the alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) is a species of clupeid fish endemic to the united states where it breeds in medium to large flowing rivers from the mississippi river drainage to the suwannee river , florida , as well as some gulf coast drainages .

the biology and status of this fish is little known but it has become increasingly rare .

the international union for conservation of nature has rated it " data deficient " and the united states national marine fisheries service has listed it as a species of concern .

reasons for its decline are thought mainly to be because of the many locks and dams blocking access for the fish to up-river spawning grounds .

alabama shad

biology of the alabama shad in northwest florida ( florida . dept . of natural resources . technical series )
the encyclopedia of alabama tm © 2018 . alabama humanities foundation . all rights reserved . a service of auburn university outreach .
today , the largest remaining population of the alabama shad is in florida’s apalachicola river system below the jim woodruff lock and dam at the georgia border ( see map ) . outside of florida , spawning populations of alabama shad are thought to persist in the following systems :
the decline in the population of alabama shad began with overfishing in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . other human - related threats began to disturb the shad ' s life cycle as the twentieth century progressed . particularly damaging was poor water quality due to commercial and navigational dredging ( digging up the bottom ) of the sand bars that the shad use for spawning . however , the greatest cause of decline in the alabama shad population in alabama is the series of dams built in the alabama and tombigbee rivers . these dams block the fish from their travels to spawn in the mobile basin , the region where the two rivers drain in alabama .
biology of the alabama shad in northwest florida ( florida . dept . of natural resources . technical series ) : urltoken james g mills : books
the alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) is found in alabama in the rivers systems of the southern half of the state . it is listed as a species of special concern by the national marine fisheries service because many of its inland spawning routes have been blocked by high - lift locks and dams . alabama shad still spawn in sections of the choctawhatchee and conecuh rivers .
a member of the clupeidae fish family , alabama shad are anadromous , meaning adults live in salt water but migrate upstream into freshwater rivers to spawn .
barkuloo , j . m . 1993 . systematic and population status of alabama shad in rivers tributary to the gulf of mexico . panama city , florida , 1993 .
2007 , pascagoula river symposium , 5th annual meeting , april 13 , oral presentation : growth differences in relation to flow variation between years of alabama shad and skipjack herring .
alabama shad travel in schools . in the winter and spring , when the water temperatures are cool , the shad travel up rivers and streams to spawn . they prefer to spawn over sand , gravel , or rocky surfaces in a moderate current . the male and female will leave the area after the spawning is complete . the young remain in the stream for several months . the alabama shad ' s life span is about six years .
mettee , m . f . , p . e . o ' neil , and t . e . shepard . 1995 . status survey of gulf sturgeon acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi and alabama shad alosa alabamae in the choctawhatchee , conecuh , and alabama river systems , 1992 - 95 . geological survey of alabama open - file report . 30 pp .
mills , j . g . 1972 . biology of the alabama shad in northwest florida . state of florida department of natural resources , technical series no . 68 . 24 pp .
2004 , mississippi american fisheries society , 30th annual meeting , feb . 16 - 18 , jackson , mississippi . oral presentation : prospectus presentation on master work involving the alabama shad .
2006 - 2007 , fish america foundation , life history of the alabama shad within the pascagoula river drainage , mississippi , $ 12 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . susan adams .
2004 , mississippi academy of sciences , sixty - eighth annual meeting , february 19 - 20 , biloxi , mississippi . oral presentation : prospectus presentation on master work involving the alabama shad .
2004 , graduate student symposium , 20th annual meeting , april 13 - 15 , hattiesburg , mississippi . oral presentation : habitat use design for studying the alabama shad within the pascagoula river .
during the last several decades , the alabama shad ' s range and population have significantly declined due in large part to the construction of dams , which block annual runs upstream to historic spawning grounds .
2006 , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 85th annual meeting , july 14 - 21 . oral presentation : habitat and daily age of the juvenile alabama shad within the pascagoula basin , mississippi .
2005 , florida american fisheries society , 22nd annual meeting , feb . 22 - 24 , ocala , florida . oral presentation : habitat and lifestage use of the alabama shad within the pascagoula basin .
2007 - 2008 , mississippi department of wildlife , fisheries and parks , life history and population genetics of the alabama shad within mississippi , $ 16 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .
the fisheries service listed the alabama shad as a candidate for protection under the act in 1997 — a status that confers no actual safeguards . the center petitioned the agency to protect the shad in 2010 . in 2011 the service found that listing the shad was not warranted , but after the center challenged that determination , the service issued a new 90 - day finding in 2013 , determining that protection may be warranted .
mirarchi , r . e . , j . t . garner , m . f . mettee , and p . e . o ' neil . 2004b . alabama wildlife . volume 2 . imperiled aquatic mollusks and fishes . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . xii + 255 pp .
2005 - 2007 , national oceanic and atmospheric administration , status and viability of alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) in the pascagoula river drainage , $ 18 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .
the alabama shad was once abundant enough to support commercial fisheries in alabama , arkansas , kentucky , indiana and iowa . it is now rarely found in its historic habitat , which has been fragmented and degraded by dams , dredging and pollution . a number of states and scientific organizations have already recognized its precarious status .
recovery programs for the alabama shad are not yet underway , and the fish was not listed under the endangered species act as of the early 2000s , despite its endangered status on the international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources ( iucn ) red list . however , the u . s . fish and wildlife service was creating a status report on the alabama shad , hoping to begin action to protect the species .
a primary management need is the creation of fishways so that shad can migrate through or around locks and dams .
* 2005 , mississippi american fisheries society , 31st annual meeting , march 16 - 18 , philadelphia , mississippi . oral presentation : habitat and lifestage use of the alabama shad within the pascagoula basin . awarded best talk .
