bursatella leachii , common name the ragged sea hare or shaggy sea hare , is a species of large sea slug or sea hare , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family aplysiidae , the sea hares .

bursatella leachii

bursatella leachii - ap biology exam from : stacy b . , september 26 , 2001
behavior patterns of the aplysiid gastropod bursatella leachii in its natural habitat and in the laboratory .
bursatella leachii from turkey from : m . kazak & l . cavas , november 24 , 2007
behavior patterns of the aplysiid gastropod bursatella leachii in its natural habitat and in the laboratory . - pubmed - ncbi
the following reference provides an interesting account of the larval biology of bursatella leachii plei , a subspecies from the west atlantic . it also has an extensive bibliography on bursatella research .
distinguishing characteristics eales and engel ( 1935 ) reviewed the genus bursatella and considered that there was a single species world - wide , b . leachii , which for convenience they divided into several geographical subspecies . here we do not recognize this sub - division and treat the mediterranean subspecies b . leachii leachii and b . leachii savignyana as synonyms .
upper : b . leachii leachii - coffs harbour region , northern new south wales , australia . december 1990 . photo : bill rudman . lower : b . leachii plei - santa marta bay , colombia , carribean . photo : phanor montoya
dear phanor , your animal is not a sacoglossan . it is bursatella leachii which is a sea hare . some scientists have split this worldwide species into geographic subspecies . if we follow that proposal then your caribbean animal is bursatella leachii plei . bursatella feeds on blue - green algae and the filamentous algal film found on sand , mud and hard surfaces .
( of bursatella leachii lacinulata gould , 1852 ) rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bursatella leachii africana ( engel , 1926 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bursatella leachii rosea ( engel , 1926 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bursatella leachii lacinulata gould , 1852 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of bursatella leachii africana ( engel , 1926 ) ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of bursatella leachii rosea ( engel , 1926 ) ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
search for ' bursatella leachii ' returned 8 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]
good morning , i´m working on bursatella leachii and , as you said , some authors have divided the world population of it into geographic subspecies . i´d like to know if there are papers that make the comparison between them and if you could tell me the name of all known b . leachii subspecies .
thanks for these photos of bursatella leachii from the caribbean . as i have mentioned before , it seems that caribbean animals lack the blue or greeen ' eyespots ' so characteristic of the species elsewhere in the world .
reference : • paige , ja . ( 1988 ) . biology , metamorphosis and postlarval development of bursatella leachii plei rang ( gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) . bulletin of marine science , 42 ( 1 ) : 65 - 75 .
dear jan , from your description of its ' trendrils ' and the purple liquid , i would guess your animal is bursatella leachii . if you have a look at the other messages on the bursatella leachii page you will find some photos of it from various parts of the world . in fact i am posting a message today from eastern australia of an animal squirting out its purple ink . have a look at the sea hares page for lots more information on this group of sea slugs . if your animal is bursatella then its washng ashore with sargassum is a coincidence .
( of notarchus leachii cirrosus stimpson , 1855 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
dear bill , this specimen of bursatella leachii was recently found at a relatively quiet harbor , is so far i only had saw this species in this area , and was keep at home for three days then let it back to free in water .
a scientist working with bursatella leachii , a sea slug that lives in an intertiday habitat in the coastal waters of puerto rico , gathered the following information about tthe distribution of the sea slugs within a ten - meter square plot over a 10 day period .
rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bursatella lacinulata gould , 1852 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of aplysia bursatella rang , 1834 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
dear valda , these are bursatella leachii , a very ' hairy ' sea hare - if you will pardon the pun . they are quite variable in colour and some have more obvious blue ' eye spots ' than others . there are other species with similar eyespots , the most common of which is stylocheilus striatus , which is much smaller in size . howevere i am pretty sure your ' juvenile ' is a juvenile . b . leachii because the parapodial flaps seem to be almost completely fused , which is characteristic of bursatella , but not of stylocheilus .
dear josephine , congratulations on finding the sea slug forum . have a look at the bursatella leachii page where there is plenty of information on this animal . also have a look at the many messages which are attached at the bottom of the page for a lot more information on bursatella from many parts of the world . [ if you click on any underlined word you will move to a page on that topic ] .
you may not realise the forum is much more than just the messages . there are plenty of places where you can ' lookup ' information . firstly , have a look at the page on bursatella leachii , and all the other messages on that page . secondly , bursatella is a sea hare so have a look at the ' sea hare ' topics listed in the general topics list which should be of interest to you .
hello , my name is dana rygwelski . for my ap biology class we are currently working in the ecology unit , we were assigned to look up about a specific type of sea slug . if you could please help me out by sending me information on bursatella leachii it would be greatly appreciated .
( of notarchus ( bursatella ) leachii ( blainville , 1817 ) ) lin , g . & tchang , s . 1965 . opisthobranchia from the inter - tidal zone of hainan island , china . oceanologia et limnologia sinica 7 ( 1 ) : 1 - 20 , pls . 1 - 3 . [ details ]
delivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) ( from synonym bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym aclesia africana engel , 1926 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym notarchus ( bursatella ) leachii ( blainville , 1817 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 6 nucleotides ; 4 proteins ) to pesi to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis
dear augusto , i would be interested to know what research you are doing and where . concerning the subspecies of b . leachii , eales & engel ( 1925 ) reviewed bursatella worldwide and concluded there was only one species . they thought it would be convenient to recognise six subspecies but could give no clear definitions of each subspecies except to suggest geographic regions .
eales , n . b . & engel , h . ( 1935 ) the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society , 21 : 279 - 303 .
braga , tiago rodrigues , maria joão pereira , hugo varela , joão barreira , luísa gonzález - wangüemert , mercedes and custódio , luísa 2017 . bursatella leachii from mar menor as a source of bioactive molecules : preliminary evaluation of the nutritional profile , in vitro biological activities , and fatty acids contents . journal of aquatic food product technology , vol . 26 , issue . 10 , p . 1337 .
there is quite a lot of information on this page about bursatella . have a at the top of this page above your message , and below your message for earlier correspondence .
hi i am from new zealand and i need to find out wot eats the sea hare bursatella leachii for a project at school . i need to write wot they eat and wot eats them i know wot they eat but i don ' t now wot eats them . the lady at the library told me there was no such thing as a sea hare so i don ' t no where else to go
dear dr . rudman , i came to this web site looking for info on the sea slug bursatella leachii because it is an essay question for the 1997 a . p . biology exam . i saw messages from students that said they were
studying
this organism . hmm . . . you mean trying to answer this a . p . bio exam question ? anyway - here is the entire question .
eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
bebbington , a . ( 1969 ) bursatella leachi guineensis subsp . nov . ( gastropoda , opisthobranchia ) from ghana . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 38 : 323 - 341 .
( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aclesia glauca cheeseman , 1879 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of aclesia africana engel , 1926 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of ramosaclesia rex allan , 1932 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of notarchus brevipes hägg , 1904 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of aclesia ocelligera bergh , 1902 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of notarchus intrapictus cockerell , 1893 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of aclesia rosea engel , 1926 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of notarchus villosus o ' donoghue , 1929 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of notarchus laciniatus rüppell & leuckart , 1830 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
dear richard , thanks for the background on the life history of bursatella in the auckland region . as you will see from john buckeridge ' s message a couple of days ago , the media appear to have unfortunately misinterpreted the information they were provided with .
it looks like the regular change in spacing of the bursatella population observed in puerto rico resulted from a cycle of action and inaction , though i don ' t see why it caused them to
crowd
together during inactivity and disperse during periods of activity .
russo g . f . , 1987 . segnalazione di bursatella leachi de blainville , 1817 ( mollusca , opisthobranchia , aplysiomorpha ) per le acque dell ' isola d ' ischia e considerazioni sull ' ecologia della specie . bollettino della societa naturalisti in napoli , 94 : 243 - 253 , fig . 2 , tav . 1 .
blainville h . m . d . de ( 1817 ) . bursatella , p . 138 , in : dictionnaire des sciences naturelles ( f . cuvier , ed . ) , vol . 5 , supplément . levrault , strasbourg & le normant , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 138 [ details ]
i would like some information on bursatella leachii , a sea slug that resides in an intertidal habitat in the coastal waters of puerto rico . a study demonstrated that the individual slugs varied their distances from one another over the course of a day . for example , the average distance between individuals at midnight was 8 . 0 cm . at 4 am it was 8 . 9 cm . at 8 am it was about 44 . 8 cm . at noon , the avg . distance was 174 . 0 cm . the distance was at it ' s highest at 4 pm at 350 . 5 cm . at 8 pm it was 60 . 5 cm . at midnight , the slugs had returned to 8 . 0 cm distances . any ideas on what physiological or environmental variables could cause this distribution pattern ? thank you .
( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of notarchus leachii cirrosus stimpson , 1855 ) tsi , c . y . & ma , s . t . ( 1982 ) . a preliminary checklist of the marine gastropoda and bivalvia ( mollusca ) of hong kong and southern china . in : proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china ( ed . morton , b . ) , vol . 1 , pp431 - 458 . hong kong university press , hong kong . [ details ]
( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of bursatella lacinulata gould , 1852 ) gould a . ( 1852 ) . mollusca and shells [ in ] : united states exploring expeditions , 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . . philadelphia , c . sherman & son : vol . 12 , xv + 510 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 223 - 224 [ details ]
( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
i ' m afraid we don ' t know much about what eats them . if you go to the what eats sea slugs ? page you will find some information on sea hare predators but i don ' t know of any information specifically on bursatella - which only goes to show that there is still a lot in this world that we still don ' t know anything about . let ' s hope we don ' t destroy it before we get a chance to find out . good luck with your project , bill rudman
distribution worldwide : circumtropical . mediterranean : recorded first from palestine ( o ' donoghue and white , 1940 ) ; successively recorded in turkey ( swennen , 1961 ) ; malta ( bebbington , 1970 ) ; israel ( eales , 1970 ) ; sicily ( piani , 1980 ) ; tunisia ( several records from the gulf of gabès since 1982 , enzenross and enzenross , 2001 ) ; italy ( fasulo et al . , 1984 as b . leachii and b . l . savignyana ) ; slovenia ( jaklin and vio , 1989 ) ; greece ( koutsoubas , 1992 ) ; lebanon ( collected by g . bitar and h . zibrowius , identification confirmed by j . templado ) ; sardinia ( collected by a . olita , identification confirmed by j . templado ) .
( of aclesia africana engel , 1926 ) engel h . ( 1926 ) . drei neue arten der gattung aclesia ( rang ) bergh , 1902 . zoologischer anzeiger . 69 : 180 - 187 . [ details ]
( of aclesia rosea engel , 1926 ) engel h . ( 1926 ) . drei neue arten der gattung aclesia ( rang ) bergh , 1902 . zoologischer anzeiger . 69 : 180 - 187 . [ details ]
( of notarchus cirrosus stimpson , 1855 ) stimpson , w . ( 1855 ) . descriptions of some of the new marine invertebrata from the chinese and japanese seas . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia . 7 ( 10 ) : 375 - 384 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 378 [ details ]
( of notarchus laciniatus rüppell & leuckart , 1830 ) rüppell e . & leuckart f . s . ( 1828 - 1830 ) . mollusca [ in ] atlas zu des reise im nordlichen afrika von eduard rüppell . 1 . abth . zoologie . 5 . neue wirbellose thiere des rothen meers . frankfurt , h . l . brönner pp . 1 - 22 , pl . 1 - 12 [ 1828 ] , pp . 23 - 47 [ probably 1830 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 24 - 25 , plate 7 , figures 2 a - c [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ; marchini , a . ; cantone , g . ; castelli , a . ; chimenz , c . ; cormaci , m . ; froglia , c . ; furnari , g . ; gambi , m . c . ; giaccone , g . ; giangrande , a . ; gravili , c . ; mastrototaro , f . ; mazziotti , c . ; orsi - relini , l . ; piraino , s . ( 2010 ) . alien species along the italian coasts : an overview . biological invasions . 13 ( 1 ) : 215 - 237 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
marchini , a . ; ferrario , j . ; sfriso , a . ; occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ( 2015 ) . current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice , a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea . biological invasions . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
nimbs m . j . , willan r . c . & smith s . d . a . ( 2017 ) . is port stephens , eastern australia , a global hotspot for biodiversity of aplysiidae ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) ? . molluscan research . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 - 65 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aclesia glauca cheeseman , 1879 ) spencer h . g . , willan r . c . , marshall b . a . & murray t . j . ( 2011 ) . checklist of the recent mollusca recorded from the new zealand exclusive economic zone . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aclesia glauca cheeseman , 1879 ) nimbs m . j . , willan r . c . & smith s . d . a . ( 2017 ) . is port stephens , eastern australia , a global hotspot for biodiversity of aplysiidae ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) ? . molluscan research . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 - 65 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ramosaclesia rex allan , 1932 ) nimbs m . j . , willan r . c . & smith s . d . a . ( 2017 ) . is port stephens , eastern australia , a global hotspot for biodiversity of aplysiidae ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) ? . molluscan research . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 - 65 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ong che rg . & morton b . ( 1991 ) . spatial and temporal variations in the subtidal macrobenthic community of tai tam bay , hong kong . in : morton b , editor . asian marine biology 8 . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 193 - 216 . [ details ]
introduced species remark in slovenian part of the adriatic sea ( marine region ) : in october 2007 , 2009 , 2010 & 2011 high densities were recorded with a maximum valu of 50 individuals per sq . m . in lipej et al . 2012 [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in slovenian part of the adriatic sea ( marine region ) : natural dispersal dispersal via the suez canal see lipej et al . 2012 [ details ]
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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found in warm temperate and tropical waters throughout the world . seven or eight geographical subspecies are recognised by some authorities .
you might like to show the lady in the library the sea hares page where there is more general information on sea hares .
locality : muck dive sites on north shore of trinidad , west indies tropical western atlantic . depth : 1 - 6 ft . length : var . , 4 - 7 inches . 26 july to 2 august 2005 . fine sand and rubble , green water . photographer : sherri deaver
sea hares may secrete a purple dye . but don ' t tease them to make them do this . although they can be quite large , they are well camouflaged . watch your step ! sea hares have very specialised diets and should not be kept in home aquariums .
this hirsute sea hare is sometimes seen on our northern shores among seagrasses and seaweeds . sometimes many are seen everywhere , then they are no longer seen for many months . sometimes , they are seen gathered together , densely packed in large numbers , possibly mating ? or simply gathering around a good source of food ?
6 - 12cm . body long , fleshy with a short triangular tail which has white bars . it is covered with lots of flat branching finger - like projections . it has two pairs of tentacles , oral tentacles and rhinophores about the same size ( you have to look carefully among the hairy bits to distinguish the tentacles ) . the parapodia appears to be a hole in the centre of the body , rather than ' wings ' or flaps as in other large sea hares . it may come in different shades of brown , sometimes bluish , sometimes with orangey ' hairs ' , usually with bright blue spots which are ringed in brown . it is usually well camouflaged and blends in perfectly with among seaweeds and seagrasses . like some other sea hares , it produces a purple ink when disturbed .
sea hares swallow large amounts of sand in the process of eating , somewhat like earthworms do .
changi , may 05 two pairs of tubular tentacles short triangular ' tail ' with white bars .
tan yong how jonathan . 31 mar 2016 . congregation of hairy sea hares at changi point . singapore biodiversity records 2016 : 46 - 47
tan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .
debelius , helmut , 2001 . nudibranchs and sea snails : indo - pacific field guide ikan - unterwasserachiv , frankfurt . 321 pp .
wells , fred e . and clayton w . bryce . 2000 . slugs of western australia : a guide to the species from the indian to west pacific oceans . western australian museum . 184 pp .
coleman , neville . 2001 . 1001 nudibranchs : catalogue of indo - pacific sea slugs . neville coleman ' s underwater geographic pty ltd , australia . 144pp .
humann , paul and ned deloach . 2010 . reef creature identification : tropical pacific new world publications . 497pp .
kuiter , rudie h and helmut debelius . 2009 . world atlas of marine fauna . ikan - unterwasserachiv . 723pp .
