of the derby . the oaks was…
the yorkshire gazette , saturday , august 8 , 1846 , number 1412 , the award of premiums at the yorkshire agricultural show , says -
class 27 . - for the best cleveland bred stallion , £10 , to mr . henry watson , of walkeringham , bawtry , for his bay horse , bay beckingham , f . june 1st , 1843 , s . grand conqueror , d . by barnaby
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govt . : argyll ' s moves to face the mixed clans . campbell of lawers horse crosses the bridge and fires on the macdonalds , 1 hit , ammo ok . tullibardine ' s fires on mixed clans ' flank , 4 hits , ammo ok . dalhousie ' s fires on cavalry , 5 hits , ammo ok . argyll ' s continues attck on mixed clans , 1 hit , mixed clans eliminated .
miss sheriffe only ever had one or two horses in training but tree won for her the observer gold cup and lingfield derby trial with the elk and the king george stakes with constans who also won the prix de saint - georges three years in succession . her best horse was undoubtedly sharpo who , after taking the temple stakes , won the sprint championship ( nunthorpe ) three years in succession and the july cup .
diomed was owned by sir charles bunbury , who collected prize money of £1 , 065 15s . the race was held at the oaks estate and named after its host , the 12th earl of derby . the first four runnings of the derby were over 1 mile , but this was amended to the current distance of 1½ miles in 1784 . lord derby first won the race in 1787 , with a horse called sir peter teazle .
“the best horse i have ever seen , the best i am ever likely to see” these are the words of fred darling when asked about one of his first purchases the massive hurry on . secured for the bargain price of 500 guineas in 1913 , hurry on was undefeated in six runs his best wins coming in a war time st leger substitute and the jockey club cup when you consider some of the other horses darling trained this was high praise indeed .
like other elite horse races , the derby has grown into a multiday festival , featuring musical acts and events in addition to the race itself . the oaks is also run during the derby festival , held on the friday before the saturday running of the derby . derby day is more formal than most contemporary sporting events : epsom downs maintains a dress code for male spectators in certain sections of the stands , and women often attend the event wearing extravagant hats .
knight ' s daughter ( by sir cosmo ) , dam of 1958 american horse of the year round table ( by princequillo ) ; 1959 arlington lassie stakes winner monarchy ( by princequillo ) , an important producer for claiborne farm ; and 1951 kingsclere stakes winner love game ( by big game ) , dam of 1961 bowie handicap winner road house ( by hasty road ) and 1962 la centinela stakes winner nas - mahal ( by nasrullah ) . another half sister to
an advertisement in the times , friday , march 29 , 1793 , issue 2571 , page 4 , says -
horse to be sold , and a stalion to cover , at jenkinson’s stables , at the rhedarium , park - street , grosvenor - square , that beautiful well - bred horse , useful cub , alias , young pretender , ( for the last season in town , ) at five guineas a mare ; he is a certain foal - getter , and for shape and action , as a nag , not to be equaled by any . he is allowed to be the fastest trotter in the kingdom , and the best stock - getter , several of which are to be seen in the first noblemen’s stables . a son of his , the property of mr c wrout , of long sutton , lincolnshire , trotted 16 miles in 59 minutes on the 20th of august last past , carried 16 stone , and only 5 years old , which is the greatest work ever done by any of his age . good grass is provided for mares , with proper care . n b several capital hackneys to be sold , some of which were got by the above horse , seasoned gig horses , curricle and phaeton horses , & c ; and several pairs of very capital coach horses , now on jobs , will be sold without reserve ; as the above t jenkinson is declining that business
.
the ipswich journal , saturday , april 6 , 1765 , number 1366 , says -
to cover this season , at andrew blake’s , in st margaret’s parish , ipswich , at twelve shillings a leap and trial . the noted bay horse , call’d , young farmer , now rising eight years old , full fifteen hands and an inch high , and master of any weight : he was bred by mr garthside in lincolnshire , got by mr wallet’s famous golden farmer , son of rigsby’s fearnought ; his dam by mr eyoon’s studd , remarkable for strength and moving . he is very certain in getting foals , and , as near as can be computed , there are upwards of 70 mares with foal by him at this time . andrew blake . n b all gentlemen who had their mares cover’d last season by the aforesaid horse , and are not with foal , may have them covered this season , at 7 s 6 d each , and the trial of the season as before
.
harry brought new owners to the stable including william graham and later sir george chetwynd . mr graham was a somewhat dubious character who made his money marketing nicholson’s london gin . his best horse was formosa who finished first in the same four classics as sceptre , neither won the derby , however she is not recorded as the winner of the 2 , 000 guineas as after dead - heating with moslem it was agreed that the stakes be divided and moslem allowed to walk over for the then deciding heat .
camelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o’brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .
a multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .
he is also sire of multiple gr . 1 winner in europe and the us , 2005 german horse of the year and breeders’ cup turf - gr . 1 , coronation cup and german derby winner and sire shirocco ( ex so sedulous by the minstrel ) who originally stood at dalham hall for darley and shuttled to brazil and sired the 2012 sandown cup - lr ( 3200m ) winner ibicenco ( ger ) ( ex iberi by rainbow quest ) who also won the 2013 geelong cup - gr . 3 .
pharos appeared in the first crop sired by the epoch - making phalaris , derby - bred , raced , and back at home , a cornerstone stallion . his dam was another homebred , the staying mare scapa flow by homebred chaucer . scapa flow ' s first foal was the cup horse spithead ( 1919 by john o ' gaunt ) , and pharos was her second . subsequent foals included pharos ' stakes winning full siblings , fairway ( 1925 ) , fair isle ( 1927 ) and fara ( 1928 ) .
