flabellina verrucosa , is a species of sea slug , an aeolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family flabellinidae .

it is found on either side of the northern part of the atlantic ocean .

flabellina verrucosa

worms - world register of marine species - flabellina verrucosa ( m . sars , 1829 )
dear bill here are some photos of flabellina verrucosa from our recent trip to british columbia .
status in world register of marine species synonym of flabellina verrucosa ( m . sars , 1829 )
also one should be aware of bernard picton ' s flabellina browni , which really is similar to flabellina verrucosa with long and slender cerata , but which is differentiated on the coloration .
the relatively short spindle - shaped cerata , and their arrangement into ' clumps ' seems to be characteristic of flabellina verrucosa .
you will see that kåre ' s photos very much match the original descriptions of flabellina verrucosa ; except the arrangement of the cerata which more resembles odhner ' s flabellina borealis . but kåre ' s photos are flabellina verrucosa with short cerata . the problem is that flabellina verrucosa has a long list of synonyms , which include individuals with long and slender cerata , and in most cases it is the animals with long cerata that are illustrated on the net ( as in coryphella rufibranchialis ) .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
rotrückige fadenschnecke
to
flabellina verrucosa ( m . sars , 1829 )
.
scientific synonyms and common names eolidia verrucosa m . sars , 1829 eolis rufibranchialis johnston , 1832 eolidia embletoni johnston , 1835 eolis diversa couthouy , 1839 eolis mananensis stimpson , 1854 aeolis bostoniensis approximans mörch , 1857 coryphella robusta trinchese , 1874 coryphella rufibranchialis cocholata balch , 1908 eolis landsburgi sensu auct . non alder & hancock , 1846 coryphella gracilis bostoniensis ; lemche , 1936 coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis ; odhner , 1939 coryphella verrucosa verrucosa ; odhner , 1939 coryphella verrucosa ( sars m . , 1829 ) : picton , 1995 flabellina verrucosa
of this one we can be fairly certain - flabellina verrucosa and its eggs on the well grazed bushy pink - mouthed hydroids ( ectopleura crocea ) .
the flabellina verrucosa were very abundant and were found feeding on tubularia up in the shallower water less than 40 feet deep . take care , bruce wight
concerning the correspondence about flabellina verrucosa with short cerata . these photos show the short cerata , with clear gaps in between . i am puzzled by this appearence - is it really a flabellina verrucosa ? i am bound to think otherwise . in particular look at the white lines on the rhinopores , and the length of them .
dear paul , terry gosliner has identified these as flabellina verrucosa . in the bottom right photo i have included an inset of the hydroid i presume they are looking for .
dear alan , as you can see in the messages from terry gosliner and chad sisson , your animals are flabellina verrucosa with a very interesting diet . best wishes , bill rudman
hi bill , i ' ve attached a picture of flabellina verrucosa showing the tail , which i find very distinctive , but isn ' t shown clearly in the pictures already on the forum .
i am pretty certain that the specimens that betsey photographed and that you tentatively identified as flabellina verrucosa is without a doubt correctly identified as f . verrucosa . the main external characteristics for differentiating f . verrucosa from flabellina gracilis is that the cerata are more distinctly arranged in rows in f . gracilis and there is a more prominent vestige of a notal brim in f . gracilis . also f . gracilis has a sort of notched head between the junction of the oral tentacles and more elongate anterior margins of the foot ' .
more feeding flabellina verrucosa . this time chomping down on the giant pink - mouth hydroid , tubularia indivisa . one specimen about to feed . the other image shows a specimen having completed its grazing on this hydroid .
so , what have we learned from these studies ? what features of a nematocyst are important in its selection by a nudibranch , specifically , by flabellina verrucosa ? consider these answers , then click here for explanations .
hi bill , here ' s a flabellina verrucosa balancing on a pink - mouth hydroid stalk . i ' ve assumed they ate the orange ones in my earlier photos , but this may show they like both varieties !
hi bill , here is another common british columbia aeolid , flabellina verrucosa . the dive site is dodd narrows , near nanaimo , on vancouver island . they are often found on this electric orange hydroid , garveia annulata .
thanks terry , it would be great to get some more photos showing the variation in f . verrucosa . bill rudman .
thanks bernard , very soon i won ' t have any excuse to misidentify any north atlantic flabellina . best wishes , bill rudman
greenwood & mariscal 1984 mar biol 80 : 35 ; drawing from kälker & schmekel 1976 zoomorph 86 : 41 for flabellina trilineata .
when i initially saw it i thought it was just a variation of f . verrucosa but wasn ' t sure . dr . larry harris , university of new hampshire has identified it as flabellina verrucosa , although a bit emaciated . he notes that the gonads are not fully developed . andy martinez , author of marinlife of the north atlantic concurs with dr . harris ' id .
more recent studies on nematocyst complement in flabellina verrucosa in the gulf of maine show that while it is a generalist predator of hydroids , it also eats jellyfish scyphistomae . about 70 % of flabellina ’s nematocysts come from the hydroids tubularia crocea and eudendrium spp . most of these are of a type known as heterotrichous microbasic euryteles , which are predominant in these species ( see drawing on left ) .
dear bill , alan shepard ' s photos look to me like pale specimens of flabellina verrucosa . this species is highly variable , especially in the color of the digestive gland that is visible through the cerata . it can range from pale pink to red to chocolate brown . the opaque white markings on the oral tentacles and the arrangement of the cerata appear to be characteristic of f . verrucosa .
hi bill , here is flabellina verrucosa from british columbia , canada . it is also present in north atlantic waters , i ' ve been told . it is very common on vancouver island . this is a fairly small animal , 1 to 3 cm . usually . marli .
dear bill , i checked with my advisor , larry harris , and he agreed that alan shepard ' s aeolids are flabellina verrucosa feeding on scyphistomae . note the white color variation and bright - white cnidosacs . also , they have unusually swollen anterior foot tentacles , probably from being stung by some potent nematocysts . we have documented f . verrucosa with a similar morphology and diet on floating docks in beverly , ma .
on this same dive i found placida dendritica ( first time in the cove ) , flabellina verrucosa , aeolidia papillosa , polycera dubia , acanthodoris pilosa and onchidoris muricata . not bad on a short 40 minute dive in 40f water . best wishes , alan shepard tolland , ct , usa
dear marli , animals such as flabellina verrucosa , which are found in the northern waters of both the pacific and atlantic oceans are called circum - boreal . you ' ll see photos on the forum of this species from the atlantic coast of usa . best wishes , bill rudman .
hi bill , further to your discussion on long and short cerata on flabellina verrucosa : i had never seen the short variety , when shortly thereafter found a small one whilst diving in howe sound near vancouver , british columbia . i have also never seen one in such an intense shade of crimson .
