oreoicidae is a newly recognized family of small insectivorous songbirds , the australo-papuan bellbirds .

the family contains three genera , each containing a single species .

the genera are oreoica , which contains the crested bellbird ; ornorectes which conatins the crested pitohui , and aleadryas with the rufous-naped whistler .

oreoicidae

crested pitohui ( ornorectes cristatus ) is a species of bird in the oreoicidae family .
the crested pitohui ( ornorectes cristatus ) is a species of bird previously placed in the pachycephalidae family . it is now placed in the family oreoicidae .
the rufous - naped whistler ( aleadryas rufinucha ) is a species of bird in the oreoicidae family . it is assigned to the monotypic genus aleadryas .
oreoicidae is a newly recognized family of small insectivorous songbirds , formerly placed in the old world warbler
wastebin
family . it contains 3 species , all in different genera .
i accept the name oreoicidae ( sibley and ahlquist , 1985a ) over oreoicidae ( schodde and christidis , 2014 ) . schodde and christidis object that there is not a proper definition or description of oreoicini sibley and ahlquist . however , they treat it as monotypic , and i think that defining the tribe oreoicini as consisting of crested bellbird is sufficient definition .
bibliographic note : there is no
family book
covering the oreoicidae , but good photographs and information about australian and new guinea species are found in frith ( 1979 ) and coates ( 1990 ) , respectively .
list of species of the australo - papuan bellbirds ( oreoicidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .
oreoicidae is a newly recognised family of small insectivorous passerines , formerly placed in the old world warbler incerta sedis family . they are confined to australasia ; two in new guinea and the third in australia . it contains just three species , all in different genera :
jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) found the three oreoicidae species to form a strongly - supported group . they even suggest putting them all in the same genus ( oreoica has priority ) , but with the split between them somewhere around 10 million years ago , i do not see a compelling reason to do this .
the ploughbill is a new guinea endemic . hbw treated them as a basal whistlers , along with 6 other taxa that have also been removed from the whistlers . the others are pachycare ( pardalotidae ) , falcunculus ( falcunculidae ) , oreoica and aleadryas ( oreoicidae ) , rhagologus ( rhagologidae ) , and hylocitrea ( hypocoliidae ) .
( 2018 ) . australo - papuan bellbirds ( oreoicidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
genetic studies have done a number on the family . although the core of it , the whistlers and shrike - thrushes , has remained unscathed , other taxa associated with the family have moved in or out . the pitohuis have been split into 4 genera , with pitohui itself moving to oriolidae and ornorectes in oreoicidae . the other three pitohuis have been retained in pachycephalidae in two genera .
there has support for other arrangements . although both aggerbeck et al . ( 2014 ) and jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) both place oreoicidae near falcunculidae and cinclosomatidae , earlier analyses based on fewer genes have come to different conclusions . norman et al . ( 2009a ) weakly supported placing aleadryas and oreoica in malaconotoidea while jønsson et al . ( 2008a ) put aleadryas and the former pitohui , ornorectes , near campehagidae .
norman et al . ( 2009 ) suggest some parallels in the distribution of australasian birds to the odd distribution of the three oreoicids . they point out that the family cinclosomatidae there are several species of quail - thrushes in the dry interior of australia , and several species of jewel - babblers that replace each other elevationally in the foothills and mountains of new guinea . thus , like that family , the oreoicidae contains birds of the dry country of australia with close relatives in the damp and steamy jungles of montane new guinea .
the crested bellbird is native to australia and is a medium - sized passerine member of the family oreoicidae that lives on mainland australia in dry habitats . its rich musical call is one of its most remarkable features , being a series of bell - like staccato , then a loud ‘plop’ . it is also surprising that this sound is ventriloquial - the bellbird can throw its voice , sounding as though it is off to your left a few meters , then fifty meters on your right , then behind you , making it difficult to establish the bird’s location . there is little information about the crested bellbird’s lifespan .
he crested bellbird ( oreoica gutturalis ) is a medium - sized passerine bird in the family oreoicidae . it is native to drier parts of australia where its typical habitats are acacia scrublands , eucalypt woodlands , spinifex and saltbush plains and , dunes . the male is about 20 cm ( 8 in ) long and has a grey head , a black crest and breast , and a grey or olive brown body . the female and juvenile are similar but the colours are more muted and the black breast is lacking . the distinctive call is a high pitched bell - like sound , audible at some distance . sometimes a pair of birds duet .
because divisions between them are fairly deep , dating to near the oligocene / miocene boundary . jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) estimate a common ancestor for the three families in the late oligocene at about 26 million years . moyle et al . ( 2016 ) put the divisions in the early miocene , following the wallacea uplift . although the grouping of falcunculidae and cinclosomatidae was strongly supported in aggerbeck et al . ( 2014 ) and jønsson et al . ( 2016 ) , support for including oreoicidae was less strong . moyle et al . ( 2016 ) have cinclosomatidae basal in corvida while falcunculidae remains here , and that is the solution i follow .
pitohuis : although it turns out that they are not all that closely related , the pitohuis share an interesting characteristic . they ' re poisonous ! ( dumbacher et al . , 1992 . ) you can read more about these birds at dumbacher ' s website and an article in american birds . the exact relationships of these toxic species has not been exactly clear , so we shouldn ' t be entirely surprised that they have split apart . a paper by jønsson et al . ( 2008a ) found that the pitohuis are not that closely related to each other . accordingly , they end up in four genera : ornorectes ( oreoicidae ) , pitohui ( oriolidae ) , pseudorectes ( pachycephalidae ) , and melanorectes ( pachycephalidae ) .
race lochmia sometimes synonymized with gamblei # r ; proposed race prasinonota ( herzog mts ) appears inseparable from latter . birds of torricelli and adelbert mts provisionally included in niveifrons , but racial identity requires confirmation . four subspecies recognized .
( p . l . sclater , 1874 ) – vogelkop ( tamrau mts , arfak mts ) , in nw new guinea .
( e . j . o . hartert , 1930 ) – mountains of w , c & n new guinea ( wandammen , fakfak , weyland , and nassau e to kubor and bismarck ranges , also foja mts , bewani mts , torricelli mts and adelbert mts ) .
( mayr , 1931 ) – huon peninsula ( saruwaged mts ) , in ne new guinea .
( rothschild , 1897 ) – herzog mts and mountains of se new guinea .
16·5–18 cm ; 38–42 g . nominate race has head and hindneck grey , rufous nape patch ; upperparts dull yellowish - olive , flight - feathers blackish - brown , edged . . .
song of clear ringing whistles or upslurs , either alternating between notes or repeated . . .
insects ; also worms , and fruit . credited locally with ability to take large prey . frequents ground and understorey . forages extensively on . . .
nests with eggs in early jun and late dec , with eggs and young in mid - oct and with young in early dec , juveniles seen in late mar to mid - . . .
not globally threatened . not uncommon . can appear to be uncommon or scarce , as it is fairly shy and infrequently seen .
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boles , w . ( 2018 ) . rufous - naped bellbird ( aleadryas rufinucha ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
three monospecific genera previously scattered within pachycephalidae , where no clear links were agreed ; now shown to be closely related to each other # r # r , but nearest relatives of the group much debated , with proposals including oriolidae , paramythiidae , pachycephalidae , rhagologidae , campephagidae , malaconotidae , artamidae , cinclosomatidae and falcunculidae # r .
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sometimes treated as monotypic # r , as geographical variation is masked by age - and sex - related plumage differences . three subspecies currently recognized .
( salvadori , 1875 ) – nw & w new guinea : mountains of vogelkop and onin peninsula , weyland mts and nassau mts .
