the hoplias aimara , also known as anjumara , manjuma , anjoemara and wolf fish , is a species of freshwater fish found in the rivers of south america .

hoplias aimara

the hoplias aimara taxonomy paper pdf download site is found right above the video .
the most formidable hoplias exported is the king of wolffish : the aimara , or trairão ( hoplias aimara and / or h . macrophthalmus ) . juveniles and young adults sport a small black spot behind the gill cover .
first data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) .
total weight ( wt ) , standard length ( lp ) and sex of the specimens of hoplias aimara shown in figure 1 .
specimens of hoplias aimara examined fresh with their anal fins ( lines indicating the format ) and gonads ( indicated by arrows ) .
the newest member of hoplias is also the second most imported species . it was known as hoplias sp . black for many years and described as hoplias curupira in 2009 .
hoplias aimara is a species of large size and low population density , characteristics that difficult their collection , transportation and storage of specimens in collections .
first data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
video of my aimara eating a 10
mackerel and the armatus eating a 7
one .
additional info : although originally described in 1847 by valenciennes , a further description was carried out in 1907 by pellegrin and named hoplias macrophthalmus . further studies were carried out and proved this to be the same species . as hoplias aimara was used first that name takes precedence and the name hoplias macrophthalmus is now defunct .
mala and aimara are night and day . from what i have seen , aimara needs to be w / lots of mid / upper level swimmers to coexist . its a huge risk as aimara are known to attack nets ( just an example of aggression ) . . . but its getting it to work is where the prize lays
i can ' t truly say with aimara but i have a curupira with my bass and it works out .
the wolffish family has something for everyone : hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus , the smallest , will reach just over 20cm / 8” , while the largest ( hoplias aimara ) will reach 130cm / 51” and more than 30kg / 66lb .
mattox , g . m . t . , m . toledo - piza & o . t . oyakawa . 2006 . taxonomic study of hoplias aimara ( valenciennes , 1846 ) and hoplias macrophthalmus ( pellegrin , 1907 ) ( ostariophysi , characiformes , erythrinidae ) . copeia , 2006 : 516 - 528 . [ links ]
the knowledge of the sex of individuals is important to conserve exploited fish species , as is the case of hoplias aimara , once , knowing their reproductive period , females can be avoided by fishing for the maintenance of fish stocks .
moreira j , scholz t , luque jl . first data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) . acta parasitol . 2015 ; 60 : 254 - 60
hoplias microlepis , usnm 293250 , 176 . 2 mm sl , pirre river , tuira , panama .
the sub - family consists of three genera , totalling 16 species . the largest group is the genus hoplias with 11 species and we assume that h . aimara and macrophthalmus are separate species , although h . macrophthalmus may be a synonym .
karyotypes of hoplias lacerdae and hoplias aimara arranged from giemsa - stained ( a , f ) and c - banded ( b , g ) chromosomes . sequentially dapi - ( c , h ) and cma3 - ( d , i ) stained metaphase chromosomes of both species documenting the gc - rich positive heterochromatic blocks ( arrowed ) . images from h . lacerdae and h . aimara are represented in ( e ) and ( j ) , respectively . bar = 5 μm bar = 5 μm
piranhas are pussycats ! the hoplias of south america are the predators to really fear , says oliver lucanus .
hoplias aimara shows sexual dimorphism in the morphology of the anal fin in both fresh and fixed specimens . this information adds important data about this species , since this characteristic is visible even in fixed fishes and this process does not cause stiffening of the fins .
my point of view like fisher and keeping fish for 9 years is that an aimara smaller or same size of the p . bass will happen nothing .
durrieu , g . , maury - brachet , r . and boudou , a . ( 2005 ) goldmining and mercury contamination of the piscivorous fish hoplias aimara in french guiana ( amazon basin ) . ecotoxicology and environmental safety 60 ( 3 ) : 315 - 323 . urltoken
aimara have large and fearsome mouths and will attempt to swallow any other fish in the aquarium , including large loricariids , which their powerful jaws can break apart .
moreira j , scholz t , luque jl . first data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) . acta parasitol 2015 ; 60 ( 2 ) : 254 - 60 urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .
mattox , g . m . t . , m . toledo - piza and o . t . oyakawa ( 2006 ) taxonomic study of < i > hoplias aimara < / i > ( valenciennes , 1846 ) and < i > hoplias macrophthalmus < / i > ( pellegrin , 1907 ) ( ostariophysi , characiformes , erythrinidae ) . : copeia 2006 ( 3 ) : 516 - 528 .
moreira j & scholz t & luque jl . ( 2015 ) . first data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) . acta parasitologica , 60 , pp . 254 - 60 . doi : 10 . 1515 / ap - 2015 - 0036
preferred diet : aimara are not fussy eaters and will except most meaty foods , shrimps , crabs , crayfish , and fish meats are all accepted and variety will help ensure good health .
no problem once they don ' t fit in each other mouth . . . here in brazil aimara and p . bass live in the same river , lake or dam ! ; d
moreira j , scholz t , luque jl :
first data on the parasites of hoplias aimara ( characiformes ) : description of two new species of gill monogeneans ( dactylogyridae ) .
acta parasitologica , vol . 60 , no . 2 , 2015 , pp . 254 - 60 , urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .
new and previously described species of urocleidoides ( monogenoidea : dactylogyridae ) infecting the gills and nasal cavities of hoplias malabaricus ( characiformes : erythrinidae ) from brazil .
molecular characterization of urocleidoides cuiabai and u . malabaricusi ( monogenea : dactylogyridae ) from the trahira fish hoplias aff . malabaricus in the paraná river , brazil .
hoplias microlepis ( lectotype of macrodon microlepis ) , bmnh 1864 . 1 . 26 . 221 , 269 . 7 mm sl , chagres river , panama .
hoplias aimara chromosomes showing the 18s rdna ( red ) and 5s rdna ( green ) sites , the ag - nor bearing chromosome pair , and the distribution of ( caa ) 10 , ( ga ) 15 and ( ca ) 15 microsatellites . most conspicuous ( caa ) 10 sites in the long arms of a submetacentric chromosome pair are indicated by arrows . bar = 5 μm
therefore , this study aimed to complete cytogenetic data for another rather neglected hoplias species using conventional and molecular cytogenetic methods . it was aimed to ( 1 ) enhance the knowledge of the karyotype structure of these species ( 2 ) investigate the chromosomal relationships among them and ( 3 ) highlight the contrasting evolutionary pathways inside hoplias genus .
known common or trade names : giant trahiras , giant wolf fish , usually called ‘aimara’ it is important to understand that common names can be applied to many individual species and does not guarantee the correct identification of the fish in question .
unlike erythrinus and hoplias these wolffish hunt in roving packs , cornering groups of smaller fish , especially characins , or chasing crustaceans and insects in the substrate or along the surface .
distribution and environment : across most of the northern parts of south america , brazil , columbia , venezuala , guyana , french guiana and suriname . including rio tocantins , rio xingu , rio tapajos , rio jar , and rio trombetas , in coastal drainages of the guyanas , suriname , and state of amapa , brazil . hoplias aimara live in differing habitats including large rivers , rapids , waterfalls and flooded forest floor environments .
gill , t . 1903 . a new name ( hoplias ) for the genus macrodon . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 16 : 49 - 52 . [ links ]
hoplias aimara ( valenciennes , 1847 ) : le bail et al . ( 2012 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] le bail , p . - y . , covain , r . , jegu , m . , fisch - muller , s . , vigouroux , r . & keith , p . 2012 . updated checklist of the freshwater and estuarine fishes of french guiana . cybium , 36 ( 1 ) : 293 - 319 .
size : the largest hoplias species with the largest captured record at 120cm . the largest rod and reel record being 101cm . they will easily reach 50cm + in aquaria and often much more .
most interesting are hoplias . usually only three species are exported for the hobby and most common is h . malabaricus , being widespread in both the amazon and orinoco lowlands and exported frequently from peru .
hoplias malabaricus are lazy , moving only when food is added to their environment . juveniles will eat virtually any frozen or live food , but do well with frozen mysis , smelt or cocktail shrimp .
minor injuries sustained in territorial fights usually heal quickly . large wild hoplias are often caught with severe injuries , missing eyes , deformed jaws and amputated pectoral or ventral fins , but seem otherwise normal .