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this is a restricted item and is not covered by our arrive alive 14 - day guarantee . please see our guarantee policy and restricted species list for mo . . .
specificationsmpnf93 0045 0666manufacturerthat fish placecommon nameblue dot sea harescientific namebursatella leachiioriginindo - pacificaggressiveness . . .
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may be one of the most butt - ugly opisthobranchs known . it has been referred to by many names including the
shaggy dog .
the
webmaster mike found in bali last month should make their mother proud . these two with their bright blue spots are actually quite pretty .
is a circum - tropical species found in every tropical ocean accept the pacific coast of mexico . because of this some biologists feel there are seven or eight geographical subspecies . each of these has very slight differences in color and shape of body ornamentation . subspecies are designated by a third name in their scientific name like -
, the species found in florida and the caribbean . all have the characteristic branched papillae on the body , and bright colored eye - spots scattered over the body . as seen in mike ' s photos
feeds on algae - like , mat - forming cyanobacteria . like other sea hares it lays large bundles or masses of eggs which look like yellow rope . as noted on bill rudman ' s
is one of the sea hares that gives off purple ink when disturbed . on this matter i just have to reprint here one of my favorite bill rudman sea hare stories that can be found on his web site . as bill tells it - -
one interesting silly ' fact ' concerning sea hares . the ancient greeks use to believe that you would die if you touched a sea hare . even the great philosopher aristotle believed it was true because in those times learned people decided what was true by having long learned arguments . the person judged to have the best and wittiest argument was the winner , facts were seldom , if ever , considered necessary . using facts and observations to test ideas about the world around us was seldom considered necessary until the 1600s when ' science ' developed as a method of understanding our world . the lesson from this is that you shouldn ' t believe everything you are told .
another lesson learned from our lowly sea slug friends . have a great day .
actually for my needs ( macro ) , i suspect that the olympus 750 onboard flash could probably handle my lightning requirements if i were able to reflect some of the light into the shadow area created by the barrel of the housing . any idea ' s folks ? ? ? ? i am also thinking about getting a small slave strobe that is tried and true like the ikelite 50s that is backed by the manufacturer that may perhaps meet my limited needs !
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2003 . all rights reserved .
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research support , u . s . gov ' t , p . h . s .
midnight 8 . 0cm 4 am 8 . 9 cm 8 am 44 . 8 cm noon 174 cm 4 pm 350 . 5 cm 8 pm 60 . 5 cm midnight 8 . 0 cm
for the above data , provide information on each of the following * summarize the pattern * identify three physiological or environmental variables that could cause the slugs to vary their distance from each other . * explain how each variable could bring about the observed pattern of distribution .
my thoughts : this might be a circadian rhythm . i cannot see any pattern within the day .
the mechanisms may have something to do with salinity and the rise and fall of the tide . do the slugs have a structure analogous to a pineal gland that might be sensitive to light ( secretion of melatonin ) .
to answer your questions . it ' s unlikely to be a tidal rhythm because the tidal cycle is not based on the day - night cycle . yes aplysiid sea - hares that have been looked at , do have a day - night circadian rhythm . it seems to be associated with the eye which seems to have its own clock with a circadian rhythm of neuronal activity . like many animals , there appears to be an underlying circadian rhythm which is kept
tuned
by the light - dark cycle .
basically i don ' t think its a very good question . best wishes , bill rudman .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 778418c9 - 1dd3 - 4876 - a84f - 81afb0ad410c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e6af7a31 - 04fd - 4da8 - b0eb - 4fcaeb8ce2c2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f4870743 - 9cc9 - 4a5c - 826d - 4823cb0ad254
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a3648259 - f29d - 47ea - a090 - 01ba578fef07
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 496425
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the distribution of the alien gastropod melibe viridis ( kelaart , 1858 ) ( opistobranchia : tethyidae ) i . . .
the distribution of carinaria mediterranea blainville , 1825 ( heteropods ) in the mediterranean shores . . .
first report of the spiny blaasop tylerius spinosissimus ( regan , 1908 ) ( actinopterygii : tetraodontid . . .
length–weight relationships of 14 fish species from the gulf of antalya ( northeastern mediterranean . . .
length - weight relationships ( lwrs ) were determined for 14 fish species from the gulf antalya along the northeastern mediterranean sea coast of turkey . samples were collected using bottom trawl at depths varying from 25 to 150 m . the parameters a and b from the lwr formula w = al ( b ) were estimated . the values of the exponent b of the length - weight relationships ranged from 2 . 513 to 3 . 465 . seven . . . [ show full abstract ]
distribution and first report of parupeneus forsskali fourmanoir & guézé , 1976 from north of cyprus . . .
our family went to the gulf of mexico on perdido key [ florida ] this summer . being from the midwest we had never seen many of the beach creatures before . after bertha hit , much brown seaweed ( ? sargassum ? ) came on shore and along with it a 3 - 5
brown , gelatinous creature with tendrils ( maybe 30 or so ) . the creature seemed to squirt a purple liquid out on the white sandy beach when touched . would this be a type of sea slug ? or a cucumber ? we are such novices to marine life , that we have been unable to locate this in the library or on the web . any help would be appreciated . sorry i don ' t have a picture . jan
however , one other possibility is scyllaea pelagica which lives on sargassum and is often found washed up with the algae . i guess its gills could be the ' tendrils ' you describe , but i doubt that it grows to 5 inches long and as far as i know it doesn ' t produce a purple ink . let me know if either of my ' guesses ' are correct , cheers , bill rudman


cochliopidae is a family of small freshwater snails with gills and an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks .

paludestrina d'orbigny , 1840 is an archaic synonym , and has been placed on the official index of rejected and invalid names by iczn opinion 2202 .

this family is in the superfamily truncatelloidea and in the clade littorinimorpha ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .

cochliopidae

stunting of the penis in heleobia parchappii ( mollusca : cochliopidae ) and its relationship with parasitism .
stunting of the penis in heleobia parchappii ( mollusca : cochliopidae ) and its relationship with parasitism . - pubmed - ncbi
cochliopidae ,
14 genera , 48 species
[ north america ] ( johnson et al . , 2013 ) .
the participation of the cochliopidae as intermediate hosts for digeneans causing dermatitis in humans illustrates the most relevant aspect of this family .
the four basal lineages of cochliopidae ( heleobops carrikeri , heleobia australis , heleobia piscium and tryonia imitator ) correspond to saline or euryhaline taxa .
the family cochliopidae has been reported ( or is assumed ) to occur in fresh waters . this taxon has been reported from north america .
cochliopidae , [ palearctic , nearctic , neotropical , afrotropical ; 246 species worldwide , 50 nearctic species ] ( strong et al . , 2008 ) .
new species and records of springsnails ( caenogastropoda : cochliopidae : tryonia ) from the chihuahuan desert ( mexico and united states ) , an imperiled biodiversity hotspot .
cazzaniga , n . j . 2011 . heleobia stimpson , 1865 : taxonomía . in : cazzaniga , n . j . ed . el género heleobia ( caenogastropoda : cochliopidae ) en américa del sur . amici molluscarum ( número especial ) : 12 - 17 . [ links ]
hershler r , liu h - p , simpson js ( 2015 ) assembly of a micro - hotspot of caenogastropod endemism in the southern nevada desert , with a description of a new species of tryonia ( truncatelloidea , cochliopidae ) . zookeys 492 : 107–122 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 492 . 9246
durante más de 40 años se ha discutido el estatus taxonómico de diversas especies del enigmático género heleobia de la familia cochliopidae ( caenogastropoda : rissooidea ) . como sucede con otras familias de rissooideos , la abundancia de caracteres convergentes y la escasez de sinapomorfías anatómicas han representado un problema para resolver las relaciones filogenéticas de cochliopidae y definir la validez de varias de las especies nominales de esta familia . presentamos aquí una contribución molecular tendiente a resolver el estatus taxonómico de uno de los más abundantes géneros de la porción meridional de sudamérica que incluye varias especies endémicas . nuestra evidencia molecular reconfirma tres de los cuatro grupos de heleobia en los que se han agrupado las especies del género en esta región :
australis
,
parchappii
y
piscium
. el cuarto , el grupo
hatcheri
, no pertenece a heleobia sino a un género diferente que no debería ser considerado como integrante de la familia cochliopidae , sino estrechamente relacionado al género potamolithus pilsbry y rush , 1896 .