( e . j . o . hartert , 1930 ) – n & c new guinea e to sepik mts in n and karimui area of chimbu province in s ; cyclops mts ; s trans - fly region ( mouth of fly r and oriomo r area ) .
25–26 cm ; 78–111 g . nominate race has crown , hindneck and upper part of face dark olive - rufous , long crest of same colour reaching to nape when lying flat , lower . . .
song a long series of bell - like notes , beginning slowly , increasing in speed while slowly dropping . . .
primary rainforest , mainly in foothills , adjacent lowlands and hills to 1300 m , locally to lowlands . . .
insects . forages mainly on ground , sometimes in trees , particularly in middle levels . joins mixed - species foraging flocks .
not globally threatened . widely distributed and locally fairly common ; elsewhere scarce . markedly shy , with consequent lack of observations ; true level of abundance probably . . .
boles , w . ( 2018 ) . piping bellbird ( ornorectes cristatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
mathews , 1912 – western australia ( except sw & s ) , northern territory ( except n ) , south australia ( except s ) and w & c queensland .
( vigors & horsfield , 1827 ) – sw & s western australia , s third of south australia , sc queensland , w two - thirds of new south wales and n victoria .
19–23 cm ; 56–67 g . male nominate race has centre of forehead and crown to nape black , feathers elongated as crest , sides of crown and head from eye to nape grey , . . .
song with ringing , ventriloquial quality , starting softly and then intensifying , opening notes . . .
invertebrates , mainly insects ; some seeds . forages mainly on ground , occasionally in dense vegetation in low shrubs ; sometimes to higher . . .
eggs found late jul to early mar ; some local variation according to rain . territorial . nest built by both sexes , a deep cup with outer . . .
present throughout year at some localities ; alleged to move widely in winter or to be nomadic in . . .
not globally threatened . locally fairly common ; widespread . nominate race has disappeared from more than 50 % of its range , particularly along s & e periphery , contracting . . .
boles , w . ( 2018 ) . crested bellbird ( oreoica gutturalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
sometimes placed close to colluricincla , as it resembles c . harmonica in size and shape , and females of the two are similar to each other in plumage .
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urltoken
the crested bellbird of australia is by far the best known species among this new group . it is traditionally been considered a whistler ( pachycephalidae ) . its call , a series of two slow notes and three quick notes , is a characteristic sound in arid mulga and mallee within its range . its aboriginal name
panpanalala
is alliterative for that call . the vocalization has a ventriloquil quality , and the bird itself can be hard to spot . i recall being led on a grand chase after it through the mallee of wyperfeld national park — and getting myself lost in the process !
apparently crested bellbird feeds primarily on the ground , and this behavior recalls wedgebills , with whom they have been associated in the past . the bird is said to have the
curious habit or ornamenting its nest with hairy caterpillars . it squeezes the caterpillars . around the middle , making them semi - immobile , and then attaches them to the rim of the nest . . . . . the young apparently do not eat the ornamental caterpillars .
( frith 1979 ) .
another member of this new family is rufous - naped whistler ( right ; in a fine shot © nik borrow ) of the new guinea mountains . it has been traditionally considered a whistler ( pachycephalidae ) .
research by dumbacher et al . ( 2008 ) and jønsson et al . ( 2008 ) found that the new guinea birds called pitohuis were not closely related at all . indeed , the evidence is that they belong to four separate families ! the
true
pitohuis — variable pitohui pitohui kirhocephalus and hooded pitohui p . dichrous — are the only ones that belong in the genus pitohui . they are the now - famed
poisonous birds ,
and they are closely related to old world orioles ( oriolidae ) . one of the remained
pitohuis
is crested pitohui . it is now considered part of this new clade .
it is possible that both the
whistler
and the
pitohui
will retain their english names , just as
robins
or
flycatchers
are names that are scattered throughout many families . the names just will no longer have taxonomic meaning .
this is all brand - new stuff , and time will tell if this group lasts long as a family . it may prove to have additional members , or further research may place it within some traditional family . we ' ll just have to wait and see . in the meantime . . . go see one .
near waikerie , south australia in 2002 , presumably in the austral spring . nik borrow photographed the
photos © paul hackett ( bellbird ) and © nik borrow ( whistler ) and used with permission ; all rights reserved .
barker , f . k . , a . cibois , p . schikler , j . feinstein , and j . cracraft . 2004 . phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proc . nat . acad . sci . 101 : 11040 - 11045 .
coates , b . j . 1990 . the birds of papua new guinea . part ii . dove publ . , ltd . , alderley , australia .
dumbacher , j . p . , k . deiner , l . thompson , and r . c . fleisher . 2008 . phylogeny of the avian genus pitohui and the evolution of toxicity in birds . molec . phylog . evol . 49 : 774–781 .
frith , h . j . , ed . 1979 . complete book of australian birds , rev . reader ' s digest serv . , surry hills , australia .
jønsson , k . a . , r . c . k . bowie , j . a . norman , l . christidis , and j . fjeldså . 2008 . polyphyletic origin of toxic pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds . biol . lett . 4 : 71–74 .
frith , h . j . , consulting ed . 1979 . the reader ' s digest complete book of australian birds . 2d revised ed . reader ' s digest services , ltd . , sydney .
norman , j . a . , p . g . p . ericson , k . a . jønsson , j . fjeldså , and l . christidis . 2009 . a multi - gene phylogeny reveals novel relationships for aberrant genera of australo - papuan core corvoidea and polyphyly of the pachycephalidae and psophodidae ( aves : passeriformes ) . molec . phylog . evol . 52 : 488 - 497 .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 8 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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ioc world bird list , master list v3 . 4 , website ( version 3 . 4 )
gill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2013 . ioc world bird list ( v 3 . 4 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 20 august , 2013 ]
norman , janette a . , per g . p . ericson , knud a . jønsson , jon fjeldså , les christidis
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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recent molecular evidence has discovered several lineages of birds , apparently not closely related to other groups , that were entirely unexpected .
the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the crested bellbird is a medium - sized bird . adult males have grey heads with a raised black crest , a white forehead and throat , and a prominent black breast . the rest of the body is grey or brown and they have orange - red eyes . females and immature birds are less prominently coloured than the males , lacking the black breast and having a smaller , unraised black crest . this species is also known as the crested thrush , as well as having names such as ' dick - dick - the devil ' .
taxonomy : rectes cristata salvadori , 1876 , mount morait , north vogelkop , new guinea . three subspecies recognized .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .
taxonomy : pachycephala rufinucha p . l . sclater , 1874 , hatam , arfak mountains , vogelkop , new guinea . often placed in genus pachycephala . proposed race prasinonota ( from herzog mts ) regarded as inseparable from gamblei . birds in torricelli mts and adelbert mts of uncertain racial affiliation , provisionally included in niveifrons . four subspecies recognized .
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responsibility bruce m . beehler and thane k . pratt ; mary lecroy , technical editor . publication princeton , new jersey : princeton university press , [ 2016 ] copyright notice ©2016 physical description 668 pages : illustrations ( some color ) , maps ; 25 cm
author / creator beehler , bruce mcp . author . contributor pratt , thane k . , author . lecroy , mary , editor .
subject birds > new guinea > classification . birds > new guinea > geographical distribution . new guinea > gazetteers .
publication date 2016 copyright date 2016 title variation new guinea note detailed map on end papers .
gazetteer of new guinea ornithology [ by ] jennifer l . mandeville and william s . peckover
: pages 560 - 632 . isbn 9780691164243 069116424x