( of eolidia verrucosa sars m . , 1829 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hi bill , here are some flabellina verrucosa from the broughton archipelago . they are eating tubularia crocea . these are the ' long cerata ' type . location : broughton archipelago , british columbia , canada . depth : 45 feet . , length : 10 - 12mm . , may 2003 . photos : marli wakeling
dear paul , this is flabellina verrucosa , about which we ' ve already said most things . this individual shows two of the features which i think are diagnostic for this species : the white line along the tail extending amongst the last few cerata and the narrow white line on the dorsal side of the oral tentacles .
if this is coryphella rufibranchialis then it is more correctly called flabellina verrucosa . there is a history of confusion in the names of this genus on both sides of the atlantic . i ' ll put up some comments when we get them definitively identified . i don ' t want to perpetuate the confusion by further misidentifications .
i may be wrong , but it doesn ' t look like f . verrucosa to me . hopefully some of our northern european colleagues will have some suggestions .
to accompany my message about salmon - gill flabellina from new england here are photos of the ones which are red or chocolate brown and are locally called red - gills .
dear betsey , thanks for the photos from maine . can you give me a little more detail on the locality please ? the brown colour form is a colour form of flabellina verrucosa . the colour in aeolids is often a result of the colour of their food which accumulates in the ducts of the digestive gland , which are in the cerata .
alan , thank you for the excellent photos , this is a relatively rare feeding type of f . verrucosa . all the best , chad sisson university of new hampshire zoology dept .
c . verrucosa has been reported on all depths down to 300 meters . sand or rocky substrate on current exposed locations seems to be preferred . if is usually encountered grazing on hydroids .
i ' m reasonably sure these are flabellina verrucosa , but would appreciate confirmation . they are fairly profuse at harper ' s ferry , a popular dive site on the west side of puget sound near port orchard . most are an inch long at most , so getting a good macro photo is a good challenge . the photos are of two different ones that we found on successive dives at this site .
hi , can anyone help id which flabellina these may be ? found at 40 - 45 feet in hakai pass - port hardy area , bc , canada . are they just variations on the same theme ?
flabellina iodinea showing brightly coloured ( to our eyes ) cerata with tips containing nematocyst - filled sacs . next to nothing is known about the how the sacs function in defense in these or other aeolid nudibranchs 3x
comparison from terry gosliner message below : ' the main external characteristics for differentiating f . verrucosa from flabellina gracilis is that the cerata are more distinctly arranged in rows in f . gracilis and there is a more prominent vestige of a notal brim in f . gracilis . also f . gracilis has a sort of notched head between the junction of the oral tentacles and more elongate anterior margins of the foot ' .
hi ! i found several individuals of this aeolid , looking a little like flabellina verrucosa , which is quite common along the norwegian coast . however , some details seem to differ : • shorter cerata , not organized in the traditional two rows . • a naked patch on the back . • some eggs found on the location , laid in circles . ( i am assuming they were laid by these individuals ) .
dear wendy , i am pretty sure that the upper right and lower left photos are of flabellina verrucosa , the white - tipped cerata , the white line on the oral tentacles and the white line down the ' tail ' all suggest that species . i am not so sure of the third photo [ lower right ] however and so if someone with local knowledge can comment i would be grateful . best wishes , bill rudman
dear bill , in response to kåre ' s recent message , here is a scan of the original illustrations by m . sars ( 1829 ) of eolidia verrucosa [ plate 2 , figs 1 - 4 ] .
although only about 0 . 5 % of flabellina ’s nematocysts come from scyphistomae ( see green dots in table ) , these polyps are selected over any others in choice tests , perhaps because of the toxicity of their nematocysts .
many species of aeolid nudibranchs , including flabellina trilineata shown in the photograph , sequester undischarged nematocysts , apparently for use in their own defense . the nematocysts are housed in special sacs or cnidosacs located in the tips of the cerata .
( of eolidia verrucosa sars m . , 1829 ) sars , m . ( 1829 ) . bidrag til söedyrenes naturhistorie . chr . dahl , bergen . 1 : 1 - 60 , plates 1 - 6 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 9 [ details ]
of the red - gills there are elongated ones with a few growths on their backs [ lower left photo ] as well as the more common ones with completely covered backs [ other photos ] . we think these are f . verrucosa , f . pellucida , or f . gracilis .
references flabellina verrucosa ( m . sars , 1829 ) . in sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . accessed 26 / 01 / 2016 . lamb , a . , and hanby , b . ( 2005 ) . marine life of the pacific northwest [ electronic version ] . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2015 ) . coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) . encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . accessed 26 / 01 / 2016 . authors and editors of page kelly fretwell ( 2016 ) .
these individuals were all photographed as a part in my project to elucidate the two forms ( long ceratal and short ceratal form ) relationship . the animals with long cerata were photographed at three meters depth at jordfall . the short ceratal form ( verrucosa form ) was photographed at yttre vattenholmen outside strömstad .
( of aeolidia verrucosa m . sars , 1829 ) backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
dear alan , it certainly looks like a crustacean of some sort . certainly some glaucids , such as a austraeolis ornata and hermissenda crassicornis are known to eat the odd bit of carrion , but i haven ' t heard of species of flabellina doing this . it certainly seems an interesting observations for someone to follow up . best wishes , bill rudman
i just got a message from bernard picton who suggested the scyphistoma in chad ' s photo is probably aurelia aurita so i had another search of mcdonald & nybakken ' s list and found the following references to feeding on aurelia aurita ' polyps ' . clearly predation by f . verrucosa on the scyphistomae stage of aurelai can be an important factor in aurelia populations , at least in sweden .
note the conspicuous size difference between predator and prey . the left photo - pair shows aversive behaviour to f . iodinea . the right photo - pair shows the same predator 20min later attacking and eating another nematocyst - defended aeolid , hermissenda crassicornis . not all naive predators show the same aversive responses to flabellina ; about half of the 40 - or so pleurobranchaea tested in the study simply attack and eat up the prey
on the lower left photo the inset is showing the white sreak on the rhinophore which is one of the external identification points of this species . the colour and shape of the head and head tentacles are important in identifying species of flabellina but as your photos show , when these animals are busy looking for food they don ' t make it easy for you to photograph their important features . best wishes , bill rudman .
to barcode of life ( 36 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 14 publications ) ( from synonym eolidia verrucosa sars m . , 1829 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 44 publications ) ( from synonym coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym eolis mananensis stimpson , 1853 ) to clemam ( from synonym coryphella rufibranchialis cocholata balch , 1908 ) to clemam ( from synonym coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym eolis diversa couthouy , 1839 ) to clemam ( from synonym eolidia verrucosa sars m . , 1829 ) to clemam ( from synonym eolidia embletoni johnston , 1835 ) to clemam ( from synonym coryphella robusta trinchese , 1874 ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 29 nucleotides ; 20 proteins ) to pesi ( from synonym coryphella robusta trinchese , 1874 ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym eolidia embletoni johnston , 1835 ) to pesi ( from synonym eolis diversa couthouy , 1839 ) to pesi ( from synonym eolidia verrucosa sars m . , 1829 ) to pesi ( from synonym coryphella rufibranchialis cocholata balch , 1908 ) to pesi ( from synonym eolis mananensis stimpson , 1853 ) to pesi ( from synonym coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis
in response to your question : i do not know of any research done involving this specific diet for f . verrucosa . i simply meant that these nudibranchs are rarely found associated with this food , but when they are , they have a very distinct color and morphology . i do not know if they switch to another diet once the scyphistomae have run out , but it wouldn ' t surprise me if they did take advantage of whatever is around .
your photos are useful reminder to me of how difficult it is for non - professionals to identify species they find or photograph . my first act when i find something i don ' t recognise is to dissect it and look at the radula to confirm what family or genus is belongs to , because the outside can sometimes be very misleading . i have just posted a page of photos of the radula of flabellina poenicia which illustrates a tooth shape which is very characteristic of the genus . looking at your three species i am not even sure they are all flabellinids . best wishes , bill rudman .
