the lamniformes ( from the greek word , lamna " fish of prey " ) are an order of sharks commonly known as mackerel sharks ( which may also refer specifically to the family lamnidae ) .

it includes some of the most familiar species of sharks , such as the great white shark and extinct megalodon , as well as more unusual representatives , such as the goblin shark and the megamouth shark .

members of the order are distinguished by possessing two dorsal fins , an anal fin , five gill slits , eyes without nictitating membranes , and a mouth extending behind the eyes .

also , unlike other sharks , they maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water .

lamniformes

( lamniformes : cretoxyrhinidae ) from the niobrara chalk of kansas . bulletin of the new mexico museum of natural history 35 : 185–192 .
fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 . hexanchiformes to lamniformes
the vertebrae had stacks of lines called lamellae around the outside , suggesting the bones once belonged to a broad scientific classification of sharks called lamniformes that includes sand tiger sharks , great white sharks , goblin sharks and others , frederickson said .
compagno , l j . v . 2001 . sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date , volume 2 ; bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . fao . rome , italy .
hansen bb , cuny g , rasmussen bw , shimada k , jacobs p , heilmann - clausen c ( 2013 ) associated skeletal and dental remains of a fossil odontaspidid shark ( elasmobranchii : lamniformes ) from the middle eocene lillebælt clay formation in denmark . bulletin of the geological society of denmark 61 : 37–46 .
lamniformes have two dorsal fins , neither of which is spined . they also have an anal fin , five gill slits and small spiracles ( in most species ) , which are situated behind the eyes . the eyes have no nictitating membrane , and usually roll back in the case of frontal impact in order to protect them .
lamniformes mackerel sharks most mackerel sharks have long snouts and mouths that stretch behind the eyes . they also feature two dorsal fins and an anal fin . these species range from intertidal areas to open ocean at depths of nearly 4 , 000 ft . embryos of these sharks dine on their younger siblings and fertilized eggs in the womb .
interestingly , lamniformes have a special adaptation . this involves their circulatory system and allows them to retain heat generated by cellular metabolic processes . this is in contrast to other cold - blooded sharks and fish and allows them to spend energy on hunting and travelling rather than on trying to maintain a beable body temperature as the water temperature around them cools .
lamniformes are ovoviviparous . eggs are fertilised and hatched internally . however , this group also displays a phenomenon known as oophagy , which dictates that the first pup to hatch in the oviduct should devour the other unfertilised eggs in the oviduct . this pup is born strong , beable and with trained killer instincts in preparation for its independent life in the open waters .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )
compagno , l . j . v . ( 2001 ) . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . volume 2 . bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 1 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . 269p . [ details ]
lamniformes , also known as mackerel sharks , is one of the most well - known groups as it includes famous species and feared hunters , like the great white shark , basking shark , mako ( shortfin and longfin ) and megamouth . this group has a particularly large mouth , ideal for seizing and immobilising large prey as well as for tearing off chunks of meat from hapless victims . the megalodon , now extinct , was also part of this fascinating group . other members include the goblin and thresher sharks .
lamniformes only live in saltwater , and cannot survive in freshwater rivers or lakes . different species are able to live in the shallower , warmer coastal areas or the deeper , colder waters of the open seas . they also withstand varying temperatures to make them one of the most prolific and abundant known shark groups . the smallest lamnoid is the crocodile shark , which reaches about 1 . 1 metres in length . the largest is the basking shark , growing to an impressive length of approximately 9 . 8 metres .
whether or not omnh 68860 belongs to leptostyrax remains unclear ; however , the unique vertebral morphology and gigantic size indicate the presence of a very large shark during the mid - cretaceous of north america . the mid - cretaceous is increasingly being recognized as an important time in shark evolutionary history , as the fossil record improves and increasingly reveals previously unknown diversity . although lamniformes likely evolved in the jurassic , it is not until the aptian when multiple genera appear together in a single assemblage . similarly , size increased for the entire order , with multiple families containing relatively large species by the late cretaceous [ 29 ] . this increase in size and diversity was likely influenced by the warming trend beginning in the mid - cretaceous ; where midocean temperatures at 30–35°n paleolatitude rise from 13–14°c in the early albian to 28–29°c in the cenomanian [ 30 ] . however , more research is needed to determine the cause of gigantism in lamniform sharks .
despite their rows of ragged teeth and vicious appearance , sand tiger sharks are actually rather docile , usually attacking humans only in self - defense .
sand tiger sharks , also known as gray nurse sharks , have a deceivingly ferocious look . they are large - bodied and display a mouthful of sharp teeth that protrude in all directions , even when the mouth is shut . despite this , they are a docile , non - aggressive species , known to attack humans only when bothered first .
sand tiger sharks are brownish - gray with rust - colored spots on top and white underneath . they have a flattened , cone - shaped snout and a distinctive , oblong tail with a notched , upper lobe that is significantly longer than the lobe below . individuals range in size from 6 . 5 to 10 . 5 feet in length .
their name comes from their tendency toward shoreline habitats , and they are often seen trolling the ocean floor in the surf zone , very close to shore . they are found in warm or temperate waters throughout the world ' s oceans , except the eastern pacific .
sand tigers are the only shark known to come to the surface and gulp air . they store the air in their stomachs , which allows them to float motionless in the water , seeking prey . they are voracious predators , feeding at night and generally staying close to the bottom . their staple is small fish , but they will eat crustaceans and squid as well . they occasionally hunt in groups , and have even been known to attack full fishing nets .
although this species is widespread and is not widely fished for food , it has one of the lowest reproduction rates of all sharks and is susceptible to even minimal population pressure . for this reason , it is listed as vulnerable and is protected in much of its range .
after keigo mitsukuri ; he worked in zoological names with y . iwasaki , 1896 ; imperial university
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 30 - 1300 m ( ref . 43278 ) , usually 270 - 960 m ( ref . 43278 ) . deep - water ; 48°n - 55°s , 180°w - 180°e
western atlantic : guyana ( ref . 6871 ) , suriname ( ref . 13608 , 11228 ) and french guiana . eastern atlantic : france ( bay of biscay ) , madeira , portugal , and south africa . western indian ocean : off south africa . western pacific : japan , australia ( south australia , new south wales ) , new zealand ( ref . 26346 ) . eastern pacific : usa ( southern california ) ( ref . 43278 ) .
maturity : l m ? , range 264 - 322 cm max length : 617 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 83323 ) ; common length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . flat , bladelike , elongated snout , tiny eyes without nictitating eyelids , soft , flabby body , slender , very long cusped teeth in long , protrusible jaws , long caudal fin without a ventral lobe ( ref . 247 ) . pinkish - white with bluish fins , becoming brownish grey after death ( ref . 5578 , 11228 ) .
found on outer continental shelves and upper slopes , but rarely in shallow water close inshore ( ref . 247 , 43278 ) . jaws are highly specialized for rapid projection from the head to snap up small animals ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on jacopever , pelagic octopus and crabs ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous , embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother ( ref . 50449 ) . probably slow - moving and neutrally buoyant ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized dried salted ( ref . 247 )
exhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother ( oophagy ) after the yolk sac is absorbed ( ref . 247 , 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
) : 3 . 8 - 13 . 7 , mean 8 . 3 ( based on 1037 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 62 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 10 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 90 of 100 ) .
