ocypode convexa , commonly known as the golden ghost crab , or alternatively the western ghost crab or yellow ghost crab , is a species of ghost crabs endemic to the coast of western australia , from broome to perth .

they are relatively large ghost crabs , with a carapace growing up to 45 mm ( 1.8 in ) long and 52 mm ( 2.0 in ) wide .

they are easily recognisable by their golden yellow colouration .

like other ghost crabs they have box-like bodies with unequally sized claws .

they also have large eyestalks with the cornea occupying most of the bottom part .

they are predominantly nocturnal and semi-terrestrial .

they are a generalist species , feeding on carrion and debris , as well as preying on small animals .

along with the red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) , they are significant as one of the main predators of eggs and hatchlings of western australian sea turtles , particularly the endangered loggerhead sea turtle ( caretta caretta ) which has one of the largest rookeries in the region .

golden ghost crab

crab ocypodidae ghost crab st . croix fauna usvi beach sand nature caribbean animals my photography
these things are cool ! is it possible to spot a ghost crab in maine ? i’ve never heard of these types of crabs . would a ghost crab pinch like an ordinary crab ? thanks .
turra a , goncalves mao , denadai mr . spatial distribution of the ghost crab
chan bkk , chan kky , leung pcm . burrow architecture of the ghost crab
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ghost crab burrows can be found from the high tide line to 400 m shoreward .
horn - eyed ghost crab ocypode ceratophthalma
. wild singapore . may 2009 .
want to know how these crabs look like ? here are some useful ghost crab pics . check out these ghost crab photos to get an idea about the appearance of these creatures .
cycling in the ghost crab , ocypode quadrata ( fabr . ) ( brachyura , ocypodidae )
ghost crabs are so named for their generally pale colours and nocturnal habits as well as their eerie ability to suddenly appear from seemingly nowhere and disappear back into the sand as they dart to and from burrows . there are six species of ghost crab in australia , four of which can be found on mainland western australia . probably the two most notable species are the horn - eyed ghost crab , ocypode ceratophthalma ( pallas , 1772 ) and the golden ghost crab , ocypode convexa ( quoy & gaimard , 1824 ) . the horn - eyed ghost crab is widely distributed in the indian and pacific oceans , and is most easily recognised by the long stylets on top of the eyes . these stylets are longer in mature males and are probably used as part of mating rituals and displays for warding off rival males . the golden ghost crab is endemic to western australia and recognisable by its golden yellow colour . ghost crabs are typically tropical , but the golden ghost crab can be found as far south as bunbury .
also known as the western ghost crab or yellow ghost crab , the golden ghost crab is a species of ghost crab ( ocypode spp . ) which is endemic to the coast of western australia , ranging from broome to perth . golden ghost crabs are common inhabitants of open sandy beaches , living in burrows in the intertidal and supratidal zones . they are predominately nocturnal and semi - terrestrial , emerging are night to feed on carrion , debris , and occasionally small invertebrates . they are also known to feed on sea turtle hatchlings and are one of the main predators of loggerhead sea turtle eggs and hatchlings .
industry standard king crab packs contain 1 . 5 pounds of
broken
crab per 20lb . box
gtcp researchers 2010 / 11 noticed a quite unusual specimen of golden ghost crab ( ocypode convexa ) in the monitored gnaraloo rookery at the end of november 2010 . golden ghost crabs ( ocypode convexa ) are found frequently along gnaraloo beaches and have a very distinct yellow colour . however , the individual spotted had an unusual pattern of red colouration .
this animal is also known as “sand crab” or “white crab” . these are also known as “mole crabs” .
studies have shown the density of ghost crab harvesting to be around 3000 - 5000 every km every year .
studies on the ecology and behaviour of the ghost crab , ocypode cursor ( l . ) in northen cyprus
in russia , king crab have been historically overfished and area closures have not been effective in the face of continued illegal , unreported and unregulated fishing . seafood watch warned that russia’s commercially important crab stocks , which include golden king crab , have the potential to collapse .
olden king crab is the smallest of the alaskan king crab species and is found mostly in the aleutian islands .
buyer beware : russian king crab is sometimes mislabeled as “alaska king crab” and sold in the u . s .
—model 4a ) . a gaussian model best described the relationship between ghost crab density and beach width ( f = 4 . 65 , p = 0 . 030 ) , with ghost crab density peaking at beaches of intermediate width (
] and may underlie an increased contribution of alternate or supplemental prey ( i . e . amphipods ) to the ghost crab diet .
—model 5 ) . significant relationships were found when examining ghost crab tp and the proportion of each principal prey . highest ghost crab tp was generally associated with higher use of mole crabs ( hyperbola model , f = 7 . 75 , p = 0 . 015 ) (
strachan ph , smith rc , hamilton dab , talylor ac , atkinson rja . studies on the ecology and behaviour of the ghost crab ,
) . ghost crabs are highly mobile so prey accessibility is not considered to be a major factor in our working model . assuming constant mortality of ghost crabs over the gradient of resource availability we further anticipate that ghost crab population abundance will be elevated at intermediate beach width sites (
knott , d . 2010 .
atlantic ghost crab : ocypode quadrata
( on - line ) . accessed june 06 , 2011 at urltoken .
the recreational fishery for all rock crab species , including rock crab ( cancer antennarius ) , yellow crab ( cancer anthonyi ) and red crab ( cancer productus ) is open statewide , year - round . the daily bag limit is 35 crab , and the minimum size limit is 4 inches . review crabbing regulations that went into effect on august 1 , 2016 , crab measurement methods ( pdf ) , and other crabbing regulations in the current saltwater sport fishing regulations booklet .
haley sr . cycling in the ghost crab , ocypode quadrata ( fabr . ) ( brachyura , ocypodidae ) . crustaceana . 1972 ; 23 : 1–11 .
small beach crab , about 2 inches across , yellow coloration . very shy !
petrochirus diogenes ( caribbean hermit crab ) for the cynic philosopher diogenes of sinope .
most king crab is delivered live to shore - based processors and cooked while live and then brine frozen ; some king crab is processed on board catcher processors .
morrow k , bell ss , tewfik a . variation in ghost crab trophic links on sandy beaches . mar ecol prog ser . 2014 ; 502 : 197–206 .
glaze for king crab should be 3 - 5 % so it’s recommended that periodic glaze tests be done on crab legs to make sure you’re not paying for water .
steiner aj , leatherman sp . recreational impacts on the distribution of ghost crabs (
recreational impacts on the distribution of ghost crabs ( ocypode quadrata , fab . )
j . w . pepper says it a number of times in
the man with the golden gun
while speaking to some asians in bangkok .
mitchell , p . 2007 .
ghost crab : hungry nocturnal ghosties
( on - line ) . mitchells publications . accessed june 06 , 2011 at urltoken .
i am a park ranger in florida . i will be doing a ranger program on ghost crabs soon . a couple of pics of the ghost crab fossils would be great to add to the program ! thank you ! hope you see this comment .
king crabs are found in the north pacific ocean and primarily fished in alaska and russia . they are relatively slow to mature , making them vulnerable to fishing pressure . a 2015 assessment of aleutian islands golden king crab indicated that the stock is healthy and the crab are being fished at a sustainable level , according to seafood watch .
the eyes of ghost crabs allow 360˚ vision because they are positioned on mobile stalks .
use clams and oysters or even old vegetables and fish to your crab . repetition in diet can tire your crabs and make their survival difficult . try to find out which foods your crab like . feed that often to your crab and also balance it with other foods .
shields , j . 1998 .
the ghost crab , ocypode quadrata
( on - line ) . virginia institute of marine science . accessed june 06 , 2011 at urltoken .
another arthropod method of achieving all - round vision is to have eyes on mobile stalks , like the ghost crab .
( foy and oxford scientific films 1982 : 124 )
jonathan p . green ( 1964 ) .
morphological color change in the hawaiian ghost crab ocypode ceratophthalma ( pallas )
. the biological bulletin 126 ( 3 ) : 407–413 .
among all metrics of beach physical setting , only beach width was found to have a significant relationship with contribution of prey types to ghost crab diets . mean proportion of each of the three principal prey of ghost crabs , determined using stable isotopes and the siar mixing model (
) . however a significant negative relationship between ghost crab tp and the proportion of coquina clams in their diets was recorded ( f = 6 . 43 , p = 0 . 024 ) (
hobbs ch , landry cb , perry je . assessing anthropogenic and natural impacts on ghost crabs (
) , displayed significant relationships with beach width using a stepwise regression analysis . however , the nature of the relationship displayed between beach width and proportion of each principal prey in ghost crab diets differed (
) that predicted the availability of prey resources and ghost crab dietary composition along a gradient of beach width and associated micro - habitats important to prey . over the 16 beaches examined , we found evidence to support the predicted relationships from the working model across the range of beach morphology . although most beaches contained populations of all three principal ghost crab prey , the variation in habitat conditions displayed with increasing beach width were accompanied by quantifiable shifts in ghost crab diet and trophic position . furthermore , the observed patterns of trophic position of ghost crabs suggest that these predators may augment diets of principal prey in fundamentally different ways along the continuum of beach sizes . below we discuss these findings in more detail .
king crab is sold as sections , claws , legs , and split legs bandsawed down the middle .
prey component coding as follows : coquina clam ( donax variablis ) white ; , amphipod ( talorchestia spp . ) grey ; , mole crab ( emerita talpoida ) black . ghost crab isotopic signatures were assessed from muscle tissue collections ( n = 3–7 crabs / site ) between may 2010 and july 2012 .
) . specifically , the proportion of mole crabs in ghost crab diets exhibited a significant ( f = 6 . 97 , p = 0 . 019 ) but negative linear trend with increasing beach width (
] and may help explain the strong patterns of highest ghost crab density being recorded on beaches of intermediate width reported here . however , despite these limitations , our study provides new details on diets and trophic position given our use of longer - term , integrated measures of ghost crab diets ( stable isotopes ) and a dynamic food web approach . this may better allow the relative “sampling efforts” of the ghost crabs themselves to reveal the most regular pattern of feeding across the diversity of habitat morphologies where they live [
because of their dark skin , which can blend into the night , making them ghost - like .