gill ( 1903 ) proposed a new name , hoplias , to include all erythrinids previously classified in macrodon , since the latter genus was preoccupied in the sciaenidae . starks ( 1906 ) was the first author to use the new combination for hoplias microlepis , an act followed by subsequent auhors ( e . g . , regan , 1908 , meek & hildebrand , 1916 , eigenmann , 1921 ) .
therefore , a general chromosomal conservatism found in the four hoplias species analyzed contrasts with the extensive karyotype diversity that has been observed in other erythrinidae species , notably in the congeneric species h . malabaricus .
blanco , d . r . , r . l . lui , m . r . vicari , l . a . c . bertollo & o . moreira - filho . 2011 . comparative cytogenetics of giant trahiras hoplias aimara and h . intermedius ( characiformes , erythrinidae ) : chromosomal characteristics of minor and major ribosomal dna and cross - species repetitive centromeric sequences mapping differ among morphologically identical karyotypes . cytogenetic and genome research , 132 : 71 - 78 . [ links ]
however , south america is home to another group of fish that are far more voracious and much more aggressive . this is the family of the amazon wolffishes and they have many names , including trairão ( sp . ’trai - ron’ ) , aimara , guabina and fasaco .
nevertheless this species is best kept by experts who can handle the long - term requirements of these big fish . unlike other wolffish h . aimara prefers fast moving water and can be more sensitive in bad water conditions . in low oxygen environment they become very intolerant of each other .
hoplias curupira are more aggressive , both to each other and towards the keeper . it’s is not unusual to find one approaching the front glass with flaring gills or viciously attacking any object used to trap them .
morphometric data of hoplias microlepis . standard length in mm ; values 1 - 14 are percentages of the standard length and values 15 - 22 are percentages of head length . n = number of examined specimens , sd = standard deviation .
roberts , t . 1969 . osteology and relationships of characoid fishes , particularly the genera hepsetus , salminus , hoplias , ctenolucius , and acestrorhynchus . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 35 : 391 - 500 . [ links ]
karyotypes of hoplias intermedius and hoplias brasiliensis arranged from giemsa - stained ( a , f ) and c - banded ( b , g ) chromosomes . sequentially dapi - ( c , h ) and cma3 - ( d , i ) stained metaphase chromosomes of both species documenting the gc - rich positive heterochromatic blocks ( arrowed ) . images from h . intermedius and h . brasiliensis are represented in ( e ) and ( j ) , respectively . bar = 5 μm
os peixes podem exibir dimorfismo sexual conforme suas estratégias reprodutivas . em algumas espécies essa diferenciação já é bem conhecida , no entanto , novos estudos têm aumentado o número de espécies que não precisam de dissecção dos indivíduos para o reconhecimento do seu sexo . a espécie hoplias aimara , apesar de muito bem estudada ainda não apresentava registro da presença de caracteres sexuais secundários externos . o conhecimento tradicional de ribeirinhos indicou a possibilidade da existência de dimorfismo sexual para esta espécie que foi estudada em duas unidades de conservação no estado do amapá , a reserva de desenvolvimento sustentável do rio iratapuru e o parque nacional montanhas do tumucumaque . os indivíduos capturados , ainda frescos , tiveram sua nadadeira anal examinada e seu sexo confirmado através de sua dissecção . indivíduos fixados também passaram pelo mesmo procedimento . através do formato da nadadeira anal , seja em indivíduos frescos ou fixados , foi possível inferir o sexo de cada indivíduo , que foi confirmado através de sua dissecção . a espécie hoplias aimara apresenta dimorfismo sexual manifestado na morfologia de sua nadadeira anal . indivíduos depositados em coleções podem ter seu sexo observado sem sua dissecção , acrescentado informações importantes à biologia dos espécimes .
o grupo de espécies hoplias malabaricus representa um dos problemas taxonômicos mais complexos na sistemática de peixes neotropicais , com ampla distribuição em quase todas as bacias da américa do sul e parte da américa central e grande variação ou sobreposição de prováveis caracteres diagnósticos . o grande número de espécies nominais , muitas delas sem material - tipo conhecido , é um fator complicador nessa questão . atualmente , pelo menos três espécies nominais podem ser incluídas no grupo de espécies hoplias malabaricus , com base no formato das margens mediais dos dentários e presença de dentes na língua : hoplias malabaricus , h . teres e h . microlepis , a última sendo a única espécie exclusivamente trans - andina do gênero conhecida até o momento . apresentamos aqui um estudo taxonômico de hoplias microlepis , com exame dos síntipos e exemplares coletados mais recentemente , incluindo uma redescrição da espécie . hoplias microlepis distribui - se nas bacias da costa pacífica do panamá e sudoeste da costa rica , além da bacia do río guayas no equador e região próxima à sua foz ( río tumbes , noroeste do peru ) . registros da espécie na costa atlântica do panamá são restritos à zona do canal , sugerindo dispersão através do canal do panamá . são designados também lectótipo e paralectótipos .
born , g . g . & l . a . c . bertollo . 2001 . comparative cytogenetics among allopatric populations of the fish hoplias malabaricus . cytotypes with 2n = 42 chromosomes . genetica , 110 : 1 - 9 . [ links ]
born , g . g . & l . a . c . bertollo . 2006 . a new sympatric region for distinct karyotypic forms of hoplias malabaricus ( pisces , erythrinidae ) . brazilian journal of biology , 66 : 205 - 210 . [ links ]
azevedo , p . , gomes , al . , 1943 . contribuição ao estudo da biologia da traíra hoplias malabaricus ( bloch , 1974 ) . boletim da indústria animal , vol . 5 , no . 4 , p . 15 - 64 . [ links ]
hoplias lacerdae chromosomes showing the 18s rdna ( red ) and 5s rdna ( green ) sites , the ag - nor bearing chromosome pair and the distribution of ( caa ) 10 , ( ga ) 15 and ( ca ) 15 microsatellites . bar = 5 μm
in the aquarium h . aimara is prized , but not easy to keep . particularly large specimens will even hit the glass when the aquarium is approached , breaking their jaws , teeth , or glass itself . at over 30cm / 12” they are difficult to keep — at over 100cm / 40” they are best kept in acrylic tanks and left to experts .
cioffi , m . b . & l . a . c . bertollo . 2010 . initial steps in xy chromosome differentiation in hoplias malabaricus and the origin of an x1x2y sex chromosome system in this fish group . heredity , 105 : 554 - 561 . [ links ]
cioffi , m . b . , c . martins & l . a . c . bertollo . 2009a . comparative chromosome mapping of repetitive sequences . implications for genomic evolution in the fish , hoplias malabaricus . bmc genetics , 10 : 34 - 45 . [ links ]
dergam , j . a . & l . a . c . bertollo . 1990 . karyotypic diversification in hoplias malabaricus ( osteichthyes , erythrinidae ) of são francisco and alto paraná basins , brazil . brazilian journal of genetics , 13 : 755 - 766 . [ links ]
oyakawa , o . t . 1990 . revisão sistemática das espécies do gênero hoplias ( grupo lacerdae ) da amazônia brasileira e região leste do brasil ( teleostei : erythrinidae ) . unpublished ms . c . dissertation , universidade de são paulo , são paulo , 114p . [ links ]
h . curupira will try to swallow fish almost up to their own size and may attack larger fish . when keeping them in a community aquarium choose only robust tank mates of considerably larger size . breeding behaviour is not known in the aquarium , but likely similar to other hoplias species .
map of northwestern south america and part of central america showing geographic distribution of hoplias microlepis based on material examined herein ( star and dots ) and records from literature ( squares ) . star indicates type - locality at chagres river , panama . some symbols may represent more than one lot .
oyakawa , o . t . & g . m . t mattox . 2009 . revision of the neotropical trahiras of the hoplias lacerdae species - group ( ostariophysi : characiformes : erythrinidae ) with descriptions of two new species . neotropical ichthyology , 7 : 117 - 140 . [ links ]
conservative karyotype characteristics ( i ) shared by different hoplias species contrasted with highly divergent karyotypes ( ii ) displayed by representatives of h . malabaricus group , with seven major karyomorphs ( a - g ) . in ( ii ) , boxed karyomorphs share morphological chromosomal characteristics which differ between the two boxed sets
cioffi , m . b . , e . kejnovsky & l . a . c . bertollo . 2011a . the chromosomal distribution of microsatellite repeats in the genome of the wolf fish hoplias malabaricus , focusing on the sex chromosomes . cytogenetic and genome research , 132 : 289 - 296 . [ links ]
aguirre , w . e . , v . r . shervette , r . navarrete , p . calle & s . agorastos . 2013 . morphological and genetic divergence of hoplias microlepis ( characiformes : erythrinidae ) in rivers and artificial impoundments of western ecuador . copeia , 2013 : 312 - 323 . [ links ]
rosa , r . , m . caetano - filho , o . a . shibatta & l . giuliano - caetano . 2009 . cytotaxonomy in distinct populations of hoplias aff . malabaricus ( characiformes , erythrinidae ) from lower paranapanema river basin . journal of fish biology , 75 : 2682 - 2694 . [ links ]
