the black-bellied whistling duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , formerly also called black-bellied tree duck , is a whistling duck that breeds from the southernmost united states and tropical central to south-central south america .

in the usa , it can be found year-round in parts of southeast texas , and seasonally in southeast arizona , and louisiana 's gulf coast .

it is a rare breeder in such disparate locations as arkansas , georgia , tennessee , and south carolina , though it is now a common breeder in parts of central florida .

there is a large population of several hundred that winter each year in audubon park in uptown new orleans , louisiana .

since it is one of only two whistling-duck species native to north america , it is occasionally just known as the " whistling duck " in the southern usa .

black - bellied whistling duck

black - bellied whistling duck is nocturnal animal ( active during the night ) .
figure 1 . distribution of the black - bellied whistling - duck in the americas .
visit the bent life history for extensive additional information on the black - bellied whistling duck .
fulvous whistling - duck fulvous whistling - ducks lack black bellies and have extensive black on their wings and back .
black - bellied whistling - duck : large , colorful duck with bright red bill , pink - red legs and feet . shows white wing patch , black
unlike other ducks , black - bellied whistling duck spends a lot of time on the ground and on the trees .
immature fulvous whistling - duck could be confused with an immature black - bellied whistling - duck . fulvous has a white stripe on the side and dark wings without a wing stripe .
black - bellied whistling duck has orange - red bill , medium - sized , erect body and long neck and legs .
black - bellied whistling duck can reach 18 . 5 to 20 . 1 inches in length and 23 to 36 ounces of weight .
the oldest recorded black - bellied whistling duck was a male , and at least 10 years , 7 months when it was found in louisiana .
diet : black - bellied whistling - duck feeds mainly on plant matter , aquatic plants , grass and grain . it also consumes insects and molluscs .
black - bellied whistling duck is aquatic bird that belongs to the family of ducks . there are two subspecies of black - bellied whistling ducks that can be found in the southern parts of the usa and in the central and south america . black - bellied whistling duck inhabits freshwater ponds , lakes and marshes ( usually near the agricultural fields ) . black - bellied whistling ducks are occasionally on a target of hunters . besides hunting , major threats for their survival are draining of wetlands and pollution of the water with pesticides . despite these factors , black - bellied whistling ducks are still widespread and numerous in the wild .
northern populations of black - bellied whistling ducks migrate toward the mexico and southern parts of texas in the autumn .
black - bellied whistling duck is reddish brown colored . it has grey face and upper part of the neck , black belly and tail and large white patch on the wings . males and females look alike .
the black - bellied whistling - duck is a whistling - duck which may also be called the black - bellied tree duck . it is quite a common species , with populations estimated to range between one and two million individuals . they occur in rice fields and freshwater marshes from southern texas and southern arizona south through central and south america to northern argentina . they are nocturnal feeders , and eat a diet composed mostly of plant life . in past years , hunting activities caused concern for the black - bellied whistling - duck , but recent counts have confirmed that populations are at least stable , if not growing , in north america . due to the large , stable population , the conservation status of the black - bellied whistling - duck is least concern .
the black - bellied whistling - duck ( formerly black - bellied tree duck ) is a highly gregarious neotropical duck that is restricted to the new world . distinguished from all other whistling - ducks by its red bill , pink feet , and white wing - patch , it is more arboreal than other whistling - ducks and vocal in flight , often repeating a whistling pe - che - che - ne . it nests primarily in natural cavities in trees but will readily use nest boxes .
black - bellied whistling ducks live in large flocks of around 1 . 000 birds . they produce whistle - like calls , hence the name
whistling ducks
.
the black - bellied whistling - duck is an unusual species among north american waterfowl . with its long legs , peculiar appearance , and odd habits , it was described by one early american ornithologist as “most un - duck - like . ”
flight : black - bellied whistling - duck flies mainly in the morning and in the evening . they have fast flying ability , but generally , they fly slowly , in large noisy flocks .
females occasionally lay eggs in the nest of other black - bellied whistling ducks . this behavior is known as
egg - dumping
.
also known as the red - billed whistling duck - or tree duck , this species is popular and commonly seen in aviaries in the usa , a little less in europe .
the behavior of black - bellied whistling ducks is similar to fulvous whistling ducks . they prefer the excellent feeding opportunities offered by agricultural lands in close proximity to water , rice culture , and shallow wetlands with exposed mud flats . black - bellied whistling ducks prefer to feed at night but have been observed feeding at all hours of the day .
black - bellied whistling duck is an omnivore ( it eats both plants and meat ) . its diet is based on seed , grass , sedges , corn , rice , wheat , insects , spiders and snails .
black - bellied whistling ducks form monogamous pairs ( they mate for a lifetime ) during the winter . they produce one or two broods per season .
they were formerly known as the black - bellied tree duck ; as this name suggests , they are quite fond of perching . additionally , tree cavities provide nesting sites .
black - bellied whistling ducks commonly feed at night on grain , seeds , some insects and mollusks and leaves and shoots found in fields and shallow water .
bolen , e . g . 1967b . the ecology of the black - bellied tree duck in southern texas . ph . d . thesis , utah state univ . , logan . close
black - bellied whistling ducks are easily recognized . males and females look similar with red bills , pink feet , white wing patches , and black bellies . the head is brownish - gray with a white eye - ring .
the black - bellied whistling - duck is a boisterous duck with a brilliant pink bill and an unusual , long - legged silhouette . in places like texas and louisiana , watch for noisy flocks of these gaudy ducks dropping into fields to forage on seeds , or loafing on golf course ponds . listen for them , too—these ducks really do have a whistle for their call . common south of the u . s . , black - bellied whistling - ducks occur in several southern states and are expanding northward .
black - bellied whistling - ducks have been expanding their range in the southern united states . we have seen some checking out our new addition to the rookery in smith oaks .
natural enemies of black - bellied whistling ducks are great horned owls , raccoons , snakes , bass and catfish ( all , except owls , feed on eggs and ducklings ) .
the black - bellied whistling - duck is mostly reddish - brown , with a black belly , a gray face , a white eye ring , and a reddish orange bill . the leading edge of the wing is similar to the chestnut color of the body . the secondary coverts are white . black primaries have a white base . long wing stripe visible in flight .
black - bellied whistling ducks are migratory in the northern - and southernmost limits of their range . large flocks are often observed in wintering areas in the lowlands of mexico , though formerly more abundant in interior mexico than at present . in the united states , they winter primarily in southern coastal texas . black - bellied whistling duck are widespread and common in central america and south america south to northern argentina ( scott and carbonell , 1986 ) .
perfect for the mixed collection , black - bellied whistling ducks are not trouble makers and will cause no problems to other small species . they do best when kept in small groups .
description black - bellied whistling - ducks are a flashy chestnut bird with a bright orange - red bill , pink legs , and white wing spot . both sexes look alike . whistling - ducks are not actually puddle ducks , but tree ducks .
black - bellied whistling - ducks have expanded their range northward in recent years , but these northern breeders often move south for the winter , while most others are resident year - round .
delnicki , d . e . 1973 . renesting , incubation behavior , and compound clutches of the black - bellied tree duck in southern texas . master ' s thesis , texas tech univ . , lubbock . close
longevity : up to 8 years description : this species , as other whistling ducks , is more closely related to geese and swans than to ducks . they have long neck and legs , and broad wings , and both sexes are similar . when in flight , black - bellied whistling - duck has training wings and rounded wings , making it bigger than it is . its red bill and legs , and the large white wing patch help to identify the species , and make the difference with the fulvous whistling duck which lacks red bill and black belly .
profile by richard gibbons : the black - bellied whistling - duck is a large duck with a long neck , long legs , and short tail . they have a chestnut breast and black belly with a bright pink bill and legs . their face is gray and has a broad , white wing stipe that is visible in flight . true to their name , these ducks do have a whistle for their call . black - bellied whistling - ducks hang out by shallow ponds , gold courses , city parks , and schools . their ability to adopt human - altered habitats has helped them move north into the southern united states .