) in relation to beach width . the relationships between amphipods as a dietary component and ghost crab density with beach width were modeled using a gaussian distribution , y = [ - 0 . 5 ( ( x—x
golden king crab in the u . s . are managed by the national marine fisheries service and the north pacific fishery management council . in 2009 , alaska’s king crab derby fishery was replaced by a catch share system that incentivizes fishermen to fish more efficiently . management measures include stock assessments , harvest limits , gear restrictions , and observer coverage . management strategy implementation varies , though , so some stock data is limited . seafood watch called king crab management in alaska moderate to highly effective . in russia , illegal , unreported and unregulated fishing of crab is nearly twice the total allowable catch . citing 2014 research from the world wildlife fund , seafood watch noted poor enforcement , tracking , and recordkeeping in russia . while bilateral agreements between russia and major crab importers have reduced iuu fishing , it still remains so high for crab that the stocks are at risk of collapsing and seafood watch gave the russian far east commercially important crab fisheries a critical rating .
haley , s . r . 1969 . relative growth and sexual maturity of the texas ghost crab , ocypode quadrata ( fabricius ) ( brachyura , ocypodidae ) . crustaceana 17 : 285 - 297 . [ links ]
in malaysian myths , cancer was the “first and only crab” which existed long ago , the primal or mother crab from which all crabs came . it was a huge crustacean who lived in a deep hole in the sea . this hole was so large that the crab’s coming and goings from it would cause the ocean tides .
in alaska , pots targeting golden king crab can incidentally catch a range of fish and invertebrates including octopus , pacific cod , sponges , sea stars , and coral . however , overall bycatch is very low and the species caught are not of conservation concern , seafood watch reported in 2015 . management measures for u . s . king crab include restrictions on gear and fishing areas that reduce bycatch . pots are required to have minimum mesh size limits as well as degradable escape or timed release mechanisms to prevent ghost fishing .
greek & roman mythology cancer the crab was known by several names . in latin , the name cancer means crab . manilus and ovid both referred to this constellation as litoreus or “shore - inhabiting . ” in greece , it was karkinos , meaning crab . in the alfonsine tables , it was called carcinus , a latinized form of the greek word . aside from being known as a crab , it was also called asses and crib .
red king crab is the largest and most common species of the alaskan king crab species and accounts for 75 % of the alaska catch , with more than 90 % of that caught in bristol bay . alternatively , g
i’m originally from rhode island but currently living in central florida . i was sitting on the beach in cocoa and all of sudden i felt a tickle on my toe . i sit up to find a white and yellow crab at my feet . i was so shocked to see this crab so close to me and not to mention how this crab touched my toe . very interesting and beautiful crab . came on here to find more info .
) . based on our model , the trophic position of ghost crabs is predicted to be similar across the range of beach widths . the main sources of the ghost crab diet are all primary consumers which often use macrophyte materials , particulate in the swash zone or as detritus in the wrackline , as their main source of nitrogen [
…a species of ghost crab ( ocypodinae ) that is widely distributed across the eastern coasts of the americas , ranging from rhode island to southern brazil . like other ghost crabs o . quadrata typically inhabits sandy beaches where lives in burrows under the sand . atlantic ghost crabs are fairly opportunistic omnivores with their diet including items like bivalves , insects , plant material , detritus and sometimes other crustaceans . like the closely related fiddler crabs atlantic ghost crabs have two different sized claws , however this difference is not as pronounced as seen in fiddler crabs as ghost crabs uses noise ( either produced by “bubbling” , stridulation , or hitting their claw on the ground ) to attract potential mates .
here we explored whether diet and trophic position of a principal predator of sandy beaches—the atlantic ghost crab—living in an aquatic - terrestrial coupled system display a strong relationship to changes in habitat morphology created by a combination of physical parameters driven principally by beach width ( fig 1 ) . we a priori established a working model ( fig 2 ) that predicted the availability of prey resources and ghost crab dietary composition along a gradient of beach width and associated micro - habitats important to prey . over the 16 beaches examined , we found evidence to support the predicted relationships from the working model across the range of beach morphology . although most beaches contained populations of all three principal ghost crab prey , the variation in habitat conditions displayed with increasing beach width were accompanied by quantifiable shifts in ghost crab diet and trophic position . furthermore , the observed patterns of trophic position of ghost crabs suggest that these predators may augment diets of principal prey in fundamentally different ways along the continuum of beach sizes . below we discuss these findings in more detail .
the crab can move on the sand at about 10 miles per hour and is able to change is direction suddenly .
) , examples of dietary shifts were observed for atlantic ghost crabs as physical features of habitats varied along a gradient of increasing beach width . for most beaches , macroinfauna from swash zones composed a large proportion of ghost crab diets . as beach width increased , macrofaunal resource availability in the swash shifted from mole crabs to coquina clams . we observed the highest occurrence of mole crabs in ghost crab diets at narrow ( < 30 m ) beach sites best represented by fpic and pen . these narrow sites also have relatively steep swash zones and coarse sediments which are preferred by mole crabs [
] . ghost crabs from some narrow sites which supported high mole crab densities ( cc , ind ) did not display a high proportion of mole crabs in their diets perhaps indicative of reduced resource accessibility . specifically , ghost crabs are poor swimmers and may avoid some feeding areas if strong wave action is present . in contrast , the highest occurrence of coquina clam resources in ghost crab diets was recorded at wide ( > 50 m ) beach sites best represented by fper , org and aug , which hosted moderately - sized sediments and shallow slopes known to be preferred by coquina clams [
] . better documentation of ghost crab behavior and accessibility to resources , including the consumer’s ability to forage in strong wave surge , fine or densely - packed sediments and macrophyte wrack is desirable ; such information will improve our working model and help evaluate the assumption that ghost crabs have access to all food resources on every beach . additionally , investigations of ghost crab feeding in response to the presence of their own native ( herons , gulls , raccoons ) and introduced predators ( foxes , feral cats , dogs ) as well as competitors ( plovers , sandpipers , and turnstones ) may be informative [
ocypode ( ocypode ( ghost crab ) ) is prey of : rattus duscicyon crocethia alba charadriiformes conepatus larus belcheri larus pipixcan tropidurus based on studies in : peru ( coastal ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
ocypode ( ocypode ( ghost crab ) ) preys on : diatoms in surface film aves emerita analoga excirolana diptera phaleria dermestes calliphora based on studies in : peru ( coastal ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
) . proportional contribution of coquina clams to ghost crab diets displayed a positive linear relationship with beach width ( f = 21 . 11 , p < 0 . 001 ) and this was the strongest relationship revealed in the stepwise regression analyses (
scaptia ( plinthina ) beyonceae lessard 2011 ( horse fly ) named after singer - songwriter beyoncé knowles , inspired by her hit single
bootylicious
and the dense patch of golden hairs on the fly ' s abdomen .
be sure to check that the count is correct ; king crab are graded by the number of walking legs per 10 pounds . hence , a 20 - pound box of 9 / 12 count king crab should contain 18 - 24 walking legs .
it is omnivorous , meaning it feeds on both animals and plants . it can also devour other crabs and detritus . the creature feeds on snails , clams , turtle hatchlings , lizards and small crabs . ghost crab foods also include organic matter .
we propose a simple model of ghost crab feeding along a gradient of beach morphology ( fig 2 ) . we use beach width as our principal metric of habitat morphology as it best integrates a number of physical parameters of the sandy beach habitat where ghost crabs live including beach slope , median sediment grain size , and availability and quality of macrophyte wrack [ 43 , 55 , 56 ] . we predict that diet composition of ghost crabs will vary over beach width mainly reflecting prey availability as preferred micro - habitats and distinct feeding modes of each prey ( mole crab , coquina clam , amphipod ) vary as described earlier ( figs 1 and 2 ) . ghost crabs are highly mobile so prey accessibility is not considered to be a major factor in our working model . assuming constant mortality of ghost crabs over the gradient of resource availability we further anticipate that ghost crab population abundance will be elevated at intermediate beach width sites ( fig 2 ) . here both principal swash prey ( mole crab , coquina clam ) and elevated populations of semi - terrestrial amphipods , associated with localized deposition of suitable macrophyte wrack subsidies ( fig 1 ) , are all available for consumption allowing enhanced survival and growth of ghost crabs ( fig 2 ) . based on our model , the trophic position of ghost crabs is predicted to be similar across the range of beach widths . the main sources of the ghost crab diet are all primary consumers which often use macrophyte materials , particulate in the swash zone or as detritus in the wrackline , as their main source of nitrogen [ 33 , 47 ] . thus the trophic position of the predator should remain relatively unchanged regardless of what combination of the three principal prey are consumed . however , some degree of omnivory , scavenging of carrion or microphagous depositing feeding , may lead to altered trophic positions of ghost crabs [ 11 , 38 , 49 ] .
schlacher ta , w m . a . , schoeman ds , olds ad , huijbers cm , connolly rm . golden opportunities : a horizon scan to expand sandy beach ecology . estuar coast shelf s . 2015 ; 157 1–6 .
regardless of what the case is , the crab is awarded a place in the heavens as a constellation by hera . as the crab failed to kill hercules , it only has faint stars that make it up ; no bright stars are found within it .
zeta cancri – also known as tegmine , meaning “the shell of the crab” is a star system of at least four stars .
the eyestalks are tipped with a tuft of bristles ( setae ) . the eyestalks are held vertically when the crab is active .
the ghost crab is relatively small and , being almost translucent with flecks of pink and yellow , it is well camouflaged against the sand . if you manage to see one up close , you will notice its eyes are on the end of long stalks .