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three large lamniform shark vertebrae are described from the lower cretaceous of texas . we interpret these fossils as belonging to a single individual with a calculated total body length of 6 . 3 m . this large individual compares favorably to another shark specimen from the roughly contemporaneous kiowa shale of kansas . neither specimen was recovered with associated teeth , making confident identification of the species impossible . however , both formations share a similar shark fauna , with leptostyrax macrorhiza being the largest of the common lamniform sharks . regardless of its actual identification , this new specimen provides further evidence that large - bodied lamniform sharks had evolved prior to the late cretaceous .
citation : frederickson ja , schaefer sn , doucette - frederickson ja ( 2015 ) a gigantic shark from the lower cretaceous duck creek formation of texas . plos one 10 ( 6 ) : e0127162 . urltoken
copyright : © 2015 frederickson et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited
data availability : site data for omnh v1727 are available by request from the department of vert . paleontology at the ( sn ) omnh .
funding : this paper received funding from the open access fund from the university of oklahoma libraries . the funder had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the specimens described herein , omnh 68860 , were collected in the duck creek formation of tarrant county , texas ( fig 1 ) . the duck creek is the second lowest formation of the lower cretaceous washita group ( albian ) [ 3 ] . underlying the duck creek is the basal kiamichi formation , which shares a contact with the duck creek defined lithologically by a transition from pebble - conglomerates and breccias to limestone , and faunally by a sharp decrease in gryphaea and schloenbachia [ 4 , 5 ] . the duck creek is conformably overlain by the fort worth formation ; the intervening contact is lithologically inconspicuous but is instead marked biostratigraphically by the appearance of holaster simplex , hemiaster elegans , and exogyra americana [ 5 ] .
a map of albian - age rocks in tarrant county , texas , showing the approximate location of omnh v1727 .
within tarrant county , the duck creek formation is approximately 13 m thick and is comprised of limestone , marl , and chalky marl deposits exposed in the western half of the county ( fig 1 ) [ 4 ] . the duck creek formation is subdivided into two primary units based on lithology , and four primary zones based on fauna . lithologically , the first 7 m above the base of the duck creek are dominated by limestone . above 7 m , limestone beds become increasingly indurated , decrease in thickness , and are further interlaminated by marl or marly limestone [ 4 , 6 ] . biostratigraphic zones consist of three ammonoid faunas including the basal desmoceras zone , followed by the schloenbachia zone and a scaphites zone ; the uppermost faunal zone is marked by the appearance of the brachiopod genus kingena [ 4 ] .
the base of a measured section at v1727 begins within the duck creek formation and correlates both lithologically and faunally with the ammonoid - rich limestone beds as described by winton and adkins [ 4 ] ( fig 2 ) . limestone dominates the measured section from the base to 6 m , where the first thinly - bedded marl deposits occur . despite significant portions of the section being covered by talus , the lithological transition to marl - dominated strata above 6 m is clearly defined and further supported by the appearance of kingena among the talus . the uppermost strata of the measured section consist of weathered , kingena - bearing marl with various echinoid fragments belonging to holaster simplex . these taxa imply the transition to the overlying fort worth formation ; however , no in situ bedforms were observed ; thus , at present , the contact can be inferred but not directly observed .
initially , the three vertebrae discussed herein were collected from a displaced block of limestone resting among marl debris situated above the lower limestone strata of the duck creek formation . further specimens bearing similar dimensions , taphonomic characteristics , and proximity to omnh 68860 were recovered in situ by a private collector within the indurated limestone beds lying just below the kingena - bearing marls approximately 11 . 5 m above the base of section ( fig 3 ; l . hall , personal communication ) . the lithology of the strata containing the shark vertebrae found in situ matches the remaining matrix from omnh 68860 . furthermore , taphonomic similarities shared among all vertebrae indicated that the specimens recovered by the private collector must indeed represent one individual ( discussed below ) . the stratigraphic origin of the shark vertebrae can therefore be confidently placed below the lower kingena - bearing marl and within the indurated limestone of the upper duck creek formation , approximately 10 . 5 m above the base of the section .
the surrounding lithology correlates with the indurated limestone bedforms 10 . 5 m above the base of the measured section ( photo courtesy of l . hall , 2013 ) .
in order to estimate the total body lengths from individual vertebra , we made comparisons with cretaceous sharks that possess a more robust postcranial fossil record . as it is impossible to determine vertebral position in a shark based on isolated vertebrae alone [ 1 ] , we conservatively regard the vertebra with the maximum centrum diameter as the largest vertebra in the entire individual . this ensures that the estimates achieved represent the smallest hypothetical length possible for this specimen . additionally , we assume that the relationship between vertebral size and total body length is consistent between well - represented species and omnh 68860 . this assumption is reasonable because most pelagic sharks have a consistent body form [ 2 ] .
similarly , gottfried et al . [ 7 ] used a different formula to calculate the total body length of individual vertebra in carcharocles megalodon using carcharodon carcharias as a proxy .
no permits were required for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .
omnh 68860 ; three vertebral centra , discovered by members of the paleontology club of the university of wisconsin - milwaukee , and prepared and curated at the sam noble oklahoma museum of natural history in norman , oklahoma . specimens were prepared by k . davies at snomnh using a 10 % buffered acetic acid bath for two of the three specimens . additional vertebrae have also been recovered from the same site , but these specimens were not collected by the authors and are currently in a private collection .
indurated limestone interval of the duck creek formation ( lower cretaceous : washita group ) of north - central texas .
the vertebrae were recovered at omnh locality v1727 , northwest of fort worth , tarrant county , texas ( fig 1 ) . locality data are on file at omnh and are available upon request from qualified investigators .
when discovered , all three vertebrae were disarticulated and were separated by a thin layer of limestone . the centra were recovered in a single vertical stack , with one vertebra situated perpendicular to the other two . all three are approximately the same size and proportions , implying that they represent vertebrae from the same area of the body . the largest , most - rostral vertebra measures approximately 110 mm in diameter , with a width of 34 mm ( fig 4 ) . all three are rostrocaudally biconcave ( amphicoelous ) and roughly spherical in outline , with little to no deformation as a result of crushing . both of the articular surfaces possess well - marked concentric lamellae on each vertebra . as in other lamniform sharks , all three vertebrae have multiple thin , radial lamellae circumventing at high densities around the outer surface of each centra . these lamellae measure up to 1 . 3 mm in diameter and run rostrocaudally with occasional bifurcations ( fig 4 right and left lateral view ) . both articular surfaces possess a well - developed corpus calcareum , with a thickness measuring approximately 6 mm each .
omnh 68860 in ( descending order ) rostral , caudal , ventral , right lateral , dorsal , and left lateral views .
each vertebra possesses readily distinguishable cartilage foramina on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces . the dorsal surface was identified using techniques described by shimada et al . [ 11 ] , where the midline foramina with the smallest inter - pit distance in each centrum are designated the basidorsal cartilage foramina . surprisingly , each of the two prepared vertebrae has multiple dorsal and ventral foramina ( five ventrals , seven dorsals each ) . the two foramina on the midline are generally the largest ; however , most do not extend to contact the corpus calcareum . all foramina are generally square with rounded corners and have a relatively smooth septum traveling into the vertebra . the additional foramina on the dorsal and ventral surface range in size , from 5 . 2–16 . 0 mm wide .
there were no other shark fossils associated with omnh 68860 . however , all three possessed traces of encrusting ostreids on the articular surfaces , indicating that these vertebrae were exposed at the surface for some period of time . further , pyrite has developed near the center of both articular surfaces on the largest vertebra . the smallest of the three vertebrae retains a cast of the next vertebra’s corresponding articular surface , giving this specimen a concavo - convex appearance in lateral view . the three centra also possess a single radial fracture ( 37 mm long in each vertebra ) . the common location of this fracture indicates that breakage occurred prior to the rearrangement of the vertebrae . although it cannot be completely determined whether omnh 68860 represents reworked material , abrasion is minimal , indicating that transportation was not extensive .
using the formulas of shimada [ 2 ] and gottfried et al . [ 7 ] , and the maximum vertebral diameter of 110 mm , the minimum total length of the individual represented by omnh 68860 is calculated to be 6 . 3 and 6 . 6 m respectively . according to these calculations , omnh 68860 would rival the largest cretoxyrhina mantelli specimens ( 6–7 m ) [ 2 ] in total length and approximately equal the length of the largest documented extant great white shark ( carcharodon carcharias ) ( 6 . 4 m ) [ 12 ] .
both omnh 68860 and kuvp 16343 represent relatively large mesozoic lamniform sharks ; however neither specimen would be considered extraordinary compared to some cenozoic species . for example , an associated specimen of carcharocles angustidens from the late oligocene has an estimated total body length of 6 . 6 – 9 . 3 m [ 16 ] ; roughly matching that omnh 68860 and kuvp 16343 . neither species , however , comes close to the maximum length estimates for the largest lamniform shark , carcharocles megalodon . total length estimates for this species vary depending on the method , but multiple techniques yield a gigantic size ranging from 9 . 2–16 m [ 3 ] .
morphological similarities between the kiowa and the duck creek sharks are further supported by the age of their respective assemblages . resemblances between the early cretaceous marine faunas of texas and kansas have long been recognized [ 17 ] , and more recent studies have indicated that the kiowa fauna correlates with that of the uppermost fredericksburg group and the lower washita group of texas [ 18 ] . the index fossil inoceramus comancheanus is found in the lower duck creek formation and the middle kiowa shale , demonstrating that at least some of the kiowa shale is equivalent in age to the duck creek formation . based on their stratigraphy , the kiowa shale and duck creek have both been placed in the upper albian stage of the lower cretaceous [ 19 ] .
