palace malice ( foaled may 2 , 2010 ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2013 belmont stakes .

after winning one minor race as a two-year-old he made steady improvement in the early part of 2013 , being placed in the risen star stakes and blue grass stakes and running prominently in the kentucky derby before winning the belmont stakes , and the 2014 metropolitan handicap .

he went on to win the jim dandy stakes and finish second against older horses in the jockey club gold cup .

as a four-year-old in 2014 he won his first four races including the gulfstream park handicap , new orleans handicap and metropolitan handicap .

after two races in 2015 , he was retired as a five-year-old and sent to stand at stud at three chimneys farm .

palace malice

palace malice ( curlin–palace rumor , by royal anthem ) , who carried the silks of cot campbell and . . .
palace malice fans everywhere felt a sudden burst of adrenaline when today’s press release from dogwood hit the presses . the announcement of the sale of 50 percent of palace malice to
; orb , 15 ; palace malice , 1 ; goldencents , 1 ; verrazano , 1 .
palace malice upsets the preakness and derby winners and takes the last leg of the 2013 triple crown .
the complete story of palace rumor and background of the palace malice purchase can be found here . it is a case of fact being stranger than fiction . urltoken
it is with great disappointment that we announce the retirement of palace malice ,
said dogwood . . .
leading saratoga trainer todd pletcher , who conditions verrazano and palace malice , had no excuses for the favorite . but he did mention a slow break as the excuse for dogwood ' s palace malice under hall of fame jockey mike smith .
at the end of the day , the biggest strength from palace malice ' s pedigree unsurprisingly comes from the sire .
palace malice overtakes oxbow to capture belmont stakes palace malice outdueled preakness winner oxbow down the stretch and went on to win the 145th running of the belmont stakes in an upset on saturday at belmont park . check out this story on urltoken urltoken
oxbow took the lead with a half - mile to go . but smith had palace malice moving with him , the two in tandem around the far turn . palace malice took command rounding for home , but oxbow did not capitulate easily .
same can be said for palace malice …the belmont was his first win all year long and just the second in his career .
palace malice justified the high opinion pletcher has had of the colt since last summer , when he considered the son of curlin perhaps his best 2 - year - old . yet coming into the belmont , palace malice had only a maiden victory on his record .
palace malice comes from curlin ' s first crop , which only solidifies this pedigree as a top - notch one in the sport .
palace malice and archwarrior , who both broke their maidens at saratoga , are both scheduled for breezes next week at palm meadows . palace malice , who came up with sore shins after impressively winning on august 4 , is being pointed to an allowance race in february .
palace malice was a popular sleeper pick to perform well at the derby , but a 12th - place finish didn’t meet those expectations .
palace malice proved best when drawing well clear of 11 - 10 favorite normandy invasion down the long fair grounds race course stretch . . .
palace malice has turf routing attributes in his female family and springs from the same line as the most famous belmont stakes winner in history .
as ' malice at the palace ' brawl turns 10 , impact lasts wednesday , nov . 19 , is the 10 - year anniversary of the malice at the palace when players and fans fought during an indiana pacers - detroit pistons game . check out this story on urltoken urltoken
for now , palace malice , trained by todd pletcher , will battle with his old rival in the 1 , 800 - metre event .
in the louisiana derby , palace malice had nowhere to run , getting clear in midstretch when it was way too late and coming in seventh .
it ' s no surprise that palace malice comes from sire curlin , one of the most famous colts of the new age of horse racing .
palace malice’s running style may make that task extremely difficult on the long track as well . a horse that loves to race just off the pace in a stalking position , palace malice’s endurance will be tested , especially down the stretch when he may potentially have to overcome tremendous sprinters in orb and oxbow .
starting the race on the 12th post , palace malice faced the tricky proposition of trying to find inside position . smith , a hall of fame jockey , inched his horse ever so slowly on the inside early in the race , guiding palace malice with the level of comfort you only see from the best .
if any horse is going to derail palace malice , will take charge is the right horse to do so . photo : will take charge , trixie hammer
palace malice ’s season hit the top level when he came with a late run to steal the grade 1 metropolitan handicap at belmont in june under velazquez .
palace malice is a three - year - old colt by two - time horse of the year curlin out of a royal anthem mare ( palace rumor ) , trained by todd pletcher and ridden by hall of fame jockey mike smith .
palace malice outdueled preakness winner oxbow down the stretch and went on to win the 145th running of the belmont stakes in an upset on saturday at belmont park .
palace malice broke his maiden at belmont park on august 4 , 2012 , the first of curlin ' s offspring in the united states to win a race .
oxbow ( left ) , palace malice ( right ) , and orb all have a shot at this year ' s 3 - year - old eclipse award .
palace malice revenged his sire curlin ' s heartbreaking belmont stakes loss with a decisive , gritty victory over the preakness and kentucky derby heroes . the unheralded palace malice had a simple maiden victory entering the test of champions , although he did fight to a neck defeat in the blue grass stakes and place in three other contests .
winner of the grade 1 metropolitan mile , and three other graded stakes in 2014 , classic winner palace malice is ready to go back in training immediately . . .
palace malice wins the 145th belmont stakes followed by oxbow , winner of the preakness , and orb , winner of the kentucky derby . photograph : al bello / getty images
wednesday , nov . 19 , is the 10 - year anniversary of the malice at the palace when players and fans fought during an indiana pacers - detroit pistons game .
as palace malice was passing oxbow , smith said he heard stevens yell over to him , “go on with it , big boy . you’re going better than me . ”
here is the replay again , watch the last 300 yards or so very carefully . there is not one horse running a step including the winner palace malice . in fact , with about 100 or so yards to go palace malice , to me , looks completely spent , yet no - one could catch him and he wins by open lengths ?
this week ' s spotlight stallion is palace malice , a 6 - year - old son of curlin that will be standing his first season in 2016 at three chimneys farm .
palace malice got his three year old season rolling with a runner - up finish in a gulfstream park allowance sprint . in his two - turn debut in the risen star , palace malice gave a good account of himself . flying wide the whole way , the todd pletcher trainee unleashed his run from eighth place and was up for third money in a blanket finish , beating future preakness winner oxbow by a slender nose . after a jockey change , palace malice had a tough trip in the louisiana derby and finished seventh . he redeemed himself in his first try over the polytrack . looking like a winner in the blue grass stakes , palace malice was headed at the wire by java ' s war .
while orb would ultimately come charging forth , it was too late . this was palace malice ' s day . everyone else—even triple crown race winners—were merely hoping for second place .
palace malice faces a stiff test of his breeders’ cup classic credentials when he tackles will take charge and eight other rivals in the grade 1 whitney handicap at saratoga on saturday .
palace malice won the race with relative comfort , extending his lead to 3 . 25 lengths by the time he crossed the finish line . palace malice finished the race in 2 : 30 . 70 , according to the associated press . that mark is less than a second better than ruler on ice ' s time from a year ago , indicating a relatively slow field thanks to the extremely fast track in elmont , n . y . , on saturday . palace malice recouped a purse of $ 600 , 000 for the victory .
bred in kentucky by w . s . farish out of the royal anthem mare palace rumor , palace malice is undefeated in four starts in 2014 , all of them graded stakes . he earned an automatic berth to the nov . 1 breeders ' cup dirt mile at
palace malice is a dark bay horse with a small star and is 16 hands tall . he was bred in kentucky by w . s . farish . he is from the first crop of foals sired by the 2007 preakness stakes and breeders ' cup classic winner curlin . his dam , palace rumour , won the 2006 audubon oaks and is a half - sister to maya ' s storm and jumpifyoudare . palace malice is her only stakes winner .
a colt from the first crop of classic winner palace malice brought a winning bid of $ 185 , 000 during wednesday ' s session of the 2017 keeneland november sale . . .
palace malice proved his class in the $ 1 . 25 million metropolitan handicap ( gr . i ) at belmont park , winning the second grade i of his career . . .
the horse ' s background boasts enough royalty to show that the belmont stakes victory was no fluke and that palace malice is worthy of being in orb and oxbow ' s company .
2 . palace malice - - i typically value grade 1 wins over anything , but classic wins along with select breeders ' cup races are essentially super grade 1s in an era of too graded races to begin with . that ' s a long - winded way of saying palace malice ' s belmont stakes win means more to me than verrazano ' s wood and haskell combined . palace malice also finished second in the blue grass on polytrack and looked good in the jim dandy . a travers win unquestionably moves him to the head of the class .
palace malice ' s first crop of foals have arrived this spring , with accolades for the offspring of the belmont s . ( g1 ) and metropolitan mile ( g1 ) winner . . .
the rich eisen show hosted former indiana pacers starter stephen jackson . he shared his inside thoughts about one of the most infamous sports moments in us history – the “malice at the palace . ”
much like orb a few weeks ago , very few came in expecting a result of significance from palace malice . the three - year - old colt failed to enter the preakness stakes after a frustrating 12th - place run at the kentucky derby . of the five horses pletcher entered into the field , palace malice was one of the least talked - about—a forgotten member of the fearsome fivesome .