• hernroth , lars , & fredrik gröndahl . 1985 . the biology of aurelia aurita ( l . ) 3 . predation by coryphella verrucosa ( gastropoda , opisthobranchia ) , a major factor regulating the development of aurelia populations in the gullmar fjord , western sweden . ophelia , 24 ( 1 ) : 37 - 45 . • hernroth , l . , & f . gröndahl . 1985a . on the biology of aurelia aurita ( l . ) : 2 . major factors regulating the occurrence of ephyrae and young medusae in the gullmar fjord , western sweden . bulletin of marine science , 37 ( 2 ) : 567 - 576 .
description : currently considered to be a form of coryphella verrucosa . the body is translucent white in colour with opaque white pigment on the tips of the oral tentacles and in a broken line along the centre of the back which becomes continuous on the long tail . the cerata are numerous and arranged in clusters along the sides and back of the body , almost hiding the white centreline . they are filled with red or orange - red granular digestive gland . the cerata have a thin , sometimes incomplete , ring of white pigment below the tip . typically about 15mm - 25mm in length , but well - fed individuals may be larger .
dear kåre , this is an interesting find . you wouldn ' t by chance have have a photo showing the front of the foot more clearly ? in the smaller animal in the upper photo it looks like the front edge of the foot could have the front corners extended into pointed ' angles ' , but i am not sure . i first thought this might be a species of cuthona , but in that genus the anterior foot corners are rounded . the egg ribbon , if it does belong to these animals , could certainly be that of a flabellina . in your lower right photo the animal is eating what seems to be a large solitary hydroid - perhaps a tubularia .
the closest i can come to an identification is a painting of henning lemche ' s of an animal from jutland , denmark ( just & edmunds , 1985 ) , which the authors , suggest is an aberrant form of f . verrucosa . like your animals , the cerata are short and inflated , and are arranged in a pattern of triangles down the body with bare patches down the dorsal midline . even the colour is almost identical . unfortunately , just & edmunds only had lemche ' s painting , no accompanying notes could be found , and no anatomical information . they suggested it was probably ' unhealthy when painted ' which certainly doesn ' t seem to apply to your animals .
what would be interesting would be to see if they have any natural history differences . some species of flabellina change from feeding on one group of hydroids to another during the year so food differences may not be a simple thing to look at . another observation that might be useful would be to look at their egg masses . it is quite possible that their egg spirals might be of a different shape or even their eggs could be markedly different in size . if you would like a little project it would certainly be worth trying to photograph the egg ribbons of the two ' forms ' ideally as they are laying them . there may be no marked difference , but it would be exciting if there were , best wishes , bill rudman
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confusing ? it really is , and i think this group is in need of a careful revision .
• sars , michael . 1829 . bidrag til soedyrene naturhistorie , pt . 1 , : pp . 1 - 59 , pls . 1 - 6 . bergen .
one anatomical point which seems worth following up is the shape of the anterior foot corners . in both sars ' painting and kåre ' s photo the anterior corners of the foot are rounded . although none of the photos in the forum of the long cerata form show the anterior foot clearly , there are plenty of illustrations in the literature showing that it has distinctly angular or even tentacular foot corners [ thompson & brown , 1984 ] . to me the ceratal shape and arrangement and the anterior foot corners are pretty good arguments for some separating them .
• kuzirian , a . m . ( 1979 ) taxonomy and biology of four new england coryphellid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies , 45 : 239 - 261 .
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mate selection & copulation are dealt with in this section , while topics of egg - laying , embryonic development , hatching & larval life , settlement & metamorphosis , and ontogenetic development of behaviour are considered elsewhere .
this section on mate - selection & copulation is arranged alphabetically by genus . the genus hermissenda is considered here , while aeolidia , alderia , navanax & other cephalaspids , and aplysia & other anaspids are considered in their own sections .
done in oregon and california later are thought to be most likely accounts of mating . the reason for the misunderstanding owes in part to the extraordinary quickness of the actual copulatory act , which requires only 1 - 2sec . the author never observes copulation in
, in part because of a possible expectation of an activity that would last several minutes or even hours as is customary in other opisthobranchs . the complexity of interactions involved in one of the studies is shown in this computer - simulated flow
. be mindful as you go through it that the researcher is describing general behaviour in laboratory specimens with the understanding that it relates to agonism . with a bit of patience , and assuming that what is really being described is not agonism , but copulatory behaviour , the behavioural repertoire during mating can be noodled out to a few basic components . the line thicknesses in the diagram correspond with frequency of occurrence of any successive pair of behaviours .
begins with a touch of one individual by another , most commonly with tentacles or cerata . since
- ing , which is right - side to right - side orientation that places the gonopore openings of the 2 individuals opposite one another .
, which we know is preparatory to copulation . however , because copulation is not in the author ' s mind , we have to choose a spot for it to happen . a possible spot for this is marked with a bright yellow blob on the flow diagram , its
- all familiar from research study 1 above . the author observes damage done by biting ( the jaws have serrated edges ) , describes “winners” and “losers” in the encounters , and notes that 26 % of the “winners” , presumably the ones that break away first , are the larger individuals of the pairs ( thus , 74 % of
winners
are smaller individuals ) . there are other behaviours shown in the diagram that may or may not play a role in copulation .
recall that the author believes the behaviour to be agonistic ; hence , the
physical
nature of this term . tentacle - touching is described by other authors as more of a
caressing
this is only one possible route from
sidling
that could lead to insemination . another shorter one would be
occurs with low frequency . another , more round - about route on the chart following from an hypothetical copulation after
, and this route also has the merit of large - dimension arrows . the reason for speculating on possible post -
) , and more withdrawals . this goes on for some time and the video switches to show full right side - to - right side touching (
sidling
) and perhaps even copulation . it is
how the author of research study 1 above could initially interpret these behaviours as agonism .
however , anthropomorphism is all too common in interpretation of animal behaviour . in this case , the terms
flagellate
,
sidle
,
winners
, and
losers
, are highly suggestive . is it possible that their initial selection may have prevented the author from standing back and viewing the behaviours more objectively ?
no other nudibranch species appears to exhibit it , nor is it a feature known to be particularly common in gastropods . the author remarks on never having seen agonistic behaviour in
in the field . as to the function of the putative agonistic behaviour , the author speculates that it may aid in food - getting and be a means of warding off predators . in another publication on the same subject the author tests what effect food deprivation has on the “agonistic” behaviour ? in these latter experiments , after 1 - 3d without food there is an increase in locomotory activity and an increase in
agonistic
interactions . also , with each progressive day the frequency of encounters involving biting goes up , suggesting to the author that hunger may be the cause of the “fighting”
a common behaviour in nudibranchs when food is scarce or lacking , however , is to copulate . this makes sense because most species of nudibranchs live seasonally and , when their prey items are in short supply , they spend more time copulating . . . not fighting
although the study may not be as relevant to “agonistic” behaviour as the author intended , the technique used may be useful for other types of experiments . in the present experiments , the author pinches off all cerata from several
with forceps , provides clam tissues as food , and waits until the cerata are regenerated . at this time the cnidosacs
of nematocysts . the author then compares the behaviour of these “nematocyst - free” animals with that of normal control animals and finds no difference in level of “agonistic” behaviour . the technique , although not working out in the way that the author intended could , nevertheless , be a useful way to produce nematocyst - free aeolids for other types of experiments , for example ,
to assess the defensive efficacy of the secondarily acquired nematocysts against fishes and other biting predators .
this is not a new idea , but appears not to have been done with west - coast nudibranchs .