this present analysis of the population of h . piscium constitutes the first study on the gametogenic cycle of a species of cochliopidae . both the males and the females within the population displayed a synchronous gametogenic cycle . these results indicate that the h . piscium populations exhibit a continuous reproductive cycle in the absence of any resting period .
our results suggest that heleobia hatcheri and the morphologically similar heleobia sp . should not be included among the family cochliopidae , and that they would be closely - related to the three studied potamolithus species . the latter has two novel and significant implications : i ) the conspicuous group
hatcheri
. traditional component of the cochliopidae from chile ( biese , 1944 ) and argentina ( gaillard & castellanos , 1976 ) , would disappear as part of this family ; ii ) as was recently suggested by wilke et al . ( 2013 ) , the potamolithus genus endemic from south america would not be lithoglyphidae as was proposed originally by davis & pons da silva ( 1984 ) .
ciocco , n . f . 2011 . diversidad , biología y ecología de especies del género heleobia de la provincia malacológica de cuyo , argentina . in : . cazzaniga , n . j ed . . el género heleobia ( caenogastropoda : cochliopidae ) en américa del sur . amici molluscarum ( número especial ) : 20 - 22 . [ links ]
cochliopidae are abundant snails worldwide . however , sequenced taxa from south america are underrepresented , as was pointed out by liu et al . ( 2001 ) discussing biogeography . recent molecular characterization of endemic gastropod fauna from titicaca lake ( kroll et al . , 2012 ) and northern of chile ( collado et al . , 2013 ) appear to be the only available cochliopid information for this subcontinent .
for over 40 years malacologists have been discussing the taxonomical status of heleobia species , an enigmatic genus from cochliopidae family ( caenogastropoda : rissooidea ) . as with other rissooidean families , the considerable character convergence and the paucity of anatomical synapomorphies has proved to be a problem in resolving cochliopid phylogenetic relations and establishing the validity of several nominal cochliopid species . here we present a molecular contribution to solve the taxonomical status of one of the most abundant southern south america cochliopid genera which has many endemic species . we report molecular evidence that supports three of the four heleobia groups described for this region , the
australis
,
parchappii
and
piscium
groups . the fourth , the
hatcheri
group , belongs not to heleobia but to a different genus which itself should not be considered as part of the family cochliopidae but closely related to genus potamolithus pilsbry & rush , 1896 .
penis anatomy is used to discriminate species of gastropods belonging to the family cochliopidae ; however , this characteristic may be affected by the presence of parasites . to evaluate the possible effect of parasites on penis length and number of papillae in heleobia parchappii , 195 males were collected from the nahuel rucá lagoon , argentina . male snails were only infected by trematode digeneans ( total prevalence 45 . 13 % ) . three out of 9 species of digeneans registered showed prevalence values higher than 10 % : microphallus szidati , m . simillimus , and notocotylidae sp . 1 . the penis length of non - parasitized males and those parasitized by m . szidati and m . similimus increased with increased snail length ; however , this increase was lower in infected snails . in the case of snails infected with notocotylidae sp . 1 , no relationship between shell length and penis length was apparent . differences in the life cycles of these 3 digeneans could explain the null or lower penis growth rate in relation to host body growth . in contrast , no change was observed in the number of penial papillae of h . parchappii when these snails were infected by larval digeneans compared to those that were not infected . this indicates that penial papillae may be a more stable characteristic than penis length to discriminate between species within the cochliopidae . the study of penial papillae should be central in the taxonomy and identification of new species within the cochliopidae , as well as in previously described species .
heleobia stimpson , 1865 is a genus within the family cochliopidae tryon , 1866 ( wilke et al . , 2001 ; szarowska , falniowski & steffek , 2011 ) comprising 101 species , of which 90 are found in south america ( hershler & thompson , 1992 ; pons da silva & veitenheimer - mendes , 2004 ; cazzaniga , 2011 ; collado , 2015 ) . rumi et al . ( 2006 ) and rumi et al . ( 2008 ) reported 16 heleobia species for argentina , of which 10 are endemic .
cochliopidae is a family of rissooidean snails composed of more than 30 genera and more than 260 species that mainly inhabit freshwaters in tropical and temperate regions of america and several regions of eurasia ( hershler & thompson , 1992 ) . the status of this enigmatic family remained unstable during many years , until wilke et al . ( 2001 ) , using molecular tools , confirmed that cochliopidae is a family distinct from hydrobiidae as it is accepted by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . the monophyly of the family , the consistency of molecular and anatomical characters ( mainly closed spermathecal duct and oviduct jointed directly to the albumen gland ) , and its phylogenetic relationships have been assessed and discussed by liu et al . , 2001 ( as cochliopinae ) and wilke et al . ( 2001 ) who mainly utilized dna sequences of mitochondrial genes . previous attempts to resolve systematic and / or phylogeny of hydrobiids based only on morphological data ( e . g . kabat & hershler , 1993 ; falniowsky & szarowska , 2000 ) poorly resolved the uncertainty due to considerable character convergence and the scarcity of anatomical synapomorphies .
preliminary studies using scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) performed on shell , penis and radula of many cochliopidae from argentina indicated that i ) the radulae of h . parchappii and h . kuesteri are similar , ii ) although both species penial complexes are similar , there are small differences in the shape and the porosity porous of the papillae , and distal end shape , iii ) the whorls of h . kuesteri are less convex than those of h . parchappii , supporting the possibility that they are different species . the coi sequences analyzed here seemed to reinforce this possibility . however , more detailed anatomical studies , including female genitalia and use of other molecular markers are necessary to solve the question definitively .
to date , only cazzaniga ( 1982 ) and de francesco and isla ( 2004 ) have carried out studies on population aspects of cochliopidae from argentina . the first author reports on the size structures of austral populations and the latter analyse the reproductive period and the growth range of heleobia parchappii in saline environments of the mar chiquita coastal lagoon ( buenos aires , argentina ) . to date , there are no studies regarding the population dynamics and growth patterns of h . piscium from the argentinean littoral of the río de la plata . the aim of the present study is to analyse the basic aspects of its life cycle , focusing on time variations in age structure and the individual growth of this gastropod in natural conditions in coastal drainage channels of the multiple use natural reserve isla martín garcía , where the species attain its largest size .
heleobia hatcheri ( and the very similar morphotype heleobia sp . ) from cmp , resolved outside cochliopidae . both were integrated in the well - defined tateidae subclade 3 . 2 composed of 3 potamolithus species : p . agapetus ( pilsbry , 1911 ) and p . buschii ( fraunfeld , 1865 ) , sympatric taxa from de la plata river , and p . ribeirensis ( pilsbry , 1911 , sensu davis & pons da silva , 1984 ) , from iporanga river , southern brazil , part of the paraná and la plata river drainage systems .
heleobia hatcheri
and
heleobia sp .
were closely - related to the three potamolithus species studied in this work and these three taxa are more closely linked to tateidae family than to lythoglyphidae , as was pointed out by wilke et al . ( 2013 ) for p . ribeirensis .
the only description of female genitalia available for the genus corresponds to that of p . ribeirensis ( davis & pons da silva , 1984 ) . while it has served as the basis to define the
typical
idealized anatomical ground plan of the lithoglyphidae ( wilke et al . , 2001 ) , it is not incompatible with the characterization of the tateidae female genitalia as
simple , usually with one distal seminal receptacle and a bursa copulatrix ; ventral channel occasionally separated to form a vestibule
, ( wilke et al . , 2013 ) . in h . hatcheri the spermathecal tube seems not be separated from the albumen gland , which would distinguish it from the cochliopidae . however a deeper anatomical study of h . hatcheri , with emphasis on the female genitalia , and the incorporation of other mitochondrial markers is necessary to determine the genus and , more importantly , the family to which h . hatcheri belongs .