pombo m , turra a . issues to be considered in counting burrows as a measure of atlantic ghost crab populations , an important bioindicator of sandy beaches . plos one . 2013 ; 8 ( 12 ) : e83792 . wos : 000328882000113 . pmid : 24376748
all active ( i . e . , evidence of recent excavation ) ghost crab burrows within transects were enumerated during all six sampling periods at all sites , with the exception of sgsp and sgp ( april 2011 and july 2012 ) and ana , aug , av and fper ( july 2012 ) , to estimate ghost crab density ( # individuals / 100 m 2 ) . burrow density is considered a reasonable proxy of relative abundance across sites [ 37 , 56 ] despite any differences to absolute numbers [ 61 ] . ghost crabs were sampled after dusk using nets , placed on ice and stored at −4°c in the laboratory for isotopic analysis .
among all metrics of beach physical setting , only beach width was found to have a significant relationship with contribution of prey types to ghost crab diets . mean proportion of each of the three principal prey of ghost crabs , determined using stable isotopes and the siar mixing model ( fig 5 and s2 table ) , displayed significant relationships with beach width using a stepwise regression analysis . however , the nature of the relationship displayed between beach width and proportion of each principal prey in ghost crab diets differed ( fig 6 ) . specifically , the proportion of mole crabs in ghost crab diets exhibited a significant ( f = 6 . 97 , p = 0 . 019 ) but negative linear trend with increasing beach width ( table 1 —model 1 , fig 6a ) . a positive linear relationship between amphipod dietary proportion and physical beach parameters was also well described by beach width ( f = 5 . 61 , p = 0 . 033 ) ( table 1 —model 2a and fig 6b ) . the relationship remained significant ( f = 4 . 10 , p = 0 . 041 ) when a gaussian model was applied to the peaked pattern ( table 1 —model 2b and fig 6b ) . proportional contribution of coquina clams to ghost crab diets displayed a positive linear relationship with beach width ( f = 21 . 11 , p < 0 . 001 ) and this was the strongest relationship revealed in the stepwise regression analyses ( table 1 —model 3 and fig 6c ) . among other beach physical features , only sediment size indicated a marginal ( p = 0 . 091 ) contribution to the relationship with coquina clams ( table 1 —model 3 ) . additionally , attempts to describe the relationship between ghost crab density and physical parameters of the beach using a step - wise linear approach failed ( table 1 —model 4a ) . a gaussian model best described the relationship between ghost crab density and beach width ( f = 4 . 65 , p = 0 . 030 ) , with ghost crab density peaking at beaches of intermediate width ( table 1 —model 4b and fig 6d ) . again , no other metric of beach physical setting contributed significantly to pattern of ghost crab densities observed across beaches ( table 1 —model 4b ) .
( a ) mole crab ( emerita talpoida ) ; ( b ) amphipod ( talorchestia spp . ) ; and ( c ) coquina clam ( donax variablis ) , . ( d ) log 10 - transformed mean density of ghost crab ( o . quadrata ) in relation to beach width . the relationships between amphipods as a dietary component and ghost crab density with beach width were modeled using a gaussian distribution , y = [ - 0 . 5 ( ( x—x a ) / ( b ) ) 2 ] ( table 1 ) . regression coefficient ( r 2 ) and level of significance ( p - value ) are indicated for each relationship .
lucrezi s , schlacher ta . the ecology of ghost crabs in : hughes rn , hughes dj , smith ip , editors .
valero - pacheco e , alvarez f , abarca - arenas lg , escobar m . population density and activity pattern of the ghost crab , ocypode quadrata , in veracruz , mexico . crustaceana . 2007 ; 80 ( 3 ) : 313–25 . isi : 000246010000005 .
with increasing maturity , the crab begins to lose its external skeleton . it comes off at a point , only to be replaced by a new , slightly larger shell . the new shell takes some time to harden and until that happens , the crab remains vulnerable .
is one of the largest of the brachyuran crabs . metamorphosis into the first crab stage takes place at the surf - beach interface .
harryhausenia boyko , 2004 ( fossil sand crab ( crustacea : anomura : albuneidae ) ) for movie animator ray harryhausen ( 7th voyage of sinbad , jason and the argonauts , etc . ) . he animated a sand crab for the movie
the mysterious island .
king crab is low in saturated fat and a good source of vitamin b12 , phosphorus , zinc , copper , and selenium . it
martin stevens , cheo pei rong , & peter a . todd ( 2013 ) .
colour change and camouflage in the horned ghost crab ocypode ceratophthalmus
. biological journal of the linnean society 109 : 257–270 . doi : 10 . 1111 / bij . 12039 .
the ghost crabs belong to the genus ocypode which translates as swift foot . an apt name for what is potentially one of the fastest animals on the planet , if you account for body size , of course . the horn - eyed ghost crab has been clocked at around 7 . 5 km / h . although that doesn’t sound like much , they are actually moving at 100 body lengths per second compared to the fastest human sprinters and the cheetah which can only reach speeds of 11 and 20 body lengths per second , respectively . so , if a ghost crab was of comparable size , they’d be running at something close to 340 and 530 km / h !
effigia okeeffeae nesbitt 2007 . ( archosaur ) from ghost ranch , new mexico , near where the artist georgia o ' keeffe lived .
relationship between : ( a ) ghost crab trophic position and beach width and b - d ) ghost crab trophic position and dietary proportion of three principal prey items ( s2 table ) . principal prey are : ( b ) mole crab , emerita talpoida ; ( c ) amphipod , talorchestia spp . ( data point for sgsp excluded from regression , see results and discussion ) ; and ( d ) coquina clam , donax variablis . the dietary component of e . talpoida was modeled using an exponential saturating hyperbola , y = a ( 1 - e - bx ) . regression coefficient ( r 2 ) and level of significance ( p - value ) are indicated for each relationship .
you will probably only catch a quick glimpse of this fast - moving crab as it races across the sand and disappears into a burrow .
has fleshy claws and legs with sweet , rich meat , and crab caught later in the year tends to have a higher meat fill .
neves , f . m . & c . e . bemvenuti . 2006 . the ghost crab ocypode quadrata ( fabricius , 1787 ) as a potential indicator of anthropic impact along rio grande do sul coast , brazil . biological conservation 133 : 432 - 435 . [ links ]
turra , a . ; m . a . o . gonçalves & m . r . denadai . 2005 . spatial distribution of the ghost crab ocypode quadrata in low - energy tide - dominated sandy beaches . journal of natural history 39 : 2163 - 2177 . [ links ]
basal resource isotopic signatures are for dominant forms ( sg = seagrass , th = thalassia testudinum , syr = syringodium filiforme , ma = macroalgae , sarg = sargassum sp . , two species indicates a mixture of sg materials within beach wrack ( see s1 table ) . halodule wrightii ( sg ) was not considered given its minor contribution to wrack ( see s1 table ) . % of gc diet = percent contribution to ghost crab ( gc ) diet . ghost crab ( ocypode quadrata ) major prey items ( principal resources ) : coquina clam ( donax variabilis ) , mole crab ( emerita talpoida ) , amphipod ( talorchestia spp . ) . ghost crab trophic position ( gc tp ) determined using the following equation : tp gc = [ ( δ 15 n gc − δ 15 n res ) / 2 . 3 ] + 2 , where δ 15 n gc represents the mean signature ( n = 3–9 indiv . ) of ghost crabs ; δ 15 n res represents the weighted mean signature of the three principal resources ; and 2 . 3 is one trophic level change in aquatic environments ( see methods for details ) .
ghost crabs are found in ropical waters , from the kimberley in western australia , northern territory , queensland to sydney , new south wales .
the ghost crab stays in the cool protection of its burrow by day and scuttles down to the water at twilight to hunt . the burrow , which is built quite high up on the shore ( sometimes over 100 m from the sea ) , can be over 1 m deep .
valero - pacheco , e . ; f . alvarez ; l . g . abarca - arenas & m . escobar . 2007 . population density and activity pattern of the ghost crab , ocypode quadrata , in veracruz , mexico . crustaceana 80 : 313 - 325 . [ links ]
it wets it gills for two purposes , reproduction and respiration . occasionally , the crab draws up water from moist sand to moisten its gills .
gaudipluma artal et al . 2013 ( eocene crab ) its carapace resembles the buildings of catalan architect antoní gaudí . [ zootaxa 3652 : 343 ]
borradaile , l . a . ( 1922 ) . on the mouthparts of the shore crab . j . linn . soc . 35 : 115–142
the atlantic ghost crab has been described as both a predator and scavenger with its diet thought to consist primarily of swash - zone inhabiting mole crabs ( emerita talpoida ) and coquina clams ( donax variabilis ) , as well as semi - terrestrial amphipods ( talorchestia spp . ) which utilize damp wrack in the supratidal [ 36 , 37 , 44 , 45 ] ( fig 1 ) . all three principal prey taxa provide critical trophic links in sandy beach ecosystems globally but have distinct feeding modes and preferred micro - habitats [ 33 , 46 , 47 ] . ghost crab diets may be opportunistically supplemented by marine carrion , and / or microphagous depositing feeding - either of which may modify ghost crab trophic position , sensu [ 38 , 48 ] , albeit such resources most likely contribute only a small percentage to their diet [ 37 , 49 , 50 ] .
albunea groeningi boyko , 2002 ( sand crab ( crustacea : anomura : albuneidae ) ) named for matt groening , creator of
the simpsons
.
has been shown to have a negative impact on turtle populations . there have been efforts to control ghost crab populations due to their predation on turtle eggs . studies have found that ghost crabs consume up to 10 % of turtle eggs when they prey on a nest , and they have also been known to prey on the hatchlings . measures to control populations around turtle nesting sites have included destroying burrows and using raccoons that prey on the crabs .
thomas j . trott ( 1988 ) .
note on the foraging activities of the painted ghost crab ocypode gaudichaudii h . milne edwards & lucas in costa rica ( decapoda , brachyura )
. crustaceana 55 ( 2 ) : 217–219 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 156854088x00546 . jstor 20104392 .
i’m writing a field report on ghost crabs right now ( ocypode quadrata ) . i’d be very interested in reading the paper you’ve got = ) .
for most estuarine beaches , lower burrow densities were observed during winter compared to summer sampling . this is probably related to seasonal differences of ghost crab rhythms , with low activities during cold days as already recorded for o . quadrata in other beaches ( haley 1969 , leber 1981 , alberto & fontoura 1999 ) .
in what follows , we broaden an earlier examination of the diets of the widely distributed atlantic ghost crab , ocypode quadrata , [ 43 ] to encompass 16 barrier island beaches along the sub - tropical gulf of mexico and atlantic coasts of the united states and make predictions about the changing structure of food webs that accompany the gradient of physical attributes of the surveyed beaches . identifying conspicuous changes in the conversion of carbon and nitrogen by a major predator—the ghost crab—across a range of sandy beach morphology is a critical first step in describing food web configurations and their variation over time and space [ 10 , 27 , 47 , 54 ] .
the crab has club - shaped eyestalks and it boasts of a 360° vision . this helps it see and catch insects that are even in mid - air .