oyakawa , ot . and mattox , gmt . , 2009 . revision of the neotropical trahiras of the hoplias lacerdae species - group ( ostariophysi : characiformes : erythrinidae ) with descriptions of two new species . neotropical ichthyology , vol . 7 , no . 2 , p . 117 - 140 . urltoken . [ links ]
the erythrinidae is a neotropical characiform family comprising three extant genera , erythrinus scopoli , hoplerythrinus gill , and hoplias gill , the latter constituting the most speciose of the three ( oyakawa , 2003 ) . oyakawa ( 1990 ) and oyakawa & mattox ( 2009 ) defined three groups within hoplias : the h . macrophthalmus group which comprises a single valid species , h . aimara ( valenciennes ) ( see mattox et al . , 2006 ) , the h . lacerdae group currently including five valid species ( h . australis oyakawa & mattox , h . brasiliensis ( spix ) , h . curupira oyakawa & mattox , h . intermedius ( günther ) and h . lacerdae miranda - ribeiro , see oyakawa & mattox , 2009 ) and the h . malabaricus group , still lacking a proper taxonomic approach . contrary to what was mentioned by blanco et al . ( 2010 ) , h . aimara is not included in the h . lacerdae group , but rather assigned to the h . macrophthalmus group ( see mattox et al . , 2006 ; oyakawa & mattox , 2009 ) . this error has been repeated by subsequent authors ( e . g . , blanco et al . , 2011 ; cioffi et al . , 2012 ; marques et al . , 2013 ) . similarly , h . microlepis ( günther ) and h . teres ( valenciennes ) were not included in the h . lacerdae group as stated by marques et al . ( 2013 ) , but rather belong to the h . malabaricus group ( see below ) .
bertollo , l . a . c . , m . s . fontes , a . s . fenocchio & j . cano . 1997 . the x1x2y sex chromosome system in the fish hoplias malabaricus . i . g - , c - and chromosome replication banding . chromosome research , 5 : 493 - 499 . [ links ]
bifi , a . g . 2013 . revisão taxonômica das espécies do grupo hoplias malabaricus ( bloch , 1794 ) ( characiformes : erythrinidae ) da bacia do rio da prata . unpublished ph . d . dissertation , universidade estadual de maringá , paraná , 51p . avaliable from : urltoken ( 28 aug 2013 ) . [ links ]
cioffi , m . b . , c . martins , l . centofante , u . jacobina & l . a . c . bertollo . 2009b . chromosomal variability among allopatric populations of erythrinidae fish hoplias malabaricus : mapping of three classes of repetitive dnas . cytogenetic and genome research , 125 : 132 - 141 . [ links ]
bertollo , l . a . c . , g . g . born , j . a . dergam , a . s . fenocchio & o . moreira - filho . 2000 . a biodiversity approach in the neotropical fish hoplias malabaricus . karyotypic survey , geographic distribution of cytotypes and cytotaxonomic considerations . chromosome research , 8 : 603 - 613 . [ links ]
blanco , d . r . , r . l . lui , l . a . c . bertollo , v . p . margarido & o . moreira - filho . 2010 . karyotypic diversity between allopatric populations of the group hoplias malabaricus ( characiformes : erythrinidae ) : evolutionary and biogeographic considerations . neotropical ichthyology , 8 : 361 - 368 . [ links ]
marques , d . f . , f . a . santos , s . s . silva , i . sampaio & l . r . r . rodrigues . 2013 . cytogenetic and dna barcoding reveals high divergence within the trahira , hoplias malabaricus ( characiformes : erythrinidae ) from the lower amazon river . neotropical ichthyology , 11 : 459 - 466 . [ links ]
hoplias brasiliensis chromosomes showing the 18s rdna ( red ) and 5s rdna ( green ) sites , the ag - nor bearing chromosome pair , and the distribution of ( caa ) 10 , ( ga ) 15 and ( ca ) 15 microsatellites . most conspicuous ( caa ) 10 sites in the proximal region of a metacentric chromosome pair are indicated by arrows . bar = 5 μm
excluding h . malabaricus , little cytogenetic information is available for other hoplias species . some previous data points towards one similar karyotype , with an invariable 2n = 50 and the absence of differentiated sex chromosomes [ 8 – 10 ] . thus , such conserved karyotypes contrast with the extensive chromosome diversity that has been observed in other erythrinidae species , and particularly among the representatives of the h . malabaricus group .
santos , u . , c . m . völcker , f . a . belei , m . b . cioffi , l . a . c . bertollo , s . r . paiva & j . a . dergam . 2009 . molecular and karyotypic phylogeography in the neotropical hoplias malabaricus ( erythrinidae ) fish in eastern brazil . journal of fish biology , 75 : 2326 - 2343 . [ links ]
such conserved karyotypes contrasts with the extensive karyotype diversity that has been observed in other erythrinidae species , particularly in the congeneric species h . malabaricus . nevertheless , what forces drive such particularly different modes of karyotype evolution among closely related species ? different life styles , population structure and inner chromosomal characteristics related to similar cases in other vertebrate groups can also account for the contrasting modes of karyotype evolution in hoplias genus .
hoplias intermedius chromosomes showing the 18s rdna ( red ) and 5s rdna ( green ) sites , the ag - nor bearing chromosome pair , and the distribution of ( caa ) 10 , ( ga ) 15 and ( ca ) 15 microsatellites . note the general distribution pattern of microsatellites and a more conspicuous ( caa ) 10 site in the short arms of a submetacentric chromosome ( arrows ) . bar = 5 μm
erythrinidae is a small family of freshwater fishes composed by three genera , hoplias gill 1903 , erythrinus scopoli 1777 and hoplerythrinus gill 1895 [ 1 ] . its species are characterized by a remarkable karyotype diversity with 2n ranging from 39 to 54 chromosomes and the occurrence of single and multiple sex chromosome systems in some species . thus , they represent an interesting and suitable model to investigate the process of chromosomal evolution among fishes [ 2 – 5 ] .
querol , mvm . , querol , e . , pessano , e . , azevedo , clo . , tomassoni , d . , brasil , l . and lopes , p . , 2003 . reprodução natural e induzida de hoplias malabaricus ( bloch , 1794 ) , em tanques experimentais , na região de uruguaiana , pampa brasileiro . uruguaiana , pucrs . biodiversidade pampeana , vol . 1 , no . 1 , p . 46 - 57 . [ links ]
in an expedition to the jari river to inventory fish as a part of the biodiversity corridor project of amapá ( ci - brasil / iepa / ibama / gea - amapá ) , locally hired assistants confirmed the sex of captured big trahiras ( h . aimara ) without examining the gonads . about 3 of 6 boatmen hired stated that the sex of the fishes could be easily determined by simply analysing the shape of the anal fins . since no related data for this species were available in the literature , it was necessary to confirm this characteristic by dissecting the gonads , which was performed for analysing and verifying the sex of the collected fishes .
hoplias microlepis . - starks , 1906 : 772 [ comparison with hoplias malabaricus , citation to guayaquil , ecuador ] . - regan , 1908 : 167 [ redescription , citation to rio chagres , panama and western ecuador ] . - meek & hildebrand , 1916 : 303 [ diagnosis in key , citation to both slopes of panama and the western slope of ecuador ] . - eigenmann , 1921 : 508 - 511 [ citation , distribution ] . - eigenmann , 1922 : 169 [ diagnosis in key , citation to pacific slope of southern ecuador and both slopes of central panama ] . - hildebrand , 1938 : 290 [ distribution ] . - bussing , 1966 : 218 [ citation to puntarenas , costa rica ] . - géry , 1977 : 102 [ diagnosis in key , citation to pacific slope of southern ecuador , panama and costa rica ] . - ortega & vari , 1986 : 10 [ checklist , citation to peru ] . - oyakawa , 2003 : 240 [ checklist , distribution ] . - barriga , 1991 : 31 [ checklist ] . - ortega et al . , 2011 : 39 [ checklist , citation to peru ] . - barriga , 2012a : 110 [ distribution , endemism in guayas basin ] . - barriga , 2012b : 213 [ citation to ecuador with photograph ] . - aguirre et al . , 2013 [ morphological and genetic divergence among populations in ecuador ] .
hoplias microlepis ( paralectotypes of macrodon microlepis ) . ( a ) bmnh 1864 . 1 . 26 . 222 , 222 . 8 mm sl , chagres river , panama ; ( b ) bmnh 1864 . 1 . 26 . 309 , 175 . 6 mm sl , chagres river , panama ; ( c ) bmnh 1860 . 6 . 16 . 128 , 276 . 6 mm sl , west ecuador ; ( d ) bmnh 1860 . 6 . 16 . 154 - 155 , 96 . 6 mm sl , west ecuador ; ( e ) bmnh 1860 . 6 . 16 . 154 - 155 , 108 . 2 mm sl , west ecuador ; ( f ) bmnh 1860 . 6 . 16 . 154 - 155 , 118 . 5 mm sl , west ecuador .
hubbs ( 1953 ) made a few taxonomic considerations regarding hoplias microlepis . in the heading of the section concerning this species , he erroneously cited the year of publication as 1860 instead of 1864 . although günther ( 1864 ) in the original description of h . microlepis mentioned the species as occurring in guatemala , hubbs ( 1953 ) correctly stated that this was in error since günther ( 1864 ) only examined the syntypes from western ecuador and chagres river , panama . in addition , hubbs ( 1953 ) selected chagres river as the type locality of h . microlepis , probably due to the better condition of specimens from this locality among all seven syntypes ( figs . 1 - 2 ) . however , as hubbs ( 1953 ) did no designate a lectotype , his act is not valid and the type locality should encompass the localities of all syntypes together ( article 76 of iczn , 1999 ) . nevertheless , among the syntypes , specimens from chagres river are indeed the best ones in overall condition and we herein selected one of them as the lectotype , which establishes chagres river , panama as the type locality .