of the two lamniform species found in both formations , leptostyrax macrorhiza tend to be larger . in fact , teeth of this species represent some of the largest known shark fossils from the albian of texas , making it the most appealing suspect for the identification of omnh 68860 . however , these teeth are still generally smaller than those of the late cretaceous cretoxyrhina mantelli , a species with known vertebral proportions similar to those of omnh 68860 [ 15 , 20 ] . however , biostratigraphic evidence suggests that the texas vertebrae are not from c . mantelli , as teeth from this species do not appear in texas until the cenomanian [ 15 ] . further comparisons of omnh 68860 to those vertebrae of c . mantelli from the niobrara formation demonstrate stark differences .
unlike most sharks , c . mantelli has a surprisingly complete fossil record , with multiple specimens preserving both teeth and postcranial material . vertebrae from this species tend to be large , exhibiting typical lamnoid - type centra , with a pair of cartilage foramina for both the neural and haemal arches ( personal observation ) . numerous radiating lamellae are also present that progressively decrease in number caudally down the vertebral column . these vertebrae differ from omnh 68860 in size , shape , and number of the cartilage foramina . specifically these foramina in omnh 68860 do not contact the corpus calcareum , are squarer , and are more numerous than in any published specimens of c . mantelli [ 11 , 20 ] .
another late cretaceous lamniform shark with known postcranial material is cardabiodon ricki . c . ricki was first described based on teeth and vertebrae from the cenomanian of australia [ 21 ] . subsequently , teeth were also described from the cenomanian of kansas [ 22 ] and the turonian of central montana [ 23 ] . superficially , vertebrae from c . ricki are more comparable to the texas specimens than any of c . mantelli ; for example , the vertebrae are more elongate , have a thick corpus calcareum , and small cartilage foramina . however , omnh 68860 can be differentiated in that they have thinner and less densely spaced radial lamellae , square cartilage foramina , and concentric lamellae . these features , plus the absence of cardabiodon teeth from the albian of north america , make it unlikely that the texas specimen belongs to this genus .
aside from leptostyrax macrorhiza , the only other lamniform shark known from both the kiowa shale and the duck creek formation is cretalamna appendiculata . the genus has a relatively long temporal range throughout the cretaceous , with a worldwide distribution [ 24 , 25 ] . in texas , there is an apparent size shift in teeth of c . appendiculata through the early to late cretaceous , where albian teeth tend to be relatively small , but gradually increase until reaching their largest sizes ( up to 30 mm ) in the maastrichtian . these larger late cretaceous specimens are considerably abundant in marine fossil sites [ 15 ] .
reconstruction of the large lamniform sharks from the duck creek formation and kiowa shale .
kuvp 16343 and omnh 68860 are both reconstructed as leptostyrax macrorhiza and modeled after an odontaspidid . this reconstruction was based on dental similarities shared between eoptolamnidae and odontaspididae [ 14 ] . both specimens represent the smallest calculated estimate based on the formula of shimada [ 2 ] . cretalamna appendiculata is reconstructed as a classic lamnid shark based on shared dental patterns between this genus and members of the family lamnidae [ 26 ] .
alternatively , a third lamniform species is recognized in the albian of texas and kansas . carcharias amonensis , an odontaspidid , has been reported from the upper albian paw paw formation and the lower kiowa shale [ 15 , 27 ] . although this species is not known from associated vertebral material , known teeth are relatively small ( 11 mm in maximum height [ 15 ] ) , making this species an unlikely candidate for the vertebrae . given the absolute size and distinct morphology of omnh 68860 , it is highly unlikely that these vertebrae belong to any commonly known shark from the duck creek formation , except possibly leptostyrax macrorhiza .
this discovery has further implications on the ecology of mesozoic oceans . in modern oceans , many large lamniform sharks are apex pelagic predators of marine and nearshore ecosystems . chondrichthyans the size of omnh 68860 would be among the largest predatory animals of the albian oceans , dwarfed only by some of the contemporaneous pliosaurs [ 31 , 32 ] . fossil tooth marks on dinosaurs [ 33 ] , mosasaurs [ 34 ] , plesiosaurs [ 35 ] , teleost fishes [ 36 ] , and turtles [ 37 ] , indicate that large lamniform sharks of the late cretaceous occupied the ecological position of generalist predator and scavenger , much as they do today . the discovery of omnh 68860 highlights an important ecological transition during the albian , where lamniform sharks begin to take on the massive sizes and trophic abilities seen most predominately in later occurring species . further , both omnh 68860 and kuvp 16343 represent albian species with minimum total lengths between 6 . 3–8 . 3 m . this suggests that the late early cretaceous was home to some of the largest mesozoic lamniform sharks of north america .
large shark vertebrae were recovered from the lower cretaceous duck creek formation of texas . these vertebrae represent a single animal of approximately 6 . 3 m in minimum total length , making this individual one of the largest documented sharks from the early cretaceous of n . america .
this specimen has unique morphology undocumented in any other cretaceous shark from north america , but shares large size with a contemporaneous vertebra from the kiowa shale of kansas .
we hypothesize that these vertebrae belong to leptostyrax macrorhiza based on their size and co - occurrence in both the duck creek formation and kiowa shale . however , without associated teeth , this identification cannot be confirmed .
the albian oceans contained some of the largest lamniform sharks of the mesozoic , which hypothetically represented an ecological precursor to the large sharks of the late cretaceous and cenozoic .
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distribution : marine ; all oceans . upper lobe of caudal fin greatly elongate , caudal fin almost one - half of total length ; third to fifth gill openings over origin of pectoral fin . ovoviviparous , embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother ( ref . 50449 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
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) , about 40 inches long , cape cod ; and upper and lower teeth from front part of mouth of a larger specimen from new jersey , about natural size . from bigelow and schroeder . drawings by e . n . fischer .
the large size of the second dorsal fin , and of the anal as well ( which is about equal to the first dorsal instead of much smaller ) is of itself enough to distinguish this species from all other gulf of maine sharks . the fact that the first dorsal fin is located but little in front of the pelvics , and that the trunk seems crowded with fins of equal size , is a useful field mark . we may also point out that the pectoral fins are not much larger than the other fins—triangular rather than sickle - shaped ; that the upper lobe of the tail is nearly one - third as long as head and body together and notched near its tip , with the lower lobe about one - third as long as the upper lobe ; and that the head is flat above , the snout short , conical with rather sharp tip . the teeth also ( alike in the two jaws ) are diagnostic , being long , narrow , sharp - pointed , and smooth - edged , with one ( rarely two ) small spurs (
denticles
) on either side near the base .
most of the sand sharks that are caught in the northern part of their american range , from delaware bay to cape cod , are immature , of perhaps 4 to 6 feet . but adults up to 8 or 9 feet long are reported there from time to time , especially from the vicinity of nantucket , where a commercial shark fishery yielded many of them in
the early 1920 ' s . and large ones , alone , have been reported from north carolina , southward . the greatest recorded length is 10 feet 5 inches , from southwestern florida . and the sand shark does not mature sexually until perhaps 7 feet long , or more . a weight of 250 pounds is recorded for one 8 feet 10 inches long , showing how much lighter a fish this is , length for length , than various other sharks .
light gray - brown above , darkest along back , snout , and upper sides of pectorals , paling on the sides to grayish white on lower surface ; sides of trunk rearward from pectorals variously marked with roundish to oval spots , of which there may be upwards of 100 , varying in color from yellowish brown to ocher yellow . the rear margins of the fins are edged with black on some specimens , but not on others .
the eggs of the sand shark are hatched within the parent and are retained there until the resultant young are ready for independent existence , but there is no placental connection between mother and developing embryo . it has recently been discovered that while a ripe female contains a large number of eggs , only two embryos develop as a rule , one in each oviduct ; they are nourished ( at least largely ) by swallowing the unfertilized eggs [ 30 ] with which the stomach of the embryo becomes greatly distended . females with large embryos have so far been reported only from florida and from louisiana , whereas others taken near woods hole have contained eggs only , making it likely that the small specimens that are so common along southern new england have come from a more southerly birthplace .
coastal waters on both sides of the atlantic ; maine to florida and brazil in the west ; mediterranean , tropical west africa , canaries , and cape verdes in the east ; also south africa ; represented in argentine waters and in the indo - pacific by close relatives .