the author is not able to check whether the cnidosacs were actually nematocyst - free , as all the animals die before this could be done . healthy
, a second author agrees with the first that the species does engage in aggressive interactions with conspecifics . however , what is missing in the first descriptions , acording to the second author , is information on the temporal aspects of the interaction , specifically the timing of events from first contact to onset of sidling , and then to cerata movement , lunging and biting , withdrawing , and ending . these events are observed in specimens of
from elkhorn slough , california and recorded on videotape for time - motion analysis . note in the data
that the mean duration of these activities is only about 80 seconds . the author comments that “although the animals are poised in copulation - like posture during sidling , it seems clear , as zack suggested , that these interactions are not copulatory since the time between initiation of sidling and cerata movement is on the average less than 10 seconds” . in discussing the results , the author provides 2 possible explanations for flagellation and sidling : 1 ) to assess the aggressive motivation and size of the other individual , or 2 ) to assess the willingness of the other individual to mate . the author concludes by suggesting that more observations are needed to clarify the matter .
the diagram shows the durations of 4 sets of activities from first contact : begin sidling , move cerata , withdraw , and end . each horizontal set includes overall range , standard deviation , and mean for each set of activities . the vertical blue dotted line shows the mean end time in seconds for 19 individual nudibranchs
, and that zack ' s original paper ( research studies 1 & 3 ) makes it clear that there may be other possible outcomes , including aggression .
because the 2 papers ( research studies 4 & 6 ) were submitted for review at the same time for publication in the same volume of veliger , out of courtesy and interest the editor allowed each set of authors to read the other’s submission and to make comments . the set of 4 articles in veliger is unique and makes for interesting reading
in the same journal as the foregoing publications ( research studies 4 & 5 ) is a paper entitled , “ hermissenda : agonistic behavior or mating behavior ? ” in this paper researchers at friday harbor laboratories , washington note that agonism is not seen in the field in h . crassicornis , and describe the following pre - copulatory behaviours in laboratory specimens : 1 ) one animal follows another , 2 ) front individual turns , 3 ) they meet head - to - head , 4 ) make tentacle / tentacle contact , 5 ) withdraw , 5 ) make tentacle / cerata contact , 6 ) withdraw , 7 ) make tentacle / foot contact , 8 ) advance , and 9 ) jockey back - and - forth . time required : 10 - 30min .
the individuals then align their bodies on the right sides ( 1 - 3min ) , evert penises , expand penis ends into bulbs , and simultaneously ejaculate sperm in muscular contractions . the sperm is emitted in mucus . time for copulatory ejaculation : 1 - 2sec . the authors observe no biting damage , but suggest that the function of pre - copulatory contact may be to reduce the probablility of being eaten . this seems to confirm that aggression occurs , sometimes leading to “cannibalism” , but the authors reiterate their belief that agonistic behaviour does not normally ocur in the field in
the authors conclude that zack’s observations are just of mating behaviour , and not anything else .
longley & longley 1981 veliger 24 : 230 ; longley & longley 1981 veliger 24 : 232 .
copulating . video and descrptive headings courtesy roger & alison longley , friday harbor laboratories .
in santa cruz , california provides further detail on copulation and efficacy of sperm transfer . first , the rapidity of the copulatory event ( about 4sec on average ) markedly decreases the chance of complete transfer of sperm . in
37 videotaped sequences of attempted copulation ( defined as 2 individuals with penises everted ) , almost half lead to failed sperm transfer in one or both individuals . interestingly , a frequent behaviour following sloppy sperm transfer is for an individual to twist its head backwards and consume all or part of the semen in the vicinity of the gonopore . if an individual is allowed to become
habitat : a common species in early spring at shallow exposed sites and deeper water which is exposed to tidal streams . the normal food is the hydroid tubularia indivisa but other smaller hydroids are eaten by juvenile specimens . the spawn consists of a thread which is laid in a smooth spiral like a clock spring .
distribution : a northern species in the british isles , occurring round scotland and in the irish sea south to the isle of man , but apparently absent from the western coasts of ireland and england . further distribution includes norway to the atlantic coast of america .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
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the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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( of coryphella robusta trinchese , 1874 ) trinchese s . ( 1874 ) . intorno ai generi hermaeina e acanthopsole . memorie dell ' accademia delle scienze dell ' istituto di bologna ( 3 ) 5 : 73 - 80 pl . 1 [ details ]
( of eolidia embletoni johnston , 1835 ) johnston g . ( 1835 ) . introduction to the natural history of molluscous animals . magazine of natural history 8 : 71 - 81 [ details ]
( of eolis diversa couthouy , 1839 ) couthouy j . p . ( 1839 ) . monograph on the family osteodesmacea of deshayes , with remarks on two species of patelloidea , and descriptions of new species of marine shells , a species of anculotus , and one of eolis . boston journal of natural history , 2 : 129 - 189 , pl . 4 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 187 - 189 ; pl . 4 , fig . 9 [ sic , 14 ] [ details ]
( of eolis mananensis stimpson , 1853 ) stimpson , w . ( 1853 ) . synopsis of the marine invertebrata of grand manan : or the region about the mouth of the bay of fundy , new brunswick . smithsonian contributions to knowledge . 6 : 1 - 66 , pls 1 - 3 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]
pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
trott , t . j . ( 2004 ) . cobscook bay inventory : a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years . northeastern naturalist . 11 , 261 - 324 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of eolidia embletoni johnston , 1835 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of eolis diversa couthouy , 1839 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of coryphella robusta trinchese , 1874 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of coryphella rufibranchialis cocholata balch , 1908 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of eolis mananensis stimpson , 1853 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the translucent white body may reach 6 cm in extreme cases , but 2 - 3 cm is common . often , there is a white line running along the back , but it tends to be covered by the cerata . the cerata are arranged in rows and come in a wide range of colors , but orange , red and brown are perhaps most frequent . there may be a pink tint on the tentacles . the rhinophores ( head tentacles ) are wrinkled and usually have a white pigmented line .
the original identification of the species was done by sars in 1829 . he drew a specimen with short , ice - cone - shaped , white - tipped cerata . studies have later proven that


sheilas reward ( foaled 1947 in kentucky ) was an american thoroughbred champion racehorse who was voted the american champion sprint horse of 1950 and 1951 .

he was sired by multiple stakes winner reaping reward and out of the mare smart sheila , a daughter of 1930 american champion two-year-old colt jamestown .

sheilas reward

with the headline : sheilas reward aqueduct victor ; driving to the wire in the bay shore handicap .
through his daughter , reaping reward , jamestown was also the damsire of sheilas reward , back - to - back winner of american champion sprint horse honors in 1950 and 1951 .
sheilas reward , mrs . louis lazare ' s reaping reward colt , who had been out of action since just missing victory in the brooklyn handicap last july , made his return to the races a victorious one yesterday . view full article in timesmachine »
sheilas reward ( usa ) b . h , 1947 { 12 - b } dp = 4 - 6 - 0 - 8 - 2 ( 20 ) di = 1 . 00 cd = 0 . 10 - 33 starts , 13 wins , 12 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 119 , 020
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he wrote that the first “colour” was washed out in the creek by john saxby , and the find kept secret until the group found out the government was offering a 500 pound reward for new goldfields .
to be perfectly candid about it , hill prince made the lot he met in the new york handicap , accompished as they were , appear so many
grade b
horses . arcaro rode him with much confidence permitting him to drop back to last place in the run down the backstretch after having broken in front . going to the long home turn , sheilas reward , moonrush and picador were engaged in a brush for the lead when arcaro turned loose hill prince ' s head , and ' that was all he wrote . '
it was a handicap division in which hill prince was accorded the honors , though he won only two races . and the sprinters class was fully as confused , for sheila ' s reward gained the title , while he spent most of the year racing middle distances .
sickle ' s good son reaping reward ( br . c . 1934 out of dustwhirl by sweep ) was bred by arthur hancock of claiborne farm after hancock purchased the mare ( in foal to sickle ) from joseph widener . hancock later sold dustwhirl to calumet farm , which bred triple crown winner whirlaway ( 1938 ) from her four years later . reaping reward was sold as a yearling to ethel v . mars ' milky way stables , and both he and stablemate case ace were among the top flight of their crop as juveniles , behind division leader pompoon .