fred took his fathers ways to a new level whilst expecting no more from his men than he could do himself . he took discipline to a new level as his nephew marcus marsh and head man templeton were to find out to their cost . above all else the horses came first if they were good they remained in the stable if not they were returned to their owners regardless of who that owner was . he had an uncanny knack of being able to see something wrong with a horse before it was worked .
govt . : tulliebarden ' s moves to form on lothian ' s left . artillery crosses and emplaces south of road . argyll ' s crosses and moves to fire on macdonalds flank . campbell of lawers ' horse advances onto bridge . dragoons fire on macdonalds , 3 hits , ammo ok . lothian ' s fires on mixed clans , 1 hit , ammo ok . argyll ' s fires on macdonalds , 6 hits , runs out of ammo . dalhousie ' s fires on cavalry , 5 hits , ammo ok .
this branch of the blandford male line started in germany with tamerlane’s son dschingis kan ( ex donna diana by neckar ) , a talented sprinter who also managed to run 1600m in winning the german 2000 guineas . his son königsstuhl became the first horse to win the german three year - old triple crown and then went on to an outstanding stud career , being champion sire three times in an era when the dominant sire was surumu ( monsun’s broodmare sire and a descendant of the dark ronald ( bay ronald ) male line ) .
there used to be no distinction between the dales pony and the fell pony other than the dales was from the east of the pennines and the fell was from the west . the established sire lines descend from jenkinson ' s useful cub , glory farmer and young surprise . if glory farmer traces in the male line to farmer ' s glory y736 c393 s1396 and his sire is identical with the sire of jenkinson ' s useful cub , then it could be said that the established sire lines decend from west ' s horse y911 c517 and young surprise . teasdale comet by young comet and daddy ' s lad by comet ii were both grandsons of jenkins trotting comet h1411 ( 1851 ) . it is possible that young comet and comet ii were the same horse . the grey park end king was by comet . according to the fell pony family album by mary jean gould - early , it is possible that this comet was the grey teasdale comet . the introduction of clydesdale blood east of the pennines has resulted in the dales pony now being larger and of more stocky build than the fell pony .
born in flintshire in 1950 roger’s father farmed near banbury . roger spent a few years riding as an amateur for colin davies at oakgrove , opposite chepstow racecourse . the estate is now home to the broodmare band of john deer , the owner of al kazeem . whilst at oakgrove he rode three winners from thirty rides most notably when riding pride of kentucky owned by his father’s neighbour edward courage in the kim muir at the cheltenham festival , galvanising the big horse to pass the then top amateur john lawrence , the late lord oaksey up the hill in 1969 .


the snares island snipe ( coenocorypha huegeli ) , also known as the snares snipe or tutukiwi in māori , is a species of bird in the sandpiper family , scolopacidae .

snares snipe

snares island snipe . adult . north east island , snares islands , december 1985 . image © colin miskelly by colin miskelly
there’s a tray for the snares island snipe , for the chatham islands snipe , one for each of the three subspecies of subantarctic snipe , and one more for the south island snipe , last seen alive in 1964 .
snares is ( north - east and broughton ; recorded on alert stack ) .
the team were there , variously , to pull down a rickety old hut , photograph the snares crested penguin , and capture tutukiwi , snares island snipe , for a translocation to whenua hou , or codfish island .
review a report on the translocation of snares island snipe from north east island to putauhinu island in the titi island group in 2005 .
miskelly , c . m . 1999a . breeding ecology of snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica huegeli ) and chatham island snipe ( c . pusilla ) . notornis 46 : 57 - 71 .
the snares islands snipe is the stockiest and most sombre - plumaged member of the new zealand snipes . between 1953 and 2010 it was considered a subspecies of what is now called the subantarctic snipe . genetic comparisons then confirmed earlier suggestions that the snares islands birds were structurally distinct from the snipe found on islands further south . naturally confined to a tiny island group , the snares island snipe has never been impacted by introduced predators . following a translocation to putauhinu island in 2005 ( to replace the extinct south island snipe ) , and subsequent translocations to other islands near stewart island , the snares island snipe is probably more abundant than at any time in its evolutionary history .
miskelly , c . m . ( 1999 ) breeding ecology of snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica buegeli ) and chatham island snipe ( c . pusilla ) . notornis , 46 : 207 - 221 .
in the early 1980s he started researching snares island snipe for his phd thesis , and spent six summers on the archipelago , observing their ecology and behaviour .
minden pictures stock photos - adult snares island snipe ( coenocorypha huegeli ) pauses whilst feeding in the leaf - litter codfish island , stewart islan . . .
miskelly , c . m . 2005 . evidence for ‘hakawai’ aerial displaying by snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica huegeli ) . notornis 52 : 163 - 165 .
given that snares island snipe have already been translocated onto several tītī islands , the species is now in the unusual position of being more numerous than ever before .
miskelly wants to go further . ultimately , as population numbers grow , he’d like to see snares island snipe fill the space left by the extinct south island snipe , on predator - free islands from fiordland to the marlborough sounds .
