clibanarius digueti is a species of hermit crab that lives off the western coast of mexico , and is abundant in the gulf of california .

it is known under various common names such as the mexican hermit crab , the blue-eyed spotted hermit or the gulf of california hermit crab .

clibanarius digueti

clibanarius digueti , a mexican hermit crab , aka the blue - eyed spotted hermit . to less than an inch in length .
key words : hermit crabs , clustering behavior , clibanarius antillensis , shell utilization .
palavras - chave : caranguejos ermitões , comportamento de agrupamento , clibanarius antillensis , utilização de concha .
harvey aw ( 1988 ) size and sex - related aspects of the ecology of the hermit crab clibanarius digueti bouvier ( decapoda : anomura : diogenidae ) . ph . d dissertation , university of arizona .
during interspecific foraging bouts in the presence of food odor only , c . digueti showed significantly more aggressive behaviors than p . perrieri ( w = 171 . 0 , p = 0 . 0015 ; table 2 ) , while p . perrieri showed significantly more submissive behaviors than c . digueti ( w = −92 . 0 , p = 0 . 0172 ; table 2 ) . c . digueti frequently initiated the interactions by approaching p . perrieri , and c . digueti escalated the interactions by frequently attacking and grasping p . perrieri ( table 2 ) . p . perrieri routinely responded to c . digueti ’s aggressive behaviors by retracting into their shells ( table 2 ) .
the number of aggressive ( u = 54 . 0 , p = 0 . 0019 ) and submissive ( u = 85 . 0 , p = 0 . 0295 ) behaviors were significantly higher for c . digueti than p . perrieri during intraspecific foraging bouts ( table 3 ) . the frequencies of all measured behaviors were higher for c . digueti than p . perrieri ( table 3 ) .
in the absence of a competitor , the feeding times of c . digueti and p . perrieri were not significantly different ( u = 102 . 0 , p = 0 . 6738 ; table 4 ) .
data were drawn from lab populations of c . digueti ( n = 75 ) and p . perrieri ( n = 79 ) following acclimation in housing tanks . wet weights were measured from animals after removal of their shells . lines represent best fit lines from linear regression analyses . c . digueti best fit line : y = 0 . 2442 x− 0 . 3584 . p . perrieri best fit line : y = 0 . 2472 x− 0 . 3764 .
during interspecific food competition , c . digueti fed for significantly more time than p . perrieri ( w = 179 . 0 , p = 0 . 0238 ; table 4 ) . differences in feeding times between the species can partly be explained by the fact that c . digueti was the first animal to contact and feed on the food item in 20 of the 26 trials analyzed ( χ 2 = 7 . 54 , df = 1 , p = 0 . 006 ) .
clibanarius tricolor , the blue - legged hermit crab . to less than an inch in length . one of a few
reef - safe
hermits that stay small and almost exclusively feed on algae ( and cyanobacteria ! ) . good for aiding in aerating the substrate as well . aquarium photo .
four hermit crab species were collected in the intertidal region of grande beach : clibanarius antillensis ( stimpson , 1862 ) , paguristes tortugae ( schmitt , 1933 ) , pagurus criniticornis ( dana , 1852 ) , and calcinus tibicen ( herbst , 1791 ) , with c . antillensis being the most abundant ( 226 individuals in 261 ) .
family hippidae ( sand crabs ) superfamily paguroidea , have oval carapaces , usually asymmetrical . live either in shells or with abdomen tucked underneath . first pair of legs as chelipeds . includes the hermit crab genera : pomatocheles , petrochirus , clibanarius , coenobita ( land hermit crab ) , pagurus , pylopagurus , birgus ( the coconut crab ) , stone crabs like lithodes , paralithodes ( commercial king crab of the north pacific ) .
the results of this study highlight the need for detailed field experiments measuring the importance of food competition in structuring hermit crab assemblages . while we can infer based on our laboratory results that the differences in competitive abilities between c . digueti and p . perrieri may have important ecological implications , detailed field experiments are needed to determine if the trends observed in the lab hold true in natural settings . it is our hope that the results presented in this manuscript will help raise awareness of the need for field experimentation .
these hermits crabs are often highly recommended as maintenance critters for marine aquariums , and can be bought as part of a
clean up crew
package . large groups need plenty of extra shells to accommodate for growth . these are some of the most popular hermits in the marine aquarium trade . since they are a
bread and butter
item and are collected in large numbers , prices are kept very low . other species of hermits may be sold as
red legs
, but c . digueti is by far the most common .
size - matched pairs of conspecific animals were tested using the same procedure listed in the previous section . one c . digueti trial was excluded from analyses because the animals switched shells during acclimation , and we could not be sure that subsequent aggressive behaviors were not shell - related . seventeen trials for each species were used for analyses ( 34 trials total ) . we compared the number of ( 1 ) aggressive , and ( 2 ) submissive behaviors shown between species during intraspecific trials using a two - sided mann - whitney u - test . paired tests were not required for these statistical analyses because the species were tested independently of each other , and thus the behaviors of one species could not directly affect the behaviors of the other .
neste trabalho são avaliados o comportamento de agrupamento de caranguejos ermitões bem como os padrões de utilização de conchas por indivíduos agrupados e isolados . o estudo foi desenvolvido na região entremarés da praia grande , são sebastião , sudeste brasileiro . as amostras foram feitas tanto com transectos quanto com quadrados de 1 m 2 aleatorizados durante períodos de maré baixa . os ermitões foram contados , medidos ( comprimento do escudo cefalotorácico ) e sexados . as conchas foram identificadas e avaliadas quanto sua adequação e condição ( danos físicos e incrustrações ) . os agrupamentos ocorreram principalmente em áreas expostas ao ar e foram dominados ou compostos unicamente por indivíduos de clibanarius antillensis . paguristes tortugae , pagurus criniticornis e calcinus tibicen também ocorreram nos agrupamentos , mas em menor abundância . um único agrupamento monoespecífico de p . criniticornis foi registrado em poças de marés . a grande maioria dos ermitões estavam inativos , com exceção de alguns indivíduos que estavam submersos em poças de marés . a maioria dos indivíduos c . antillensis estava agrupada ( 70 , 88 % ) . indivíduos isolados foram maiores que os agrupados e utilizaram principalmente conchas de tegula viridula , as quais mostraram - se mais adequadas para os ermitões dessa população . indivíduos agrupados usaram conchas menos incrustadas que os isolados . no geral , o comportamento de agrupamento de ermitões na praia grande apresentou os mesmos padrões de distribuição de tamanho e sexo e de utilização de conchas que os já descritos na literatura , embora o tamanho dos agrupamentos nessa área tenha se apresentado menor .
off the western coasts of mexico , and very common in the gulf of california .
these hermits are easy to care for . they are hardy and tolerate a wide range of water parameters . however , they cannot handle copper well . as with most invertebrates , even low levels of this me tal are enough to cause death . this hermit crab may attack snails or other hermits in order to steal the shells . for this reason it is important to provide a number of extra shells of various sizes , to allow for growth . this will prevent shell - related killings . aside from mechanical damage to corals caused by wandering specimens crawling over the polyps , red leg hermits will typically not bother aquarium residents .
these hermits will feed on detritus , green algae , shed exoskeletons , and dead organic matter . they are also happy to eat any food the keeper chooses to add to their tank , live or frozen , flake or pellet . they are claimed to consume cyanobacteria and hair algae , though this may not be true .
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about 42 , 000 species of some of the most familiar arthropods ; crabs , shrimps , lobsters , crayfish , wood - lice ( sow - bugs , rolly - pollies , you know , terrestrial isopods , and aquatic , even parasitic marine ones ) . many small members in fresh and marine habitats of importance in aquatic food chains . primarily aquatic , mostly marine .
behind the mandibles there are two pair of accessory feeding appendages , the first and second maxillae . 2 ) their bodies trunks are composed of distinct segments covered by a chitinous exoskeleton
. 3 ) crustacean appendages are typically biramous ( two major elements ) . 4 ) they typically have a carapace covering the trunk of their bodies . enough of this detail . we ' ll cover this stuff in more general survey pieces of the mega - groups . on toward the lobsters .
a systematic resume of the crustacea is necessarily large and complex . allow me to semi - skirt around a full discussion here . the nine classes that don ' t include our family of interest enclose the primitive cephalocaridans ( c . cephalocarida ) , the class branchiopoda ( fairy shrimps , tadpole shrimps , water fleas ( daphnia ) ; the class ostracoda , class copepoda ( anchor worm , lernaea ) , classes mystacocarida , branchiura , tantulocarida , remipedia , cirripedia ( barnacles ) , whew ! & finally , our :
comprises almost three - fourths of all described species of crustaceans and most of the larger forms , such as crabs , lobsters , and shrimps . characteristics : trunks typically composed of 14 segments plus the telson (
tail
) ; the first 8 segments form the thorax , the last 6 the abdomen ; all segments bear appendages . four superorders : syncarida , hoplocarida , peracarida , and the one we want to talk about , the eucarida .
superorder eucarida contains many of the large malacostracans . they have highly developed carapaces displaying fusion of all thoracic segments ( the cepahalothorax ) . eyes are stalked . . . two living orders ; the euphausiacea ( krill ) and the :
order decapoda includes the familiar shrimps , crayfish , lobsters and crabs . this is the largest order of crustaceans with @ 10 , 000 species . decapods are distinguishable from euphausiaceans and other malacostracans in that their first three pair of thoracic appendages , the remaining five pairs are legs ( decapoda =
ten feet
) . decapods are further divided into two suborders , the dendrobranciata , with
tree - like
branched gills , body laterally compressed . . . , eggs planktonic , nauplius as the first larval stage ( as in artemia , our brine shrimp ) , infraorders , sections , superfamilies . . . see barnes re their higher taxonomy .
of animals that are crabs (
false
and true ) there are about eight thousand described species , with about 600 venturing into or living in freshwater .
infraorder anomura , families of hermit crabs , sand or mole crabs , crab - like crustaceans . depressed carapaces , third pair of legs never chelate , fourth and fifth pair reduced . . . . have a soft abdomen . . . live with bodies enclosed in discarded shells for the most part .
best ( most
reef - safe
) hermit crab species ( though no carte - blanche guarantees ) for algae control : even these cannot be absolutely trusted with small fishes , invertebrates if hungry . . . and they too can be meals for . . . puffers , triggerfishes , stomatopods ( mantis ) , alpheids ( pistol shrimp ) . . .
calcinus laurentae haig & mclaughlin 1983 , laurent ' s hermit crab , family diogenidae . orange - yellow antennae . claw - limbs brown , other legs pink with white junctions and black tips . hawaiian endemic . common . to about 1 / 5
carapace length . kona pic .
calcinus tibicen , the orangeclaw hermit crab , family diogenidae . tropical west atlantic . orange antennae and eyestalks . eye tips white , eyes with black pupils . unequal size claws . 1 / 2 to 1
.
a common gulf of mexico hermit crab . very hardy . . . can live out of water for days at times .
* c . vittatus * does get rather large , 10 cm at least ( adam j . said he had one ( actually , he said it was * p . holthuisi * in a 6
shell )
scott allen rauch pic .
bigger pix : the images in this table are linked to large ( desktop size ) copies . click on
framed
images to go to the larger size .
paguristes cadenati forest 1954 , the scarlet or red - legged reef hermit . tropical west atlantic . to one inch in length . red carapace and legs , eyes green , on yellow stalks . aquarium and cozumel photo .
never entirely
reef safe
. . . all hermits are to degrees opportunistic omnivores . . . they will eat your other livestock if hungry . . . here two
, the red - banded hermit crab . tropical west atlantic . to four inches in length . claws about the same length with red spots or bands . antennae are golden , eyes blue .
paguristes puncticeps , the white speckled hermit crab . tropical west atlantic . to 5 inches in length . claws about the same length with red spots . blue eyes . white speckled eye stalks and body . cozumel 2017 image .
, the blue eye hermit crab . tropical west atlantic . to 2 . 5 inches in length . claws about the same length with red spots . small blue eyes on red speckled stalks .
phimochirus holthuisi , the red - striped hermit crab . tropical west atlantic . to one inch in length . one cheliped enlarged ( usually right ) ; movable pincer white . eyestalks white with dark band , eyes grayish blue .
