the cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel or cumberland monkeyface , scientific name theliderma intermedia , is a species of freshwater mussel in the family unionidae , the river mussels .

this aquatic bivalve mollusk is native to tennessee and virginia in the united states , where it occurs in the duck and powell rivers .

it is a federally listed endangered species .

this species is yellow-green or greenish yellow in color .

it can reach at least 35 years old .

like other mussels , it has larvae called glochidia that lodge in the gills of fish to develop into juvenile mussels .

hosts for this species include the streamlined chub ( erymystax dissimilis ) and blotched chub ( erymystax insignis ) .

this mussel has been extirpated from the elk river .

there is still a population in the powell river , and the population in the duck river appears to be viable .

cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel

cover title : recovery plan , cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel ( quadrula intermedia ) .
recovery plan for the cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel , quadrula intermedia ( conrad , 1836 ) / .
jul 9 1984
- - stamped on t . p . cover title : recovery plan , cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel ( quadrula intermedia ) .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1982 .
cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel recovery plan .
u . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta .
recovery plan for the cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel , quadrula intermedia ( conrad , 1836 ) / prepared by steven ahlstedt for the united states fish and wildlife service , southeast region .
catalog record : recovery plan for the cumberland monkeyface . . . | hathi trust digital library
the monkeyface pearlymussel was historically restricted to the headwaters of the tennessee river and probably the upper cumberland river . it is a cumberlandian species
cumberland monkeyface .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) ( ahlstedt , s . ) . 1984 . recovery plan for the cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel ; quadrula intermedia ( conrad , 1836 ) . u . s . fish and wildlife service , region 4 , atlanta , georgia . 35 pp .
cumberland monkeyface .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
was not present in the headwaters of the cumberland river ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) .
the shell of the cumberland monkeyface pearly - mussel ( quadrula intermedia ) is medium in size ( 2 . 8 in [ 7 . 1 cm ] ) , triangular to quadrangular in outline , and marked with numerous tubercles or knobs . the valves are flat and display a deep beak cavity . the outer shell surface is greenish - yellow with green spots , chevrons , zigzags , and sometimes broken green rays . the inner shell surface is white , straw - colored , or salmon .
and the cumberland plateau . of the 90 species of freshwater mussels found in the tennessee river , 37 are cumberlandian ; of 78 species found in the cumberland river , 27 are considered cumberlandian . together , these mussels represent the largest number of freshwater mussel species found in any of the world ' s rivers .
simpson , c . t . 1914 . a descriptive catalogue of the naiades or pearly fresh - water mussels . bryant walker : detroit , michigan . 1540 pp .
surveys conducted by the tva in 1988 and 1989 revealed that mussel populations in the duck river ( which flows into the tennessee river ) had stabilized . the status of mussel populations in the elk and powell rivers ( which flow into the tennessee and clinch rivers , respectively ) has not yet been determined . sections of the powell river appear eligible for
scenic river
status under the national wild and scenic rivers act . such a designation would provide additional protection for the cumberland monkeyface and its habitat .
ahlstedt , steven a . 1986 . activity 1 : mussel distribution surveys . cumberlandian mollusk conservation program . tva .
from the cumberland river are therefore also included with historical records for q . sparsa ( usfws 1984 ) but if these are distinct species , then
was also reported there ( usfws 1984 ) . it is likely that ortmann ' s 1918 - 1925 records for the cumberland river system were probably
a list of synonyms for this species can be found on the mussel project web site ( graf and cummings 2011 ) .
a medium - size freshwater mussel or bivalve mollusk with a greenish - yellow to yellowish - green shell that darkens with age .
contact jay cordeiro ( jay _ cordeiro @ natureserve . org ) for a complete list of freshwater mussel taxa sorted by flow regime .
if the columbia dam was completed , most of the cumberland monkeyface ' s habitat in the duck river would have been lost . the dam project was stalled by controversy . whenever the tva has expressed an opinion that the columbia dam should be abandoned , powerful local interests have continued to push for its completion . the dam was never completed . demolition started in june 1999 .
watson , s . n . , jr . 1998 . lillard mill mussel survey , 1997 . triannual unionid report , 14 : 7 - 8 .