“even though the alabama shad is now only found in a fraction of the rivers it used to live in , it’s not too late to recover this oceangoing fish in its historic southeast habitat , ” said jaclyn lopez , the center’s florida director . “endangered species act protection will help guide restoration efforts that will help the shad rebound . ”
mettee , m . f . , p . e . o ' neil , and j . m . pierson . 1996 . fishes of alabama and the mobile basin . oxmoor house , birmingham , alabama . 820 pp .
adams , s . b . bryant bowen , brain kreiser & paul mickle . 2004 : status and viability of alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) in the pascagoula river drainage and rangewide population genetic structure . usda forest service annual report .
2003 - 2004 , national marine fisheries service , graduate student grant for conducting stock assessment of the alabama shad within the pascagoula drainage and rangewide population genetic structure , $ 38 , 782 , principal investigator - dr . brian kreiser . .
designated a species of greatest conservation need in numerous southern states , the alabama shad once supported commerical fisheries in alabama , arkansas , kentucky , indiana and iowa . they were once known to inhabit most gulf coast drainages from the mississippi river to the suwannee river in florida and reach into freshwater systems as far inland as eastern oklahoma , iowa and across to west virgina .
gunning , g . e . , and r . d . suttkus . 1990 . decline of the alabama shad , alosa alabamae , in the pearl river , louisiana - mississippi : 1963 - 1988 . southeastern fishes council proceedings 21 : 3 - 4 .
mickle , p . , j . schaefer , s . adams , and b . kreiser . 2010 . habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa . journal of ecology of freshwater fish , 19 : 107 - 115 .
in spring 2009 , the conservancy worked with the u . s . army corps of engineers and other partners to open the lock gates at claiborne lock and dam and millers ferry lock and dam on the alabama river ( map ) – offering species like striped bass , mullet , paddlefish and alabama shad access to spawning and feeding grounds that had been blocked for nearly 40 years .
distribution and abundance of the alabama shad have greatly diminished over past 20 - 50 years . the species has been eliminated from much of its former inland distribution , especially in the mobile basin and the mississippi river valley ( mel warren , pers . comm . , 1999 ; boschung and mayden 2004 ) . it is now rare or extirpated in much of the former range in alabama ( boschung and mayden 2004 ) ; it may be extirpated from the upper tombigbee , cahaba , coosa , and upper alabama rivers in alabama ( mettee , in mirarchi et al . 2004 ) . as of around 1990 , this shad evidently was still declining in the pearl river system of louisiana and mississippi ( gunning and suttkus 1990 ) . ross ( 2001 ) reported that this species may be extirpated in the pearl river .
mickle , p . f . ; schaefer , j . f . ; adams , s . b . ; kreiser , b . r . 2010 . habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa . ecology of freshwater fish 19 : 107 - 115 .
laurence , g . c . , and r . w . yerger . 1966 . life history studies of the alabama shad , alosa alabamae , in the apalachicola river , florida . proceedings of the 20th annual conference of the southeastern association of game and fish commisioners , pp . 260 - 273 .
welcome to your free , online resource on alabama history , culture , geography , and natural environment . this site offers articles on alabama ' s famous people , historic events , sports , art , literature , industry , government , plant and animal life , agriculture , recreation , and so much more .
mickle , p . , b . bowen , j . schaefer , s . adams and b . kreiser . 2006 . continued assessmentof the status and viability of alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) in the pascagoula river drainage and range - wide population genetic structure . u . s . fish and wildlife service annual report .
in 1997 , nmfs identified the anadromous population in florida and alabama as a candidate for listing under the esa ( federal register , 14 july 1997 ) , though evidently candidate status actually was intended to be applied rangewide . recently ( federal register , 15 april 2004 ) , nmfs listed the alabama shad as a
species of concern
( no longer a candidate species ) ; the area of concern was identified as alabama , florida , and the gulf of mexico ( anadromous populations ) . in 2013 , usfws found this species may warrant listing under the esa and initiated a status review ( federal register , 19 september 2013 ) .
state and federal agencies are working with conservation groups and researchers to restore passage of alabama shad to their historic range upstream of jim woodruff lock and dam in the apalachicola basin . efforts to pass shad through the lock by altering lock operation schedules and providing attractant flows have resulted in the passage of shad through lake seminole and into the chattahoochee and flint river systems in georgia . a population estimate in 2007 suggested that over 1 , 000 shad migrated all the way to albany during that year ( georgia dept . of natural resources 2008 ) . this species is recognized as a species of concern by the national marine fisheries service and is state protected or listed as a species of concern in many u . s . states within its range . research into effective fish passages , restoration of hydrologic regimes , migrations , feeding , bycatch , spawning , rearing , and other habitat needs should be carried out ( meadows , adams and shaefer 2008 ) .
boschung , h . t . , and r . l . mayden . 2004 . fishes of alabama . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . 960 pp .
st . petersburg , fla . — the center for biological diversity and the national marine fisheries service reached a settlement today requiring the agency to determine by june 2016 whether it will protect the alabama shad , a rare and vanishing fish , under the endangered species act . the fisheries service made an initial finding in 2013 that protections may be warranted , but failed to provide protection .
the alabama shad spawns in medium - and large - sized rivers . it can be found in the eastern part of the gulf of mexico , from the mississippi delta east to the choctawhatchee river in florida and also in the cumberland , tennessee , missouri , arkansas , ouachita , and red rivers . the largest existing population occurs in the apalachicola river in northwest florida . the exact population of this species is unknown .
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this spring the conservancy will support researchers from auburn university , alabama department of conservation and natural resources , and other partners to determine how to attract the greatest variety and number of fish possible into these two locks .
latin , alausa = a fish cited by ausonius and latin , halec = pickle , dealing with the greek word hals = salt ; it is also the old saxon name for shad =
alli
; 1591 ( ref . 45335 )
only two known spawning runs exist in the mississippi river system ; additional spawning runs occur in the florida panhandle ( mel warren , pers . comm . , 1999 ) and in southern alabama ( mettee et al . 1996 ) .
evermann , b . w . 1902 . description of a new species of shad ( alosa ohioensis ) with notes on other food - fishes of the ohio river . report of the u . s . fisheries commission ( 1901 ) : 273 - 288 .