@ dbethbiles : cot campbell said palace malice will miss metropolitan because his
preparation has not been all we wanted .
here is a nice memory of pal and i in aiken over winter .
will take charge has won once this year , at grade 2 level , but finished ahead of palace malice when touched off by the subsequently retired mucho macho man in the classic in santa anita .
palace malice jockey mike smith described the cinematic scene as he caught up to oxbow at the belmont stakes and shared the encouraging words he got from preakness - winning jockey gary stevens in the final stretch .
dogwood stables ' belmont stakes ( gr . i ) winner palace malice proved his class july 27 at saratoga race course , powering to victory in the $ 600 , 000 jim dandy s . . .
palace malice is trained by todd pletcher , who had five different horses in the field . this marks his second belmont win in the past six years , the other being rags to riches in 2007 .
after sprinting twice over the dirt , palace malice ' s dam palace rumor found a home on the lawn , not surprising , as a daughter of royal anthem out of a mare by red ransom . she was a solid turf allowance class runner who won a listed stakes at 1 1 / 16 miles . overall palace rumor collected a 16 - 5 - 1 - 1 ( $ 111 , 833 ) race record . palace malice is his dam ' s second foal to race and the first to earn blacktype . he has a two year old half sister by city zip and a yearling half sibling by mineshaft .
palace malice returned $ 4 . 70 , $ 3 . 70 , and $ 2 . 90 while goldencents paid $ 5 . 80 and $ 4 . 80 . romansh brought $ 7 . 90 , while
all too often , pedigrees get overlooked by bettors in exchange for trainers , jockeys and recent successes . but there ' s no doubting the value of a strong racing background , which palace malice showed saturday .
as expected , the trio of verrazano , orb and palace malice took the majority of the wagering action from the public in the lead to the travers . verrazano went to the post at odds of 8 / 5 , while orb and palace malice pegged at 5 / 2 on the tote board . palace malice broke poorly from the gate and raced at the back of the pack but made a late run to get into the top four inside the final furlong . verrazano tracked the early leaders but faded badly in the stretch , putting into doubt any chances that he ' ll be a serious contender for the breeders ' cup classic .
palace malice is by two - time horse of the year curlin , now emerging as one of america’s most important young sires , and is bred on a very similar cross to hot young sire english channel . ”
palace malice ' s damsire royal anthem was an international turf router , racing against the best of his generation . he earned victories in the grade / group 1 judmonte international , canadian international and gulfstream park breeders ' handicap . he placed behind daylami in the breeders ' cup turf and swain in the king george & queen elizabeth diamond stakes . royal anthem is a young broodmare sire and palace malice is only his second stakes winner .
palace malice , a $ 200 , 000 keeneland 2 - year - old purchase last year , now is 2 - 3 - 1 in eight starts , earning $ 871 , 135 with the $ 600 , 000 payday .
one night turned the 2004 - 05 indiana pacers from a title contender into the most dysfunctional franchise in the nba . ten years later , we check in with the key figures from
the malice at the palace .
palace malice has carved out a career on dirt , but he has the pedigree to be competitive over turf and synthetics , too . remember , sire curlin was second in a grade 1 turf event . additionally , palace malice carries the very classy turf attributes of theatrical and roberto on his distaff side . his sire line of smart strike and deputy minister are also noted for producing champion class turf runners . although palace malice may continue his immediate career on dirt , it would be intriguing to see him face top competition over the lawn and synthetics if he stays in training as a four year old . could the breeders ' cup turf or uae world cup be in his future ?
in order to be assured of getting in the kentucky derby , palace malice ran back two weeks later in keeneland ' s blue grass , finishing second by a neck after jumping tire tracks . hence the blinkers in the derby .
going into the derby , pletcher decided to tinker with the colt ' s equipment . probably not a good idea before the biggest race of the three year old season . after adding blinkers to the colt ' s arsenal , pletcher watched as palace malice set a torrid pace in the derby and faded to a gasping 12 th place . so far , palace malice has a 8 - 2 - 3 - 1 ( $ 871 , 135 ) race record .
it was his first success at grade 1 level and cot campbell , president of dogwood stables , which owns the four - year - old colt , outlined this week that palace malice’s campaign will be geared towards the breeders’ cup .
palace malice finished 1 - 1 / 2 miles in 2 : 30 . 70 , and was able to prevail with a final quarter - mile in 27 . 58 and the last half - mile in a staggering 54 . 23 .
even before palace malice proved a doughty winner of saturday ' s belmont stakes , the last glittering jewel in the us triple crown , the three - race series had provided enough compelling storylines to write something approaching the great american novel .
palace malice took the lead at the quarter pole ( a mile in 1 : 36 . 2 ) and slowly inched away for the conclusive win and paid $ 29 . 60 , $ 11 . 20 , and $ 6 . 70
palace malice is unbeaten in four runs this season and will break from gate 5 under john velazquez as the overwhelming favourite to pick up the lion’s share of the enhanced $ us1 . 5 million ( dh5 . 5 million ) purse .
( curlin – palace rumor , by royal anthem ) was sold for $ 25k at the 2011 keeneland september yearling sale . a year later at the keeneland april 2012 two year olds in training auction , palace malice caught the eye of veteran bloodstock agent cot campbell and as an agent for dogwood stables , he shelled out $ 200k for the chestnut colt .
rounding the turn palace malice shifted gears and found running room between horses , easily clearing the tiring broadway empire on his inside before digging deep to pass goldencents to his outside within the furlong grounds . the 4 - year - old son of
the move was swift , beautiful and everything you ' d expect from a horse with a hall of famer on top . palace malice continued his triumphant speed down the back stretch , opening a gaping lead over the field for the win .
the early pace was , as expected , strong with frac daddy and freedom child contesting the lead for the first half - mile in a swift 46 . 66 seconds , with oxbow sitting in the garden spot as the field entered the backstretch . oxbow took over the lead about midway down the backstretch while freedom child and palace malice remained within striking distance . as the field rolled towards the judge , palace malice assumed command of the race while his rivals spun their wheels in the final furlongs .
the preakness winner soared up to third place , as joel rosario kept orb back—likely conserving energy for a final triumphant push to the front . palace malice was running fifth through the first turn , being taken wide into the corner to avoid the fray .
on june 8 , 2013 , ridden again by smith , started at odds of 13 . 8 / 1 for the belmont stakes . smith tracked across from a wide draw to position the colt behind the leaders as frac daddy set a fast early pace . oxbow went to the front at halfway but the preakness winner was overtaken by palace malice on the turn into the straight . palace malice drew clear in the last quarter mile to win by three and a quarter lengths from oxbow , with orb in third . palace malice prepped for the travers stakes with a run in the jim dandy stakes at saratoga race course on july 27 . starting the 27 / 20 favorite , he took the lead in the straight and won by a length from will take charge .
the blaze - faced chestnut , a son of unbridled ' s song out of multiple grade i winner take charge lady , finished ahead of kentucky derby winner orb , who was third , while belmont stakes and jim dandy stakes winner palace malice ran fourth .
he came up just short against rags to riches in the belmont stakes . otherwise , we ' d be talking about palace malice channeling some of his sire ' s belmont glory and curlin being two places in the kentucky derby away from a triple crown .
called
the best horse in america
after capturing four graded stakes in a row in 2014 , including the stallion - making met mile , palace malice will stand the upcoming breeding season at three chimneys farm . palace malice is the leading earner of 2 - time horse of the year curlin , and retires with career earnings of $ 2 , 691 , 135 , scoring the rare combination of wins in the grade 1 belmont stakes and the grade 1 metropolitan hcp , where he ran 3 / 5ths off the stakes record defeating goldencents , a 2 - time grade 1 breeders ' cup mile winner . in four years , palace malice started 19 times , with seven wins including a trio of grade 2 ' s – the jim dandy stakes , the gulfstream park handicap and the new orleans handicap ; as well as a victory in the grade 3 westchester stakes . ranked atop the handicap division for the better part of his four year old season , palace malice owns the highest beyer speed figure up to a mile in 2014 .
clearly one of the best horses in the nation this year , palace malice has won 7 - of - 17 lifetime starts in his three year career to date . among his six graded stakes , he holds the unique distinction of winning two of america’s most prestigious races at decidedly different distances . in fact by winning the 12 - furlong belmont stakes and the one - turn met mile , palace malice accomplished something that no other horse has been able to do in more than 30 years by completing the prestigious new york double .
dogwood stable ' s palace malice , on the shelf since an even sixth - place finish in the 2013 breeders ' cup classic ( gr . i ) , showed no signs of rust with a gritty victory in the $ 250 , 000 gulfstream park h . . .
orb , oxbow , and palace malice made this the 17th time in the last 40 years that the derby , preakness , and belmont produced different winners . in those 16 previous instances , the 3 - year - old title went one of four ways with nearly identical frequency .
palace malice , held off late surges from golden ticket , and uncaptured , to open up his 2014 handicap season with a win in the $ 250 , 000 , gii gulfstream park hcp . , for 4yo’s and up , at 1 mile , winning by just a head .
was the just part of the news , but the really exciting part of the deal is that it opened the door for his return to racing next year . three chimneys’ interest in racing palace malice in partnership with dogwood next year intrigued the man behind dogwood , cot campbell .
palace malice is a member of lowes ' female family 2 - s . the most notable and only member of the family to win the belmont stakes is secretariat . the two distaff lines diverged in way back in the late 1800 ' s from two half sisters borne of tasmania .
palace malice , at 8 / 5 , winner of the gii jim dandy and gi belmont stakes in 2013 opened 2014 with a very tight win in the gii gulfstream park hcp . over the always solid golden ticket . this one does his best running when stalking an early pace .
1 ) palace malice – has a change of tactics and rated off the very quick early pace . he took command at the quarter pole and , albeit clearly exhausted at the end , ( he ran the final quarter in a very pedestrian like : 27 . 3 ) he won convincingly .
winstar and stonestreet sent carpe diem to seven - time eclipse award winner todd pletcher , who won the kentucky derby with the aforementioned super saver . pletcher also won the belmont stakes in 2007 with rags to riches and in 2013 with palace malice . pletcher ist he dominant trainer of the last decade .
palace malice , the unexpected early leader of the kentucky derby five weeks ago before fading in the stretch , rallied three wide of the far turn and pulled away from his rivals to win the belmont stakes over preakness winner oxbow and kentucky derby winner orb . long shot incognito rounded out the superfecta .
smart strike crossed very well with mares by wild again ( by northern dancer’s three - quarters relative , icecapade ) , and curlin has stakes winner stopshoppingdebbie out of a mare by that horse . palace malice could also be tried with mares by wild again sons , such as wild rush or milwaukee brew .
palace malice flashed talent early in his racing career , breaking his maiden as a 2 - year - old at saratoga . the bay colt blossomed as a 3 - year - old , finishing second in the g1 toyota blue grass stakes before going on to capture the g1 belmont and g2 jim dandy .
palace malice continued to improve as he got older , and had his best season as a 4 - year - old , winning four of five starts – all graded stakes – including the g1 metropolitan handicap , g2 gulfstream park h . , g2 new orleans h . , and the g3 westchester stakes .
this entry was posted in in the stud and tagged belmont stakes , cot campbell , curlin , dogwood stable , first - year stallion , horse racing , in the stud , kentucky equine research , palace malice , thoroughbred , three chimneys farm , todd pletcher by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .
palace malice paid $ 29 . 60 as the seventh choice in the field of 14 . he also was the third choice among pletcher ' s record five horses , the others finishing fifth ( revolutionary ) , sixth ( the filly unlimited budget ) , seventh ( overanalyze ) and 12th ( midnight taboo ) .