dennis , s . d . 1981 .
mussel fauna of the powell river , tennessee and virginia .
sterkiana 71 : 1 - 7 .
to reproduce , males discharge sperm , which are dispersed by stream currents . in the process of feeding , females nearby or downstream take in sperm , which fertilizes eggs stored in their gills . the gills serve as brood pouches ( marsupia ) , where the glochidia hatch and begin to develop . after a time , these glochidia are released into the stream . a few mussels have inner parts that resemble a tiny minnow and can be manipulated to lure host fish . when a fish gets close to the shell , the mussel expels its glochidia . the fish hosts for this particular pearly - mussel are unknown .
a short - term ( or tachytictic ) breeder , this mussel produces glochidia in the spring and releases them by mid - to late summer of the same year .
unaltered stream conditions , clean water , and an undisturbed stream bottom . the cycle also depends upon the abundance of suitable fish hosts to complete the mussel ' s larval development .
this mussel is typically found in shallow , fast - flowing water with a stable , clean substrate of sand or coarse gravel . it requires highly oxygenated water and , therefore , does not survive in still pools .
strayer , d . 1983 . the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel ( bivalvia , unionidae ) distribution in southeastern michigan , u . s . a . freshwater biology 13 : 253 - 264 .
isom , b . g . , and p . yokley , jr . 1968 .
the mussel fauna of duck river in tennessee , 1965 .
american midland naturalist 80 ( 1 ) : 34 - 42 .
ahlstedt , s . a . 1984 . twentieth century changes in the freshwater mussel fauna of the clinch river ( tennessee and virginia ) . m . s . thesis , the university of tennessee , knoxville , tennessee . 102 pp .
historically , this species was widespread in the upper tennessee river system ( tennessee , elk , duck , holston , north and south fork holston , nolichucky , french broad , tellico , clinch , powell rivers ) ( simpson , 1914 ; ortmann , 1918 ) in tennessee , alabama , and virginia , and possibly in the cumberland river system ( cumberland , big south fork cumberland , caney fork ) where its former occurrence remains uncertain because the closely related quadrula tuberosa was also reported there ( usfws , 1984 ) . it is likely that ortmann ' s 1918 - 1925 records for the cumberland river system were probably quadrula tuberosa , here recognized as a synonym of quadrula intermedia ( usfws , 1984 ) . since 1960 , it has been found in large tributaries of the tennessee river including the duck , clinch , elk and powell rivers . since 1970 , it has been found only in the clinch , powell and tellico rivers ( usfws , 1984 ) . it was recently found alive in the duck river in tennessee ( louis levine , pers . comm . 10 / 7 / 1997 ) . it appears to be extirpated from alabama , although reintroduction efforts are underway ( mirarchi et al . , 2004 ) .
( 1000 - 5000 square km ( about 400 - 2000 square miles ) ) historically , this species was widespread in the upper tennessee river system ( tennessee , elk , duck , holston , north and south fork holston , nolichucky , french broad , tellico , clinch , powell rivers ) ( simpson , 1914 ; ortmann , 1918 ) in tennessee , alabama , and virginia , and possibly in the cumberland river system ( cumberland , big south fork cumberland , caney fork ) where its former occurrence remains uncertain because the closely related quadrula tuberosa was also reported there ( usfws , 1984 ) . it is likely that ortmann ' s 1918 - 1925 records for the cumberland river system were probably quadrula tuberosa , here recognized as a synonym of quadrula intermedia ( usfws , 1984 ) . since 1960 , it has been found in large tributaries of the tennessee river including the duck , clinch , elk and powell rivers . since 1970 , it has been found only in the clinch , powell and tellico rivers ( usfws , 1984 ) . it was recently found alive in the duck river in tennessee ( louis levine , pers . comm . 10 / 7 / 1997 ) . it appears to be extirpated from alabama , although reintroduction efforts are underway ( mirarchi et al . , 2004 ) .
johnson , m . s . 2011 . a quantitative survey of the freshwater mussel fauna in the powell river of virginia and tennessee , and life history study of two endangered species , quadrula sparsa and quadrula intermedia . m . s . thesis , virginia polytechnic institution . 171 pp .
as part of a recovery program effort , on june 18 , 1997 , the u . s . fish and wildlife service proposed to reintroduce this mussel ( along with 15 other federally listed mussels and one snail ) to the free - flowing reach of the tennessee river below wilson dam in colbert and lauderdale counties in alabama .
this pearlymussel was apparently never abundant , and the reasons for its decline are not fully understood . impoundments , siltation , and pollution are presumed to be the major causes . the tennessee valley authority ( tva ) has constructed 36 dams in the tennessee river basin . these dams and reservoirs have inundated mussel shoals upstream , disrupted stream flow , and altered downstream habitat with sporadic cold - water discharges . siltation caused by strip - mining and poor agricultural practices often covers the substrates of gravel and sand and smothers mussel beds . because mussels must siphon gallons of water each day to feed , the effects of water pollutants such as herbicides and pesticides are intensified .