the purpose of bird families of the world is as an aid to world birders who want to maximize their enjoyment of avian diversity by observing examples of as many bird families as is reasonable within the time and money available for travel , and as a study tool for all interested readers . this project began in 1999 . dna evidence has revised much of what was thought to be known about bird evolution and relationships . it has been the ' wild wild west ' in recent years as new research was published but , perhaps , a greater degree of consensus is now being reached . while tracking proposed revisions to the list of bird families , i ' ve advocated for more consistency in the use of evidence across bird groupings , and have not always followed the latest trends .
for this 15th edition , the changes highlighted below bring my list to 253 extant families .
this web project began on 9 feb 1999 when i posted a short page on the dulidae [ palmchat ] . while the list of bird families has been regularly updated to accommodate new research through 14 editions , it was not until 17 years and a month [ 6238 days ] that , with the posting of the vireonidae [ vireos ] , the project finally has a web page with text and photos for every family . many of the old pages badly need updating in both layout , text , and photos but at least the initial goal has been reached . the updating of old pages — including the dulidae — will go on . i ' ve used my own photos when i had them , but i ' m very grateful to the many photographers around the world who ' ve permitted me to use their wonderful shots when i needed them .
in putting together this list , i ' ve been influenced by the winkler et al .
[ full disclosure — i have been a volunteer junior member of the clements team since 2011 but i continue to depart from clements for purposes of this project . ]
influential new publications include major efforts which combine molecular and fossil evidence to construct a comprehensive phylogeny of birds , perhaps most importantly prum et al . ( 2015 ) . winkler et al . ( 2015 ) , the aou , the sacc , and the ioc have now rearranged the sequence of orders and families ; clements intends to do so in 2018 . according , i have now resequenced all orders and families , generally following winkler et al . ( 2015 ) but preferring aou and / or sacc when the families involved are primarily new world families . so my current sequence is a mishmash of 3 current phylogenies .
barker et al . ( 2004 ) first suggested a close relationship between three ground - dweller
babblers
in central africa and the sugarbirds ( promeropidae ) of southern africa . many global checklists placed the three genera [ modulatrix , arcanator and kakamega ] within the promeropidae , as did i . more recent genetic work , including nuclear dna ( johansson et al . 2008 ) , showed a strong divergence between these groups . most recently winkler et al . ( 2015 ) and other works confirm that the divergence is ancient , and the three skulking ground - dwellers are elevated to family level . winkler et al . ( 2015 ) call the new family modulatricidae . rather than arcanatoridae as does ioc , so i tentatively do so also . this now splits the three dapplethroats [ modulatricidae ] from the sugarbirds .
i remain conservative about puerto rican tanager , genus nesospingus , lumping it with spindalises [ it looks rather like a female spindalis ] and it is closely related , and with yellow - breasted chat [ icteria ] , awaiting more evidence as to whether it remains a new world warbler , or should be with the icterids , or should become the youngest family of all .
every family has a link to a separate web page , with photos , that i created over the years . some are now very dated and badly need revision .
barker , f . k . , a . cibois , p . schikler , j . feinstein , and j . cracraft . 2004 . phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proc . natl . acad . sci . 101 : 11040–11045 .
barker , f . k . , k . j . burns , j . klicka , s . m . lanyon , and i . j . lovette . 2013 . going to extremes : contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds . syst . biol . 62 : 298–320 .
burns , k . j . , a . j . schultz , p . o . title , n . a . mason , f . k . barker , j . klicka , s . m . lanyon , and i . j . lovette . 2014 . phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers ( passeriformes : thraupidae ) , the largest radiation of neotropical songbirds . molec . phylo . evol . 75 : 41 - 77 .
dickinson , e . c . , and l . christidis . 2014 . the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world : passerines vol . 2 . aves press , eastbourne , u . k .
johansson , u . s . , j . fjeldså , and c . k . bowie . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships within passerida ( aves : passeriformes ) : a review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers , mol . phylog . evol . 48 : 858–876 .
jønsson , k . a . , p - h . fabre , j . d . kennedy , b . g . holt , m . k . borregaard , c . rahbek , and j . fjeldså . 2016 . a supermatrix phylogeny of corvoid passerine birds ( aves : corvides ) . molec . phylog . evol . 94 : 87 - 94 .
prum , r . o . , j . s . bery , a . dornburg , d . j . field , j . p . townsend , e . m . lemmon , and a . r . lemmon . 2015 . a comprehensive phylogeny of birds ( aves ) using targeted next - generation dna sequencing . nature 526 : 569–573 .
schodde , r . , and l . christidis . 2014 . relicts from tertiary australasia : undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds ( passeriformes ) and their zoogeographic signal . zootaxa 3786 : 501 - 522 .
winkler , d . w . , s . w . billerman , and i . j . lovette . 2015 . birds families of the world : a guide to the spectacular diversity of birds . lynx edicions , barcelona .
i thank the editors of the handbook of the birds of the world project ; the late g . stuart keith , co - author birds of africa series ; the late james clements , author of the clements ' world checklists ; keith barker , frank gill , murray lord , tom schulenberg , and van remsen for sharing with me ideas and concepts about the taxonomy and arrangement of a listing of bird families of the world . i appreciate their input , but all the decisions reflected in the above listing are mine , including all the errors .
after its discovery , a . affinis terborghi was included as a form of the barred owlet - nightjar aegotheles bennettii on account of its close similarity to the two mainland races of a . bennettii : the nominate and a . b . wiedenfeldi ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) . however , it is much darker above and also much larger than either of these these races : its wing length of 154 mm greatly exceeds the 121–128 mm of a . b . bennettii . mitochondrial dna differences also suggest a relationship to a . a . affinis , as well as the splitting - off of both a . affinis races from the a . bennettii clade ( dumbacher et al . 2003 ) . the two known populations of the allied owlett - nightjar inhabit low - altitude montane areas some 1400 km apart . they may be two distinct species ( beehler & pratt 2016 ) but further observations and voice recordings are required to clarify the situation .
beehler , b . m . & pratt , t . k . ( 2016 ) . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2016 ) . allied owlet - nightjar ( aegotheles affinis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona .
diamond , j . m . ( 1967 ) . new subspecies and records of birds from the karimui basin , new guinea . american museum novitates 2284 : 1–17 .
dumbacher , j . p . , pratt , t . k . & fleischer , r . c . ( 2003 ) . phylogeny of the owlet - nightjars ( aves : aegothelidae ) based on mitochondrial dna sequence . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 29 ( 3 ) : 540–549 .
sibley , c . g . & monroe jr . , b . l . ( 1990 ) . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .
banwell , a . ( 2016 ) . rediscovery of the karimui owlet - nightjar . hbw alive ornithological note 427 . in : handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
richard schodde australian national wildlife collection , csiro ecosystem sciences , po box 1700 , canberra , act 2601 australia .
aggerbeck , m . , fjeldså , j . , christidis , l . , fabre , p . - h . & jønsson , k . a . ( 2014 ) resolving deep lineage divergences in core corvoid passerine birds supports a proto - papuan island origin . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 70 , 272–285 . urltoken
barker , f . k . , barrowclough , g . f . & groth , j . g . ( 2002 ) a phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds : taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of dna nuclear sequence data . proceedings of the royal society of london , series b , 269 , 295–308 . urltoken
barker , f . k . , cibois , a . , schikler , p . , feinstein , j . & cracraft , j . ( 2004 ) phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america , 101 , 11040–11045 . urltoken
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archips argyrospila , the fruit-tree leafroller moth , is a moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in most of the united states and southern canada .