we interviewed as many of the participants and witnesses as we could from that night for this oral history — everyone below is listed with his or her job title on november 19 , 2004 . or , as the most infamous night in nba history would come to be known , “the malice at the palace . ”
palace malice ( usa ) b . c , 2010 { 2 - s } dp = 4 - 5 - 11 - 0 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 2 . 64 cd = 0 . 65 - 19 starts , 7 wins , 4 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 2 , 691 , 135
palace rumor is a half sister to two multiple stakes winning dirt sprinters , maya ' s storm ( by stormy atlantic ) and jumpifyoudare ( by jump start ) . palace malice ' s second dam whisperifyoudare didn ' t earn any blacktype and scored two wins from ten starts . her half sister sweet trip is the dam of multiple stakes winning veteran rail trip , winner of the hollywood gold cup ( g - 1 ) and earner of over $ 1 . 5 million dollars .
palace malice , with trainer todd pletcher adding blinkers to keep the colt from looking around , unexpectedly bolted to a sizzling pace in the derby before tiring to 12th , 13 lengths behind orb . though there might not have been much he could have done that day , the belmont proved a do - over for mike smith .
leaving the kentucky derby and preakness race winners in the dust , 15 - 1 underdog palace malice , via bovada , gave this triple crown season its third different champion in saturday ' s race at belmont park . this is the sixth time in the last eight years that the triple crown has been a three - way split .
if you were quick to write off palace malice ' s chances in the 2013 belmont stakes , take a seat with the rest of the horse racing world . the colt with 15 - 1 odds took the 145th running in stunning fashion , but upon a closer look at the horse ' s pedigree , the win was no fluke .
i hope everyone has had the opportunity recently to read the story of the dam , palace rumor , and the storm that destroyed barns at ellis park years ago .
in the end , the race had a lop - sided feel to it . only a small number of horses managed to get into contention , and it was jockey mike smith aboard palace malice who stormed to victory . attached like a barnacle to the leading group , palace malice was sent to the front at the top of belmont ' s unnervingly elongated stretch , never to be caught . oxbow won the personal grudge match between the two other classic winners by finishing second . after sitting close to the pace , oxbow stuck on admirably to the task , beaten 3 ¼ lengths . orb , in his customary early position casually watching events unfold from the rear , stayed on for third .
it ' s no secret that palace malice gets a unique stamina advantage from his sire , who won a total of five races at the 1 1 / 4 - mile distance . stamina is usually the first thing experts look at when examining a horse ' s pedigree , due to the rigorous and extensive distance of each of the triple crown legs .
in the 145 th edition of the belmont stakes , palace malice ' s final time of 2 : 30 . 70 for 1 ½ miles is comparable to the last three belmont stakes results of union rags ( 2 : 30 . 42 ) ruler on ice ( 2 : 30 . 88 – sloppy ) and drosselmeyer ( 2 : 31 . 57 ) .
when he comes out of a race finishing second , he almost always comes back to win his next race . he did this in the jim dandy / travers , the classic / clark , the santa anita handicap / oaklawn handicap . if any horse is going to derail palace malice , i think will take charge is the right horse to do so .
o’neal said he learned of this in his court cases . the detroit news reported in 2005 , “one fan who filed a federal suit against the pacers and two players for assault had a history of alleged incidents at the palace . he threatened to pour a drink on houston rockets star yao ming at a game earlier in november . that fan , charlie haddad , was banned dec . 2 from the palace . he was confronted at half - time during the nov . 19 game with the pacers by palace security officials . ”
most say that this year is the year for palace malice , and i have a hard time arguing with perfection . this is by far his toughest challenge yet this year . just this year , he has beaten four of the eight other horses in this race . last out , he stole the met mile from grade one winner and breeders’ cup champion goldencents . this whitney is well within the scope for palace malice , as we have seen , he has almost no distance limitations . he won the belmont stakes last year , over oxbow and orb , the other two triple crown race winners . he has really figured this whole winning thing out , and i think the connections have really figured him out as well .
palace malice is a valuable addition to the strengthening roster at three chimneys , as he possesses a superb physical to go along with an amazing body of work as a racehorse . he sprinted at two , went the classic distance at three , and showed off his miler versatility at four . this season didn ' t work out due to nagging injury , but his legacy as a racehorse is secure . the retirement of palace malice also continues the idea of collaboration that is a three chimneys mainstay , in that john malone ' s bridlewood farm will be a cornerstone partner in the horse , and we anticipate that a coalition of shareholder partners will be added over the next month to ensure this extraordinary horse ' s chances to succeed at stud ,
said vice chair of the three chimneys ' board , doug cauthen .
palace malice has the sire power , the looks , and the backing to be a commercial success as well as to become an important stallion , and we look forward to showing him during the september sales
added grant williamson , director of stallion nominations and sales at three chimneys .
on november 19th , 2004 , at the end of a blowout between the indiana pacers and detroit pistons , the unthinkable happened . a skirmish on the floor between ron artest and ben wallace carried over into the stands . what followed was arguably the ugliest incident in sports history as fans and players traded punches in what was ultimately known as ‘the malice at the palace . ’
well , it was redemption all right . but it was for dogwood stable ' s palace malice , who saturday stalked a stern pace to beat gritty preakness winner oxbow by 3 - 1 / 4 lengths at belmont park . orb finished another 1 - 3 / 4 lengths back in third as the only horse to significantly rally over a surface where speed was doing very well .
with victories in the belmont stakes ( gr . i ) – in which he defeated the winners of the kentucky derby ( gr . i ) and preakness stakes ( gr . i ) – and metropolitan handicap ( gr . i ) among his six graded stakes triumphs , palace malice has strong claims to be regarded as the most versatile top level dirt performer of his crop .
palace malice ' s win justified pletcher ' s decision to sit out the preakness . it was a third win in a triple crown race for the trainer – some way compensating for this year ' s annual derby drubbing . both orb and oxbow garlanded themselves with honor , in doing so , elevating the overall cache of this year ' s stock of three - year olds .
olko : i was on vacation in california . my phone started ringing off the hook . both friends and family members were calling . “turn on your tv . there’s something happening at the palace . ” so of course i turned on my tv and got back on the phone to call my deputy police chief — he was speeding and said , “i’m not at the palace yet . i’m almost there . i’ll call in a couple of minutes . ” because the palace is such a safe venue , we only [ had ] a handful of officers there .
the preakness winner and freedom child paced the field for a bit from there , taking their lead into the far turn with a few lengths working to their advantage . however , by midway through the turn , it became abundantly clear that palace malice would be charging to the front . smith worked his horse around oxbow , putting a stranglehold on the race that he would not relinquish .
and then , in a matter of minutes , that all went away .
the malice at the palace ,
as it ' s commonly known now , effectively broke up the 2004 - 05 pacers before they could ever really accomplish anything . on nov . 19 , 2004 , indiana ' s trajectory as a franchise was altered unlike anything we had ever seen before , or even since .
while palace malice was trying to work his way to the inside , the starting gun opened with frac daddy bolting immediately to the front of the field , with freedom child nipping close at his heels . by the time they got through the first turn of the mile - and - a - half track , frac daddy continued to hold court while oxbow made his initial push to the front .
long shot palace malice emerged as the hero of todd pletcher ' s record five starters in the 145th running of the grade 1 , $ 1 million belmont stakes , charging through the stretch to a 3 ¼ - length victory over preakness winner oxbow , with kentucky derby winner and 2 - 1 favorite orb finishing third in the 1 ½ - mile
test of the champion
at belmont park .
with jockey luis saez in the irons for the first time , will take charge was sent off at 9 - 1 after a runner - up finish one length behind palace malice in the july 27 jim dandy . winner of the rebel stakes at oaklawn park earlier in the season , when he finished ahead of oxbow , the big colt competed in all three triple crown races but never hit the board .
final time for the 1 ¼ - mile event was 2 : 02 . 68 on a fast track . the winner paid $ 21 . 20 , $ 8 . 60 , and $ 5 . 20 , while moreno returned $ 25 . 40 and $ 9 . 80 , and orb bringing $ 4 . 30 . behind palace malice came romansh , war dancer , verrazano , golden soul , and transparent .
“palace malice will be examined by a panel of vets on november 15 and if he is 100 percent racing sound to the satisfaction of three chimneys and dogwood , he will be shipped to dogwood’s barn in aiken , south carolina , and prepared for another campaign with todd pletcher , his trainer throughout his career , ” campbell said . “upon retirement from racing , three chimneys will acquire full ownership of the horse . ”
stephen jackson , jermaine o’neal and the aforementioned ron artest served lengthy suspensions and paid hefty fines as a result of the incident . several fans received probation , community service and were banned from the palace for life .
palace malice wrestled the lead away from oxbow at the top of the stretch and went on to win horse racing’s third jewel of the triple crown series , the 2013 belmont stakes , by 3 ¼ lengths in elmont , ny this past saturday . oxbow , the 2013 preakness winner , stayed on well to hold second while 2013 kentucky derby winner orb , who unleashed a powerful rally on the turn but flattened out late , finished third .
will take charge , second in the jim dandy in late july , surged at long - time leader moreno in the shadow of the wire to win the grade 1 travers stakes at saratoga . kentucky derby winner orb made a big move on the far turn and looked poised to take command of the race at the top of the stretch but could never get by moreno . orb faded to third at the wire , holding off palace malice in a photo .
palace malice is out of mare from the male line of nureyev , a three - quarters brother to sadler’s wells . combining nureyev and sadler’s wells has often worked well , and the similarly - bred english channel has sired multiple graded stakes winner channel lady out of a mare by sadler’s wells son , king of kings . other sources of sadler’s wells in the u . s . include el prado , medaglia d’oro , kitten’s joy , artie schiller and horse chestnut .
one of those two scenarios is very likely to play out the remainder of the year . if one of the grade 1 winners entered in this year ' s travers ( orb , palace malice , and verrazano ) were to win the race , then he would unquestionably be the leader in the three - year - old division , and it would take a curlin - like run at the end of the year for either of the also rans to catch up .
indianapolis — the cup of liquid flew out of the stands at the palace of auburn hills and splattered on ron artest , prompting the ugliest melee ever seen on an nba court and sending the indiana pacers into full crisis mode .
grade 1 winner golden ticket finished a close second in the alysheba and merits respect for trainer kenny mcpeek in this spot . the hard - trying horse just missed against palace malice earlier this season , recording a neck second in the gulfstream park h . , and the five - year - old owns a 7 - 1 - 4 - 0 under the twin spires . julien leparoux picks up the mount on the son of speightstown and golden tickets will tote 117 pounds .
auburn hills police chief doreen e . olko : we have zillions of security plans for the palace , for all kinds of things . but none included a player going up in the stands . that just is not something anybody foresaw .