glochidia have tiny bean - or spoon - shaped valves that attach to the gill filaments of host fish . glochidia can only progress to the juvenile stage while attached to the fish ' s gills . those that do not fortuitously encounter a host fish do not survive when released by the female mussel . they sink to the bottom and die .
most freshwater mussel species display seasonal variations in activity associated with water temperature and reproduction . metabolic rate is , in part , positively correlated with temperature . many ectothermic species have the capacity to adjust their metabolic rates in response to long - term changes in temperature . thus , metabolic rates do not continue to rise as temperatures rise in the summer , and they do not continue to fall during the winter as temperatures decline .
quadrula intermedia has been synonymized in the past with quadrula tuberosa and quadrula sparsa ( ortmann , 1918 ) . the relationship to quadrula tuberosa , quadrula intermedia , and quadrula sparsa is questionable ; however , both q . tuberosa and q . sparsa have been found historically within the range of q . intermedia and no intergrade specimens have been found ( usfws , 1984 ) . q . tuberosa may be the form of q . intermedia occurring in big rivers , where a more obese form typically occurs in many unionid species . quadrula sparsa is currently recognized by turgeon et al . ( 1998 ) . distributional records became confused when ortmann ( 1914 ; 1918 ) lumped quadrula sparsa and quadrula tuberosa under quadrula intermedia ( bogan and parmalee , 1983 ; parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . historical records for q . tuberosa from the cumberland river are therefore also included with historical records for q . sparsa ( usfws , 1984 ) but if these are distinct species , then q . sparsa was not present in the headwaters of the cumberland river ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . at muscle shoals , morrison ( 1942 ) described a more inflated form as quadrula biangulata and shells similar to this form have been recovered from archaeological remains in the lower clinch river , tennessee , and identified as quadrula sparsa ( parmalee and bogan , 1986 ) . parmalee and bogan ( 1998 ) placed q . biangulata in the synonymy of quadrula quadrula . whether or not the biangulata form represents a valid species is unclear as it is conchologically different from typical q . intermedia but appears to represent one extreme in range of variation of the species . williams et al . ( 2008 ) tentatively place it in synonymy with q . sparsa .
based on the separation distances outlined herein , for freshwater mussels in standing water ( or backwater areas of flowing water such as oxbows and sloughs ) , all standing water bodies with either ( 1 ) greater than 2 km linear distance of unsuitable habitat between ( i . e . lotic connections ) , or ( 2 ) more than 10 km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat ( including lentic shoreline , linear distance across water bodies , and lentic water bodies with proper lotic connections ) , are considered separate element occurrences . only the largest standing water bodies ( with 20 km linear shoreline or greater ) may have greater than one element occurrence within each . multiple collection or observation locations in one lake , for example , would only constitute multiple occurrences in the largest lakes , and only then if there was some likelihood that unsurveyed areas between collections did not contain the element . for freshwater mussels in flowing water conditions , occurrences are separated by a distance of more than 2 stream km of unsuitable habitat , or a distance of more than 10 stream km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat . standing water between occurrences is considered suitable habitat when calculating separation distance for flowing water mussel species unless dispersal barriers ( see separation barriers ) are in place . several mussel species in north america occur in both standing and flowing water ( see specs notes ) . calculation of separation distance and determination of separation barriers for these taxa should take into account the environment in which the element was collected . juvenile mussels do not follow this pattern and juveniles are typically missed by most standard sampling methods ( hastie and cosgrove , 2002 ; neves and widlak , 1987 ) , therefore juvenile movement is not considered when calculating separation distance .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
this species has been extirpated from nearly all of its former range . a few extant occurrences exist on the duck , elk , and powell rivers , and these do not appear to have healthy populations with possibly the only viable one left on the powell river ( a small 0 . 8 km linear stretch ) . the species is very close to global extinction and is continually threatened with habitat degradation and pollution .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