south america : tributaries of middle and lower amazon basin , including rios trombretas , jari , tapajós , xingu , tocantins , and in the coastal rivers of guyana , suriname , fr guiana ; rios araguari and amapá , state of amapá , brazil ; lower reaches of río orinoco , venezuela .
maturity : l m ? , range 22 - 22 cm max length : 100 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12225 ) ; max . published weight : 40 . 0 kg ( ref . 12225 )
frequently occurs in counter current zones of principal rivers and creeks . feeds mainly on fish but also on other animals that fall into the water like small terrestrial invertebrates . is active at dusk and at night . reproduction takes place at the onset of the rainy season from december to march . depending on the size , the female can carry around 6 , 000 to 60 , 000 eggs ( ref . 12225 ) . known for the quality of its flesh ( ref . 27188 ) .
planquette , p . , p . keith and p . - y . le bail , 1996 . atlas des poissons d ' eau douce de guyane . tome 1 . collection du patrimoine naturel volume 22 , mnhn , paris & inra , paris . 429 p . ( ref . 12225 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00435 - 0 . 01206 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 98 - 3 . 28 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 ±0 . 55 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 1 ; fec = 6 , 000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .
thanks to some advice from locals , jeremy finally caught the fish that eluded him for years .
the river monsters star offers some kind words for the people that helped make the show successful - the fans .
jeremy reels in an elusive tapah , a fish he has spent years trying to catch .
jeremy illustrates how you can use a variety of bait and lures to reel in a black bass .
jeremy wade doesn’t need the water to reel us in . see what happened when he visited the animal planet office !
jeremy reels in a giant trevally and barracuda , but isn’t convinced they’re the strange fish attacking fishermen near new britain .
leave the hook at home . see how jeremy caught a needlefish with just some rope and line .
jeremy was lucky enough to catch a goonch catfish once before , but not so much the second time around .
jeremy reveals what he did to reel in the biggest catch of his river monsters career .
jeremy meets with locals to find out what kind of monster fish could be terrorizing the rivers of western nepal .
it took island ingenuity and some line to reel in the elusive and dangerous needlefish .
of all the fish jeremy has reeled in , the lau lau stands out as his most meaningful catch .
it wasn’t a fish , but rather a machine that left jeremy trembling hundreds of feet beneath the surface .
trying to reel in this fish off the coast of indonesia is a battle that pushes jeremy to his physical and mental limits .
extreme angler jeremy wade is on the hunt for fish with a taste for human flesh . this rip - roaring ride mixes action and adventure with mysteries , edge - of - the - seat chase and a battle of wills between man and nature .
in new hampshire , conservation officers of new hampshire fish and game who work tirelessly to preserve and protect the natural resources of the granite state . they are on call 24 / 7 , responding to life and death situations in order to protect the public .
throughout washington state , the department of fish and wildlife police are protecting animals and citizens and busting criminals . whether the officers are on land or water , they are ready and willing to risk their lives .
dr . dee : alaska vet follows veterinarian dee thornell as she treats everything from sled dogs to reindeer . dr . dee and her staff handle extreme cases and unique clients in the alaskan frontier .
basketball superstar and wildlife advocate yao ming travels to africa to help spread awareness about the cruelty of poaching . yao sees for himself the evidence of a losing battle , where africa ' s giants are senselessly slain every day for their tusks .
adventurers eric larsen and ryan waters race 500 miles unassisted across the arctic ocean as they battle weather , nature , climate change and their own fortitude in their attempt to reach the geographic north pole in record time .
giant pandas are facing extinction , but in central china , two panda centers are embarking on a remarkable experiment to breed captive pandas in order to release them into the wild .
adventurers , wildlife fanatics and good friends rene and wayne travel to patagonia in search of a very special , unique puma . encountering a host of other interesting critters along the way , they remain true to their quest of finding the elusive
no tail .
meet eccentric individuals and their unusual pets including a man whose lions are starting to outgrow their home , a texan couple obsessed with the buffalo who roam their home , and an internet sensation whose best friend is a polar bear .
thirty years after the worst nuclear radiation catastrophe in history , 100 times the combined amount of the hiroshima and nagasaki bombs , two scientists have now been allowed total access to the area surrounding the infamous chernobyl nuclear power plant .
everything ' s bigger in texas , including the job of texas game wardens who protect the lone star state ' s natural resources and police its 27 million citizens . this elite force patrols and protects more than a quarter million square miles .
highlighting both the controversial whaling trade and the tactics that sea shepherd and its staff and volunteers use to attempt to cripple it , whale wars documents the group ' s three - month sojourn across the icy antarctic waters at the far end of the globe .
toucan nation is about grecia , a colorful toucan whose story sparks international outrage after her beak is mutilated . seeking to right a wrong and restore the toucan ' s beak , veterinarians and animal rescuers join forces with a team of 3d printers to build a prosthetic beak .
explore the incredible creatures that survive in the wild lands of costa rica . from bizarre and unique monkey rituals to a bat that catches fish to a sloth with an unusual set of friends , journey through an extraordinary land where nature continues to surprise and delight .
join steve and terri irwin - the hardest working couple in the natural world - as they rappel into caverns , tread through the jungle , and cross the high seas to rescue and protect threatened animals around the world .
venture into the strange and wonderful world of the federal duck stamp contest , the only juried art competition run by the u . s . government . this film explores the eccentric nature of the contestants who enter each year for a chance at wildlife art stardom .
renowned bear handler jeff watson says goodbye to his family and friends and sets out on an adventure into the wilderness of southern indiana to teach his two 700 lb . grizzly bears bob and screech how to survive on their own in the wild . all - new series premieres nov . 12 at 10 / 9c .
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no freshwater fish has a more fearsome reputation than the piranha , but , as many aquarists soon learn , these are actually quite timid . they get nervous when the aquarium is approached and prefer to bite pieces of other fishes’ fins rather than devour them whole .
despite their reputation wolffish can be good aquarium fish and are surprisingly interesting with other fish or in groups . special rules apply , but these fish are hardy and easy to maintain .
within their genus the species are similar and you’ll need to know where your fish were collected to have an idea of what species belong where . brazil , colombia and venezuela don’t export their wolffish species , so the list narrows .
several others are highly endemic and have rarely been exported . assume that an aquarium wolffish belongs to one of five species .
hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus is easily identified by its single horizontal stripe and elongate body , and exported occasionally from peru and colombia . it can be kept in a small school in a large aquarium .
their swimbladder is not as reduced as much as the other genera , so they are much more surface oriented and active than other wolffish . they can also do well in a community tank with other larger fishes such as catfishes , cichlids and larger characins , such as myleus and leporinus .
hoplerythrinus will accept dry foods such as pellets , freeze - dried shrimp and insects , and sometimes even flake foods more readily than their relatives .
hoplerythrinus also prefer flood zone habitats with mild or no currents and several hundred individuals can migrate deep into flooded plains or forests during the rainy season .