in august 1947 we saw a large one at the surface pursuing a striped bass , that was being hauled aboard a fishing boat on a hand line , in the eastern side of cape cod bay , where fishermen tell us that this is not an unusual happening . but this appears to be the northern boundary to their occurrence in any numbers , or with regularity . true , they are recorded at cohasset , on the southern shore of massachusetts bay , where we caught one about 4 feet long , years ago in boston bay , and at lynn , mass . but so rarely does it stray north of cape ann that it has been reported only
twice from casco bay , and once from st . andrews , new brunswick , near the mouth of the bay of fundy , its most northerly known outpost , where one was taken in a weir in 1913 .
in new england waters the sand shark occurs only as a summer visitor . the winter home of those that summer along the northeastern united states is not known , nor has any increase been noted in florida waters ( where they are taken at all times of year ) coincident with their winter disappearance from the northern part of their range . like various bony fishes they may move offshore , and perhaps southward , to escape winter chilling .
there were commercial fisheries for the sand shark around nantucket during the first quarter of the present century , but these were short lived , reputedly because of exhaustion of the local stock . and the sand shark is of no commercial importance on the new england coast at present . westward from cape cod it is of some interest to anglers , who catch considerable numbers , both as objects of special pursuit , for it takes almost any natural bait readily , or incidentally while surf casting for better fish . but it is not plentiful enough in the gulf of maine to be worth fishing for .
there is no record of attacks by sand sharks on human beings in north american waters , though bathers often come close to them . our own experience bears this out ; in fact , it is looked upon as a harmless nuisance on the new england coast wherever it is plentiful enough to be familiar . but its relative ( or relatives ) of east indian waters have a more sinister reputation .
[ 30 ] for an account of the embryos , see springer , copeia , 1948 , no . 3 , pp . 153 - 156 .
two dorsal fins , without spines ; anal fin present ; five gill slits , last two may be above pectoral fin ; spiracles usually present , small and behind eyes ; eyes without nictitating membrane ; mouth extending well behind eyes .
greek eulanein , elasmos = metal beaten out + greek brangchia = gills . ref . 45335 .
greek , lamna , - es = shark + latin , forma = shape ( ref . 45335 ) .
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carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698
frickhinger , k . a . , 1995 : fossil atlas – fishes . –mergus – publishers for natural history and pet books , hans a . baensch , malle , germany , 1 - 1088 .
long , d . j . , 1992 : sharks from the la meseta formation ( eocene ) , seymour island , antarctic peninsula . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 12 , # 1 , pp . 11 - 32
long , j . a . , 1995 : the rise of fishes : 500 million years of evolution . –johns hopkins university press , baltimore & london , pp . 1 - 223
mould , b . , 1995 - 1997 : the nomenclature and distribution of the recent elasmobranchii . –inet : urltoken
nelson , j . s . , 1994 : fishes of the world . –john wiley & sons inc . , new york , 1994 , xx - 600
williams , g . s . , 1999 : a listing of fossil sharks and rays of the world . –inet : gainesville ' s creek fossils : urltoken
new fossils unearthed in texas suggests that sharks during the early cretaceous were much larger than previously thought . the top image shows the estimated body size of a shark fossil found in a 100 - million - year - old deposit in kansas . the middle shark ' s size . the bottom shark is another known shark species that trawled the ancient oceans .
a giant shark the size of a two - story building prowled the shallow seas 100 million years ago , new fossils reveal .
the massive fish , leptostyrax macrorhiza , would have been one of the largest predators of its day , and may push back scientists ' estimates of when such gigantic predatory sharks evolved , said study co - author joseph frederickson , a doctoral candidate in ecology and evolutionary biology at the university of oklahoma .
the ancient sea monster was discovered by accident . frederickson , who was then an undergraduate at the university of wisconsin - milwaukee , had started an amateur paleontology club to study novel fossil deposits . in 2009 , the club took a trip to the duck creek formation , just outside fort worth , texas , which contains myriad marine invertebrate fossils , such as the extinct squidlike creatures known as ammonites . about 100 million years ago the area was part of a shallow sea known as the western interior seaway that split north america in two and spanned from the gulf of mexico to the arctic , frederickson said .
while walking in the formation , frederickson ' s then - girlfriend ( now wife ) , university of oklahoma anthropology doctoral candidate janessa doucette - frederickson , tripped over a boulder and noticed a large vertebra sticking out of the ground . eventually , the team dug out three large vertebrae , each about 4 . 5 inches ( 11 . 4 centimeters ) in diameter . [ see images of ancient monsters of the sea ]
you can hold one in your hand ,
but then nothing else will fit , frederickson told live science .
after poring over the literature , frederickson found a description of a similar shark vertebra that was unearthed in 1997 in the kiowa shale in kansas , which also dates to about 100 million years ago . that vertebra came from a shark that was up to 32 feet ( 9 . 8 meters ) long .
by comparing the new vertebra with the one from kansas , the team concluded the texas shark was likely the same species as the kansas specimen . the texan could have been at least 20 . 3 feet ( 6 . 2 m ) long , though that is a conservative estimate , frederickson said . ( still , the texas shark would have been no match for the biggest shark that ever lived , the 60 - foot - long , or 18 m , megalodon . )
by analyzing similar ecosystems from the mesozoic era , the team concluded the sharks in both texas and kansas were probably leptostyrax macrorhiza . previously , the only fossils from leptostyrax thatpaleontologists had found were teeth , making it hard to gauge the shark ' s true size . the new study , which was published today ( june 3 ) in the journal plos one , suggests this creature was much bigger than previously thought , frederickson said .
still , it ' s not certain the new vertebrae belonged to leptostyrax , said kenshu shimada , a paleobiologist at depaul university in chicago , who unearthed the 1997 shark vertebra .
it is also entirely possible that they may belong to an extinct shark with very small teeth so far not recognized in the present fossil record ,
shimada , who was not involved in the current study , told live science .
for example , some of the largest modern - day sharks are plankton - feeding forms with minute teeth , such as the whale shark , basking shark and megamouth shark .
either way , the new finds change the picture of the early cretaceous seas .
previously , researchers thought the only truly massive predators of the day were the fearsome pliosaurs , long - necked , long - snouted relatives to modern - day lizards that could grow to nearly 40 feet ( 12 m ) in length . now , it seems the oceans were teeming with enough life to support at least two top predators , frederickson said .
as for the ancient shark ' s feeding habits , they might resemble those of modern great white sharks , who
eat whatever fits in their mouth ,
frederickson said . if these ancient sea monsters were similar , they might have fed on large fish , baby pliosaurs , marine reptiles and even full - grown pliosaurs that they scavenged , frederickson said .
follow tia ghose on twitter and google + . follow live science @ livescience , facebook & google + . originally published on live science .


dibbler is the common name for parantechinus apicalis , an endangered species of marsupial .

it is an inhabitant of the southwest mainland of western australia and some offshore islands .

it is a member of the order dasyuromorphia , and the only member of the genus , parantechinus .

the dibbler is a small , nocturnal carnivore with speckled fur that is white around the eyes .

dibbler

dibbler / server - client - classification . conf at master · tomaszmrugalski / dibbler · github
dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) recovery plan ( pdf - 281 . 81 kb )
2011 - 05 - 11 : dibbler 0 . 8 . 0 has been released . that is a new release after long time . dibbler development just resumed .
dibbler uses poslib library to communicate with dns servers ( dns update mechanism ) .
toplis and dibbler , publishers of artistic and educative works for the discerning connisseur .
you selected southern dibbler ( english ) . this is a common name for :
perth zoo breeds dibblers for release into the wild as part of the dibbler recovery plan . for more information , on the dibbler recovery plan 2003 – 2013 see urltoken
the wizard rincewind had a theory that equivalents of dibbler are everywhere . this theory is borne out by the appearance of several versions of dibbler throughout the discworld series :
you can also browse source directly with your web browser : dibbler sources at github .
/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / client - addrparams . conf
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/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - ta . conf
/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / scripts / bison - sanitizer . py
to generate windows installer , a cool inno setup tool was used . dibbler user ' s guide was written in latex , dibbler developer ' s guide was generated using doxygen .
2011 - 09 - 05 : dibbler source has been moved to git repository at github .
all these dibbler - variants appear to be based at the same address in monkey street .
conduct fox control , and if appropriate , feral cat control , to protect mainland dibbler populations .
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/ usr / share / licenses / dibbler - docs - 1 . 0 . 1 / license
community participation is strongly recommended for recovery activities , including monitoring existing and reintroduced populations , habitat protection , promoting public awareness of the dibbler and its threatened status and canvassing communities for dibbler sighting reports .
fair go dibbler sold the archetypal pie floaters on the lost continent of fourecks ( the last continent ) .