cochliopidae tryon , 1866 is a diverse family of caenogastropods that lives in a wide variety of aquatic habitats primarily in the new world ( hershler & thompson 1992 ) . in chile , the species of the group have been traditionally assigned to the genus littoridina souleyet , 1852 using conchological characters ( biese 1944 , 1947 ; stuardo , 1961 ; valdovinos 2006 ) but according to anatomical studies and phylogenetic analysis the majority of them have been reassigned to the genus heleobia stimpson , 1865 ( hershler & thompson 1992 ; collado et al . 2011a ; kroll et al . 2012 ; collado et al . 2013 ; collado et al . 2016 ) . here we formally describe a new species of the genus heleobia from spring 1 in the carcote saltpan , chilean altiplano , based on molecular and morphological characters . snails from this locality were previously shown to be distinct based on dna sequences ( collado et al . 2013 ; collado et al . 2016 ) .
our molecular results would validate the
australis
and
piscium
groups . h . australis is an elongated - conic shell species of marine and littoral waters that , along with tryonia imitator and heleobeops carrikeri ( both from hard usa waters ; hershler et al . , 1999 and wilke et al . , 2000 , respectively ) shares with h . piscium ( an oligo - to euryhaline species ) its condition of basal linage of the subclades from clade cochliopidae ( i . e . altiplano lakes , european semisalsa and cmp heleobia spp . ; fig . 1 tree ) . besides coi sequences differences reported in this work and differences in penis morphology and shell form ( elongate - conic in h . australis and conic in h . piscium ; gaillard & castellanos , 1976 ) , both species differs in development mode : indirect in h . australis ( marcus & marcus , 1963 , 1965 ; neves et al . , 2010 ) and direct in h . piscium ( stella m . martin , pers . observ . ) .
heleobia piscium ( d’orbigny , 1835 ) , a member of the cochliopidae family found only in south america , is distributed from entre ríos , delta del paraná , and the littoral of the río de la plata down as far as to punta indio ( buenos aires ) , the southernmost limit of the snail’s geographical distribution . to date , little information is available regarding the reproductive cycle of species within this family either in argentina or throughout south america . the present work analyzed the histology of the reproductive system of the gonochoric species h . piscium and determined the stages oogenesis and spermatogenesis under natural conditions . specimens of h . piscium were collected in the multiple - use natural reserve isla martín garcía , located in the upper río de la plata estuary to the south of the mouth of the uruguay river . the gametogenic cycle in both sexes was found to consist of the following stages : early maturation , maturation , and evacuation . the maturation period was found to extend from january to october and evacuation of the gametes to start in november and end in february ( summer in the southern hemisphere ) . the results indicated the h . piscium exhibit a reproductive cycle without a resting period .
newly obtained and previously published sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene were analyzed to examine the biogeographic assembly of the caenogastropod fauna ( belonging to the families assimineidae , cochliopidae , and hydrobiidae ) of an isolated spring along the lower colorado river in southern nevada ( blue point spring ) . based on available coi clock calibrations , the three lineages that comprise this fauna are 2 . 78–1 . 42 million years old , which is roughly coeval or slightly younger than the age of blue point spring ( inferred from local fossil spring deposits ) . two of the lineages—endemic pyrgulopsis coloradensis and assiminea aff . infima —are most closely related to snails in the death valley area ( well to the west ) and likely colonized blue point spring by transport on birds . a single haplotype was detected in both of these snails , suggesting that they may have only recently colonized blue point spring . the third lineage—endemic tryonia infernalis , newly described herein based on morphological and molecular evidence—is most closely related to a geographically proximal species in a lower colorado river tributary ( tryonia clathrata ) ; the split between these taxa may be the product of vicariance ( severance of a prior drainage connection ) or a separate jump dispersal event . the considerable genetic diversity in tryonia infernalis ( three haplotypes differing by 0 . 6 % mean sequence divergence ) suggests a possibly lengthy history of local differentiation . our findings also identify blue point spring as a new micro - hotspot of groundwater - dependent biodiversity in nevada and will assist ongoing efforts to protect and conserve these imperiled ecosystems .
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a systematic review of the hydrobiid snails ( gastropoda : rissoidea ) of the great basin , western united states . part ii . genera colligyrus , fluminicola , pristinicola , and tryonia
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( placed on the official index of rejected and invalid names by iczn opinion 2202 . )
subgenus paludestrina ( eupaludestrina ) j . mabille , 1877 accepted as heleobia ( eupaludestrina ) j . mabille , 1877 represented as heleobia stimpson , 1865
species paludestrina antarctica e . a . smith , 1902 accepted as laevilitorina antarctica ( e . a . smith , 1902 ) ( original combination )
species paludestrina cingulata dall , 1913 † accepted as hydrobia alexandriensis wenz , 1923 † ( junior secondary homonym of hydrobia cingulata capellini , 1880 ; see h . alexandriensis wenz , 1923 )
species paludestrina hamiltoni e . a . smith , 1898 accepted as laevilitorina hamiltoni ( e . a . smith , 1898 ) ( original combination )
species paludestrina jenkinsi ( e . a . smith , 1889 ) accepted as potamopyrgus antipodarum ( gray , 1843 )
species paludestrina reevei kennard & b . b . woodward , 1899 † accepted as hydrobia reevei ( kennard & b . b . woodward , 1899 ) † ( new combination )
species paludestrina taylori e . a . smith , 1901 accepted as marstoniopsis scholtzi ( a . schmidt , 1856 ) accepted as marstoniopsis insubrica ( küster , 1853 )
species paludestrina turricula dall , 1913 † accepted as hydrobia dalli wenz , 1922 † ( junior secondary homonym of hydrobia turricula neumayr in neumayr & paul , 1875 ; see h . dalli wenz , 1922 )
genus aroa h . b . baker , 1930 accepted as aroapyrgus h . b . baker , 1931 ( invalid : junior homonym of aroa walker , 1855 [ lepidoptera ] ; aroapyrgus is a replacement name )
genus semisalsa radoman , 1974 accepted as heleobia ( eupaludestrina ) j . mabille , 1877 represented as heleobia stimpson , 1865
hershler , r . ; thompson , f . g . ( 1992 ) . a review of the genera of the aquatic gastropod subfamily cochliopinae ( prosobranchia : hydrobiidae ) . malacological review . supplement 5 : 1 - 140 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
wilke t . , haase m . , hershler r . , liu h . - p . , misof b . & ponder w . ( 2013 ) pushing short dna fragments to the limit : phylogenetic relationships of ‘hydrobioid’ gastropods ( caenogastropoda : rissooidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 66 : 715 - 736 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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laboratorio de parasitología , facultad de ciencias exactas y naturales , universidad nacional de mar del plata ( unmdp ) , consejo nacional de investigaciones científicas y técnicas ( conicet ) , mar del plata ( b7602ayl ) , argentina .
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hans - martin braun marked the english common name
laver spire snail
from
heleobia stagnorum ( gmelin , 1791 )
as trusted .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
weiße wattschnecke
to
heleobia stagnorum ( gmelin , 1791 )
.
investigador cic , div . zoología invertebrados , fcnym , unlp , paseo del bosque , s / n , la plata ( 1900 ) , bs , as , argentina , subsidio automático fcnym , n° 470 , programas incentivos
the present work analyses the individual growth of heleobia piscium in natural conditions in coastal drainage channels of the multiple use natural reserve isla martín garcía , buenos aires , argentina . isla martín garcía is located in the upper río de la plata , to the south of the mouth of the uruguay river ( 34° 11 ' 25
s and 58° 15 ' 38
w ) . monthly collections were made from july 2005 to july 2006 in the eastern part of the island ( arena beach ) . the population of h . piscium showed a complex and dynamic structure of sizes during a long period of the annual cycle . two cohorts could be detected . the bertalanffy growth equation was : l t = 6 ( 1 - e 1 . 85 ( t + 0 . 38 ) ) and l t = 3 . 9 ( 1 - e 0 . 19 ( t + 4 . 84 ) ) for cohorts 1 and 2 , respectively . the pattern of population growth displayed a staggered model , where the greatest growth is observed during the summer . the reproductive period occurred during six months , from the beginning of summer to middle of fall . based on only one reproductive effort , this pattern is not similar to that of other cogeneric species already studied .