@ article { mickle % 2c + p . + f . 2010habitat , title = { habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa } , author = { mickle , p . f . and schaefer , j . f . and adams , s . b . and kreiser , b . r . } , journal = { ecology of freshwater fish 19 : 107 - 115 } , volume = { 19 } , pages = { 107 - - 115 } , year = { 2010 } } citation
“this is a welcomed effort to re - establish the great runs of fish that once swam over 350 miles from the gulf of mexico , through the alabama river to the upland streams of the cahaba , ” said paul freeman , aquatic ecologist with the conservancy .
the fisheries service has one year after receiving a petition to list a species to issue a proposed rule , also known as a 12 - month finding . more than five years have passed since the service received the petition to list the shad , and it’s been more than two years since the agency made its positive 90 - day finding .
the alabama shad spawns ( lays its eggs ) in rivers but spends some part of its life living in the ocean . it is a silvery - green fish that measures about 20 inches ( 51 centimeters ) in adulthood . females are larger than males . it has a distinctive pointed snout with a lower jaw jutting out from inside the mouth . it has 42 to 48 gill rakers , which are bony projections that point forward and inward from the gill raker arches to aid in the fish ' s feeding . ( gill raker arches are bony arches in the throat of fish to which the gill rakers are attached—bony fish usually have four gill arches . )
this fish migrates between its river spawning habitat and marine nonspawning habitat . it enters river mouths from january through march and arrives in the alabama reach of the choctawhatcheee and conecuh rivers in march ( mettee et al . 1996 ) . adults have been found in the mississippi river near keokuk , iowa , from early may to late july ( coker 1930 ) .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . body moderately compressed , belly with distinct keel of scutes . lower jaw steeply rising within mouth ; no teeth present at front of jaws ; upper jaw with a distinct notch . the only other shad of the gulf of mexico has only 20 to 24 gill rakers . closely resembles a . aestivalis and a . pseudoharengus of atlantic coasts , but in them the lower jaw rises very steeply in the mouth ( ref . 188 ) .
upper suwannee ( 03110201 ) , withlacoochee ( 03110203 ) + , little ( 03110204 ) + * , lower suwannee ( 03110205 ) , santa fe ( 03110206 ) , lower ochlockonee ( 03120003 ) , lower chattahoochee ( 03130004 ) , lower flint ( 03130008 ) + , ichawaynochaway ( 03130009 ) + , apalachicola ( 03130011 ) + , chipola ( 03130012 ) + , st . andrew - st . joseph bays ( 03140101 ) , choctawhatchee bay ( 03140102 ) , yellow ( 03140103 ) + , upper choctawhatchee ( 03140201 ) + , pea ( 03140202 ) , lower choctawhatchee ( 03140203 ) + , lower conecuh ( 03140304 ) + , escambia ( 03140305 ) , lower coosa ( 03150107 ) * , upper alabama ( 03150201 ) + * , cahaba ( 03150202 ) + , middle alabama ( 03150203 ) + , lower alabama ( 03150204 ) + , upper tombigbee ( 03160101 ) * , middle tombigbee - lubbub ( 03160106 ) * , lower black warrior ( 03160113 ) , middle tombigbee - chickasaw ( 03160201 ) + , lower tambigbee ( 03160203 ) * , mobile bay ( 03160205 ) , upper chickasawhay ( 03170002 ) * , upper leaf ( 03170004 ) , lower leaf ( 03170005 ) , pascagoula ( 03170006 ) , mississippi coastal ( 03170009 ) , upper pearl ( 03180001 ) , middle pearl - strong ( 03180002 ) + , middle pearl - silver ( 03180003 ) , lower pearl . mississippi ( 03180004 ) + , bogue chitto ( 03180005 ) +
adults appear in spawning rivers january - april in southern coastal sites and are present in the upper mississippi from april to july ( coker 1930 , pflieger 1997 ) . in alabama , adults spawn in april , when water temperatures reach 18 - 20 c , and migrate downstream thereafter ( mettee et al . 1996 ) . young - of - the - year are found in the mississippi river in missouri only between mid - july and early october ( pflieger 1975 , 1997 ) . juveniles stay in fresh water for 6 - 8 months , leave rivers by winter , return to spawn usually when 3 - 4 years old . using otoliths , mettee et al . ( 1996 ) found that males were 1 - 4 years old and females were 2 - 6 years old ; this is 2 - 3 years older than previous determinations that used scale readings .
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robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
forms a geographically disjunct species pair with a . sapidissima ( berry 1964 ) .
limited distribution in gulf of mexico tributaries ; populations are greatly reduced due to blockage of the spawning migration by locks and dams ; habitat has been degraded by siltation and pollutants .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
implied status under the u . s . endangered species act ( usesa ) :
total adult population size is unknown . populations are small ; this species is now very rare in the entire mississippi river basin ( lee et al . 1980 , robison and buchanan 1988 , etnier and starnes 1993 , pflieger 1997 ) .
currently , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size probably are declining , but the rate of decline is unknown .
east baton rouge ( 22033 ) , east feliciana ( 22037 ) , livingston ( 22063 ) , st . helena ( 22091 ) , st . tammany ( 22103 ) * , tangipahoa ( 22105 ) , washington ( 22117 ) *
boone ( 29019 ) , callaway ( 29027 ) , clark ( 29045 ) * , cole ( 29051 ) * , crawford ( 29055 ) , franklin ( 29071 ) , gasconade ( 29073 ) , jefferson ( 29099 ) , maries ( 29125 ) , moniteau ( 29135 ) , osage ( 29151 ) , perry ( 29157 ) , phelps ( 29161 ) , pulaski ( 29169 ) , st . louis ( 29189 ) , warren ( 29219 )
an elongate , silvery fish , 55 - 60 scales in the lateral series ; 15 - 17 rays in dorsal fin , 18 - 19 rays in anal fin ; dorsum greenish blue ; fins generally clear , with slightly darker margin on dorsal and caudal fins ; adults are 30 - 46 cm ( mettee et al . 1996 ) .