mike said palace malice missed the break ,
pletcher said .
he slipped behind and dropped way back , not his characteristic spot . mike thought he was much the best ; the break killed him . it ' s horse racing . it happens every day , every race , 14 times a day sometimes . we would have liked to have won it , but we ' ve had a great meet and we ' re not going to cry about it . we ' ll regroup and try again .
mapping out the right path to the breeder’s cup is the ultimate goal for most trainers and owners of major race horses . along with the donn handicap at gulfstream park and the santa anita handicap , the new orleans handicap is a key early season destination for horsemen eager to knock off the winter layoff rust from their charges and get them back to competing for major , graded stakes purse money . palace malice followed up his scintillating 2014 score with an impressive win in the prestigious metropolitan mile on the belmont stakes undercard .
john green ( the fan who lobbed a drink at artest ) : i never intended to hit anyone . the day i threw the cup i forgot about the laws of physics . i hope that no one ever throws anything at the palace again . 11
• palace malice , a 2yo colt who made his mark at the prestigious saratoga meet . the heavily backed colt lived up to his 1 - 5 odds in an $ 80 , 000 msw , rallying powerfully to a 3 1 / 2 - length victory . bred by lane’s end’s will farish and trained by todd pletcher for dogwood stable , the $ 200 , 000 keeapr graduate had earned a gaudy 102 bris figure running second to the highly regarded carried interest on debut at belmont july 5 . “he is the only curlin that we have , and we are very fond of this colt , ” said pletcher of palace malice . “we expected him to run well like he did first time out and maybe improve , but you never take anything for granted in this business . he’s still learning , and we were happy to see him win like this . it’s exciting to see a colt that is bred the way he is to show the kind of speed that he has , and you would think he would only improve as the distances stretch out . ”
broadway empire , at 57 - 1 , struck out for the early lead in the met mile and was tracked with about a one - length advantage by goldencents , making his first start of the year . a quarter went in : 23 . 01 and a half in : 45 . 76 while 124 - pound highweight palace malice , getting the rail trip from post 1 under hall of fame jockey john velazquez , moved up from seventh place to third or fourth as romansh made his outside move in pursuit of goldencents and the leader .
field , i see a grade one horse in each horse , no matter if they have achieved a grade one win or not . this is probably the best whitney field i have ever seen ! we have three - year - old champion will take charge , and 2013 belmont winner palace malice , who is undefeated this season . there is the veteran in prayer for relief , who won three derbies in 2011 . romansh , who captured the 2014 excelsior ( g3 ) at aqueduct , and moreno , who played bridesmaid all last year . this field is amazing !
although he ' s an early may foal , palace malice flashed talent early . he received a ton of experience in his debut in early july , sitting on the rail behind the dueling pace setters , then slipping between horses to fight it out to the wire . he was beaten only a half length , but distanced the third place horse by over six lengths . in his second start , the youngster beat a nice group of maidens by 3 ½ lengths . part of the field included hightail , who would go on to win the breeders ' cup juvenile sprint .
in the 2007 derby , street sense beat hard spun and curlin and earned a beyer speed figure of 110 , which has not been matched since in the derby . in the preakness , curlin caught him at the wire and the two earned beyers of 111 . in the belmont , rags to riches held off curlin in a race that earned a 107 with a final quarter in less than 24 seconds . this year , orb’s derby got a 104 , oxbow’s preaknesss a 106 , and palace malice’s belmont , which came home in more than 27 seconds , got a 98 .
this tradition rich race contested at a mile and an eighth at fairgrounds race course in new orleans has been run since 1924 and annually features the best older horses in the country . the $ 500 , 000 purse and late - march timing of the race have made this classic a logical starting point for horsemen looking to campaign their stars in the handicap division . mineshaft won the new orleans handicap during his 2003 horse of the year season and 2013 belmont hero , palace malice , impressed in the 2014 renewal while making the second start of his four year - old season .
the leader of this group as a racehorse , two - time horse of the year , curlin ( smart strike ) sits fifth here . at this stage of his own career , he’d made just two starts ( winning the rebel stakes ( gr . iii ) on the second ) and was about to runaway with the arkansas derby ( gr . ii ) , so it’s very early to pass judgement here . he does have a derby possible in palace malice ( out of a mare by theatrical son , royal anthem ) , who finished third in the risen star stakes ( gr . ii ) , had a horrible trip in the louisiana derby ( gr . ii ) , and will attempt to earn his way into the first classic in the blue grass stakes ( gr . i ) . he’s also had stakes winner countess curlin ( dam by private account ) and the graded stakes placed filly blue violet ( dam by silver deputy , so 3 x 3 to curlin’s broodmare sire , deputy minister ) and english stakes placed filly savanna la mar ( dam by pivotal , so bred on the same broad cross – over nureyev – as palace malice ) .
part of the problem with this pronouncement is the ongoing misuse of the word “champion , ” which in american thoroughbred racing has only one correct meaning : the winner of an eclipse award as the best of his division . orb , oxbow , and palace malice are not champions , though one of them might be by season’s end . ( if you want to blame someone for the devaluation of this word , look no further than the breeders’ cup , which insists on calling the winner of each of its races a champion , as in “breeders’ cup juvenile fillies turf champion . ” )
the belmont stakes champion ' s dam , palace rumor , doesn ' t boast the same resume , but isn ' t half bad , either . she never placed at any of the triple crown legs , but had success in winning the audubon oaks at the famous ellis park in 2006 .
three chimneys , on the other hand , is putting a whole new spin on rushing our best horses off to stud at the drop of a hat . they certainly sweetened the deal , when they opened the door for palace malice to run next year , which helped them win the opportunity to stand the top horse at their farm , but they did more than that . they did something good for the sport of racing , and i think i can speak for millions of race fans everywhere when i say , that i am grateful . grateful for the chance to see more or this . . .


crotalus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found only in the americas from southern canada to northern argentina , colloquially known as rattlesnakes .

the name is derived from the greek word κρόταλον krótalοn , which means " rattle " or " castanet " , and refers to the rattle on the end of the tail which makes this group ( genera crotalus and sistrurus ) so distinctive .

currently , 32 species are recognized .

crotalus

crotalus viridis viridis ( rafinesque 1818 ) crotalinus viridis rafinesque 1818 crotalus viridis viridis — klauber 1936 crotalus viridis viridis — klauber 1952 : 103 crotalus viridis viridis — stebbins 1985 : 231 crotalus viridis viridis — liner 1994 crotalus viridis viridis — conant & collins 1991 : 236 crotalus viridis — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 297 crotalus viridis viridis — tennant & bartlett 2000 : 529 crotalus viridis viridis — ashton et al . 2001 crotalus viridis viridis — campbell & lamar 2004 crotalus viridis — hoser 2009 crotalus viridis — crother et al . 2012 crotalus viridis — wallach et al . 2014 : 196 crotalus viridis — davis et al . 2016 crotalus viridis nuntius klauber 1935 crotalus confluentus nuntius klauber 1935 crotalus viridis nuntius — klauber 1936 crotalus viridis nuntius — stebbins 1985 : 232 crotalus viridis nuntius — crother 2000 : 60 crotalus viridis nuntius — ashton et al . 2001 crotalus viridis nuntius — campbell & lamar 2004 crotalus viridis — beaman & hayes 2008 crotalus viridis nuntius — lillywhite 2014 : 23 crotalus viridis nuntius — davis et al . 2016
5 . blue : crotalus oreganus helleri southern pacific rattlesnake 6 . orange : crotalus oreganus lutosus great basin rattlesnake 7 . red : crotalus oreganus oreganus northern pacific rattlesnake
snake venomics of the central american rattlesnake crotalus simus and the south american crotalus durissus complex points to neurotoxicity as an adaptive paedomorphic trend along crotalus dispersal in south america .
2 . red : crotalus cerastes cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder 3 . orange : crotalus cerastes laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder
snake venomics of the central american rattlesnake crotalus simus and the south american crotalus durissus complex points to neurotoxicity as an ad . . . - pubmed - ncbi
goldberg , s . 1999 . reproduction in the blacktail rattlesnake , crotalus molossus .
notes on identifying subspecies of western rattlesnakes , crotalus oreganus , found in california .
crotalus is available under the mit license . see the license file for more info .
geographic and ontogenic variation in venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) .
phenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) .
click the banners below to learn more about these fascinating members of the genus crotalus .
patrick leary changed the thumbnail image of
file : crotalus . cerastes . jpg
.
mackessy , stephen p . 1991 . literature : venom ontogeny in the pacific rattlesnake crotalus viridis helleri and crotalus viridis oreganus . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 5 ) : 116 - get paper here
aldridge , r . 1979 . female reproductive cycles of the snakes arizona elegans and crotalus viridis .
diller , l . 1990 . a field observation on the feeding behavior of crotalus viridis lutosus .
abby greb added text to
brief summary
on
crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854
.
timber rattlesnakes ( crotalus horridus ) use chemical cues to select ambush sites . - pubmed - ncbi
crotalus is available through cocoapods . to install it , simply add the following line to your podfile :
beaupre , s . 1993 . an ecological study of oxygen - consumption in the mottled rock rattlesnake , crotalus - lepidus - lepidus , and the black - tailed rattlesnake , crotalus - molossus - molossus .
charland , b . 1989 . size and winter survivorship in neonatal western rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .
kento furui added the japanese common name
ヨコバイガラガラヘビ
to
crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854
.
ontogeny of striking , prey - handling and envenomation behavior of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis )
home range and behavior of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus )
by jennifer p . adams
hemorrhagic toxins from rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) venom . pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by three purified toxins .
from crotalus durissus terrificus showed antiviral activity against dengue and yellow fever viruses . toxicon 59 : 507–515 .
means , b . 2009 . effects of rattlesnake roundups on the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) .
graves , b . 1989 . defensive behavior of female prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) changes after parturition .
geographic and ontogenic variation in venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . - pubmed - ncbi
renato agazzi added the italian common name
crotalo ceraste
to
crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854
.
amy chang selected
geographic range
to show in overview on
crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854
.
phenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) . - pubmed - ncbi
macartney , m . 1989 . diet of the northern pacific rattlesnake , crotalus viridis oreganus , in british columbia .
sealy , j . b . 1996 . serpentes : crotalus horridus ( timber rattlesnake ) mating . herpetological review .