o presente trabalho analisa o crescimento individual de heleobia piscium em condições naturais em poças costeiras da reserva natural de usos múltiplos ilha martín garcía , buenos aires , argentina . a ilha martín garcía está localizada no rio da prata superior , ao sul da desembocadura do rio uruguai ( 34° 11 ' 25
s e 58°15 ' 38
w ) . amostras mensais foram analisadas entre os meses de julho de 2005 e julho de 2006 , no setor este da ilha ( praia de arena ) . a população de heleobia piscium se caracterizou por uma complexa e dinâmica estrutura de talhas ao longo de grande parte do ciclo anual . duas cohortes puderam ser detectadas . a equação de von bertalanffy para a cohorte 1 foi : l t = 6 ( 1 - e 1 . 85 ( t + 0 . 38 ) ) . para a cohorte 2 : l t = 3 . 9 ( 1 - e 0 . 19 ( t + 4 . 84 ) ) . o padrão de desenvolvimento da população mostra um modelo escalonado , estendendo - se o período de maior crescimento durante toda a estação do verão . a temporada reprodutiva se manifestou durante seis meses , desde o princípio do verão até meados do outono . este padrão baseado em um único esforço reprodutivo não se assemelha ao de outras espécies congenéricas já estudadas .
in argentina , heleobia piscium ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) and h . parchappii ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) have been confirmed as hosts for cercariae of different species of digeneans ( ostrowsky de nuñez , 1975 ) .
gaillard ( 1973 ) reported heleobia piscium from río de la plata where different ecological forms were found according to the anthropogenic impact which affected the environment they occupy . the maximum forms develop only with optimal environmental conditions , such as those occurring far from urban centres . although gaillard and castellanos ( 1976 ) consider h . piscium as a freshwater species , darrigran ( 1995 ) also considers it euryhaline enough to occur in zones of the río de la plata river with changes in the salinity of the water between 0 . 5 and 25 .
isla martín garcía is located in the upper río de la plata , to the south of the mouth of the uruguay river ( 34° 11 ' 25
s and 58° 15 ' 38
w ) ( figure 1 ) . it constitutes an outcrop of the brazilian massif of precambrian crystalline basement rocks , upon which there are sediments of the holocene and pleistocene ( quaternary ) ( ravizza , 1984 ) .
monthly collections were made from july , 2005 to july , 2006 in the eastern part of the island ( arena beach , multiple use reserve isla martín garcía ) . this coastal part is delimited by the canal del infierno , which is characterized by a remarkable exposure to the strong winds from the southeast .
samples of heleobia piscium ( n = 1237 ) were taken by hand ( captures per unit effort : cpue , that is specimens / 60 min / person ) in the coastal drainage channels formed by tidal erosion . specimens were attached to the bottom pebbles and associated with bivalve limnoperna fortunei ( dunker , 1875 ) , hydrobiid potamolithus pilsbry , 1896 and representatives of the ancylidae . voucher specimens were deposited in the collection of the museo de la plata ( n° 12436 ) .
in the laboratory , specimens were submitted to anaesthesia with menthol crystals for 24 hours , before being fixed with bouin ' s solution . the snails were measured using a stereoscopic microscope with micrometric ocular . total body length was selected as a parameter to determine the monthly - size frequency histograms . these histograms were constructed with size intervals of 5 mm . each .
individual growth was analysed using the bertalanffy growth equation : l t = l ∞ ( 1 - e k ( t - to ) ) . the parameter l ∞ ( maximum body length that individuals of a cohort can reach ) was estimated for each case using the walford method . the time t was calculated considering 30 days per month , in the following manner : t = 1 / 360 . [ ( m - 1 ) 30 + d ] . the parameter k ( individual growth constant ) was determined by linear regression between ln ( 1 - lt / l ∞ ) = k . t + k . t 0 , equation of the form y = b . x + a , corresponding the k value to ordinate to origin , b . the parameter t 0 ( hypothetical time in which the length of the individuals is zero ) was deduced from k / a .
the cohorts ( groups of individuals theoretically born at the same time ) observed from the information obtained through the frequencies of sizes , were analysed as a function of the growth curve and the pattern of annual variation of the age structure of the population was defined . for each cohort , a test of goodness of fit using the chi 2 test was done between the theoretical values and those observed .
the presence of egg capsules attached to the shells of the snails was used as indirect evidence of reproductive activity .
the environmental physico - chemical parameters such as water temperature , percentage of dissolved oxygen , ph and conductivity , were measured using a digital multimeter during most of the samplings .
the population of heleobia piscium was characterized by a complex and dynamic size structure throughout a large part of the annual cycle ( figure 2 ) . two cohorts could be detected ( figure 3 ) . cohort 1 ( winter cohort ) was observed in all the surveyed months . cohort 2 ( summer - fall cohort ) appeared at the beginning of march 2006 . in march 2006 , the population structure of h . piscium showed a bimodal size distribution because of the appearance of cohort 2 .
the reproductive activity was evident with the presence of egg capsules attached to the shells of some specimens ; this period extended from december 2005 to the end of may 2006 .
cohort 1 showed mean size values of 2 . 75 ± 0 . 47 mm to 5 . 89 ± 0 . 09 mm . the von bertalanffy equation for this cohort was : lt = 6 ( 1 - e 1 . 85 ( t + 0 . 38 ) ) , where l ∞ = 6 ( figure 4a ) , and k = 1 . 85 ( figure 4b ) chi 2 = 2 . 66 for p < 0 . 05 .
cohort 2 occurred only from the beginning of march 2006 to the end of the sampling period , showing mean size values of 2 . 43 ± 0 . 68 mm . to 3 . 12 ± 0 . 73 . the von bertalanffy equation for this cohort was : lt = 3 . 9 ( 1 - e 0 . 19 ( t + 4 . 84 ) ) , where l ∞ = 3 . 9 ( figure 5a ) and k = 0 . 19 ( figure 5b ) . chi 2 = 0 . 12 for p < 0 . 05 .
from december 2005 to march 2006 the highest growth of cohort 1 was observed with mean values of 3 . 77 ± 0 . 54 mm and 4 . 38 ± 0 . 32 mm . , respectively . in fact , it is in this period where the highest values of water temperature were recorded ( 28 and 30 . 5 °c ) ; variation in water temperature ranged between 11 . 9 °c and the values mentioned above ( figure 6 ) . the ph was slightly alkaline during all the sampling period , ranging between 6 . 7 and 7 . 8 . the percentage of dissolved oxygen was very variable throughout the year ( figure 6 ) . the conductivity was low ( 2 . 3 to 178 µ urltoken 1 ) .
the great variability of the n values ( number of individuals per sampling ) reflected in the histograms could be caused by the strong winds from the south occurring in certain months ( data provided by subprefectura naval argentina , isla martín garcía ) . these winds produced a
washed
line on the coastal drainage channels which would explain , in part , the low number of specimens collected during august 2005 and february to march 2006 .
the pattern of growth population shows a staggered model , with a period of greatest growth extending throughout the entire summer season . this is corroborated by the high growth rate of cohort 1 ( k = 1 . 85 ) .
the reproductive period took place during six months , from the beginning of summer to the middle of fall , when the egg capsules attached to the surface of the shell of some specimens were observed . this is consistent with the presence of a larger number of individuals of smaller sizes in march , the majority of which belonged to the new cohort . this pattern based on a unique reproductive effort is not similar to that of other cogeneric species already studied ; cazzaniga ( 1981 ) studied the heleobia parchappii in freshwater environments of the south of the province of buenos aires and he reported two spawning peaks in the species ' reproductive cycle . cazzaniga ( 1982 ) pointed out that h . parchappii experienced a marked fluctuation in density , an unstable size structure and a high abundance of young snails in mesohaline environments in austral populations from buenos aires ( argentina ) .