“all the young men of newcastle drive down hunter st in their hot fj holdens with chrome - plated grease nipples and double - reverse overhead twin - cam door handles , sitting eight abreast in the front seat , and they lean out of the window and say real cool things to the sheilas on the footpath , like ‘aah g’day’ .
hill prince had recovered from his fissure fracture of the previous winter , at least significanly to train , though morning work - watchers reported that occasionally he gimped a bit behind . trainer ' casey ' hayes brought him along to racing fettle by easy stages and gave him a couple of prep races on long island in advance of the new york . he qualified impressively in winning the last of these tighteners , so impressively that the public made him odds - on at 4 to 5 , though he had 128 pounds and was required to concede from 9 to 21 pounds to sheilas reward , one hitter , sudan , moonrush , alderman , busanda and picador .
they broke the news of the find in july , 1876 , and afterwards the government delayed the reward because of the delay in making the discovery known , although one was paid after 1880 . once word of the discovery got out miners flooded the area and the population increased to 1100 , of whom 800 were miners .
brevity ( b . c . 1933 out of ormonda by superman ) was bred by joseph widener , and an older
uncle
to reaping reward , being out of dustwhirl ' s dam ormonda . at two , brevity beat snark in the champagne stakes , a performance that put him not so far behind champion tintagel in the rankings . he returned at the top of his class , briefly , at three . he won the florida derby by five legnths over dneiper , setting a new world record for the nine furlongs in 1 : 48 1 / 5 . going off as favorite for the kentucky derby , he ran into a determined bold venture , who led from start to finish , hanging on by a head at the wire .
1st : fleetwing h . , interborough h . , select h . , flying heels h .
2nd : new rochelle h . , swift s . , rivalry purse ( mth , 6f )
1st : queens county h . , bay shore h . , long branch h .
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there were no championships awarded in any official manner until 1936 , when triangle publications ( publishers of daily racing form and morning telegraph ) conducted a poll of its staff , and turf and sports digest conducted a poll from selected sports journalists . in 1950 , these were joined by the votes of racing secretaries across the country , from tracks that were members of the thoroughbred racing association . in 1954 , the thoroughbred record instituted a scoring system based on points for stakes wins . in 1971 , the eclipse awards were introduced , voted on by members of the national turf writers association , as well as racing secretaries and some daily racing form and equibase staff . in 2007 the division was split in two by gender .
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what we ' ve learned from recent kentucky derby results is that a good horse can emerge from just about anywhere in north america , in all shapes and sizes .
- mine that bird was two - year - old champion in canada , and was dismissed at long , long odds in the 2009 derby after taking the sunland park route to louisville .
- big brown , the 2008 derby winner , and barbaro , the 2006 kingpin , made their career debuts in turf races at saratoga and laurel , respectively .
- smarty jones , hero of the 2004 derby , won his first two starts at philadelphia park .
- war emblem blossomed at sportsman ' s park before earning his spot in history by prevailing in the 2002 derby .
will sourdough sam follow in their footsteps ? who ' s sourdough sam , you ask ? it ' s an excellent question , and i don ' t blame you if you ' ve never heard of him . the 2 - year - old gelding has never competed in a graded stakes race , actually lost his only start in stakes competition , has yet to stretch out around two turns , and has yet to earn a beyer speed figure over 90 . he ' s also marooned on an island unto itself out in northern california . but , boy has he been impressive in his first three starts .
conditioned by dean pederson , a trainer that has won between 20 - 30 % of his starts in eight of the last nine years , sourdough sam made his career debut in a 5 1 / 2 furlong maiden special weight at golden gate fields on september 19 .
he broke a half - length slow from the intimidating inside post position , and soon settled in midpack while saving ground . jockey inoel beato had to check off heels at the quarter - pole while down inside , and sourdough sam was forced to alter course sharply in upper stretch to get off the rail . once clear , the gelding put his head down , and drew away from the field to win going away . his gallop - out had him ahead by about ten lengths . other than sourdough sam , eight horses came out of that race to race again . four graduated , two finished second , and one rounded out the trifecta .
pederson took a conservative route with his talented runner as he placed sourdough sam in an entry - level optional claimer at six furlongs for his second start on october 31 at golden gate . sourdough sam was outsprinted for the first quarter - mile , but began to pick up steam entering the turn . beato easily could have sent the 7 - 10 favorite four wide and around horses while clear of traffic turning for home , but he curiously stayed in to split rivals three wide in upper stretch . with a furlong remaining , sourdough sam was five lengths behind pacesetter shudacudawudya , and looked to be in deep water , but he absolutely exploded over the tapeta surface to prevail by three - quarters of a length with a final eighth in 11 . 76 ( according to formulatorweb ) .
pederson decided it was time to get some blacktype , and sourdough sam was sent off as the 3 - 2 favorite in the six - furlong golden nugget stakes at golden gate on november 21 . after breaking nicely , he settled into midpack while in and among horses , and was shuffled to the back of the pack late on the backstretch . beato then had to put on the brakes again on the turn before angling sharply to the rail at the quarter - pole . in midstretch , he altered course twice to find a clear path four off the fence , and commenced a strong late kick only to fall short to shudacudawudya . a few strides after the race , sourdough sam was clearly in front , but his 11 . 73 final eighth couldn ' t overcome the trouble he encountered in the race .
sourdough sam is a california - bred son of decarchy , the winner of the grade 2 frank kilroe at one mile on turf in 2002 . decarchy is a daughter of blue - hen producer toussaud , making him kin to such grade 1 winners as chester house ( arlington million ) , honest lady ( santa monica handicap ) , chiselling ( secretariat stakes ) , and empire maker ( florida derby , belmont stakes , wood memorial stakes ) . toussaud herself won the grade 1 gamely handicap during her racing career .
sourdough sam ' s dam , general luster ( by general meeting ) , has already foaled tizwar , an unlisted stakes winner at 1 5 / 16 miles at the elko county fair . the second dam , by judger , was multiple stakes - placed while the third dam , by hitting away , won the 1968 astarita stakes in new york . the fifth dam , by bull lea , was multiple stakes - placed , and is a half - sister to belmont stakes winner bounding home .
we ' ll find out more about john nicoletti ' s homebred , sourdough sam , this saturday as he is scheduled to compete in the gold rush stakes over one mile at golden gate .
one negative . you ' ll note that he paddles badly with his left foreleg . it will be interesting to see if that adversely affects him when he faces tougher runners .
with zardana ' s win in the bayakoa , did sherrifs sweep the grades stakes on the main track for older f & m for the calendar year at hollywood park ? there are only four , and i know zen won the first two . zardana won this one . did lis win the other ? tencentcielo
nope . evita argentina won the grade 2 a gleam handicap at seven furlongs on july 18 for john sadler . instead of turning life is sweet back in distance , mr . shirreffs decided to try males a week earlier in the grade 1 hollywood gold cup at 1 1 / 4 miles .
dan , other than althea ( who won the 1983 2yo filly eclipse while racing only in socal ) , do you know of any
socal race only
horses either before or after the breeders ' cup era who won an eclipse at any level without racing elsewhere or winning a bc race ? ack ack ( 1971 ) - sprinter and hoty can you please post his pps ? ? btw , citation raced two years in
socal / nocal races only
with nary an award given to him . compare citation 1951 vs the handicap horse award winner for that year , hill prince ( dan , another favor , can you please supply the pps . ) who do you think should have won the award in 1951 ? alan
these horses raced exclusively in southern california during their championship campaigns ( there have been others that raced in northern california as well as southern california . . . brown bess comes to mind ) :
i probably would have voted for citation based on his big win in the hollywood gold cup , a
hundred grander .