ontogeny of striking , prey - handling and envenomation behavior of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis ) - sciencedirect
( crotalus viridis viridis , ) . paper presented at meeting of the animal behavior society , tucson , az .
cameron dl , tu at . characterization of myotoxin a from the venom of prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) .
natureserve explorer , 2004 .
crotalus molossus
( on - line ) . accessed july 06 , 2004 at urltoken .
exploring the venom proteome of the western diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus atrox , via snake venomics and combinatorial peptide ligand library approaches .
macartney , m . , p . gregory . 1988 . reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) in british columbia .
weima , andré 1992 . crotalus durissus vegrandis in captivity . litteratura serpentium 12 ( 5 ) : 81 - 85 - get paper here
widmer , e . 1967 . helminth parasites of the prairie rattlesnake , crotalus viridis rafinesque , 1808 , in weld county , colorado .
petricevich vl , mendonça rz ( 2003 ) inhibitory potential of crotalus durissus terrificus venom on measles virus growth . toxicon 42 : 143–153 .
cosewic . cosewic assessment and status report on the prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis in canada . none . ottawa , canada : cosewic . 2015 .
geographical distribution of crotalus durissus with stomach contents from central region of brazil covering forest formations of amazon and atlantic forest , caatinga and cerrado .
food composition in individual males , females , newborns and juveniles of crotalus durissus from central region of brazil ( n = 30 snakes ) .
s1 text . the concatenation and analysis of mitochondrial dna for the crotalus viridis complex , with best - supported models of sequence evolution provided .
mccranie j r 1993 . crotalus durissus linnaeus , neotropical rattlesnake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles 577 : 1 - 11 - get paper here
crotalus is an convenient and fast approach to create attributedstring in swift . this library is inspired by colorize which is a ruby gem colorize string .
cameron , d . , a . tu . 1977 . characterization of myotoxin a from the venom of prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) .
charland , b . , p . gregory . 1990 . the influence of female reproductive status on thermoregulation in a viviparous snake , crotalus viridis .
duvall , d . , g . shuett . 1997 . straight - line movement and competitive mate searching in prairie rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis viridis .
hayes , w . 1992 . prey - handling and envenomation strategies of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis ) feeding on mice and sparrows .
benício , r . a . 2016 . crotalus durissus ( south american rattlesnake ) arboreal habitat use . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 477 .
mccranie j r 1984 . crotalus vegrandis klauber . uracoan rattlesnake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 350 : 1 - 2 - get paper here
winchell , s . 2007 . klapperschlangen ! die gattung crotalus . reptilia ( münster ) 12 ( 66 ) : 18 - 25 - get paper here
kardong , k . , k . rochelle . 1996 . mechanical damage inflicted by fangs on prey during predatory strikes by rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis oreganus .
sweet , s . 1985 . geographic variation , convergent crypsis and mimicry in gopher snakes ( pituophis melanoleucus ) and western rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .
description of the gamonts of a small species of hepatozoon sp . ( apicomplexa , hepatozoidae ) found in crotalus durissus terrificus ( serpentes , viperidae ) .
echeverrigaray , s . , grazziotin , g . , grazziotin , f . & agostini , g . 2000 . random amplified polymorphisms between two south american subspecies of rattlesnakes ( crotalus durissus collilineatus e crotalus durissus terrificus ) . braz . arch . biol . techn . 313 - 317 . [ links ]
quinn hr . morphology , isozymes , and mitochondrial dna as systematic indicators in crotalus : ph . d . dissertation . university of houston ; 1987 .
latella , ian m . and howard snell . 2015 . geographic distribution : crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) . herpetological review 46 ( 1 ) : 62
warning , nathanial and nora covy . 2016 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) behavior / long distance swimming . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 145
due to some unique rules for the triduum , if you attend triduum liturgies , you may hear one of the rarest of liturgical instruments : the crotalus .
ownby cl , cameron d , tu at . isolation of myotoxic component from rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) venom . electron microscopic analysis of muscle damage .
exploring the venom proteome of the western diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus atrox , via snake venomics and combinatorial peptide ligand library ap . . . - pubmed - ncbi
s1 fig . plots depicting bayesian posterior probabilities that stem from assigning specimens to subspecies under equal prior probabilities in the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) complex .
taylor , nathan caleb and sean p . graham . 2015 . geographic distribution : crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 572
william , p . , b . william . 1974 . mortality and weight changes of great basin rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) at a hibernaculum in northern utah .
we have tried to account for most of the main species of the crotalus family below . this list is arranged alphabetically by scientific name ( species extension ) .
chepsongol , roxanne m . and douglas w . burkett . 2013 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) diet . herpetological review 44 ( 3 ) : 520 - 521
butler , j . , t . hull , r . franz . 1995 . neonate aggregations and maternal attendance of young in the eastern diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus adamanteus .
macartney , m . , p . gregory , b . charland . 1990 . growth and sexual maturity of the western rattlesnake , crotalus viridis , in british columbia .
gibbons , j . w . 1972 . reproduction , growth and sexual dimorphism in the canebrake rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus atricaudatus ) . copeia 1972 : 222 - 226 .
food item , ameiva ameiva , recorded in the stomach of a female crotalus durissus . specimen deposited in the coleção herpetológica da universidade de brasília ( chunb 49673 ) .
gloyd , howard k . , 1978 . the rattlesnakes : genera sistrurus and crotalus . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , kansas . pg . 204 .
the term “crotalus” is a latin term that comes from the greek word “krotalon” ( κροταλον ) , which means “rattle . ” ( as a result , “crotalus” is also the name of a genus of rattlesnakes . ) crotaluses can come in many different designs ( see the pictures and videos at the end of this article for examples ) .
hellebuyck , tom 2012 . captive breeding characteristics of the uracoan rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus vegrandis ) . litteratura serpentium 32 ( 4 ) : 181 - 186 - get paper here
kauffeld , carl f . ; gloyd , howard k . 1939 . notes on the aruba rattlesnake , crotalus unicolor . herpetologica 1 : 156 - 160 - get paper here
mccranie j r 1986 . crotalus unicolor van lidth de jeude . aruba island rattlesnake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 389 : 1 - 2 - get paper here
to cite this page : desai , m . 2004 .
crotalus molossus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
to cite this page : johnson , l . 2018 .
crotalus adamanteus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
to cite this page : russell , h . 2017 .
crotalus viridis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
to cite this page : falk , a . 2002 .
crotalus horridus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
clark , r . w . 2002 . diet of the timber rattlesnake crotalus horridus . j . herpetol . 36 ( 3 ) : 494 - 499 . [ links ]
to cite this page : ingmarsson , l . 2002 .
crotalus atrox
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
travaglia cardoso , silvia r . and ana c . parpinelli 2006 . crotalus durissus terrificus . a case of xanthism . herpetological bulletin 97 : 38 - 39 - get paper here
enderson , e . f . 2010 . the occurrence of crotalus viridis in sonora , mexico . sonoran herpetologist 23 ( 7 ) : 94 - 96 . - get paper here
description of the gamonts of a small species of hepatozoon sp . ( apicomplexa , hepatozoidae ) found in crotalus durissus terrificus ( serpentes , viper . . . - pubmed - ncbi
adams , jennifer p . ,
home range and behavior of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus )
( 2005 ) . theses , dissertations and capstones . 26 . urltoken
on the other hand , crotalus venom causes a persistent albuminuria and extensive tubular degeneration and cast formation , with death , preceded by great emaciation , after five to six weeks .
aeberhard , r . 2010 . interessante beobachtungen zur tragzeit der tropischen klapperschlange , crotalus durissus durissus . reptilia ( münster ) 15 ( 81 ) : 7 - 9 - get paper here
gloyd , howard k . 1936 . the status of crotalus unicolor van lidth de jeude and icrotalus pulvis ditmars . herpetologica 1 ( 2 ) : 65 - 68 - get paper here
hansen , r . w . & bryson , r . w . , jr . 2018 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) diet . herpetological review 49 : 128 - 129 .
rokyta , d . , a . lemmon , m . margres , k . aronow . 2012 . the venom - gland transcriptome of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) .
ferrante , lucas , rafael menegucci and ibere farina machado . 2015 . crotalus durissus ( south american rattlesnake ) swimming behavior to cross geographical barrier . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 640
olivier , r . 2008 . grote verwarring rond een ‘kleine’ ratelslang : de hopiratelslang , crotalus viridis nuntius . lacerta 66 ( 1 - 3 ) : 40 - 46 - get paper here
golan , l . , c . radcliffe , t . miller , b . o ' connell , d . chiszar . 1982 . trailing behavior in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .
macias - rodriguez , eduardo f . , ana gatica - colima and hector gadsden . 2013 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) reproduction / combat . herpetological review 44 ( 3 ) : 521
hammerson , g . 2007 .
crotalus adamanteus
( on - line ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2007 e . t64308a12762249 . accessed november 02 , 2017 at urltoken .
chiszar , d . , k . scudder , l . knight , h . smith . 1978 . exploratory behavior in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) and water moccasins ( agkistrodon piscivorus ) .
brown , w . s . 1993 . biology , status , and management of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) : a guide for conservation . ssar herp . circular no . 22 .
hoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the rattlesnakes ; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera crotalus and sistrurus . australasian j . herpetol . 3 : 1 - 21 - get paper here
rowley , paul 2003 . the development of a safe restraint method for handling adult specimens of the neotropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus . litteratura serpentium 23 ( 1 ) : 40 - 45 - get paper here
chiszar , d . , k . stimac , t . boyer . 1983 . effect of mouse odors on visually - induced and strike - induced chemosensory searching in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .
saviola , a . , d . pla , t . castoe , j . calvete , s . mackessy . 2015 . comparative venomics of the prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) from colorado .
macarthney , j . m . 1989 . diet of the northern pacific rattlesnake , crotalus viridis oreganus , in british columbia . herpetologica 45 ( 3 ) : 299 - 304 . urltoken [ links ]
santos , s . m . & germano , v . j . 1996 . crotalus durissus ( neotropical rattlesnake ) prey . herpetol . rev . 27 ( 3 ) : 143 . [ links ]
feoktistow , a . e . 1893 . on the physiology of the rattle of crotalus durissus . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 11 : 54 - 58 - get paper here
(
petition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act
, 2011 ; ernst and ernst , 2012 ; waldron , et al . , 2006 )
duvall , d . , d . chiszar , w . hayes , j . leonhardt , m . goode . 1990 . chemical and behavioral ecology of foraging in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis viridis ) .