currently , ghost crabs are not considered threatened or endangered . one of the main threats to ghost crabs is off - road vehicles ( orvs ) . the orvs can crush or bury the crabs and interfere with their reproductive cycle . orvs can greatly affect ghost crabs at night when they are feeding . another threat is a decline in their habitat ; construction in the upper intertidal zone for residential or commercial use can caused increased mortality and a potential decline in the population .
the relationships between the mean proportion of each of the three diet components and the physical parameters ( beach width , foreshore slope , median sediment grain size and wrack biomass ) across all sites were examined using least squares forward stepwise regression analysis within the statistics module of sigmaplot version 13 . 0 . stepwise regression selects independent variables for a multiple linear regression equation from a list of candidate variables to avoid using extraneous variables in the model . the diet component proportions were first transformed ( √arcsine ) to address the potential problems of constraints in the covariance , correlation structure and subsequent interpretation linked to the use of compositional data [ 73 ] . for those relationships where stepwise linear regression did not yield significant results and exhibited non - linear tendencies to the structure of the data , appropriate non - linear models were applied using individual physical parameters . stepwise regression analysis was also used to investigate the relationship between ghost crab density and beach physical parameters ( mean beach width , foreshore slope , median sediment grain size and wrack biomass ) . mean burrow density , as the proxy for ghost crab abundance , was transformed ( log 10 ) to meet assumptions of normality [ 74 ] . stepwise regression analysis was also used to examine the relationships between ghost crab trophic position and beach physical parameters . finally , linear and non - linear models were applied to relationships between proportions of the diet ( mole crab , amphipod , coquina clam ) and ghost crab trophic position .
ghost crabs have been used as indicators for measuring the impacts of human use on beaches . their population is relatively easy to monitor ; the density of ghost crabs on a beach can be estimated by counting the number of burrows in a certain area . population densities have declined due to habitat modification and heavy , continuous trampling . because ghost crabs are apex predators of the habitat , monitoring their population can allow humans to assess the impact of human activity on sandy beach ecosystems .
is considered semiterrestrial . it has developed an interesting adaptation for life on land : a crab will occasionally will return to the water to wet its gills ; however it can also get water from damp sand . ghost crabs use fine hairs on the base of their legs to wick water from the sand up onto its gills .
previous studies of brazilian populations of ghost crabs were based on the reproductive cycle and recruitment ( negreiros - fransozo et al . 2002 ) and spatial distribution in a southern high - energy oceanic sandy beach ( alberto & fontoura 1999 ) and in low - energy tide - dominated sandy beaches ( turra et al . 2005 ) . in the latter , anthropogenic impact on ghost crab density may be confounded by natural response to high environmental heterogeneity that are characteristic of low - energy sandy beaches .
ghost crabs construct simple to complex deep burrows in soft sandy and / or muddy substrates . they can be found in sandy beaches , rubble flats , and in
the strong hairy legs of this animal make it run very fast and achieve speeds of about 10 miles per hour . this makes this crab the fastest among all crustaceans .
albania – in south albania , there is the katallani “the catalan” a monster which relies on the historical catalan occupation of the region centuries ago used to scare children . in south italy , there is the gogoli , “the mongol” another historical use of the golden horde that is used to frighten children into behaving .
finland – here , the bogeyman is known as mörkö . in the moomin stories , the mörkö or groke is a frightening , dark blue and big ghost like creature .
although ghost crab diets have been described from several locations , little information exists on the variation in their diets that may be expected across the broad spectrum of beach morphology despite the ghost crab’s wide distribution and importance to the function of sandy beach ecosystems [ 37 , 42 , 44 , 51 , 52 ] . in lakes , modification of prey populations , predator diets , trophic position and degree of omnivory has been observed along gradients of lake morphology reflecting differences in predator access to particular food web compartments supporting important prey [ 9 , 27 ] . similarly , in sandy beaches , based upon known distribution and preferred habitats of the main prey of ghost crabs ( see fig 1 ) ( mole crabs , coquina clams , and semi - terrestrial amphipods ) [ 5 ] and invertebrate community composition [ 17 , 40 , 53 ] , the relative availability of the most commonly accessed prey change in response to altered beach width , substrate type and slope . thus the gradient of sandy beach morphologies may be viewed as a series of micro - habitat compartments ( swash zone , wrackline ) varying in prey accessibility and availability which should have implications for links to higher trophic level consumers ( i . e . ghost crab ) ( fig 1 ) .
‘ocypodid’ ( ghost and fiddler ) crabs are ‘ semi - terrestrial ‘ ( spending time on land and in the water ) , living on sandy beaches , mud flats and mangroves . they can spend long periods of time out of the water by keeping their gills moist via special gill chambers that extract oxygen from the air . their eyes are stalked , which means they can be laid flat within the grooves on their shell or raised for a better look around . they take shelter in their cool burrows above the high tide water mark during the day and come out at night in search of food . they feed on plants , animals ( turtle hatchlings included ! ) and micro - organisms . the golden ghost crab is only found along the western australian coast , from bunbury to exmouth . they are relatively small growing to a carapace width of 45 millimetres .
while all races in chinese are refered to as a type of ghost / shadow ( sub - human ) , the word for japanese is unique in that it means child .
barros , f . 2001 . ghost crabs as a tool for rapid assessment of human impacts on exposed sandy beaches . biological conservation 97 : 399 - 404 . [ links ]
trophic position ( tp ) of ghost crabs ranged from 3 . 7 ( anc , beach width = 32 m ) to 1 . 9 ( ana , beach width = 67 m ) . the stepwise regression procedure revealed that beach width was the single physical beach parameter that contributed to a useful model description with tp decreasing significantly ( f = 20 . 35 , p < 0 . 001 ) as beach width increased ( table 1 —model 5 and fig 7a ) . slope , sediment size and wrack biomass did not add predictive power ( p > 0 . 268 ) ( table 1 —model 5 ) . significant relationships were found when examining ghost crab tp and the proportion of each principal prey . highest ghost crab tp was generally associated with higher use of mole crabs ( hyperbola model , f = 7 . 75 , p = 0 . 015 ) ( table 1 —model 6 and fig 7b ) and / or amphipods ( f = 21 . 44 , p < 0 . 001 ) ( table 1 —model 7 and fig 7c ) . however a significant negative relationship between ghost crab tp and the proportion of coquina clams in their diets was recorded ( f = 6 . 43 , p = 0 . 024 ) ( table 1 —model 8 and fig 7d ) .
hughes , d . a . 1966 . behavioral and ecological investigations of the crab ocypode ceratophthalmus ( crustacea : ocypodidae ) . journal of zoology 150 : 129 - 143 . [ links ]
ghost crabs can make very good pets if properly looked after . if you are planning to breed these crabs in your home , here are some steps that you have to follow .
mating can occur throughout the year . unlike other crab species , ghost crabs can mate even when the female’s integument is hard , which means that they can mate anytime after sexual maturation . this is an adaptation to terrestrial life . mating occurs while both the male and the female have a hard shell . usually mating will occur somewhere in or near the burrow of the male . often copulatory plugs are found in ghost crabs ; the male will release a seminal fluid along with his sperm that will become hard and prevent rival sperm from reaching the female’s ova .
chiromantes garfunkel davie & ng , 2013 ( garfunkel ' s bright - eyed crab ) named for art garfunkel in tribute to his song
bright eyes
. [ zootaxa 3609 : 1 ]
pakistan – the bhoot or jin baba is used by parents to scare children into behaving . this creature is a ghost djinn . in other places it is known as kathu ki maa .
barros f . ghost crabs as a tool for rapid assessment of human impacts on exposed sandy beaches . biol conserv . 2001 ; 97 ( 3 ) : 399–404 . isi : 000166790200012 .
yes , we study bird nest productivity on our florida state park beaches and ghost crabs have been documented in eating snowy plover eggs , chicks and make attempts at eating adult plovers . they also eat least tern eggs and harass least tern adults on nests . we have some footage on youtube looking at defense mechanisms feigning broken wing to lure ghost crabs away from snowy plover nests .
mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni klompmaker et . al . 2012 ( fossil hermit crab ) discovered on the same day that the researchers learned of pop superstar michael jackson ' s death , and named in his honor .
] , the relative availability of the most commonly accessed prey change in response to altered beach width , substrate type and slope . thus the gradient of sandy beach morphologies may be viewed as a series of micro - habitat compartments ( swash zone , wrackline ) varying in prey accessibility and availability which should have implications for links to higher trophic level consumers ( i . e . ghost crab ) (
the modern - day symbol for cancer is a pair of pincers like those on a crab . the constellation shape for cancer itself looks more like an upside - down “y” which is interpreted to be the back of the crab . over the millennia , the cancer constellation has been used to represent a number of different animals , most often those of an aquatic , shore - dwelling animal with an exoskeleton .
schlacher , t . , s . lucrazi . 2009 . monitoring beach impacts : a case for ghost crabs as ecological indicators ? . 2nd queensland coastal conference , gold coast : 1 - 15 .
the crab , cancer enters the story here as either the hydra called on it for help or the goddess hera sent it to hinder the hero hercules . it’s considered a large crab , large enough that it tries to do a number on hercules’ foot with its pincers . for all its trouble , hercules simply kills it by crushing it in return with his foot and then turning his attention back to the hydra and finally succeeds at killing it . a slight variation to this turn of events places hercules as having kicked the crab hard enough that it flew up into the heavens to become the familiar constellation of cancer .
steiner , a . j . & s . p . leatherman . 1981 . recreational impacts on the distribution of ghost crabs ocypode quadrata fab . biological conservation 20 : 111 - 122 . [ links ]
alpha cancri – also known as acubens or al zubanah , both meaning “the claws . ” another name for this star is sertan , “the crab . ” it is the fourth brightest star of the cancer constellation .