trizopagurus ( ciliopagurus ) strigatus ( herbst 1804 ) , the striped or halloween hermit crab . indo - pacific and red sea . to a little over two inches in length . nocturnal . lives in empty cone shells . feed on live and dead animal material .
other species of hermits sometimes offered in the interest that are unusual , though not highly suitable for aquarium use .
manucomplanus varians ( benedict , 1892 ) , staghorn hermit . pix by sara mavinkurve . urltoken
other species of hermits sometimes offered in the interest that are trouble : for ( large ) fish - only systems .
aniculus hopperae mclaughlin & hoover 1996 , hopper ' s hermit crab . sometimes imported from hawai ' i . not a hardy aquarium species ; apparently a sponge feeder in the wild . to an inch in length . black eyes , yellow eye stalks , bright red claws bear black tips . hawaiian endemic . big island pic .
aniculus maximus , a large hermit crab . often imported from hawai ' i . to four inches in length .
dardanus gemmatus h . milne - edwards 1848 , jeweled anemone hermit crab . to two inches carapace length . with calliactis anemones on its shell . hawai ' i image .
dardanus lagopodes ( forsskal 1775 ) , the blade - eyed hermit crab . indo - pacific , including the red sea . to a little over two inches in length . white eye stalks , body mottled in maroon , brown , covered with white - tipped bristles . this one in aitutaki , cook islands and n . sulawesi .
dardanus megistos ( herbst 1789 ) , shell - breaking reef hermit crab , often sold as the white spotted . members of this genus are predaceous , and will gladly consume any fishes they can get their claws on . to six inches . place with large , aware fishes only . aquarium pic .
another reef hermit crab . indo - pacific . often with anemones placed on its movable home / shell . to a little over two inches in length . spiny chelipeds , red and white striped eye stalks are definitive . aquarium and n . sulawesi pix .
dardanus tinctor , a coral hermit crab . this one with its calliactis polypus anemones out at night in the red sea . to 10 cm . large left claw . nocturnal ; omnivorous . moves anemones when transferring to new shells .
dardanus venosus , the starry - eyed hermit crab . 3 - 5 inches . blue / green eyes , dark pupils that are star - burst like in close view . claws of lavender color generally . bristly . cozumel pic .
petrochirus diogenes , a giant hermit crab . to twelve inches ( not a mis - print ) . red / white banded antennae ; scale like covering of legs . blue / blue - green eyes . caribbean .
the superfamily paguroidea also includes stone crabs like lithodes , paralithodes ( commercial king crab of the north pacific ) .
if you use them , place about one , two small hermits per actual gallon of your system . use a mix of species and make sure and provide many
upgrade
homes ( empty shells ) for your hermits to move to .
baensch , hans & helmut debelius . 1994 . marine atlas , v . 1 . mergus , germany . 1215pp .
burgess , warren e . 1974 . salts from the seven seas ( on hermits ) . tfh 11 / 74 .
debelius , helmut . 1999 . crustacea of the world . atlantic , indian , pacific oceans . ikan , germany 321pp .
friese , u . erich . crustaceans in the home aquarium . hermit crabs . tfh 4 / 85 .
hoover , john p . 1997 . hawaiian hermit crabs , pts . i , ii . fama 9 , 10 / 97 .
jensen , christopher . 1998 . red legged hermit crab . fama 4 / 98 .
menten , bob . 1980 . the hermit crab . marine scavenger - par excellence . tfh 11 / 80
michael , scott . 1998 . hermit danger . some species of hermit crabs actually consider your fish their dinner . afm 5 / 98 .
general husbandry : these small hermit crabs are among the best at grazing algae , including slime algae .
keep in mind they do not have a shell of their own and therefore seek suitable size empty shells for protection , usually empty snail shells . the tip of their abdomen is then backed into the columella of the empty shell , calling it home . when danger exists , they retract further into the shell , disappearing from view . as they grow larger via the molting process in the wild , they must seek other slightly larger empty shells . its this process of living in someone else ' s shell that has led to their common name ' hermit , ' i . e . , a hermit living alone .
it ' s advisable to keep an assortment of different size empty snail shells in the aquarium when maintaining this species ( or any hermit ) , as they are very fussy about the space they have inside their selected shell and are always looking for something better / slightly roomier ! in fact , they often enter into battles with other hermits for their shells , with the loser either highly damaged or dead . they may also sometimes pick on live snails , however it is thought they are seeking the shell and not attacking the snail itself .
keep in mind they cannot tolerate copper treatments , therefore if they are in the same aquarium where fish need to be medicated with copper , they must be removed .
fyi : stocking level recommendations vary greatly for these little janitors / scavengers , e . g . , from 1 to 10 per gallon for reef aquariums . yet one should relate their need to the condition of the aquarium , as very well maintained systems need only a few in the entire system . overcrowded and / or overstocked systems no doubt need higher quantities . and new systems probably need none , as hermit nutritional needs will not be met until the aquarium ages somewhat .
in general , hermits can live for about 30 years in the wild , however , they don ' t last near that long in aquaria , with stays of about 1 - 2 years the average . keep in mind even though most hermits are born in the water , when molting they seek the land and bury themselves for protection from predators . depending on their age , the molting process can occur from once a month to once every 18 months , with the process taking about 10 days to complete . therefore , their lifespan in aquaria is questionable / quite limited .
the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .
lemaitre , r . ; mclaughlin , p . ( 2018 ) . world paguroidea & lomisoidea database .
mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i – lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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mix and match to save ! quantity discount applies to all eligible saltwater hermit crabs and snails on your order . the red leg hermit crab is an excelle . . .
care level : easy temperament : peaceful reef compatible : with caution water conditions : 72 - 78° f , dkh 8 - 12 , ph 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 , sg 1 . 023 - 1 . 025 max . size : 1
diet : herbivore supplements : calcium , magnesium , iodine , trace elements
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conceived and designed the experiments : mvt rwh . performed the experiments : mvt mo jc kvn . analyzed the data : mvt . wrote the paper : mvt mo jc kvn rwh .
, which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
this research was funded by the dr . marvin hensley endowed scholarship in zoology awarded to mark v . tran by the zoology department at michigan state university . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
this study used only invertebrate animals , which are not regulated by the institutional animal care and use committee at michigan state university .
following gender determination , animals were housed in small groups in plastic containers ( 20×13×14 cm or 26×16×17 cm ) containing asw and a gravel substrate for a minimum of 4 days to allow sufficient time to recover from handling stress . because we allowed a minimum of 4 days to recover from handling stress , it is highly unlikely that the different methods of sex determination used between species influenced the animals’ behaviors in our experiments . this , however , was not empirically tested . the size of the containers used to house experimental animals had no effect on either species for any of the measured behaviors ( mann - whitney u - tests , p > 0 . 05 ) .
relationship between wet weight ( g ) and shell length inhabited ( cm ) .
for experiments assessing feeding times in the absence of a competitor , we used animals of both sexes ( 11 males : 4 non - gravid females of each species ) that had previously been used in other behavioral experiments and were randomly drawn from mixed - species population tanks . we did this because we had a limited availability of p . perrieri males and had no a priori reason to believe that normal feeding behaviors ( 1 ) would be affected by the animals’ previous use in other experiments , or ( 2 ) differed between sexes when no competitors were present .
the testing apparatus consisted of a 250 ml glass erlenmeyer flask ( 8 cm bottom diameter ) containing 250 ml of asw and clean , white gravel substrate . this apparatus was large enough that the test animals could remain physically separated and were not forced to interact .
this experiment was done to determine if feeding times for both species were similar in the absence of a competitor . the same experimental procedure was used as explained in the previous section , except that only a single animal was placed in the apparatus during each trial . feeding times were compared between species using a two - sided mann - whitney u - test .
total counts of behaviors shown . counts were summed among test animals of the same species . n = 20 trials .
total counts of behaviors shown . counts were summed among test animals of the same species . n = 17 trials for each species .
feeding times when species fed together ( with competition ) and independently ( without competition ) .
we thank n . ostrom , g . mittelbach , and w . li for assistance and guidance on the planning of this study , and b . wagner for assistance with acquiring research animals .
sur quelques crustacés anomures et brachyures recueillis par m . diguet en basse - californie
sur une collection de crustacés décapodes recuellis en basse - californie par m . diguet
bouvier ( decapoda : anomura : diogenidae ) . ph . d dissertation , university of arizona .
because of the sheer size of our forum , we ' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who ' ve met a couple of criteria . ( if you ' re seeing this message , you haven ' t met them yet . ) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i ' m not a noob , i just buy fish with a short life span . . . current tank info : 100 gallon plexy with 35 gallon sump
good to hear the frags are taking to the rubble , softies are always a little challenging . give them a little more time before you move them . thanks for the tip but i don ' t have any cyano bacteria in my tank . i do have some red turf algae , but there is a big difference . cyano is a living indicator of high nutrient levels and / or not enough flow . ultimately you want to address those issues and the cyano will dissapear and not come back . regarding hermits , i ' m not too fond of them . i much prefer snails which they will kill , it ' s only a matter of time . also be cautios with anything from mexico - the water there is temperate and unless you can maintain cool temps the critters won ' t live long .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ jacob . current tank info : retired from reefing . . .
jake , u still have that turf agae ? did the seahare and / or phosphate absorbant stuff make any dent ? yeah the little hermit crabs can kill snails but they are also fun to watch . scott
i ' ve lost 2 snails so far out of about 9 months and still have about 4 left . seems they only get picked on when my largest hermit desides he needs a
home upgrade
. they didn ' t have a picture of the algae so wasn ' t sure if it was the same but the description was dead on so i figured i ' d give it a post . i ' ll keep an eye out .
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turra , a . 1 , 2 and leite , f . p . p . 1
departamento de zoologia , ib , unicamp , c . p . 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil
programa de pós - graduação em ecologia , ib , unicamp , c . p . 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil
correspondence to : alexander turra , departamento de zoologia , ib , unicamp , c . p . 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil , e - mail : turra @ urltoken
hermit crabs display clustering behavior and daily movements ( hazlett , 1966 ; snyder - conn , 1980 ; gherardi & vannini , 1989 , 1992 and 1993 ) which are closely related to the tidal rhythm ( snyder - conn , 1980 ) . clusters are tipically formed during low tides when the hermit crabs stay in physical contact with each other , presenting low activity and preference for shady substrates ( snyder - conn , 1980 ) . at flood tide the hermit crabs disperse to foraging areas and present social activities ( gherardi & vannini , 1993 ) , while at high tide they remain generaly inactive under boulders and in crevices ( snyder - conn , 1980 ) . low and high tides are considered adverse periods due to the risks of desiccation and predation , respectively ( snyder - conn , 1980 ) , thus also leading the hermit crabs to look for refuges .
the clustering behavior is probably controlled by interactions between exogenous and endogenous factors related to the tidal cycle . in this way , environmental stimuli ( air exposure , hydrostatic pressure , light , food availability and small scale water movements ) seem to play an important role in determining the activity of the hermit crabs ( snyder - conn , 1980 ; gherardi & vannini , 1989 ) . the adaptative meaning of the clustering behavior was largely investigated by gherardi & vannini ( 1992 , 1993 ) . it is supposed that clusters serve as