/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - relay - interface - id . conf
/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / scripts / notify - scripts / server - notify . sh
the dibbler ( parantichinus apicalis ) recovery plan ( 2004 ) ( friend 2004 ) provides detailed management documentation for the dibbler , as does the action plan for australian marsupials and monotremes ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .
point - me - own - bone dibjla , an aboriginal dibbler from fourecks in the discworld 2 pc game .
dibbler 0 . 4 . 0 is available in the pld linux distribution , which supports various non - x86 architectures .
/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / scripts / notify - scripts / client - notify - linux . sh
the term dibbleganger has been coined by an unsung genius to describe the many morphic resonances of dibbler around the disc .
dibbler himself has also used various extremely flimsy alternative names to lend credence to his various business ventures . these include :
see changelog for a complete list of changes . if you find bugs , please report them on dibbler bugzilla . if you need help or want to share your thoughts , take a look at one of two mailing lists : dibbler or dibbler - devel . please do not contact author directly , unless you want to report security issues or discuss confidential matters .
dibbler is a portable dhcpv6 implementation . it supports stateful ( i . e . ipv6 address granting and ipv6 prefix delegation ) as well as stateless ( i . e . option granting ) autoconfiguration for ipv6 . this package contains dibbler documentation .
if you use dibbler and live in a country not listed above , let me know so i can update this list .
the dibbler recovery plan 2003 – 2013 includes actions to protect and monitor existing populations , maintain a captive breeding colony to provide animals for translocations , establish new populations through translocations , encourage community involvement in dibbler recovery and improve our knowledge of the species .
dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) recovery plan 2003 - 2013 ( friend , t . , 2004a ) [ state recovery plan ] .
dickman , c . r . ( 1986 ) . return of the phantom dibbler . australian natural history . 22 : 33 .
if you are thinking about joining or contributing to the dibbler project , you may want to see this developer ' s todo list .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis )
> < img src =
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alt =
arkive species - dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis )
title =
arkive species - dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis )
border =
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/ > < / a >
if you have successfuly run dibbler on onther architectures or systems , let me know so i can update this list . if you would like to have dibbler running on some other architecture not mentioned above , and you are ready to provide me access to such hardware , let me know .
here ' s newest stable version . if you need , for some reason , older releases , you can find them in the dibbler directory .
mills , h . , b . spencer . 2003 . polymorphic microsatellites identified in an endangered dasyurid marsupial , the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) .
diet : the dibbler is a carnivore and feeds mostly on ground - dwelling insects and other invertebrates but also eats small lizards , birds and mammals .
wolfe , k . , h . robertson , r . bencini . 2000 . the mating behavior of the dibbler , parantechinus apicalis , in captivity .
this is an article about dibbler . it was published on the contel ' 05 conference , held in zagreb , croatia . my presentation is also included .
other names : southern dibbler the dibbler was first described as phascogale apicalis by grey ( 1842 ) but was reassigned soon afterwards to the antechinus genus . the antechinus was later reassessed and split into two , resulting in the dibbler being placed in the newly created parantechinus genus ( tate 1947 , in friend 2004 ) . no subspecies have been described although mainland specimens are significantly larger than island animals and genetic studies suggest genetic differentiation between mainland and island populations ( friend 2004 ; woolley 1991 ) .
another issue that i have encountered is a lack of access to non - x86 architectures . i would like to develop dibbler versions for other architectures , eg . 64 - bit or mac . so , if you are a well prospering company and you find dibbler useful , consider supporting open source development and donating some of your equipment .
all versions are stored in the / dhcpv6 / dibbler / directory . take note that they are kept for archeological / sentimental purposes only . please use latest version only .
fauna species profiles - dibbler parantechinus apicalis ( gray , 1842 ) ( western australia department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) , 2010g ) [ information sheet ] .
this project was started in 2003 as master thesis by tomasz mrugalski and marek senderski of computer science faculty on gdansk university of technology . this project is named dibbler ( after famous cmot dibbler from fantastic discworld series by terry pratchett ) . if you are interested in porting it to other systems / architectures , contact tomasz mrugalski for info and guidelines .
time zone - to avoid time - related ambiguation , each host should have timezone set properly . dibbler is able to pass this parameter to all clients , who request it .
moro , d . ( 1999 ) . our island home : dibbler recovery on islands off western australia . in : newsletter of the australian mammal society . november : 42 .
threats : the dibbler is threatened by loss of habitat caused by land clearing , die - back disease and wildfires . introduced predators such as foxes and cats also prey on them .
there are reports that dibbler has problems on ubuntu 14 . 04 . that was traced to a linux kernel issue and is fixed in 3 . 15 . 2 . see bug # 302 .
morcombe , m . k . ( 1967 ) . the rediscovery after 83 years of the dibbler antechinus apicalis ( marsupialia , dasyuridae ) . western australian naturalist . 10 : 102 - 111 .
users : mailing list was created to support dibbler users . feel free to discuss any topic related to dibbler or dhcpv6 in general . you can also ask for help here . if you want to subscribe , please send mail with subject
subscribe
to urltoken . you will receive confirmation request shortly . you can also subscribe to mailing list using www browser . there are list archives available .
the dibbler was thought to be extinct by the early 1900s ! in 1967 a pair was collected by chance from cheyne beach on the south coast of western australia . since then , only small numbers have been found in two isolated locations . the dibbler used to be widespread throughout near - coastal areas across much of south - west western australia and also on the eyre peninsula in south australia .
surveys were carried out in the fitzgerald river national park for dibblers , and found that the dibbler population in the park has increased in number since the application of fox control ( script 2006 ) .
miller , s . , r . bencini , h . mills , d . moro . 2003 . food availability for the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) on boullanger and whitlock islands , western australia .
muir , b . g . ( 1985 ) . the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis : dasyuridae ) found in fitzgerald river national park , western australia . western australian naturalist . 16 : 48 - 51 .
in the compleat ankh - morpork , it is revealed that dibbler is one half of a publishing house based on monkey street called toplis & dibbler . the identity of the mysterious mr toplis , if he exists , is not yet known . but this publishing firm is responsible for the magazines back street pins and girls , giggles and garters . top - quality works for the discerning connoisseur of art , naturally .
dibbler client now configures received prefix with / 128 , not / 64 . this will likely raise some eyebrows , but that how dhcpv6 is supposed to work . please see bug # 222 for extra details .
another article about dibbler . this one describes dns update issues and some authentication related topics . it was published on the it ' 2008 conference , held in gdansk , poland . my presentation is also included .
woolley , p . a . ( 1977 ) . in search of the dibbler , antechinus apicalis ( marsupialia : dasyuridae ) . journal of the royal society of western australia . 59 : 111 - 117 .
bencini , r . , c . mcculloch , h . mills , a . start . 2001 . habitat and diet of the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) on two islands in jurien bay , western australia .
fuller , p . j & burbidge , a . a . ( 1987 ) . discovery of the dibbler , parantechinus apicalis , on islands at jurien bay . western australian naturalist . 16 : 177 - 181 .
feral predators introduced predators , such as foxes , prey on dibblers . for instance , a radio - tracking study found the remains of a radio - collared dibbler in fox scat in the fitzgerald river national park in 2001 ( friend 2004 ) . the arrival of foxes in nsw in the 1920s coincides with the decline of dibblers over much of their historical range . likewise , cats are known to take dibblers and are present throughout their mainland range ( woolley 1977 ) . while feral cats and foxes are absent on the islands inhabited by the dibbler , the possibility of their introduction poses a serious potential threat to the dibbler ( friend 2004 ) .
the dibbler occurs within a number of reserves : fitzgerald river , torndirrup , peniup and waychinicup national parks . in addition , boullanger , whitlock and escape islands are designated class a nature reserves under western australian environmental protection legislation .
baczocha , n . & a . n . start ( 1996 ) . status and ecology of the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) in western australia . half - yearly report . department of conservation and land management , perth .
woolley , p . a . ( 1971 ) . observations on the reproductive biology of the dibbler , antechinus apicalis ( marsupialia : dasyuridae ) . journal of the royal society of western australia . 54 : 99 - 102 .
ntp servers - to prevent clock misconfiguration and drift , ntp protocol can be used to synchronize clocks . however , to successful use it , location of near ntp servers must be known . dibbler is able to configure this information .
dibbler 0 . 7 . 1 has been ported to embedded devices , e . g . wireless router linksys wrt54g . currently there is an ongoing work to update openwrt ' s repositories with updated 0 . 7 . 1 version .
dibbler ' s nickname was inadvertently suggested to him in night watch by the transported samuel vimes , who instantly rued it . this in itself is a time paradox ( which was of course evened out by the history monks ) .
dibbler appeared in the cosgrove hall animations of soul music and ( despite not being in the book ) wyrd sisters , in which his appearance seemed to be modelled on private joe walker , the spiv in dad ' s army .
the dibbler ' s status as
endangered
on the iucn red list of threatened species was based on an inferred , observed , or projected continuing decline in the number of mature individuals in the population ( ammsg 1996 ) .
miller , susan , roberta bencini , harriet mills & dorian moro ( 2003 ) . food availability for the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) on boullanger and whitlock islands , western australia . wildlife research . 30 : 649 - 654 .
woolley , p . a . ( 1995b ) . southern dibbler , parantechinus apicalis . in : strahan , r . , ed . the mammals of australia . page ( s ) 72 - 73 . reed books , sydney .
cut - me - own - throat dibbler appears in the discworld computer game . he also appears in discworld 2 , along with many of the other dibblers , including d ' blah and point - me - own - bone dibjla ( who is exclusive to the game ) . additionally , in discworld noir , cmot dibbler is mentioned in the game on an octarine parrot bill and is said to be the one who gave lewton his imp - powered coffee machine .