de francesco and isla ( 2004 ) also describe two main spawning peaks for h . parchappii , one at the beginning of spring and another one during fall , in saline canals of mar chiquita coastal lagoon . according to these authors , the similarity observed in life cycles under different saline conditions invites some speculation about the relative importance of this factor in conditioning the reproductive activity of these snails . the authors have found that the size structure remains relatively stable and that the cohorts can be followed monthly during the year . thus , it appears that salinity does not have a marked influence on the reproductive activity of h . parchappii but does affect population structure . from these works , we can infer that snails from the saline canal attain smaller sizes than those found in freshwater environments from buenos aires province .
unlike gaillard and castellanos ( 1976 ) , darrigran ( 1995 ) states that h . piscium is an euryhaline species , which inhabits the fluvial - inner zone ( corresponding to isla martín garcía ) ( salinity < 0 . 5 ) and the fluvial - intermediate zone ( 0 . 5 - 25 ) of the río de la plata .
although conductivity could not be measured in all studies , it exhibited a great variability throughout the year with values ranging from 0 . 002 to 0 . 18 , not exceeding the limit percentage of the fluvial - inner zone . conductivity is not the only parameter subjected to variations , even daily variations ; this is due to the fact that the coastal drainage channels , which are subjected to the mild action of the tides and occasional strong southern winds , are also subordinated to variations in the water volume of the drainage channels . this affects not only the conductivity but also several physico - chemical parameters such as ph , percentage of dissolved oxygen , water temperature ( figure 6 ) .
de francesco ( 2002 ) proposed that heleobia conexa ( gaillard , 1974 ) presents a reproductive pattern similar to that of h . parchappii , which is mostly influenced by water temperature . according to our observations , the water temperature is the parameter that best fits the growth pattern of h . piscium . likewise , we cannot affirm that it has a marked effect on the reproductive cycle and on the species growth , as conductivity does on other species of heleobia .
no data is available for the comparison among different populations of heleobia piscium in different types of habitat . this is why this study on the annual cycle of natural populations of h . piscium represents a precedent for further investigations related to species biology .
the reproductive effort of heleobia piscium in natural populations is characterized by having only one long spawning period ; the reproductive season takes place from summer to the middle of fall . it is in the summer when population growth shows the highest peaks and the mean size values fit best the theoretical growth curve .
renovation of the age structure of the heleobia piscium population is in accordance with the highest levels of water temperature observed from december to march ; this variable appears to be an important factor of mortality , particularly for the largest classes ( see figure 2 ) . therefore , temperature could be a regulating factor for growth and reproductive activity .
it is not the purpose of this report to explain why heleobia piscium displays only one spawning peak and h . parchappii and h . conexa presents two , since factors probably affecting the spawning activity of these snails are of a diverse nature .
although variations in saline conditions affect the age structure in heleobia parchappii populations , it appears that these variations do not have a marked influence on its reproductive activity . in h . piscium , this environmental variable does not seem to regulate the reproductive capacity either , since conductivity values were always remarkably low , below the limit percentage of the fluvial - inner zone .
it is worth mentioning that as heleobia piscium is a poorly studied species with growing sanitary interest , knowledge of it and the analysis of its basic aspects in the dynamics of natural populations become more relevant as a function of future strategies of control .
acknowledgements  financial support for this work was provided by an institutional grant from the comisión de investigaciones científicas de la provincia de buenos aires ( cic ) ( resolution nº 694 / 04 ) . the author wish to thanks the staff menbers of the prefecture naval argentina isla martín garcía and lic . l . negrete .
cazzaniga , nj . , 1981 . estudios bioecológicos de gasterópodos dulciacuícolas relacionados con la invasión de canales por malezas acuáticas . argentina : universidad nacional de la plata . 169 p . [ tesis doctoral , n° 393 ] [ links ]
- , 1982 . notas sobre hidróbidos argentinos . 5 . conquiliometría de littoridina parchappii ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) ( gastropoda rissoidea ) referida a su ciclo de vida en poblaciones australes . porto alegre . iheringia , sér . zool . , vol . 61 , p . 97 - 118 . [ links ]
darrigran , ga . , 1995 . distribución de tres especies del género heleobia stimpson , 1865 ( gastropoda , hydrobiidae ) en el litoral argentino del río de la plata y arroyos afluentes . porto alegre . iheringia , sér . zoo l . , vol . 78 , p . 3 - 8 . [ links ]
de - francesco , cg . and isla , fi . , 2004 . reproductive period and growth rate of the freshwater snail heleobia piscium ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) ( gastropoda : rissoidea ) in a shallow brackish habitat ( buenos aires province , argentina ) . malac , vol . 45 , no . 2 , p . 443 - 450 . [ links ]
gaillard , c . , 1973 . las formas ecológicas de littoridina piscium ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) ( mollusca , hydrobiidae ) . la plata . neotr . 19 , no . 60 , p . 147 - 151 . [ links ]
gaillard , c . and castellanos , z . 1976 . mollusca gasteropoda hydrobiidae . in ringuelet , ra . ( ed . ) . fauna de agua dulce de la república argentina . buenos aires . fecic , vol . 15 , no . 2 , 40 p . [ links ]
giusti , f . and pezzoli , e . , 1984 . notulae malacologicae xxix  gli hidrobiidae salmastridelle acque costieri italiane ; primi cenni sulla sistematica del gruppo e sui caratter distintivi delle singole morfospecie . milano . lavori s . i . m . , vol . 21 , p . 117 - 148 . [ links ]
ostrowski - de - nuñez , m . , 1975 . fauna de agua dulce de la república argentina . iv . cercarias ( trematoda ) de littoridina piscium . buenos aires . physis . b . , vol . 34 , no . 88 , p . 63 - 98 . [ links ]
ravizza , gb . , 1984 . principales aspectos geológicos del cuaternario en la isla martín garcía , río de la plata superior . rev . asoc . geol . arg . , buenos aires , vol . 39 , no . 1 - 2 , p . 125 - 130 . [ links ]
r . bento carlos , 750 13560 - 660 são carlos sp - brasil tel . e fax : ( 55 16 ) 3362 - 5400 bjb @ urltoken
iheringia , sér . zool . vol . 105 no . 1 porto alegre jan . / mar . 2015
1 . instituto argentino de investigaciones de las zonas aridas ( iadiza ) , cct - conicet . av . ruiz leal s / n , parque general san martín , mendoza ( 5500 ) , argentina .
2 . facultad de ciencias exactas y naturales , universidad nacional de cuyo . av . padre contreras 1300 , mendoza ( 5500 ) , argentina .
3 . comisión de investigaciones científicas , buenos aires province ( cic ) , la plata , buenos aires , argentina . ( smartin @ fcnym . unlp . edu . ar )
heleobia kuesteri also remain enigmatic . based on geographic distribution and the original conchological description of strobel , m . c . gaillard ( unpublished data ) considered this species within the
parchappii group
. cazzaniga ( 1981 ) proposed h . kuesteri as species inquirenda and ciocco ( 2011 ) suggested that it could be a valid taxon related to the
parchappii group
.
heleobia hatcheri , abundant in patagonian waters , differs from the other heleobia species from the cmp in , among other characters , the presence of a so called nuchal papilla in all females studied ( pseudohermaphroditism or natural imposex , martín , 2002 ) , the only reported sex in cmp populations where sex ratios have been studied ( uspallata river ; martín , 2002 ; ciocco , 2011 ) . this organ was previously mistakenly interpreted as a reduced and functional penis from hypothetical h . hatcheri males ( gaillard & castellanos , 1976 ; cazzaniga , 1981 ) , to the point that a new genus was proposed ( strobeliella ; cazzaniga , 1981 ) .
additionally , a new morphotype with similar shell features to h . hatcheri ( ovate - conic shell ) , but discontinuous peristome , was recently found in several localities of the cmp ( heleobia sp . ; ciocco & koch , unpublished data ) .
the goal of this study is to develop a molecular approach to solve the taxonomical status of heleobia species from the centre - west of argentina as a first step towards an integrated phylogenetic study of the southern south america cochliopids . considering : i ) the protein - coding mitochondrial citocrome oxidase i ( coi ) gene does not show insertions or deletions in the superfamily rissooidea ; ii ) the vast information on coi gene sequence available in ncbi genebank for the gastropoda in general and iii ) that this sequence shows good phylogenetic signals from population to family levels ( wilke et al . , 2001 ) , we analyze coi sequences from 7 taxa ( 5 cochliopid and 2 non cochliopid ones ) without previous data in genbank , in an attempt to provide new considerations tending to solve a long term controversial issue .