shell exchange markets
or places were males and females can locate themselves easily . however , clustering may be a response to environmental factors , such as desiccation ( reese , 1969 ; gherardi & vannini , 1993 ) , and habitat heterogeneity ( snyder - conn , 1981 ; turra et al . in press ) .
the aim of this study was to describe the clustering behavior of hermit crabs in the brazilian coast , focusing cluster size ( number of individuals per cluster ) , species composition , and shell utilization pattern . comparisons of populational parameters and shell adequacy and condition between clustered and scattered individuals were used as evidences to discuss theories on the factors that regulate the clustering behavior in the area of study .
this study was conducted from september to december 1994 at the grande beach ( 45 o 24 ' w ; 23 o 49 ' s ) , são sebastião , northern coast of são paulo state , brazil . the area of study is an intertidal habitat of 160 m 2 composed by cobbles and boulders irregularly arranged forming natural refuges , holes and crevices . the tides are semidiurnal with maximal variation of 2 meters .
twenty two quadrats of 1 m 2 were sorted in the area of study in order to evaluate the dispersion pattern and the activity of the hermit crabs during low tide . a dispersion index was calculated to access the pattern of distribution of hermit crabs ( elliott , 1977 ) . active individuals were those that were feeding or walking . each quadrat was characterized in relation to air exposure ( total or partial ) or submersion ( presence of tide pools ) . hermit crabs and their shells were identified and the number and size of clusters ( number of individuals present in each cluster ) were registered . shell adequacy and condition were also evaluated .
the shell adequacy to the hermit crabs was evaluated using a visual index modified from abrams ( 1978 ) : 1 . hermit crab not visible ; 2 . pereopods visible but chelipeds not ; 3 . angle of 90 o between chelipeds and the plan of the shell aperture ; 4 . obtuse angle between chelipeds and the plan of the shell aperture ; 5 . chelipeds closing the aperture ; 6 . shield exposed . the shell condition was recorded using a modification of the condition index proposed by mcclintock ( 1985 ) . this index evaluates the degree of incrustation ( 1 . shell not incrusted ; 2 . until 50 % incrusted ; 3 . 50 % to 100 % incrusted ) and of physical damage in the shells used by the hermit crabs ( a . perfect ; b . perforations and / or less than 4 mm of the aperture damaged ; c . more than 4 mm of the aperture damaged and / or apex broken ) .
in order to compare the size distribution between clustered and scattered individuals , three 0 . 50 m wide transects were sampled during the low tide . the crabs were classified as clustered ( 5 or more individuals ) or scattered , removed from their shells , and sized ( shield length ) with a milimetric ocular under stereomicroscope . cluster size was also recorded . the two - way anova and the log - likelihood g test were both performed with a 0 . 05 significance level ( zar , 1984 ) .
the dispersion pattern of the crabs was contiguous ( i = 621 . 130 , d = 28 . 84 , df = 21 , p < 0 . 001 ) , and greatly influenced by the distribution of c . antillensis . most of the hermit crabs were present in clusters ( 70 . 88 % , g [ 1 ] = 46 . 96 , p < 0 . 001 ) , that were more frequently found in air exposed areas ( 14 clusters out of 15 ) . most of the aggregates ( 11 ) were monospecific , composed only by individuals of c . antillensis ( 10 ) or of p . criniticornis ( 1 cluster composed by 6 individuals in a tide pool ) . polyspecific clusters were dominated by c . antillensis but also presented individuals of p . tortugae , p . criniticornis and / or c . tibicen . the clusters composed or dominated by c . antillensis presented 5 to 42 individuals ( n = 14 , 12 . 78 ± 10 . 29 individuals ) .
the activity pattern of the hermit crabs was studied only during low tide . scattered and clustered individuals exposed to the air were inactive , differently from some isolated and submerged ones ( 3 individuals ) in tide pools . some isolated hermit crabs , exposed to the air and out of refuges , presented their shells with the aperture turned upward .
in the transects 31 males and 27 females ( 14 ovigerous , 44 . 44 % ) of c . antillensis were collected ( table 1 ) . both males and females were more frequently found in clusters than isolated ( females : g [ 1 ] = 14 . 85 , p < 0 . 001 ; males : g [ 1 ] = 3 . 98 , p < 0 . 05 ) . size showed to be more dependent on the behavioral situation of the crabs ( clustered or scattered ) than on their sex , although males were sligthly larger than females ( table 1 ) .
shell utilization differed between clustered and scattered individuals of c . antillensis ( g [ 5 ] = 262 . 14 , p < 0 . 001 ) ( fig . 1 ) . shells of tegula viridula ( gmelin , 1791 ) were more frequently occupied by scattered individuals , while shells of stramonita ( = thais ) haemastoma ( linnaeus , 1797 ) , morula nodulosa ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) , leucozonia nassa ( gmelin , 1791 ) , and cerithium atratum ( born , 1778 ) were used mainly by the scattered ones .
shell adequacy and incrustation also differed between clustered and scattered individuals ( table 2 ) . shells were more adequate and incrusted for isolated than clustered crabs .
physical damage did not show any relationship with the behavioral situation ( clustered or scattered ) of the crabs ( table 2 ) . shell adequacy also seemed to be dependent on the shell type ( g [ 16 ] = 33 . 65 , p = 0 . 006 ) , with shells of t . viridula and c . atratum presenting better adequacy than shells of s . haemastoma , l . nassa , and m . nodulosa ( fig . 2 ) .
as expected , all hermit crabs that were exposed to the air were inactive , even those that were clustered and in refuges . at low tide the hermit crabs store water inside their shells and occupy moist microhabitats to avoid the lack of oxygen and the risks of desiccation ( gherardi et al . , 1989 ) . inactive and scattered individuals of c . antillensis presented the aperture of their shells turned upward . this behavior results in a higher retention of water inside the shell as suggested by reese ( 1969 ) , thus enhancing their resistence to long time exposure periods . active individuals were registered only in tide pools . in this way , the activity pattern can be related to the easier locomotion in water due to the lightening of the shells ( gherardi et al . , 1989 ) , and to the physical stress imposed by the air exposure situation .
scattered individuals of c . antillensis were larger than clustered ones , as also showed in other studies with other species ( hazlett , 1966 ; gherardi & vannini , 1989 ; gherardi , 1991 ) . small individuals have a greater surface / volume ratio and are more susceptible to desiccation than the large ones ( gherardi & vannini , 1992 , 1993 ) . thus , clustering might also serve to reduce the risk of desiccation as also suggested by reese ( 1969 ) and snyder - conn ( 1981 ) .
both males and females of this c . antillensis population occurred mainly in clusters , and 44 , 44 % of the females were ovigerous . these results support the hypothesis that clusters may serve as places where males can easily find females ( gherardi & vannini , 1992 , 1993 ) . in addition , clustering may also protect ovigerous females and their eggs from desiccation .
the pattern of shell utilization of hermit crabs is frequently associated with shell availability as can be seen in this area ( leite et al . , 1998 ) , with c . antillensis occupying mainly shells of tegula viridula . however , scattered individuals of c . antillensis used shells of t . viridula in higher frequencies than do clustered ones , probably because these shells presented higher adequacy than the others , as also recorded in other studies ( gherardi , 1991 ; gherardi & vannini , 1993 ) . in addition , shells used by the scattered individuals of c . antillensis presented better adequacy , and higher incrustation and adequacy than that used by the clustered supporting the hypothesis that clusters may serve as
shells exchange markets
( gherardi & vannini , 1993 ) .
the small size of clusters in this area also seemed to be associated with the high availability of empty gastropod shells in this area ( leite et al . , 1998 ) . in this way , a high shell availability may indicate a good shell adequacy to this population , thus not forcing the crabs to look for new ones in dense aggregations .
the meaning of the clustering behavior is still controversal and doubtfull . it is more parsimonious and reasonable to think that many selective forces , such as shell limitation ( behavioral factor ) and environmental stress ( physical factor ) are influencing together the clustering behavior in hermit crabs . to evaluate the role of each factor in the cluster formation it is needed a fully experimental study , isolating all possible factors to test one each time .
acknowledgments  we wish to thank fapesp ( fundação de amparo à pesquisa no estado de são paulo ) by the fellowship n o 93 / 2439 - 4 , and cebimar - usp ( centro de biologia marinha da universidade de são paulo ) for logistic support . giuliano buzá jacobucci and antônio carlos cruz macedo revised the manuscript .
elliott , j . m . , 1977 , some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates .
hazlett , b . , 1966 , social behavior of the paguridae and diogenidae of curaçao .
leite , f . p . p . , turra , a . & gandolfi , s . m . , 1998 , hermit crabs ( crustacea , decapoda , anomura ) , gastropod shells and environmental structure : their relationship in southeastern brazil .
snyder - conn , e . , 1980 , tidal clustering and dispersal of the hermit crab
snyder - conn , e . , 1981 , the adaptive significance of clustering in the hermit crab
turra , a . , jacobucci , g . b . , araújo , f . m . p . & leite , f . p . p . ( in press ) , spatial distribution of four sympatric species of hermit crab ( decapoda , anomura ) .
r . bento carlos , 750 13560 - 660 são carlos sp - brazil tel . / fax : + 55 16 271 - 5726 bjb . iie @ urltoken
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mark v . tran , 1 , 2 , * matthew o’grady , 1 jeremiah colborn , 1 kimberly van ness , 1 and richard w . hill 1 , 2
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to test aggression and competitive abilities , we sized - matched pairs of animals . these pairs of animals were always drawn from separate plastic housing containers in order to alleviate the effects of any pre - existing dominance hierarchies that may have been formed among tankmates
. for all experiments assessing interspecific differences , we housed animals in containers with conspecifics only , and for experiments assessing intraspecific differences , we housed animals in mixed - species containers . on the day the experiments were conducted , experimental pairs of animals were formed by selecting one animal from separate containers . all pairs of animals were size - matched within 3 mm shell length . size - matching controlled for the effect of body size on aggression and competitive abilities . shell length was used as a proxy for body size because ( 1 ) the species show similar relationships between wet body weight ( g ) and length ( cm ) of shell inhabited (
, and ( 3 ) using animals of equal shell size helped to ensure that aggressive interactions observed during the trials were the result of food competition , and not the result of motivation to switch shells , which could confound the results of these experiments . this method was effective since test crabs rarely showed shell investigation behavior , and only one case of shell switching was documented during the trials . both species routinely occupied
shells . we did not assay for differences in behavior based on shell species occupied .
animals were given no food for 2 days prior to use to ensure motivation to forage during trials . on the day of the experiment a size - matched pair of heterospecific animals was formed , placed into the testing apparatus , and given a minimum of 15 minutes to acclimate . following acclimation , 2 ml fe were pipetted into the top of the apparatus using a glass pipette . the animals were allowed 30 seconds to initiate foraging behaviors , after which the numbers of aggressive and submissive behaviors (
) exhibited by each animal were counted for 10 minutes . only trials in which both animals showed obvious foraging behaviors ( e . g . , increased locomotion , substrate probing , feeding movements )
after the fe was introduced were included in analyses . this ensured that the animals were motivated to forage and in a healthy physiological state during the trials . twenty trials of this experiment met these criteria and were used for analyses . we compared the number of ( 1 ) aggressive behaviors , and ( 2 ) submissive behaviors observed during the trials between the species using a two - sided wilcoxon sign - ranks test for matched pairs . paired analyses were required because the behaviors of one species could directly influence the behaviors of the other species during the trials . these , and all other statistical tests mentioned in this report , employed a significance cutoff of