there were two military orders known as the order of our lady of bethlehem .

mathew paris mentions that henry iii of england authorized them to open a house in a suburb of cambridge in 1257 ; but he does not mention their founder , where they originated , and their history .

their habit was similar to that of the dominicans and that a red star , whose five rays emanated from an azure centre , decorated the breast of their cape .

this was in commemoration of the star that appeared to the magi and led them to bethlehem .

nothing further is known of this military order .

there was an order of knights whose members wore a red star on their costume because of having a house in bethlehem at the time of the crusades ; this was the military order of crusaders of the red star ( ordo militaris crucigerorum cum rubeâ stellâ ) .

they came from palestine to bohemia in 1217 , and blessed agnes of bohemia confided two hospitals to their charge .

they have since remained in that country where they devote themselves to the care of the sick , to education , and to the various works of the ecclesiastical ministry .

after the taking of constantinople by the turks ( 1453 ) , pius ii founded the order of our lady of bethlehem .

the purpose of these knights was to defend the island of lemnos which cardinal louis , patriarch of aquileia , had recaptured from mohammed ii .

the island was to be their headquarters from which they were to oppose the attacks of the muslims by way of the ægean sea and the hellespont .

the order was composed of brother-knights and priests governed by an elective grand-master .

the white costume worn by the members was decorated with a red cross and the rule prescribed for them was very similar to that of the knights of st. john of jerusalem .

the pope founded this community on 18 january 1459 .

to supply their needs , the pope turned over to them the property and revenues of older orders which no longer fulfilled their purpose , such as : the order of saint lazarus , sainte-marie du ch teau des bretons , bologna , order of the holy sepulchre , santo spirito in sassia , st. mary of the crossed friars , and st. james of lucca , all of which were suppressed for this purpose .

pius ii alluded in a bull to this foundation and the bravery of its knights , but the second capture of lemnos by the turks rendered the institution useless .

thus the order of our lady of bethlehem was suppressed almost as soon as founded and those orders whose goods the pope had transmitted to it were re-established .