the whistling - ducks were formerly known as tree - ducks , but only a few , such as the black - bellied whistling - duck actually perch or nest in trees . they look most like ducks , but their lack of sexual dimorphism , relatively long - term pair bonds , and lack of complex pair - forming behavior more resembles geese and swans .
james , j . dale and jonathan e . thompson . 2001 . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto black - bellied whistling - duck’s call is a squealing “pe - chee” . near the nest , parents utter high - pitched , rapid piping and twittering whistles . in flight , they give high piping whistles “pi - yih pyi - pyi” or “chee twee wee wee - wee…”
delnicki , d . and e . g . bolen . 1975 . natural nest site availability for black - bellied whistling ducks in south texas . southwest . nat . no . 20 : 371 - 378 . close
u . s . fish & wildlife service , federal duck stamp office presents : north american waterfowl ( adobe pdf file ) james , j . dale and jonathan e . thompson . 2001 . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online
behaviour : black - bellied whistling - duck is often seen perched on trees or shrubs . it feeds on vegetal matter by grazing on the ground , and also dabbling in shallow waters . they feed on submerged vegetation , wading in shallow water . in mexico , they are often seen gleaning in harvested corn fields .
male and female black - bellied whistling ducks are similar in size and color . in general , black - bellied whistling ducks are long - legged , long - necked and the most erect of all ducks . they have a black belly with a chestnut nape , lower neck , chest , and back . a chestnut cap tops the head . they boast a bright orange bill , gray face , and upper neck and white eye ring . the long pink legs are easily observed while they are perched in trees .
cain , b . w . 1976 . energetics of growth for black - bellied tree ducks . condor no . 78 : 124 - 128 . close
habitat : black - bellied whistling - duck lives in wooded marshes , swampy forests , flooded fields and lagoons . it avoids lakes , except with shallow water areas near the shores . they need waters with dense vegetation for feeding , and close trees for nesting . we can find them from sea level to 1500 metres of elevation .
black - bellied whistling - ducks have been expanding their range in the southern u . s . , and the north american breeding bird survey shows strong population growth , estimated at over 6 % per year from 1966–2014 . they are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . although it’s legal to hunt whistling - ducks in season , they are only rarely targeted by hunters . like all aquatic species , black - bellied whistling - ducks are vulnerable to poor water quality—in the 1980s birds in mexico were reported with high levels of ddt , dieldrin , and other persistent organic compounds . degradation or clearing of wetlands for can reduce habitat availability ; however , in general black - bellied whistling - ducks seem to be doing well around human development . back to top
protection / threats / status : black - bellied whistling - duck populations are increasing in united states , and they are abundant . this species damages cultivated areas in mexico , and necessary measures must be taken to control populations . healthy coastal wet areas and nest boxes benefit this species . nests on the ground are preyed upon by rats and wolverines .
black - bellied whistling ducks are gregarious . they can often be found perching in trees . while they prefer to nest in natural tree cavities , they will readily use nest boxes and have been reported to nest on the ground as well .
mccamant , r . e . and e . g . bolen . 1979 . a 12 - year study of nest box utilization by black - bellied whistling ducks . j . wildl . manage . no . 43 : 936 - 943 . close
bolen , e . g . 1967a . nesting boxes for black - bellied tree ducks . j . wildl . manage . no . 31 : 68 - 73 .
james , j . d . 2000a . effects of habitat and spatial characteristics on the incidence of conspecific brood parasitism and nest site selection in breeding black - bellied whistling ducks . master ' s thesis , texas a & m ; kingsville , kingsville . close
they also are distinguished by their appearance and behaviors in the field . black - bellied whistling ducks fly slowly in shapeless formations . in flight , they show long necks , trailing legs , and broad wings , but the most distinguishing feature is the contrasting black and white between the upper and lower wings . when standing or perching , the most striking features are the bird ' s namesake stark black belly and sides , along with the red bill and pink feet . biologists recognize two subpopulations of black - bellies .
like black - bellies , fulvous whistling ducks breed during their first year of life . nest initiation occurs from may through august . fulvous whistling ducks nest in rice fields and in wetlands , usually over water among water - tolerant grasses and sedges . females lay 12 eggs on average , and both sexes incubate the eggs . unlike most species of waterfowl , fulvous and black - bellied whistling ducks do not add down to their nest bowls . scientists have also observed that fulvous whistling ducks do not cover their eggs when they depart the nest to feed , possibly because of the high temperatures occurring on their southern breeding grounds .
range black - bellied whistling - ducks are currently undergoing a range expansion . their range consists of large portions of south america and along the coast of central america . today , in the united states , black - bellied whistling - ducks are mostly found along the gulf coast , the southern portion of the mississippi river , and the florida panhandle . in south carolina they are found primarily along the coast , mostly in the southern portion of the state . they have been reported as far inland as aiken county and as far north as georgetown county .
black - bellied whistling - duck : breeds from the southern united states and tropical central to south central south america . it can be found year - round in southeast texas , and seasonally in arizona , and louisiana ' s gulf coast . rare breeder in such disparate locations as florida , arkansas , georgia and south carolina . occurs in quiet , shallow freshwater ponds , and estuarine wetlands and marshes .
available information for black - bellied whistling ducks suggests a stable population in mexico and growing population in texas . about 80 , 000 birds are generally counted along the east and west coasts of mexico each winter , and researchers estimate a breeding population of several thousand in southern texas .
almost independent at hatching . covered with black - and - yellow down , eyes open .
range : black - bellied whistling - duck breeds in extreme south of united states ( texas , arizona , and louisiana ) and also into central and south america to northern argentina . there is a population in florida . it winters from southern texas southwards . they are resident in florida . northern populations may be migratory , moving southwards , but most of populations are resident in their range , apart some local movements according to the food resources .
ducklings are covered with black and white down at birth . they are ready to leave the nest and enter the water ( or walk on the solid ground ) one or two days after hatching . black - bellied whistling ducks learn to fly at the age of 8 weeks , but they stay with their parents until the age of 6 months . they reach sexual maturity at the age of one year .
d . a . autumnalis ( caribbean ) between 100 , 000 - 1 , 000 , 000 ; d . a . bicolor ( neotropics ) > 1 , 000 , 000 ( rose and scott , 1994 ) . black - bellied whistling ducks are susceptible to over - harvest due to their unwary nature .
whistling “pee - chee - chee” , uttered particularly vociferously in flight and becomes an almost . . .
hi dan . i can ' t answer your question about fulgens / discolor , i just followed what is written in birds of ecuador 2001 . i did look at more of my pictures from western ecuador in manabì and they are all gray - chested . the map here on the side is not correct nor is it correct on urltoken or birds of ecuador . the species ( and fulvous whistling - duck and greater ani ) are all the way up the colombian border in nw esmeraldas and at least black - bellied whistling - duck is fairly common there and breeding . i don ' t have any pictures from there but i would assume they are all gray - chested ( = autumnalis )
carboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
black - bellied whistling - ducks eat mainly plant material , including smartweed , grasses , sedges , bindweed , and nightshade . they will also consume agricultural crops of sorghum , rice , corn , millet , and wheat . aquatic animals , such as snails , insects , and spiders are also consumed in small amounts .
black - bellied whistling ducks nest in the cavities of trees , in the nest boxes or on the ground , using little nesting material . female lays 9 to 18 eggs ( 13 on average ) from may to june . eggs hatch after 25 to 30 days . both parents participate in the incubation of eggs and rearing of chicks .
there are eight species of whistling ducks in the world , but only two - the black - bellied and fulvous whistling ducks - occur in the united states . scientists consider whistling ducks more closely related to geese and swans than to the
true ducks .
with their long legs , long necks , bone structure and erect stance , they certainly look more like geese than like ducks . as with geese and swans , the plumage of both sexes of whistling ducks are very similar . they only have one molt ( in contrast to two molts in the
true ducks
) ; both parents share in the brooding of the young ; and pairs mate for life .
distinguished from all other whistling - ducks by its red bill , pink feet , and white wing - patch .