hill prince had an up - and - down year .
here ' s how the legendary charles hatton saw the 1951 handicap division from his
part i . review of 1951 races
column from the 1952 american racing manual :
it is doubtful , to be perfectly candid about it , if 1951 will be recorded in the annals of the american turf as a particularly brilliant season in the handicap division , except for two developments . in the hollywood gold cup , mighty citation finally reached his goal of $ 1 , 000 , 000 , while his stablemate bewitch became the world ' s leading money winner of her sex , supplanting gallorette when she finished second to him . the affable h . a .
mayor jimmy
jones saddled them for this event , and his father , ben jones , observed
that was about the biggest day in jim ' s life .
it was the late warren wright ' s hope that citation ultimately would earn $ 1 , 000 , 000 and he achieved this objective , not alone because of his extreme class , but also with the help of considerable skill and patience on the part of his handlers . ' big cy ' s ' gracious owner , mrs . warren wright , announced his retirement to the stud at calumet farm immediately after the gold cup and the successful culmination of his long struggle against adversities to attain his goal . trainer jones sent him home with mixed feelings , and we can say with some confidence they were not without a certain content of relief , for citation ' s bow meant there was some possibility he would break down tragically in the course of a race . . .
. . . each year the handicap ranks are thinned by what are called the vicissitudes of training , and this generation was no exception . hill prince and bed o ' roses were in enforced idleness for much of the season , emerging in the fall to lay claim to the handicap title and handicap mare honors . curandero , one of the best milers of recent years , went to the stud . sunglow won the widener and went wrong a few yards beyond the finish .
having failed in two allowance races , citation now was pointed for stakes . in his first engagement he met nine others in the hollywood premiere handicap of $ 10 , 000 value , at six furlongs on may 11 . the public installed him the favorite at $ 1 . 15 to $ 1 and he got in with 120 , but was fifth at the end of the six furlongs , the winner turning up in the filly , special touch , who was burdened with 122 .
the premiere was a fast race , timed in 1 : 10 , with the first five furlongs in the smart time of : 57 3 / 5 , and citation had dropped back to ninth place at the half , then picked up some tired horses through the stretch , just missing fourth money . on analysis , it was not a bad showing for a horse whose appearance suggested he still was not at racing weight , and perhaps had not quite the same zest for the whole business which marked his earlier campaigns . as stallions age , they often lose some of their competitive instinct , and trainer jones often has told us that , in his comeback , citation occasionally showed a disinclination to snap into his work and that not only had he to be kept sound as possible , but also trained psychologically .
the handsome 16 - hand bay stallion ' s next public appearance came on decoration day at hollywood park , in the argonaut handicap of $ 25 , 000 added at a mile and a sixteenth . in this engagement he was ridden by f . a . smith , and showed a bit of his old sparkle . he ran coupled with bewitch and coaltown , and it is interesting that coaltown had top weight of 125 and was giving ' big cy ' four pounds . the field of ten also included be fleet at 118 , last round 110 , sturdy one 111 and old rockport at 108 . the track was fast and another tremendous throng , one of more than 58 , 000 , turned out to see citation ' s performance . the calumet trio went away at 45 cents to the dollar .
at the break , coaltown , who was to be sacrificed on the altar of pacemaking , if need be , went into the lead and reeled off the fractions in : 45 and 1 : 10 1 / 5 , bowling along several lengths in front of be fleet , to the final turn . during this interval , citation was sandwiched between horses . smith roused him on the curve for home , swinging to the outside at considerable loss of ground as coaltown faded and left be fleet in front . citation ran at be fleet with a steady thrust through the stretch , but the crevolin four - year - old won by three lengths in a flat 1 : 42 , only two - fifths behind artillery ' s track record . the calumet strategy had failed , but citation came out of the race well and his showing was most encouraging .
citation now was pointed for the $ 50 , 000 added american handicap of a mile and a furlong on the fourth of july at hollywood . this event drew a crack field of nine and , presented in wonderful weather , a crowd of 54 , 700 . topweight of the group was moonrush under 125 pounds , with citation carrying 123 , be fleet 122 , all blue 112 and bewitch 106 . the three - horse calumet entry was 75 cents to the dollar . be fleet was the aggressor from the outset , dashing out of the gate in spirited style and into a narrow lead , as all blue went up to be sure he had no opportunity of loafing in front . brooks dropped citation into fifth position , but within easy striking distance of about four lengths . they swung for home with moonrush just ahead and be fleet and all blue in the lead , still at one another ' s throat . brooks drove citation on through between them and , in the final furlong , got to the front . bewitch had followed him into contention and he led the mare by a half - length in 1 : 48 2 / 5 , again coming within two - fifths of a track record , this one established by his old rival , noor .
citation added $ 33 , 050 to his earnings and was within striking distance of his goal . but he gave trainer jones some anxious moments after the american , when it was discovered he had what the missourian called ' a hickey ' on one hind leg . apparently he had rapped himself . of course every precaution was taken to avoid complications and the possibility he would have to miss his engagement in the $ 100 , 000 guaranteed hollywood gold cup at a mile and a quarter on july 14 . fortunately citation responded to treatment .
gold cup day found another throng of 50 , 000 on hand , and citation , carrying 120 again , was accompanied to the post by bewitch and all blue . the topweight was be fleet under 1221 , and the field also included alderman at 104 , sturdy one 109 , sudan 104 , lotowhite 117 , akimbo 104 and tantamount at 102 . in all his previous engagements of the season , citation had been raced well bandaged , jones wishing to afford his battle - scarred running gear all the protection possible . in the paddock before the gold cup , which would place him beyond the $ 1 , 000 , 000 mark , if he could win it , jones deliberated with himself for a time and finally whipped off the bandages .
there was little delay at the post and citation , breaking from the extreme outside , came out of there running more like the citation of old , than in any previous race of the season . brooks permitted him to drift toward the rail going to the first turn , while all blue was on the lead , prompted by be fleet . so full of run was the calumet champion that brooks let him move into a clear advantage a half - mile from home . continuing boldly he opened up three lengths on the last turn and increased this to four , without pressure , in the run home . bewitch , under 108 , came from well off the pace for the place , a nose before be fleet , who had been a forward factor from the outset under his top impost . the time was 2 : 01 , a fifth off noor ' s track record .
this race netted citation $ 100 , 000 , and bewitch $ 20 , 000 . he now had brought his total to $ 1 , 085 , 760 , and bewitch simultaneously brought her total to $ 462 , 605 . nearest citation among the world ' s leading money winning horses is stymie with $ 918 , 485 , and in placing in the gold cup , bewitch supplanted gallorette as the richest of her sex , gallorette having retired with gleanings of $ 445 , 535 .
the gold cup proved a fitting climax to a great horse ' s career . it was hailed by the sporting press of all the racing countries over the world , and mrs . wright and the joneses received congratulatory wires and cablegrams from england to australia . citation now is at calumet farm , where this spring he begins his stud duties , at a fee of $ 5 , 000 . most breeders consider that sum quite reasonable in view of the horse ' s capabilities , the current purse distribution and yearling prices . h . a . jones once observed that a bull lea foal is ' worth $ 10 , 000 as soon as it hits the ground . ' we think it may be said with some confidence that the first citations will prove at least as desirable .
citation made the 1951 hollywood gold cup especially historic , but in a more competitive sense the season produced many handicap races that were more memorable as spectacles , even if they were not won by quite so remarkable a horse . . .
