parazacco spilurus also known as the predaceous chub , is a species of fish in the family cyprinidae distributes in the pearl river system , the hainan island and northern vietnam .

parazacco spilurus

( of parazacco spilurus spilurus ( günther , 1868 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the genus parazacco comprises two species viz . p . spilurus and p . fasciatus . the division of the genus into two distinct species that was maybe not warranted caused by the lack of clarity and incomplete data in previous descriptions of syntypes of p . spilurus . therefore , we re - examined , redescribed , and illustrated the external morphology of syntypes of p . spilurus , type species of the genus . the syntypes were found to be smaller in body size than that of specimens observed in the original description of p . fasciatus , the conclusions are that the two species are not distinct and recommend that they be put under one species name , p . spilurus , although further study is recommended .
( of aspius spilurus günther , 1868 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of zacco spilurus ( günther , 1868 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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arai r . , kato k . 2003 . gross morphology and evolution of the lateral line system and infraorbital bones in bitterlings ( cyprinidae , acheilognathinae ) , with an overview of the lateral line system in the family cyprinidae . the university museum , the university of tokyo , bulletin 40 : 1 - 42 .
bănărescu p . m . 1968 . revision of the genera zacco and opsariichthys ( pisces , cyprinidae ) . vĕstník československé společnosti zoologické 32 : 305 - 311 .
bookstein f . l . , chernoff b . , elder r . l . , humphries j . m . , smith g . r . , strauss r . e . 1985 . morphometrics in evolutionary biology . the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . philadelphia . 277 p .
chen y . y . 1982 . a revision of opsariichthine cyprinid fishes . oceanologia et limnologia sinica 13 : 293 - 299 .
chen y . y . , chu x . l . 1998 . danioninae . in : y . y . chen ( ed . ) . fauna sinica . osteichthyes . cypriniformes ii . beijing , science press . pp : 19–61 .
fujita t . , hosoya k . 2005 . cephalic lateral line systems in the far eastern species of the genus phoxinus ( cyprinidae ) . ichthyological research 52 : 336 - 342 .
günther a . 1868 . catalogue of the fishes in the british museum . catalogue of the physostomi , containing the families heteropygii , cyprinidae , gonorhynchidae , hyodontidae , osteoglossidae , clupeidae , hirocentridae , alepocephalidae , notopteridae , halosauridae , in the collection of the british museum . volume seventh . order of the trustees . london , 512 p .
hubbs c . l . , lagler k . f . 2004 . fishes of the great lakes region . revised edition . university of michigan press . michigan . 276 p .
hosoya k . 1983 . geographic variation of number of vertebrae in squalidus . the freshwater fishes 9 : 43 - 48 .
koller o . 1927 . fische von der insel hainan . annalen des naturhistorischen museums in wien 41 : 25 - 49 .
kottelat m . 2001 . freshwater fishes of northern vietnam . a preliminary checklist of the fishes known or expected to occur in northern vietnam with comments on systematics and nomenclature . environment and social development unit , east asia and pacific region , the world bank . washington dc . 123 p .
kottelat m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology 27 : 1 - 663 .
mai d . y . 1978 . identification of the fresh - water fishes of north vietnam . scientific & technology , publisher . ha noi . 340 p .
yue p . q . , chen y . y . 1998 . china red data book of endangered animals . pisces . science press , beijing , hong kong , new york . 247 p .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 )
pale brown on back of the body ; white on belly ; tinged with red brown and irregular zones on sides of body ; red on belly of the head and a dark round spot in base of caudal fin . ( ref . 45563 ) . a row of pelvic scutes from the base of pelvic fin to the anus ; snout pointed sharply . lateral line curves downward on trunk and upward back the central axis after expanding the caudal peduncle ; dorsal fin short , without hard spine and its origin opposite behind the origin of the pelvic fin ; anal fin well developed ( ref . 45563 ) .
ye , f . and p . song , 1991 . danioninae . p . 67 - 79 . in j . - h . pan , l . zhong , c . - y . zheng , h . - l . wu and j . - h . liu ( eds ) . 1991 . the freshwater fishes of guangdong province . guangdong science and technology press , guangzhou . 589 pp . ( ref . 33345 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00349 - 0 . 01089 ) , b = 3 . 20 ( 3 . 03 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .
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has been assessed as data deficient . it has a relatively wide range , but in the second half of the last century , stocks of
in china declined continually ( wang 1998 ) , due to overfishing and river regulations ( e . g . dams ) , however its current trend ( over the past 10 years ) is unknown . more research is needed on the species population trends to identify if this species qualifies as threatened .
has an east asia distribution . it is known from the pacific coastal drainages in southeastern china ( e . g . jiulongjiang , zhangjiang , hangjiang and the pearl river ) , some rivers in hainan island and the red river system in northern viet nam ( ye and song 1991 , wang 1998 , kottelat 2001 ) .
in china have declined continually ( wang 1998 ) . the population trend in the last 10 years are unknown .
inhabits small tributaries of rivers and little brooks with clear water and strong current velocities ( wang 1998 ) .
are destructive fishing practices and river modification ( e . g . dam construction ) ( wang 1998 ) .
it is not known if there are any conservation measures in place . more research and monitoring is recommended .
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predaceous chub is one the commonest freshwater fishes found in local unpolluted streams . it has a long , streamlined and laterally compressed body and a protrusible lower jaw . its mouth is terminal without barbel . the body is generally pale pink with a distinct black mid - lateral band running from operculum to caudal peduncle and ends with a black spot on caudal fin base . the black band becomes less prominent in adult .
a widespread species occurring in most unpolluted hill streams in both upper and lower courses .
lam , k . s . ( 2002 ) . freshwater fish in hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .
lee , v . l . f . , lam , s . k . s . , ng , f . k . y . , chan , t . k . t . and young , m . l . c . ( 2004 ) . field guide to the freshwater fish of hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .
man , s . h . and hodgkiss , i . j . ( 1981 ) . hong kong freshwater fishes . the urban council , hong kong .
wang , s . , yue , p . q . and chen , y . y . ( 1998 ) . china red data book of endangered animals – pisces ( in chinese ) . science press , beijing .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of zacco asperus nichols & pope , 1927 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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lycodon alcalai , also known as alcala ’s wolf snake , is a species of colubrid snake found on the islands of batan and sabtang in the philippines .