mccartney , r . b . 1963 . the fulvous tree duck in louisiana . master ' s thesis , louisiana state univ . , baton rouge . close
during the nonbreeding season , black - bellies primarily use mangrove swamps and coastal lagoons to meet their food and cover requirements . however , similar to their goose cousins , black - bellies have adapted to feeding in agricultural environments , frequenting pastures and cattle feedlots as well as harvested rice , corn and sorghum fields when the opportunity presents itself . fulvous whistling ducks , with their long necks and legs , short tail and broad wings , also look much more like a goose than a duck .
black - bellied whistling ducks nest in thickets or stands of mesquite , hackberry , willow , live oak , and other trees . they forage in fields , lawns , and shallow , freshwater ponds that often contain water hyacinth , water lilies , and cattails . in the tropics , they also use mangroves , rivers , and lagoons . back to top
peris , s . j . , b . sanchez and d . rodriguez . 1998 . range expansion of the fulvous whistling duck ( dendrocygna bicolor ) in cuba , in relation to rice cultivation . caribb . j . sci . no . 34 : 164 - 166 . close
those who have had the opportunity to venture to the gulf coast to hunt , bird watch or just grab some r & r ; may have encountered some long , slender ducks locally known as squealers . black - bellied and fulvous whistling ducks are most common in mexico and latin america where they are known as pichichi or pato maizal and pijia or pato silvon .
black - bellied whistling - duck has tawny - brown to brown - cinnamon upperparts , turning black on rump and uppertail coverts . upper wings show a broad white stripe , conspicuous in flight . flight feathers are black . underparts are paler . lower neck and chest are tawny - brown . it has black belly and flanks . undertail coverts are mottled black and white . underwings are blackish . head and upper neck are grey . crown is dark brown . we can see a dark vertical hind neck stripe . bill is bright pink - red , often yellowish at base . eyes are dark brown , with conspicuous white eye ring . legs and webbed feet are bright pinkish - red . both sexes are similar . juvenile is paler , with grey bill , legs and feet . it has duller plumage than adults , with sooty - brown belly and flanks . it reaches its adult plumage at 8 months of age . very young birds have very paler belly , with indistinct transversal bars .
whether nesting in natural cavities or nest boxes , black - bellied whistling - ducks typically don’t build a nest ; they lay their eggs directly on whatever debris has collected there . cavity openings range from 5–12 inches across . when nesting on the ground , they make a scrape or a shallow bowl of grasses , with thick vegetation overhead , such as willow , mesquite , or cactus .
black - bellied whistling - ducks take readily to nest boxes . if you live within their range , you can make a nest box out of half - inch marine plywood . it should be about 24 inches high at the front and 20 inches at the back , with a hole about 5–6 inches in diameter ( see bolen 1967 in the credits section of this account for full instructions ) .
licenses : hunting license required . migratory bird hunting and conservation stamp ( federal duck stamp ) that is validated by the hunter signing the stamp in ink across the face of the stamp
meanley , b . and a . g . meanley . 1959 . observations on the fulvous tree duck in louisiana . wilson bull . no . 71 : 33 - 45 . close
average size whistling - ducks have an average length of 18 - 19 inches and an average weight of 1 3 / 4 pounds .
some western birds have obvious white crests in breeding plumage and may be identifiable , but many have black crests like eastern birds .
reproduction : black - bellied whistling - duck nests in tree cavities ( oaks , willows and mesquite trees ) or nest - boxes , at 8 to 10 feet above the ground . it also may nest on the ground . when nest is in cavity , there is no lining with down or any other soft materials . when nest is on the ground , birds build a shallow cup with woven grasses , at base of thick vegetation as a cactus , or among reeds . this species performs egg dumping , with very numerous eggs in the same nest , from several females . generally , these nests are abandoned and eggs are lost .
preferred habitat these whistling - ducks can be found in shallow freshwater ponds or lakes , often those containing water hyacinth , water lilies , and cattails .
black - bellied whistling - ducks mostly eat plants such as smartweed , grasses , swamp timothy , sedges , and agricultural crops . occasionally they eat smaller aquatic animals like snails , insects , and spiders . they usually forage at night in fields or in shallow ponds . because of their long legs , they spend more time than other ducks walking around on land or perching in trees . they are gregarious throughout the year and form flocks of up to 1 , 000 birds .
the white plumage of snow geese and tundra swans sometimes takes on a dirty , rusty - brown appearance . the birds aren ' t actually dirty but do show rust - colored highlights from foraging in the iron rich environments of the far north . regarding the well - known description of the sound made by a duck as a
quack ,
duck species in north america also variously whistle , squeak , click , and grunt .
black - bellied whistling - ducks eat mainly plants , including smartweed , grasses , swamp timothy , amaranth , sedges , bindweed , and nightshade . they also eat many agricultural crops including sorghum , millet , corn , rice , and wheat . they eat a smaller amount of aquatic animals such as snails , insects , and spiders . they typically forage at night , leaving roosts at sunset to fly to foraging areas . they feed in fields or by dabbling in shallow ponds . back to top
if you’re in the range of black - bellied whistling - ducks ( and that range is expanding all the time—keep an eye on the species’ ebird map to see where they’ve been seen ) you should be on the lookout for them perching around shallow ponds ; walking in the short grass of lawns and golf courses ; and especially in agricultural fields , where these large ducks eat lots of grain . they feed nocturnally , so watch around sunset for large flocks to begin flying out to fields from their roosts .
in north america , this species breeds mainly along coastal regions of mexico and southern texas . only the northernmost populations appear to be migratory , with wintering individuals found along both coasts of mexico . the black - bellied whistling - duck forms lifelong pair bonds and breeds in its first year . it often lays its eggs in the nests of conspecifics . the diet of this species is comprised of plant materials , especially bermuda grass and sorghum seeds . individuals are attracted to areas where corn and rice are grown and can cause damage to crops . the status of this species appears to be secure due in part to its secluded habitats and its lack of importance as a game species . it is showing signs of range expansion in the united states .
the northern race ( d . a . autumnalis ) breeds from southern texas through coastal mexico and central america . pairs most often partner for life and share the responsibilities of incubation and brood rearing . nests are usually located in tree cavities , nest boxes , or on the ground in grassy areas or under brush or cacti near water . ground nesting is most common where mammalian nest predators are absent . female black - bellied whistling ducks lay an average of 13 eggs and several females lay in the same nest .
we find two subspecies : dendrocygna autumnalis discolor , with grey band on breast , between brown neck and black belly ; dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis , different in size .
this pair of black - bellied whistling ducks arrived in our pond in early may . since then i have watched and photographed and videoed a plethora of behaviors , but none like what i witnessed on the morning of august 10th . temperatures in the small box in the sun must have been almost fatal on many days that the outside temperature was in the high 90’s . during the last couple of days , when instead of alternating incubation they both stayed in the box as their eggs hatched , i watched them both panting and wondered if they would be able to stick it out .
wyss , a . j . 1996 . nesting ecology of fulvous whistling - ducks in everglades agricultural area of southern florida . master ' s thesis , auburn univ . , auburn , al . close
two subspecies groups differ in plumage and are reliably distinguished in virtually all cases . the “black - eared” bushtit is merely a color morph of interior subspecies , found mainly south of the us .
this species is perhaps the least studied of common north american waterfowl . to date , studies have been conducted primarily in agricultural regions of north and south america at the fringes of the species ' breeding distribution and have focused mostly on the duck ' s importance as an agricultural pest (
i’m curious to see black - backed oriole on this list . is there a us record for this species ? i don’t see it mentioned for the us in either the aou nor aba lists .
bruzual , j . and i . bruzual . 1983 . feeding habits of whistling ducks in the calabozo ricefields , venezuela , during the non - reproductive period . wildfowl no . 34 : 20 - 26 . close
three subspecies groups all reliably distinguished in the field ( although black - backed and siberian are barely distinguishable from each other in non - adult - male plumages ) . only siberian occurs regularly in north america .