this is an anadromous fish ; adults live in saltwater and migrate into medium to large coastal rivers to spawn . mettee et al . ( 1996 ) stated that actual spawning has not been observed but probably occurs in open , flowing water over sand bars in late afternoon or at night . in northwestern florida , spawning occurs at 19 - 22 c in moderate current over coarse sand and gravel ( laurence and yerger 1966 , mills 1972 ) . in missouri , young were captured in swift water about rock wing dikes in the osage river and over rocky shoals having noticeable current in the gasconade river .
spawning adults do not feed while in freshwater . adults not in spawning condition eat aquatic insects , crustaceans , small fishes , and vegetation . juveniles eat small fishes and aquatic insects in rivers before emigrating to sea ( laurence and yerger 1966 ) .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat . for anadromous populations , occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults , redds , other evidence of spawning , or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning / rearing habitat .
dam lacking a suitable fishway ; high waterfall ; upland habitat that is very unlikely to be submerged even during periods of exceptionally high water ( e . g . , 100 - year flood or 1 % flood ) .
for anadromous populations and migratory populations that have distinct and separate spawning and nonspawning areas , the area used by each population whose spawning area is separated by a gap of at least 10 stream - km from other spawning areas within a stream system is potentially mappable as a distinct occurrence that extends down to the ocean ( but see mapping guidance ) , regardless of whether the spawning areas are in the same or different tributaries . for other ( e . g . , nonanadromous ) populations in streams , separation distance is 10 stream - km for both suitable and unsuitable habitat . however , if it is known that the same population occupies sites separated by more than 10 km ( e . g . , this may be common for migratory , nonanadromous populations ) , those sites should be included within the same occurrence . in lakes , occurrences include all suitable habitat that is presumed to be occupied ( based on expert judgment ) , even if documented collection / observation points are more than 10 km apart . separate sub - occurrences or source features may usefully document locations of critical spawning areas within a lake .
this specs group comprises fish species that include anadromous populations ( may also include nonanadromous populations ) , such as lampreys , sturgeons , herrings , shads , salmonids , and smelts . criteria for marine occurrences ( location use class : marine ) have not yet been established . these may not be needed for marine occurrences of species that likely will be dealt with as mixed element assemblages ( e . g . , salmonid marine concentration area ) . feature descriptor definitions : spawning area : area used for spawning but not for rearing or migration . rearing area : area used for larval / juvenile development but not for spawning or migration . migration corridor : area used for migration but not for rearing or spawning .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
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ross , s . t . , and w . m . brenneman . 1991 . distribution of freshwater fishes in mississippi . freshwater fisheries report no . 108 . d - j project completion report f - 69 . mississippi department of wildlife and freshwater fisheries and parks . jackson , mississippi . 548 pp .
smith , p . w . 1979 . the fishes of illinois . university of illinois press , urbana . 314 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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species of concern are those species about which we have some concerns regarding status and threats , but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the endangered species act ( esa ) . we wish to draw proactive attention and conservation action to these species .
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status does not carry any procedural or substantive protections under the esa .
fact sheets for each species are provided on the links below . note : species of concern can also be
candidate species
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atlantic - cape breton , nova scotia , to st . john ' s river , fl ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , aug 2013 , 78 fr 48943 )
indo - pacific - red sea and east africa to the line islands and samoa ; north to yaeyama , south to the great barrier reef and new caledonia ; paulau , caroline , mariana in micronesia ; in u . s . it occurs in guam , american samoa , cnmi and the pacific remote island areas ( wake islands ) . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , nov 2012 , 77 fr 66799 ) .
indo - pacific - red sea to the tuamotus , north to the ryukyus , east to wake islands , south to new caledonia , throughout micronesia ; includes u . s . territories of guam and american samoa ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , sept 2014 , 79 fr 57875 )
pacific - sitka island , alaska to baja california , mexico . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , dec 2014 , 79 fr 77998 ) .
* nmfs reviewed the status of this species as a result of a petition to list it under the endangered species act . while esa listing was determined to not be warranted , nmfs retained this species on the species of concern list .
the following species were removed from species of concern list because they were either listed under the endangered species act ( esa ) or concerned about their status were removed because of new information and completion of a species of concern status report .
the proactive species conservation grant program supports voluntary conservation efforts designed to conserve marine and anadromous species before listing under the endangered species act ( esa ) becomes necessary . through this grant program , nmfs will provide federal assistance , in the form of grants or cooperative agreements , to support conservation efforts for species it has identified as species of concern ( soc ) .
a list of previously funded projects can be found in the proactive species conservation grants archive .
information on other grant opportunities offered by office of protected resources is also available .
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adams , s . , albanese , b . & weller , r . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) , collen , b . , dewhurst , n . & ram , m . ( sampled red list index coordinating team )
justification : alosa alabamae has been assessed as data deficient . there has been a widespread decline in this species throughout much of its range . it is now thought to be extirpated from much of its former range with large - scale declines in abundance also reported . however , there has been no quantification of the rate of range or population decline . further research is urgently needed within catchments where it is believed to be extirpated . monitoring of remaining subpopulations is also suggested to determine if these to are dramatically declining . this species ' relatively short generation length , suggests that it maybe able to recover from population declines in the absence of threats . further research is urgently needed as this species may in fact qualify for a threatened category .
alosa alabamae is an anadromous species . adults live in saltwater and migrates into medium to large coastal rivers to spawn . mettee et al . ( 1996 ) stated that actual spawning has not been observed but probably occurs in open , flowing water over sand bars in late afternoon or at night . in northwestern florida , spawning occurs at 19–22° c in moderate current over coarse sand and gravel ( laurence and yerger 1966 , mills 1972 ) . in missouri , young have been captured in swift water about rock wing dikes in the osage river and over rocky shoals with a noticeable current in the gasconade river .