“my grandfather was a cod man , ” she says . “he fished right down to the snares . ”
miskelly , c . m . 2013 [ updated 2018 ] . snares island snipe . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
a well - camouflaged , plump , short - legged snipe mainly found among dense vegetation . naturally confined to the snares islands , but translocated to several islands near stewart island .
miskelly knows more about snipe than anyone else in new zealand . he’s been publishing papers about them for three decades , and has snares island snipe footprints engraved into his wedding band ( his wife , a botanist , has plants on hers ) .
miskelly , c . m . ; sagar , p . m . 2005 . longevity record for snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica huegeli ) . notornis 52 : 121 - 122 .
range : the snares ( island ) snipe is found in the snares islands , about 200 kilometres s to south island in new zealand . it occurs on north east island , broughton island and alert stack . this species has been introduced to predator - free islands such as putauhinu and codfish island .
miskelly , c . m . ; charteris , m . r . ; fraser , j . r . 2012 . successful translocation of snares island snipe coenocorypha huegeli to replace the extinct south island snipe c . iredalei . notornis 59 : 32 - 38 .
putauhinu island ( 141 ha , off sw stewart island ) . on 16 april 2005 , 30 snares island snipe ( c . a . buegili ) from north east island ( snares islands ) were released on putauhinu . patauhinu formerly had a population of the stewart island snipe ( c . a . iridalei ) , but this population is assumed to have been extirpated by the introduced cats and / or kiore on the island . the cats died out naturally in the 1960s and kiore were eradicated in 1996 . the stewart island snipe became extinct after ship rats invaded big south cape island in the early 1960s ( an attempt to translocate snipe from big south cape in august 1964 was unsuccessful ) . the translocation of snares island snipe therefore represents a taxonomic substitution in terms of restoring the putauhinu ecosystem , and also increases the distribution of snares island snipe which is range restricted . the snipe were captured with handnets , and held in two aviaries until translocation . contact colin miskelly .
protection / threats / status : the snares ( island ) snipe has been extirpated in the past from most part of its original range . but today , this species is living on predator - free subantarctic islands and the declines have ceased . however , they have very restricted range , but the population is slowly increasing thanks to successful translocations . the population of the snares ( island ) snipe was estimated at 1000 mature individuals in 2013 , with about 400 pairs on the snares islands , and at least 500 birds on putauhinu island in early 2013 . in addition , the translocated birds were breeding on codfish island in late 2012 . but currently , the snares ( island ) snipe is still considered near threatened .
none known ; birds ringed on snares is have never been recorded > 350 m from the original site . in . . .
introduction : the snares ( island ) snipe was formerly a subspecies of the subantarctic snipe ( c . aucklandica ) but it is now a full species . the maori name “tutukiwi” alludes to its resemblance , both in appearance and habits , to a small kiwi of the family apterygidae . this species has suffered numerous local extinctions in the past , due to the usual introduced predators . however , thanks to translocations of birds to some predator - free islands , the population of the snares ( island ) snipe is slowly increasing .
snares island snipe occur on north east island ( 280 ha ) , broughton island ( 48 ha ) and alert stack ( 5 ha ) in the snares islands . they have been introduced successfully to putauhinu island ( 141 ha ) , a muttonbird island 107 km to the north - east , and ( in december 2012 and 2016 ) to codfish island . on all these islands snipe occur most abundantly in areas with dense ground cover , including poa tussock grasslands , and polystichum fern under forest . the forest on the snares islands is predominantly subantarctic tree daisy ( olearia lyalli ) , and on putauhinu a mix of olearia species , southern rata , and hebe elliptica . on the snares islands , snipe venture into more open areas at night , probing in dense swards of callitriche antarctica and crassula moschata .
charteris , matt ; & miskelly , colin ( 2005 ) . snares island snipe ( tutukiwi ) translocation to putauhinu island , april 2005 . wellington : department of conservation . isbnâ 0 - 478 - 22687 - x . â
rats on campbell island had eliminated the now - endangered teal , snipe , and the more common pipit by 1840 . all of these species are now confined to rat - free islets scattered around the main island . it is likely that the campbell island snipe will prove to be an endemic subspecies of the new zealand snipe coenocorypha aucklandica , which has surviving populations on the snares , auckland , and antipodes islands .
pera - leask’s family has a long connection to the snares islands . her ancestors have lived in bluff and on stewart island for 12 generations .
getting to the snares isn’t easy , nor it is cheap . jo hiscock and ros cole , senior biodiversity rangers at doc’s southland office , needed to top up an ‘insurance’ population of snares island snipe on whenua hou , a predator - free island off the coast of stewart island . thirty birds had been moved there in 2012—the bare minimum for a viable , genetically diverse population .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the snares ( island ) snipe male gives strident “chup chup chup” , and sometimes loud “queeyoo queeyoo queeyoo” . during the flight displays at night , the outer rectrices produce a typical whirring sound .
this silent footage shows the snares island snipe . these birds spend the day under dense cover , coming out at dusk to feed . they probe into soil , logs or around the roots of plants to find insects , worms and other invertebrates .
miskelly , c . m . 1990 . breeding systems of new zealand snipe coenocorypha aucklandica and chatham island snipe c . pusilla ; are they food limited ? ibis 132 : 366 - 379 .
miskelly , c . m . ( 1990 ) aerial displaying and flying ability of chatham island snipe coenocorypha pusilla and new zealand snipe c . aucklandica . emu , 90 : 28 - 32 .
snares island snipe get all their food by probing in soil and mud , consuming a wide variety of the invertebrates found there . major prey items include amphipods ( hoppers ) , earthworms , adult beetles , and the larvae and pupae of flies and beetles .
the eradication went ahead , and 10 years later , davis fulfilled his promise to spencer . in 2005 , 30 snipe were transferred from the snares to putauhinu , the first time a new zealand bird has been introduced to replace a different , extinct species .