the anatidae are represented in north america by sixty - nine species in twenty - three genera ( including the extinct labrador duck ) . members of this well known bird family include the graceful , long - necked swans , familiar geese of farm fields and golf courses , and the many species of ducks .
comprehensive population surveys of whistling ducks are lacking . most of our information comes from mid - winter surveys conducted by the u . s . fish and wildlife service and occasional breeding season surveys associated with short - term research projects . limited data suggest a relatively stable breeding population of around 20 , 000 fulvous whistling ducks in louisiana and texas . significant breeding populations also exist in mexico , but surveys are insufficient to document population status and trends . many breeding populations in both the united states and mexico have historically been associated with rice culture . since the 1980s , rice acreage has declined dramatically in mexico , louisiana and texas . much of this land is now being used for dryland crops and pasture , which provides little habitat for breeding fulvous whistling ducks .
black - bellies breed during their first year of life , establishing lifelong pair bonds during their first winter . nest initiation occurs from april through august , a period approximately one month longer than prairie nesting ducks . black - bellies nest in tree cavities and , similar to wood ducks , also have adapted to nesting in boxes . where tree cavities are lacking , black - bellies will nest on the ground , often in grasses at the base of small trees or shrubs . females lay an average of 13 eggs and both sexes incubate the eggs . experiments have revealed that removal of either the female or the male during incubation results in abandonment of the nest . apparently , participation of both the male and female is necessary for the nesting attempt to be successful . black - bellies enjoy relatively high nest success rates ( an average of 45 percent ) compared to prairie nesting ducks . most nest failures are caused by raccoons , rat snakes and golden - fronted woodpeckers .
since 1968 , black - bellied whistling ducks frequently have been found in central and south florida in late summer and early fall , sometimes in flocks of fulvous whistling ducks . during the florida breeding bird atlas project , 12 potential breeding records were obtained for this species in hardee , lake , manatee , palm beach , polk , and sarasota counties . three of the records occurred in natural wetlands , three in small ponds , three in phosphate mines , two in flooded agricultural fields , and one in a sewage treatment pond . since 1992 , additional birds have been reported in hamilton , hernando , indian river , leon , jefferson , orange , volusia , and wakulla counties , indicating the species continues to expand its range in florida . in recent years , ducklings have been observed in leon county during the summer . florida fish and wildlife conservation commission biologists have observed flightless young at the t . m . goodwin waterfowl management area ( brevard county ) annually since 1999 . flightless young have been observed as late as mid - november .
3 ) black - browed albatross . while the “first” u . s . record from va was an immature and tough to identify to subspecies , later photo records ( photo of an adult off newfoundland , and maybe another from maine ) show the expected dark - eyed form t . m . melanophris ( or melanophrys , depending on whom you ask ) rather than the ‘campbell’ black - browed albatross ( t . m . impavida ) . again , many accord these forms species status .
hohman , w . l . , t . m . stark and j . l . moore . 1996 . food availability and feeding preferences of breeding fulvous whistling - ducks in louisiana ricefields . wilson bull . no . 108 : 137 - 150 . close
black - bellied whistling - ducks have long legs and spend more time than other ducks walking on land or perching in trees . you may see them perched on fences , telephone lines , or in spanish moss . they are gregarious year - round , forming flocks of up to 1 , 000 birds . they form lifelong pair bonds and breed in their first year of life . males spar by chasing or nipping at each other , or with a threat display that involves stretching their neck forward and opening their bill . pairs form in winter ; courtship includes birds stretching their necks out horizontally , dipping their bill , and flicking water over the back . females often lay eggs in the nests of other whistling - ducks—a behavior known as egg - dumping . individuals are attracted to areas where corn and rice are grown and can cause damage to crops . nest predators include raccoons , rat snakes , and bull snakes ; ducklings may be killed by fire ants , bass , catfish , and gar . great horned owls sometimes take adults . back to top
you left out ( maybe intentionally ? ) waynei black - throated green warblers . their breeding range ( coastal carolinas and virginia ) is completely different than the nominate ssp and having held skins in my hand , they appear to be identifiable in the field .
hi jim , thanks , i’m glad you find it useful . i do plan to continue adding information about subspecies , with maps , as i find the time . i did not mean to include labrador duck , but now that you’ve pointed it out i think i should add all of the extinct or presumed extinct species . there are no north american records of velvet scoter .
they are very agile on land , standing erect and walking without the waddle so characteristic of other ducks . a tawny brown head , chest , breast and belly distinguish fulvous whistling ducks . ivory - edged side and flank feathers form a striking border between the sides and back . in north america , the species is most common in mexico , but also breeds in california , florida , louisiana and texas . most fulvous whistling ducks depart their breeding range in the united states during september and october to winter in mexico , returning north again in march and april .
adult males occur in two distinctive forms – black - backed and green - backed – that show strong geographic basis , but variation and the occurrence of each type well within the range of the other suggests that this color difference represents a morph rather than a subspecific difference .
whistling - ducks are cavity nesters , but they do not excavate the cavity . both the male and female select the cavity . these ducks will also nest in nest boxes , and have been known to nest on the ground occasionally . the hen lays 9 - 18 creamy white eggs .
do you know how i can find information on differentiating subspecies ? i have seen a black - crowned night heron in the middle east ( subspecies nycticorax ) with what seems to be a thicker bill , but i couldn’t find any evidence of this difference with the north american subspecies . can you help ?
the northern population breeds from central texas through coastal mexico and central america . the southern population breeds from panama south into argentina . like most of their tropical counterparts , black - bellies do not show strong migratory patterns ; instead , they move relatively short distances in response to habitat availability within their breeding range .
all of the whistling ducks are some of my personal favorites . their unique call , awkward appearance ( it ' s those huge feet ! ! ) and adaptabiltity to aviary life make them very appealing to many breeders . this particular species is also very good for beginners , but do require a secure shelter during the coldest winter months .
dallmeier , f . 1991 .
whistling - ducks as a manageable and sustainable resource in venezuela : balancing economic costs and benefits .
in neotropical wildlife use and conservation . , edited by j . g . robinson and k . h . redford , 266 - 287 . chicago , il : univ . of chicago press . close
kidding , right ? i’ve seen a 1st cycle ‘barrovianus’ glaucous barely bigger than an adjacent california gull , and in south delta bc a huge , presumably ‘pallidus’ glaucous from siberia which towered over the nearby gw’s the way a large male great black - backed would dominate the local herring gulls . yet both are called glaucous gulls .
hi dan , thanks very much for these comments . there is a black - backed oriole record in san diego , ca , ( presumably one individual , seen off - and - on from 2000 to 2002 ) but you are correct that it hasn’t been accepted by any records committee and i will remove it from this list .
a replicated study over four breeding seasons in 1985 - 8 at two lakes in veracruz , mexico ( feekes 1991 ) , found that black - bellied whistling ducks dendrocygna autumnalis using nest boxes had very low reproductive success ( 11 . 1 % success for nine attempts in 1986 , 6 . 6 % for 30 attempts in 1987 - 8 ) , mainly because of predation by opossums didelphis spp . , raccoons procyon lotor and humans . occupancy rates varied , with one of 16 pairs using boxes in 1985 ; 17 - 30 % of 30 pairs in 1986 and 40 - 75 % of 20 pairs in both 1987 and 1988 . nest boxes were made from either liana baskets or hollowed palm trunks , with the latter being the only nests used ( except for a single basket in 1985 ) . thirteen baskets were provided in 1985 and ten in 1986 ; ten trunks were provided in 1986 , 16 in 1987 and 17 in 1988 . boxes were placed in positions similar to naturally occurring nests and checked every two weeks during the breeding seasons . opossums also frequently occupied nest boxes .
in the past i did a small bit of work for a study looking to get some morphometric data determining precisely what the difference was between a typical virens and a typical waynei , and in the measurements i was taking it appeared that the birds identifiable as waynei are smaller , slighter billed , and with significantly less black on the flanks .