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females reach 18 inches in length , while males reach 16 . 5 inches ;
the corps has approved the continuation of the project for at least two more years at both claiborne and millers ferry .
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marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) . subtropical ; 44°n - 24°n , 96°w - 81°w
western central atlantic : gulf of mexico ( northern part , from the mississippi delta eastward to the choctawhatchee river in florida ; also in rivers from iowa to arkansas and across to west virginia ) . status of threat from ref . 11858 .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 51 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; common length : 42 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )
forms schools . ascends rivers and streams to spawn in spring or early summer , the young presumably descending in autumn . marketed mostly fresh .
spawns in freshwater in spring or early summer , ascending rivers and streams , the young presumably descending in autumn .
whitehead , p . j . p . , 1985 . fao species catalogue . vol . 7 . clupeoid fishes of the world ( suborder clupeoidei ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings , sardines , pilchards , sprats , shads , anchovies and wolf - herrings . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 7 / 1 ) : 1 - 303 . rome : fao . ( ref . 188 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00379 - 0 . 01743 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 28 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 4 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .
the center for biological diversity is a national , nonprofit conservation organization with more than 990 , 000 members and online activists dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places .
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author ( s ) : mickle , p . f . ; schaefer , j . f . ; adams , s . b . ; kreiser , b . r . ;
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ph . d . , the university of southern mississippi , hattiesburg , mississippi , fisheries ecology . dissertation : life history and habitat use of juvenile alosa alabamae in northern gulf of mexico drainages . major advisor : dr . jake schaefer .
m . s . , fisheries ecology , the university of southern mississippi , hattiesburg , mississippi , may 2006 . thesis : life stage and habitat use of juvenile alosa alabamae within the pascagoula river basin . major advisor : brian kreiser .
schaefer , j . f . , b . k . kresier , p . mickle , c . champagne and d . duvernell . 2009 . patterns of co - existence and hybridization among two topminnows ( fundulus euryzonus and f . olivaceus ) in a riverine contact zone . in press , ecology of freshwater fish , 18 : 360 - 368 .
matamoros , w . a . , p . mickle , j . schaefer , w . arthurs , j . ikoma , r . ragsdale . 2009 . first record of agonostomus monticola ( family : mugilidae ) in mississippi freshwaters with notes of its distribution in the southern usa . in press , the southeastern naturalist , 8 ( 1 ) : 175 - 178 .
ross , s . t . , w . t . slack , r . j . heise , m . a . dugo , h . rogillio , b . r . bowen , p . f . mickle , r . w . heard . 2009 . estuarine and coastal habitat use of gulf sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi ) in the north - central gulf of mexico . estuaries and coasts , 32 : 360–374 .
bowen , b . r . , b . kreiser , p . f . mickle , j . schaefer , and s . b . adams . 2009 . phylogenetic relationships among north american alosa species ( clupeidae ) . journal of fish biology , 72 : 1188 - 1201 .
schaefer , j . f . , mickle , p . , spaeth , j . , zuber , b . , matamoros , w . , adams , s . , kreiser , b . , vigueira , p . 2006 . effects of hurricane katrina on the fish fauna of the pascagoula drainage . proceedings of the mississippi water resources board , 36 : 62 - 68 .
schaefer , j . s . , mickle , p . s . 2010 . assessment of putative pearl darter populations in the upper pearl river ( final report ) . u . s . fish and wildlife service , no : 401819g540 .
slack , w . t . , m . a . dugo , b . r . kreiser , p . mickle , j . s . peyton , and r . l . jones . 2005 . a survey of upper pascagoula drainage for the pearl darter , percina aurora suttkus and thompson . final project report no . 109 , contract number e - 1 segment 19 .
2009 , environmental protection agency , national streams and rivers assessment , $ 180 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .
2009 - 2010 , mississippi department of wildlife , fisheries and parks , life history and distribution of the pearl darter in mississippi , $ 23 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .
mississippi american fisheries society , 36th annual meeting , feb . 17 - 19 , poster : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .
2009 , southern division of the american fisheries society , 2009 annual meeting , january 15 - 18 . oral presentation : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .
2007 , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 85th annual meeting , july 14 - 21 . poster : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .
2007 , mississippi american fisheries society , 33rd annual meeting , feb . 11 - 14 , poster : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .
* 2006 , mississippi american fisheries society , 32nd annual meeting , feb . 11 - 14 . awarded best talk .
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oulophyllia crispa , sometimes called the intermediate valley coral , is a species of stony coral in the family merulinidae .

it is native to the tropical western and central indo-pacific region .

although this coral has a wide range , it is generally uncommon and seems to be decreasing in abundance , and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being " near threatened " .

oulophyllia crispa

see talk : oulophyllia crispa for individual experiences with this species , oulophyllia crispa . feel free to add your own personal experiences .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - large meandroid brain coral ( oulophyllia crispa )
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oulophyllia crispa is a species of hard coral of the family faviidae . this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
we recently bought a new coral it is a closed brain oulophyllia crispa . the pet store said it was rare and i have done my research on it , and i know what it eats and all . but does anyone else know anything about behavior and killing potential of other corals fish or inverts ? my emerald green crad died recently after placeing new coral in tank . could the coral have klilled him ?
( of meandrina crispa lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome second . paris : verdière , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of maeandrina crispa lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome second . paris : verdière , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
it ' s not rare , i have two oulophylias a crispa and a bennet . it can ' t kill a crab . give it three of our inches of space since it can put out long stingers at night which can harm it ' s neighbors .
( of ulophyllia crispa ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome second . paris : verdière , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of maeandrina crispa lamarck , 1816 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia crispa ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
type locality
indian ocean
( veron , 1986 ) . [ details ]
description this is a submeandroid coral . in the red sea , its colonies are always small , rarely over 20 cm diameter , but are commonly . . .