the length of the forewings is 6-10.2 mm for males and 8.5-11.7 mm for females .

adults have a variable forewing colour consisting of combination of reddish brown , dark brown and tan .

adults are on wing from mid may to july in one generation per year .

the larvae feed on a wide range of plants and are considered a pest on apples and pears .

recorded host plants include : medicago , malus , prunus , taxodium distichum , phaseolus , vaccinium , betula , acer negundo , aesculus , ceanothus , cercocarpus , citrus , quercus , eriodictyon , vitis , crataegus , carya , gleditsia triacanthos , humulus , syringa , avena , allium , maclura pomifera , pyrus , rheum , sassafras and juglans species .

first instar larvae bore into the buds of their host plant .

later instars roll or tie leaves together or tie them to fruit .

they feed on the leaves , flowers , buds or fruits of the host plant .

pupation takes place within the larval shelter .

archips argyrospila

subspecies : a . argyrospila columbiana ( british columbia ) , a . argyrospila vividana ( colorado )
species archips argyrospila - fruit - tree leafroller moth - hodges # 3648 - bugguide . net
late instar a . argyrospila larvae may be confused with larvae of choristoneura rosaceana and other archips species .
archips argyrospila completes a single generation per year . adults are present from mid - may through july .
archips argyrospila is native to north america and is found throughout the continental united states and southern canada .
argyrospila walker , 1863 ( retinia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 373 . tl : usa , georgia . holotype : bmnh . female .
archips argyrospila has been recorded from a long list of plants , many of which are not primary hosts . under outbreak conditions the larvae feed on any plant near the primary host , and the following host list contains both primary and incidental hosts .
during the first half of the 20th century outbreaks of argyrospila would completely defoliate large areas of vegitation . the species was brought under control with the introduction of pesticides in the mid - 1950 ' s .
during the first half of the 20th century , outbreaks of a . argyrospila would completely defoliate large areas of vegetation . the species was brought under control with the introduction of pesticides in the mid - 1950 ' s .
abiephagus razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 : 106 no type
paredreus razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 : 76 no type
pulcher razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 : 105 no type
terminas diakonoff , 1971 ( archips ) , verff . zool . staatsamml . mnchen 15 : 170 . no type
adornatus liu , 1987 ( archips ) , sinozoologia 5 : 139 . tl : china . holotype : izas . male .
rosaceana ishikawa , 1915 ( archips ) , bychgaizasshi 2 ( 9 ) : 778 . tl : japan . holotype : unknown . unknown .
davisi kawabe , 1989 ( archips ) , tinea 12 : 191 . tl : taiwan , hualien hsien , tayulin . holotype : usnm . male .
elongatus liu , 1987 ( archips ) , sinozoologia 5 : 138 . tl : china , shanxi province , ningsgan . holotype : izas . male .
kellerianus liu , 1987 ( archips ) , sinozoologia 5 : 137 . tl : china , yunnan province , kunming . holotype : izas . female .
sayonae kawabe , 1985 ( archips ) , tinea 12 : 5 . tl : taiwan . nantou hsien , nanshanchi . holotype : usnm . male .
opiparus liu , 1987 ( archips ) , sinozoologia 5 : 137 . tl : china , guizhou province , fuquan . holotype : izas . male .
pachyvalvus liu , 1987 ( archips ) , sinozoologia 5 : 140 . tl : china , sichuan province , wolong . holotype : izas . male .
shibatai kawabe , 1985 ( archips ) , tinea 12 : 1 . tl : taiwan , chiai hsien , fenchihu . holotype : usnm . male .
spinatus liu , 1987 ( archips ) , sinozoologia 5 : 139 . tl : china , liaoning province , dandong . holotype : izas . male .
strigopterus liu , 1987 ( archips ) , sinozoologia 5 : 139 . tl : china , sichuan province , wolong . holotype : izas . male .
baolokia razowski , 2009 ( archips ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 17 . tl : vietnam , bao lok . holotype : mnhu . male .
confluens obraztsov , 1955 ( archips crataegana ab . ) , tijdschr . ent . 98 : 311 . tl : europe . holotype : unknown . unknown .
taichunganus razowski , 2000 ( archips ) , zool . studies 39 : 323 . tl : taiwan , taichung , pilushi . holotype : cmnh . female .
taiwanensis kawabe , 1985 ( archips ) , tinea 12 : 3 . tl : taiwan , nantou hsien , lushan spa . holotype : usnm . male .
yunnanus razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 84 tl : china . holotype : zfmk . male .
vagrans tuck , 1990 ( archips ) , ent . scand . 21 : 180 . tl : indonesia , east timor . holotype : bmnh . male .
the names associated with a . argyrospila are considered a species complex by some authors . this group includes a . eleagnanus , a . mortuana , a . myricana , and two subspecies ( a . a . columbiana and a . a . vividana ) . according to freeman ( 1958 ) , genitalic characters for the group include : an aedeagus with hooked apex and two long cornuti in the male and a bulbous sterigma and antrum in the female .
naltarica razowski , 2006 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 122 . tl : pakistan , gilgit naltar . holotype : isez . male .
adults may be confused with other archips species ( especially a . semiferanus and a . negundanus ) but are unlikely to be confused with other species covered here .
alleni tuck , 1990 ( archips ) , ent . scand . 21 : 186 . tl : thailand , khao yai national park . holotype : bmnh . male .
bachmanus razowski , 2009 ( archips ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 45 . tl : vietnam , mt . ngoclinh . holotype : mnhu . female .
qinghai liu , 1987 ( archips decretana ssp . ) , sinozoologia 5 : 138 . tl : china . qinghai province , huangzhong . holotype : izas . male .
carteri rose & pooni , 2004 ( archips ) , entomon 29 : 152 . tl : india , dist . kangra , palampur . holotype : himpr . male .
kangraensis rose & pooni , 2004 ( archips ) , entomon 29 : 150 . tl : india , dist . kangra , dharmshala . holotype : himpr . male .
mertias rose & pooni , 2004 ( archips ) , entomon 29 : 145 . tl : india , dist . kangra , dharmshala . holotype : himpr . male .
pseudotermias rose & pooni , 2004 ( archips ) , entomon 29 : 146 . tl : india , punjab , dist . patiala . holotype : pup . male .
silvicolanus razowski , 2009 ( archips ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 43 . tl : vietnam , fan si pan . holotype : mnhu . male .
weixiensis liu , 1987 ( archips tharsaleopa ssp . ) , sinozoologia 5 : 140 . tl : china . yunnan province , weixi . holotype : izas . male .
ceylonicus razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 : 108 tl : sri lanka , hakgala , botanic gardens . holotype : nhrs . male .
albatus razowski , 1977 ( archips limatus ssp . ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 120 tl : china . holotype : zfmk . male .
magnifica tuck , 1990 ( archips ) , ent . scand . 21 : 194 . tl : malaysia , sabah , mt . kinabalu . holotype : bmnh . male .
okuiho razowski , 2009 ( archips ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 16 . tl : vietnam , sa pa okui - ho . holotype : mnhu . male .
meridana kozlov & esartia , 1991 ( archips ) , vestnik zool . 1991 ( 1 ) : 34 . tl : georgia . georgia . holotype : zmas . male .
strianus fernald , 1905 ( archips ) , can . ent . 37 : 399 . tl : canada , quebec . syntype ( s ) : usnm . 1 male .
barlowi tuck , 1990 ( archips ) , ent . scand . 21 : 193 . tl : malaysia , west pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .
dichotoma falkovitsh , 1965 ( archips ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 417 . tl : russia , primorskykrai , okeanskaya , near vladivostok . holotype : zmas . male .
fraterna tuck , 1990 ( archips ) , ent . scand . 21 : 192 . tl : brunei , brunei ( rampayoh r . ) . holotype : bmnh . male .
gyraleus diakonoff , 1982 ( archips ) , zool . verh . leiden 193 : 87 . tl : sri lanka , ratnapura district , uggalkaltota . holotype : usnm . male .
subgyraleus razowski , 2009 ( archips ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 44 . tl : vietnam , kon tum , dac glei . holotype : mnhu . male .
vivesi razowski , 2009 ( archips ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 18 . tl : vietnam , sa pa , fan si pan . holotype : mnhu . female .