lycodon alcalai

lycodon alcalai ota & ross 1994 lycodon alcalai — wallach et al . 2014 : 391
lycodon alcalai and l . chrysoprateros differ from all other philippine species of lycodon in lacking transverse light bands on all of the body and tail . lycodon alcalai differs from l . chrysoprateros in having more than 200 ventral scales ( less than 195 in l . chrysoprateros ) .
lycodon lineatus reinhardt 1843 : 241 cyclocorus lineatus — duméril , 1853 cyclocorus lineatus — duméril , bibron & duméril 1854 : 386 cyclocorus lineatus — boulenger 1893 : 327 cyclocorus lineatus — leviton 1967 cyclocorus lineatus lineatus — mcleod et al . 2011 cyclocorus lineatus — wallach et al . 2014 : 202 cyclocorus lineatus alcalai leviton 1967 cyclocorus lineatus alcalai — gaulke 2011 : 268 cyclocorus lineatus alcalai — gaulke 2013 cyclocorus lineatus alcalai — supsup et al . 2016
lycodon alcalai is a member of the genus lycodon , a genus of snakes commonly known as wolf snakes . [ 4 ] the genus belongs to the snake family colubridae , the largest snake family , with member species being found on every continent except antarctica . [ 5 ]
lycodon
. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .
lycodon zawi
. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .
the species name alcalai was chosen to honor the naturalist a . c . alcala , who made significant contributions to herpetology in the philippines . [ 3 ]
the international union for conservation of nature considers lycodon alcalai to be a species of least concern , based on a survey in 2007 . the islands that it inhabits are well protected , have very few inhabitants , and do not experience anthropogenic environmental disturbances such as hunting or logging . [ 1 ]
nota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than lycodon .
philippines ( lubang , luzon , mindoro , polillo ) alcalai : negros , cebu , panay ; type locality : ridge on the north side of the maite river , 5 km west of valencia .
siler et al . ( 2013 ) concluded that dinodon species are nested within the lycodon tree and noted that dinodon ( the more recently described genus ) should therefore be treated as a junior synonym of lycodon . based on their own molecular phylogenetic studies , guo et al . ( 2013 ) also suggested that dinodon should be synonymized with lycodon . lei et al . ( 2014 ) also found that dinodon species are nested within lycodon . based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses , lei et al . further concluded that oligodon multizonatum ( an endemic species known from sichuan and possibly gansu provinces in china ) actually falls within lycodon as well .
pili , arman n . ; yñigo luis c . del prado 2018 . alcala’s triangle - spotted snake cyclocorus lineatus alcalai on sibuyan island , romblon province , philippines seavr 2018 : 16 - 17 - get paper here
paratype for lycodon alcalai catalog number : usnm 266604 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of amphibians & reptiles sex / stage : male ; preparation : ethanol year collected : 1985 locality : batan island , 3 km ene of basco , on w slope of mt . iraya , batanes province , batan island group , philippines elevation ( m ) : 320 to 320
gaulke , m . 2002 . a new species of lycodon from panay island , philippines ( reptilia , serpentes , colubridae ) . spixiana , 25 , 85–92 .
paratype for lycodon alcalai catalog number : usnm 266603 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of amphibians & reptiles sex / stage : female ; preparation : ethanol year collected : 1985 locality : batan island , ca . 2 . 5 km ene of basco , west slope of mt . iraya , batanes province , batan island group , philippines elevation ( m ) : 150 to 150
lanza , b . 1999 . a new species of lycodon from the philippines , with a key to the genus ( reptilia serpentes colubridae ) . tropical zoology , 12 , 89–104 .
gaulke , m . 2002 . a new species of lycodon from panay island , philippines ( reptilia , serpentes , colubridae ) . spixiana 25 ( 1 ) : 85 - 92 - get paper here
ota h . ross c a . 1994 . four new species of lycodon ( serpentes : colubridae ) from the northern philippines . copeia 1994 ( 1 ) : 159 - 174 . - get paper here
lanza , b . 1999 . a new species of lycodon from the philippines , with a key to the genus ( reptilia : serpentes : colubridae ) . tropical zoology 12 : 89 - 104 - get paper here
lei , j . , x . sun , k . jiang , et al . 2014 . multilocus phylogeny of lycodon and the taxonomic revision of oligodon multizonatum . asian herpetological research 5 ( 1 ) : 26–37 .
guo , p . , l . zhang , q . liu , et al . 2013 . lycodon and dinodon : one genus or two ? evidence from molecular phylogenetics and morphological comparisons . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 68 : 144–149 .
lycodon is among the most species - rich genera of asiatic colubrids , with more than three dozen described species , including numerous small - island endemics ( phylogenetic analyses by siler et al . [ 2013 ] suggest . that some of these island endemics in the phillipines may not warrant recognition as full speciies , but also suggest the presence of substantial cryptic diversity , indicating that the true number of lycodon species may be greater than currently recognized ) . lycodon species occur throughout central to southeast asia , from regions east of the caspian sea , eastern iran and india to southern china , the indo - australian archipelago , the ryukyu islands of japan and the philippines ( lanza 1999 ; siler et al . 2013 ) .
siler , c . d . , c . h . oliveros , a . santanen , and r . m . brown . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta , 42 : 262–277 .
siler , c . d . , c . h . oliveros , a . santanen , and r . m . brown . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta 42 ( 3 ) : 262 - 277 .
regarding inferences about the historical biogeography of lycodon , siler et al . ( 2013 ) note that with few exceptions , the results observed in their study are consistent with many of the biogeographic expectations for vertebrates in asia and the philippines ( see siler et al . 2013 for details and discussion ) .
fitzinger li . 1826 . neue classification der reptilien nach ihren natürlichen verwandtschaften . nebst einer verwandtschafts - tafel und einem verzeichnisse der reptilien - sammlung des k . k . zoologischen museums zu wien . vienna : j . g . heubner , five unnumbered + 67 pp . + one plate . ( lycodon , new genus , p . 57 ) . ( in german and latin ) .
boulenger ga . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) , volume i . , containing the families . . . colubridæ aglyphæ , part . . london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . xiii + 448 pp . + plates i - xxviii . ( genus lycodon , p . 348 , figure 23 ) .