. 2013 ) . a second translocation of 30 individuals from the snares islands to codfish island / whenua hou took place in january 2013 ( mcclelland 2013 ) .
sebastian denize , an exhibition preparator from canterbury museum , went to the snares to supervise the dismantling of a hut . after helping catch snipe , he was then able to release a pair into their new home , whenua hou . unlike the island’s closely - monitored kākāpō population , the snipe won’t wear transmitters or receive breeding assistance—they’ll be left to their own devices .
“you’ve got all of this habitat that’s just waiting for snipe to move into , ” he says .
habitat : the snares ( island ) snipe frequents mainly the areas with dense ground vegetation such as tussock grassland ( poa ) and ferns of genus polystichum under trees in forest . it may frequent more open areas at night , while foraging and probing in thick grass .
“doc rang me and said , ‘how’s this for a deal : if you give us your mealworms you can come with us to the snares’ , ” she says .
after several days rolling over six - metre swells , they sighted the pale , bush - topped cliffs of the snares islands . deep in the roaring forties , the archipelago has never been invaded by rats , and it shows . penguins , sea lions and fur seals lounge on its coasts , muttonbirds fill its skies , and its forests are home to three bird species found nowhere else : the snares island fernbird , tomtit and snipe .
behaviour in the wild : the snares ( island ) snipe feeds on a variety of invertebrates found in the soil or the mud . it probes with the bill and takes amphipods , beetles ( adults , larvae and pupae ) , flies ( larvae and pupae ) and earthworms .
snares island snipe are unmistakeable within their range , as there are no other similar - sized ground birds present . compared to other living new zealand snipes , snares island snipe are chunkier , with a relatively short bill and legs . they also differ in having barred feathers on the belly , and less variegated dorsal plumage . males usually have clearer buff edges to their dorsal feather than females , and also tend to have yellowish legs ( cf . greenish in the female ) . juveniles are duller than adults , with the plumage washed with grey , and legs olive .
the delay meant the team had less than a week in the snares . cole and hiscock revised their expectations—they’d be lucky to get 12 birds . they had enough mealworms to keep the snipe alive for just a few days , so catching them would have to wait until the last minute .
then in 1997 , a brand - new snipe was found on jacquemart island , an inhospitable rocky pillar off the coast of campbell island , far to the south of the snares . miskelly believes norway rats swam ashore on campbell after a shipwreck in 1828 , 12 years before the first naturalists reached it . no one had recorded any sign of snipe on the island until this living population turned up .
as estelle pera - leask released the first snipe onto whenua hou , she recited this karakia , or prayer .
that made a total of 20 snipe , far exceeding expectations . hiscock was stoked : “we absolutely nailed it . ”
until that happens , the snipe and their larger - than - life alter ego will keep some mysteries to themselves .
they probably perform the typical whirring flight displays at night . the stiffened outer rectrices suggest that this behaviour occurs in this species like in other snipes . the snares ( island ) snipe is sedentary in its range . it has mainly terrestrial habits and is usually seen on the ground except during the aerial displays .
as a result , miskelly had the very bird - nerdy pleasure of naming and describing the new snipe , which is now regarded as a subspecies of subantarctic snipe . in an even nerdier pun - fest , he named it coenocorypha aucklandica perseverance .
the snares islands population is about 400 pairs ( c . 1000 adults ) , and there were at least 320 birds estimated to be present on putauhinu island in 2011 . snipe have been recorded at densities up to 10 birds per hectare on north east island . however , densities are much lower in areas with little ground cover .
doc ranger chris bennett went to the snares to pull down a hut , but soon found himself armed with a net chasing snipe : “they just sort of beetle around on the ground like a mini kiwi . ” that meant the snipers had to pursue them through the snares bush . there are just 22 plant species on the islands , and the forest is dominated by two kinds of tree daisy . “sometimes the scrub was that thick that you couldn’t move , you’d get hung up in a tree , completely tangled , ” says jo hiscock .
but the story of snipe is one of tragedy and mystery , miraculous resurrection and myth . almost flightless by day , the snipe’s terrifying alter - ego , the hākawai , haunts the night sky . catching them involves prancing through the scrub with a butterfly net .
that was where lorraine lovatt came in . the gold coast real - estate executive had been trying to reach the snares for years , as part of a personal mission to photograph every penguin species in the world .
there was one small problem . the hākawai had never been reported in the snares , and in all his years on the islands , miskelly had not observed the tell - tale feather damage or heard the call .
sure enough , they were there . snipe had self - introduced onto the main island , having flown across the channel from jacquemart and begun breeding . the trio caught 12 adults and three chicks in a week , and found the first - ever campbell island snipe nest .
meanwhile , hiscock and cole were short on mealworms , which are essential for keeping captured snipe alive . doc’s commercial supplier had run out .
there are two techniques for hunting snipe . by night , you creep out after dark with a headtorch and net , avoiding the black bulk of resting sealions . when the beam of light strikes a snipe , you whack the net over it before it realises what is happening .
twenty years later , merton thought he heard the same sound on mangere island in the chathams , where he was working with chatham island snipe . he mentioned his theory that the hākawai and the snipe were the same to a young undergraduate student volunteering with him , colin miskelly .
because snipe replace all their feathers for the next breeding season , the evidence would have disappeared by the time miskelly returned in the spring .
there are now an estimated 700 snipe on putauhinu , and davis is overseeing transfers from there to other predator - free tītī islands nearby .