2011 - 11 - 13 : dibbler 0 . 8 . 1 release candidate 1 is released . this release introduces number of useful additions , new features and the usual bug fixes . in particular , the highlights of this release are :
it was on this day in 1936 that australia said farewell to the very last tasmanian tiger . behind the scenes of perth zoo a new generation of joeys is bringing hope for preventing the endangered numbat and dibbler from facing the same fate .
concern that mus was depressing dibbler numbers led to their introduction to escape island ( moro 2003 ) . a study of the feasibility of eradicating the mice has been carried out ( friend et al . 2009 ) and the dibbler recovery team is overseeing a project aimed at carrying out the eradication ( j . friend pers . comm . ) . mills et al . ( 2006 ) found that the boullanger and whitlock island subpopulations had low levels of heterozygosity and high levels of inbreeding compared with mainland populations . the whitlock island dibbler subpopulation appears to have been founded by animals from boullanger island , but founder effects and isolation have resulted in two genetically distinct subpopulations . there is evidence of some genetic exchange , but only as a rare event .
normal and temporary addresses - depending on its purpose , client can be configured to ask for normal ( ia na option ) or temporary ( ia ta option ) . although use of temporary addresses is rather uncommon , both dibbler server and client support it .
the male dibbler can grow to 14 cm long ( between head and body ) and its tail can grow to 11 . 5 cm long . males weigh up to 100 g while the slightly smaller female weighs up to 75 g ( strahan 2004 ) .
trapping surveys found that the dibbler uses all habitats on boullanger island yet , on whitlock island , significantly greater trapping success rates were recorded in the dunal scrubland dominated by nitraria billardierei and foredune heath than in succulent heath ( bencini et al . 2001 ) .
the original article was at cut - me - own - throat dibbler . the list of authors can be seen in the page history . as with the discworld wiki , the text of wikipedia : wikipedia is available under the wikipedia : gnu free documentation license .
given the very small size of boullanger and whitlock islands ( 25 ha and 5 . 2 ha respectively ) it is possible that a particularly severe storm , cyclone or drought could wipe out dibbler populations on one or both of the islands ( friend 2004 ) .
woolley , p . a . & valente , a . ( 1982 ) . the dibbler , parantechinus apicalis ( marsupialia : dasyuridae ) : failure to locate populations in four regions in the south of western australia . australian mammalogy . 5 : 241 - 245 .
bencini , r . , c . mcculloch , h . r . mills & a . start ( 2001 ) . habitat and diet of the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) on two islands in jurien bay , western australia . wildlife research . 28 : 465 - 468 .
2011 - 02 - 11 : i ' m happy to announce that my 7 year struggle to complete my ph . d . is finally over . it appears that i will finally have some time to reinvigorate dibbler . there are many things happening lately in dhcp world , so it seems i ' ll be busy in the near future . in the mean time , dibbler became quite outdated . please send a note to the mailing list regarding missing features that you find the most urgent to develop . cheers , tomasz mrugalski , ph . d .
dibbler is a portable dhcpv6 implementation . it supports stateful ( i . e . ipv6 address granting and ipv6 prefix delegation ) as well as stateless ( i . e . option granting ) autoconfiguration for ipv6 . currently linux 2 . 4 or later and windows xp or later are supported . it features easy to use install packages ( clickable windows installer and rpm and deb packages for linux ) and extensive documentation ( both for users as well as developers ) . dibbler is developed under gnu gpl licence . it means that it is free for all , including commercial usage .
all areas where dibblers are known to occur are conservation reserves managed by the western australian department of environment and conservation , which conducts ongoing research and management of the dibbler . in areas occupied by dibblers , management focuses on maintaining significant areas of long - unburnt habitat and preventing the spread of
2013 - 07 - 30 : dibbler 1 . 0 . 0 release candidate 1 has been released ! this version is being released today to celebrate 10th anniversary of the dhcpv6 protocol . the rfc3315 that defines it was published exactly 10 years ago - on 30th july of 2003 . according to the author ' s knowledge , dibbler is currently the only implementation that implements every feature mentioned in the rfc3315 . please note that feature complete does not mean bug free ; - ) this release brings in all outstanding rfc3315 features that used to be missing in previous releases . in particular :
when dibbler ' s business plans fail , he falls back to selling ( mostly ) ' pies with personality ' and ' pig ' sausages - in - buns on the streets of ankh - morpork . he has been accused of ' not being able to make both ends meat . '
seabirds the importance of seabirds and seabird burrows to the dibbler is currently being investigated . it appears that a complex set of interactions between seabirds and dibblers affect the reproductive success of the dibbler and influences the rate of facultative male die - off by increasing the level of resources available to dibblers ( wolfe et al . 2004 ) . seabirds can significantly increase the availability of resources by increasing the concentration of nutrients in the soil , ultimately leading to an increase in the abundance of primary ( plants ) and secondary ( plant eaters ) consumers ( wolfe et al . 2004 ) .
the dibbler ' s need for long - unburnt vegetation may be related to high invertebrate density in thick leaf litter accumulations or to the cover afforded by dense vegetation which protects against predators , including birds of prey and , at mainland sites , the introduced fox and feral cat ( friend 2004 ) . in the absence of foxes , the dibbler may occupy vegetation at an earlier stage of recovery after fire ( friend 2004 ) . dibblers on boullanger and whitlock islands often enter seabird burrows , although it is unclear whether this is for refuge , foraging or rest ( friend 2004 ) .
2015 - 08 - 09 : dibbler 1 . 0 . 1 has been released . it contains a number of bug fixes that were already released in the 1 . 0 . 1 release candidate 1 and several new fixes . one of them may have security implications , so upgrade is strongly encouraged .
the dibbler is a carnivorous marsupial which is brownish - grey above , freckled with white , and greyish - white tinged with yellow below . dibblers are readily distinguished by the white rings around their eyes , a tapering , hairy tail , and the freckled appearance of its fur ( strahan 2004 ) .
habitat modification the distribution of the dibbler declined dramatically following european settlement , with population numbers falling so low that it was considered extinct by 1904 ( bencini et al . 2001 ) . much of the distributional decline was probably due to extensive land clearing and modification of heathland habitat for farming and grazing .
description : the dibbler is a small marsupial with coarse brownish grey fur , speckled with white . it has distinctive white eye - rings and a tapering hairy tail . they are very agile animals and , despite spending much of their time on the ground , often climb bushes to lick the nectar from flowers .
common name : dibbler scientific name : parantechinus apicalis habitat : it lives in low banksia heath on sand in the sout west of western australia . diet : eats a variety of small invertebrates and also nectar from flowers . size : it grows to a maximum of 145mm plus a tail of 115mm . it weighs about 100grams .
during dibbler development , i have encountered several problems with equipment availability . this project has no budget and i develop everything in my home . i have several computers , so i can build basic configuration . however , i don ' t have any fancy hardware , so i can ' t verify any of the more advanced setups .
the dibbler is a small brownish - grey animal with flecks of white through its coat . the underside is greyish - white tinged with yellow . it has a tapering hairy tail and distinctive white rings around each eye . males are significantly larger than females , with some reaching up to 120 g and females reaching about 80 g .