it existed during the middle carnian age of the late triassic ( around 216.5 to 228.0 million years ago ) .

the scant fossil material and the locality they were collected from ( the gorno formation were once shallow lagoons ) lead to initial uncertainty over the nature of the fossil .

it was proposed to be the remains of a pycnodont fish but further studies eventually made this hypothesis unlikely .

the overall morphology of the teeth suggests they are the upper postcanines of the right maxilla of a gomphodont ( herbivorous cynodonts ) , but they also possess unique characteristics that make their taxonomic assignment difficult .

gornogomphodon

this is the place for gornogomphodon definition . you find here gornogomphodon meaning , synonyms of gornogomphodon and images for gornogomphodon copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word gornogomphodon . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word gornogomphodon and , of course , gornogomphodon synonyms and on the right images related to the word gornogomphodon .
how can i put and write and define gornogomphodon in a sentence and how is the word gornogomphodon used in a sentence and examples ? 用gornogomphodon造句 , 用gornogomphodon造句 , 用gornogomphodon造句 , gornogomphodon meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
gornogomphodon
was named after the gorno formation ( literally ' gorno gomphodont ' ) .
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gornogomphodon
is known only from a fossil jaw fragment with three transversely elongate teeth preserved .
gornogomphodon is an extinct genus of synapsid from the gorno formation of bergamo , italy . it existed during the middle carnian age of the late triassic ( around 216 . 5 to 228 . 0 million years ago ) . it contains only one species : gornogomphodon caffi . gornogomphodon is known only from a fossil jaw fragment with three transversely elongate teeth preser . . .
the specific name for its only species
gornogomphodon caffi
was named in honor of enrico caffi , the first director of the museo di scienze naturali enrico caffi .
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a jaw fragment with three teeth preserved , collected from the gorno formation ( carnian , upper triassic ) of lombardy ( italy ) is described . the teeth are transversely elongated , three - cusped and bear anterior and posterior cingula . their overall morphology supports their identification as postcanines of a gomphodont cynodont . the unique tooth morphology of the new specimen supports its attribution to a new genus and species , while at the same time precluding positive assignment to already known gomphodont families . there is a fairly small record of gomphodont cynodonts in europe , so that the described specimen adds to the knowledge of the distribution and diversity of european gomphodonts and it also represents the first ever collected in italy .
silvio renesto [ silvio . renesto @ urltoken ] , dipartimento di biologia strutturale e funzionale , università degli studi dell’insubria , via dunant 3 , 21100 varese , italy ; spencer g . lucas [ spencer . lucas @ urltoken ] , newmexico museum of natural history and science , 1801 mountain road n . w . albuquerque , new mexico , 87104 usa .
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chimes of freedom ( 23 january 1987 – 2014 ) was an american-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .

bred in kentucky by her owner stavros niarchos she was sent to race in england where she was trained by henry cecil .

she was one of the best juvenile fillies of her generation in europe , winning four of her five races including the cherry hinton stakes in britain and the moyglare stud stakes in ireland .

in the following year she did not contest any of the classics but recorded major victories in the coronation stakes and the child stakes .

after being retired at the end of the season she became a highly successful broodmare , producing several major winners .

chimes of freedom ( horse )

all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for freedom rocks . freedom rocks is a gelding born in 2007 november 15 by rock of cashel out of chimes of freedom
the dam of chimes of freedom , won the 1984 heinz “57” phoenix stakes ( ire - i ) . she
chimes of freedom produced 12 named foals , of which 10 started and seven won . her important foals are as follow :
chimes of freedom ( usa ) ch . 1987 gw 6 wins f : 12 r : 10 w : 7 sw : 4
six - time group one winner dylan thomas gains the 2007 cartier racing awards for horse of the year and champion older horse .
popular freedom decor of good quality and at affordable prices you can buy on aliexpress .
hails from one of the most celebrated families in the international stud book . he is by champion sire of sires nureyev out of multiple gr . one winner chimes of freedom ( by private account ) .
multiple group iii winner dietrich ( by storm cat ) and german stakes winner mambo light ( by kingmambo ) and second dam of irish group iii winner beauty bright . chimes of freedom is a
lindsay park stud and magali farms have entered a partnership that will see proven young sire good journey ( nureyev – chimes of freedom ) shuttle between south australia and the usa .
the belltower is still there , in south pasadena , and presumably so are the chimes .
immediate family of gr1 winners : aviance ( pathfork’s great grandam ) , denon ( 4x gr1 wins ) , chimes of freedom ( 2x gr1 wins ) , aldebaran ( 8x gr1 wins ) , saddex ( 2x gr1 wins ) .
this is “chimes of freedom” written by bob dylan and recorded most popularly by roger mcguinn and the byrds around 1965 and more recently by bruce springsteen and the e street band at the time of the amnesty international tour in the late ’80s .
) and second dam of 2010 vincent o ' brien national stakes ( ire - i ) winner pathfork , 2007 french highweighted 3 - year - old stayer sagara and australian group iii winner global balance . chimes of freedom is also a half sister to remote romance (
author of dressage unscrambled , released by half halt press in october of 2009 and now distributed by horse and rider books . com , a division of trafalgar square press .
henry cecil’s filly chimes of freedom won the race in 1990 , completing a fine double for the warren place stable , who had won the st james’s palace stakes with shavian a day earlier ( in those days the coronation stakes was run on the wednesday of the royal meeting ) .
in the horse of the year category , dylan thomas came out ahead of an outstanding quartet , comprising manduro , ramonti , authorized and peeping fawn , and he also takes the cartier older horse award by overcoming manduro and ramonti again , plus yeats and notnowcato .
two trainers have claimed four winners apiece here . henry cecil completed his with roussalka in 1974 , diminuendo in 1987 , chimes of freedom in 1989 and musicale in 1991 , while sir michael stoute accomplished it with swinburn’s first three winning rides , plus dazzle in 1996 .
“they don’t want to hear this but i’m saving up for a jumping saddle , ” santanna chimes in from across the arena .
“she knew the horse would stand still while i got on , which is the scariest part , ” said santanna .
chimes of freedom was a high class individual trained by henry cecil at newmarket , and her 5l win in the group 1 coronation stakes at royal ascot was high class form . she ran a total of 9 times , and her highest rpr was 124 in the child stakes ( now known as the falmouth ) .
but two - and - a - half years after the collision , they were no closer to finding the right horse .
kingmambo , too , is represented in poland by two sons who have excellent pedigrees but lack a black - type success . they are the unraced october , out of the 2001 irish two - year - old champion filly quarter moon ( sadler’s wells ) , and the maiden arithmancer , out of the coronation stakes winner , chimes of freedom , the dam of the excellent good journey .
the very talented dylan thomas was named cartier horse of the year at the 2007 cartier racing awards , presented in the ballroom of the four seasons hotel in london’s mayfair on the evening of wednesday , november 14 .
dan guides dealer into position . he stands on the outside , holding the horse steady , with jo - anne in front .
later in childhood he would spend time with a grandfather who had been a hotel pianist and could play
the maple leaf rag
. his brooklyn - irish grandmother was a great singer , and taught him songs that would become staples of the folk repertoire . ( it was to one of her favourites ,
the chimes of trinity
, that dylan would pay particular attention :
he made me sing it for him a few times until he had the gist of it , then reworked it into ' chimes of freedom ' . her version was better .
)
a sale topping son of leading sire snitzel and the first horse in history to win the cox plate / australian guineas group one double . timeform champion australian 3yo .
the eight horse awards were decided by a tried and tested combination of points achieved in pattern races , the views of racing journalists on cartier ' s racing panel , and votes from readers of racing post and the daily telegraph .
directly descended from best in show ( 4th dam ) . good journey is by nureyev , sire of 135 stakes winners . his dam , chimes of freedom , was a precocious two - year - old winning 4 of her 5 juvenile starts in ireland including a group one over 6 furlongs . she would go on at three to win the gr . 1 newmarket cheveley park sprint , finishing her career with 6 wins from 9 starts . chimes of freedom is by the damascus line stallion private account , the champion broodmare sire of no less than 91 stakeswinners including good journey’s half brother , aldebaran , the triple group one winning champion usa sprinter of 2003 . good journey’s 2nd dam , aviance , was also a group one winner herself and threw 3 stakes winners including denon ( 4 time gr . 1 winner ) and imperfect circle ( dam of spinning world ) .
the son of danehill triumphed in the budweiser irish derby at the curragh as a three - year - old and defeated last year’s cartier horse of the year ouija board in the baileys irish champion stakes at leopardstown .
but for santanna , now 30 , who has been riding since she was 8 , never being on a horse again was no option at all .
“up , up , ” she says to the horse who obligingly lifts her one white leg — though it is currently more beige from the mud .
the six - year - old became the first horse to record back - to - back victories in the gold cup since royal rebel in 2002 .
our selection of brands is always growing , so chances are your favorite is on aliexpress . you will find a high quality freedom decor at an affordable price from brands like phantaci , he dao , houseen .
santanna marrocco , being pushed by her father , rick , uses a ramp to get high enough to mount the horse . the process also requires the help of her mother and her husband .
note : a restoration of
chimes at midnight
is said to be in progress , with a possible release in a year or two . a brazilian import that will play on north american machines can be ordered at :
here are links to segments of interesting work under the instruction of herwig radnutter , bereiter at the spanish riding school of vienna and other rides of interest .
a high - class filly at both 2 and 3 in europe , chimes of freedom was not in the same league as the great salsabil ( who defeated her soundly in the 1990 fred darling stakes , eng - iii , before going on to annex four european classics ) and was not up to taking on males but was quite consistent when she got the ground she preferred . she proved an even better broodmare than racer .
wind of roses ( f . by lomond ) . unraced . dam of -
the writer , associate producer , and narrator of the farnam company’s video “the official usdf introduction to dressage . ” produced two popular instructional videos for learning partners : “putting your horse on the bit” and “leg yielding” in the 1980s .
graduate of yale and a recipient of american dressage institute scholarships in 1972 and 1976 .
santanna marrocco ' s legs were amputated above the knees after an automobile collision in 2010 . she says her horse , dealer , and her custom saddle
have given me everything back .
his jockey that day , kieren fallon , called him the best horse he has ever ridden and dylan thomas’ exploits may not have finished , with the japan cup on november 25 a possibility .
four years later one of the all - time great fillies of the turf won the coronation stakes in the shape of pretty polly and she too of course had won the guineas as part of her triple crown triumph .
hillsdown was one of the earliest sponsors of the race , followed in the 1990s by charles heidsieck champagne . after the turn of the new millennium , urltoken took up the title role and then passed it on to chippenham lodge stud . since 2006 , however , a division of horse racing ireland has been the primary backer , and the official event name of the race is the irish thoroughbred marketing cherry hinton stakes .
chimes of freedom ( 1987 , by private account ) won the 1989 moyglare stud stakes ( ire - i ) and 1990 coronation stakes ( eng - i ) . she is the dam of 2003 american champion sprinter aldebaran ( by mr . prospector ) , 2002 atto mile stakes ( can - i ) winner good journey ( by nureyev ) , grade iii winner sea of showers ( by seattle slew ) , listed stakes winner tomisue ' s indy ( by a . p . indy ) and multiple stakes producer modesty blaise ( by a . p . indy ) .
ranked cauthen as eighth in their list of the top 50 jockeys of the 20th century .
other prominent producers in the family include broodmare of the year best in show and her descendants monroe and minnie hauk . it is the family of champion el gran senor and multiple group 1 winner redoute’s choice , both prominent sires ; champions close hatches , malinowski , xaar , aldebaran , and try my best ; breeders’ cup mile winners spinning world and domedriver ; and grade / group 1 winners senue , chief contender , chimes of freedom , good journey , denon , saddex , bahamian pirate , yagli , hurricane sky , umatilla , manhattan run , platinum scissors , al maher , and effinex .