in late august and early september , fulvous whistling ducks concentrate in flooded rice fields and large ponds . this species is noted for its nocturnal feeding in rice fields , where one observer vividly described a scene in louisiana in 1943 :
when we reached the fields and levees just before dusk , not a duck was seen or heard . within a few minutes , on they came in no particular formation as with ordinary ducks - singly , in pairs , in companies of a dozen or more , and in irregular groups , and in twenty minutes they were flying and squealing everywhere , hundreds of them .
in october , flocks move to coastal marshes where they feed predominantly on the seeds of aquatic vegetation . in november , a general exodus occurs to the east and west coasts of mexico , where the birds spend the winter on coastal lagoons and rice fields .
fulvous whistling - ducks are migratory in northern portions of their range , but elsewhere they exhibit only local movements . their return to gulf coast nesting areas in february and march coincides with the onset of planting in rice - growing areas . individuals feed almost exclusively on seeds , especially seeds of native moist - soil plants , which may be abundant in flooded ricefields . they also feed opportunistically on grain in seeded ricefields . flooding of ricefields in preparation for planting stimulates ground - nesting by birds on ricefield levees and in pastures , haylands , and small grain fields adjacent to ricefields . more commonly , however , fulvous whistling - ducks nest in flooded ricefields when plants are of sufficient stature to support eggs . the species makes only limited use of undisturbed , nonagricultural habitats for nesting in the united states .
whereas most ducks nesting in temperate regions pair seasonally for only 1 reproductive cycle , pair bonds of fulvous whistling - ducks are suspected to be long - term , extending over multiple nesting seasons or the lifetime of individuals , as in geese and swans . males and females share equally in incubation , and males also assist with rearing of young . thus , males contribute to parental care to a greater extent in this species than in other small - to medium - sized waterfowl . intraspecific brood parasitism is widespread in ground and over - water nests . additionally , unlike other north american waterfowl that undergo wing molt immediately after the nesting season on breeding areas or at remote northern sites traditionally used for molt , onset of wing molt is delayed in migratory fulvous whistling - ducks until their return to southern wintering areas .
sexes are similar as in most other members of this genus , while the females may appear slightly lighter in color . the two most distinguishing features of this species are the bright pinkish - red bill and huge pink feet . the cheeks , head and neck are gray , while the crown , forehead , breast and mantle are dark brown to chestnut . the belly and underparts are black .
although swans and geese are mostly white , brown , and black , many ducks showcase several shades of grays , browns , and blacks combined with fine barring and streaking to result in a variety of beautifully patterned plumages for which females of the species are well known . males in breeding plumage are more boldly patterned and often have iridescent blue or green on the head . both sexes usually show a spot of color in the wing known as a
speculum
.
female usually lays 12 to 16 whitish eggs , one per day . incubation lasts about 12 to 16 days , shared by both parents . precocial chicks are yellow with black spots . they leave the nest very soon after hatching , within two days , and they are able to feed themselves . but they remain with parents for up to two months . at this time , they can fly . however , they may remain in family groups for up to six months . this species produces only one brood per season , sometimes two if first is lost .
they form lifelong pairs and breed during the first year of their lives . the males spar by chasing each other and using a threat display . pairs usually form in winter and the females often lay eggs in the nests of other whistling - ducks . they usually nest in tree hallows , but have been known to use nest boxes and nest on the ground . interestingly enough , they do not typically build a nest . instead they lay their eggs on whatever is already in the location they chose . the eggs are white and there are typically 9 - 18 eggs in a clutch .
don’t know if this one has been mentioned or not , but i was wondering about subspecific variation in black - whiskered vireo ( ? ) . the nominate subspecies ( vireo altiloquus altiloquus ) seems very distinctive in plumage coloration and bill size / shape to me compared to the coastal florida form v . a . barbatulus . i believe the nominate subspecies occurs as a causal spring vagrant along the gulf coast with records from louisiana and nw florida panhandle ( st . george island ) . i’ve also had some birds here in alabama in the spring that i highly suspected were probably the nominate form as well .
6 ) while on the topic of seabirds , it might be worth noting that north american records of great - winged petrel refer to gouldi ; that black - capped petrel sensu nacc includes jamaican petrel , te extinct and utterly different dark bird ; that north american forms of audubon’s shearwater are quite distinct from galapagos shearwater , persian shearwater , and tropical shearwater , which nacc still lumps under audubon’s ; that white - chinned petrel sensu nacc includes spectacled petrel ; and that wilson’s storm - petrel may be due for some taxonomic revision , although this may or may not affect the birds that occur in the aou area . further , the nacc still lumps brown skua under great skua , and may be the only authority to do so .
the best references for a starting point on subspecies are pyle’s identification guide to north american birds , the handbook of birds of the western palearctic , and the handbook of birds of the world . for most species you’ll want to dig deeper into the literature that is cited in those books . i checked pyle for black - crowned night heron and he lumps the north american and eurasian birds in one subspecies because there are no reliable differences . in the middle east you could get other subspecies from either india or africa , which might be identifiable in the field , but i’m not familiar with the literature on those . [ actually , i just checked the handbook of birds of the world and i’m surprised to see that there is only one subspecies listed for all of europe , asia , and africa ! so if you see one that looks different it’s probably just a local variant and not a visitor from afar . sounds to me like a good project for someone to look at dna and study plumage in detail , because it seems really unlikely that they’re all the same . ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
bahamas ; cayman islands ; chile ; gambia ; grenada ; jamaica ; virgin islands , u . s .
the population is estimated to number 1 , 100 , 000 - 2 , 000 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the population trend is increasing in north america ( based on bbs / cbc data : butcher and niven 2007 ) .
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22679780a118856707 .
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allogalathea elegans ( known as the feather star squat lobster , crinoid squat lobster or elegant squat lobster ) is a species of squat lobster that is sometimes kept in marine aquariums .

allogalathea elegans

what type of species is allogalathea elegans ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the allogalathea elegans species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of allogalathea elegans species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species allogalathea elegans .
how to identify allogalathea elegans marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species allogalathea elegans . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species allogalathea elegans are marked in green .
where is allogalathea elegans found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species allogalathea elegans can be found .
development sequence . a ) allogalathea elegans ( fujita 2010 ) – a ) zoea . . . | download scientific diagram
elegant squat lobster - allogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life
allogalathea elegans ( adams & white , 1848 ) , maxilla : a , first zoea ; b , . . . | download scientific diagram
nick hope marked an unknown common name in an unknown language from
allogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 )
as trusted .
joanne taylor marked the classification from
world register of marine species ( worms )
as preferred for
allogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 )
.
hi molly - - your ' s is a relative of allogalathea elegans but it ' s not a crinoid commensal . this is what a . elegans looks like - urltoken notice how the carapace is elongated forwards in a point between the eyes and then look at yours which has a blunt carapace .
. . . of these , only one species , a . inermis , was identified at the species level . its appearance is related to changes in the taxonomy of a widespread , opportunistic symbiont of crinoids allogalathea elegans . a . elegans has recently been shown to be a species complex including four dif - ferent species , which , although genetically very dis - tinct , are morphologically very similar [ 11 ] ; we have two of these in our samples : a . elegans and a . inermis . allogalathea sp . . . .
fig . 6 . allogalathea elegans ( adams & white , 1848 ) , maxilla : a , first zoea ; b , second zoea ; c , third zoea ; d , fourth zoea ; e , megalop . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
citation :
elegant crinoid squat lobsters , allogalathea elegans ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 5 / 25 / 2013 10 : 28 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
hi leslie ! thanks for clarifying . i have been wondering about that . i haven ' t been able to find the exact scientific name of this one . i , too , thought the rostrum is too short to be allogalathea . either way , the one i have is the ones la is selling , and they call them allogalathea elegans . so these aren ' t crinoid commensals ? that is interesting . i wonder if they are commensal on anything .
figure 4 . 2 : development sequence . a ) allogalathea elegans ( fujita 2010 ) – a ) zoea i . b ) zoea ii . c ) zoea iii . d ) zoea iv . e ) megalop . b ) chirostylus stellaris ( fujita and clark 2010 ) – a ) zoea i . b ) zoea ii . e ) megalop .
cabezas , p . ; macpherson , e . ; machordom , a . ( 2011 ) . allogalathea ( decapoda : galatheidae ) : a monospecific genus of squat lobster ? zool . j . linn . soc . 162 ( 2 ) : 245 - 270 .
research allogalathea elegans » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
in the case of the expensive harlequin shrimp hymenocera picta dana , 1852 , and h . elegans heller , 1861 , the main bottleneck impairing the culture of these species is the diet of juvenile and adult specimens , because they feed exclusively on sea stars .