asiaticus walsingham , 1900 ( archips ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 380 tl : korea , gensan . lectotype : bmnh . male .
breviplicanus walsingham , 1900 ( archips ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 382 tl : korea , gensan . holotype : bmnh . male .
brunneatus razowski , 2009 ( archips ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 44 . tl : vietnam , sa pa , fan si pan . holotype : mnhu . female .
eximius razowski , 1984 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 27 ( 15 ) : 272 tl : china , yunnan province , likiang . holotype : zfmk . female .
abietis falkovitsh , 1965 ( archips ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 414 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , okeanskaya , near vladivostok . holotype : zmas . male .
strojny razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 101 tl : china , hunan province , hoengshan . holotype : zfmk . male .
wallacei tuck , 1990 ( archips ) , ent . scand . 21 : 186 . tl : indonesia , sulawesi , danau mooat , near kotamobagu . holotype : bmnh . male .
limatus razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 119 tl : china , shansi province , tapaishan tsinling . holotype : zfmk . male .
stellata jinbo , 2006 ( archips ) , entomological science 9 : 335 . tl : japan , nagano , kawakami - mura , kawakami - makioka rindo . holotype : nsmt . male .
audax razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 81 tl : japan , honshu , nara prefecture , kojindake . holotype : isez . male .
bulbosus razowski , 2009 ( archips ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 44 . tl : vietnam , sa pa , fan si pan mtns . . holotype : mnhu . female .
crassifolianus liu , 1990 ( archips ) , forest research 3 ( 2 ) : 137 . tl : china , gansu province , wuwei , mt . qilia . holotype : izas . male .
dierli diakonoff , 1976 ( archips ) , zool . verh . leiden 144 : 83 . tl : nepal , prov . no . 3 east , junbesi . holotype : zsm . male .
aperta diakonoff , 1968 ( archips ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 257 ( 1967 ) : 28 . tl : philippine islands . holotype : usnm . female .
fuscocupreanus walsingham , 1900 ( archips ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 384 tl : japan , kyushu , satsuma . lectotype : bmnh . male .
rudy razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 146 tl : china , shansi province , tapaishan , tsinling . holotype : zfmk . female .
viola falkovitsh , 1965 ( archips ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 415 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , okeanska - ya , near vladivostok . holotype : zmas . male .
fumosus yasuda , 1961 ( archips ) , publ . ent . lab . univ . osaka pref . 6 : 60 . tl : japan . hokkaido , yamabe . holotype : opu . male .
mimicus walsingham , in swinhoe , 1900 ( archips ) , cat . east . and aust . lepid . heterocera 2 : 573 . tl : india , ooty . lectotype : bmnh . male .
sabrinae leraut & luquet , 1996 ( archips xylosteana ssp . ) , alexanor 19 ( 1995 ) : 250 . tl : france . var , maures , cavalaire . holotype : mnhn . female .
citimus razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 109 tl : afghanistan , sefed kuh , s . seite , kotkai . holotype : lnk . male .
compitalis razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 118 tl : china , chekiang , west tien - mu - shan . holotype : zfmk . male .
goyerana kruse , 2000 ( archips ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 102 : 742 . tl : usa , louisiana , assumption parish , pierre part . holotype : lsub . male .
inanis razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 107 tl : afghanistan , safed koh , s . seite , kotkai . holotype : lnk . female .
kangraensis rose & pooni , 2004 ( archips ) , entomon 29 : 150 . tl : india , himachal pradesh ( ? ) ( dist . kangra , dharmshala ) . holotype : unknown . male .
unimaculata shiraki , 1913 ( archips ) , spec . rep . formosa agric . exp . stn . 8 : 344 . tl : taiwan , formosa [ taiwan ] . holotype : unknown . unknown .
purpuratus kawabe , 1965 ( archips ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 16 : 16 . tl : japan . honshu , gunma prefecture , mt . akagi . holotype : usnm . male .
arcanus razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 74 tl : china , chekiang province , west tien - mu - shan . holotype : zfmk . male .
cantinus razowski , 2006 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 122 . tl : india , jammu and kashmir ( indien j & k , srinagar ) . holotype : isez . male .
endoi yasuda , 1975 ( archips ) , bull . univ . osaka pref . ( b ) 27 : 97 . tl : japan . honshu , akita prefecture , yawata . holotype : opu . male .
enodis razowski , 1977 ( archips ) , acta zool . cracov . 22 ( 5 ) : 86 tl : china , chekiang province , west tien - mu - shan . holotype : zfmk . male .
issikii yasuda , 1961 ( archips ) , publ . ent . lab . univ . osaka pref . 6 : 62 . tl : japan . honshu , tokyo prefecture , asakawa . holotype : opu . male .
meridionalis yasuda & kawabe , 1980 ( archips ) , tinea 11 ( 2 ) : 9 . tl : japan , kagoshima prefecture , amami - oshima island , hatsuno : usnm . holotype : usnm . male .
brevicervicus yasuda , 1961 ( archips ) , publ . ent . lab . univ . osaka pref . 6 : 59 . tl : japan . honshu , osaka prefecture , sakai . holotype : opu . male .
issikii kodama , 1960 ( archips ) , publ . ent . lab . univ . osaka pref . 5 : 23 tl : japan , hokaido and honshu . syntypes : opu . unknown . [ larvae , lost ]
nigriplagana franclemont , 1986 ( archips ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 88 : 59 . tl : usa , new york , tompkins co . , mclean bogs reserve . holotype : usnm . male .
brevicervicus kodama , 1960 ( archips ) , publ . ent . lab . univ . osaka pref . 5 : 21 . tl : japan . honshu . syntypes ( larvae ) : opu . unknown . [ lost ]
peratratus yasuda , 1961 ( archips ) , publ . ent . lab . univ . osaka pref . 6 : 63 . tl : japan , kyushu , kagoshima prefecture , mt . kirisima . holotype : opu . male .
argutus diakonoff , 1976 ( archips termias ssp . ) , zool . verh . leiden 144 : 91 . tl : nepal . prov . no . 3 east , bujan , dudh kosi . holotype : zsm . male .
fumosus kodama , 1960 ( archips ) , publ . ent . lab . univ . osaka pref . 5 : 23 . tl : japan , hok - kaido , yamabe . syntypes : opu . unknown . [ larvae , lost ]
archips argyrospila has been recorded from a long list of plants , many of which are not primary hosts . under outbreak conditions the larvae feed on any plant near the primary host , and the following partial host list contains both primary and incidental hosts : alfalfa ( medicago sp . ) , apple ( malus sp . ) , apricot , cherry , peach , and plum ( prunus sp . ) , bald cypress ( taxodium distichum ) , beans ( phaseolus sp . ) , blueberry ( vaccinium sp . ) , birch ( betula sp . ) , boxelder ( acer negundo ) , buckeye ( aesculus sp . ) , ceanothus sp . , cercocarpus sp . , citrus sp . , oak ( quercus sp . ) , eriodictyon sp . , grape ( vitis sp . ) , hawthorn ( crataegus sp . ) , hickory ( carya sp . ) , honeylocust ( gleditsia triacanthos ) , hop ( humulus sp . ) , lilac ( syringa sp . ) , oat ( avena sp . ) , onion ( allium sp . ) , osage orange ( maclura pomifera ) , pear ( pyrus sp . ) , rhubarb ( rheum sp . ) , sassafras ( sassafras sp . ) , and walnut ( juglans sp . ) .
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abiephage yasuda , 1975 ( archippus ) , bull . univ . osaka pref . ( b ) 27 : 109 . tl : japan , hok - kaido , yamabe . holotype : opu . male .
abiephaga issiki , in issiki & mutuura , 1962 ( ariola ) , publ . ent . lab . univ . osaka pref . 7 : 3 . tl : japan . honshu , koozuke [ gunma prefecture ] , manza . holotype : usnm . male .
alberta mcdunnough , 1923 ( tortrix ) , can . ent . 55 : 167 . tl : canada , alberta , nordegg . holotype : cnc . male .
alcmaeonis meyrick , 1928 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 455 . tl : india , assam , shillong . lectotype : bmnh . female .
columbiana mcdunnough , 1923 ( cacoecia ) , can . ent . 55 : 167 . tl : canada . british columbia , salmon arm . holotype : cnc . female .
furvana robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc 2 : 265 . tl : usa . new york . lectotype : ansp . female .
vividana dyar , 1902 ( cacoecia ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 5 : 78 . tl : usa . colorado , platte canyon . holotype : usnm . unknown . [ lost ]