listed endangered throughout its range , except in the free - flowing reach of the tennessee river from the base of wilson dam downstream to the backwaters of pickwick reservoir and the lower 5 rm of all tributaries to this reach in colbert and lauderdale counties , alabama . here it is listed as an experimental , non - essential population . ( federal register , 14 june 2001 ) . the usfws , in cooperation with the state of tennessee and conservation fisheries , inc . , announced a final rule to reintroduce this species into its historical habitat in the free - flowing reach of the french broad river below douglas dam to its confluence with the holston river , knox county tennessee , and in the free - flowing reach of the holston river below cherokee dam to its confluence with the french broad river ( federal register , 12 september 2007 ) . the proposed rule for this action was published on june 13 , 2006 .
extant populations are scattered and have typically supported low numbers ( bogan and parmalee , 1983 ) . an august 1997 survey of the duck river population in tennessee only found two very old individuals , previously one was found in 1995 , and none in 1993 and 1994 surveys ( watson , 1998 ) . a 210 km survey of the elk river from the alabama border through tennessee in 1980 found this species at a few sites in lincoln co . , tennessee ( only a few specimens total ) ( ahlstedt , 1983 ) .
barr et al . ( 1994 ) determined ( based on 1981 survey data ) that viable populations exist in powell river at buchanan ford ( pop . est . 115 ) and at fletcher fork ( pop . est . 90 ) . the only remaining viable population is likely that in the upper powell river but that population is declining ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) .
threats include impoundment ( for flood control , navigation , hydroelectric power production , and recreation ) including norris dam and columbia dam , siltation ( due to strip mining , coal washing , dredging , farming , logging , and road construction ) , and pollution ( municipal , agricultural , and industrial ) from sawdust ( logging ) , coal mine acids , toxic wastes , gravel dredging , fertilizers , pesticides , chemical spills and discharges ( usfws , 1984 ) .
hubbs ( 2002 ) reported relict shells only in the elk river ( rm 105 . 4 ) , tennessee . it appears since 1989 , range in the powell river has expanded by 3 . 8 linear km and overall the species occurs in portions of a 100 km reach of the river , however age studies indicate little recruitment outside a small 0 . 8 km linear stretch of the river in recent years ( johnson , 2011 ) .
the range of this species was formerly restricted to the upper tennessee river system but was never abundant ( simpson , 1914 ; usfws , 1984 ) . it was reported from the upper elk river , tennessee ( isom et al . , 1973 ) . it is extirpated from the upper clinch , and north and south fork holston rivers ( usfws , 1984 ) and has not been seen in alabama in the tennessee river downstream of muscle shoals since the river was impounded in the early 1900s ( mirarchi , 2004 ; williams et al . , 2008 ) . still , it has declined significantly throughout its range now found in only 2 or 3 rivers ( most not viable ) .
this species inhabits shallow riffle and shoal areas of headwater streams and bigger rivers . it prefers clean , fast - flowing water in shoal conditions , and has never been found in the ponded stretches of rivers , nor is it known from small streams ( usfws , 1984 ) . it has been found living in a sand and gravel substrate in 6 inches to 2 feet of water ( bogan and parmalee , 1983 ) .
glochidial hosts include streamlined chub ( erymystax dissimilis ) and blotched chub ( erymystax insignis ) ( hill , 1986 ; yeager and saylor , 1995 ) .
1 . determine aspects of life history in regard to spawning period and fish host identification . 2 . determine if culturing is a viable means of conservation . 3 . determine if fish host is in need of similar culturing . 4 . assess potential sites for reintroduction should culturing prove successful .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached and / or nacre still glossy and iridescent without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
separation barriers within standing water bodies are based solely on separation distance ( see separation distance - suitable , below ) . separation barriers between standing water bodies and within flowing water systems include lack of lotic connections , natural barriers such as upland habitat , absence of appropriate species specific fish hosts , water depth greater than 10 meters ( cvancara , 1972 ; moyle and bacon , 1969 ) or anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams or other impoundments and high waterfalls .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
cordeiro , j . ( 2011 ) ; shelton , douglas n . ( 1997 )
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
ahlstedt , s . a . 1983 . the molluscan fauna of the elk river in tennessee and alabama . american malacological bulletin 1 : 43 - 50 .