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
( of ulophyllia aspera quelch , 1886 ) quelch , j . j . 1886 . report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873–79 . zoology 16 ( 3 ) : 1 - 203 , pls . 1 - 12 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia maxima rehberg , 1892 ) rehberg , h . 1892 . neue and wenig bekannte korallen . abhandlungen aus dem gebiete der naturwissenschaften hamburg 12 : 1 - 50 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia stokesiana milne edwards , 1857 ) milne edwards h ( 1857 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2 : 1 - 631 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia bonhourei gravier , 1910 ) gravier c ( 1910 ) sur quelques formes nouvelles de madréporaires de la baie de tadjourah . bulletin du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 16 : 273 - 276 . [ details ]
( of coeloria cooperi gardiner , 1904 ) gardiner j . s . ( 1904 ) . introduction , ii . astraeidae . in : fauna and geography of the maldives and laccadives archipelagoes , cambridge . 2 : 736 - 790 . [ details ]
( of coeloria magna gardiner , 1904 ) gardiner j . s . ( 1904 ) . introduction , ii . astraeidae . in : fauna and geography of the maldives and laccadives archipelagoes , cambridge . 2 : 736 - 790 . [ details ]
( of coeloria gigantea yabe & sugiyama , 1935 ) yabe , h . & t . sugiyama , 1935 . revised lists of the reef corals from the japanese seas and of the fossil reef corals of the raised reefs and the ryûkyû limestone of japan . j . geol . soc . japan 42 502 : 379 - 403 . [ details ]
veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]
veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; ocaña o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; sánchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
huang d , benzoni f , fukami h , knowlton n , smith nd , budd af ( 2014 ) taxonomic classification of the reef coral families merulinidae , montastraeidae , and diploastraeidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 171 : 277–355 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia aspera quelch , 1886 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia stuhlmanni rehberg , 1892 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia stuhlmanni rehberg , 1892 ) rehberg , h . 1892 . neue and wenig bekannte korallen . abhandlungen aus dem gebiete der naturwissenschaften hamburg 12 : 1 - 50 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia maxima rehberg , 1892 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of coeloria gigantea yabe & sugiyama , 1935 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of coeloria magna gardiner , 1904 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia bonhourei gravier , 1910 ) gravier , c . ( 1911 ) . les récifs de coraux et les madréporaires de la baie de tadjourah ( golfe d ' aden ) . annales de l ' institut océanographique de monaco . 2 ( 3 ) , 1 - 101 , pls 1 - 12 . [ details ]
( of coeloria cooperi gardiner , 1904 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia stokesiana milne edwards , 1857 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia cellulosa quelch , 1886 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia cellulosa quelch , 1886 ) quelch , j . j . 1886 . report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873–79 . zoology 16 ( 3 ) : 1 - 203 , pls . 1 - 12 . [ details ]
( of ulophyllia bonhourei gravier , 1910 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1–233 . [ details ]
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in the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the red sea and gulf of aden , southwest indian ocean , northern indian ocean , central indo - pacific , australia , southeast asia , japan and east china sea , and the oceanic west pacific .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
this species occurs in shallow , tropical reef environments . it is found in most reef environments , but especially in lagoons . this is a fairly uncommon coral that appears to prefer reef slopes . colonies may reach several metres in diameter ( wood 1983 ) . this species is found on subtidal rock and rocky reefs . this species is found to 30 m .
all corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species’ range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .
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formation by intramural polystomodaeal budding . series short , discontinuous , separated by single , acute collines . centers indistinct , linked by
veron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson .
veron , j . e . n . , 2000 . corals of the world . volumes 1 - 3 . ? australian institute of marine science , townsville , qld .
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because of the sheer size of our forum , we ' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who ' ve met a couple of criteria . ( if you ' re seeing this message , you haven ' t met them yet . ) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .
i don ' t think this coral is really rare - i have seen these on many online suppliers and in the lfs on a somewhat frequent basis - sometimes misclassified as platygyra or favia species at the lfs . i do not think it is what killed your emerald crab .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tom current tank info : tank of the month , november 2011 : 600gal integrated system : 3 display tanks ( 120 g , 90g , 89g ) , several frag / grow out tanks , macroalgae refugia , cryptic zones . 40 + fish , seahorses , sps , lps , leathers , zoanthidae and non photosynthetic corals .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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information on the large meandroid brain coral is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
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gardiner , j . s . 1904 ,
madreporaria , i introduction , ii astraeidae
, ed . gardiner , j . s . ( ed . ) , fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelagoes , vol . 2 , pp . p . 756 , cambridge university press , cambridge
milne - edwards , h . & haime , j . 1857 , vol . 1 , p . 326 , librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris
veron , j . e . & hudson , r . c . l . 1978 ,
ribbon reefs of the northern region
, philosophical transactions of the royal society of london . series b . biological sciences , vol . 284 , pp . 3 - 21
rehberg , h . 1892 ,
neue und wenig bekannte korallen
, abhandlungen naturwissenschaftliche verein zu hamburg , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 50
gravier , c . 1910 ,
sur quelques formes nouvdles de aladreporaires de la baic de tadjourah
, bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , vol . 16 , pp . 273–276
nemenzo , f . 1959 ,
systematic studies on philippine shallow - water sclcractinians ii suborder faviida
, natural and applied science bulletin , university of the philippines , vol . 16 , pp . 73 - 135
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0a7913c3 - 9903 - 4920 - 8224 - cc08660a348e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8ed2fd9e - e59c - 4e9f - 802a - 3fbef4a6fa12
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d713dc91 - 2bf9 - 4386 - a826 - 1c61f7db0169
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7e8e68b5 - 1cbf - 4837 - b3a6 - e2b52ca236a8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 348225
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nerp te project 2 . 3 - monitoring the health of torres strait coral reefs ( aims )
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( 1976 ) : patterns of oil - sediment rejection in corals . —mar . biol . ,
( 1977 ) : space partitioning by stony corals , soft corals and benthic algae on the coral reefs of the northern gulf of eilat ( red sea ) . —helgoländer wiss . meersunters . ,