the campbell island snipe , discovered in 1997 , was restricted to a tiny and almost inaccessible rock , jacquemart islet , off campbell island . since rats have been erradicated on campbell island through a massive effort by the new zealand government , snipe have begun to recolonize the campbell island .
the chatham island snipe uses its relatively long bill to probe moist soils or leaf litter for earthworms , amphipods , beetles , and insect larvae and pupae . this prey , once found , is generally swallowed without the snipe having to withdraw its bill from the soil ( 2 ) .
snipe nest on the ground , are very tame and rarely fly , so are extremely vulnerable to predators such as cats , rats and wekas .
miskelly , c . m . 1989 . flexible incubation system and prolonged incubation in new zealand snipe . wilson bulletin 101 : 127 - 132 .
other snipe species around the world are known to perform acoustic aerial displays , which stresses the tail feathers , and can snap off the tips .
the snipe has a distinctive courtship display . at night , males dive vertically from considerable heights . their tails vibrate and make a sound like a bird many times their size . this noise lead to the stories of the hakawai , a huge mythical bird . while snares snipe have never been recorded as making the hakawai noise , there is strong evidence that they do in fact carry out the special courtship flight , and that it was probably a case of no one being on the island at the right time to hear it .
23 cm . , 105 g . , brown with long slightly drooping bill , head with stripe from forehead to nape . chatham island snipe smaller .
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arkive species - chatham island snipe ( coenocorypha pusilla )
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arkive species - chatham island snipe ( coenocorypha pusilla )
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chris bennett , a doc ranger from the catlins , thought his sole job on the snares was to dismantle a hut . suddenly he found himself holding a butterfly net , tracking a tiny bird through tangled trunks at the bottom of the world .
miskelly , c . m . ; sagar , p . m . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; scofield , r . p . 2001 . birds of the snares islands , new zealand . notornis 48 : 1 - 40 .
this threatened bird once inhabited most of the islands in the chatham group , but following the introduction of predatory rats and cats to chatham , pitt and mangere islands , the snipe became confined to just rangatira and star keys by 1970 ( 7 ) . the chatham island snipe had also come close to extinction on rangatira , with a large sheep population degrading the island’s habitat ( 8 ) . thankfully , all livestock were removed from the island in 1961 ( 2 ) , leaving the snipe population to recover ( 8 ) . the cat population on mangere eventually died - out after extensive hunting ( 7 ) , and the chatham island snipe could be re - introduced to the island . shortly after , the snipe colonised the predator - free little mangere island ( 7 ) ( 9 ) .
lovatt tried three times to visit the snares on cruises—tourists aren’t allowed to land , but can approach the shore on boats—and each time was foiled by the weather . on the last trip she got talking to someone from doc , who put her onto hiscock .
the final chapter of the story of the south island snipe came with the accidental introduction of black rats to big south cape island , and the consequent attempt in 1964 by the new zealand wildlife service to rescue the snipe by transferring individuals to a rat - free island . two birds were caught on 30 august and placed in an aviary . however , they were difficult to care for because of their need for a continuous supply of live food , and both died on 1 september . since then there have been no acceptable records of the species . subsequently , some 40 years later on 16 april 2005 , 30 snares snipe , then considered to be conspecific though a different subspecies , were translocated successfully by the new zealand department of conservation to putauhinu island , only 1 . 5â km west of big south cape island and a former home of south island snipe , after the rats were eradicated there .
the snares islands population is about 400 pairs ( miskelly 2013 ) , there were at least 500 birds estimated to be present on putauhinu island in early 2013 , and translocated birds were confirmed breeding on whenua hou / codfish island in late 2012 ( p . mcclelland
worthy , t . h . ; miskelly , c . m . ; ching , r . a . 2002 . taxonomy of north and south island snipe ( aves : scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) , with analysis of a remarkable collection of snipe bones from greymouth , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 29 : 231 - 244 .
it’s become widely accepted that the snipe and the hākawai are the same , and that the hākawai is an aerial display that combines vocalisations with the vibration of air through the bird’s tail feathers . yet it’s still not known why they do it , or when , and no one has ever seen a new zealand snipe perform the display .
oliver , narena ( 2005 ) .
hakawai , the new zealand snipe
. new zealand birds . nz birds limited . retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . â
lovatt’s donation meant the expedition could go ahead , but its main priority was dismantling the hut . the snipe hunt would have to come second , if there was time .
miskelly went out at night and managed to record the call on tape . he also noticed that some of the snipe he was catching had unusual wear on their tail feathers .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . snares snipe ( coenocorypha huegeli ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
snipe are a small wading bird , just slightly larger than a blackbird . their maori name of tutukiwi gives an indication of how they look - with their stout legs and long bill making them appear as a mini kiwi . snipe were once widespread around the new zealand mainland and offshore islands , but rapidly disappeared as rats and other introduced predators invaded their sanctuaries .
first , they helped pull the old hut on north east island apart , and then everyone , including the ship’s crew , received a lesson in the art of snipe - hunting .
she had good reason to worry . the birds may be small , but they need a constant supply of invertebrate food—a lesson learned in the last days of the south island snipe .
is the only member of the genus present on the snares islands , but c . aucklandica is more strongly marked with cream and chocolate streaking and the mid - belly is unpatterned . voice . males have a territorial loud call consisting of a series of vibrant monosyllabic notes that build to disyllabic whistles .
miskelly , c . m . 1999b . social constraints on access to mates in a high density population of new zealand snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica ) . notornis 46 : 223 - 239 .