bogan , a . e . and p . w . parmalee . 1983 . tennessee ' s rare wildlife . vol . 2 : the mollusks . tennessee wildlife resources agency and the tennessee conservation department : nashville , tennessee . 123 pp .
hill , d . m . 1986 . cumberlandian mollusk conservation program , activity 3 : identification of fish hosts . office of natural resources and economic development , tennessee valley authority , knoxville , tennessee . 55 pp .
howard , a . d . 1915 . some exceptional cases of breeding among the unionidae . the nautilus 29 : 4 - 11 .
isom , b . g . , p . yokley , jr . , and c . h . gooch . 1973 . mussels of elk river basin in alabama and tennessee - 1965 - 1967 . american midland naturalist 89 ( 2 ) : 437 - 442 .
lefevre , g . and w . t . curtis . 1912 . studies on the reproduction and artificial propogation of fresh - water mussels . bulletin of the bureau of fisheries 30 : 102 - 201 .
mirarchi , r . e . , j . t . garner , m . f . mettee , and p . e . o ' neil . 2004b . alabama wildlife . volume 2 . imperiled aquatic mollusks and fishes . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . xii + 255 pp .
mirarchi , r . e . , et al . 2004a . alabama wildlife . volume one : a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates : aquatic mollusks , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 209 pp .
morrison , j . p . e . 1942 . preliminary report on mollusks found in the shell mounds of the pickwidk landing basin in the tennessee river valley . bureau of american ethnology bulletin , 129 : 339 - 392 .
moyle , p . and j . bacon . 1969 . distribution and abundance of molluscs in a fresh water environment . journal of the minnesota academy of science 35 ( 2 / 3 ) : 82 - 85 .
ortmann , a . e . 1914 . studies in naiades ( in partim ) . the nautilus , 28 : 28 - 34 .
ortmann , a . e . 1918c . the nayades ( freshwater mussels ) of the upper tennessee drainage . with notes on synonymy and distribution . proceedings of the american philosophical society 57 : 521 - 626 .
parmalee , p . w . and a . e . bogan . 1986 . molluscan remains from aboriginal middens at the clinch river breeder reactor plant site , roan county , tennessee . american malacological bulletin 4 ( 1 ) : 25 - 37 .
parmalee , p . w . and a . e . bogan . 1998 . the freshwater mussels of tennessee . university of tennessee press : knoxville , tennessee . 328 pp .
strayer , d . l . 1999a . use of flow refuges by unionid mussels in rivers . journal of the north american benthological society 18 ( 4 ) : 468 - 476 .
strayer , d . l . and j . ralley . 1993 . microhabitat use by an assemblage of stream - dwelling unionaceans ( bivalvia ) including two rare species of alasmidonta . journal of the north american benthological society 12 ( 3 ) : 247 - 258 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2001 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; establishment of nonessential experimental population status for 16 freshwater mussels and 1 freshwater snail ( anthony ' s riversnail ) in the free - flowing reach of the tennessee river below the wilson dam , colbert and lauderdale counties , alabama . federal register , 66 ( 115 ) : 32250 - 32264 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2006 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; establishment of nonessential experimental population status for 15 freshwater mussels , 1 freshwater snail , and 5 fishes in the lower french broad river and in the lower holston river , tennessee ; proposed rule . federal register , 71 ( 113 ) : 34195 - 34230 .
van der schalie , h . 1938a . the naiad fauna of the huron river in southeastern michigan . miscellaneous publication of the museum of zoology , university of michigan 40 : 7 - 78 .
watters , g . t . 1992a . unionids , fishes , and the species - area curve . journal of biogeography 19 : 481 - 490 .
williams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi , & tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pages .
williams , j . d . , m . l . warren , jr . , k . s . cummings , j . l . harris , and r . j . neves . 1993b . conservation status of freshwater mussels of the united states and canada . fisheries 18 ( 9 ) : 6 - 22 .
yeager , b . l . and c . f . saylor . 1995 . fish hosts for four species of freshwater mussels ( pelecypoda : unionidae ) in the upper tennessee river drainage . american midland naturalist , 133 ( 1 ) : 1 - 6 .
barr , w . c . , s . a . ahlstedt , g . d . hickman , and d . m . hill . 1993 - 1994 . cumberlandian mollusk conservation program . activity 8 : analysis of macrofauna factors . walkerana 7 ( 17 / 18 ) : 159 - 224 .
hubbs , d . 2002 . monitoring and management of endangered mussels . 2001 - 02 annual report project 7365 , tennessee wildlife resources agency , nashville , tennessee . 3 pp .
williams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t . garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi & tennessee . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pp .
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occurring in big rivers , where a more obese form typically occurs in many unionid species .
( bogan and parmalee 1983 , parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . historical records for