vsignatana packard , 1875 ( tortrix ) , rep . ins . mass . injurious veg . : 238 . tl : usa . massachusetts . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
contemptrix meyrick , in caradja , 1925 ( cacoecia ) , bull . sect . scient . acad . roum 3 : 378 . tl : china . canton . holotype : mgab . female .
atrolucens diakonoff , 1941 ( cacoecia ) , treubia 18 : 384 . tl : indonesia , java , sindangkaya . holotype : ncb . male .
betulana hubner , [ 1787 ] ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , beitr . gesch . schmett . 1 ( 2 ) : 3 . tl : germany , augsburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
decretana treitschke , 1835 ( tortrix ) , schmett . eur . 10 ( 3 ) : 56 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : tmb . unknown .
biforata meyrick , 1930 ( cacoecia ) , ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 224 . tl : brazil , serra do itatiaya . holotype : nhmv . female .
binigrata meyrick , 1928 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 456 . tl : india , assam , shillong . lectotype : bmnh . male .
criticana kennel , 1901 ( cacoecia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 213 . tl : russia . holotype : mnhu . male .
capsigerana kennel , 1901 ( cacoecia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 212 . tl : russia , primorsky k , askold , dorries . holotype : mnhn . male .
cerasivorana fitch , 1856 ( lozotaenia ) , rep . ins . new york : 382 . tl : usa , new york . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
crataegana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 17 , fig . 107 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
roborana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 20 , fig . 126 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
rubromaculata schawerda , 1933 ( cacoecia crataegana var . ) , z . st . ent . verz . 18 : 76 . tl : corsica . corsica ( france ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
dispilana walker , 1864 ( pandemis ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 30 : 983 . tl : bhutan , bhutan . holotype : bmnh . male .
dissitana grote , 1879 ( tortrix ( ptycholoma ) ) , n . am . ent . 1 : 29 . tl : usa , new york , buffalo . lectotype : bmnh . male .
eleagnana mcdunnough , 1923 ( cacoecia ) , can . ent . 55 : 166 . tl : canada , manitoba , aweme . holotype : cnc . male .
emitescens meyrick , in joannis , 1930 ( cacoecia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 98 ( suppl . ) ( 1929 ) : 712 . tl : ? , ( cho ganh ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .
eupatris meyrick , 1908 ( cacoecia ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 614 . tl : sri lanka , ceylon [ sri lanka ] ( wellawaya ) . holotype : bmnh . male .
euryplintha meyrick , 1923 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 53 . tl : india , bangla , darjiling , mangpu . holotype : bmnh . female .
expansa diakonoff , 1941 ( cacoecia ) , treubia 18 : 413 . tl : indonesia , west java , mt . gede , tjibodas . lectotype : ncb . male .
fervidana clemens , 1860 ( lozotaenia ) , proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 347 . tl : usa , pennsylvania . lectotype : ansp . unknown .
palludana beutenmuller , 1892 ( tortrix ) , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 4 : 64 . no type
paludana robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc 2 : 275 . tl : usa . pennsylvania . lectotype : amnh . male .
formosanus kawabe , 1968 ( archippus ) , tinea 7 : 122 . tl : taiwan , chiayi , alishan . holotype : usnm . male .
ischidaii razowski & kumata , 1985 ( loxotaenia ) , neue ent . nachr 17 : 11 . no type
ishidaii matsumura , 1900 ( loxotaenia ) , ent . nachr 26 : 194 . tl : japan . hokkaido , sapporo . holotype : eihu . female .
punicae matsumura , 1931 ( cacoecia ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1065 tl : japan . honshu , tokyo prefecture , shibuya . lectotype : eihu . female .
georgiana walker , 1863 ( retinia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 372 . tl : usa , georgia . holotype : bmnh . male .
grisea robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 268 . tl : usa , ohio . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
brauniana kearfott , 1907 ( cacoecia ) , trans . am . ent . soc 23 : 69 . tl : usa . ohio . lectotype : amnh . male .
infumatana zeller , 1875 ( tortrix ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 216 . tl : usa , missouri . lectotype : bmnh . male .
ingentana christoph , 1881 ( tortrix ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 56 ( 1 ) : 64 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladivostok . lectotype : bmnh . female .
inopinatana kennel , 1901 ( pandemis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 220 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , askold island . holotype : mnhn . male .
insulanus kawabe , 1965 ( archippus ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 16 : 23 . tl : japan , kyushu , kagoshima prefecture , okinoerabu - jima island . holotype : usnm . male .
machlopis meyrick , 1912 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 4 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . female .
compacta meyrick , 1918 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 164 . tl : india . bengal , pusa . holotype : bmnh . female .
isocyrta meyrick , 1920 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 340 . tl : india . bengal , pusa . holotype : bmnh . female .
seminubila meyrick , in joannis , 1930 ( cacoecia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 98 ( suppl . ) ( 1929 ) : 711 . tl : north vietnam . tonkin , hoang su phi . lectotype : mnhn . male .
transcutata meyrick , 1935 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 569 . tl : indonesia . java , bogor , buitenzorg . holotype : bmnh . male .
magnoliana fernald , 1892 ( cacoecia ) , can . ent . 24 : 121 . tl : usa , new york , ithaca . syntype ( s ) : usnm . male .
menotoma meyrick , 1937 ( cacoecia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 51 : 173 . tl : china , yunnan province . holotype : bmnh . male .
micaceana walker , 1863 ( cacoecia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 314 : tl : china , shanghai . holotype : bmnh . female .
eucroca diakonoff , 1958 ( cacoecia ) , beitr . ent . 8 : 119 . tl : china . south china ( canton ) . holotype : deib . male .
obscura diakonoff , 1939 ( cacoecia micaceana var . ) , rec . indian mus . 41 : 231 . tl : india . dehra dun , new forest , kandauli . holotype : bmnh . male .
epicyrta meyrick , 1905 ( cacoecia ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 : 589 . tl : sri lanka . ceylon [ sri lanka ] ( maskeliya ) . lectotype : bmnh . male .
mortuana kearfott , 1907 ( cacoecia ) , can . ent . 39 : 158 . tl : usa , pennsylvania . lectotype : amnh . male .
myricana mcdunnough , 1923 ( cacoecia ) , can . ent . 55 : 167 . tl : canada , ontario , algonquin park . holotype : cnc . male .
myrrhophanes meyrick , in caradja , 1931 ( tortriz [ sic ] ) , bull . sect . scient . acad . roum 14 : 63 . tl : china , chekiang province . holotype : bmnh . male .
negundana dyar , 1902 ( cacoecia ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 5 : 78 . tl : usa , colorado , pike ' s peak . syntype ( s ) : usnm . male .
nugundana dyar , 1902 ( cacoecia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 25 : 401 . no type
nigricaudana walsingham , 1900 ( tortrix ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 459 tl : korea , gensan . holotype : bmnh . male .
oporana linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) : 530 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
bathyglypta meyrick , in caradja , 1932 ( cacoecia ) , bull . sect . scient . acad . roum 15 : 23 . tl : china . shanghai . holotype : mgab . male .
dissimilana bentley , 1845 ( lozotaenia ) , zoologist 3 : 1000 tl : united kingdom . england ( new forest ) [ united kingdom ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
hermanniana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 317 . tl : austria . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
impervia meyrick , in joannis , 1930 ( cacoecia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 98 ( suppl . ) ( 1929 ) : 711 . holotype : mnhn . male .