chimes of freedom , by private account . third top filly on the 1990 european 3yo classification . 6 wins - 4 at 2 - at 6f , 1m , £299 , 831 , royal ascot coronation s . , gr . 1 , curragh moyglare stud s . , gr . 1 , newmarket child s . , gr . 2 , cherry hinton s . , gr . 3 , 3d newmarket cheveley park s . , gr . 1 . sister to piquetnol ( dam of dietrich , mambo light ) , privately held , half - sister to denon , imperfect circle ( dam of spinning world , visions of clarity ) , remote romance ( dam of saddex ) . dam of 12 foals , 10 to race , 7 winners , inc : -
was a perfect illustration of this . a great - grand - daughter of the superb american matriarch
florence ' s loneliness caused her to act out in many ways . she sought refuge with friends in hollywood and , despite the fact that she had a child with rankin , had a series of affairs . eventually she ran away to mexico , only to return with the name she ' d be known as the rest of her life —
pancho
. she learned to fly , and allegedly thumbed her nose at her husband , buzzing the church on one of her first flights . yet , despite her antics and notoriety , rankin barnes would not grant florence a divorce . allegedly he believed that it would be injurious to his church career . whatever the cause , he did eventually grant her freedom in 1941 . there are various accounts of just exactly how florence gained her freedom . barbara little , a friend and writer who was interviewed for the film , told us her version .
so the story goes ,
said little ,
that she road bare naked on a white horse from the street of the steps of the church up to the rostrum where he was standing . smiled , turned around , and rode the horse back out of the church . i said , ' pancho is that true ? ' she said , ' good story , isn’t it ? '
welles as director uses some of his familiar visual strategies ; the vast interiors of henry iv ' s castles contrast with the low ceilings and cluttered rooms of bawdy houses , just as the vast space of kane ' s great hall contrasts with the low ceilings and dancing girls of the new york inquirer . royalty in
chimes at midnight
is framed by vast cathedral vaults , with high windows casting diagonals of light . welles uses dramatic camera angles , craning to look up at the trumpeters atop the battlements as henry iv rides off to battle .
jessica harrington during an interview with john freeman heaped praise on her former champion . she got him as a 2yo and said that he was “a very straight forward horse right from the start and just got on with his business . his class was evident from the first time we worked him – a very easy mover . always 100 % sound and the most beautiful walker . magnificently conformed . wonderfully relaxed horse , even a child could ride him” .
each summer , the newmarket july festival in suffolk becomes the focus of attention for bookmakers and handicappers alike , as crowds gather for three days to see thoroughbred horse racing in the sport’s birthplace and global centre . one of the highlights of day one is the group 2 cherry hinton stakes , a six - furlong sprint for two - year - old fillies worth £80 , 000 .
chimes of freedom , by private account . third top filly on the 1990 european 3yo classification . 6 wins - 4 at 2 - at 6f , 1m , £299 , 831 , royal ascot coronation s . , gr . 1 , curragh moyglare stud s . , gr . 1 , newmarket child s . , gr . 2 , cherry hinton s . , gr . 3 , 3d newmarket cheveley park s . , gr . 1 . sister to piquetnol , privately held , half - sister to denon , imperfect circle . dam of eleven named foals , ten to race , seven winners , inc : -
offers an experience gained through over forty years of working with horses , having ridden literally thousands of them and having taught thousands of riders at all levels .
the ballad of narayama
is a japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice , telling a story of startling cruelty . what a space it opens…
on friday , belmont park will card the rags to riches invitational , named to honor the 2007 belmont stakes winner who became the first filly in more than a century to win america’s oldest and longest classic when she outdueled eventual two - time horse of the year curlin for the victory .
the american - centric , celebrity bias of the curators sometimes resembles a ghastly themed version of pop idol .
very much his own horse , new approach , in who sheikh mohammed bought a half share during the summer , has stepped out of the shadow of teofilo to become a genuine prospect for next season’s classics and trainer jim bolger hopes to bring his champion two - year - old back to newmarket in may to contest the stan james 2000 guineas .
the 2005 winner maid’s causeway showed the courage and tenacity of her sire , the original ‘iron horse’ giant’s causeway . runner - up in the 1 , 000 guineas , she had disappointed in the irish equivalent but knuckled down bravely to defeat karens caper in a race run at york , due to the building of a new grand stand at ascot .
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florence ' s marriage to c . rankin barnes may have ended long ago , but one symbol of their relationship endures . in 1923 , when florence ' s mother died suddenly , her grieving relatives sought to erect a memorial to her . a concept that made perfect sense , was for the family to donate a new stone tower and a set of chimes for rankin barnes ' parish , st . james episcopal church . they were unveiled with great fanfare .
the chimes ,
noted the newspaper ,
are played electrically [ and will be played ] for fifteen minutes every sunday morning and special programs will be arranged for the holidays .
the cheveley park stakes is a group 1 flat horse race in great britain open to two - year - old fillies . it is run on the rowley mile at newmarket over a distance of 6 furlongs ( 1 , 207 metres ) , and it is scheduled to take place each year in late september .
such scenes illuminate the life welles poured into
chimes at midnight .
he came early to shakespeare ; he edited and published editions of some of the plays while still at prep school . on stage and screen , he was also othello and macbeth , his voice fell naturally into iambic rumbles , he was large enough for heroes and so small he could disappear before henry v ' s scorn . he once asked an audience , reduced by a snowstorm :
why are there so many of me and so few of you ?
the next two gr . 1 winners have german careers – the winner of the deutsches derby next desert ( desert style ) , the most demanded stallion in the czech republic last year , and darsalam ( desert king ) , who scored his biggest success in the rheinland pokal ( gr . 1 ) but was trained in the czech republic where he became twice the horse of the year .
other riders would be a little nervous of her at first , clark says , but she’s just part of the team .
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nureyev initially retired to stud at the niarchos’ haras de fresnay - le - buffard where he was an instant success . in his thoroughbred stallions book , tony morris wrote :
a horse is not supposed to get seven pattern winners among a first crop of only 23 foals . that is not just beyond the bounds of expectation ; history says it does not happen . nonetheless nureyev achieved it .
because the event is limited to two - year - olds , no horse may win the cherry hinton stakes twice , but there was one year when the race had two winners . omelia and pirouette dueled to an exciting photo finish , which resulted in a dead heat in 1952 .
at present the race takes place on the friday of royal ascot and has been won by some of the sport’s great fillies .
his second dam aviance is also a gr . one winner and dam of four time gr . one winner denon as well as the dam of spinning world , sire of heavenly glow , winner of the group one stc arrowfield stud stakes at rosehill on saturday .
chaired the usdf council of instructors and trainers for seven years and was largely responsible for pushing to fruition the usdf’s program for instructor certification and the beginning of the usdf’s program of annual national symposiums .
the sprinter goodricke ( bahamian bounty ) , based at hřebčín křenek and the winner of the sprint cup is the last gr . 1 winner at stud in the czech republic . křenek is already the fourth stud for this brother of pastoral pursuit . previously he was stabled in overbury stud , england , allevamento fattoria renaccino , italy , and gestüt ohlerweiherhof , germany . he has failed to produce a black - type horse so far .
the crucial point about
chimes at midnight
is that although it was rejected by audiences and many critics on its release , although some of the dialogue is out of sync and needs to be adjusted , although many of the actors become doubles whenever they turn their backs , although he dubbed many of the voices himself , although the film was assembled painstakingly from scenes shot when he found the cash - - although all of these things are true , it is a finished film , it realizes his vision , it is the falstaff he was born to direct and play , and it is a masterpiece . now to restore it and give it back to the world .
ecosse ( peintre celebre ) , out of the winner of the prix corrida ( gr . 3 ) elacata ( acatenango ) , seems an interesting proposition too . being a below - average horse on the racetrack , his first polish crop , amounting to just three runners , produced the first two in the polish derby . two years later his son prince of ecosse became the champion of two - year - olds in poland and the same feat was repeated a year later by pillar who then went on to place third in the polish derby , won by another ecosse’s son patronus .
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the falling star effect is a chime that is played in various songs like endless quest , rivers of beliefs etc . the effect of this falling star is tremendous and adds to the depth of the song .
each of the runners carries eight stone twelve pounds over the straight turf of the famed july course . this race is typically a “coming out” group event for many of the entrants , and a penalty of three pounds is applied to any previous group 1 or group 2 winners .
the ballydoyle team of trainer aidan o’brien and owners sue & john magnier , michael tabor and derrick smith had another tremendous year of success .