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( 1994 ) : the coral fauna of vitigliano : qualitative and quantitative analysis in a back reef environment ( castro limestone , late oligocene , salento peninsula , southern italy ) . —boll . soc . paleontol . italiana ,
( 1994 ) : coral facies across an oligocene fringing reef ( salento peninsula , southern italy ) . —cour . forsch . - inst . senckenberg ,
( eds . ) , red sea - key environments . —22–44 , 11 figs . , london ( pergamon press )
( 1991 ) : reef coral survival and mortality at low temperatures in the arabian gulf : new species - specific lower temperature limits . —coral reefs ,
( 1978 ) : diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs . —science ,
( 1990 ) : paleoecology : concepts and applications . —2nd ed . , 502pp . , new york ( wiley )
( 1982 ) : the distribution of coral communities across the great barrier reef . —coral reefs ,
( 1987 ) : the evolution of reef communities . — 600 pp . , new york ( john wiley & sons )
( 1973 ) : ecological and biological phenomena influencing coral species composition on the reef tables at elat ( gulf of aqaba , red sea ) . —mar . biol . ,
( 1981 ) : oligocene reef coral biofacies of the vicentin , northeast italy . —in :
( ed . ) : european fossil reef models . —soc . econ . paleont . min . , spec . , publ . ,
( 1983 ) : holocene west indian coral reefs : geomorphology , ecology and facies . —facies ,
— ( 1992 ) : modern reef development and cenozoic evolution of an oceanic island / reef complex : isla de providencia ( western caribbean sea , colombia ) . —facies ,
( 1987 ) : corals and coral reefs of the red sea . —in :
( eds . ) : red sea - key environments . —128–151 , 16 figs . , 5 tables , oxford ( pergamon press )
( 1982 ) : reproduction by fragmentation in corals . —mar . ecol . progr . ser . ,
and nummulitidae in the gulf of elat , red sea . —utrecht micropal . bull .
( 1992 ) : coral communities and coral - bivalve associations in the northern red sea at safaga , egypt . — facies ,
( 1972 ) : community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at eilat , red sea . —mar . biol . ,
— ( 1976b ) : settlement , mortality , and recruitment of a red sea scleractinian coral population . —in :
( ed . ) : coelenterate ecology and behaviour . —89–99 , new york ( plenum publishing corp . )
— ( 1976c ) : recolonization of red sea corals affected by natural catastrophies and man - made perturbations . —ecology ,
( eds . ) : coral reefs : research methods . — 197–217 , 10 figs . , paris ( unesco )
( 1971 ) : the coral reefs of eilat ( gulf of eilat , red sea ) . —symp . zool . soc . lond . ,
( 1977 ) : hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in caribbean and red sea coral reefs . —proc . 3rd int . coral reef symp . , miami , florida , 119–125 , 1 figs . , 1 table , miami
( 1974 ) : morphologie , ökologie und zonierung von korallenriffen bei aquaba ( golf von aqaba , rotes meer ) . —helgoländer wiss . meeresunters . ,
— & — ( 1981 ) : quantitative analyse der korallenbesiedlung eines vorriffareals bei aqaba ( golf von aqaba , rotes meer ) . —helgoländer wiss . meeresunters . ,
— & — ( 1985 ) : quantitative analyse von korallengemeinschaften des sanganeb - atolls ( mittleres rotes meer ) . i . die besiedlungsstruktur hydrodynamisch unterschiedlich exponierter außen - und innenriffe . —helgoländer . wiss . meeresunters . ,
montaggioni , l . f . , behairy , a . k . a . , el - sayed , m . k .
( 1986 ) : the modern reef complex , jeddah area , red sea : a facies model for carbonate sedimentation on embryonic passive margins . —coral reefs ,
( 1992 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . iii . distribution of echinoids . —beitr . paläont . österr . ,
( 1984 ) : environmental influence on growth form in some massive tabulate corals from the hamilton group ( middle devonian ) of new york state . —paleontogr . americana ,
( 1995 ) : quantitative approaches to paleozonation and paleobathymetry of corals and coralline algae in cenozoic reefs . —in :
( eds . ) : marine paleoenvironmental analysis from fossils . —geol . soc . spec . publ . ,
( 1970 ) : on r - and k - selection . —am . nat . ,
( 1994 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . iv . thin section analysis . —beitr . paläont . ,
( 1989 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . i . topography and bottom facies . —beitr . paläont . österr . ,
( 1990 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . ii . sediment analyses and sedimentary facies . —beitr . paläont . österr . ,
( 1984 ) : the gulf of aqaba . ecological micropaleontology . —viii + 354 pp . , berlin , ( springer )
( 1989 ) : gesellschaftsstruktur von steinkorallen ( scleractinia ) an riffen des nördlichen roten meeres . — unpubl . diplomarbeit , universität wien , 120 pp . , wien
oken 1816 ( scleractinia : astrocoeniina : acroporidae ) in south - east africa . —zool . j . linn . soc . ,
— ( 1995b ) : effects of sand deposition on scleractinian and alcyonacean corals . —marine biology ,
( 1994 ) : the structure of coral communities at hurghada in the northern red sea . —pszni marine ecology ,
( 1995 ) : effects of sediment on the energy budgets of four scleractinian ( bourne 1900 ) and five alcyonacean ( lamouroux 1816 ) corals . —j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . ,
( 1995 ) : tissue damage in scleractinian and alcyonacean corals due to experimental exposure to sedimentation . —beitr . paläont . ,
( 1971 ) : principal features of reef coral ecology in shallow water environments of mahé , seychelles . —in :
( eds . ) : regional variation in indian ocean coral reefs . —symp . zool . soc . lond . ,
— ( 1975 ) : the distribution of reef corals . —rep . underwat . ass . , ( n . s . )
— ( 1977 ) : the depth distribution of recent hermatypic corals and its paleontological significance . —mem . bur . rech . geol . minieres ,
( 1981 ) : the tropical high diversity enigma—the coral’s eye of view . —in :
( eds . ) : chance , change and challenge . the evolving biosphere . —brit . mus . ( nat . hist . ) and cambridge univ . press , 103–129 , london
( 1984 ) : a report on the stony corals of the red sea . —zoologica ,
( 1985 ) : quantitative analyse von korallengemeinschaften des sanganeb atolls ( mittleres rotes meer ) . ii . vergleich mit einem riffarael bei aqaba ( nördliches rotes meer ) am nordrande des indopazifischen riffgürtels . —helgoländer wiss . meeresunters . ,
( 1991 ) : corals and coral communities of arabia . —fauna of saudi arabia ,
( 1992 ) : marine ecology of the arabian region . —347 pp . , london ( academic press )
( 1986 ) : the cnidom : an index of aggresive proficiency in scleractinian corals . —coral reefs ,
( 1986 ) : corals of australia and the indo - pacific . —633 pp . , north ryde ( angus & robertson )
( 1976 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 1 . families thamnasteriidae , astrocoendiidae , pocilloporidae . —aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,
( 1979 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 3 . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophyliidae . —aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,
( 1982 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 4 . family poritidae . —aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,
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( 1977 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 2 . families faviidae , trachyphyllidae . —aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,
( 1984 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 5 . family acroporidae . —aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,
original russian text © yu . ya . latypov , 2009 , published in biologiya morya .