piceana linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) , systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) : 531 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
pieceanus yasuda , 1975 ( archippus ( archippus ) ) , bull . univ . osaka pref . ( b ) 27 : 102 no type
similis butler , 1879 ( cacoecia ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 3 : 79 . tl : japan . lectotype : bmnh . female .
packardiana fernald , 1886 ( tortrix ) , bull . u . s . dept . agric . 12 : 20 . tl : usa , maine , peaks island , casco bay . lectotype : usnm . male .
paredraea meyrick , 1931 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 149 . tl : taiwan , taihoku . lectotype : bmnh . male .
pensilis meyrick , 1920 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 339 . tl : india , south india ( madras ) . holotype : bmnh . female .
philippa meyrick , 1918 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 165 . tl : india , nw india ( abbottabad ) . holotype : bmnh . male .
pruneticola meyrick , 1935 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 569 . tl : india . tarnab . holotype : bmnh . male .
subsidiaria meyrick , 1924 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 107 . tl : india . kashmir , srinagar . lectotype : bmnh . male .
podana scopoli , 1763 ( phalaena ) , ent . carn . : 232 . tl : slovenia , carniola [ slovenia ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
ameriana treitschke , 1830 ( cacoecia ) , schmett . eur . 8 : 49 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : tmb . unknown .
congenerana hubner , [ 1823 - 1824 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 47 , fig . 295 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
fulvana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 128 . tl : austria . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
pyrastrana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 20 , fig . 124 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
sauberiana sorhagen , 1882 ( tortrix podana var . ) , berl . ent . z . 26 : 131 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
vulpeculana fuchs , 1903 ( tortrix ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 64 : 3 . tl : turkey . konia . holotype : unknown . female .
pulchra butler , 1879 ( ariola ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 3 : 19 . tl : japan , lectotype : bmnh . male .
puchra anonymous , 1970 ( ariola ) , ent . rev . 49 : 268 . no type
punctiseriata strand , 1920 ( catamacta ) , archiv f . naturgesch . 84 ( a ) ( 12 ) : 191 . tl : taiwan , [ taiwan ] . holotype : deib . unknown .
purpurana clemens , 1865 ( loxotaenia ) , proc . ent . soc . philad . 5 : 136 . tl : usa , pennsylvania . holotype : ansp . unknown .
gurgitana robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc 2 : 263 . tl : usa . illinois . lectotype : ansp . female .
guritana darlington , 1947 ( cacoecia ) , trans . am . ent . soc 73 : 102 . no type
lintneriana grote , 1873 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc 4 : 424 . tl : usa . new york . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
rileyana grote , 1868 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc 2 : 121 . tl : usa , missouri . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
fervidana walker , 1863 ( cacoecia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 313 . tl : usa . georgia . holotype : bmnh . male .
rosana linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) : 530 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
acerana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 19 , fig . 118 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
ameriana linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) : 531 . tl : north america . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
americana gmelin , 1788 ( phalaena ) , systema naturae ( 13th ed . ) : 2504 . no type
amerina linnaeus , 1761 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , fauna svecica ( 2nd ed . ) : 343 . no type
avellana linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) : 531 . tl : north america . lectotype : lsl . male .
hewittana busck , 1920 ( cacoecia ) , can . ent . 52 : 125 . tl : canada . nova scotia , sydney . holotype : cnc . male .
laevigana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 129 : tl : austria . vienna . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
levigana illiger , 1801 ( tortrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 2 : 57 . no type
nebulana stephens , 1834 ( lozotaenia ) , illust . br . ent . ( haustellata ) 4 : 74 . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
obscura dufrane , 1944 ( cacoecia rosana ab . ) , bull . mus . r . hist . nat . belg 20 ( 18 ) : 8 tl : belgium . mons . holotype : irsn . male .
ochracea dufrane , 1945 ( cacoecia rosana ab . ) , bull . mus . r . hist . nat . belg . 20 ( 18 ) : 8 . tl : ? . saint - symphorien . holotype : irsn . female .
orientana krulikowsky , 1909 ( cacoecia rosana var . ) , mater . pozn . faun . ross . imp 9 : 203 . tl : russia . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
oxyacanthana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 18 , fig . 117 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
splendana kennel , 1910 ( cacoecia rosana var . ) , palaear . tortr . : 131 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
testaceana eversmann , 1844 ( tortrix ) , fauna lepid . volgo - ural . : 486 . tl : russia . kasan , orenburg . syntype ( s ) : zmas . unknown .
variana fabricius , 1787 ( pyralis ) , mantissa insectorum 2 : 231 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
seditiosa meyrick , 1921 ( cacoecia ) , zool . meded 6 : 147 . tl : indonesia , java , buitenzorg . lectotype : ncb . female .
brachytoma meyrick , 1932 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 341 tl : malaysia . kuala lumpur . holotype : bmnh . male .
orientalis diakonoff , 1941 ( cacoecia seditiosa ssp . ) , treubia 18 : 414 . tl : indonesia . east java , tengger mountains , nongodjajar . lectotype : ncb . male .
semiferanus walker , 1863 ( lophoderus ? ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 336 . tl : ? , unknown [ north america ] . holotype : bmnh . male .
flaccidana robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc 2 : 277 . tl : usa . holotype : unknown . unknown .
semistructa meyrick , 1937 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 5 : 126 . tl : china , taichow . holotype : bmnh . male .
semistractus kawabe , 1965 ( archippus ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 16 : 29 . no type
solida meyrick , 1908 ( cacoecia ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 614 . tl : india , bangla , darjiling . lectotype : bmnh . male .
subrufana snellen , 1883 ( tortrix ) , tijdschr . ent . 26 : 187 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , suifun . syntype ( s ) : ncb . 1 male .
coreensis park , 1976 ( archippus ) , ty to ga 26 : 110 . tl : korea . suweon . holotype : cisk . male .
symmetra meyrick , 1918 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 166 . tl : congo , french congo [ congo ] ( bangi ) . holotype : bmnh . female .
termias meyrick , 1918 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 164 . tl : india , assam , shillong . lectotype : bmnh . male .
pomivora meyrick , 1920 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 340 . tl : india . himalaya , kumaon , ramgarh . holotype : bmnh . male .
sarcostega meyrick , 1924 ( cacoecia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 106 . tl : india . kumaon , muktesar . lectotype : bmnh . male .
stenoptycha diakonoff , 1951 ( homona termias ssp . ) , ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 : 65 . tl : india . burma ( kambaiti ) . holotype : nhrs . male .
tharsaleopa meyrick , in caradja & meyrick , 1935 ( cacoecia ) , mat . microlepid . fauna chin . prov . : 50 . tl : china , chekiang province , tien - mu - shan . holotype : bmnh . male .
tsuganus powell , 1962 ( archippus ) , can . ent . 94 : 842 . tl : canada , british columbia , knight inlet . holotype : cnc . male .
xylosteana linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) : 531 . lectotype : lsl . female .
characterana hubner , 1793 ( phalaena tortrix ) , samml . auser . vogel schmett . 11 , pl . 58 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