the other small species occasionally found in the hobby is erythrinus erythrurus , often called the redfin wolffish . juveniles especially can show attractive red , yellow and even purple hatch marks on their flanks over an overall brown or burgundy body .
margins of the unpaired fins can be bright red , yellow or white . the body shape is more stout than hoplerythrinus and the swimbladder is reduced much further — to the point that the species swims in open water only when it wants to grab prey from the water column .
erythrinus are more solitary , so groups require large aquariums with plenty of hiding places , allowing each fish to claim a territory . short lengths of clay or pvc pipe make ideal caves for a relatively shy fish that may fight with conspecifics .
fish that do not challenge them for territory and do not fit in their mouth are usually ignored .
ideal tank mates are sturdy characins such as myleus and metynnis . large - bodied cichlids such as astronotus , hoplarchus and cichla also fare well .
erythrinus will feed on live fish , crustaceans , worms and insects , and only slowly get used to frozen foods .
erythrinus is found in swampy shoreline habitats and shallow clear or blackwater streams deep inside the forest . besides insect larvae , all examined had apistogramma , moenkhausia and nannostomus in their stomachs .
any wolffish bought in an aquarium shop will probably belong to this particular species .
colour can range from mottled grey to brown and , depending on place of origin , almost black .
in nature they are solitary , found in slow moving waters of virtually any habitat . the smaller the fish the shallower the habitat , and it’s not unusual to find finger - long h . malabaricus in less than 5cm / 2” of water , stalking aquatic insects and small fish . as the fish mature they become less tolerant of each other and move to deeper water .
adult h . malabaricus are not overly aggressive , but require a larger territory . along riverbanks adults are usually spaced 3 - 4m / 10 - 13’ apart .
as with all wolffish species , aquarium water chemistry is of little importance , as these fish can adapt to just about any common range of values .
they are often more active at dusk and dawn , so keep lighting subdued to allow them to show more activity during the day . kept as a group of equal sizes they get along well until becoming sexually mature at 20cm / 8” .
as they mature , females develop a more robust shape and rounded stomach . they will become increasingly intolerant until a pair has formed , then will usually get along well and lay close together .
breeding can usually be induced by first dropping the temperature , raising it to 28 - 29°c / 82 - 84°f and slightly dropping the level of water .
during breeding the male digs shallow pits in which 2 , 000 - 10 , 000 yellowish eggs are laid in a cluster . he guards the nest and larvae until they hatch and spread out in the shallow water to hunt small prey .
in the aquarium the young will immediately eat artemia nauplii and grow rapidly , eventually cannibalising each other .
this fish will occur sympatrically with h . malabaricus , but usually occurs in a different niche .
the black wolffish prefers river banks of faster rivers , especially major tributaries of the middle orinoco .
the body is more stout and less elegant than h . malabaricus and overall colour is a more uniform black or dark brown . the eyes are usually equally dark and less apparent . a maximum 30cm / 12” size is considerably smaller than the 45cm / 18” commonly reached by h . malabaricus .
black wolffish seem to prefer large shrimp and larger fishes . stomach contents examined in the orinoco region revealed macrobranchium spp shrimp , juveniles of several cichlid species and larger sized leporinus .
large wolffish can cause deep cuts to a keeper’s hands . handle them with the same respect as a powerful reptile of equal size . such extreme aggression also means the fishes can be fed directly with large tweezers and the fish quickly learn to take large cocktail shrimp or smelt from them .
it’s much larger and aggressive than the others and in nature is found in fast - flowing rivers and rapids where it preys on anything that moves . this species is absolutely fearless !
these monsters may also be kept together . if aquarium size allows , the animals are moderately territorial and will display to each other with flared gills and fins , but rarely bite each other . pairs are formed at 50cm / 20” and harmonise well together .
moving adults can be dangerous because the fish will bite even out of the water and their 3cm / 1 . 2” long teeth can penetrate most gloves and easily break plastic bags used in transport .
why not take out a subscription to practical fishkeeping magazine ? see our latest subscription offer .
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juvenile description : the juveniles have a slim profile with relatively large eyes for their physical size . because of their large eventual size they maintain this immature shape well up to 50cm .
water parameters : generally unfussy as long as extremes are avoided . anywhere between a ph of 6 . 5 and 8 will be fine . tropical temperatures of 23c – 30c
tank size : because of the large size of the fish a large aquarium should be provided . 240cm x 90cm x 60cm – 96” x 36” x 24” .
breeding : breeding is unknown in captivity but should require a vast aquarium . successfully putting two together would be an achievement .
availability : once rare and very expensive they have become readily available although still expensive compared to most other fish . only the venezuelan / columbian example is readily available as export form other locations is now illegal . when available other locality caught specimens are more expensive . they have been widely kept in asia for some time now and apart from a few specimens have only recently become widely available elsewhere .
we ' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting . comments are welcome .
i wouldn ' t do it . . . but you never know ? try it lol
haha yeah . i already kept mala wolf with orinos . . . no problem ; s
haha yeah . i already kept mala wolf with orinos . . . no problem ; s i do think you won ' t have any problem ! ; d
i would guess as long as he is under 15 - 18
that the brutal personality they carry would be absent . giving you higher chances for it to work . . . i would try it and have a tank divider or 2nd cycled tank ready to seperate . i usually try new combos on my days off since i am not a fan of the jdm ( less tankmates , higher chance ' s of aggression ) .
one thing remains & promises from our heavenly father we will not be defeated , for we will always remain victorious in the lord . thank you jesus for joey ( r1 ) has victory in you
i could get a cycled tank prepared for him incase it all goes pete tong .
this fish doesn ' t eat what doesn ' t fit , they are not catfish . . . i ' m used to this fishes , they are not that brutal as jeremy and other people says . . .
they will not bite you while you swin in a lake or spot of water , they you not carry a 2 years old children down to the deep .
good luck with the future new fish . if we don ' t try , we will never know . .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics is usually the result of a disparity in the parental investment of males and females ( trivers , 1972 ; andersson , 1994 ) . in some cases , this disparity can be exclusively attributed to size differences between males and females .
many teleost fishes do not exhibit any sexual dimorphism , even during the spawning season , and do not show sexual characteristics or permanent ornaments . on the other hand , some fishes show permanently dimorphic traits that are not necessarily associated with internal fertilization ( rapp py - daniel and fernandes , 2005 ) . when present , sexual characteristics can be easily recognized in some species whereas , in others , a detailed examination is required for identification of these characteristics ( godinho , 2007 ) . typically , in any fish , sex can be determined by visual inspection of the gonads ( primary sexual characteristics ) , which normally requires dissection ; however , in mature fishes , these characteristics are quite evident .
the objective of this study was to prove the existence of sexual dimorphism in the species hopliasaimara after riverine people indication that recognized accurately the sex of the individuals without the dissection of them .
consequently , on capture of the fishes during subsequent expeditions in the context of the same mission , a process was initiated to confirm the information provided by the assistants , intensifying the fishery of this species . the fishes analysed were collected during expeditions to sustainable development reserve of iratapuru river and montanhas do tumucumaque national park , which were state and federal conservation units , respectively . in sustainable development reserve of iratapuru river , specimens were captured between november 22 and 23 , 2004 ( 0°16′35″n , 53°06′24″w ) , from jari river , municipality of laranjal of jari . in montanhas do tumucumaque national park , specimens were captured between september 4 and 14 , 2005 ( 3°29′51″n ; 52°18′0″ w ) from anotai river , municipality of oiapoque .