latypov , yu . ya . , reef - building corals and reefs of vietnam . 1 . the gulf of siam ,
gardiner , j . s . , the reefs of the western indian ocean : i . chagos archipelago : ii . the mascarene region ,
loya , y . , and slobodkin , l . b . , the coral reefs of eilat ( gulf of eilat , red sea ) ,
pillai , c . s . g . , vine , p . j . , and scheer , g . , bericht über eine korallensammlung von den seychellen ,
selin , n . i . , latypov , y . y . , malyutin , a . n . , and bolshakova , l . n . , species composition and abundance of corals and other invertebrates on the reefs of the seychelles islands ,
turner , j . , klaus , r . , and engelhardt , u . , the reefs of the granitic islands of the seychelles , coral reef degradation in the indian ocean : status reports and project presentations 2000 ,
veron , j . e . n . and hodgson , g . , annotated checklist of the hermatypic corals of the philippines ,
veron , j . e . n . and hudson , r . c . l . , ribbon reefs of the northern region ,
veron , j . e . n . and marsh , l . m . , records and annotated checklist of the hermatypic corals of western australia ,
vo , s . t . and hodgson , g . , coral reefs of vietnam : recruitment limitation and physical forcing ,
wijsman - best , m . , faure , g . , and pichon , m . , contribution to the knowledge of the stony corals from the seychelles and eastern africa ,
latypov , y . y . russ j mar biol ( 2009 ) 35 : 454 . urltoken
turbinaria stellulata , commonly known as disc coral , is a species of colonial stony coral in the family dendrophylliidae . it is native to the indo - pacific region . the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being
vulnerable
.
turbinaria stellulata tends to be submassive with encrusting margins and does not produce vertical structures to any extent . the corallites are about 2 mm ( 0 . 08 in ) in diameter and have thick walls . this coral is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues . it is usually some shade of brown or green , but other colours sometimes occur , depending on which species of symbiont is present . colonies are dome - shaped and grow to a diameter of about 50 cm ( 20 in ) .
turbinaria stellulata occurs in the indo - pacific region . its range extends from the red sea and madagascar to tropical australia , southern japan and the south china sea . it occurs on upper reef slopes at depths from 2 to 15 metres ( 6 to 50 ft ) , and unlike other corals in its genus turbinaria , it seems to avoid turbid water .
as a zooxanthellate coral , turbinaria stellulata gets part of its nutritional needs from the photosynthetic symbionts in its tissues , but also extends its polyps to feed , mostly at night . colonies are either male or female and are broadcast spawners . all the colonies in an area liberate their eggs and sperm into the sea in a spawning event which is synchronised with the phases of the moon . the planula larvae that develop form part of the plankton and eventually settle in a suitable location on the seabed .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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closely related symbiodinium spp . differ in relative dominance in coral reef host communities across environmental , latitudinal and biogeographic gradients
marine ecology progress series 284 : 147 - 161 . doi : 10 . 3354 / meps284147
about closely related symbiodinium spp . differ in relative dominance in coral reef host communities across environmental , latitudinal and biogeographic gradients
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information about the body shape , skeletal characteristics , how it appears , colouring etc .
any species that look similar to this one , that may be mixed up .
something about what size the it grows to in the wild , plus in captivity .
notes about what they do , how they inteact with others , different species etc .
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link to online magazine articles dealing with this species , genus , or family .
this page was last modified on 2 march 2007 , at 07 : 58 .
primary resource : la jeunesse , t . c . , pettay , d . t . , sampayo , e . m . , phongsuwan , n . , brown , b . , obura , d . o . , hoegh guldberg , o . , fitt , w . k . ( 2010 ) long - standing environmental conditions , geographic isolation and host - symbiont specificity influence the relative ecological dominance and genetic diversification of coral endosymbionts in the genus symbiodinium . journal of biogeography 37 , 785 - 800
secondary resource : franklin , e . c . , stat , m . , pochon , x . , putnam , h . m . , gates , r . d . ( 2011 ) geosymbio : a hybrid , cloud - based web application of global geospatial bioinformatics and ecoinformatics for symbiodinium - host symbioses . molecular ecology resources 12 , 369 - 373
primary resource : darling , e . s . , alvarez filip , l . , oliver , t . a . , mc clanahan , t . r . , côté , i . m . ( 2012 ) evaluating life - history strategies of reef corals from species traits . ecology letters 15 , 1378 - 1386