brown , william s . 1993 . biology , status , and management of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) : a guide for conservation . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , oxford .
beaupre , s . j . 1995 . comparative ecology of the mottled rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus , in big ben national park . herpetologica 51 ( 1 ) : 45 - 56 . [ links ]
gatica - colima , ana , eduardo f . macias - rodríguez and ricardo paredes - león . 2014 . crotalus viridis viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) ectoparasites . herpetological review 45 ( 1 ) : 143 - 144
macartney , j . malcolm & patrick t . gregory 1991 . literature : reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) in british columbia . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 5 ) : 116 - get paper here
(
a status assessment and distribution model for the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) in georgia
, 2015 ;
florida ' s venomous snakes
, 2004 ;
petition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act
, 2011 ; ernst and ernst , 2012 ; hoss , et al . , 2010 ; steen , et al . , 2007 )
ownby , c . , t . colberg , g . odell . 1986 . in vivo ability of antimyotoxin a serum plus polyvalent ( crotalidae ) antivenom to neutralize prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) venom .
considering data to other viperids ( sawaya et al . 2008 ; marques et al . 2009 ; barbo et al . 2011 ) the frequency of individuals of crotalus durissus with prey in the stomach was low .
sandner - montilla f 1980 . una nueva especie del genero crotalus ( serpentes , crotalidae , crotalinae ) del sur del estado guarico , venezuela . memorias cientifica de ofidiologia ( no . 5 ) : 1 - 12
pifano , f . & rodriguez - acosta , a . 1996 . ecological niche and redescription of crotalus vegrandis ( serpentes : crotalidae ) in venezuela . brenesia 45 - 46 : 169 - 175 . [ links ]
davis m . morphometrics , molecular ecology and multivariate environmental niche define the evolutionary history of the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) complex . ph . d dissertation . university of illinois at urbana - champaign ; 2012 .
hampton pm , moon br . gape size , its morphological basis , and the validity of gape indices in western diamond - backed rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . journal of morphology . 2013 ; 247 : 194–202 .
murphy et al . ( 1995 ) examined variation in mtdna , allozymes , and morphology of red diamond rattlesnakes and concluded that crotalus ruber and c . exsul should be considered a single species ( c . exsul ) with three subspecies ( c . e . exsul , c . e . ruber , and c . e . lorenzoensis . smith et al . ( 1998 ) applied to the iczn to conserve the name c rotalus ruber for the red diamond rattlesnake by giving the name crotalus ruber precedence over the name c . exsul . iczn ( 2000 ) gave crotalus ruber precedence over c . exsul whenever the two names are considered to be synonyms .
hoss , s . , c . guyer , l . smith , g . schuett . 2010 . multiscale influences of landscape composition and configuration on the spatial ecology of eastern diamond - backed rattlesnakes ( crotalus adamanteus ) .
hoyos , m . a . 2012 . a cascavel neotropical crotalus durissus : uma abordagem morfológica e da história natural em populações do brasil . tese de doutorado , universidade de são paulo , são paulo . [ links ]
the goal of the present work was to label crotalus durissus terrificus venom with 99m tc . the crude and labeled venom were then subjected to a hemolytic activity study to verify that labeling did not alter the biological activities .
crotalus is a genus of venomous pit vipers naturally occurring in the americas , from southern canada to northern argentina . the rattlesnakes currently found in south africa include the sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) , which is a desert ambush predator . members of this genus range in size from 50–60cm to over 150cm . most forms are easily recognised by the characteristic rattle on the end of their tails , although a few island populations are exceptions to this rule .
quijada - mascareñas & wüster , w . 2006 . crotalus durissus complex : from yucatan to patagonia : the natural history of the neotropical rattlesnake . reptilia ( gb ) ( 49 ) : 66 - 73 - get paper here
klauber , laurence m . 1935 . a new subspecies of crotalus confluentus , the prairie rattlesnake . transactions of the san diego society of natural history 8 ( 13 ) : 75 - 90 + 1 plate - get paper here
the orianne society . a status assessment and distribution model for the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) in georgia . none . clayton , georgia : the orianne society . 2015 . accessed september 10 , 2017 at urltoken .
sage , r . d . ; capredon , e . e . 1971 . la distribucion de la cascabel ( crotalus durissus terrificus ( laurentius ) en argentina y su significado zoogeographico . neotropica 17 ( 54 ) : 133 - 136
wüster , w . & bérnils , r . s . 2011 . on the generic classification of the rattlesnakes , with special reference to the neotropical crotalus durissus complex ( squamata : viperidae ) . zoologia 28 ( 4 ) : 417–419
graves , b . m . , m . b . king & d . duvall 1991 . literature : natural history of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis viridis ) . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 1 ) : 24 - get paper here
justification : crotalus durissus has been assessed as least concern in view of its very wide distribution and its tolerance of a broad range of habitats . no specific threats have been reported and this species is not undergoing significant population declines .
shipley , b . , d . chiszar , k . fitzgerald , a . saviola . 2013 . spatial ecology of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) associated with black - tailed prairie dog ( cynomys ludovicianus ) colonies in colorado .
trutnau , l . 2002 . bemerkungen zur verbreitung , biologie und taxonomie der tropischen klapperschlange crotalus durissus sowie zur pflege und zucht der unterart c . d . terrificus . herpetofauna 24 ( 140 ) : 13 - 24 - get paper here
the crotalus used to be universally used , but fell out of use in the last few decades . it seems , however , to have made a little bit of a comeback lately due to an increase of interest in traditional liturgy .
tozetti , a . m . , & martins , m . 2008 . habitat use by the south - american rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus ) in southeastern brazil . journal of natural history 42 : 1435 - 1444 . urltoken [ links ]
collection sites with voucher numbers of studied specimens of crotalus durissus and stomach contents from central region of brazil . chunb , coleção herpetológica da universidade de brasília ; ibsp , instituto butantan ; mzusp , museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo .
(
petition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act
, 2011 ; gibbons and dorcas , 2005 ; hoss , et al . , 2010 ; steen , et al . , 2007 )
diller , l . v . & wallace , r . l . 1996 . comparative ecology of two snake species ( crotalus viridis and pituophis melanoleucus ) in southwestern idaho . herpetologica 52 ( 3 ) : 343 - 360 . urltoken [ links ]
the intravenous injection of crotalus atrox venom produces an immediate and profound fall in systemic arterial pressure . this change was observed in both cats and dogs , and it has been seen in previous experiments with rabbits , goats , guinea pigs and monkeys .
magres mj , wray kp , seavy m , mcgivern jj , sanader d , rokyta dr . phenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) . molecular ecology . 2015 ; 24 : 3405–3420 . pmid : 25988233
frost , d . , g . hammerson , g . santos - barrera . 2007 .
crotalus viridis
( on - line ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2007 : e . t64339a12771847 . accessed september 10 , 2017 at urltoken .
citation : davis ma , douglas mr , collyer ml , douglas me ( 2016 ) deconstructing a species - complex : geometric morphometric and molecular analyses define species in the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0146166 . urltoken
harris , h . jr . , r . s . simmons 1976 . a new subspecies of crotalus durissus ( serpentes : crotalidae ) from the rupununisavana of southwestern guyana . mem . inst . butantan 40 / 41 : 305 - 311 . - get paper here
sant ' anna , s . & abe a . s . 2007 . diet of the rattlesnake crotalus durissus in southeastern brazil ( serpentes , viperidae ) . stud . neotrop . fauna e . 42 ( 3 ) : 169 - 174 . urltoken [ links ]
biological activity of the crotalus venom after the labeling process was assessed by indirect hemolytic activity . hemolytic activity of crude and labeled venom was assayed as described by cadillo et al ( cadillo et al , 1992 ) and activity was expressed as absorbance at 540 nm .
douglas me , douglas mr , schuett gw , porras lw . evolution of rattlesnakes ( viperidae ; crotalus ) in the warm deserts of western north america shaped by neogene vicariance and quaternary climate change . molecular ecology . 2006 ; 15 : 3353–3374 . pmid : 16968275
vanzolini , p . e . & calleffo , e . v . 2002 . a taxonomic bibliography of the south american snakes of the crotalus durissus complex ( serpentes , viperidae ) . anais da academia brasileira de ciências 74 ( 1 ) : 37–83 - get paper here
anderson cg , greenbaum e . phylogeography of northern populations of the black - tailed rattlesnake ( crotalus molossus , baird and girard , 1853 ) , with the revalidation of revalidation of c . ornatus , hallowell , 1854 . herpetological monographs . 2012 ; 26 : 19–57 .
gardiner , laura e . , christopher m . somers , dennilyn l . parker and ray g . poulin . 2015 . microhabitat selection by prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) at the northern extreme of their geographic range . journal of herpetology 49 ( 1 ) : 131 - 137
crotalus durissus terrificus ( south american rattlesnake ) venom possesses phospholipase a 2 activity , which can lead to hemolysis , and neurotoxic activity , both of which are also expressed by crotoxin . the biological activity evaluation showed that 99m tc labeling did not alter the activity of the cv .