corythoichthys ocellatus , the ocellated pipefish or orange-spotted pipefish , is a marine pipefish found in the western pacific ocean .

belonging to the family syngnathidae , it grows up to 10 cm long , and is found in the first 12 m of the warm tropical seas off the coast of australia .

ovoviviparous , the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch found under the tail .

corythoichthys ocellatus

thompson , vanessa j . & dianne j . bray , corythoichthys ocellatus in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken
an ocellate pipefish , corythoichthys ocellatus , in lembeh straits , north sulawesi , indonesia . source : rickard zerpe / flickr . license : cc by attribution - sharealike
corythoichthys is from the greek , korys , korythos for helmet and ichtys meaning fish . the specific name ocellatus is for the dark - ringed ocelli on the body .
corythoichthys ocellatus herald 1953 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . 202 ( 1 ) : 267 , fig . 41a , purvis bay , florida island , solomon islands .
corythoichthys ocellatus inhabits coastal waters in the philippines , palau , indonesia , papua new guinea , australia ' s great barrier reef , and fiji to depths of 15 m ( dawson 1977 , 1985 ; kuiter 2000 ) .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . corythoichthys ocellatus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 22 : 15 + 1000 .
there are no known conservation actions in place for corythoichthys ocellatus . the species occurs in the great barrier reef marine park , where there is a regional management plan ( commonwealth of australia 2015 ) . corythoichthys ocellatus , like all other syngnathids , is protected from exploitation in australia under the environmental protection and biodiversity conservation act ( 1999 ) . the species is not listed in any international legislation or trade regulations . it ' s likely the species would benefit from international efforts to mitigate climate change .
justification : corythoichthys ocellatus is a reef - associated coastal marine pipefish that inhabits the indo - pacific from the philippines and indonesia to fiji and australia ' s great barrier reef . they inhabit sand , algae and rubble near coral and rocky reefs . they may be susceptible to coral reef declines that are occurring globally , but they are able to utilize other habitat types . there are no other substantial known threats , and the species is protected in part of its range . therefore corythoichthys ocellatus is listed as least concern .
to date there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for corythoichthys ocellatus . the species may be declining as a result of coral reef habitat degradation and loss . further research is needed in order to determine population size and trends in abundance for this species .
corythoichthys ocellatus has not been detected in trade , but pipefishes are known to be targeted and are kept as bycatch for the aquarium trade and traditional medicine ( vincent et al . 2011 , lim et al . 2011 ) . it ' s possible that this species is involved .
colour pattern similar to that of c . schultzi . the long snout and ocellate markings separate c . ocellatus from all other congeners except c . schultzi . c . ocellatus has lower total ring and dorsal ray counts ( average = 46 and 23 versus 51 and 28 in c . schultzi ) and the ventral surface of the trunk rings is more heavily pigmented . c . schultzi also reaches a larger size ( 144 mm versus around 120 mm in c . ocellatus ) .
dawson , c . e . 1977 . review of the pipefish genus corythoichthys with description of three new species . copeia 1977 ( 2 ) : 295 - 338
allen , g . r . & m . v . erdmann . 2008 . corythoichthys benedetto , a new pipefish ( pisces : syngnathidae ) from indonesia and papua new guinea . aqua , international journal of ichthyology 13 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 126 .
corythoichthys ocellatus occurs in sand , algae , and rubble habitats adjacent to coral or rocky reefs ( kuiter 2000 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) . little is known about their feeding ecology , but they are thought to consume small planktonic and / or benthic crustaceans such as harpacticoid copepods , gammarid amphipods , and mysids , similar to other pipefishes ( howard and koehn 1985 , kendrick and hyndes 2005 ) . the species is ovovivparous , and males brood eggs in a pouch beneath their tail before giving birth to live young ( dawson 1985 ) .
corythoichys ocellatus may be threatened by coral reef degradation and loss that has occurred as a result of coastal development , pollution , destructive fishing practices such as trawling and dynamite use , ocean acidification , and rising sea surface temperatures ( bruno and selig 2007 , carpenter et al . 2008 , de ' ath et al . 2012 ) . they are however able to utilize a variety of other habitats , and so it is unclear how much or if they are declining along with corals .
greek , korys , korythos = helmet + greek , ichtys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 12 m ( ref . 5316 ) . tropical ; 9°n - 24°s
western central pacific : celebes and philippines to palau , the solomon islands , and australia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1602 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 22 - 25 ; anal soft rays : 4 . has a color pattern very similar to c . schultzi .
inhabits rubble patches of shallow sheltered reefs ( ref . 37816 ) . found to a depth of 12 m . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 26 . 5 - 29 . 4 , mean 28 . 8 ( based on 1002 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5002 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00049 ( 0 . 00022 - 0 . 00111 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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a pale brown pipefish with many distinct dark - edged orange spots or rectangles , whitish speckles , a dark stripe on the lower third of the gill cover extending forward below the eye , and a series of narrow whitish bands encircling the body . ocellate pipefish are often seen in pairs on shallow rubble reefs .
tropical western central pacific , from indonesia , the philippines , palau , papua new guinea , the solomon islands , fiji and australia . known from the great barrier reef , queensland ; inhabits coral rubble , algal reefs and inshore areas to about 15 m .
dorsal fin 22 - 25 ; trunk rings 15 - 16 ; tail rings 29 - 32 .
head length in sl 5 . 7 - 7 . 1 ; body depth in hl 3 . 5 - 5 . 4 ; snout long , snout length in hl 1 . 7 - 2 . 0 , snout depth in snout length 7 . 3 - 8 . 8 ; prenuchal and nuchal ridges smooth ; median snout ridge usually with slight dorsal emargination ; eye prominent .
dorsal fin origin usually at or behind the anterior margin of the first tail ring .
overall light greenish - yellow , body covered in small pupil - sized orange spots that are often dark ringed as ocelli , especially over the back of the trunk ; ventral surface of anterior 4 - 5 trunk rings heavily shaded or blotched with brown ; no dark blotch ventrally on anal ring ; head with diffuse dark stripe on lower third of opercle extending forward below eye ; dorsal fin without spots .
reproduction : ovoviviparous ( gives birth to live young ) . the eggs are brooded by the males in a pouch under the tail . the pouch protects the dorsal surface and side of the egg mass , leaving the ventral surface is exposed . males begin brooding at around 58 mm sl .
eggs : eggs deposited in 2 - 17 transverse rows within a gelatinous matrix .
australian government legislation : marine listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .
allen , g . r . & m . adrim . 2003 . coral reef fishes of indonesia . zool . stud . 42 ( 1 ) : 1 - 72 .
dawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . gulf coast research laboratory , ocean springs , mississippi . 230 pp .
herald e . s . 1953 . family syngnathidae : pipefishes , pp . 231 - 278 , figs 36 - 44 in : schultz l . p . , herald e . s . , lachner e . a . , welander a . d . & woods l . p . ( eds ) . fishes of the marshall and marianas islands . vol . 1 . families asymmetrontidae through siganidae . bull . u . s . natl . mus . 202 ( 1 ) : 1 - 685 , figs . 1 - 90
hoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley pl & wells a ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 abrs & csiro publishing : australia 2178 pp .
kuiter , r . h . 2000 . seahorses , pipefishes and their relatives . chorleywood , uk : tmc publishing . 240 pp .
laboute , p . & r . grandperrin . 2000 . poissons de nouvelle - calédonie . editions catherine ledru : 520 pp .
myers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of micronesia . 3rd revised ed . coral graphics , guam . 330 pp , 192 pls .
pogonoski , j . j . , d . a . pollard & j . r . paxton . 2000 . conservation overview and action plan for australian threatened and potentially threatened marine and estuarine fishes . environment australia , canberra . 375 pp .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house publishing , bathurst , australia .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
dawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa .
australia ( coral sea is . territory , queensland ) ; fiji ; indonesia ( lesser sunda is . , papua , sulawesi ) ; palau ; papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago , north solomons , papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; philippines ; solomon islands ( south solomons )
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t65365054a115415754 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the ocellate pipefish can be recognised by the pupil - sized orange spots on the body and tail .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .
dawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . gulf coast research laboratory , ocean springs , mississippi , usa . pp . 230 .
kuiter , r . h . 2000 . seahorses , pipefishes and their relatives . a comprehensive guide to syngnathiformes . tmc publishing pp . 240 .
myers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . coral graphics . pp . 330 .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8fe96228 - cbaf - 4cc8 - b94a - 8e8cc6f4e159
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ae91f5e4 - 571f - 4d21 - bec0 - 745628d61c47
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b2d9ec8c - 7aa2 - 4075 - a1fb - 147eee87fe76
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 432644
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
inhabits rubble patches of shallow sheltered reefs ( ref . 37816 ) . found to a depth of 12 m . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .
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the scarlet-banded barbet ( capito wallacei ) is a species of bird in the capitonidae family .