vodafone derby winner authorized did his connections proud this year and the colt is named the carter three - year - old colt of 2007 ahead of cockney rebel , excellent art , literato and soldier of fortune .
“having her and having my saddle have given me everything back , ” she says , using a rag to clean dealer’s leg . “her show name is ‘my freedom’ because she gave it all back to me . i never thought i’d be able to do what i could before . but with her i can . she’s starting to give me myself back . ”
her father , rick , and her husband of nine years , dan brodie , hover at the edge of the arena , ready for anything .
“i don’t think any of us breathed that first ride , ” says her riding coach , clark , of the northside training centre in caledon .
the invited audience of nearly 300 at the cartier racing awards consisted of leading owners , trainers , jockeys , breeders , media and racing personalities .
this opener seems to follow a similar pattern of relating a space fact to the “number” of the album ( as seen in the theme of almost full moon ) –here , elisabeth houghton recites facts about mars , the fourth planet from the sun , and this is the fourth album of enigma .
this track begins with the jazz percussion , along with haunting ambient themes and an odd sound effect that can only be described as sounding like the whinny of a horse . drippy , aquatic sounds enter , along with a piano that plays a repeated melody , a bassline , and some ethnic drums . the main beat kicks in along with some very jazzy - sounding trumpets , and then sandra speaks about the “principles of lust . ” she describes how to best experience lust firsthand .
as with principles of lust , this song is in three parts . it also uses the same beat from sadeness in two of the three parts .
) , lizzie l’amour is the fourth foal of her unraced dam sabia , who has a 3 - year - old filly named fun seeker ( nz ) ( darci brahma { nz } ) , but she missed to ocean park ( nz ) in 2014 and slipped to poet’s voice ( gb ) and shamexpress ( nz ) in 2015 and 2016 , respectively . sabia is a full - sister to italian highweight and group 1 winner saddex ( gb ) ( sadler’s wells ) , who also won a group 1 in germany and was runner up in the g1 prix ganay , was bred to makfi ( gb ) this past fall . lizzie l’amour’s third dam is the top producer and g1 phoenix s . heroine aviance ( ire ) ( northfields ) , responsible for european highweight chimes of freedom ( private account ) , mgisw denon ( pleasant colony ) , and sw & g1sp imperfect circle ( riverman ) , herself the dam of european highweight and gi breeders’ cup mile hero spinning world ( nureyev ) .
nevertheless , the village became his natural home , a place of kindred musical , political and social spirits where he could drop by the white horse tavern to hear dylan thomas read his poems , spend afternoons at the five spot listening to thelonious monk rehearsing with john coltrane , or make friends with surviving exponents of early jazz , whose wisdom he absorbed as he began playing with dixieland bands in and around new york . in between times there were spells as a merchant seaman and road trips across america .
cauthen was british champion jockey three times , and won english classic races ten times , including the 2 , 000 guineas , the derby twice , and the st leger three times . in 1985 he won three classics riding oh so sharp . in 1989 he rode european horse of the year old vic to victory in the french derby and the irish derby . in 1991 he won the italian derby on hailsham . [ 4 ]
unbeaten in five starts , including twice in group one company , new approach , a 430 euros yearling out of campion park express , follows in the footsteps of stablemate teofilo in becoming cartier two - year - old colt of 2007 .
at mistress quickly ' s , on the other hand , falstaff and his roisterers have great freedom of movement involving doorways and posts , barrels and vertiginous staircases , barking dogs and laughing wenches . he and other actors circle verticals and one another as they speak , just as welles and joseph cotten circled in
citizen kane
and
the third man .
and watch the use of deep focus when he begins a shot with hal seated in the background and , as news of his father ' s death is conveyed , hal stands and moves forward , finally looming over the camera in foreground . all one shot .
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the coens ' focus is sharp . the time is early 1961 and the streets of the village are covered with snow . folk singers who can ' t afford winter coats perform in starkly furnished coffee houses to audiences of college students swiftly discovering alternatives to conventional eisenhower - era ideas of progress towards adulthood . this is a world in which idealism battles against careerism , and , in the case of llewyn davis , a veneer of one barely conceals a core of the other .
and raced in the colors of stavros niarchos . she was trained by henry cecil
hi all ! here you can buy cheap and download all of enigma albums .
urltoken – international federation of horseracing authorities – cheveley park stakes ( 2016 ) .
the moyglare stud stakes became part of the breeders’ cup challenge series in 2009 .
dam of multiple group i winner saddex ( by sadler ' s wells ) .
remote romance . 2 wins at 1400m , 1600m in france . dam of -
, winner of the 1990 golden slipper and maternal grandsire of redoute ' s choice . hore - lacy had trained canny lad at the old epsom training complex at mentone , but by the time of redoute ' s choice ' s arrival he had been forced to relocate to caulfield because of epsom ' s closure in 1996 .
new approach made his racecourse debut in a seven - furlong maiden stakes at the curragh in the middle of july , a race which teofilo had won 12 months earlier . always towards the front of affairs , the son of galileo readily disposed of his 11 rivals , beating the aidan o’brien - trained lucifer sam by two lengths .
alec taylor , jr . – maid of the mist ( 1908 ) , maid of corinth ( 1909 ) , bayuda ( 1918 ) , miss gadabout ( 1924 )
his other group one winners include melyno ( 1982 french 2 , 000 guineas ) , l’emigrant ( 1983 french 2 , 000 guineas , prix lupin ) . persepolis ( 1982 prix lupin ) , seattle song ( 1983 prix de la salamandre ) , northern trick ( 1984 french oaks , 1984 prix vermeille ) , mendez ( 1984 prix du moulin ) , magic of life ( 1988 coronation stakes ) , bassenthwaite ( 1984 middle park stakes ) , baillamont ( 1985 prix jean prat , 1986 prix ganay , 1986 prix d’ipsahan ) , common grounds ( 1987 prix de la salamandre ) , procida ( 1984 prix de la foret ) , chimes of freedom ( 1989 moyglare stud stakes , 1990 coronation stakes ) , east of the moon ( 1994 french 1 , 000 guineas and french oaks ) , johann quatz ( 1992 prix lupin ) , shanghai ( 1992 french 2 , 000 guineas ) , exit to nowhere ( 1992 prix jacques le marois ) , coup de genie ( 1993 prix morny and prix de la salamandre ) , dolphin street ( 1993 prix de la foret ) .
“she is the only one we know of who does it , ” dan adds .
thank you for such elaborate , beautiful description of enigma’s songs . i’m a big fan of enigma too . personally , i liked push the limits and the piano best .
of perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .
sea of laughter . winner at 2 in u . s . a . producer .
rags to riches , winner of the 2007 belmont stakes , returned to kentucky recently .
hopes were high for rags to riches , a daughter of a . p . indy , as a broodmare because of her outstanding female lineage . she is out of broodmare of the year better than honour , who also produced belmont stakes winner jazil , breeders’ cup marathon winner man of iron , grade 2 winner casino drive , and grade 1 producer teeming . out of kentucky oaks winner blush with pride , better than honour is a half - sister to group 1 - placed maryinsky , the dam of champion peeping farn , group 1 winner thewayyouare , and group stakes winners smolensk and turnberry isle .
the coronation stakes regularly features the crème de la crème of three year old fillies and has been won by many of the great female milers in history ; with plenty going on to play an equally important role in the creation of future champions in the paddocks .
rhona beck of highlands stud farm and partners are proud to announce the purchase of undefeated irish champion two - year - old pathfork for stud duties in south africa . pathfork will stand at highlands on behalf of a syndicate and will be managed by john freeman .
van ronk told the story in his autobiography , the mayor of macdougal street . published in 2005 , three years after his death at the age of 65 , it describes the glory days of the village , and is full of amusing character studies and pungent opinions . it also forms the platform on which the film directors joel and ethan coen constructed their latest film , inside llewyn davis , a portrait of a new york singer during the period in which folk was taking over from jazz as the music of the hip intelligentsia .
this song is about michael cretu’s position on the “murderous insanity of the colonists as they settled in america , ” and how they mercilessly killed off many of the native americans .
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much like the colt’s equivalent race attracts horses of guineas - winning standard , the coronation stakes annually assembles the finest collection of proven classic fillies from england , france and ireland .
also sire of 2 stakes - winners in usa & south africa in 2015 , including cornerstone stud born 3yo filly sensible lover , winner of a group three in south africa .
among the many outstanding winners have been : habibti ( 1982 ) who went to become the champion sprinter in 1983 ; park appeal ( 1984 ) the dam of cape cross ; chimes of freedom ( 1989 ) who won the following year’s coronation stakes and child stakes ; caricciosa ( 1990 ) who added the group 1 cheveley park stakes at newmarket later that autumn ; sayyedati ( 1992 ) who won the cheveley park stakes , english 1 , 000 guineas , prix jacques le marois and sussex stakes ; tarascon ( 1997 ) who won the irish 1 , 000 guineas ; rumplestiltskin ( 2005 ) who won the prix marcel boussac later that year and was the dam of tapestry ; again ( 2008 ) who won the irish 1 , 000 guineas ; misty for me ( 2010 ) who won the prix marcel boussac , irish 1 , 000 guineas and pretty polly stakes and was the dam of roly poly ; sky lantern ( 2012 ) who won the english 1 , 000 guineas and sun chariot stakes ; rizeena ( 2013 ) who won the coronation stakes ; and minding ( 2015 ) who went on to win the fillies’ mile at two , the english 1 , 000 guineas and oaks , the pretty polly stakes , nassau stakes and qeii stakes .