type species : lycodon lineatus reinhardt 1843 is the type species of the genus cyclocorus duméril et al . 1854 . type genus : cyclocorus duméril 1853 : 460 is the type genus of the subfamily cyclocorinae weinell & brown 2017 . phylogenetic definition ( cyclocorinae ) : cyclocorinae refers to the clade originating in the last common ancestor of oxyrhabdium leporinum ( günther , 1858 ) , cyclocorus lineatus ( reinhardt , 1843 ) , the unnamed lineage represented by ku 337269 , and all species that descend from that ancestor . it can also be conceived of as the largest crown - clade containing members of the genera cyclocorus , hologerrhum , myersophis , and oxyrhabdium , and members of the unnamed lineage represented by ku 337269 . distribution : see map in leviton 1967 .
type locality : batan island ( 20 ' 25 ' n , 121° 58’ e ) , batan island group , approximately 2 . 5 km ene of basco on the w slope of mt . iraya , elevation 150 m .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
holotype : - pnm 990 , an adult male ; captured 30 may 1985 , by r . s . kennedy and party . paratypes . usnm 266603 , an adult female , same data as holotype . usnm 266604 and usnm 319282 , adult males from approximately 3 km ene of basco on the w slope of mt . iraya , alt . 320 m ; captured 9 june 1985 , by c . a . ross and party . usnm 291412 , an adult male from same locality as holotype ; captured 7 march 1988 by c . a . ross and a . fidel . usnm 291413 , an adult male from approximately 1 km ne of basco , alt . 130 m ; captured 12 march 1988 by a . fidel .
named after dr . angel chua alcala ( b . 1929 ) , biologist and herpetologist who has studied the reptiles and amphibians of the philippines for 50 years , mostly in collaboration with walter c . brown .
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
, named for large teeth in both jaws . asian wolf snakes are placed in the genera
, is a small , drab species with a metallic sheen and lives chiefly on lizards . it can grow to lengths of about 50 cm ( 20 inches ) . the
snake , ( suborder serpentes ) , any of more than 3 , 400 species of reptiles distinguished by their limbless condition and greatly elongated body and tail . classified with lizards in the order squamata , snakes represent a lizard that , over the course of evolution , has undergone structural reduction , …
reptile , any member of the class reptilia , the group of air - breathing vertebrates that have internal fertilization , amniotic development , and epidermal scales covering part or all of their body . the major groups of living reptiles—the turtles ( order testudines ) , tuatara ( order rhynchocephalia…
vertebrate , any animal of the subphylum vertebrata , the predominant subphylum of the phylum chordata . they have backbones , from which they derive their name . the vertebrates are also characterized by a muscular system consisting pimarily of bilaterally paired masses and a central nervous system…
chordate , any member of the phylum chordata , which includes the vertebrates , the most highly evolved animals , as well as two other subphyla—the tunicates and cephalochordates . some classifications also include the phylum hemichordata with the chordates . as the name implies , at some time in the life…
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justification : listed as least concern because , although its extent of occurrence is 86 km² , it is common , somewhat adaptable , and does not appear to be in decline .
this species is endemic to the philippines , where it is known from batan island ( 70 km² ) ( ota and ross 1994 ) , the neighboring sabtang island ( 16 km² ) , with recent reports of the species from calayan island ( oliveros et al . 2004 ) . it may be found on other smaller neighboring islands . it is a lowland species found up to 320 m asl .
animals have been recorded from the forest floor and from bushes ( ota and ross 1994 ) , and may be found at forest edges , and in adjacent agricultural areas . it may feed on reptilian eggs ( ota and ross 1994 ) .
there currently seem to be no major threats to this species . it is found in areas that are well protected , with a low human population density , no logging , hunting , or other potential threats .
the area that it is found in is generally well protected . further studies are needed into the distribution of this species .
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. 2004 ) . it may be found on other smaller neighboring islands . it is a lowland species found up to 320 m asl .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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this species is endemic to the philippines , where it is known from batan island ( 70 km ) ( ota and ross 1994 ) , the neighboring sabtang island ( 16 km ) , with recent reports of the species from calayan island ( oliveros et al . 2004 ) . it may be found on other smaller neighboring islands . it is a lowland species found up to 320 m asl .
paratype : ota , h . & ross , c . a . 1994 . copeia . 1994 ( 1 ) : 159 , figures 2 - 5 .
listed as least concern because , although its extent of occurrence is 86 km , it is common , somewhat adaptable , and does not appear to be in decline .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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binaday , j . w . b . 2017 . cyclocorus lineatus ( reinhardt’s lined snake ) diet . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 671 .
boulenger , g . a . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . london ( taylor & francis ) , 448 pp . - get paper here
brown , rafe m . ; ferner , john w . ; sison , rogelio v . ; gonzales , pedro c . ; kennedy , robert s . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of the zambales mountains of luzon island , republic of the philippines . herpetological natural history 4 ( 1 ) : 1 - 22
brown ; rafe ; cameron siler , carl oliveros , luke welton , ashley rock , john swab , merlijn van weerd , jonah van beijnen , dominic rodriguez , edmund jose , arvin diesmos 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of luzon island , philippines , viii : the herpetofauna of cagayan and isabela provinces , northern sierra madre mountain range . zookeys 266 ( 2013 ) special issue : 1 - 120 < br / > doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 266 . 3982 - get paper here
devan - song , anne and rafe m . brown 2012 . amphibians and reptiles of luzon island , philippines , vi : the herpetofauna of the subic bay area . asian herpetological research 3 ( 1 ) : 1–20 - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . , g . bibron & a . h . a . duméril 1854 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles . vol . 7 ( partie 1 ) . paris , xvi + 780 s . - get paper here
duméril , andré marie constant 1853 . prodrome de la classifcation des reptiles ophidiens . mém . acad . sci . , paris , 23 : 399 - 536 - get paper here
gaulke , m . 2011 . the herpetofauna of panay island , philippines . edition chimaira , 390 pp .