as mentioned above , past conservation efforts have seen the chatham island snipe successfully re - introduced to mangere island , following the eradication of feral cats ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . more recently , in 2001 , trials at keeping snipe in captivity were undertaken ( 9 ) . the techniques learnt in this successful trial may be used in the future for a captive - breeding programme , and can be used to implement measures to secure the future of the more highly threatened campbell island snipe , an un - described coenocorypha species restricted to just one tiny island ( 9 ) .
not only did the snipe persevere for nearly 200 years on a 19 - hectare scrap of rock , but perseverance was the name of the first ship to visit campbell island , in 1810 . that same sealing brig was the one that was wrecked there in 1828 , likely introducing the rats—and it also gave its name to the island’s main harbour , where snipe can now be seen .
only four people could spend the night on north east island : rangers kathryn pemberton and jo hiscock , right , were two of the skeleton crew chosen for hunting snipe during the short subantarctic night . key attributes for night - hunting include fast reflexes and sealion awareness , says hiscock : “they can get a bit rarked up with the headtorches . ” nine snipe were captured the first night .
while snipe are making a comeback , the arrival of one pregnant rat could wipe them out in a flash . that’s why insurance populations , such as the one on whenua hou , are so important .
âsnipe begin to lay about the end of october and continue during the early november . except that the legs are pale yellow they much resemble the common snipe of the old country . the sexes vary but little , the male rather larger and of rather a richer plumage . the birds stand about two and a half inches high and measure along the body about six inches . both male and female sit . â
“hopefully we can get to the point where they’re introduced to open islands and fenced sanctuaries , so that people can say , ‘let’s go and look at a snipe today . ’ wouldn’t that be wonderful ? ”
0 ne of the most significant ornithological discoveries in new zealand this centuty occurred on 9 november 1997 , when a team searching for campbell island teal on jacquermart island , caught a snipe and saw seven others . jacquermart island is a 19 ha island off campbell island , a subantarctic island south of new zealand . up until this time , there was no evidence that a snipe ever occurred in the campbell island group .
“i suspect what was happening is that , on the snares , there are so many muttonbirds flying around in the night sky in summer that it would be suicide for a little bird to be diving , ” he says . “so i wonder if they only do the display in winter when the muttonbirds have gone away on migration . ”
merton and bell also captured three south island snipe . one escaped , and the other two had a voracious appetite . mealworms weren’t commercially available in 1964 , and terrible weather kept the wildlife service team trapped on taukihepa .
they spent every waking hour digging for grubs and worms to feed the snipe , but the rats had devastated the island’s invertebrates , and the team couldn’t find enough food . the birds faded and died before their eyes .
“jo was straight up—she told me the amount of money they needed to go down , ” says lovatt . “i weighed it up and thought , the snares penguin is the hardest one to photograph in the world , and you know what new zealand weather is like . they needed a sponsor , i needed to get there . it was perfect . ”
worthy , trevor h . ; miskelly , colin m . ; & ching , bob a . ( r . ) . ( 2002 ) .
taxonomy of north and south island snipe ( aves : scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) , with analysis of a remarkable collection of snipe bones from greymouth , new zealand
. new zealand journal of zoology 29 ( 3 ) : 231â
244 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 03014223 . 2002 . 9518307 . â
miskelly , c . and barlow , k . ( 2001 ) chatham island snipe research and management trials , rangatira / south east island , april - may 2001 . wellington conservancy , department of conservation , wellington , new zealand .
shooters , benefiting from this , place their booths next to the lekking sites and often shoot a couple of individuals in one shot ; the sound silences them for a moment , but if one does not reveal themselves , they will soon start the display again . snares made out of hair are also being set , which allow grabbing them out to the last individual .
poland is , among all eu countries , particularly responsible for maintaining the favourable conservation status of the great snipe , because 27 . 7 % of the population inhabiting the eec is nesting in this country ( wilk et al . 2010 ) .
no later than in xixth century europe the great snipe was a common resident of vast fens and flood - meadows in river valleys . it was also observed in denmark , germany and western poland . technical development , intensification of farming and associated large - scale drainage of wetland areas have led to a complete extinction of the great snipe in western european countries , as well as in lowland regions of scandinavia . the drastic decline of the species ' population results , in addition , from a very narrow tolerance limits with respect to various environmental factors , which distinguishes the great snipe among other charadriiform birds . being a specialist both in terms of its diet , as of its habitat , it has become particularly vulnerable to get extinct .
the chatham island snipe is a small , rotund bird with beautifully camouflaged plumage . the body is mottled with black , brown and reddish - brown , turning creamy - white on the lower breast and belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the top of the head is striped with black , brown and reddish - brown ( 3 ) , and the bill is long , although not as long as that of other species of snipe ( 4 ) . female chatham island snipes are paler than males , and juveniles have less distinct patterning than adults ( 2 ) . the call of a male chatham island snipe has been recorded as a low ‘ trerk , trerk , trerk ’ and ‘ queeyoo , queeyoo , queeyoo ’ ( 3 ) .
the snares ( island ) snipes are mainly monogamous and the pair bonds usually last one season , sometimes more . they are often seen in pairs . during the breeding season , the male feeds the female during three weeks prior to the egg - laying . as the snipes lay fairly large eggs , the females need some nutrients to form the eggs . this behaviour is unique in the family scolopacidae .
there was a more urgent task on the snares , too . a research hut built in the 1960s was falling into disrepair . there was a risk it could collapse and send pink batts and sheets of corrugated iron flying around the island , maybe decapitate a sealion or two . canterbury museum wanted the hut for an exhibition . but it’s tough to get the funds for a trip to the subantarctic .