order of our lady of bethlehem

dedicated to our lady of bethlehem and known under the name of bethlehemites . mathew
rendered the institution useless . thus the order of our lady of bethlehem was suppressed almost as soon as founded and those orders whose goods the
made by the pope himself runs : “to our humble son , the prince luigi cesario amoroso , the inherited supreme magister of the order of our lady of bethlehem , and to all beloved knights of the order , we give our apostolical blessing” .
( 1686 ) , and instituted the order of the star of our lady before returning to his alleged dominions .
from the 18th of january 1944 , that the prince pietro amoroso d’aragona is the direct descendant and inheritor of amorites – phrygian cesarean dynasty with the title “cesarean highness” . by the same edict he recognized the order of our lady of bethlehem and the order of st . john of acre and st . thomas , has accepted from the prince pietro amoroso d’aragona the title of big cross of the order of our lady of bethlehem (
order of our lady of bethlehem knights grand cross equestrian order of saint mary of bethlehem grand cross star . breast star , 82 mm , silver gilt with brill size : 3 . 5
provenance : lifelong military medal collection . consigned by the private chicago , il family of the collector .
today the association of the knights of the order of our lady of bethlehem under the guidance of the prince angelo maria amoroso d ' aragona is defining their main mission as charitable help to ill and distressed people .
was thoroughly equipped and stocked and even offered an opportunity for the religious installment of those who tended the sick . the institution was placed under the patronage of our lady of bethlehem .
the order of our lady of bethlehem ( it . ordine militare e ospedaliero di s . maria di betlemme ) is the military order founded on 19th january 1459 by pope pius ii for defending of the island of lemnos ( bull : «veram semper et solidam» )
within the bounds of cooperation , the latin patriarch of jerusalem the supreme prior of the order of holy sepulchre of jerusalem michel sabbah has visited the residence of the supreme magister of the order of our lady of bethlehem in bari ( via vittorio veneto 5 ) on the 10th of january 1988 . the chevaliers of the bethlehem order headed by the supreme chancellor the marquis paolo cecconato ( on the photo ) .
on the 26th of october 1980 , the chevalier of the order of our lady of bethlehem bartolo longo ( 10 . 02 . 1841 – 05 . 10 . 1926 ) was blessed by catholic church , and was also named in the encyclic of the pope john paul ii as “rosarium mariae” - “the apostle of rosary” . his beatification has become a sensational event in the history of the knights of the bethlehem order . his portrait in knight’s of the order of our lady of bethlehem full regalia was placed into the main hall of «pontificio santuario di pompei» ( pompey , italy ) .
founded an order of our lady of bethlehem , intending to transfer to it the possessions of older orders which no longer fulfilled their purpose ( 1459 ) , but the loss of the island prevented its institution . the same fate befell the german order of the christian militia , projected ( 1615 ) under
during the pontificate of pope john paul ii , the relations with the order of our lady of bethlehem are moving to the positive directions . on the 26th of july 2002 , in the hall called “sala nervi” , in vatican , the audience of the knights of the order of our lady of bethlehem and pope john paul ii took place . the event gathered 50 delegates from the different regions of italy , who came together with children and grandchildren . during the audience , the st pope was granted with the painting –
the period from the xviii until the first part of xx century can be considered as the blossom of the activity of the order of our lady of bethlehem , the one of the most favorable and important in its history . the knight investitures were recovered since 1730 in the neapolitan kingdom .
however , after the law n 178 from the 1951 , established the “order for the deserts in front of italian republic” and cancelled the special perquisites of all earlier existing knight orders in italy ( except for the order of malta and the order of holy sepulchre of jerusalem ) , the order of our lady of bethlehem is getting the associative status with the residence in bari ( from 1957 up to now days ) .
this category consists of the nobly born knights in minimum four generations , inherited the chevalier titles of the order of our lady of bethlehem by the direct men line . the category could only be granted to the representatives of ancient noble families with the right to descent the knight titles .
as pius ii alluded in a bull from the 16th march 1464 «magnae devotionis tuae» : prince dagobert de amorosa , the descend of an ancient caesarean origin byzantine house , is becoming the first inherited supreme magister of the order of our lady of bethlehem . the earl antonio crispo di sira is appointed as chancellor of the order .
in 1479 the knights of the order suffered defeat and , after the final capture of lemnos by the turks , had to leave the island forever . the remained knights together with the supreme magister moved to naples , italy . from this moment the order of our lady of bethlehem stopped act as a holistic military organization . following the disposition of pope innocent viii , the main part of order’s property came into possession of the order rhodes and malta .
since the middle of last century , the counterfeit orders are appearing in italy via the actions of many enterprising
princes
and other persons , who copied the name of their organizations from the famous knight orders . in 1931 , the mgr eftimios yuakim created the fictitious order called “the order of our st maria lady of bethlehem” ( santa maria nostra signora di betlemme ) , which was convicted by st throne later . the situation became more serious in the 40th , in connection to the annihilation of royal fecial council and removal of the governmental control over the legality of noble titles in italy . up to today there are several counterfeit orders with the different interpretations of the name of our lady of bethlehem : “apostolic order of our lady of bethlehem” and “the order of knights of bethlehem order of east” launched by the “ adopted descendants” of amoroso d’aragona ( “prince” antonio ii tiberius dobrinya d’aragona and “prince” pier pasle de sharne ) . similar examples are : “ecumenic hospitaller order of st . john chevaliers of malt” and “the order of st constantine and st george” , created by the “prince” francesco amoroso komnenos angelo flavio lascaris paleologo d’aragona . such organizations were never recognized and have nothing in common with the line of amoroso d’aragona and its history , what was proved many times by the legal descendant and current head of dynasty the prince angelo maria amoroso d ' aragona .
. almost at the same time there arose in castile the order of calatrava and in leon the order of alcantara .
, as in palestine , to supply their place with a permanent order . this order adopted the
it’s worth to mention , that the document was issued after the infamous publications of l’osservatore romano ( 1933 , 1938 ) . the decretal is stressing the independent from time and politics situation status of knight institution of the line of amoroso d’aragona . finally , the royal civil court held in bari on the 20th june 1945 , № 3383 r . g sentenza № . 786 and the court № 4419 r . g . sentenza № 1006 , 1945 , both have confirmed the dynastic rights of supreme magister of the order of our lady of bethlehem and the competence of official performance of the chevalier’s titles for knights of the order , despite the fascist period publications of vatican ( osservatore romano , rivista araldica ) , mentioning that these issues are containing many incorrect information about the order of our lady of bethlehem .
the following pages will provide you with more detailed information about our life including who we are , our daily schedule of liturgical prayer and work , vocational and travel information , news updates and homilies . you may also be interested in visiting our retreat house facilities pages and our on - line store pages by following the links at the bottom of this page .
of henry iv ( 1399 ) . a third order , scottish by origin , is that of the order of the thistle , dating from the reign of james v of
of francis ii : “… based on the statute of the military and hospitaller order of st . john of acre and st . thomas , issued on the 24th june 1498 in naples by the prince nicola de amerusio d’ aragona , and the other statute of the the military and hospitaller order of our lady of bethlehem , issued on the 25th march 1730 in naples by the prince filippo augusto amoroso d’aragona , both are recognized further in force . we accept with pleasure the request from applier and wish to provide him with the special certificate of our king favor , in respect with mention and not rebuttable caesarean origin of his ancient family and his numerous prove of affection and faith to our king throne…”
was found , and hundreds of italian guerrillas were awarded with it for the heroic participation in the opposition . on the front side of the medal is the half - face of the prince pietro amoroso d’aragona , on the back side are the cross of the order of our lady of bethlehem and following inscription : “for the praise of them , who saw the light in the darkness , to show the way of freedom and fair . 7th day of october 1943”
the same is to be said of the order of st . peter , instituted by
according to the opinion of italian heraldic council , the current situation of the order of our lady of bethlehem is categorized as “non - national orders” in italy . currently , the ministry of foreign affairs of italy is working on the detailed list of such “non - national orders” , which will consist of the earlier recognized dynastic orders in the kingdom . the council would also pay attention to the orders recognition by tribunals between 1946 ( since the monarchy abolishment ) and 1951 ( the cancellation of the rights of dynastic orders and establishment of “order for the deserts in front of italian republic” ) .
currently the order of our lady of bethlehem is consisting of more than 1000 members from different countries , among whom about 600 are living in italy . in this country the order is involving 5 provinces . the catania region is considered as most significant according to the number of knights with established special delegature under the patronage the right reverend mgr pio vittorio vigo - incumbent roman catholic bishop of acireale ( cecilia ) . the veneto province with the center in venice is the second significant area under the guideline of mgr rino olivotto .
retreatants are welcome all year round at our abbey to enjoy some private time in peace and solitude .
the candidates to the chevaliers must be introduced by the delegates of the order during the annual capitul in order to prove their deserts and nobility .
. the knights of st . catherine of sinai are not an order , either secular or regular .
by way of the ægean sea and the hellespont . the order was composed of brother - knights and
, so that they have considered themselves as successors of the order of the collar . after the cession of bugey to
of an order of the passion of christ ( 1360 ) the text of which has recently been published , but which were never enforced .
abbey news correction a few days ago it was stated on our daily liturgical schedule page that on friday of . . . read more →
abbey news moving right along this past week the contractors on our gatehouse renovation project made a good deal of . . . read more →
from the 18th of december 1943 ) and granted the prince with the title gran cordone of the order of st . maurice and lazarus (
the abbey of the genesee is home to some 30 contemplative monks belonging to the order of cistercians of the strict observance also known as trappists .
a buyers fee discount of 3 % is extended to those paying by check , cash or money order .
on the 20th june 2009 in munich , bavaria , was found new province of the order for german knights with the head of prelate munich mgr adalbert merlein . the open ceremony of the province was coincided with the 550 anniversary of the order foundation and held in cathedral . the raising to the knighthood of the order of the right reverend apostolic exarch of st throne for the byzantine rite catholic of germany and scandinavia bishop mark crick .
all delivered in a dark red velvet interior box with the order logo imprinted in gold .
( 1180 ) , but difficult to distinguish from the order of calatrava , with which it was soon amalgamated .
in 1924 the supreme magister luigi cesario spiridone amoroso d’aragona ( 1899 – 1931 ) and following him the prince pietro amoroso d’aragona are officially announcing the opposition against the dictatorial regime of mussolini . the knights of the order are creating the center of antifascist opposition called orbet ( the abbreviation is taken from the name “ordine betlemme” ) . the center’s history is full of samples of the heroic activity of its guerrilla - knights in different regions of the country . the groups of orbet saved hundreds of jewish families along the whole italy . the guerrillas defended the freedom of the country with the weapon in hands . the center was hunt down by the national socialists under the personal instructions from giacomo suardo , the deputy of the ministry of domestic affairs , later the president of the senate and member of big fascist council until the suspending of mussolini in september 1943 . the order of our lady of bethlehem fall into the black book of vatican as the “unrecognized order” ( the publications osservatore romano l ' osservatore romano from 1st june 1933 , rivista araldica ( 1933 fasc . x , p . 479 ) , l’osservatore romano 25th august 1938 ) .
in the 80th years the cooperation with the directions of the oldest knight order , which was found in the time of crusade and existing up to now - the order of holy sepulchre of jerusalem ( ordo eguestris s . sepulcri hierosolymitani ) , is outlined . the supreme magister and the supreme prior of this order , in accordance with the rule , are appointed from the high hierarchy of catholic church by the pope .
by the decretal from the 2nd february 1860 , the king of the kingdom of the two sicilies francis ii bourbon has confirmed the inherited character of the supreme magistracy of the order and rank it as the second dynastic order of caesarean family name amorosa d’ aragona , along with the order of st . john of acre and st . thomas ( founded by the prince aminado de amerusio in 1205 ) , which was also the prosperity of the family by inherited right .
in the 50th years of xx century , following the act №178 from the 3rd march 1951 , the st throne announced its recognition only of the order of malta ( smom ) and the order of holy sepulchre of jerusalem , leaving without mentioning the other knight’s institutions , equal to the “recognized” ones by the history and glorious past . the dynastical orders of the house of amoroso d’aragona and the order of former house of savoy , together with many others , were ignored by the st throne .
the order gains the auspices from the side of powerful prelate of roman curia , the cardinal alfredo ottaviani , who served as secretary of the holy congregation of the special spirituals in 1928 - 1929 , and further as deputy of governmental vatican secretary . among the cavaliers of the order in that period we can meet a lot of hierarchs of catholic church , representatives of monarchal families and governmental figures .
an order of the collar , which held its chapters in the charterhouse ( founded in 1892 ) of pierre - châtel in bugey . here also the knights of the annunziata kept their
on the 18th may 1484 , the king ferdinando i d’ aragona granted to the order the right to allocate on the territory of his kingdom . naples is becoming the new retreat for the knights of the bethlehem order and up to the beginning of xx century the main residence of supreme magister is located here . the prince giovanni de amorosa is gained with the honorable predicate to the family name - “d’ aragona” . the prince died in naples on the 15th september 1519 and was buried in the church san giorgio .
, it was originally considered a military order , but dissensions arose and each rank chose its own grand master .
and revenues of the orders of st . lazarus , of sainte - marie du château des bretons , of bologna , of the holy sepulchre , of santo spirito in sassia , of st . mary of the crossed friars , and of st . james of
in 1589 , were not so much a military order as an association of gentlemen who undertook to maintain the public peace in those turbulent times .
, from the 23rd of may 1949 issued by tribunal of the vico del gargano , has proved the legality of the order in new italian government and the trueness of the documents touching the recognition history of heraldic heritage of the house amoroso d’aragona , including the pope’s bulls , ancient sovereign diplomas and royal decreets of the house of savoy .
in windsor castle for the holding of chapters . this , the order of the garter , takes its name from the characteristic badge , won on the left knee . the choice of this badge has given rise to various anecdotes of
( modelled on the former ) , both still in existence . in the same category should be included the order of santiago which spread throughout castile ,