discovered in 1996 and formally described in 2000 , the scarlet-banded barbet is endemic to humid highland forest growing on a ridgetop known as peak 1538 in the remote cordillera azul national park in south-western loreto , peru ( mistakenly listed as being in ucayali , peru , in its formal description ) .

while it remains fairly common , its range is tiny and the total population has been estimated at less than 1000 individuals .

consequently , it is rated as vulnerable by birdlife international and iucn .

a strikingly coloured species , it measures 19 cm ( 7.5 in ) long .

most of the upperparts are black , except for the yellow back and large white rump patch .

below , the throat and upper breast are white , bordered below by a broad scarlet band , while the rest of the underparts are yellow .

scarlet - banded barbet

nobody uploaded sound recordings for scarlet - banded barbet ( capito wallacei ) yet .
so what ' s so special about this bird then ? the scarlet - banded barbet was only discovered in 1996 ( and described in 2000 ) by dan lane and dr . john o ' neill on a
while scarlet - banded barbet and cordillera azul antbird are our main target many other birds which have been recorded will also be searched for as well . these include chestnut - tipped toucanet , scaled , fiery - throated and scarlet - breasted fruiteaters , the foothill form of long - tailed woodcreeper which is soon to be described as a new species .
scarlet - banded barbet was discovered in 1995 on an isolated peak in the cordillera azul , the head waters of rio cushabatay and was formally described to science in 2000 . for many years the only way to see it was doing a 10 day expedition with a 2 - 3 grueling hike to reach the peak .
also known as the scarlet - belted barbet , this stunningly beautiful bird constitutes one of the most dramatic ornithological discoveries of recent years . to date it is known solely from an isolated plateau covered in cloud forest between the rivers huallaga and ucayali , in north - central peru , where the population is estimated to number fewer than 1000 individuals . in consequence , birdlife international treats the scarlet - banded barbet as vulnerable to extinction . fortunately , the barbet’s montane home is remote , which should help serve to protect it . the cap and nape are scarlet , while a broad white supercilium separates the crown from the black ear coverts . most of the upperparts are black , relieved by the yellow back and large white rump patch . below , the throat and upper breast are white , bordered below by a broad scarlet band , while the rest of the underparts are yellow , becoming paler distally .
19 cm . very striking , recently discovered barbet . cap and nape scarlet . broad white supercilium starting from just in front of eye . black lores , area below eye and ear - coverts . scapulars mostly black ( yellow
v
in female ) . back yellow , large white rump and black tail . throat and upper breast white , bordered below by a broad scarlet band . lower breast and belly bright yellow , fading to yellowish - white in undertail coverts .
short , l . l . , horne , j . f . m . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . scarlet - banded barbet ( capito wallacei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
c . 19·5 cm ; 65–78 g . distinctive black , white , yellow and red barbet . male has red cap , with red extending to middle of back , white and yellow mid - back to . . .
the morning of the 15th dawned and my luck did not appear to be in as i missed a green jay near the tents . after an early breakfast it was back on the trail , stopping only to fill all the water bottles from the stream , located in a steep gully about 30 minutes from camp . with the park guards re - cutting the trail through the steep and dense rainforest it appeared that it had been a long time since anyone had walked this way . when it became apparent that we were ascending a ridge to the peak , the habitat dramatically changed to epiphyte - laden cloud forest with trees of reduced stature . trailing behind the main group , i realised that if any barbets were flushed by them , then my chances of connecting with the barbet were reduced . i was the only birder in the group although most of the others were keen to see what all the fuss was about . with a one - track mind i struggled on to get to the front , stopping only to note some blue - winged mountain - tanagers and slate - throated redstarts . it was here that i heard soft
brrrr
calls from two birds i was unable to locate . catching up with my colleagues i found them talking excitedly - two of them had observed a scarlet - banded barbet . taking the lead from this point and with my senses in a heightened state of alert , i searched along the trail for my very own barbet . suddenly i was surprised to find the habitat opening out , scrub taking over from tree cover , and the open sky . we had reached the top !
expedition to a remote corner of rainforest in peru in a range of hills known as the cerro cinco puntas . this finding was remarkable in many respects . while it resembles other barbets , its plumage is unique - boldly patterned with conspicuous red , yellow , black and white . the bird was found on an unnamed peak in an area which had never been surveyed or explored before due its remoteness . the cloud forest habitat favoured by the barbet is fairly small and restricted to a small altitudinal zone near the top of a mountain which has come to be known as barbet peak or peak 1538 .
1 . o ' neill , john p . daniel f . lane , andrew w . kratter , angelo p . capparella & cecilia fox . 2000 . a striking new species of barbet ( capitonidae : capito ) from the eastern andes of peru . the auk 117 ( 3 ) : 569 - 577 .
it was remarkable how small the cloud forest habitat was - probably only a couple of hundred metres in elevation around the peak looked suitable , and we had passed up through it so quickly . taking a few photographs and then ignoring a canopy flock coming through , i headed back down to where today ' s barbet had been sighted . after an hour i was beginning to panic and some of the party were beginning to head back down . i tried to locate more of the soft
brrr
calls which i had heard earlier . they appeared to be uttered by some hidden birds which were also making tapping sounds on the branches . suddenly agustine came racing up the trail to tell me had seen five barbets ! i was down at the spot in no time and very soon . . . there they were . a splendid pair of scarlet - banded barbets . observing them call i realised i had been hearing them all along . then , another pair . yes , they are striking birds but so are many of the common birds in south america . what made these moments particularly special was the knowledge that very few people had shared the same experience of the species . and then a slightly uncomforting thought . the habitat here seems so small , perhaps even fragile , on the ridge of this peak - what is its future in the face of climate change ? this year was one of the driest periods in recent times in the amazon and we have all seen the reports in the news . i feel extremely fortunate to have seen the barbet and its magical habitat and thank everyone involved in this expedition .
inlcudes hotel ( but not dinner ) in tarapoto on the night prior to day 1 , guiding , camping equipment including sheets , blankets and pillows , tranport and all the food until lunch on day 4 . note that there will be a $ 500 per group for hiring the 4 wd needed to get to the barbet site . this means one person pays the full $ 500 , and a group of two pays $ 250 per person etc .
i was lucky enough to be working for several weeks in the parque nacional cordillera azul - peru ' s newest national park - and even luckier to be on barbet peak after many days travel and field work from contamana on the rio ucayali and rio cushabatay . so , i ' ll pick up the story on 13 august 2005 when , after several days in a peque - peque , my colleagues ( prof . james mallet , dr . kanchon dasmahapatra & laura roberts ) and i finally left the boat behind to begin our trek to towards the peak . we camped that night on the bank of the rio cushabatay at boca de chambira and set off early next morning with two inrena guardaparques ( agustine and raul from puesto de control 106 and 16 respectively ) and three bearers ( milton and his two brothers ) to help us re - cut the trail and carry food and equipment . by lunchtime we reached quebrada paco after several hours of continuous walking . although this stretch of the trek is fairly flat , the combined heat , humidity and a large rucksack made for less than a pleasant experience . however , this was nothing compared with next two days of continuous uphill struggling .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