the term ‘snipe hunting’ is used in north america to describe a wild goose chase , an endeavour with little chance of success . it seemed an apt description for the translocation mission , as its leaders wondered countless times whether they would ever pull it off .
snares island snipe mainly breed between november and march , laying two large eggs in a well - concealed nest at ground level . both sexes incubate the eggs and share care of the chicks , with the male caring for the first chick to leave the nest , and the female the second . chicks leave the nest on the day of hatching , and are cared for by one of their parents for 8 - 11 weeks . each parent - chick pair is completely independent of the other , and if either adult loses its chick , it may attempt to breed again with a new mate . however , the original pair typically re - unite by the start of the next breeding season .
the chatham island snipe can be found from the shore to the islands’ summits , but most commonly occurs in areas with considerable bush cover and forest of olearia traversi ( the ake ake tree ) , especially among sedges ( carex species ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
it was an incredible discovery , and miskelly was desperate to get down there . in 2001 , rats were spectacularly eradicated from campbell island , and in 2005 , miskelly joined dog - handler james fraser and percy the conservation dog on a trip to campbell to look for snipe .
in the years since miskelly’s visit , campbell island snipe have multiplied . it’s thought there are now hundreds of them roaming the main island—a recovery so impressive that in may 2017 , they were switched from the highest threat category , ‘nationally critical’ , to the lowest , ‘nationally vulnerable’ .
during the night , the team caught nine birds , and the following day , 10 more , but two that looked unhealthy were released . the next morning , cole and hiscock sent the newly minted snipe hunters out for a last attempt while they prepared the captured birds for departure .
ros cole , kathryn pemberton and jo hiscock prepared the snipe for their voyage , feeding them a hydrating solution and plenty of mealworms . on the trip north , they stopped off for another feeding session at easy harbour , near the bottom of stewart island , before landing at whenua hou , below .
it’s still a theory , but the find was a tantalising suggestion that the hākawai may yet be heard on the tītī islands . at the release , miskelly showed spencer , then 90 years old , the snipe with the broken feathers , and , deeply moved , spencer released it onto his island .
those two snipe now lie in a drawer in te papa’s ‘bird room’ . one was known to be male , and miskelly recently sexed the second bird for the first time . it had been preserved in ethanol for half a century , and no one had checked . it turned out both were male .
one previous attempt was made to hold chatham island snipe in captivity in 1988 , but all eight adult birds caught were lost due to stress and aspergillosis . however a number of factors have changed in the last 10 years that should increase the likelihood of successfully maintaining and breeding snipes in captivity . they include :
a couple of tiny islands off the coast of stewart island , barely specks on a map , were the final refuges of the mainland snipe . naturalists reported finding them at the start of the 20th century on two ‘tītī’ islands frequented by muttonbirders—pukeokaoka , or jacky lee island , and taukihepa , or big south cape island .
pera - leask recites a karakia to welcome the birds to their new home ( see opposite ) . one by one , the boxes are opened , and the snipe make a dash for freedom . they are now free to colonise the whole of whenua hou , an island more than four times the size of their homeland .
the exceptional reproductive habits of the great snipe ( lekking behaviour ) have made it an easy prey for hunters , which can certainly be regarded as another important factor in its extermination . this problem was noted already in 1882 by the renowned polish zoologist władysław taczanowski , who wrote in his book
the birds of our country
:
far to the north , in an underground room below te papa in wellington , terrestrial vertebrates curator colin miskelly opens the cupboard containing the museum’s collection of new zealand snipe . an array of drawers holds the taxidermied bodies known in museum parlance as ‘study skins’—wings tucked in , beaks stretched forward , ancient labels tied with string around crumpled claws .
higgins , p . j . ; & davies , s . j . j . f . ( eds ) . ( 1996 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume 3 : snipe to pigeons . melbourne : oxford university press . pp . â 54â
66 . isbnâ 0 - 19 - 553070 - 5 . â
“unless you’re a pretty keen bird - nerdy conservationist you’ve probably never heard of a snipe , and that’s because it’s so hard to see one . it’s out of sight , out of mind . the only place you can see any of our new zealand snipes is on enderby island in the auckland islands . you have to sign up on a two - week trip to get there , and it’s not cheap .
snipe are not one of the stars of new zealand’s pantheon of threatened birds . small , speckled brown , with a long probing beak like a kiwi , they look like a wading bird that’s gone bush . their eyes seem set too far back in their heads , giving them a dopey expression . perfect rat - bait , they’ve long been gone from the mainland , and most new zealanders have never seen one .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs mainly between november and march . the laying on the snares islands coincides with the annual peak of prey abundance , often between late november and early february . the courting pair chooses the nest - site , and the nest depends on the site . it can be built in fern clump ( polystichum vestitum ) . it is sheltered above by the fern trunk and on the sides by the dead hanging fronds . the nest is made with plant debris found close to the nest - site . fern fragments , tree leaves and pieces of bark are used . the nest is cup - shaped and is often protected from above by dense vegetation .
the adult has darker plumage than the other new zealand snipe species . it has compact body , and relatively short bill and legs . on the upperparts , the colour is very cryptic , mainly brown with bars , stripes and spots , ranging from creamy - white to blackish . the uppertail is heavily barred . the outer tail feathers are typically narrow and stiffened . this physical feature produces the characteristic whirring sound during the nocturnal flight displays .
snipe rarely fly during the day , and nest at ground level , meaning they are extremely vulnerable to introduced mammals . defences that evolved to deal with birds of prey don’t work on a predator with a good nose . “they just crouch and hope you’ll go away , ” says colin miskelly . “if people can catch them with hand nets , any predator is going to find the nest , eat the chicks , and probably pounce on the adults as well . ”
ros cole carries the snipe to their new home on whenua hou , watched over by a pouwhenua , hinekete . carved by the late bluff kaumatua harold ashwell , hinekete is a tribute to the ngāi tahu women who formed the first settlement on the island in the 1820s , alongside their european sealer husbands . one of those women was estelle pera - leask’s great - great - great - great grandmother . “many ngāi tahu families descend from those women , ” she says .