. . . one of the most powerful performances , if not the outstanding effort shown by a handicap horse all season , was that hill prince gave in the $ 25 , 000 new york handicap at a mile and a furlong , at belmont park on september 29 . in fact , it was probably this race which clinched the handicap title for chris chenery ' s magnficient big bay four - year - old .
arcaro had the mount on the huge son of princquillo and hildene , and the colt stripped for the race looking extremely well bodily . he had furnished out a great deal over his three - year - old form and was a deep - bodied round - barreled strong - quartered animal . ' scares you to death just to look at him when you have to run a horse against him ,
trainer veitch of counterpoint commented .
in a breathtaking furlong hill prince bounded through the entire field , moving between horses with gigantic strides , and was in front at the top of the stretch . he must have run that eighth in approximately 11 seconds , and it completely exhausted his rivals . thereafter he sauntered majestically up the stretch winner by five lengths in a flat 1 : 49 . it was a tremendous showing , and ted atkinson , who rode the runner - up , one hitter , commented : ' that horse ( hill prince ) doesn ' t just beat you . he insults you . '
hill prince might have beaten any horse that afternoon , but there were no more afternoons like it for him during 1951 . he encountered counterpoint at the scale in the gold cup and empire cup , and was fairly beaten in consecutive starts .
following hs game but unsuccessful attempts to defeat the horse of the year , hill prince was shipped to new jersey for the mile and a furlong of the $ 50 , 000 trenton handicap on november 3 at garden state park , and was odds - on despite topweight of 130 pounds and a sloppy track . it was a sad thing to contemplate , for he broke last and , when arcaro moved on him , could only pick up tired horses , and finished fourth , five lengths off the successful call over . this four - year - old son of devil diver , racing for bedford stable and carrying only 116 , ran perhaps the best race of his career , beating inseparable and post card in a blanket finish while conceding them weight .
hill prince obviously was ' cooked , ' and did not reappear during the late fall in the east . the new york handicap was an easy race for him , but there is no question his two hard races over big distances against counterpoint had taken the edge off his condition . after the two miles of the jockey club gold cup , arcaro ventured that he was a trifle short , and hayes countered by censuring arcaro for making much use of hill prince setting the pace . however , when he met counterpoint again in the empire cup on the same terms and counterpoint won even more decisively , any shortcomings had to be charged on the horse .
what future turf historians will make of hill prince , we hesitate to guess , but he has been a champion each season he raced . there is a theory in some quarters that only for his headstrong desire to run his own kind of race instead of responding to his rider ' s wishes , hill prince would have been as formidable as citation . but those who rate him ' big cy ' s ' equal are in the minority . hill prince , on the verge of bowing in march ' 52 , retired to the stud . you are not to infer , from our reference to hill prince as ' headstrong , ' that he is either high - strung and excitable or ill - tempered . but he is difficult in the sense that if he chooses to set his own pace , there is not much else his rider can do but let him run . this can be rather costly .
the final vote for best handicap horse was very close . hill prince received 87 points ( 4 for first , 2 for second and 1 for third ) while citation earned 82 .
i ' m not sure if he was the last horse to try it , but golden man , trained by richard dutrow jr . , finished third in the grade 3 long branch at monmouth on july 16 , 2005 before finishing second the very next day in the grade 3 leonard richards at delaware .
dan , strike the tiger was wes ward ' s winner this summer at royal ascot . tvg made a pretty big deal of it , strike the tiger being the first american - trained american horse to win at royal ascot . i remember he came back and ran in a 50k stakes at colonial downs , and then i believe he ran in indiana in another minor money - added stakes race . but since then , he hasn ' t popped up in my race alerts . where ' s this talented turfer ? ? david h .
strike the tiger has three recent workouts at gulfstream park so should be back in action within the next month or two .
it is great to hear that fernando jara is back in new york . i cashed a pick four when he rode schemer to victory at saratoga in 2004 . there was a thunder storm but they ran the race on the turf anyways . by the way , would you post schemer ' s past performances . thanks . robert ginnerty
hg162 3 - rule looms heads above this field if he doesn ' t bounce , which is unlikely for only four races . 2 - uhohbango will be underbet because of the az breeding and the fact he ran a 102 beyer at prm . 5 - litigation risk has two good races and his maiden win was solid . tgrainer knows his stuff . 7 - oak motte - should be in the mix at the end . the bet : $ 15 trifecta 3 / 2 , 5 , 7 / 2 , 5 , 7 for $ 90 $ 10 exacta 3 with 2 . i have no confidence in 4 grand slam andre thanks to sharpies van savant and annie i am adjusting my $ 90 trifecta bet in hg162 as follows : 3 / 2 , 5 , 8 / 2 , 5 , 8 . the $ 10 exacta 3 / 2 is the same . thanks again . ray
congrats to ray flack for finishing first in last week ' s handigambling exercise . he selects the fifth race at calder on friday for this week ' s race . here are the past performances :
remember that you have a mythical $ 100 with which to wager on the race , and the entrant with the highest money total will receive a
monthly enhanced 60 - card past performance plan .
anyone going over the $ 100 limit will be disqualfied . in the event of a tie , the earliest post gets first preference .
i know that there is a time issue for some of you , but let ' s rememember why we began the handigambling races in the first place . the goal was to share ideas on why we like these horses , and why we ' re betting on them the way we are . i ' m not asking for a novel , but if you could spare a sentence or two outlining your handicapping angles , and thought processes about wagering , it would be appreciated .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more
injured , jamestown did not start again until may 27 of 1931 , when the then three - year - old won the tournament handicap at belmont park . three days later , the colt won the withers stakes at belmont park , and on june 9 at the same track won the colin purse . four days after that , jamestown raced again , finishing third to winner twenty grand in the belmont stakes . after running third in the june 25th shelvin stakes against inferior competition , jamestown was rested and did not race again in 1931 .
took over as head trainer of the widener stable . for mulholland , the five - year - old jamestown won the capitol handicap at
jamestown was retired to stud duty for the 1934 season at his owner ' s erdenheim farm in montgomery county , pennsylvania , but the following year widener relocated him to his old kenney farm in lexington , kentucky .
overall , jamestown met with reasonable success as a stallion , siring eighteen stakes race winners . among his sons were excellent runners such as :
jamestown died at age twenty - five in 1953 and is buried in the old kenney farm ' s equine cemetery .
saratoga special won by jamestown - victor , acclaimed new juvenile champion , sets record for stake before 20 , 000 . equipoise finishes second trails by 3 lengths , with sun meadow third - - winner runs six furlongs in 1 - 11 2 - 5 . whichone scores easily , has 4 - length margin on marine in the whitney - - jolly roger first in steeplechase . whichone rewards owner . workman alert at barrier . saratoga special won by jamestown crumpler ' s bid misses . - article - urltoken
c . v . whitney colt beats jamestown - scores by three lengths to break jack high ' s mark of 1 - 35 made in 1930 . pays $ 3 . 80 in mutuels victor , with workman up , spurts in stretch to gain fifth triumph of season . volette cuts track time runs five and a half furlongs in 1 - 04 4 - 5 and tred avon snaps seven - furlong record . - article - urltoken
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 3 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
brown colt , 1924 - 1943 . by phalaris - selene by chaucer darley arabian sire line : phalaris branch . family 6 - e .