. however , it is thought by some that further justification is needed before this change can be confirmed .
endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1
dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , ht , de silva , r . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . , duncan , c . & richman , n .
has been assessed as endangered under criterion b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) as it has been extirpated from large parts of its former range . it has an extent of occurrence of between 2 , 000 - 5 , 000 km
. extant populations exist on the duck , elk , and powell rivers ( equalling three locations ) , but it is questionable whether these have healthy populations ; the population in the powell river is likely to be viable . the species is continually threatened with habitat degradation and pollution .
( usfws 1984 ) . since 1960 , it has been found in large tributaries of the tennessee river including the duck , clinch , elk and powell rivers . since 1970 , it has been found only in the clinch , powell and tellico rivers ( usfws 1984 ) . it was recently found alive in the duck river in tennessee ( l . levine pers . comm . 1997 ) . it appears to be extirpated from alabama , although reintroduction efforts are underway ( mirarchi
this species inhabits shallow riffle and shoal areas of headwater streams and bigger rivers . it prefers clean , fast - flowing water in shoal conditions , and has never been found in the ponded stretches of rivers , nor is it known from small streams ( usfws 1984 ) . it has been found living in a sand and gravel substrate in six inches to two feet of water ( bogan and parmalee 1983 ) .
threats include impoundment ( for flood control , navigation , hydroelectric power production , and recreation ) including norris dam and columbia dam , siltation ( due to strip mining , coal washing , dredging , farming , logging , and road construction ) , and pollution ( municipal , agricultural , and industrial ) from sawdust ( logging ) , coal mine acids , toxic wastes , gravel dredging , fertilisers , pesticides , chemical spills and discharges ( usfws 1984 ) .
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justification : reports from 1984 onwards suggest that populations from the powell river ( 31 miles ) are declining due to decreasing water quality . the duck river subpopulation has too few specimens to maintain a viable population .
u . s . a . ( tn - specified portions of the french broad and holston rivers ; see 17 . 85 ( b ) ( 1 ) )
u . s . a . ( al ; the free - flowing reach of the tennessee r . from the base of wilson dam downstream to the backwaters of pickwick reservoir [ about 12 rm ( 19 km ) ] and the lower 5 rm [ 8 km ] of all tributaries to this reach in colbert and lauderdale cos . , see 17 . 85 ( a ) )
- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
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medium - sized , triangular to quadrangular , greenish - yellow shell with numerous markings .
female stores sperm in gills ; glochidia ( larvae ) are released into streams after hatching .
when the juvenile has developed a shell and is large enough to survive on its own , it detaches from the host fish and falls to the stream bottom , beginning a long association with a single stretch of stream . maturing mussels bury themselves in riffles and shoals with only the shell margins and feeding siphons exposed to the water . some mussels live as long as 50 years or more .
freshwater mussels feed by siphoning phytoplankton and other plant matter from the water . indigestible particles are expelled from the shell by reverse siphoning . silt in the water can kill mussels by clogging their feeding siphons .
there are no known interspecific differences in feeding among freshwater mussels . the glochidia are obligate parasites on the gills or fins of fish . adult mussels are filter - feeders and consume particulate matter in the water column . identifiable stomach contents almost invariably include desmids , di - atoms , algae , protozoa , and zooplankton .
some freshwater mussels also show diurnal changes in metabolic rates that indicate a tendency toward nocturnal activity patterns . mussels may move to the surface to feed at night and move deeper into the substrate during the day ; this is one way to avoid predators that hunt by visual contact .
u . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species 1875 century blvd . , suite 200 atlanta , georgia 30345 telephone : ( 404 ) 679 - 4000 urltoken
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protest won ' t stop columbia dam ' s demise .
in the tennessean , 3 june 1999 .
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by : u . s . fish and wildlife service . region 4 . published : ( 1989 )
recovery plan for the alabama beach mouse ( peromyscus polionotus ammobates ) , perdido key beach mouse ( p . p . trissyllepsis ) , and choctawhatchee beach mouse ( p . p . allophrys ) /
by : u . s . fish and wildlife service . region 4 . published : ( 1987 )
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alosa kessleri , also referred to as the caspian anadromous shad , the blackback , or the black-spined herring , is a species of clupeid fish .

