the black-and-yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) is a species of finch native to the northern parts of the indian subcontinent , primarily the lower and middle himalayas .

it is in the family fringillidae .

the species ranges across afghanistan , india , nepal , and pakistan where its natural habitat is temperate forests .

black - and - yellow grosbeak

black - and - yellow grosbeak | see in full size . tahirabbasonli… | flickr
black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) is a species of bird in the fringillidae family .
the black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) occur in afghanistan , india , nepal , and pakistan , where they inhabit temperate forests .
interestingly , the extinct bonin grosbeak ( aka chaunoproctus ) is sister to the remaining rosefinches .
throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
22 cm ; 67 g . large grosbeak with large head , massive bill and medium - length , notched tail . male has entire head down to upper nape , upper side of neck and lower throat black . . .
the wagtails , and particularly the yellow - colored wagtails , are more troublesome . mitochondrial dna analysis ( alström and mild , 2003 ; ödeen and bjöklund , 2003 ; outlaw and voelker , 2006b , pavlova et al . , 2003 ) suggests that there are two species of citrine wagtail ( citreola and werae ) and three species of yellow wagtail ( flava , taivana , and tschutschensis ) . the aou has adopted the split of the eastern yellow wagtail ( tschutschensis ) , but takes no official position on the 3 - way split . christidis and boles ( 2008 ) accept the 3 - way split with green - headed yellow wagtail , motacilla taivana , being the third species .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
14 cm ; 17–22 g . relatively small bullfinch with short , curved bill and slightly notched tail . male has forehead to lores , cheek and chin black , forecrown to nape and . . .
in the end , i have gone with the recent analysis by harris et al . ( 2018 ) . this treats the citrine and eastern yellow wagtails as sister species , with the western yellow wagtail sister to both , and the whole lot sister to the gray wagtail . drovetski et al . ( 2018 ) has a bit different arrangment .
) and mossy forests and forest edges on hillsides and valleys ; . . .
the sao tome grosbeak has usually been included in neospiza . stervander ( 2010 ) found that the principe seedeater is it ' s closest relative and both species together form subgenus neospiza . in fact , stervander found that the sao tome subspecies of the seedeater ( thomensis ) appeared more closely related to the sao tome grosbeak than to the seedeater . the two birds are quite distinct , and it seems unreasonable to put them in one species . perhaps the genetic results are a sign of introgression .
there have also been questions concerning whether the white wagtail is a single species . some authorities have separated lugens as black - backed wagtail and yarrelli as pied wagtail . however , it is hard to make a genetic case for either of these ( see alström and mild , 2003 ; pavlova et al . , 2005 ; voelker , 2002 ) , with yarrelli ending up near alba and alba and lugens intertwinned .
se siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan
pyrrhulini consists of 3 clades . the first consists of the pyrrhula bullfinches and pine grosbeak ( pinicola ) . the second and third are sister , and are the arid - zone finches indentified by arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) . the second clade includes bucanetes and rhodopechys . the third consists of the mountain - finches and rosy - finches ( leucosticte ) , together with several monotypic genera : procarduelis ( dark - breasted rosefinch ) , agraphospiza ( blanford ' s rosefinch ) , callacanthis ( spectacled finch ) , and pyrrhoplectes ( golden - naped finch ) . both procarduelis and agraphospiza are usually included in carpodacus .
ne afghanistan and n pakistan e in himalayas to n india ( uttarakhand ) and w nepal .
these splits are not followed by alström and mild ( 2003 ) or by ödeen and björklund ( 2003 ) , both of which also consider nuclear dna . the nuclear dna yields a different tree for the wagtails , where macronyx , taivana and tschutschensis form a clade that can be regarded as a species : eastern yellow wagtail , motacilla tschutschensis . this species is sister to the gray wagtail , motacilla cinerea . the citrine wagtails end up as sisters , and can also be regarded as a single species . ödeen and björklund ( 2003 ) argue that the mitochondrial tree reflects the effects of past hybridization .
mostly hard - shelled seeds , buds , berries and shoots of trees and larger herbaceous shrubs , including buds and catkins of birch , willow ( . . .
fairly vocal and conspicuous . calls include ringing
pee yuu
, also longer and louder , . . .
the results in both lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) support the drepanidini as sister to carpodacini ( not just the common rosefinch , as might be inferred from the press coverage ) . interestingly , the extinct bonin grosbeak is a relatively basal member of the carpodacini . perhaps it too is a relic of the spread of the ancestral carpodacini / drepanidini into the pacific .