( of galathea elegans adams & white , 1848 ) lewinsohn , c . ( 1969 ) . die anomuren des roten meeres ( crustacea decapoda : paguridae , galatheidae , hippidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen ( rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie , leiden ) 104 . 213 pp . [ details ]
ok , now i ' m kinda lost here . . . . crinoid commensal means what exactly ? do they need a some sort of companion with whom they share a symbiotic relationship ? the true a . elegans is stunning ! i ' ve never seen anything like that before . how are they suited for a reef enviornment ? athough i ' m sure that i ' d never find one for my tank .
. . . in the indo - west pacific region , including mozambique , madagascar , red sea , indonesia ( banda and celebes seas ) , philippines , taiwan , new caledonia , chesterfield islands , and vanuatu ; subtidal to depth of 120 m ( cabezas et al . , 2011 ) . the present material confirms the occurrence of a . elegans in singapore , although johnson ( 1970 ) previously reported this species . . . .
( of galathea elegans adams & white , 1848 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
adams , a . & white , a . ( 1848 ) crustacea . in : adams , a . ( ed . ) the zoology of the voyage of the hms
samarang
under the command of captain sir edward belcher , c . b . , f . r . a . s . , f . g . s . , during the years 1843 - 1846 . benham and leeve , london , pp . 1 - 66 , 13 pls . [ details ]
baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
( of galathea longirostris dana , 1852 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of galathea longirostris yokoya , 1936 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of galathea deflexifrons haswell , 1882 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of galathea grandirostris stimpson , 1858 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
morton b . & morton je . ( 1983 ) . the sea shore ecology of hong kong . hong kong : hong kong university press . [ details ]
the species has several possible body colour patterns : either uniformly dark ( red , blackish purple , orange or brown ) or dark , with either two narrow light stripes , or alternating longitudinal dark and light stripes ( patterns 1 , 3 , and 4 of baba , 1979 ) , the number and width of which varies . other colour patterns include a narrow lighter stripe in the middle of each dark stripe . pereiopods also show variable coloration : p1 uniformly dark or with longitudinal light dorsal stripe along merus , carpus , and palm , finger tips light ; some specimens with p1 uniformly dark and fingers whitish . p2–p4 uniformly dark or pale on distal portion of carpus , distal portion of propodus and entire dactylus ; in some specimens , p2–p4 meri dark , and carpi , propodi , and dactyli whitish .
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haswell , w . a . 1882 ,
description of some new species of australian decapoda
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 6 , no . 4 , pp . 750 - 763
adams , a . & white , a . 1848 ,
crustacea . part i
, ed . adams , a . ( ed . ) , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . samarang under the command of captain sir edward belcher during the years 1843–1846 , pp . 1 - 66 pls i - xiii , reeve , benham & reeve , london
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 04f3b944 - 5f55 - 44b6 - a76a - 6023415810e1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7b98f0f2 - 3bff - 445f - 9a32 - 3fc58ab42242
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dd8a8a95 - 4e52 - 456c - b9b7 - 5cb02913ab73
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 97c5dfda - c6da - 42d5 - 9db4 - fd6fb056ecfb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 372957
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this species lives inside the arms of crinoids ( feather stars ) for protection . it adopts the colour pattern of its host by repositioning chromatophores ( pigment cells ) in its carapace . it feeds on plankton collected from the arms of its host .
1 - 12 m depth , size up to 2 cm . females are larger than males .
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just curious , saw that la had a couple in the diver ' s den and thought thet they looked interesting . has anyone ever kept one or had any experiance with them in a reef set - up ?
i do ! i love mine . he is very cute . he eats mysis and filter feeds . i target feed him with frozen cyclops and mysis . urltoken
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - felicia - current tank info : 55 + two 20 gallon refugiums coldwater with puffer , seahorses , gobies , crabs , starfish all from the atlantic . 90 gallon w 20 gal refugium with tilefish , swallowtail angel , blue tang , clingfish , naked clown , fancy white clown , brachio blenny , mollies
wow that ' s sweet , nice pics ! thx for the info molly , glad to know that they ' re reef safe . is he out and about all day and takes nights off ? i take it thet stay pretty small .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cheers , leslie so many worms , so little time . . . natural history museum of los angeles county
i just found it - galathea inflata - and i was wrong about it not being a crinoid commensal . oops ! urltoken
thank you so much leslie ! you are awesome ! i have been trying to id this guy for months ! being a crinoid commensal means they hitch a ride on crinoids , which are starfish like feather stars . they don ' t require their crinoids in captivity , thank goodness , because crinoids are impossible to keep in captivity .
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bold black or brown droplet shaped body , with 2 white stripes on the carapace and a thin yellow line in the middle , and one 1 white stripe on the arms . long pointed rostrum with tiny spines along the edges . row of spines below and behind the ( red ) eyes . however there are many variations in appearance of this species .
unevaluated by the iucn red list . fairly common , but well hidden between the arms of crinoids .
tropical waters from the indian ocean and the indo - pacific . they live exclusively on crinoids ( feather stars ) .
it feeds on plankton , as does the crinoid it lives on . the crinoid provides good locations for catching plankton .
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a remarkable anomuran : the taxon aegla leach , 1820 . taxonomic remarks , distribution , biology , diversity and conservation
a squat lobster with egg shaped body , mostly with longitudinal stripes , and long front legs with claws . colour may vary according to host crinoid , in the fronds of which it is most often found .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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small squat lobsters , from relatively shallow waters ( found in depths from 0 - 146 m ) and often associated with crinoids .
they can be distinguished from the other genera by the flat and triangular rostrum ( with a carina underneath and 5 - 9 lateral teeth ) and a carapace with setiferous striae . coloration varies from solid red to black and white stripes and generally matches the crinoid colouration .
until recently this was the only species in the genus . it has now four species , with slight variations in morphology ( such as length and proportion of claws ) , colour patterns and distribution .
commensal on crinoids , feeding on detritus . can oftern be found in pairs on crinoids
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poore , g . c . b . ; ahyong , s . t . ; taylor , j . eds ( 2011 ) . the biology of squat lobsters . 363 p . collingwood , vic . csiro publishing
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insights into life - history traits of munidopsis spp . ( anomura : munidopsidae ) from hydrothermal vent fields in the okinawa trough , in comparison with the existing data
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. . . here , we examined all this material analyzing both morphological and molecular characters , which include partial sequences from two mitochondrial genes ( cytochrome c oxidase subunit i and 16s rrna ) frequently used in molecular studies of squat lobsters ( machordom & macpherson 2004 ; ahyong et al . 2011 ; cabezas et al . 2011 ) . bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed in mrbayes v3 . 2 . 1 ( huelsenbeck & ronquist 2001 ) using only the coi sequences because 16s sequencing was not successful for all species . . . .
. . . the genetic divergence between f . cultrata n . sp . and f . chani n . sp . was 10 . 57 % ( coi ) ( table 2 ) . such divergence values are estimated to be in the upper range of molecular interspecific divergences so far found for squat lobsters , normally beyond 3 % among coi sequences and higher than 0 . 7 % among 16s sequences ( cabezas et al . 2008 cabezas et al . , 2011 poore & andreakis 2012macpherson & robainas - barcia 2013 , 2015 . . . .
. . . symbionts were sorted accord - ing to major taxonomic groups and then identified . papers [ 5 , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] were used to identify decapods , and paper [ 7 ] was used to polychaetes . porcelanid crabs were identified by dr . werding ( institute für tierökol - ogie und specielle zoologie der justus - liebig - uni - versität giessen , germany ) and an ophiuroid was identified by a . martynov ( zoological museum , moscow state university ) . . . .