it is one of the several species of shad endemic to the caspian sea basin .

this is an anadromous species which ascends from the caspian to the volga river up to the volgograd to spawn .

before the construction of th volgograd dam it migrated up to the kama and oka tributaries .

few fish enter the terek and ural rivers .

alosa kessleri

some basic population parameters of the black sea shad ( alosa kessleri pontica eichw . )
some basic population parameters of the black sea shad ( alosa kessleri pontica eichw . )
some basic population parameters of the black sea shad ( alosa kessleri pontica eichw . ) [ 1983 ]
freyhof j , kottelat m ( 2008 ) alosa kessleri the iucn red list of threatened species v 2014 . 3
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2015 ) .
alosa kessleri
in fishbase . feb 2015 version .
( of alosa pontica kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
euryhaline , anadromous , northward migration in spring ( march / april ) , but sometimes as early as february or even january ) , a little distance from the shore . no feeding by a . kessleri kessleri during migration up rivers whereas a . kessleri volgensis feed en route .
( of caspialosa kessleri kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of clupea kessleri grimm , 1887 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caspialosa kessleri bergi tanassiychuk , 1940 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of clupeonella kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caspialosa kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caspialosa caspia kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caspialosa kessleri volgensis natio imitans berg , 1948 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
spawns in rivers . some enter with ripe gonads and spawn in the lower reaches or even delta ( a . kessleri volgensis ) , others enter unripe and reach as much as 500 km upstream . the young descend in late summer and autumn .
spawns in rivers . some enter with ripe gonads and spawn in the lower reaches or even delta ( a . kessleri volgensis ) , others enter unripe and reach as much as 500 km upstream . the young descend in late summer and autumn .
body fairly elongate , more ` herring - like ' than ` shad - like ' . total gill rakers 59 to 155 ( as in a . caspia ) , thick , coarse and shorter than gill filaments in some , long , thin and equal to or longer than gill filaments in others ( i . e . a . kessleri volgensis ) . teeth well developed in both jaws . other caspian shads have less than 50 gill rakers , except a . caspia which is deep - bodied .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . body fairly elongate , more ` herring - like ' than ` shad - like ' . total gill rakers 59 to 155 ( as in a . caspia ) , thick , coarse and shorter than gill filaments in some , long , thin and equal to or longer than gill filaments in others ( i . e . a . kessleri volgensis ) . teeth well developed in both jaws . other caspian shads have less than 50 gill rakers , except a . caspia which is deep - bodied .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
caspian sea from where adults ascend volga ( only few fish enter ural and terek ) to spawn . earlier reached upriver up to kama and oka systems . migrations now blocked by volgograd dam . there are indications it has formed landlocked populations in volga reservoirs .
still relatively abundant and stable below the volgograd dam where it appears to have found new spawning grounds . juveniles are regularly found in the delta of the volga . in 2000 the estimated number of mature individuals in the caspian was 12 , 000 , 000 ( n . bogutskaya , pers comm . )
habitat : at sea , pelagic , in a wide variety of habitats . migrates to middle reaches of large rivers , spawning close to shores in main channel and in almost - still water bodies such as river bays , river eddies and flood plains . biology : anadromous . migrates upriver to spawn at 4 - 5 years . enters rivers with unripe gonads . some spawn 2 - 4 seasons , but most females die after spawning . spawners appear along the coast in march - april , entering rivers april - may when temperatures reach about 9°c , peaking at 12 - 15°c . spawning run originally lasted 30 - 50 days . spawning starts in may - august when temperature rises above 15°c , and lasts as long as temperatures remain at 15 - 23°c . spawning is most intensive between 4 and 10 p . m . eggs are bathypelagic . spent fish migrate back to the sea to feed . in autumn , they move to the southern part of the sea to overwinter . juveniles migrate to the sea or to estuaries during their first summer , remaining there until maturity . at sea , feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton , crustaceans and small fish .