mutual relationships of the order with st throne often depended on the politic situations in italy and were complex . since the moving from the island lemnos , the order didn’t present reasonable activity for many years . the inherited knights didn’t have own structure for more than two hundred years .
the abbey of regina laudis , founded in 1947 in bethlehem , connecticut , u . s . a . , is a community of contemplative benedictine women dedicated to the praise of god through prayer and work . the nuns of the abbey chant the mass and full divine office each day , while expressing the traditional benedictine commitment to manual work and scholarship through various contemporary media and professional disciplines . the mission to praise god at all times is symbolized by the lyre on the abbey ' s crest and by our motto , taken from the book of judith – non recedat laus :
the situation is significantly changes with the coming to power of dictator benito mussolini , who assisted the creation of vatican government , which started it’s politic existence after the signing of lateran agreements in 1929 . the administration of vatican has generated a list of actions aimed to support the politics of fascist government of different countries . the pope pius xi approved the invasion of italy to ethiopia and its occupation , the fascist mutiny in spain and the sending of part of italian army to help franco . on the 20th of june 1933 was concluded the concordat with hitler . finally , within the bounds of reconciliation between the italian government and st throne , by the fascist government of mussolini and sovereign military order of malta was signed concordat ( legislative action # 1029 ) about the mutual official recognition , and following it , the fascist duce is becoming the cavalier of order of malta . the members of his government are granted with the value of the order of malta . we have seen a lot of parade portraits and photos of duce with the white malta’s cross on the neck .
from the 4th of february 1944 ) . the dynastic status of both orders of amoroso house is finally defined in italian kingdom , they are allowed to proceed the new investitures , the chevaliers are permitted to wear openly the order’s signs .
where he died ( 1270 ) , nor of that of the argonauts of st . nicholas , attributed to charles iii , king of
within a limited time , only for the 26 years , i . e . from the 1st january 1904 to 25th september 1930 , the chevaliers of the order has became as following :
, a feature of all new foundations . one of these was soon undertaken by brother anthony of the cross who sent two of his community to
they added that of caring for the sick even at the risk of their own lives . in 1688 brother anthony of the cross , with the help of a
was autonomous , all the houses of a military order were bound to contribute their revenues , after deducting expenses , to a central treasury . as a result of this enormous circulation of capital controlled by the orders , their wealth could be applied to financial operations which made them veritable credit and deposit banks . their perfect
and afterwards solicited admission among them . in 1672 brother roderick of the cross obtained the confirmation of this establishment by the king of
an income of 3 , 000 crowns . the bethlehemites , because of making only simple
in 1681 to secure the confirmation of these new institutions . the council of the indies assigned the
founded from the abbey of gethsemani in 1951 monastic life at genesee is made up of a balanced daily round of prayer , lectio divina and manual labor in an atmosphere of simplicity , silence and fraternal support .
in 1944 the groups orbet took part in the “four naples days” ( quattro giornate di napoli ) significant for the history of italy . the story of that event is related with the heroic defend of naples from the nazi occupation . naples was the first european city released by insurrectionary forces . in 1944 the residence of the supreme magister was moved to rome , the building situated on the central street via del corso 26 , near to famous piazza del popolo . in 1949 the same building was used for the patronato nazionale assistenziale ordine betlemme – the national helping fond of the order , which approve the efficiency of organization and coordination of the charity work of orbet during the hard postwar period . in honor of these events , the special
, exclusive of princes of the blood and foreign princes , with st . george as its patron and with its
by the special permission of governmental authorities , the status “non - national orders” was granted only to a few orders of royal bourbon house of the two sicilies . it is expected that soon the same status would get the orders of other sovereign dynasties , including the houses of amoroso d’aragona .
, of which the knights of livonia thenceforward formed one branch under a provincial master of their own ( 1238 ) . their possessions , acquired by conquest , formed a principality under
according to the records in pope’s bull , the inherited name of supreme magister is becoming the possession of the amoroso d ' aragona family , the direct descendent of the prince dagobert de amorosa by the branch of his older brother – the prince giovanni de amorosa .
, a grand master ( usually the reigning prince ) , and the practice of certain devotions . most of them also asked for the
which compels the belligerent to maintain his military apparatus on a level with those of his adversary , on pain of defeat . the strength of an army was in its cavalry , and to this type the armament , mounting , and tactics of the military orders conformed . the
abbey news birthday of the church and end of the easter season almost finished . . . . . . with the . . . read more →
remarkable , that at the same time the analogical tribunal from the 18th july 1945 ( n° 475 of the royal civil court of naples ) recognized the prince antonio de kurtis galiardi – focas ( famous in 50th as popular actor of italian cinema under the pen name “toto” ) as the direct legal descendent of caesarian dynasty the komnenos of byzantium , owing all the rights and privileges of this family . in the contemporary noble catalogues he is stated as “his imperial highness antonio griffo focas flavio ducas komnenos gagliardi de curtis of byzantium
.
lacking this official recognition should be expunged from history , even though they figure in the pages of all the old historians of the military orders . as a matter of fact , more than one rule of this kind , scarcely passing beyond the initial stages , has existed , and such are the orders which may be designated
copyright © 2017 by kevin knight . dedicated to the immaculate heart of mary .
at midnight in the midst of a great throng . in 1654 he made a
to defend the immaculate conception even at the peril of his life . he died , exhausted by labour and penance , 25 april , 1667 , at the age of forty - eight . his funeral was impressive and at the request of the
, the rule bound the brethren to the exercises of the monastic life such as the recitation of the hours , for which , in the case of illiterates , a fixed number of paters was substituted . it also prescribed their dress and their food , and their feast , abstinence , and fast days . lastly , the rule imposed detailed
of the work . the favour was granted , but pedro died before the messenger ' s return . from that time the community prospered , beginning with the extension of the
all content copyright © the abbey of the genesee . webmaster , sojourner web design studio
domain , and as such had a sacred character which placed them beyond liability to profane uses or to secular imposts . they differed from the temporalities of other monastic institutions only in the centralized system of their administration . while within each of the other religious institutes every
, devoted lives of these religious won them esteem and gratitude . they were especially admired during the plague of 1736 , a fact unanimously acknowledged by the writers who describe the condition of latin america in the eighteenth century . but this did not prevent their suppression , as well as that of all other religious , in 1820 . at that time their superior - general resided in mexico and the bethlehemites were scattered throughout two provinces , that of
and that a red star , whose five rays emanated from an azure centre , decorated the breast of their cape . this was in commemoration of the star that appeared to the
helpers soon joined pedro de betancourt and at length was formed a congregation of brothers generally known as bethlehemites and so called on account of their house . but the care of the sick did not totally absorb their attention ; they likewise lent their assistance in the two other
which were also barracks , combining with the passive obedience of the soldier , the spontaneous submission of the religious , living shoulder to shoulder in brotherly union , commander and subordinate , these orders surpassed , in that cohesiveness which is the ideal of every military organization , the most famous bodies of picked soldiery known to history , from the macedonian phalanx to the ottoman janissaries .
, which was republished later in 1932 , 1945 and 1949 . it listed the family names of noble and knight degrees granted by the princes amoroso d’aragona as to direct descendants and heritors of former caesarean house
amoriense
( found by mihail ii travl , the caesar of byzantium in 820 – 829 ) and to the ranked as supreme magister of own dynastic orders .
including twenty - two houses and that of new - spain , eleven . to the ordinary religious
in accordance with the willing of the prince luigi amoroso d’aragona ( 1959 – 1996 ) , from the 1992 , the right to be granted for the titles of both dynastic institutes of house amoroso d’aragona was extended to orthodox christians and protestants , although earlier there were only the catholic knights .
prince dagobert de amorosa closed his eyes on the 5th of october 1482 in naples and was buried in the church of st dominica - s . domenico maggiore di napoli . he didn’t have children .
, pedro was born at villaflora on the island of teneriffe in 1619 . from childhood he led a
the hospitaller bethlehemites , or belemites , were founded by the ven . pedro de betancourt . a descendant of the celebrated juan de betancourt , who , early in the fifteenth century , achieved the conquest of the
shop for fresh breads baked by the brothers of genesee abbey , along with coffee , cakes and more .
, pictured by the earl antonio crispo . the pope passed the apostolic blessing to the knights and all the attending . the audience was finished by ceremonial representative of the military honors by swiss guards of the st throne .
; beyond this it has left but little trace except a church of remarkable architecture , st . nicholas , at
and country , thus carrying out his desire of going to the west indies . during the following year he reached
confirmed the congregation and its constitutions ( 1673 ) . after his return to america this religious founded the hospital of
, has served as a model for all the others . after barely a century of existence , they were suppressed by
please help support the mission of new advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download . includes the catholic encyclopedia , church fathers , summa , bible and more  all for only $ 19 . 99 . . .
in 1558 , to watch over and preserve that sanctuary . these distinctions were mostly granted to functionaries of the pontifical chancery .
, had recaptured from mohammed ii . the island was to be their headquarters whence they were to oppose the attacks of the
and the erection of a beautiful church . brother anthony , who assumed the government , drew up constitutions which he submitted to the
in 1468 , failing to perpetuate their existence , owing to the lack of territorial possessions , gave place to a purely secular confraternity .
help us make the future plans of the monastery a reality . we would be grateful for your contributions as we renovate the monastery .
de curtis griffo focas” is the second imperial dynasty , recognized at the same period in italy equally to the house of amoroso d’aragona .
abbey news schedule change friday , june 8th feast of the sacred heart mass 10 am followed by adoration until vespers . . . read more →
the natural beauty , silence and solitude of the verdant genesee river valley so conducive for the contemplative life provides an ideal location for the monastery .
with which they decked themselves , and which they distributed among their dupes lavishly  though not gratuitously . hence came a whole category of orders justly considered
abbey news schedule change this thursday , may 10th , is ascension thursday , a holy day of obligation . mass will be at . . . read more →
by tradition , the ceremony of accepting the new chevaliers is hold in italy , in cathedral san sabine , bari , and in the church san salvador , rimini .
abbey news solemnity of st . benedict this coming wednesday , july 11th , we ' ll be joining the entire benedictine family in celebrating . . . read more →
governed by an elective grand - master . the white costume worn by the members was decorated with a red cross and the rule prescribed for them was very similar to that of the
calls attention to the former in his
grande chronique
( tr . huillard - bréholles , paris , 1840 , 8vo , iii , 300 ) where he mentions that henry iii of
where they were very favourably received by the viceroy to whom he had recommended them . doctor antoine * d ' arvila gave them the hospital of notre dame du carmel which he was then establishing at
miræus , origine des chevalier et ordres militaires ( antwerp , 1609 ) ; favyn , histoire des ordres de chevalerie ( 2 vols . , paris , 1620 ) ; bielenfeld , geschichte und verfassung aller ritterorden ( weimar , 1841 ) ; cappeleti , storia degli ordini cavallereschi ( leghorn , 1904 ) ; clarke , concise history of knighthood , ii ( london , 1884 ) ; digby , the broad stone of honour ( london , 1876 - 77 ) ; lawrence - archer , the orders of chivalry ( london , 1887 ) ; see also bibliographies attached to special articles on the several great orders .
of st . francis , adopting its religious garb which he still retained after founding his congregation . he personally trained his first disciples and had no wish to organize a community , but simply to establish his
in accordance with the capitul ( cap . № ix , art . 63 , 64 , 74 ) and decreet of the supreme magister from the 8th december 1994 , each class has its own category :
had passed . the orders of any historical existence may be reduced to three categories : ( a ) the greater regular orders ; ( b ) the lesser regular orders ; ( c ) the secular orders .
contact information . the editor of new advent is kevin knight . my email address is webmaster at newadvent . org . regrettably , i can ' t reply to every letter , but i greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads .
invoices will be emailed within 48 hours following the conclusion of the auction . payments can be made by mail , to the following address : centurion auctions4196 w . us highway 90lake city , fl 32055or by telephone : 386 - 868 - 2889we also accept wire transfers . please contact the gallery for wire instructions .
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urltoken
in those days employed so freely . they did not all follow the same monastic rule . the
in all its rigour ; they were permitted , in certain orders , to marry once , and that only with a maiden . even where second marriages were tolerated , they had to
were the heavy cavalry ; the men - at - arms - brethren , the light cavalry . the former were entitled to three horses a piece ; the latter had to be content with one . among the former , only
nihil obstat . october 1 , 1911 . remy lafort , s . t . d . , censor .
as to their founder , where they originated , and their history . we only
also excited his compassion . every thursday he begged for them through the city and visited them in their cells . the neglected
he was buried in their church where , for a long time , his remains were held in veneration .
requested him to make some alterations in the habit worn by his religious . a free
and observed the same rule as the men and they , too , were suppressed in 1820 .
h lyot , histoire des ordres monastiques , iii , 355 - 356 ; viii , 371 - 372 ; baronius , annales ecclesiastici ( lucca , 1753 ) , xxix , 179 - 180 ; heimbucher , die orden und kongregationen , i , 497 - 498 ; de montalvo , vida del venerable pedro de san jos betancourt ( rome , 1718 ) ; eyzaguirre , los intereses cat licos en am rica ( paris , 1859 ) , ii , 304 - 306 , 408 - 410 .
nihil obstat . 1907 . remy lafort , s . t . d . , censor .
since the 1730 , the prince filippo augusto amoroso d’aragona ( 1722 – 1744 ) is resuming the chivalric investitures in neapolitan kingdom .
in 1903 the knights headed by the great magister the prince luigi cesario amoroso d’aragona ( 1899 – 1931 ) were put up by pope pius x on the private audience . the inscription in the document
the category is granted to the chevaliers born in noble , or raised to a squireship now days .
the category is associated with the chevaliers distinguished by a special deserts , whose ascendants by women line belonged to a noble families , or without the noble origin .
( viadell ' immacolata , 13 - 31100 treviso tel . 0422 - 261892 fax 0422 - 1780767 )
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pyx khs 2 1 / 8
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official name abbaye de la clarté - dieu ( dem . rep . congo )