(
cosewic assessment and status report on the prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis in canada
, 2015 ; charland , 1989 ; chiszar , et al . , 1978 ; duvall , et al . , 1990 ; golan , et al . , 1982 ; zug and ernst , 2004 )
beaupre , s . j . , duvall , d . & o ' leile , j . 1998 . ontogenetic variation in growth and sexual size dimorphism in a central arizona population of the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . copeia 1 : 40 - 47 . [ links ]
rudolph , d . craig ; schaefer , r . r . ; saenz , d . ; conner , r . n . 2004 . arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas . texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 .
monteiro , h . s . a . ; silva , i . m . s . c . ; martins , a . m . c . and fonteles , m . c . ( 2001 ) , actions of crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin on the isolated rat kidney . ,
prigioni , carlos ; borteiro , claudio ; kolenc , francisco ; colina , marcelo ; gonzález , enrique m . 2013 . geographic distribution and apparent decline of crotalus durissus terrificus ( laurenti 1768 ; serpentes , viperidae ) in uruguay . cuadernos de herpetología 27 ( 2 ) : - get paper here
chiszar , david ; bryon k . shipley , hobart m . smith , kevin fitzgerald and anthony j . saviola . 2014 . straightness - of - path during and after vernal migration in prairie rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis , in eastern colorado . herpetology notes 7 : 425 - 436 - get paper here
the rattlesnakes of the genus crotalus evolved in north america and subsequently spread across central and south america ( echevarrigaray et al . 2000 ; quijada - mascareñas et al . 2007 ) . currently 41 species of crotalus are recognized , with greater a diversity in mexico and the united states ( uetz at al . 2016 ) . this genus is frequently considered as a model for studies related to ecology , due to its widespread distribution covering several habitats , including deserts , flooded areas , forest environments and open habitats ( norman , 1994 ; beaupre et al . 1998 ; place & abramson , 2004 ) .
depending on how you classify them , there are about 29 or 30 different species of rattlesnakes in the world . most of them fall within the crotalus family of snakes . of course , when you include the various sub - species found within each species , there are even more rattlesnakes to consider .
fill , j . , j . waldron , s . welch , m . martin , j . cantrell , s . bennett , w . kalinowsky , j . holloway , t . mousseau . 2015 . breeding and reproductive phenology of eastern diamond - backed rattlesnakes ( crotalus adamanteus ) in south carolina .
salomão , m . g . , almeida - santos , s . m . & puorto , g . 1995 . activity pattern of crotalus durissus ( viperidae , crotalinae ) : feeding , reproduction and snakebite . stud . neotrop . fauna e . 30 ( 2 ) : 101 - 106 [ links ]
vanzolini , p . e . 1947 . notas sobre um derodimo de crotalus durissus terrificus ( laur . ) nota nomenclaural sobre leimadophis almada ( wagler , 1824 ) ( = leimadophis almadensis auct . ) . papéis avulsos de zoologia ( são paulo ) 8 ( 24 ) : 273 - 283 - get paper here
ashton , kyle g . ; de queiroz , alan 2001 . molecular systematics of the western rattlesnake , crotalus viridis ( viperidae ) , with comments on the utility of the d - loop in phylogenetic studies of snakes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 ( 2 ) : 176 - 189 . - get paper here
bauder , javan m . ; holly akenson , and charles r . peterson 2015 . movement patterns of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis ) across a mountainous landscape in a designated wilderness area journal of herpetology sep 2015 , vol . 49 , no . 3 : 377 - 387 . - get paper here
davis ma , douglas mr , collyer ml , douglas me 2016 . deconstructing a species - complex : geometric morphometric and molecular analyses define species in the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0146166 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0146166 - get paper here
holycross , andrew t . ; thomas g . anton , michael e . douglas , and darrel r . frost 2008 . the type localities of sistrurus catenatus and crotalus viridis ( serpentes : viperidae ) , with the unraveling of a most unfortunate tangle of names . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 421–424 - get paper here
the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) is a heavy bodied snake with a triangular shaped head . there are two dark diagonal lines on each side of its face running from the eyes to its jaws . it has dark diamond - shaped patterns along is back . the tail has black and white bands just above the rattles .
marchi - salvador dp , corrêa lc , magro aj , oliveira cz , soares am , et al . ( 2008 ) insights into the role of oligomeric state on the biological activities of crotoxin : crystal structure of a tetrameric phospholipase a2 formed by two isoforms of crotoxin b from crotalus durissus terrificus venom . proteins 72 : 883–891 .
citation : muller vd , soares ro , dos santos - junior nn , trabuco ac , cintra ac , figueiredo lt , et al . ( 2014 ) phospholipase a 2 isolated from the venom of crotalus durissus terrificus inactivates dengue virus and other enveloped viruses by disrupting the viral envelope . plos one 9 ( 11 ) : e112351 . urltoken
wüster , wolfgang ; julia e . ferguson ; j . adrian quijada - mascareñas ; catharine e . pook ; maria da graça salomão < br / > and roger s . thorpe 2005 . tracing an invasion : landbridges , refugia , and the phylogeography of the neotropical rattlesnake ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalus durissus ) . molecular ecology 14 : 1095–1108
almeida - santos , selma maria ; maria da graca salomão ; elaine aparecida peneti , < br / > paulo sérgio de sena ; eduardo santos guimaraes 1999 . predatory combat and tail wrestling in hierarchical contests of the neotropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus terrificus ( serpentes : viperidae ) . amphibia - reptilia 20 ( 1 ) : 88 - 96 - get paper here
the south - american rattlesnake crotalus durissus , is restricted to south america ( campbell & lamar 2004 ) and has a discontinuous distribution ( wüster et al . 2005 ) from colombia to argentina ( vanzolini et al . 1980 ) . some populations exhibit considerable ecological variation , with closeby populations differing greatly from each other ( campbell & lamar , 2004 ) .
cozendey , p . , novelli , i . a . , do nascimento , a . a . , peters , v . m . & de sousa , b . m . 2017 . study of the renal sexual segment of crotalus durissus terrificus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( viperidae : crotalinae ) . herpetological review 48 ( 4 ) : 743 - 746
valencia - hernández , ángel alberto ; irene goyenechea < br / > & jesús martín castillo - cerón 2007 . notes on scutellation , length , and distribution of rattlesnakes ( serpentes : viperidade : crotalus ) in the state of hidalgo , mexico . acta zoológica mexicana ( n . s . ) 23 ( 3 ) : 29 - 33 - get paper here
davis , mark a . and michael e . douglas 2017 . prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis ( rafinesque 1818 ) . in : rattlesnakes of arizona , volume i , 1st edition , editors : gordon w . schuett , martin j . feldner , charles f . smith , randall s . reiserer . eco publishing , pp . 289 - 332 - get paper here
a free - ranging specimen of crotalus durissus unicolor on aruba island was observed after striking rodent prey ( calomys hummelincki ) and after no - strike presentations . strike - induced chemosensory searching and trail following were seen after strikes . when a chemical trail was not present following a strike , the snake searched extensively near its refuge , but never emerged from it .
center for biological diversity , coastal plains institute , protecting all living species , one more generation . petition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act . none . usa : center for biological diversity , coastal plains institute , protecting all living species , one more generation . 2011 . accessed september 11 , 2017 at urltoken .
prival , d . b . , goode , m . j . , swann , d . e . , schwalbe , c . r . & schroff , m . j . 2002 . natural history of a northern population of twin - spotted rattlesnakes , crotalus pricei . j . herpetol . 36 ( 4 ) : 598 - 607 . urltoken ; 2 [ links ]
davis ma , douglas mr , webb ct , collyer ml , holycross at , painter cw , et al . nowhere to go but up : impacts of climate change on demographics of a short - range endemic ( crotalus willardi obscurus ) in the sky - islands of southwestern north america . plos - one . 2015 ; 10 ( 6 ) : e0131067 . pmid : 26114622
quijada - mascarenas , j . adrian ; ferguson , julia e . ; pook , catharine e . ; salomao , maria da graca ; thorpe , roger s . ; wuster , wolfgang 2007 . phylogeographic patterns of trans - amazonian vicariants and amazonian biogeography : the neotropical rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus complex ) as an example . journal of biogeography 34 ( 8 ) : 1296 - 1312
% 0 report % t arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas % j texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 % a rudolph , d . craig % a schaefer , r . r . % a saenz , d . % a conner , r . n . % d 2004 % > urltoken % u urltoken citation
ty - rprt ti - arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas au - rudolph , d . craig au - schaefer , r . r . au - saenz , d . au - conner , r . n . py - 2004 jo - texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 l1 - urltoken ur - urltoken er - citation
wüster , w . , ferguson , j . e . , quijada - mascareñas , j . a . , pook , c . e . & salomão , m . d . 2005 . tracing an invasion : landbridges , refugia , and the phylogeography of the neotropical rattlesnake ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalus durissus ) . mol . ecol . 14 ( 4 ) : 1095 - 1108 . urltoken [ links ]
holycross , a . t . , painter , c . w . , prival , d . v . , shawnn , d . e . , schroff , m . j . , edwards , t . & schwalbe , c . r . 2002 . diet of crotalus lepidus klauberi ( banded rock rattlesnake ) . j . herpetol . 36 ( 4 ) : 589 - 597 . urltoken ; 2 [ links ]
tecnécio - 99m tem sido o radioisótopo de escolha para procedimentos médicos e pesquisas experimentais . em decorrência de suas propriedades nucleares , 99m tc é adequado para detecção de alta eficiência com a vantagem do baixo risco radiológico . o veneno de crotalus ( cv ) apresentou propriedades antitumorais em estudos clínicos e estudos de biodistribuição são fundamentais em pesquisas clínicas . esse trabalho teve como objetivo obter um análogo de veneno de crotalus marcado com 99m tc que preservasse sua atividade biológica . após a marcação , a atividade biológica foi avaliada através do ensaio de atividade hemolítica . veneno nativo e marcado apresentaram atividade hemolítica indireta quando incubados em um meio contendo uma fonte exógena de lecitina . obteve - se um alto rendimento de marcação e a atividade biológica das moléculas foi preservada . nossos resultados sugerem que 99m tc - cv pode representar uma ferramenta muito útil para estudos de biodistribuição .
souza , kariny de ; rafael damasceno fernandes coelho , paulo mauricio almeida guimarães reis , patricia avello nicola , luiz cezar machado pereira and leonardo barros ribeiro . 2013 . predation of the spix’s yellow - toothed cavy , galea spixii ( rodentia : caviidae ) by the tropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus cascavella ( serpentes : viperidae ) in the semi - arid region of brazil . herpetology notes 6 : 277 - 279 . - get paper here
quijada - mascareñas , j . a . , ferguson , j . e . , pook , c . e . , salomão , m . g . , thorpe , r . s . & wüster , w . 2007 . phylogeographic patterns of trans - amazonian vicariants and amazonian biogeography : the neotropical rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus complex ) as an example . j . biogeogr . 34 : 1296 - 1312 . urltoken [ links ]
but , during this short period of time , is anything supposed to take its place ? that’s where the crotalus comes in . the church’s liturgical rubrics don’t prescribe a replacement for altar bells , but there is a long - standing tradition of using a wooden clapper or noise - maker in its place . this serves to both mark the same events as the altar bells , but in a less “sweet” way and thus maintain the somber tone .