. . . recently , cabezas et al . ( 2011examined numerous specimens from various localities in the indo - west pacific and described three new species based on the molecular evidence and subtle morphological characters . the present material includes two species , of which a . longimana cabezas , macpherson & machordom , 2011 , is recorded for the first time from singapore . . . .
. . . ( fig . 8 . 1 ) , are also found in heterosexual pairs at relatively high frequency ( c . 50 % ) on their host crinoids , such as oxycomanthus bennetti ( zmarzly , 1984 ) ( cabezas et al . 2011 ) . in g . inflata , the remaining hosts are mostly occupied by single galatheids including males , ovigerous females , symbiotic chirostylids have been reported from shallow environments . . . .
baeza , j . a . 2011 . squat lobsters as symbionts and in chemo - autotrophic environments . ( chapter 8 ) . in : the biology of squat lobsters ( poore g . c . b . , ahyong s . t . , and taylor j . , eds ) . csiro publishing : melbourne and crc press : boca raton . pp . 249 - 270 .
in the mediterranean sea , the intensive use of maritime space calls for integrated management to avoid cumulative impacts and user conflicts . maritime spatial planning ( msp ) – the harmonization of …
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the principal expected achievements are : to provide a reduced set of parameters describing synthetically the effects of defence structures from the different points of view . to provide validated an…
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coconet project full title :
towards coast to coast networks of marine protected areas ( from the shore to the high and deep sea ) , coupled with sea - based wind energy potential .
taxonomic revision of the genus paramunida baba , 1988 ( crustacea : decapoda : galatheidae ) : a morpholo . . .
the genus paramunida belongs to the family galatheidae , one of the most species rich families among anomuran decapod crustaceans . in spite of the genus has received substantial taxonomic attention , subtle morphological variations observed in numerous samples suggest the existence of undescribed species . the examination of many specimens collected during recent expeditions and morphological and . . . [ show full abstract ]
morphological and molecular description of new species of squat lobster ( crustacea : decapoda : galath . . .
the family galatheidae is among the most diverse families of anomuran decapod crustaceans , and the south - west pacific is a biodiversity hot spot for these squat lobsters . attempts to clarify the taxonomic and evolutionary relationships of the galatheidae on the basis of morphological and molecular data have revealed the existence of several cryptic species , differentiated only by subtle . . . [ show full abstract ]
deep under the sea : unraveling the evolutionary history of the deep - sea squat lobster paramunida ( de . . .
the diversification of indo - pacific marine fauna has long captivated the attention of evolutionary biologists . previous studies have mainly focused on coral reef or shallow water - associated taxa . here , we present the first attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history - - phylogeny , diversification , and biogeography - - of a deep - water lineage . we sequenced the molecular markers 16s , coi , nd1 , . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new species of paramunida baba , 1988 from the central pacific ocean and a new genus to accommodate . . .
the genus paramunida belongs to the most diverse family of galatheoids and it is commonly reported from the continental slope across the indian and pacific oceans . examination of material collected by the noaa rv townsend cromwell cruise near christmas ( kiritimati ) island , kiribati , revealed the existence of a new species of paramunida ( p . haigae ) , which represents the fourth record of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
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( jl ) department of biological sciences , florida institute of technology , 150 w . university boulevard , melbourne , florida 32901 , u . s . a .
( alr ) department of biological sciences , florida institute of technology , 150 w . university boulevard , melbourne , florida 32901 , u . s . a .
ricardo calado , junda lin , andrew l . rhyne , ricardo araújo , luís narciso ; marine ornamental decapods—popular , pricey , and poorly studied , journal of crustacean biology , volume 23 , issue 4 , 1 december 2003 , pages 963–973 , urltoken
the objective of the present work is to present a list of decapod crustaceans currently traded in the marine aquarium industry , highlighting possible ecological impacts of their harvest from the wild , and the main bottlenecks impairing the commercial culture of these species . possible management and conservation guidelines to preserve these highly priced marine resources are also suggested .
in order to evaluate the number of decapod species currently traded in the marine aquarium industry , monthly surveys were conducted year round during 2002 . information was gathered from eight portuguese aquarium retail stores , seven virtual pet stores on the world wide web ( one portuguese , one german , one british , and four north american ) , and two marine aquarium hobby magazines ( tropical fish hobbyist and marine and freshwater aquarium ) . this preliminary list was complemented with the marine ornamental decapod species listed in debelius ( 1984 ) , baensch and debelius ( 1994 ) , fosså and nielsen ( 2000 ) , dakin ( 2001 ) , fenner ( 2001 ) , and sprung ( 2001 ) . in addition , several decapod species from european warm temperate and subtropical waters were included , because recent studies have revealed the potential use of such species in the marine aquarium trade .
the average unitary retail value of the most heavily traded ornamental decapods was estimated based on the prices presented by virtual pet stores on the world wide web .
species were grouped according to the classification proposed by martin and davis ( 2001 ) .
the most heavily traded marine tropical decapods , as well as potential ornamental species from european warm temperate and subtropical waters , are listed in tables 1 – 4 .
distribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental stenopodidean shrimp and lobsters in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .
distribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental squat lobsters and anomuran crabs in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .
distribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental brachyuran crabs in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .
caridean shrimp species ( 49 ) clearly outnumber other decapod groups , with the hippolytidae family alone accounting for 15 species . anomuran and brachyuran crabs are the next two most traded groups , with 32 and 27 species respectively . diogenid hermits clearly are the most popular anomuran species ( 20 species ) . the pricey stenopodidean shrimp , astacidea , and palinura lobsters are represented by a considerably lower number of species ( 7 , 7 , and 6 species , respectively ) ( fig . 1 ) .
number of marine decapod crustacean species , per infraorder and family , traded in the marine aquarium industry ( including decapod crustacean species occurring in european warm temperate and subtropical waters ) .
for the majority of species , larval development is either unknown or partially described ( tables 1 – 4 ) . even for the best - studied group , the brachyuran crabs ( particularly majids ) , information on larval development only exists for a reduced number of species ( table 4 ) .
several ornamental decapod groups , especially caridean shrimp , display associative behaviour , either with invertebrate or vertebrate organisms ( tables 1 – 4 ) . certain caridean and stenopodidean shrimp are believed to be fish cleaners ( e . g . , lysmata amboinensis , l . debelius , l . grabhami , and stenopus hispidus ) , whereas alpheus and periclimenes are known to live in close association with fish and invertebrates , respectively .
suitable commercial culture techniques for marine ornamental decapods are still far from being established . caridean and stenopodidean shrimp species have the highest number of established culture methodologies for traded species ( 10 % and 14 % , respectively ) or for which culture methodologies are now being developed ( 43 % and 12 % , respectively ) . no study has addressed the culture of ornamental palinurid lobsters or anomuran crabs at a commercial level ( fig . 2 ) .
number of traded ornamental stenopodidean , caridean , astacidian , palinurid , anomuran , and brachyuran decapod crustaceans ( including decapod crustacean species occurring in european warm temperate and subtropical waters ) and status of the commercial culture techniques ( % ) ( established , e ; being developed , bd ; not addressed , na ) .
though some brachyuran and anomuran crabs also attain high market values ( e . g . , lybia tessalata ( latreille , 1812 ) , percnon gibbesi ( h . milne edwards , 1853 ) , and manucomplanus varians ( benedict , 1892 ) ) , lobsters and caridean and stenopodidean shrimp are the groups commanding the highest market prices ( table 5 ) . the high prices of certain paired specimens ( e . g . , hymenocera and stenopus ) is a consequence of their agonistic responses towards conspecifics of the same sex .
average commercial value ( u . s . dollars per specimen ) of some popular and highly priced marine ornamental decapod crustaceans .