the stallion ' s first crop included three stakes winners - - the good filly versicle ( b . f . 1930 out of verdict by shogun ) , also sickle moon and prairie moon . at two , versicle won the prince of wales ' s plate , home - bred plate ( york ) , holiday plate ( sandown ) , and stud produce stakes ( newmarket ) . at three , she won the ribblesdale stakes ( ascot , beating solenoid and dastur ) , and knowsley dinner stakes ) .
sickle ' s best racing son , stagehand ( b . c . 1935 out of stagecraft by fair play ) , was bred by joseph e . widener , who sold him at two to maxwell howard . widener also bred and raced the older brother sceneshifter , who ran second in the belmont stakes and placed in several other good races . like sceneshifter , stagehand came into hand late , being a non - winner at two , but bloomed over the winter as a three - year - old . he broke his maiden , and scored in two more races prepping for the santa anita derby , which he also won , beating dauber and sun egret . against older horses in the santa anita handicap , stagehand , carrying only 100 pounds , closed strongly to beat the older seabiscuit ( with 130 ) by a nose . third in the derby trial ( to the chief and lawrin ) .
sickle ' s other champion son , star pilot ( br . c . 1943 out of floradora by bull dog ) , was bred by coldstream stud , and sold as a yearling for $ 26 , 000 . he was the favorite of 19 two - year - olds purchased by mrs . elizabeth n . graham early in 1945 . considered inferior to his stablemate , the filly beaugay , who was voted both champion two - year - old filly and champion two - year - old , star pilot was the leading male in his age group with six wins in a dozen starts . victory in the futurity stakes came at the expense of beaugay , who was undefeated up to this point , but with a questionable ankle , led until deep stretch when she broke down and crashed through the inside rail . star pilot inherited the win when he otherwise would have run second .
widener returned unbreakable to elmendorf to stand alongside his sire in 1940 . built even more for speed than sickle , with a long body , low withers , and powerful hindquarters , he had slightly sickle hocks and was somewhat back at the knee as well . unbreakable wasn ' t a patch on his sire as a stallion , getting 216 foals but only 13 stakes winners . the best of these was preakness winner and champion sprinter polynesian ( later sire of native dancer , barbizon , alanesian , etc . ) , but he also got the useful california runner sturdy one ( $ 202 , 970 ) , the handicapping gelding kaster ( $ 186 , 635 ) , and manyunk ( $ 165 , 225 ) . unbreakable ' s daughter pandora became a useful broodmare .
beautiful and feminine misty isle ( ch . f . 1938 out of seven pines by haste ) was the best daughter of sickle bred by joseph e . widener , out of a homebred mare by his homebred haste . although never a champion , she may have been the best filly of her crop . she was extremely sound and started 28 times in the two years she raced , winning eleven , second nine times , and third four times , earning $ 50 , 770 . at two , misty isle was ranked behind champion level best and earnings leader valdina myth , but still managed to win or place in 10 stakes . her victories included the important matron stakes , hyde park stakes , and lafayette stakes .
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about new castle tribune . ( chappaqua , n . y . ) 1927 - ? ? ? ?
a comprehensive daily news service of over 300 market and company stories from our own stockmarketwire team and the rns .
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welcome to the hunter : glory days , a countdown of 101 of the memorable moments in the hunter’s history .
glory , according to the dictionary , is “exalted praise , honour or distinction , an object of pride , a state of splendour , magnificence or great prosperity” .
the hunter has seen many days that could be described with these words , from celebrations of the end of war , moments of discovery , sporting achievements , historic undertakings and accomplishments across fields including industry , arts and commerce .
many such moments are mentioned in this magazine , but for every one here there are thousands more that occur in the region every day .
for every world champion here , there are others who play sport to the best of their ability , making the valley the home of champions that it is .
for every musician , painter and artist here , there are more who make the hunter a hotbed of the arts . for every person who makes it to the top , there are others who toil in valuable lives .
for every innovation , industry and golden moment on these pages , there are more that have made the region what it is today .
the american author ernest hemingway wrote in a style he referred to as “the iceberg approach” .
in his theory , seven - eighths of a story is “underwater” for every part that shows , so the reader is only getting a small portion of a bigger picture , but still gets the feel of the big picture .
this magazine is the hunter in iceberg theory . just as the visible tip of an iceberg masks a greater mass beneath , these 101 tips of the hunter “iceberg” hide a bulk unseen but , hopefully , felt .
welcome to the hunter : glory days , a countdown of 101 of the memorable moments in the hunter’s history that have led it to this place and time .
the hunter : glory days was originally published in june 2012 and written by former herald editor , the late chris watson . each week we ' ll add to the countdown .
world war ii is over : phyllis mook and flo dillon danced vp day away surrounded by a huge crowd in hunter st .
in the early afternoon of wednesday , august 15 , 1945 , an estimated 100 , 000 people crammed into the city area of newcastle to celebrate and dance in the streets : world war ii was over .
in a hunter valley coalmine a wheeler heard the news and sent skips into the mine chalked on the side with : “official . the bastards have chucked it . ”
when the news reached the dyke on newcastle harbour , men rushed to catch the ferry while others couldn’t wait and dived , fully clothed , into the harbour to swim to the city .
men working on the railway bridge across the hawkesbury river made sure train travellers got the message .
on each of the bridge spans they chalked “japan surrenders” and “war over . ”
people poured out of shops which closed their doors and remained closed for days . industries closed with their workers heading for the city .
women in hunter street got out flags out to celebrate the end of world war ii .
after the announcement – made by prime minister ben chifley and relayed to hunter st – radio 2ko began playing dance music and in a flash hunter st , between bolton and newcomen streets , turned into a huge outdoor dance hall , where one of the lasting images of vp - day is the news photograph of phyllis mook and flo dillon doing a celebratory dance .
mook , a well - known dancer in newcastle remembered for her performances at the palaise royale , died in 2009 , but her daughter , teresa purnell , told the herald some time ago that her mother had been at her grandfather’s fruit shop at swansea when news of the war’s end broke .
“they drove to town in the table - top truck , with mum on the back waving the chinese flag , ” she said . “the town went mad and mum danced all afternoon . ”
trains , buses and trams in and out of the city were packed , with many people walking into town . men played football in and out of the city crowds using a kerosene tin for a football , flags and bunting appeared on shops , buildings and ships in the harbour , while confetti rained from office windows on a victory parade .
thousands attended a special service in king edward park , many going on to an evening of sports and entertainment at newcastle sports ground .
milkmen concerned about interruption to deliveries by revellers asked the army to provide them with a military escort , and by nightfall newcastle was ringed with bonfi res on the hills at merewether , new lambton and waratah .
the newcastle morning herald report the next day had one of the largest headings ever used by the newspaper at that time : “japan ordered to cease fire , macarthur calls envoy to manila . ”
“manila , august 15 . general douglas macarthur , who is to receive the japanese surrender on behalf of the allied powers , has directed the tokio authorities to order an immediate cessation of hostilities by japanese forces .
“he fixed the date and hour of cessation , said that allied forces would be directed to stop fighting when this had been done .
“tokio radio at 4pm ( tokio time ) said an imperial order to cease fire was expected soon , but that allied warships should stay clear of japanese home waters until then in order to avoid any untoward incident .
“the japanese government has been instructed to send an envoy , with service advisers , to manila to receive instructions on the carrying into effect of the surrender terms .
“on his arrival , the japanese representative must present a document , authenticated by the emperor , providing him with the power to receive in the name of the emperor , the japanese government , and imperial headquarters the allied requirements . ” the front page also had a small panel with the headline :
the six years’ war “world war i . ( august 4 , 1914 – november 11 , 1918 ) lasted four years and 99 days .