macroglossum aquila is a moth of the family sphingidae .

it is known from north-eastern india , bangladesh , thailand , southern china , vietnam , malaysia ( peninsular , sarawak ) , indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) and the philippines ( luzon ) .

the wingspan is 49 – 54 mm .

macroglossum aquila

macroglossum aquila boisduval macroglossa aquila boisduval , 1875 , hist . nat . insectes , spec . gen . lep . , 1 : 340 . macroglossum aquila boisduval ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 : 657 .
no one has contributed data records for macroglossum aquila yet . learn how to contribute .
minden pictures stock photos - hummingbird hawk moth ( macroglossum aquila ) hovering near a flower , feeding on the nectar by means of its long probosci . . .
macroglossa aquila boisduval , [ 1875 ] , in : boisduval & guenée , hist . nat . insectes ( spec . gén . lépid . hétérocères ) 1 : 340 . type locality : [ bangladesh , ] silhet [ sylhet ] ; cochinchina [ vietnam ] .
macroglossum geoffmartini ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10
macroglossum eggeri ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10
macroglossum haxairei ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10
macroglossum loeffleri ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10
macroglossum luteata ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 14
macroglossum oceanicum ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 14
macroglossum perplexum ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum pseudocorythus ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum pseudoluteata ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum stenoxanthum ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum sulai ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum corythus fuscicauda ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12
macroglossum buruensis holland , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 3 ) : 556 ; tl : buru
macroglossum corythus fulvicaudata ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12
macroglossum corythus novebudensis ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12
macroglossum corythus novirlandum ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12
macroglossum corythus platyxanthum ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 13
macroglossum corythus pylene ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 13
macroglossum corythus xanthurus ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 14
macroglossum sulai eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 166 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , bungku
wingspan : 49 - - 54mm . immediately distinguishable from all other species of macroglossum by the costal edge of hindwing dilated into a rounded lobe in proximal half . forewing upperside with antemedian lines placed more basally than in other species of macroglossum .
macroglossum marquesanum collenette , 1935 ; bull . bishop mus . 114 : 209 ; tl : hivaoa , kaava ridge , 2460ft
? macroglossum palauensis matsumura , 1930 ; trans . sapporo nat . hist . soc . 11 : 120 ; tl : japan
macroglossum eggeri eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 173 - 174 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , parigi
macroglossum pseudocorythus eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 158 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , makki , 800m
macroglossum pseudoluteata eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 165 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , palolo , 800m
macroglossum micacea albibase rothschild , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 ( 1 ) : 79 ; tl : bougainville i . , solomons
macroglossum perplexum eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : ? 16 , 170 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , mamujuju
macroglossum geoffmartini eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 172 - 173 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , n of palopo
macroglossum haxairei eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 174 - 175 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , paredean , 700m
macroglossum sylvia ; hogenes & treadaway , 1998 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo , suppl . 17 : 88 ( part . )
macroglossum fuscicauda rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 663 ; tl : lifu , loyalty island
macroglossum novebudensis clark , 1926 ; proc . new england zool . cl . 9 : 54 - 55 ; tl : tanna , new hebrides
macroglossum xanthurus rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 662 ; tl : larat , tenimber island
macroglossum oceanicum rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 292 ; tl : solomon islands , chago archipelago
macroglossum sylvia ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 , 658 ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum ungues rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 643 ; tl : buru , amboina , java , etc
macroglossum loeffleri eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 171 - 172 ; tl : n . vietnam , 55km nww hanoi , tam dao
macroglossum lepidum rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 , pl . 20 , f . 5 ; tl : nias
macroglossum iwasakii matsumura , 1921 ; thous . ins . japan ( additam . ) 4 : 754 , pl . 54 , f . 9 ; tl : japan
macroglossum faro ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 665 , pl . 4 , f . 14 ; [ hmw ]
macroglossum sylvia ; inoue , kennett & kitching , 1997 , the moths of thailand 2 : 101 , pl . 30 , f . 136 , p . 146 gen 28
macroglossum kadneri eitschberger , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 7 , 10 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 5 ; tl : indonesia , sulawesi , selatan , salubai
macroglossum palawana eitschberger & treadaway , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 7 , 10 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 6 ; tl : philippines , palawan , irawan , 50m
macroglossum trigi eitschberger , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 4 , 11 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 3 ; tl : indonesia , sulawesi , selatan , n of palopo
macroglossum napolovi eitschberger , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 9 , 10 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 9 ; tl : n . vietnam , 55km nnw hanoi , tam dao
macroglossum wolframmeyi eitschberger & treadaway , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 8 , 11 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 8 ; tl : philippines , off palawan , cuyo i . , 400ft
in the male genitalia , uncus gradually narrowed , apically obtuse , slightly downcurved . gnathos rounded apically . valve with stridulatory scales . harpe short , stout , upperside excavated , edges dentate , looking like a brush in lateral view . aedeagus with a patch of teeth near the base of the apical process , which is slender , denticulate basally , along its proximal edge and at the apex , which is obtuse .
china : guangdong ; guangxi ( guilin ; longsheng ) ; hainan ( wanning ) .
northeastern india , bangladesh , thailand , southern china , vietnam , malaysia ( peninsular , sarawak ) , indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) , philippines ( luzon ) .
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histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptères hétérocères . 1 . sphingides , sésiides , castnides 340
syntypes [ bangladesh : ] silhet [ sylhet ] ; cochinchina [ vietnam ] [ cmnh ] . only a male syntype from
cochinchina
has been found in the cmnh .
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
diagnosis . the hindwings have the costa ( seen from below ) with an angular expansion at one third . the yellow band above is constricted centrally by the sharply angular border of the distal black zone . geographical range . n . e . himalaya to sundaland , philippines . habitat preference . two specimens have been taken in recent surveys , both from lowland forest in brunei ( harman , 1981 ) .
macroglossa vialis butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 240 , pl . 36 , f . 5 ; tl : canara
macroglossa interrupta butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 242 , pl . 37 , f . 2 ; tl : darjeeling
macroglossa belia hampson , [ 1893 ] ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 1 : 114 ; tl : ceylon
1024x768 ( ~ 71kb ) oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo © s . shuichi haupt
macroglossa calescens butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 10 ( 56 ) : 156 ; tl : new britain
macroglossa dohertyi rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 67 , pl . 5 , f . 2 ; tl : amboina
sphinx faro cramer , [ 1780 ] ; uitl . kapellen 3 ( 23 - 24 ) : 165
rhamphoschisma godeffroyi butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 10 ( 56 ) : 157 ; tl : duke - of - york i .
macroglossa burmanica rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 68 , pl . 5 , f . 3 ; tl : burma
heliophila divergens ( walker , 1856 ) ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 94
macroglossa hemichroma butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 243 , pl . 37 , f . 1 ; tl : silhet
indo - australian tropics , australia , hong kong , sumatra , java . see [ maps ]
hong kong , japan , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo , ? sulawesi . see [ maps ]
macroglossa mitchelli ménétriés , 1857 ; cat . lep . petersb . 2 : 95
macroglossa semifasciata hampson , [ 1893 ] ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 1 : 115
macroglossa orientalis butler , 1877 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 9 ( 19 ) : 528 ; tl : moulmein
naf , seu , ceu , am , ac , s . india , indochina . see [ maps ]
1000x643 ( ~ 116kb ) northern greece , axios delta , june 1995 , photo © dylan lloyd leg .
macroglossa similis rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : oinainissa
macroglossa corythus walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 92 ; tl : ceylon
macroglossa proxima butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 4 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : ceylon , canara
macroglossa proxima ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 29 , pl . 91 , f . 1a - b
macroglossa fulvicaudata butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 10 ( 56 ) : 155 ; tl : new britain
macroglossa moluccensis rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : batjan , n . molucca islands
macroglossa luteata butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 241 , pl . 37 , f . 5 ; tl : silhet
[ dylan lloyd ] hafanedd , deiniol rd . , bangor , wales , u . k . , ll57 2up
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres hétérocéres . tome premier . sphingides , sésiides , castnides
lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
sammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
a catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
wallengren , 1858 nya fjärilslägten - nova genera lepidopterorum öfvers . vet . akad . förh . 15 : 75 - 84 , 135 - 142 , 209 - 215
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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this large moth caterpillar gives the threatening appearance of a snake head , which may help to ward off potential predators . the eye - spots are patches of color on the body of the caterpillar , with its real head curled beneath .
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