the damming for the volga river ( main spawning river ) in the 1950 ' s and 1960 ' s , blocked most of the spawning grounds . currently the major threat to the species is commercial and illegal fishing in the caspian sea and at the mouth of the volga during the migration . the flow regulation from the volgograd dam ( which is dependant on energy demand ) is also a threat to the species as the species needs a large flow in april to the beginning june for optimal spawning conditions .
there is a canal which has been constructed to allow fish to pass the volgograd dam , so some fish occasionally get past .
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latin , alausa = a fish cited by ausonius and latin , halec = pickle , dealing with the greek word hals = salt ; it is also the old saxon name for shad =
alli
; 1591 ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; pelagic - oceanic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 85 m ( ref . 188 ) . temperate ; 55°n - 35°n , 42°e - 58°e ( ref . 188 )
europe : caspian sea from where adults ascend volga ( only few fish enter ural and terek ) to spawn . earlier reached upriver up to kama and oka system . migration now blocked by volgograd dam . may have formed land - lock populations in volga reservoirs .
maturity : l m ? , range 32 - 44 cm max length : 52 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; common length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 2 kg ( ref . 56523 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 56523 )
whitehead , p . j . p . , 1985 . fao species catalogue . vol . 7 . clupeoid fishes of the world ( suborder clupeoidei ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings , sardines , pilchards , sprats , shads , anchovies and wolf - herrings . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 7 / 1 ) : 1 - 303 . rome : fao . ( ref . 188 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00556 - 0 . 01363 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 3 - 5 ; fec = 135 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 64 , 2 sd range = 0 . 42 - 0 . 98 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 45 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 21 , based on : 1 k , 2 tgen , 1 tmax , 2 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caspialosa volgensis bergi tanassiychuk , 1940 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caspialosa volgensis imitans berg , 1948 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
52 . 0 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ) ; max . published weight : 1 , 200 g ( ref . 56523 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 56523 )
habitat : at sea , pelagic , in a wide variety of habitats . migrates to middle reaches of large rivers , spawning close to shores in main channel and in almost - still water bodies such as river bays , river eddies and flood plains . biology : anadromous . migrates upriver to spawn at 4 - 5 years . enters rivers with unripe gonads . some spawn 2 - 4 seasons , but most females die after spawning . spawners appear along the coast in march - april , entering rivers april - may when temperatures reach about 9c , peaking at 12 - 15c . spawning run originally lasted 30 - 50 days . spawning starts in may - august when temperature rises above 15c , and lasts as long as temperatures remain at 15 - 23c . spawning is most intensive between 4 and 10 p . m . eggs are bathypelagic . spent fish migrate back to the sea to feed . in autumn , they move to the southern part of the sea to overwinter . juveniles migrate to the sea or to estuaries during their first summer , remaining there until maturity . at sea , feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton , crustaceans and small fish .
pelagic - oceanic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; freshwater ; brackish ; marine ; depth range 0 - 85 m ( ref . 188 )
depth : 0 - 85m . recorded at 85 meters . habitat : pelagic .
anadromous . fish that ascend rivers to spawn , as salmon and hilsa do . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .
while the migration upstream is broken , it seems the fish have found new breeding grounds south of the dam , and the population is now abundant .
the species may be threatened by commercial and illegal fishing in the caspian sea and at the mouth of the volga during the migration , though .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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