@ misc { rudolph % 2c + d . + craig2004arboreal , title = { arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas } , author = { rudolph , d . craig and schaefer , r . r . and saenz , d . and conner , r . n . } , journal = { texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 } , year = { 2004 } } citation
crotoxin ( crtx ) , the main proteic component of crotalus venom , displays cytotoxic activity against a variety of murine ( zwaal et al , 1975 ) and human ( corin et al , 1993 ) tumor cells in vitro . antitumor efficacy in vivo has been demonstrated on lung carcinoma ( rudd et al , 1994 ) , suggesting good specificity toward solid tumors . pharmacokinetic studies are very important for clinical trials and radioisotope - based drugs are very convenent for these approaches .
in brazil , crotalus durissus is widely distributed , except for the states of acre and espírito santo . in addition , there are isolated populations in open areas within savannas of the amazonian forest ( campbell & lamar 1989 ) . the diet of the species is assumed to be characterized by an extreme specialization in endothermic prey ; a feature that exists for only a few species of rattlesnake and which is thought to represent an ancestral trait ( clark 2002 ) . studies of food composition in populations from southeastern brazil indicated that rodents and small marsupials were the prey more widely eaten by rattlesnakes ( sant ' anna & abe 2007 ) ; however , birds ( vanzolini et al . 1980 ) and lizards ( santos & germano 1996 ) , can be considered as occasional food items in the c . durissus diet . in this work , we describe the feeding ecology of crotalus durissus in the central region of brazil and discus some strategies involved in the feeding of this rattlesnake .
marcovan porto , marco antonio de oliveira , lorenzo pissinatti , renata lopes rodrigues , julio alejandro rojas - moscoso , josé carlos cogo , konradin metze , edson antunes , césar nahoum , fabíola z . mónica , gilberto de nucci 2013 . the evolutionary implications of hemipenial morphology of rattlesnake crotalus durissus terrificus ( laurent , 1768 ) ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) . plos one 8 ( 6 ) : e66903 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0066903 - get paper here
all food items were removed from the stomach and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level . each of the contents was deposited in a glass container with the same identification number as the specimen ( voucher number ) . the intestinal content was determined while taking into account the type of food residue . in addition , available literature records of prey were included in this study , which analyzed the food composition for crotalus durissus from southeastern brazil ( santos & germano 1996 ; sant ' anna & abe 2007 ) .
overall , the diet composition of the south - american rattlesnake crotalus durissus , considering information of stomach contents identified from specimens in this study in combination with literature records ( santos & germano 1996 ; sant ' anna & abe 2007 ) , show a similar feeding patterns : rodents 66 . 05 % , marsupials 3 . 98 % , unidentified mammals 28 . 38 % and reptiles 1 . 59 % ; in reference to the reptiles , only six specimens - four of which identified in females had reptiles in their stomach .
as defined by crother et al . ( 2003 ) , following congruence of pook et al . ( 2000 ) , ashton and de queiroz ( 2001 ) , and douglas et al . ( 2002 ) , this species encompasses only the ranges of subspecies viridis and nuntius of traditionally defined c . viridis . in other words , the range extends from southern alberta and southern saskatchewan in canada , to the northern fringe of northern central mexico , west to idaho , wyoming , colorado , and extreme eastern arizona , east to the dakotas , western iowa , nebraska , central kansas , central oklahoma , and western and central texas in the united states ( stebbins 2003 , campbell and lamar 2004 ) . the ranges and relationships of crotalus oreganus and crotalus viridis in the four corners region and in northwestern colorado need further clarification ( hammerson 1999 ; brennan and holycross , 2004 ) . its elevational range extends from about 100 m asl near the rio grande ( campbell and lamar 2004 ) to at least 2 , 895 m asl ( 9 , 500 feet ) in colorado ( hammerson 1999 ) .
mammal specialization may be related to several life history strategies ( martins et al . 2002 ) . in some species of pitvipers , it could be associated with the increased venom toxicity in juveniles ; this may be a consequence of the need to immobilize larger prey such as a mammal ( andrade & abe 1999 ) . furthermore , the adoption of a juvenile diet based on mammals is more profitable energetically than an ecthothermic diet ( martins et al . 2002 ) . in crotalus durissus populations , the low frequency of ectothermic prey could explain such eventual facts .
the phospholipase a 2 activity of crotalus venom is well known and this activity is responsible for breakdown of phospholipid membranes leading to hemolysis ( zwaal et al , 1975 ) . to assess biological activity of cv , its hemolytic activity was measured . crude and labeled cv did not cause direct hemolysis ( not shown ) . an indirect hemolytic activity evaluation did not show any significant difference between unlabeled ( ic50 301 . 5 + 73 µg / ml ) and labeled cv ( ic50 247 . 7 + 49 µg / ml ) ( fig . 1 ) .
the acute exudative glomerular lesion of the rabbit ' s kidney caused by crotalus venom does not lead to a subacute or chronic glomerulonephritis . the hemorrhagic lesion of the glomerular tuft may show a process of repair characterized by the ingrowth , into the hemorrhagic masses , of endothelial cells from the uninjured part of the tuft . this process is , however , more analogous to the organization of a red thrombus than it is to any form of glomerular lesion known in man , and can hardly serve as an experimental demonstration of the mode of development of a subacute or chronic glomerular nephritis .
approximately 90 percent of rattlesnakes of the genus crotalus , exhibit ontogenetic shifts in food composition , changing from ectothermic to endothermic preys . these variations could be attributed to changes in morphological , behavioral and physiological characteristics during ontogeny ( mushinsky 1987 ) . alternatively a small percentage of rattlesnakes feed almost exclusively on endothermic preys , like c . durissus ( salomão et al . 1995 ; duarte 2003 ) , c . horridus and c . molossus ( clark 2002 ) . klauber ( 1956 ) gathered these three species and another , c . basiliscus , in the
durissus group
, to demonstrate this specialization .
the snakes examined represent a total of 452 individuals of crotalus durissus from the central region of brazil covering forest formations of the amazon and atlantic forests , caatinga and cerrado ; identified as 213 males , 167 females and 72 neonates and juveniles . we considered specimens to be neonates when their snout - vent length was smaller than 400mm ( hoyos , 2012 ) . the specimens are housed in the scientific collections of instituto butantan ( ibsp ) , museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo ( mzusp ) , and universidade de brasília ( chunb ) . animals kept in captivity prior to being deposited in a scientific collection were excluded from this study .
the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) is a polytypic north american pit viper [ 16 , 23 – 24 ] , widely distributed across broad latitudinal and elevational gradients . it extends from the missouri river in the east , into saskatchewan , alberta , and british columbia to the north , along the west coast of the united states , and south into mexico ( fig 2 ; [ 23 ] ) . habitat includes deciduous and coniferous forests , scrub , prairie grasslands , shrub steppe , desert margins , and sand dunes as arrayed across a gradient from sea level to 4000m [ 24 ] . as a consequence , it displays considerable variation within and among populations , life stages , and subspecies .
crotalus venom ( cv ) produces neurotoxicity , coagulation disorders , systemic myotoxicity and acute renal failure , with possible additional heart and liver damage ( monteiro et al , 2001 and barraviera et al , 1995 ) . this venom contains enzymes , toxins ( crotoxin , crotamine , gyroxin , convulxin ) and several peptides ( barraviera et al , 1995 ) . pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies are very important for clinical use . although crotoxin has been labeled with 125 i for membrane interaction analysis ( krizaj et al , 1996 ) , radiolabeling of snake venom with 99m - technetium ( 99m tc ) has not been reported , neither has the utility of 99m tc based snake venom for in vivo studies been assessed .
we investigated food patterns in the diet composition of 452 specimens of crotalus durissus from central brazil . thirty - three items were recorded corresponding to four categories : rodents ( 75 . 76 % ) , marsupials ( 6 . 06 % ) , unidentified mammals ( 9 . 09 % ) and reptiles ( 9 . 09 % ) . adults of both sexes and some juveniles feed mostly on mammals , specifically rodents , it is the most active and abundant prey throughout the year mainly in areas from cerrado . in addition , we observed that in c . durissus there is a trend in the diet of females could be more diverse , maybe this can be associated to sexual differences involving different strategies of the feeding biology of this rattlesnake .
technetium - 99m ( 99m tc ) has been the radionuclide of choice for nuclear medicine procedures and experimental research . because of its optimal nuclear properties , 99m tc is suitable for high efficiency detection with the advantage of reduced radiological waste . crotalus venom ( cv ) has been shown to reduce tumors in clinical studies and tissue distribution studies are very important for clinical use . the goal of this work was to obtain cv labeled with 99m tc which preserves its biological activity . after labeling , biological activity was assessed by hemolytic activity evaluation . labeled and crude venom caused indirect hemolysis provided that the incubation medium contained an exogenous source of lecithin . high yield radiolabeled - cv was obtained and biological activity was preserved . the results suggest that 99m tc - cv can be a useful tool for biodistribution studies .
patrones de alimentación fueron investigados en la composición de la dieta de 452 ejemplares de crotalus durissus de brasil central . treinta y tres ítems fueron registrados , correspondientes a cuatro categorías : roedores ( 75 . 76 % ) , marsupiales ( 6 . 6 % ) , mamíferos no identificados ( 9 . 09 % ) y reptiles ( 9 . 09 % ) . los adultos de ambos sexos e individuos jóvenes se alimentaron básicamente de mamíferos , en específico de roedores , esta es la presa más activa y abundante durante todo el año , principalmente en las áreas de cerrado . además fue observado que en c . durissus existe una tendencia a que la dieta de las hembras sea más diversa , factor que podría estar relacionado a las diferencias sexuales que implican diferentes estrategias de alimentación en la biología de esta serpiente cascabel .
according to popular belief , one can tell the age of a rattlesnake by the number of rattles present at the end of its tail . a baby rattlesnake is born with the first segment of its rattle , called a
button
. as the snake grows ( and with each molting of its outer skin ) an additional segment is added to its rattle . younger snakes shed more often than older snakes , but on average , free - ranging snakes may molt three to six times a year . another clue to a snake ' s age is its color : timber rattlers darken as they age , and the darkest are old males . the scientific name , crotalus horridus , is formed from two latin words : crotalum , meaning
bell or rattle ,
and horridus , for
dreadful
—which makes reference to its venom .
a small species of the genus hepatozoon found in a specimen of crotalus durissus terrificus from the botucatu region , são paulo state , brazil is described . the morphologic alterations induced in the snake ' s erythrocytes by the presence of this parasite are described . morphology and morphometric analyses were performed using the qwin lite 2 . 5 computerized image analysis system ( leica ) . the hepatozoon possessed a small and short body ( 8 . 1 + / - 0 . 5 microm long and 3 . 8 + / - 0 . 4 microm wide ) , with round extremities . the cytoplasm varied from pale blue to basophilic and had no granulations . its nucleus was large , occupied a large area of the cytoplasm , and was irregular in shape and not condensed . despite its small size , this parasite induced important changes in the host cell . total parasitemia observed was 56 . 6 % .