gaulke , m . 2013 . abenteuerurlaub auf den philippinen . reptilia ( münster ) 18 ( 100 ) : 114 - 125 - get paper here
leviton , a . e . 1967 . contributions to a review of philippine snakes , ix . the snakes of the genus cyclocorus . philippine j . sci . 94 ( 4 ) : 519 - 533 [ 1965 ] - get paper here
mcleod , david s . ; cameron d . siler , arvin c . diesmos , mae l . diesmos , vhon s . garcia , angela o . arkonceo , kelvin l . balaquit , charlene c . uy , mariden m . villaseran , earle c . yarra , rafe m . brown 2011 . amphibians and reptiles of luzon island , v : the herpetofauna of angat dam watershed , bulacan province , luzon island , philippines . asian herpetological research 2 ( 4 ) : 177–198 - get paper here
rasmussen , j . b . & b . hughes 1996 . description of some new snake species . i . [ english translation of the original danish text of t . reinhardt 1843 ] . steenstrupia 22 : 13 - 39
reinhardt , j . t . 1843 . beskrivelse af nogle nye slangearter . danske vidensk . selsk . afhandl . 10 : 233 - 279 . - get paper here
siler , c . d . ; l . j . welton ; j . m . siler ; j . brown ; a . bucol ; a . c . diesmos ; r . brown . 2011 . amphibians and reptiles , luzon island , aurora province and aurora memorial national park , northern philippines : new island distribution records . check list 7 ( 2 ) : 182 - 195 - get paper here
thompson , j . c . 1913 . contributions to the anatomy of the ophidia . proc . zool . soc . london 1913 : 414 - 426 - get paper here
toledo - bruno , angela grace ; daryl g . macas , dave p . buenavista , michael arieh p . medina , ronald regan c . forten 2017 . amphibian and reptile diversity in mt . kalatungan range natural park , philippines environmental and experimental biology 15 : 127–135 , doi : 10 . 22364 / eeb . 15 . 11 - get paper here
weinell , j . l . , & brown , r . m . 2017 . discovery of an old , archipelago - wide , endemic radiation of philippine snakes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 119 : 144–150 [ 2018 ] - get paper here
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the species prefers lowland habitats , not being found more than 320 meters above sea level . [ 1 ] it is frequently found in shrubs or on the forest floor , as well as at the edge of the forest , and occasionally in adjacent agricultural fields . it is thought to feed on the eggs of other reptiles , by slitting them open with its blade - like teeth . [ 3 ]
ota , hidetoshi ; ross , charles a . ( 1 february 1994 ) .
four new species of
bauer , aaron m . ( 1998 ) . cogger , h . g . ; zweifel , r . g . , eds .
this page was last edited on 8 march 2018 , at 12 : 38 .
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the phylogenetic results of siler et al . ( 2013 ) provide evidence of deeply divergent lineages within some taxa ( l . effraensis , l . subcinctus ) that may represent cryptic species . some of the lineage diversity revealed appears to correspond to taxonomic entities previously identified ( currently recognized as subspecies or synonyms ) and some does not . on the other hand , as noted above , genetic results suggest that species diversity within several clades may be overestimated , rather than underestimated , by current taxonomic treatments . between these two extremes lie species with moderate genetic structure observed among populations ( l . muelleri , l . aulicus complex ) .
( guo et al . 2013 and references therein ; siler et al . 2013 and references therein )
pyron , r . a . , h . k . dushantha kandambi , c . r . hendry , et al . 2013 . genus - level phylogeny of snakes reveals the origins of species richness in sri lanka . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 : 969–978 .
mish fc ( editor in chief ) . 2004 . merriam - webster ' s collegiate dictionary , eleventh edition . springfield , massachusetts : merriam - webster , incorporated . 40a + 1 , 623 pp . isbn 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 . (
lycopodium
, p . 742 ;
odonate
p . 860 ) .
the species is known only from the single juvenile type specimen collected at gyobyu , taikkyi township , pegu ( = bago ) district , myanmar ( smith 1943 ) . this area has been intensively surveyed recently but the species has not been recovered ( g . wogan pers . comm . 2011 ) .


dendrochirus zebra , known commonly as the zebra turkeyfish or zebra lionfish among other vernacular names , is a species of marine fish in the family scorpaenidae .

zebra turkeyfishes are widespread throughout the tropical waters of the indo-west pacific including the red sea .

dendrochirus zebra

maggie whitson marked
zebra turkeyfish ( dendrochirus zebra )
as trusted on the
dendrochirus zebra
page .
click the button below to add the dwarf / zebra lionfish ( dendrochirus zebra ) to your wish list .
dendrochirus zebra has not been evaluated for the iucn red list of threatened species .
dendrochirus zebra is known under several different names in english , such as zebra lionfish , zebra firefish , and zebra turkeyfish . it is a member of the family scorpaenidae where you will find the scorpionfishes .
the dwarf lionfish looks similar to the zebra lionfish , dendrochirus zebra . the easiest way to tell them apart is by the lack of spotted bands crossing the pectoral fins of the zebra lionfish .
nistha sirapattarapongkul added the thai common name
ปลาสิงโตลายขวาง
to
dendrochirus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 )
.
nistha sirapattarapongkul added the thai common name
ปลาสิงโตแคระ้้ม้าลาย
to
dendrochirus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 )
.
a zebra lionfish , dendrochirus zebra , at south solitary island , new south wales , 12 february 2013 . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution
maggie whitson marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
dendrochirus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 )
.
the largest scientifically measured zebra lionfish was 25 cm / 9 . 8 in .
the zebra lionfish is an egg - layer . it has spawned in captivity .
citation :
zebra turkeyfishes , dendrochirus zebra ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
justification : dendrochirus zebra is widespread throughout the indo - pacific and can be locally abundant in parts of its range . there are no known major threats ; therefore , it is listed as least concern .
rizzari jr , lönnstedt om . 2014 cooperative hunting and gregarious behaviour in the zebra lionfish ,
lionfish of this species , dendrochirus , are allowed to be shipped into the state of florida . only species of the genus pterois are banned .
the zebra lionfish can be confused with the dwarf lionfish , but you can tell them apart by looking at the pectoral fins . if the pectoral fins are adorned with spotted bands , you are looking at a dwarf lionfish , not a zebra .
remarks : the genus dendrochirus differs from pterois by having the pectoral rays connected to each other almost to tips . favoured by aquarists . dorsal fin spines extremely venomous .
justification : dendrochirus bracypterus is widespread throughout the indo - pacific and is not uncommon . there are no known major threats ; therefore , it is listed as least concern .
dendrochirus zebra is widespread throughout the indo - west pacific , from the red sea and east africa west to tonga , north to southern japan , and south to australia ( poss 1999 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) . this species is generally found at depths of 2 - 75 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .
( a ) mean change in proportion of time d . zebra initiators spent in front of prey compartment ( grey bars ) and predator holding area ( white bars ) before and after prey were released into chamber . ( b ) number of times initiators ( grey bars ) and responders ( dark grey bars ) displayed fin - signals after prey had been added . ( c ) mean number of prey caught by solitary d . zebra , two d . zebra or a d . zebra and p . antennata hunting together during a 10 - min hunting trial .
dendrochirus zebra is a marine , reef - associated species , normally found on coral or other rocky substrates of reef flats , in addition to being encountered in lagoons and caves in small groups ( lieske and myers 1994 ) . during the pelagic stage of its life cycle , d . zebra travel large distances and ends up in sub - tropical areas ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . this species has a maximum standard length of 20 centimeters ( poss 1999 ) .
] , it could help explain the exceptionally high prey capture rates of lionfish predators . in this study , we investigated whether the zebra lionfish (
the zebra lionfish has a reddish body decorated with five dark bars . in large specimens , the five major dark bars will alternate with thin dark bars . there is a dark spot on the cheek of the fish . the flamboyant colouration is a warning signal that lets other animals know that the zebra lionfish is venomous .
the d . zebra is a lion that often succumbs to illness relatively quickly upon acquisition . this beautiful example is a healthy specimen owned and photographed by william lyon .
the zebra lionfish looks similar to the dwarf lionfish . the easiest way to tell them apart is by the presence of spotted bands crossing the pectoral fins of the dwarf lionfish .
the zebra lionfish ' s striking colouration is a
warning
to potential predators that the species has poisonous dorsal fin spines . the species is widely distributed throughout the tropical indo - pacific .
the zebra lionfish is widely distributed throughout the tropical indo - pacific . in australia it is found from shark bay , western australia , around the tropical north , and south to sydney , new south wales .
( of pterois zebra cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
is known as the zebra lionfish or dwarf lionfish . it has red , white , and black vertical stripes along the body ; large , fan - like pectoral fins ; and tall , quill - like dorsal fins .
research dendrochirus zebra » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
( of pseudomonopterus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( a ) the study species d . zebra . ( b ) the flared fin display sequence by initiator predators . ( c ) experimental labyrinth chamber . ( photo credit : oona lönnstedt . ) ( online version in colour . )
unlike d . brachypterus and d . barberi , this species is not sexually dimorphic , although very subtle differences between the sexes have been reported , such as larger heads and bodies in male specimens . it is also reported that just prior to spawning , the female zebra takes on a brilliant white color with a dark midsection . since it is virtually impossible to sex this species , and males will fight , it’s best to keep a single specimen of d . zebra per tank .
the zebra lionfish can be distinguished by a combination of characters including its long pectoral and dorsal fins , its colouration , the number of scales in the lateral line and the number of pectoral fin rays . the striking colouration is a
warning
to potential predators that this species has poisonous dorsal fin spines .
the zebra lionfish is a carnivore species that should be kept on a meaty diet in the aquarium . you can for instance feed it live fish and various types of live shrimp . it is important to keep the diet varied and include many different animals . some specimens can be trained to accept crustacean flesh .
in the wild , this little lion is fond of sheltered areas with lower current flow , so be sure to provide it with some sheltered areas in which to rest and avoid fast laminar flow . in the wild , d . zebra preys mainly on crabs and shrimp , although they will occasionally eat small fish , and like all lionfish is a crepuscular hunter .
it is not advisable to house zebra lionfish in an aquarium smaller than 30 gallons / 115 litres . it is important to include numerous suitable hiding spots in the set up . don’t worry if your lionfish spends most of its time hiding when newly introduced to your aquarium ; it will become braver eventually if the aquarium contains enough hiding spots into which it can retreat .
dendrochirus brachypterus is distributed throughout the indo - west pacific , from the red sea and east africa west to samoa , and australia to the philippines ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . records from the hawaiian islands ( e . g . , poss 1999 ) require verification . it is frequently found at depths of 2 to 80 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) , although it is more usually found in waters less than 60 m ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .
the zebra lionfish is primarily found on corals , among rubbles , and over reef flats with rocky bottoms , but you can also encounter it in coastal as well as outer reef environments in sheltered lagoons and caves . most specimens stay in the 3 - 60 m / 10 - 197 feet range , but some have been encountered at a depth of 80 meters / 262 feet .
the zebra lionfish lives in the indo - west pacific . its geographical range stretches from east africa and the red sea to samoa . the northernmost specimens are found south of japan , while the southernmost specimens inhabit the waters of australia . this species is found from 30°n to 15°s . during the pelagic stage , the offspring can travel great distances since they are transported by currents and they can reach sub - tropical parts of the ocean .
this is a marine , reef - associated fish , most frequently found in reef flats , shallow lagoons , and in areas with sandy substrates ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . the adults of this species reach a maximum standard length of 15 cm , but can sometimes grow to be as big as 25 cm ( poss 1999 ) . the juveniles are sometimes found in small groups of about 10 individuals on small reef outcroppings , whereas the adults are found on sponges ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . dendrochirus brachypterus are nocturnal . this species feeds on small crustaceans ( myers 1999 ) .
our study provides the first experimental demonstration of mutually beneficial cooperative hunting between pairs of predators . zebra lionfish use a highly stereotyped flared fin display to signal for hunting support to members of the same and a different species of lionfish , and hunting partners actively respond to initiators with a fin display . when hunting cooperatively , the predators used their large extended pectoral fins to herd prey into a corner and then took turns to strike and feed on the prey .
bodied pterois volitans . d . zebra can be identified by a dark spot on the lower portion of the operculum , the presence of two white spots ( sometimes more of a free - form white hourglass ) on the caudal peduncle , and dark concentric bands at the base of its beautiful webbed pectoral fins . the pectoral fin membranes extend almost to the fin ray tips , forming a non - incised web . like most lionfish , the body pattern consists of alternating dark brown / reddish and light brown / off - white stripes .