âanother nest placed also in the shelter of a low manuka cushion showed more care in construction ; on granite grit and sand thickly littered with dracophyllum needles , it was piled a couple of inches high with moss , softest lichen and minutest lengths of frayed lissom manuka twiglets . of this nest the eggs , also two in number and also large in proportion to the size of the snipe , were greeny brown in hue with dark spottings and blotches evenly distributed over the whole surface . â
great snipes are not being hunted in our country anymore ( which was unfortunately not abandoned in russia ) . the unusual reproductive system and the status of a
rarity
of the great snipe attracts , however , a new type of
hunters
equipped in cameras , binoculars and telescopes , who often crave to see this exceptional bird by all means . certainly their motivation is very different from the typical hunters , nevertheless accidental and unintentional startling of the bird may , when occurring on a large scale , lead to a decline in number of leks .
the female lays 2 large , very pale brown eggs with dark spots and blotches . the large size of the eggs ( 44 x 32 millimetres ) might indicate poor food resources on the snares islands during the breeding season . both sexes incubate , the male mostly at night , white the female is foraging and recovering after the laying . at hatching , the chicks are covered with blackish - brown down overall and have short black bill . the male cares for the first chick leaving the nest , while the female tends the second one . the chicks are precocial and leave the nest soon after hatching . the parents tend them for 8 - 11 weeks . the pair “adult - chick” is independent from the other , and if the adult loses its chick , it will attempt to breed again with a new mate . but the first two mates usually breed together during the next breeding season .
the south island snipe is extinct . its prehistoric distribution comprised the south island and stewart island , including some smaller islands off stewart island . it became extinct on both south island and stewart island following the occupation of new zealand by polynesians ( the ancestors of the mäori people ) and the associated introduction of pacific rats ( rattus exulans ) . it survived on at least nine small islands until the late 19th and 20th centuries but was progressively extirpated on them following introductions of rats and other exotic predators , as well as weka , with the last records coming from big south cape and pukaweka islands in the early 1960s .
eutrophisation is a process of ecosystem enrichment in nutrients ( biogenic elements – nitrogen and phosphorus ) , which leads to a trophic rise , that is an increase in the habitat ' s fertility . it results in a faster development of vegetation that is followed by an accelerated succession and fast overgrowth of open habitats . in the case of the great snipe ' s biotopes an increased eutrophisation is in the first place caused by the destruction of the natural hydrological equilibria in river valleys ( overdrainage , shortening of spring floods ) and by the influx of biogenic elements from the river ' s drainage area ( chemical and natural fertilizers , communal sewage ) .
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buller , walter lawry , birds of new zealand , 1888 . ibis , 1893 .
heather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . oliver , w . r . b . , new zealand birds , 1955 .
closely related to c . pusilla , with which sometimes considered conspecific , especially in past ; until recently , considered conspecific with † c . iredalei and c . aucklandica , but differs from latter in extensive dense barring across lower breast and flanks and sometimes most of belly ( 3 ) ; much weaker , paler brown markings on upperparts with much narrower buff fringes , producing much finer and far less blotchy streaking ( 2 ) ; and much more densely barred uppertail ( 2 ) . monotypic .
20–23 cm ; 89–131 g ; wingspan 30–35 cm . small , plump , brown wader , with extensive and dense barring across lower breast , flanks and , sometimes , most of belly ; upperparts . . .
male has loud territorial call that comprises a series of vibrant monosyllabic notes that build . . .
takes soil - dwelling invertebrates , especially earthworms , amphipods , adult beetles , and larvae and pupae of beetles and flies , mainly by . . .
lays early nov to early apr , with peak hatching in feb . monogamous ( 95 % ) , sometimes polygynous . solitary in territory ; nests at relatively . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . population increasing in large part due to translocations and is currently thought to number between 1000 and . . .
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voice ( adult male ) : a strident chup chup chup sometimes building to a loud queeyoo queeyoo queeyoo .
baker , a . j . ; miskelly , c . m . ; haddrath , o . 2010 . species limits and population differentiation in new zealand snipes ( scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) . conservation genetics 11 : 1363 - 1374 .
miskelly , c . m . ; walker , k . j . ; elliott , g . p . 2006 . breeding ecology of three subantarctic snipes ( genus coenocorypha ) . notornis 53 : 361 - 374 .
this species has been extirpated from most of its historic range by introduced mammalian predators , to which it is highly susceptible . declines have ceased as it is now confined to a few predator - free subantarctic islands where it is relatively secure within a very small range . owing to the small number of locations that support the species and the small total population , it is considered near threatened .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coenocorypha huegeli . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
coenocorypha aucklandica , c . huegeli , c . barrierensis and c . iredalei ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as c . aucklandica following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
20 - 23 cm . small , plump variegated brown wader . bill brown and slightly drooping , 4 . 5 cm . this species has extensive dense barring across the lower breast , flanks and , sometimes , most of the belly . the upperparts are finely barred giving an overall uniform impression . also the uppertail is densely barred .