densana villers , 1789 ( phalaena tortrix ) , c . linnaei . ent . faun . suec . descr . 2 : 416 . no type
densata geoffroy , in fourcroy , 1785 ( phalaena ) , ent . paris . 2 : 304 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
gilvana eversmann , 1842 ( tortrix ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 15 : 562 . tl : russia . syntype ( s ) : zmas .
hybnerana fabricius , 1794 ( pyralis ) , entomologia systematica 3 ( 2 ) : 247 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
obliquana fabricius , 1781 ( pyralis ) , species insectorum 2 : 281 . tl : great britain . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
pallens kennel , 1910 ( cacoecia xylosteana var . ) , palaear . tortr . 130 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
westriniana thunberg & borgstrom , 1784 ( tortrix ) , d . d . dissert . ent . sist . ins . svecica 1 : 21 . tl : sweden . uppland . lectotype : unknown . male .
unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .
forewing color is a variable combination of reddish brown , dark brown , and tan . the majority of specimens have two contrasting triangular to semi - rectangular pale tan patches on the costa . females are generally lighter in color than males . males have a forewing costal fold .
last instar larvae are translucent green with a reddish - brown to dark brown mottled head and an amber prothoracic shield with brown lateral edging . the prothoracic legs are brown or black while the other thoracic legs are pale and unmarked .
this species completes a single generation per year . adults are present from mid - may through july .
eggs are laid in masses on the twigs of the host and covered by the female with a substance that hardens to create a smooth , hard surface . eggs are laid in june and july and do not hatch until the following year . first instar larvae hatch in late februrary to mid - may and bore into buds . later instars roll or tie leaves together or to fruit and partially emerge from the shelter to feed . larvae may feed on leaves , flowers , buds , or fruits of the host . pupation occurs within the larval shelter and adults eclose in 10 - 12 days . the adult flight period lasts approximately 3 weeks .
chapman , p . j . and s . e . lienk . 1971 . tortricid fauna of apple in new york ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) ; including an account of apple ' s occurrence in the state , especially as a naturalized plant . spec . publ . geneva , ny : new york state agricultural experiment station . 122 pp .
powell , j . a . 1964 . biological and taxonomic studies on tortricine moths , with reference to the species in california . university of california publications in entomology . vol . 32 . 317 pp .
figures 5 - 9 used with permission from university of california statewide ipm program . please visit the uc ipm web site for more information .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
adults -
fw cream and yellow , heavily mottled with reddish to blackish brown .
sexually dimorphic and geographically variable . males dark brown to reddish brown with distictive white markings proceding and following a median transverse fascia which becomes diffuse toward the dorsal area . hindwing gray with pale fringe . females have blurred forewing pattern . western populations vary to pale , golden tan form with white hindwing . colorado populations
larvae - bright green with black hc until the last instar , which has a dark gray dorsum caused by minute , black spirulae , and a browish head capsule .
mostly apr - aug ( mpg ) , but only three weeks at any one location .
apple , pear , apricot , cherry , peach , plum , alfalfa , beans , blueberries , cedar , grapes , elms , oaks , onions . it may feed on leaves , flowers , buds , or fruits .
one generation a year . eggs are laid in june and july and hatch the following year . they are laid in masses on twigs of host . the female covers them with a substance that hardens to create a smooth , hard surface .
in the first half of the 20th century there were severe outbreaks . they were brought under control by pesticides in the mid - 1950 ' s .
walker , f . , 1863 . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxviii – tortricites and tineites .
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxviii – tortricites and tineites francis walker . 1863 . british museum ( natural history ) , p . 287 - 561 .
dictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .
field guide to moths of eastern north america charles v . covell , jr . 2005 .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 18 . 30m , 18 . 42f ; p . 149 . book review and ordering
forewing cream and yellow , heavily mottled with reddish to blackish brown . two whitish costal spots are sharpest markings . hindwing dark gray .
apple , pear , apricot , cherries , peaches , plums , alfalfa , beans , blueberries , cedar , grapes , elms , oaks , onions , and prunus species .
forewing color is a variable combination of reddish brown , dark brown , and tan . the majority of individuals have two contrasting triangular to semi - rectangular pale - tan patches on the costa . females are generally lighter in color than males . males have a forewing costal fold .
last instar larvae are 15 - 24 mm in length with a translucent green or gray abdomen . the head is reddish brown to dark brown and may be mottled in some individuals ; head markings are too variable to be diagnostic . the prothoracic shield is amber with brown lateral shading . prothoracic legs are brown or black while the other thoracic legs are pale and unmarked .
prunus ilicifolia ( nutt . ex hook . & arn . ) d . dietr .
citrus x sinensis ( l . ) osbeck ( pro sp . ) [ maxima x reticulata ]
freeman , t . n . 1958 . the archipinae of north america ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . the canadian entomologist supplement 7 ( vol . 90 ) : 1 - 89 .
powell , j . a . and p . a . opler . 2009 . moths of western north america . university of california press , berkeley . 369 pp .
tortricids of agricultural importance by todd m . gilligan and marc e . epstein interactive keys developed in lucid 3 . 5 . last updated august 2014 .
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adults are active from late june to late july in alberta , april to july elsewhere . ( chapman & lienk 1971 ; razowski 1977 ; forbes 1923 )
the adult is highly variable in wing pattern . most commonly it is heavily mottled with brown to orange . the darkest markings are normally in the basal patch , slanted median band , and postmedian blotch that can extend to the anal angle . distinctive bright yellow to cream squares are often present on the costa between the darker bands . the hindwings are typically dark grey with a lighter fringe . males have a costal fold that extends to or barely past the basal patch . the larva is green with scattered pale warts and fine setae . the prothoracic shield is dirty green with variable amounts of black or dark brown laterally and the head is shiny dark or light brown . the larva can not be reliably separated from
and is closely similar to several other common tortricid species . ( chapman & lienk 1971 ; mackay 1962 )
the eggs are laid in oval batches of 20 - 100 eggs on the twigs or bark of the host tree . the first instar larvae often spin strands of silk and under ideal wind conditions can disperse to other areas . larvae construct leaf - rolls where they emerge from to feed and when disturbed the larvae either retreat or suspend down on a line of silk . populations are highly cyclical and can this species can become a pest in orchards . ( chapman & lienk 1971 ; razowski 1977 ; kruse & sperling 2001 )
the larvae feed on the foliage and fruit of a wide variety of deciduous trees and shrubs and occasionally forbs . it can be a serious pest in apple , pear , cherry , plum , peach , apricot , and citrus orchards . ( chapman & lienk 1971 ; kruse & sperling 2001 ; razowski 1977 ; freeman 1958 ; forbes 1923 )
throughout canada from the southern northwest territories and most of the us and into central america .
this is complex group to define and may involve cryptic species , conversely other related taxa may also belong here ( razowski 1977 ) . this species also includes a . mortuana ( kruse & sperling 2001 ) .
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