greek , dendron = tree + greek , cheir = hands ; with tree like marks ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 3 - 80 m ( ref . 30874 ) , usually ? - 60 m ( ref . 37816 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 30°s , 32°e - 163°w
indo - west pacific : red sea and east africa to samoa , north to southern japan and the ogasawara islands , south to australia and lord howe island .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1602 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 6 - 7 . body reddish with 5 dark bars , alternating with thin dark bars in large specimens ; median fins with small dark spots ; dark spot on cheek ( ref . 4313 ) . mid - dorsal spines longer than body depth ( ref . 37816 ) .
found on coral , rubble , or rock bottoms of reef flats ( ref . 9710 ) ; also in coastal to outer reef habitats in sheltered lagoons and in caves , sometimes in small aggregations . usually shallow , from 3 - 60m ( ref . 30874 ) but also reported to 80 m depth . pelagic stages travel great distances and expatriate to sub - tropical zones ( ref . 48635 ) . spawned in captivity ( ref . 37816 ) .
spawn in pairs . courtship and spawning occur at night . males aggressive , females are smaller and develop almost white face when in courtship . spawning occurs at the apex of a short and rapid paired ascent resulting in a gelatinous mass of 2 , 000 to 15 , 000 eggs . hatching occurs 36 hours later and larvae settle out in a few weeks at a size of 10 - 12 mm .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 24 . 3 - 29 , mean 27 . 8 ( based on 1518 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00449 - 0 . 02935 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 66 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .
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dwarf lionfish , small : over 1 - 1 . 5
, indo pacific
dwarf lionfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5
, indo pacific
dwarf lionfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5
, indo pacific
due to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .
american samoa ; australia ; british indian ocean territory ; china ; christmas island ; comoros ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; fiji ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; india ; indonesia ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kenya ; korea , republic of ; madagascar ; malaysia ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; norfolk island ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; réunion ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tonga ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; wallis and futuna ; yemen
this species is not uncommon , and is locally abundant in some parts of its range ( japan ) ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .
this species is taken for the aquarium trade , and is of minor use to commercial fisheries ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
hutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .
kuiter , r . h . 1993 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . crawford house press . pp . 437 .
kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .
description common in the philippines where it is exported for the aquarium trade ; rare in micronesia . inhabits shallow reef areas .
description common in the philippines where it is exported for the aquarium trade ; rare in micronesia . inhabits shallow reef areas . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
remark d . zebrae in < 355 > . type species of genus . [ details ]
found on coral , rubble , or rock bottoms of reef flats ( ref . 9710 ) ; also in coastal to outer reef habitats in sheltered lagoons and in caves , sometimes in small aggregations . usually shallow , from 3 - 60m ( ref . 30874 ) but also reported to 80 m depth . pelagic stages travel great distances and expatriate to sub - tropical zones ( ref . 48635 ) . spawned in captivity ( ref . 37816 ) .
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
this species is highly venomous and this venom can , under certain circumstances , be fatal .
in case of poisoning , it is vital to have as much information as possible regarding the species / poison . have telephone number for the poison hotline close to the aquarium . since people can have different reactions to poisons , take precautions necessary to ensure your safety and that of your surroundings .
these fish prefer live feed , such as live fish or shrimp . some specimens refuse
dead
food altogether , while others can be trained to accept it . its easiest to move the frozen food around in front of the fish with a pair of tweezers . as soon as the fish shows interest and “attacks” , let go of the food .
they will try to eat all fish , shrimps and similar life forms that are small enough to fit in itheir mouth .
they should be fed a couple of times a week . the fish and shrimps used as foods , must remain whole to give the lionfish the optimum nutrition . the food must not be thawed naturaly , this helps to retain all the goodness .
suitable live food are : mollies , guppies and ghostshrimp . the feeder fish or shrimp should be fed with nutritious feed , like cyclop - eeze for example .
this is problematic when working with ones hands in the tank , without the fish coming too close with its venomous spines .
scorpion - / lionfish ( scorpaenidae ) are both pretty and interesting because of their special appearance and behaviour .
they are generally hardy and do not need a large swimming area , but do often require feeding with small live fish and / or shrimps . some will quickly begin eating frozen fish or shrimp whilst others will refuse to eat
dead
food . their food must be highly nutritious and varied . they must not be fed too often . feed them a large meal twice a week .
these fish are mostly peaceful , but will eat anything that fits into their mouth . one might be surprised by how large their prey can be , they can even swallow fish which nearly match their own length . they will also eat each other , if the size difference is large enough . their venomous spines do not guarantee that they will not be eaten by other predatory fishes .
do be cautious when having your hands in the aquarium as these fish are very poisonous .
some scorpionfish require a special substrate , either coral gravel or fine sand , as this resembles their natural habitat .
be careful when catching scorpion - / lionfish as they can easily get caught in the net .
scott w . michael . 2001 . reef fishes volume 1 - tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) henry c . schultz . 2002 . scorpionfish : masters of camouflage - reefkeeping magazine - ( english ) greg and renee hix . scorpionfish in the home aquarium - lionfish lair - ( english ) greg and renee hix . lionfish in the home aquarium - lionfish lair - ( english ) daniel pomfret - 2007 . venomous beauties : a look at scorpionfishes in the home aquarium - tropical fish hobbyist magazine - ( english )
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .
minimum volume
indicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .
this is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .
hardiness
indicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .
in this case , a
normal
aquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26°c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .
special aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .
always reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .
often reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .
reef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .
reef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .
not reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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a 50 gallon or larger aquarium with numerous hiding places is suitable . it will hide while acclimating to its new environment . the top spines are venomous , causing reactions similar to a bee sting . to treat the sting , soak the affected area in hot water ( 100 - 110º f ) .
when first introduced into the aquarium , live saltwater feeder shrimp should be used to entice this fish to eat . the dwarf lionfish diet consists of meaty foods such as live shrimp ( including ornamental shrimp ) , live fish , and sometimes , crustacean flesh .