neotropical birds is an authoritative , online resource for life histories of neotropical birds . these accounts are intended primarily for ornithologists , especially those based in the neotropics , but will also prove useful to wildlife biologists , conservationists , amateur ornithologists with strong interests in avian natural history , and biology teachers and students .
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a brief review of some of the important species - level changes that are incorporated in the 2014 revisions to the ebird / clements checklist .
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authority : o ' neill , lane , kratter , capparella et al . , 2000
this recently described species is only known from one small mountain top where its population must be very small , and it is therefore listed as vulnerable . however , further investigation through the 50 - km long mountain ridge may reveal the species to be less at risk .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : capito wallacei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
sister - species of c . fitzpatricki ( which see ) ; perhaps also close to c . hypoleucus , c . quinticolor or c . niger . monotypic .
nc peru e of andes : known only from isolated low plateau nw of contamana , between r huallaga and r ucayali .
song a fast , low - pitched trill of c . 2 seconds , “tdddddd - ” , resembles distant . . .
montane and submontane forest , wet and moss - festooned , some of it stunted , at 1350–1500 m . . . .
fruits and their seeds ; most likely insects , as well . occurs in mixed - species foraging flocks , at up to 10 m in trees .
moult and gonadal condition of jul specimens indicate season probably mar–may . nest and eggs undescribed , and no other information .
vulnerable . discovered only in jul 1996 , and currently known only from two very small and isolated areas in nc peru ; has not been located in other areas of peru , and is . . .
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traditionally , all barbets were lumped into a single family under this name . in recent decades , increasing weight of evidence # r # r # r # r indicates : separate families should be recognized for species from america ( capitonidae ) , asia ( megalaimidae ) and africa ( lybiidae ) ; american barbets further divisible by recognition of aberrant family semnornithidae ; and american barbets are closer to toucans than to old world barbets .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
. 2000 ) . the ridge is on the east bank of the upper río cushabatay , 77 km west - north - west of contamana in loreto . the ridge is long ( > 50 km ) and narrow ( o ' neill
. 2000 ) and , in spite of searches at suitable elevations in the adjacent cordillera azul , this species remains known only from peak 1538 ( d . lane and t . s . schulenberg
the population is estimated to number 250 - 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 375 - 1 , 499 individuals in total , rounded here to 350 - 1 , 500 individuals . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 12 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 26 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
. 2007 ) . epiphytes , especially bryopytes , bromeliads and orchids , cover most of the trunks and large branches of the short trees ( 10 - 20 m ) . the predominant trees near the summit are melastomes and clusias . the forest floor has a deep ( up to 1 m ) spongy cover of mosses intermixed with leaf litter and soil . the wet , epiphyte - covered montane forest changes abruptly to taller and drier subtropical forest below 1 , 250 m .
there is little human habitation in the watershed , and none above 300 m . only a small amount of hunting is conducted by infrequent visitors . however , deforestation is extensive on the west slope of the adjacent cordillera azul , especially in the drainage of the río biabo .
search for the species on the western slope and in the northern cerros del sira . assess the size of its population . gather more information on its ecology and life history . seek protected status for the isolated ridge .
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barbets ( capitonidae ) are small , brightly coloured birds with proportionally large heads , prominent bills and characteristic bristles around the beak area . closely related to toucans , there are 83 known species distributed across the tropics of africa , asia and central & south america . the neotropics host 15 species , seven which occur in peru in two genera
on the 14th we began the climb to the 1086 metre camp . after five hours of determined trekking , the occasional impressive vista and stop to gulp down some water , we reached pucacurillo . the camp here showed signs from the few previous expeditions here . feeling the effects of dehydration and the disheartening news that the nearest water was another 30 minutes walk away we resorted to acquiring some liquid from a nearby trickle / stagnant - looking pool . in what may have been a bit of overkill , the resulting water was filtered , boiled and treated with iodine . that night i slept like a log , troubled only by that feeling that any twitcher ( not that i belong to that tribe of birders ) knows - how bad would i feel , after having the extreme fortune to be here , to leave without laying eyes on the capito ? tomorrow was the final ascent to the peak where this very special bird had hidden from the ornithological world for so long .
2 . clements , james f & noam shany . 2001 . a field guide to the birds of peru . ca : ibis publishing company . lynx edicions .
south america | north america | asia | c . america & caribbean | europa | africa | australia and oceania
recently a new site has been discovered very near an extremely rough but nonetheless a road allowing much easier access . this is still a rough trip with camping and extremely bumpy 4wd ride to get to the base , but the rewards are high with a number of other seldom seen birds in the same area . in 2017 , a new species of antbird was described from this same area - cordillera azul antbird . read more about it on urltoken .
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we shall travel to bellavista after with stop at the dry scrub of quebrada upaquihua to check for birds as huallaga slaty antshrike , ashy - headed greenlet , planalto hermit , rufous casiornis , mishana tyrannulet , comb duck , stripe - chested antwren and others . night in bellavista hotel monteverde .
it takes about four hours by 4wd to get to the village which will serve as our base camp . on the way we shall look for napo sabrewing which has been seen along the road .
grey - tailed piha , rose - fronted parakeet , foothill and slaty antwren , rufous - breasted antthrush . scaled antpitta , foothill schiffornis , short - tailed antthrush , ash - browed and chestnut - throated spinetails , yellow - throated spadebill , yellow - cheeked becard , andean lanisoma , roraiman flycatcher and jet , yungas and blue - rumped manakin .
grey - mantled wren , and many tanagers such as blue - browed , golden - eared and straw - backed tanagers . the local form of white - crowned tapaculo also needs some attention as this complex surely includes more than one species based on the difference in the songs . at night we can search for vermiculated screech - owl and band - bellied owl .
additional birding in the morning , until early afternoon if necessary . on the way down we’ll make stops to look for birds we may have missed . we drive to tarapoto , where we may take a late evening flight back to lima or stay overnight to continue to explore more of northern peru .
telephone : + 51 - 1 - 652 76 89 . from the us : 011 - 51 - 1 - 652 76 89 . cell : 988 555 938 ( gunnar ) or 999 007 886 ( elia gallo ) - email : kolibriexp @ urltoken