important bottlenecks impairing ornamental decapod culture ( namely larviculture and broodstock maintenance ) have been partially overcome in recent years ( calado et al . , 2003 ) . however , research efforts are still being focused on a very small number of traded species of the genus lysmata , stenopus , and hymenocera .
rearing systems used to culture frail palinurid and scyllarid larvae ( illingworth et al . , 1997 ; kittaka , 1997b ; ritar , 2001 ) appear to be suitable for the culture of other decapod larvae . the system developed by calado et al . ( 2003 ) , inspired by greve ' s ( 1968 ) “planktonkreisel” and other larval spiny lobster culture systems , has proven to be suitable to raise caridean , stenopodidean , brachyuran , anomuran , and lobster larvae . in addition , this system allows larvae to be fed with nutritional prey ( while assuring good water quality ) , to test settlement cues ( by placing adult specimens or host organisms in the system head - tank ) , and to provide suitable settlement surfaces for late - stage larvae .
though cyanide use for ornamental fish collection is now a widespread practice in the major marine ornamental exporting countries in southeast asia ( jones and steven , 1997 ) , the physiological effects of this asphyxiant in decapod crustaceans and other invertebrate organisms in coral reefs are still unknown .
the only suitable way to achieve a sustainable management of the collection of marine ornamental decapods , while continuing to solve the bottlenecks impairing these species ' culture , is to promote a multidisciplinary cooperation between researchers working on larval biology , population dynamics , ecology , aquaculture , and fisheries .
the authors thank fundação para a ciência e a tecnologia ( scholarship sfrh / bd / 983 / 2000 and research project pocti / bse / 43340 / 2001 ) from the portuguese government for the financial support . we thank joana figueiredo and lueji pestana for their comments on the manuscript . we express our sincere gratitude to paul f . clark from the natural history museum , london , and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments on the manuscript . we thank martin a . moe , jr . , of green turtle publications , for making available to us his report “culture of marine ornamentals : for love , for money , and for science” during the marine ornamentals 2001 meeting .
phyllosoma larvae and phylogeny of palinuroidea ( crustacea : decapoda ) : a review .
later stage larvae of panulirus guttatus ( latreille , 1804 ) ( decapoda , palinuridae ) with notes on the identification of phyllosomata of panulirus in the caribbean sea .
the influence of shell type on hermit crab growth rate and clutch size ( decapoda , anomura ) .
the effects of shell size and shape on growth and form in the hermit crab pagurus longicarpus .
puerulus of the spiny lobster panulirus guttatus ( latreille , 1804 ) ( palinuridae ) .
the complete larval development of coenobita compressus ( crustacea : decapoda : coenobitidae ) , reared in the laboratory .
tracking the trade in ornamental coral reef organisms : the importance of cites and its limitations .
larval development of the mediterranean cleaner shrimp lysmata seticaudata ( risso , 1816 ) ( caridea ; hippolytidae ) fed on different diets : costs and benefits of mark - time molting .
on the first phyllosoma stage of parribacus caledonicus holthuis , 1960 , scyllarides squamosus ( h . milne - edwards , 1837 ) and arctides regalis holthuis , 1963 ( crustacea , decapoda , scyllaridae ) from new caledonia .
the larval development of pagurus prideauxi leach , 1814 , under laboratory conditions ( decapoda paguridea ) .
components of reproductive effort and delay of larval metamorphosis in tropical marine shrimp ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea and stenopodidea ) .
larvae of decapod crustacea . part i . stenopidae . part ii . amphionidae . part iii . phyllosoma .
larval development and delayed metamorphosis in the hermit crab clibanarius erythropus ( latreille ) ( crustacea , diogenidae ) .
delayed metamorphosis in florida hermit crabs : multiple cues and constraints ( crustacea : decapoda : paguridae and diogenidae ) .
larval and post - larval development of the slender legged spider crab , macropodia rostrata ( linnaeus ) ( oxyrhyncha : majidae : inachinae ) , reared in the laboratory .
on palinurid and scyllarid lobster larvae and their distribution in the south china sea ( decapoda , palinuridae ) .
associative behaviour of the fish cryptocentrus cryptocentrus ( gobiidae ) and the pistol shrimp alpheus djiboutensis ( alpheidae ) in artificial burrows .
culture of larval spiny lobsters : a review of work done in northern japan .
larval development of the snapping shrimp alpheus heterochelis say , reared in the laboratory .
cleaning of fish ectoparasites by a palaemonidae shrimp on soft bottoms in new caledonia .
contribution a l ' étude du développement larvaire de clibanarius erythropus ( latreille ) ( crustacé decapode anomure diogénidé ) .
the puerulus of the spotted spiny lobster , panulirus guttatus ( latreille 1804 ) ( crustacea : decapoda ) .
note sur les puerulus de palinuridae et les larves phyllosomes de panulirus homarus ( l . ) . clef de détermination des larves phyllosomes récoltêes dans le pacifique équatorial et sud - tropical ( décapodes ) .
complete larval development of the spider crab stenorhynchus lanceolatus ( brullé , 1837 ) ( decapoda , brachyura , majidae ) , reared in the laboratory .
the larval and post - larval development of percnon gibbesi ( crustacea , brachyura , grapsidae ) and the identity of the larval genus pluteocaris .
larvae of decapod crustacea of the families diogenidae and paguridae from the bay of naples .
the larval development of the tropical land hermit coenobita clypeatus ( herbst ) in the laboratory .
the larval development of calcinus tibicen ( herbst ) ( crustacea , anomura ) in the laboratory .
the complete larval development of the west indian hermit crab petrochirus diogenes ( l . ) ( decapoda , diogenidae ) reared in the laboratory .
the larval development of the west indian sponge crab dromidia antillensis ( decapoda : dromiidae ) .
the larval development of the sponge crab dromia personata ( l . ) ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) reared in the laboratory .
the experimental culture of phyllosoma larvae of southern rock lobster ( jasus edwardsii ) in a flow - through system .
phyllosoma larvae of a palinurid lobster , justitia longimana ( h . milne edwards ) , from the western atlantic .
larval and postlarval development of pisa tetraodon ( pennant , 1777 ) ( decapoda , majidea ) reared in the laboratory .
description of some planktonic larval stages of stenopus spinosus risso , 1826 : notes on the genus and systematic position of the stenopodidea as revealed by larval characters .
the phyllosoma larvae of the spiny lobster palinurellus gundlachi von martens ( decapoda , palinuridae ) .
l ' étoile de mer “couronne d ' épines” ( acanthaster ) et les récifs de la grande barrière .
early growth and mortality of the caribbean king crab mithrax spinosissimus reared in the laboratory .
studies on decapod crustacea from the indian river region of florida . xiii . larval development under laboratory conditions of the spider crab mithrax forceps ( a . milne - edwards , 1875 ) ( brachyura : majidae ) .
quantifying hermit crab recuitment rates and megalopal shell selection on a wave - swept shore .
larval development of lysmata amboinensis ( de man , 1888 ) ( decapoda : hippolytidae ) reared in the laboratory with a note on l . debelius ( bruce , 1983 ) .
studies on the interspecific relationship between gobbid fish and snapping shrimp . ii . life history and pair formation of snapping shrimp alpheus bellulus .
the early zoeal stages of alpheus heeia banner & banner , 1975 reared in the laboratory ( decapoda , caridea , alpheidae ) .
studies on the western atlantic arrow crab genus stenorhynchus ( decapoa , brachyura , majidae ) . i . larval characters of two species and comparison with other larvae of inachinae .
larviculture and effect of food on larval survival and development in golden coral shrimp stenopus scutellatus .
effects of food and temperature on survival and development in the peppermint shrimp lysmata wurdemanni .
mating behavior and spawning of the banded coral shrimp stenopus hispidus in the laboratory .
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srilanka in stock [ archive ] - gta aquaria forum - aquarium fish & plants serving the greater toronto area .
gta aquaria forum - aquarium fish & plants serving the greater toronto area . > vendors > aquatic kingdom > srilanka in stock
: ( was there 2 days ago . it was my first time going there and their corals were beautiful . also saw the stingray being feed : )
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