72 - 78° f , dkh 8 - 12 , ph 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 , sg 1 . 020 - 1 . 025
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allen , g . r . and r . c . steene ( 1988 ) fishes of christmas island indian ocean . : christmas island natural history association , christmas island , indian ocean , 6798 , australia . 197 p .
anonymous ( 2001 ) on reef fisheries exploitation and trade in indonesia . : p . 41 - 44 . in country status overview 2001on reef fisheries exploitation and trade in indonesia . ministry of marine affairs and fisheries , telepak indo . found . and international marine alliance ( ima ) indonesia . indonesia .
carl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
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don’t forget to click on the arrow after the scientific names to hear it pronounced correctly .
the lightning bolt appearance in the eye of this lion is the retinal tapetum lucidum . it’s a membrane on back of the retina , that makes the most out of all available light for this crepuscular hunter .
day , and emerging to hunt in the dim light of the evening and pre - dawn hours . it is during these low - light hours that the wild , striped patterns and dermal tassels of the lionfish allow them to blend in with shadows and reef growth , similar to the way tigers and leopards blend into the vegetation on land .
this diagram depicts all of the key anatomical landmarks spoke of throughout this guide .
click on the picture of the cuticle above to see our lion actively shedding .
diagram illustrating the difference between total length ( tl ) and standard length ( sl ) measurements .
comparison showing the juvenile ( left ) and adult ( right ) phases of d . barberi . note the hint of red in the iris of the juvenile versus the deep red of the adult .
in terms of habits , this fish is a bit more cryptic than d . brachypterus , however , not terribly so . like pretty much all lionfish , they do indeed learn to recognize the “food god” and will be there to greet you .
care for this lionfish is similar to that of the fuzzy dwarf . as mentioned , this delightful little lion isn’t super common , and isn’t the showiest , but well worth keeping if you can find one .
the fu manchu may be a little shy at first , but will warm up to you in no time .
this little lionfish is one of the most striking dwarf lions in appearance as well as one of the hardest to keep . the base color of this species is red / orange with dark , almost black mottled stripes and specks on its body with white highlights on its face , mandibular extensions , and fins . these mandibular appendages resemble a mustache , and have given rise to this fish’s most common name fu manchu . the second dorsal fin is adorned with two eyespots ( ocellae ) , which give this fish its species name : biocellatus , which means “two eyes” . it should be noted , however , that some specimens do indeed have a third ocellus on this fin ( we jokingly refer to these specimens as triocellatus around our house ) . their pectoral fins are smoothly rounded and resemble a fandango dancer’s fans , with only the lower few ray tips forming a serrated edge . all in all , the fu is a very handsome fish .
you’re probably already wondering why the fu manchu is considered a bit tough to keep . there are a few reasons : first , these fish tend to be poor shippers , so acquiring a healthy specimen is of utmost importance . secondly , they are shy , especially at first , and can be rather difficult to wean onto prepared foods . to that end , it is important for this fish to have plenty of rockwork with caves and overhangs to shelter in until it is acclimated to its surroundings . in my experience , the fact that cryptic fish have places to hide will actually make them more adventurous simply because they know that have a safe house handy if needed .
click on the picture to see a video of the fast respiratory rate of our d . biocellatus . this is normal for this species .
while we’re discussing the feeding habits of d . biocellatus , we would like to mention their fascinating and bizarre hunting behavior . once a prey item is sighted , the fish will creep up and begin to shake its head from side - to - side while it flares its opercula . once it is within striking range of its prey , the lionfish will begin to rhythmically twitch its dorsal spines back - and - forth while vibrating the lower tips of its pectoral rays to confuse the food item . finally , the lion strikes and sucks its hapless prey into its mouth a la hoover .
while most lionfish exhibit slow , even respirations , it is important to realize that the fu manchu’s normal breathing rate always seems to be rather fast , so don’t worry if you notice this . one final note regarding the fu manchu is that it is probably the most intolerant of conspecifics of any of the lionfish species . even in larger setups , these fish will seek each other out and fight . it is conjectured that a m - f pair may not fight , however , unlike d . brachypterus , d . biocellatus is not sexually dimorphic / dichromic , thus it is impossible to discern the sex of this species .
whenever we’re asked to recommend a single dwarf lionfish species , this is our choice , hands down . fuzzies are pretty , hardy , and personable fish , and have relatively small mouths when compared to many other lionfish species . as their most popular common name implies , the scales of this lionfish have a fuzzy appearance to them . although these fish come in three basic color morphs ( brownish , red , and yellow ) , they can be virtually any combination of these hues . the brownish morph is the most common , and the yellows are a pretty rare find , as this color morph is only found in fish that hail from the lembeh strait and typically command a high price ( $ 300 - $ 400 usd ) .
although a little tight , a properly aquascaped 30 gallon tank will house a single specimen , m - f - f trios can be kept in larger setups of at least 60 gallons . it is important for multiple fuzzies be properly sexed as males will indeed fight .
fuzzies are generally out and about once they become accustomed to their setup and will brazenly beg to the food god when they see someone enter the room . even so , they should be provided with caves and overhangs to give them that comfort factor . in fact , many fuzzies have their own special attention - getting antics , such as learning to spit water at their keepers ( they’re surprisingly accurate ! ) .
this little lion makes a great community / reef fish ( with proper tankmates of course ) , and pretty much keep to themselves as long as their tankmates aren’t snack - size and show them the same respect .
in general , captive care for this fish is similar to that of the fuzzy dwarf .
our specimen took readily to stick feeding , and eats the standard scorp fare of fish , shrimp , squid , lobster , etc . we serve at “chez scorp” , although , in the wild , this fish feeds primarily on crustaceans . to that end , picky eaters or new fish that are being conditioned should be offered live ghost shrimp , small crawfish , or fiddler crabs as first foods .
the antennata makes a great addition to a medium to large fish - only or reef display . a final word regarding tankmates : p . antennata has a rather large mouth , even by lionfish standards , so bear this in mind when choosing tankmates .
we consider our p . mombasae to be the peppermint angel of the lion world .
as far as feeding is concerned , once weaned , they’re a typical lionfish that will soon recognize its keeper and will pray to the food god , hoping for a handout . they do perch a bit , but they spend a good amount of time in the water column as well . this lion isn’t super common but is a real eye - catcher and a fabulous fish if you happen to find one .
once you learn the differences in their spot pattern , the mombasae ( left ) and the antennata ( right ) are easily distinguishable .