specimens . individuals from cmp were collected in aguas negras ( 30°18 ' 6 . 72
s , 68°43 ' 46 . 62
w , san juan province ) , uspallata stream ( 32°40 ' 11 . 1
s , 69°21 ' 52 . 8
w , mendoza province ) , and laguna bebedero ( 33°39 ' s , 66°34 ' w , san luis province ) during expeditions to the cmp between 2011 and 2013 . heleobia piscium ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) and potamolithus spp . specimens were collected in 2014 from martin garcia island , upper portion from de la plata river basin ( 34°11 ' s , 58°15 ' w , buenos aires province ) . in all cases , animals were alcohol preserved following previous menthol relaxation . voucher specimens for all studied taxa were deposited in the museo de la plata collection under voucher numbers : mlp ma 13806 to 13812 .
dna isolation , pcr and sequencing . the total dna was extracted from the foot of dissected snails . tissues were rinsed in te buffer ( 10mm tris 1mm edta , ph 8 ) and digested overnight in ctab ( cetyl trimethylammonium bromide ) buffer containing proteinase k ( 0 . 14 mg at 60°c ) and 2 - mercaptoethanol . dna was purified by a threefold extraction with chloroform - isoamyl alcohol ( 24 : 1 ) followed by precipitation with ethanol . the dna was then resuspended in dnase / rnase free distilled water . a 655 - bp fragment of the coi gene was amplified by means of the primers of folmer et al . ( 1994 ) . amplification by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) was performed in a final volume of 50 µl containing : 50 - 100 ng of template dna , 0 . 1 µm of each primer , 1x pcr buffer , 50 µm dntps , 2 . 5 mm mgcl 2 , and 1 u taq polymerase ( invitrogen , brazil ) . the thermocycling sequence was conducted at 94°c for 3 min ; with 5 cycles at 94°c for 30 s , 42°c for 30 s , and 72°c for 1 min 30 s ; followed by 34 cycles at 94°c for 30 s , 45°c for 30 s , and 72°c for 1 min 30 s ; with a final chain extension at 72°c for 5 min . 5 µl of each pcr product was tested on a 1 % ( w / v ) agarose gel electrophoresis . the remainders ( 45µl ) of reactions with the expected pcr product were purified with accuprep ( r ) pcr purification kit ( bioneer corporation , korea ) , then sequenced in both directions ( instituto de biotecnología , unidad de genómica , inta castelar , argentina ) . the resulting sequences were analyzed with bioedit ( hall , 1999 ) to obtain consensus sequences for each individual .
sequence alignment . the coi sequences were unambiguously aligned in mega6 ( tamura et al . , 2013 ) and trimmed to a total length of 638bp . phylogenetic analysis was undertaken comparing gene sequences from this study and related sequences in genbank ( tab . i ) . a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method based on the tamura - nei model ( tamura & nei , 1993 ) . the bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 1000 replicates is taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed ( felsenstein , 1985 ) . branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50 % of the bootstrap replicates are collapsed .
the initial tree for the heuristic search was obtained automatically by applying neighbor - join and bionj algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the maximum composite likelihood ( mcl ) approach , and then selecting the topology with the best log likelihood value . the analysis involved 38 nucleotide sequences . all codon positions were included . all positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated . there were a total of 636 positions in the final dataset . evolutionary analyses were conducted in mega6 ( tamura et al . , 2013 ) .
taxon , collection locality data , reference and genbank accession numbers for specimens analyzed in this study .
the bootstrap consensus tree yielded from the ml analysis comprises the outgroup taxon pomatiopsis lapidaria ( say , 1817 ) , 4 dominant clades and several subclades ( from top to bottom ; fig 1 . ) :
molecular phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood method bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 1000 replicates . all codon positions were included . all positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated . there were a total of 636 positions in the final dataset . only bootstrap values greater than 50 are indicated .
four basal lineages [ heleobops carrikeri ( davies and mckee , 1989 ) , heleobia australis , heleobia piscium and tryonia imitator ( pilsbry , 1899 ) ] not belonging to subclades 1 . 1 - 1 . 3 .
3 . 2 . containing 3 species of potamolithus , heleobia hatcheri and morphotype heleobia sp .
three of the heleobia spp . from subclade 1 . 3 correspond to taxa recorded from the cmp : h . parchappii , h . occidentalis and h . kuesteri . the topology of this subclade showed that two first species are very close , reinforcing that h . occidentalis is synonym of h . parchappii . also , analysis of this subclade confirmed that heleobia kuesteri belongs to
parchappii group
and suggested that it should be accepted as a valid species . heleobia limariensis , from huasco river basin from northern chile and the three cmp species of this subclade , share an arid andean environment .
heleobia kuesteri , meanwhile , is an elongate - conic shell endemic species from the centre - west of argentina abundant in relatively soft waters of the subandean foothills of the cmp . despite this species needs to be redescribed including soft parts . the shell features of the scarce available material in malacological collections identified as h . kuesteri ( lote 20997 / 1 invertebrates collection of museo argentino de ciencias naturales bernardino rivadavia , buenos aires , argentina ) appear identical to the numerous specimens we collected in the centre and north of the cmp . although shell morphology of this species is different from typical h . parchappii , de francesco & hassan ( 2009 ) cited for the south of the cmp another abundant batch of individuals , with identical conchological features to those we found in the centre and north of the cmp , as heleobia aff . parchappii based on similarity of penial complex . however , these authors recognized difficulties in identifying this material and considered the possibility that it could be an undescribed species or h . kuesteri .
interestingly , there is no fossil record of h . hatcheri from the centre - west of argentina although the holocene aquatic malacofauna of the region is , with the exception of this species and the exotic physa acuta draparnaud , 1805 , identical to the current gastropod and bivalve assemblages ( de francesco & hassan , 2009 ) . these observations suggest that this enigmatic taxon may have colonized the centre - west of argentina in the last ca . 11 , 000 years .
heleobia sp . , as previously mentioned , must undoubtedly be considered as very close to h . hatcheri , a taxon with which it shares in sympatry the relatively soft waters of the cmp . morphological studies indicate that the species have an identical radula , similar pigmentation in the prosboscis and tentacles together with nuchal papillae and absence of males in all the examined populations . the only notable difference from h . hatcheri is that the heleobia sp . shell has a discontinuous peristome , a character that could be interpreted as an intraspecific variation , as also appears to be the case in h . kuesteri . nevertheless , a detailed morphological description of this morphotype and the eventual incorporation of other molecular markers should be taken into account before considering it as a new species or a h . hatcheri variation .
with respect to the phylogenetic proximity of h . hatcheri to the south american genus potamolithus and the suggestion that the latter belong not to lithoglyphidae but to tateidae ( wilke et al . , 2013 ) , these authors indicated that
we do not know of any unique characters defining this group
. nevertheless , the diagnosis of the paleartic - neartic lithoglyphidae is made by the closed ventral wall of the female capsule gland and the blade - like penis lacking large appendages and specialized glands , remarking finally that the genus potamolithus was resolved as a member of the tateidae clade in all their molecular analysis ( wilke et al . , 2013 ) .
the potamolithus species incorporated in this study , p . buschii and p . agapetus , are sympatric in the la plata river basin . potamolithus agapetus presents a marked secondary sexual dimorphism on shell shape and size ( lópez armengol , 1996 ) . females of both taxa show a nuchal node on the right side of the neck as was described by davis & pons da silva ( 1984 ) for p . ribeirensis . this fleshy protuberance is situated where the base of the simple , and without appendages , penis is located ( davis & pons da silva , 1984 ; lópez armengol , 1996 ) in the three mentioned potamolithus species , also coinciding with the position of the nuchal papilla of the parthenogenetic h . hatcheri females ( martín , 2002 ) . unfortunately , the female genitalia of p . buschii and p . agapetus have not been described .