analysis of dibbler scats from boullanger and whitlock islands showed that the diet is dominated by arthropods ( 65 % ) with some vegetable ( 25 % ) matter ( bencini et al . 2001 ) . scat analysis has identified beetles , cockroaches , grasshoppers , termites , ants and spiders in the diet of the dibbler , as well as the remains of feathers and lizard scales ( bencini et al . 2001 ; fuller & burbidge 1987 ) . dibblers are also reported to feed on house mice ( mus musculus ) , which are abundant on boullanger and whitlock islands , as well as vegetable material ( dickman 1986 ) . plant matter was identified from approximately 25 % of scats from boullanger and whitlock islands , and it has been suggested that the proportion of plant matter eaten may vary seasonally or be dependent on the availability of other prey . plant matter may also represent a source of water for the dibbler as there are no free water sources on the islands ( bencini et al . 2001 ) .
other dibbler equivalents include ratonasticthenes from ephebe , mentioned in the science of discworld . it was previously thought they might all be related , but the discworld companion explains that this is parallel evolution . ' wherever people are prepared to eat terrible food , ' it says , ' there will be someone there to sell it to them . '
friend , t . ( 2004 ) . non - current dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) recovery plan 2003 - 2013 . department of conservation and land management . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 18 - aug - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2015 .
fire the majority of dibblers have been found in areas free from fire for 10 years or longer . the boullanger and whitlock islands , for example , have not been burnt in recent times ( friend 2004 ) . it is possible that the presence of long - unburnt habitat becomes even more important to the dibbler when predators , such as raptors , foxes and cats , are present , as such vegetation can provide dense cover and protection from predators . high intensity wildfires in heathland habitats remove all vegetation and restoration of dense cover following a wildfire can take decades in drought affected areas . frequent or extensive fire in the range of the dibbler must therefore be considered a threat ( friend 2004 ) .
establish a captive breeding program and translocate captive - bred individuals to suitable secure locations ( three additional mainland locations are recommended ) . when considering future sites for translocation of the dibbler , invertebrate surveys should be conducted to determine whether an area had sufficient diversity and number of invertebrates to support a population of dibblers ( miller et al . 2003 ) .
dibbler authentication - it is a rewritten mechanism used in earlier versions . it has number of advantages compared to delayed authentication , but has a number of advantages over it . first , it secures the whole transmission , including initial solicit message . second , it offers much stronger digests : hmac - md5 , hmac - sha1 , hmac - sha224 , hmac - sha256 , hmac - sha384 and hmac - sha512 . as this is dibbler specific extension , it is not expected to inter - operate with any other implementations . third , it does not require to maintain strict client duid - key - id bindings on the server side , as clients send id of the key they used to protect their transmissions .
there are a number of threatening processes operating in the range of the dibbler , many of which are likely to be affecting its survival . these include predation , fire , habitat degradation and destruction , diseases affecting food plants , competition with introduced mice and activities that might cause seabirds to abandon islands ( friend 2004 ; wolfe et al . 2004 ) .
in ankh - morpork , dibbler ' s nickname cmot comes from his claims along the lines of
selling this at such a low price that it ' s cutting me own throat
. the omnian dhblah makes a similar claim earning him the nickname cut - me - own - hand - off . not all dibblers make claims about the pricing aspect . the agatean dibhala says
may i disembowel meself honourably !
when customers complain about the low quality of his merchandise ( in interesting times ) . no dibblers have been found in überwald as of yet , but since the local lore strictly prohibits the purveyance of dodgy sausages , locating a dibbler there may require a closer inspection of the local gibbets .
population numbers in many of australia ' s small carnivorous marsupials ( dasyurids ) are affected by annual die - off of males , leading to extreme natural fluctuations in population numbers . however , the rate of die - off in dibbler males , and thus the intensity of natural fluctuations , also fluctuates from year to year and between locations in response to resource availability .
following european settlement , the distribution of the dibbler declined and it became confined to the western and southern coasts of western australia . while specimens were collected during the 1800s , by the late 19th century it was considered rare . while a specimen was collected in 1904 ( bencini et al 2001 ) , it was in 1967 that the dibbler was re - discovered in a survey at cheyne beach , western australia ( morcombe 1967 ) . in 1985 dibblers were found in fitzgerald river national park and two further populations were found on the boullanger and whitlock islands off the western australian coast ( dickman 1986 ; fuller & burbidge 1987 ) . its current distribution represents a decline of around 90 % of its former range ( moro 2003 ) .
developers : second list is dedicated to free exchange of thoughts between people engaged in the dibbler development . sadly , this list will be even more desolated then the previous one . if you want to subscribe , please send mail with subject
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to urltoken . you will receive confirmation request shortly . you can also subscribe to mailing list using www browser . there are list archives .
a character named c ! mot is briefly mentioned in the also people , a doctor who virgin new adventures novel by ben aaronovitch , running a t - shirt stall in the marketplace of whynot . aaronovitch has confirmed that c ! mot is intended as a parallel dibbler , although how similar he is to the original ( since the people have an entirely non - capitalist society ) is unknown .
relay support - in a larger network , which contains several ethernet segments and / or wireless areas , sometimes centrally located dhcpv6 server might not be directly reachable . in such cace , additional proxies , so called relays , might be deployed to relay communication between clients and a remote server . dibbler server supports indirect communication with clients via relays . standalone , lightweight relay implementation is also available . clients are capable of talking to the server directly or via relays .
trapping is the primary method used to survey dibbler populations . the escape island translocated population was surveyed using up to 100 elliott aluminium folding traps ( 320 x 900 x 1 000 mm ) spaced at approximately 20 m intervals . traps were set along three rows that extended the entire length of the island . trapping was conducted over three to four nights at key times of the year : pre and post breeding ( february - april ) and pre and post dispersal ( september - november ) ( moro 2003 ) .
the dibbler has a very small area of occupation of substantially less than 500 km 2 . on the mainland there are few , small , fragmented subpopulations that are inferred to be declining and require management to survive . an ongoing continuing decline is demonstrated by the recent loss of several subpopulations . it occurs naturally on two very small islands and , on the mainland , it survives naturally only in fitzgerald river national park . it has been introduced ( assisted colonisation ) to another small island , and has been reintroduced to one mainland location .
a reassessment of standard morphological characters within the carnivorous marsupials led tate ( 1947 ) to suggest splitting antechinus into four smaller genera , placing the dibbler in the new genus parantechinus as the type - species . subsequent studies supported this concept , including the work of woolley ( 1982 ) using penis morphology . there are , however , various views amongst morphologists on the inclusion of other species within the genus . molecular systematics has also supported a variety of arrangements within this section of the dasyuridae , and generic groupings are far from settled ( krajewski and westerman 2003 ) .
the dibbler once occurred widely with subfossil records suggesting a range from dirk hartog island ( shark bay ) and the zuytdorp cliffs north of geraldton , near jurien , to peak charles ( 130 km north east of esperance ) and east to the eyre peninsula , south australia . early specimens , all from western australia , came from moore river ( near today’s new norcia ) , wanneroo , near kojonup , king george sound ( albany ) and ‘salt river’ ( pallinup river , 100 km north east of albany ) ( ride 1970 ; maxwell et al . 1996 ; friend 2004 ) .
phytophthora dieback disease in native plants caused by phytophthora cinnamomi can extensively alter the structure and floristic composition of heath and mallee - heath communities ( friend 2004 ) . the mainland habitats inhabited by dibblers , particularly on the south coast , contain very susceptible plant species . the alteration of dibbler heathland habitat by plant diseases must be considered a potential threat . on the islands , however , the highly calcareous soils and different plant communities make the introduction of p . cinnamomi less likely . regardless , the transport of p . cinnamomi to islands should be minimised through rigorous application of simple hygiene measures ( friend 2004 ) .
house mice mice ( mus musculus ) are abundant on boullanger and whitlock islands and have probably co - existed with dibblers for many years . mice were first recorded on boullanger island in 19591961 and on whitlock in 1985 ( ford 1963 ; fuller & burbidge 1987 ) . while dibblers are known to occasionally eat mice ( dickman 1986 ) the interactions between the two are unknown . mice may compete for resources ( food and space ) with dibblers and increase the risk of disease transmission and , as such , must be considered a potential threat to the long - term viability of the dibbler ( friend 2004 ) .
this implementation is developed using tools listed below . it may , of course , work with newer / older versions . even with other compilers . marek senderski developed winxp version using microsoft visual c + + 2003 , 2005 and 2008 editions . bison + + has been merged into cvs , so there should be no more problems with obtaining bison + + . note that bison + + is available in debian gnu / linux distribution . in parenthesis is version which has been used to develop dibbler . it will work for sure , but there ' s pretty good chance that other versions will work , too . here ' s the list :
2013 - 04 - 27 : dibbler 0 . 8 . 4 release candidate 1 has been released . there is no single major new feature , just a lot of bug fixes . in particular , relay support has been rewritten . it is now possible to select subnet based on interface - id or value of linkaddr field set by the relay . client classification has been improved and now can be used to differentiate between 2 or more classes , e . g . docsis3 . 0 and erouter in cable networks . confirm support has been cleaned . daemon mode no longer has issues when reading from socket descriptor 0 . see changelog for a complete list of changes .
the dibbler was formerly widely distributed throughout south - western australia ( woolley 1995b ) , with subfossil records from zuytdorp cliffs and dirk hartog island in shark bay , south to yanchep , and from albany east to the eyre peninsula in south australia . the most inland record ( subfossil ) is from peak charles , about 150 km north of esperance ( maxwell et al 1996 ) . historical collections have been mainly confined to western australia , from the moore river area around perth , king george sound ( albany ) and the pallinup river ( formerly salt river ) east of albany . some collections may have also been made from an unknown location in south australia ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .
2014 - 07 - 13 : the second release candidate for dibbler 1 . 0 . 0 has been released . due to other obligations , 1 . 0 . 0rc1 was available for a very long time and i never had a chance to release 1 . 0 . 0 final . in the mean time , quite a few of fixes and small features were added ( changelog mentions 35 items , but i ' m sure some of them were not listed ) . so formally this is a second rc , but it contains unexpectedly large changes for an rc . keep that in mind . this time i expect the delay between rc and final to be much shorter ( couple weeks ) . couple changes worth mentioning :
the total population size of the dibbler is unknown . there is no information on the number of individuals inhabiting the mainland sites though some population estimates have been made for the three small offshore islands . it was estimated that 300 individuals inhabited boullanger and whitlock islands in 1990 ( flannery 1990a ) although by 1998 this estimate had dropped to 180 ( friend 2004 ) . at least 131 individuals in the translocated population on escape island were known to be alive in 2000 though this dropped to 67 the following year ( moro 2003 ) . of these 67 individuals known to be alive in 2001 , 63 were born on escape island , suggesting that the translocated population had bred successfully and that , as such , the population would increase ( moro 2003 ) .
2015 - 04 - 07 - ihar hrachyshka < ihrachys @ redhat . com > - 1 . 0 . 1 - 0 . rc1 . 2 - package examples and scripts directories into - docs package . 2015 - 04 - 02 - ihar hrachyshka < ihrachys @ redhat . com > - 1 . 0 . 1 - 0 . rc1 . 1 - removed dibbler - common package , instead put _ sharedstatedir in each package that needs it . - added check section ( disabled for now due to upstream bug ) . - cleaned up scripts and examples for non - linux platforms . - removed group tags . - build - docs package as noarch . - preserve timestamps for files installed with ` install ` and ` cp ` . 2015 - 03 - 26 - ihar hrachyshka < ihrachys @ redhat . com > - 1 . 0 . 1 - 0 . rc1 - initial package build .
2013 - 01 - 20 : dibbler 0 . 8 . 3 has been released . the biggest feature is a rewritten address and prefix allocation engine . both follow the same algorithm now . it is possible to reserve specific address and / or prefix for a given host . the host can be referenced by duid , remote - id or link - local address . both in - pool and out - of - pool reservations are now supported . support for ddns is now significantly improved . secure dns updates using tsig are now supported . many , many bugs were fixed and the fqdn handling code is now much more robust . the code now compiles on solaris 11 . it is not yet fully usable , and there are outstanding problems with link - layer address detection , but it is better than nothing . script execution is now improved as well . it is called when receiving stateless configuration ( after receiving reply to inf - request ) and extra options ( like fqdn and vendor - specific info ) are now properly passed . see changelog for a complete list of changes .
j . a . friend wildlife management program no . 38 department of conservation and land management , july 2003
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
endangered b2ab ( i , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1
introduced foxes and cats are known to prey on this species , and are found throughout its known mainland range , though they are not present on the islands . the plant disease phytophthora cinnamomi is a threat to dibblers , as it adversely alters their habitat . introduced mice are also a potential threat on boullanger and whitlock islands , due to competition ( friend 2004 ) . because this species is dependent on habitat that has not been recently burned , frequent and intense fire is a major threat .
· carry out genetic monitoring and management of reintroduced populations . this has not commenced yet due to lack of funding
since rediscovery in 1967 , there have been numerous searches for dibblers on the mainland , often without success , even at locations where specimens had been obtained opportunistically ( e . g . woolley and valente 1982 ) . discovery of relatively abundant island subpopulations in 1985 led to several studies on the species’ biology and ecology , captive breeding ( lambert and mills 2006 ) and an introduction to escape island , which is free from introduced mammals . discovery in fitzgerald river national park in 1984 led to further studies , captive breeding and translocations .
dieback . volunteers are involved in translocations and monitoring . current management aligns to actions in the recovery plan ( friend 2004 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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dibblers are most active at dawn and dusk . they feed on ground - dwelling insects and other invertebrates but will also eat small lizards , small birds and small mammals . they are well adapted carnivores , with strong jaws and tiny sharp teeth , and are also incredibly agile and able to run through seemingly impenetrable undergrowth with ease . not only are they well equipped for foraging in the undergrowth , but they can also run up trees and rocks . their broad feet have claws on the toes , and grooves running along the feet pads which act as suckers ( 4 ) .
females have one oestrous cycle per year , and mating occurs in march or april ( 2 ) . following a gestation period of 44 days , the female gives birth to 8 young . the infants live and nurse in their mother ' s pouch for several weeks before growing too large ( 2 ) .
this species is restricted to two small islands ( boullanger and whitlock ) off the southwest western australian coast . it also occurs on the australian mainland in three widely separated areas ( 4 ) .
inhabits dense heath habitat and appears to prefer sites with sandy soils ( 4 ) .
classified as endangered ( en b1 + 2ce ) on the iucn red list 2003 ( 1 ) .
this species has been lost from 90 % of its former range in australia ( 4 ) . it is not known why this marsupial is so rare , although surveys suggest various factors . land clearing and habitat fragmentation are thought to be significant causes of its decline . in addition , the frequent burning of heathland and litter may reduce the availability of invertebrates in the area . predation by introduced mammals such as foxes and cats are also considered a threat to this species ( 4 ) .
for further information on this species and latest news see : perth zoo wildlife and conservation projects . urltoken
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marsupial a diverse group of mammals characterised by their reproduction . the embryo is born 11 - 35 days after conception . the tiny newborn crawls into the marsupium ( pouch ) and attaches to a teat where it stays for a variable amount of time . they also differ from placental mammals in their dentition . oestrous the time of ovulation ( release of an egg from the ovary ) in female mammals , when the female becomes receptive to males , also known as ‘heat’ .
macdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .
kennedy , m . ( 1992 ) australian marsupials and monotremes . an action plan for their conservation . iucn , gland , switzerland .
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please do not contact author directly and instead use mailing lists for discussion or bugzilla for bug reports . contact author directly only if discussing security issues or other confidential matters .
experimental support means that this architecture lacks confirmation by users that everything is fully functional or there are known deficiencies .
there are reports that reconfigure messages are sent to the wrong address if the client connected via relays . see bug # 303 .
issue tracker on github has been disabled . it was awkward to use both bugzilla and github .
reconfigure support . server is now able to load database , check it against existing configuration and send reconfigure to clients that have configuration out of date . clients are able to accept incoming reconfigure messages and initiate reconfiguration .
reconfigure - key authentication . server is now able to generate reconfigure - key when responding to clients and later use that key to sign reconfigure messages . clients are able to store received key and later confirm that incoming reconfigure message is properly signed .
delayed authentication - clients and server are able to leverage pre - configured keys to sign later parts of the messages exchange .
replay detection - both client and server can now detect whether receiving message is a new one or it is replayed by attacker .
client is now able to act according to received m ( managed ) and o ( other configuration options ) in router advertisements , if configured to do so .
server and client now checks database against changes in the network interfaces and tries to update it if possible . that should be helpful if you happen to lost and recreated an interface ( e . g . broken ppp connection ) .
support for routing configuration was added . yes , you read that correctly . recent draft draft - ietf - mif - dhcpv6 - route - option defines provisioning mechanism that delivers routing information over dhcpv6 . although this implementation is not entirely complete ( there are certain limitations , see user ' s guide ) , it is very usable . this feature was tested with excellent isc dhcp implementation and is interoperable . you may want to read routing configuration over dhcpv6 for additional information .