the p . radiata is harder to find than some of the other lions and often suffer during shipping , but their beauty is undebatable and they are a lucky find .
given our love for all things scorp , we have a hard time saying that a particular lionfish is the prettiest , but this species would definitely be on the short list . it is one of the species that we most often field questions about , simply based on looks alone . speaking of looks , this fish is easily identified by the two horizontal white stripes on its caudal peduncle . radiata lions exhibit broad vertical body bands that are typically dark red / maroon / brown , sometimes with a darkish green / black tint to them . these dark bands are separated by thin , stark white stripes . the lower rays of their long pectoral fin are connected by a membrane near the body up to about a quarter of their length , and the membranes of their second dorsal , anal and caudal fins lack color or markings , hence one of this fish’s common names : clearfin lionfish . this species typically sports a pair of supraorbital antennae .
although there are other attributes that id a radiata , the tail pattern is unique to its species .
radiata lions tend to ship poorly , so finding a pristine , healthy specimen may take some patience . however , a few minor dings should heal up and disappear in pretty short order with good food and low - stress tank conditions . another thing makes this fish a bit more of a find ( and more expensive ) is the fact that in the wild , it is a bit rarer than many lionfish species .
like the other medium lionfish species , p . radiata feeds on crustaceans ( mostly crabs and sometimes shrimp ) in the wild . therefore , a new fish that is being conditioned ( or stubborn weaners ) should be offered live ghost shrimp , small crawfish , or fiddler crabs as first foods . radiated lionfish approach their prey in an interesting forward - tilted , head - down attitude with their pectoral fins outstretched . this species has been dubbed difficult to keep due them being poor shippers , the fact that they are intolerant of poor water quality , and are sometimes difficult to feed / wean . however , although our specimen did look a bit rough from being in the procurement chain , it is a solid stick - feeder and will eat almost anything it is offered .
russel’s lionfish can best be described as a volitans in a slightly smaller package , both in habits and care . it is often seen offered for sale under the incorrect common name red volitans . i actually asked the owner of an aquarium shop why he mis - id’d this fish , and he told me “the people who really know , know , but most people don’t , and it avoids confusion” . i can’t say i agree with the logic , especially since he has a bit of a passion for oddball fish , but i guess it works for some folks .
the p . russelii is most easily identified by the lack of spots on its caudal and median fins , which also gives rise to one of its common names clearfin lionfish . its white body is adorned with reddish - brown vertical bands , which are sparser and more widely spaced than those of the p . volitans . additionally , russel’s lionfish lack the dark markings under its chin that the volitans has . once you see a russel’s , you won’t mistake them as p . volitans thereafter .
note the spots on the caudal fin ( tail ) of the p . volitans that is absent on the p . russelii . occasionally a russels will have spots on their tail , so it’s not an identifier .
note the lack of chin markings of the p . russelii to the left .
this fish is bold , and is almost always out and about in the water column . it is extremely tolerant of tankmates ( unless it thinks they’re snack - size ) , and handles polluted water very well . if you like p . volitans , but don’t quite have the room for one , p . russelii is for you !
this species is what one would have to consider thee lionfish . whenever a person mentions that they keep a lionfish , it is most likely a p . volitans . at this writing , we have kept nine species of lionfish , and although each species has its own allure , there is nothing quite like an adult p . volitans in terms of sheer presence and graceful beauty . they make the ultimate centerpiece fish for the larger aquarium . unfortunately , these fish are often offered as 2” juveniles , and many keepers are unaware as to how large and / or how fast these fish can grow , so many specimens end up being cramped and tank - stunted instead of being able to spread their fins and cruise about their tank .
p . volitans is typically very easy to feed and wean , and weaning is often accomplished by simply adding a chunk of food to the water column , as this species has a voracious appetite . their maximum prey size is often underestimated by aquarists who watch in horror as their adult volitans slurps down a 6” + long tankmate in the blink of an eye .
this species is probably the most forgiving of all lionfish species in terms of water quality and other forms of negligence visited on them by the aquarist . in fact , in the past , this fish was sometimes used to cycle new setups , as they could handle the various spikes in water chemistry . one of the most often made mistakes with this fish is to under - tank it . even a smaller adult will end up being a 12” cube ( including fins ) , so they require a minimum front - to - back depth of 18” just to be able to turn around comfortably .
think a lion and a trigger make good tankmates ? click on the picture to see jerry barbian’s video as to why this coupling may become a problem .
people frequently try to mix volitans with triggers . some people have had success , which can be found more frequently with the pelagic species of triggers . and then there is the more common outcome of a lion and a trigger below . it’s your risk . have a plan “b” if it doesn’t work out .
in a two year span , this lion went from a walnut to a football .
average size : 5” - 6” tl ( ~ 13 – 15 cm ) natural habitat : usually found on open reef flats , in sheltered coastal bays and fine sand or muddy habitats . care level : difficult minimum tank size : 30 g ( ~ 114 l ) frozen food conversion : difficult
the electric blue bands of the pectoral fins , lends to the beauty of the fish .
as flash colors to warn away and confuse predators . the pelvic fins of the bluefin are typically black , hence the common name “blackfoot lionfish” . finally , the trailing edge of their caudal fin is perfectly straight ( squared - off ) , with the uppermost ray elongated to form a streamer . if it weren’t for the difficulty in keeping this fish , it may very well be the perfect lionfish in terms of appearance and size .
another interesting habit of the bluefin is the fact that they are often seen out in the open resting or even partially buried in shallow depressions which they excavate in the soft substrate . when startled , this lion will rear up in its depression , directing the business ends of its dorsal spines toward the attacker . if the attacker persists , it will flash its pectorals and rotate itself 360º in an effort to bewilder the offender as well as to have the ability to defend itself in place . it will leave its foxhole only as a last resort .
this little lion is definitely a rare find , and a special case , as to have even a small chance of keeping it alive for any appreciable length of time , it must be kept under temperate conditions ( less than 65ºf ) . we have been fortunate enough to have had our specimen under our care for well over a year , however , the early months were indeed rough ) .
we consider the p . heterura to be the most beautiful out of all the lions . we had ours 1 year 7 months before we lost him when he jumped out of the tank . cover your tanks !