i always considered myself to be a great enigma fan . however , there was always a sense of obscurity in determining the rationale in some of cretu’s songs . however , most uncertainties lying within the songs are clearly identified and answered with a high degree of accuracy on this website . it also shows cretu as not only being a musical genius but a literary one as well . every element , layer of sound , word can be seen as a part of cretu’s interpretation of the journey of life , from enigma 1 to enigma 6 , a posteriori . these albums can make a great study in literature . enigma harks to an upcoming rennaissance of thought which will be eventually translated to a new humanity . i can put him in the ranks of the great philosophers of all time , however , this greatness will bnot be acnologed by all though… . at least not for a next hundred years… . .
how can it be that there is an orson welles masterpiece that remains all but unseen ? i refer not to incomplete or abandoned projects that have gathered legends , but to
chimes at midnight
( 1965 ) , his film about falstaff , which has survived in acceptable prints and is ripe for restoration . i saw the film in early 1968 , put it on my list of that year ' s best films , saw it again on 16mm in a welles class i taught , and then could not see it for 35 years .
) , is the dam of multiple grade i winner yagli ( by jade hunter ) .
winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
an interview with terry gilliam , director of
the man who killed don quixote .
there are plenty of races at the royal meeting which leave connoisseurs waxing lyrical over the quality of competition . certainly down the years the coronation stakes has fallen nicely into that category .
it will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .
remote romance . 2 wins at 1300m , 1450m in france . dam of 3 winners -
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two - twenty - two ( fairy king ) , the winner of the gladness stakes ( gr . 3 ) , and royal court ( sadler’s wells ) , out of the excellent dam rose of jericho , performed good on the track and they are successful at stud too .
falstaff ,
this huge hill of flesh ,
is one of shakespeare ' s greatest characters - - the equal , argues harold bloom , of hamlet . he so dominates the henry iv plays that although shakespeare promised he would return in henry v , he reconsidered ; the fat knight would have sounded the wrong note in that heroic tale , and so we learn from mistress quickly of his death , as he
babbl ' d of green fields .
jens gad’s guitar comes in . it’s played in a nouveau - flamenco style at first , very soft and mellow . it works up to a nice electric guitar solo that fortunately does not shatter the tranquil mood of the song . sandra whispers a few lines from mea culpa , and then the flute comes back . towards the end , many elements are playing at once , including some old samples like the horse - whinny from find love and the reverse - mode gregorian chants from sadeness ( reprise ) , and also some new samples , one of which sounds like a high - pitched female whimper .
the ascot listed winner wallace ( royal academy ) has a very interesting pedigree but unfortunately has been little demanded by czech breeders . he is the son of the excellent broodmare maskana , the dam of the last breeders’ cup filly & mare turf dank ( dansili ) or the winner of the hong kong cup ( gr . 1 ) eagle mountain ( rock of gibraltar ) .
rags to riches delivered a filly from the first crop of regally bred australia – by galileo and out of champion ouija board – in march , prior to her booking to american pharoah .
this closing piece is the intro played backwards with an added voice sample of louisa stanley speaking .
endless quest may be a continuation of the struggle to find individuality as explored in modern crusaders .
nureyev - who died in october , 2001 - subsequently moved to walmac international in kentucky and became one of the greatest stallions of his era , siring the likes of theatrical , sonic lady , zilzal , soviet star , polar falcon , peintre celebre , fasliyev , stravinsky , reams of verse and a pair that carried the niarchos silks at the highest level , miesque and spinning world .
half brother to champion
silent witness
by leading sire of sires redoute ' s choice .
very impressing and in - depth descriptions , though you’re obviously lacking ‘voyageur’ and latest effort ‘a posteriori’ . i’d like to read your interpetations of those . if i were to nithpick i’d ask to the whereabouts of single - only tracks such as the ( arguably superior ) midnight man remix of ‘t . n . t for the brain’ , the fab long and alive version of ‘return to innocence’ the various versions of ‘carly’s song’ and most notably the hidden single exclusive ( and only b - side track ) ‘light of your smile’ . indeed , the remix realm of enigma is perhaps an all - together seperate affair . maybe next time ? . cheers and keep analyzing / / falke
the music in this song revolves around opposites . the song’s title–well , the “light vs . weight” portion–is one of them , and it is reflected in the music by the use of fire and water . the sound of a match being struck , followed by the sound of a water droplet hitting a pool , plays throughout the song . the song is very ambient and “hazy” - sounding .
earlier on the march evening , santanna opens the stable door and calls in the horses and ponies from the paddock , muddy from the wet snow . they trail in one at a time : dealer , eddie , dan’s horse kylo , who is prone to neighing loudly when he feels neglected , and her mother’s mischievous pony colby , who once chased off a pack of wolves . the three miniature ponies — timbit , jenga and momma — follow . santanna says she’s going to train them to pull her around the town in a cart .
the symbolism of this song is simple . the moon , in its third phase ( this is the third album of enigma ) is a gibbous moon , which is an almost - full moon .
the group one darley yorkshire oaks at york on august 22 was to be peeping fawn’s final start of the season and she duly recorded her biggest margin of victory , beating allegretto by four lengths .
balance of nature . placed at 2 , 2d deauville prix de caen , chantilly prix de saint - firmin , 3d longchamp prix de bois preau , chantilly prix de la canardiere . dam of -
binary file ( 98c , rainbow quest , nijinsky ) . champion miler in scandinavia 2005 . champion grass horse & older horse in scandinavia in 2006 . 7 wins from 1400m to 1800m , ovrevoll marit sveaas minnelop , gr . 3 , jagersro pramms memorial , l , klampenborg pokallob , l , taby swedish open mile , l , york strensall s . , l , ascot alfred franks & bartlett sunglasses s . , 2d longchamp prix dollar , gr . 2 , taby stockholm cup international , gr . 3 , danish jockey club cup , l - twice , taby stockholms stora pris , l , 3d ovrevoll marit sveaas minnelop , gr . 3 , klampenborg pokallob , l , taby stockholms stora pris , l , 4th hamburg hamburger meile , gr . 3 , klampenborg pokallob , l , golden mile , l , newbury dubai duty free cup , l , steventon s . , l .
not as negative as it sounds , this song revolves around a theme of jealousy . a driving beat , tabla drums , and sandra’s breathy vocals all add to the intensity of the song , and a racing guitar solo in the middle of the song heightens the musical experience . cretu used a led zeppelin vocal sample in one version of the song , and then the later pressings of the disc ( in europe , at least ) has cretu himself singing something that sounds like “you’ll be fine . ”
( later sir henry cecil ) . she produced all her foals under the name of flaxman holdings .
the scenes of davis performing – and a fleeting glimpse of a younger rival – are a reminder of how that sophistication , or whatever it was , enabled dylan to rise above and so swiftly distance himself from a parochial scene , his youthful intensity transforming traditional material in a way that van ronk – however impeccable his intentions and the quality of his performance – could never begin to match . inside llewyn davis is not one man ' s story , but it proceeds from the pain of that historic disappointment .
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he broke his maiden in july by 4 lengths easing up over 7f . his 2 nd start in august took him to the gr2 galileo futurity stakes which he won by 1½ lengths ( also over 1400m ) . he went back to the curragh a month later with yet another step up in class to win the gr1 vincent o’brien stakes – ‘the national stakes’ “in the style of a horse who has plenty of improvement still in him , leading on the bridle over a furlong out and in no danger after wards to win comfortably by a length and a half from glor na mara ” . here he again took on an illustrious field which included zoffany and casamento .
a musical genius and truly a stuff of legend . michael cretu should be declared man of the century . and sandra has truly an enigmatic voice . in this day of stupid heavy / thrash metal boring us with ever too similar riffs n beats , enigma is a revolution . it will live on forever .
he drifted right and appeared to briefly inconvenience stable companion soldier of fortune and the pascal bary - trained zambezi sun . having beaten youmzain by a head , connections were forced to wait half an hour for the result of a stewards’ enquiry , before finally being declared the winner of europe’s premier middle distance race .
a full sister to stakes - placed reckless driver , dam of multiple stakes winner greenbriar ( by nashua ) and third dam of multiple australian group iii winner tolanda and grade iii winner clamorosa . best in show
imperfect circle ( riverman ) . 2 wins - 1 at 2 - at 6f , ayr firth of clyde s . , l , 2d newmarket cheveley park s . , gr . 1 . dam of -
van ronk had actually lived the sort of life dylan made up . born in brooklyn to parents of swedish origin who separated soon after his birth , he never knew his father and
never felt a twitch of curiosity about him
. his mother , a stenographer , shared the job of bringing him up with a succession of aunts , one of whom had been a rum - runner for the gangster legs diamond and managed a speakeasy during prohibition .
she loved jazz ,
van ronk writes ,
and in that house the radio was always playing : duke ellington , louis armstrong , benny goodman , count basie …
by irish river ) , dam of multiple group i winner saddex ( by sadler ' s wells ) .
, a collection of van ronk ' s recordings from 1958 to 2001 is on the smithsonian folkways label .