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europe ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .
tietze et al . ( 2013 ) also found a surprisingly small genetic distance between the caucasian and spotted great - rosefinches ( rubicilla and severtzovi ) and recommended lumping them . although i have followed that advice , further study is in order . rasmussen and anderton ( 2005 ) recommended splitting them based on differences in plumage , habitat , and voice .
the basal division in the nine - primaried oscines is between the motacillidae and the “finches” , sibley and monroe ' s broadly - defined fringillidae . wagtails and pipits are cosmopolitan . they are typically open country insectivores .
not globally threatened . restricted range species : present in luzon eba and mindanao and the eastern visayas eba . scarce , uncommon or locally common .
several carduelis siskins have moved to spinus ( including lesser antillean siskin ) . in another taxonomic note , the pine siskin , spinus pinus , and black - capped siskin , spinus atriceps , are quite close . some have suggested they are conspecific . although they don ' t comment on it , the genetic tree in arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) suggests another possibility . the subspecies perplexus may actually belong to s . atriceps , as had been suggested by banks in 1982 ( see a 2008 aou proposal ) .
the new world pipits have been rearranged based on van ells and norambuena ( 2018 ) . further , their analysis resulted in two splits and one lump .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
this changes clade sizes and i have also reordered the hawaiian honeycreepers as a result .
preliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences
the overall organization of the motacillidae is based on a combination of alström et al . ( 2015a ) , drovetski et al . ( 2018 ) , harris et al . ( 2018 ) , outlaw and voelker ( 2006b ) , van ells and norambuena ( 2018 ) , and voelker and edwards ( 1998 ) . when there are disagreements , the more recent papers have been given heavier weight .
tietze et al . ( 2013 ) found substantial genetic distance between the sinai rosefinch in the strict sense c . synoicus synoicus , and the pale rosefinch group ( subspecies beicki , salimalii , and presumably stoliczkae ) . these have been suspected of being different species , and i have now split them .
sibley and monroe ' s ( 1990 ) fringillidae included all of the remaining birds , over 1000 of them . most authors use a finely - grained family structure for these species that roughly corresponds to sibley and monroe ' s tribes . the tif taxonomy divides sibley and monroe ' s fringillidae into 11 .
( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )
15–16·5 cm ; one male 19 g . medium - sized , blunt - billed dark bullfinch with pale cheek and slightly notched tail . male nominate race has forehead , lores , chin and . . .
most of the remaining carduelini are from the americas . there are two classification schemes in current use . the aou ' s nacc puts them all together in genus spinus . the aou ' s sacc separates them into three genera : the north american goldfinches , astragalinus ; the northern siskins spinus ; and the middle and south american siskins , sporagra . astragalinus splits off first , and the final division is between spinus and sporagra .
partial altitudinal migrant . descends to lower levels and moves slightly s of breeding range in non . . .
ogilvie - grant , 1895 – cordillera mts and zambales mts , in n luzon ( n philippines ) .
the fourth carduelini clade is more cosmopolitan . the basal piece includes the palearctic linnets ( linaria , formerly carduelis ) , which are sister to the holarctic redpolls ( now acanthis rather than carduelis ) and crossbills ( loxia ) . there is some uncertainty about the linnets . the mitochondrial dna consistently puts them near the siskins and american goldfinches rather than near the redpolls and crossbills . the nuclear dna does the opposite . since they seem more akin to the redpolls and crossbills , and since the combined analysis puts them there , i have followed suit .
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sa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .
australasian pipit , corydalla novaeseelandiae , has been split into australian pipit , corydalla australis , and new zealand pipit , corydalla novaeseelandiae . this split was recommended by schodde and mason ( 1999 ) , but rejected by christidis and boles ( 2008 ) “in the absence of molecular evidence” . tavares and baker ( 2008 ) provided limited molecular evidence in the form of a barcode divergence of 4 . 1 % , which is a good indication that they are separate species .
ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
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the third carduelini clade is exclusively afrotropical . the oriole finch ( linurgus ) is sister to the rest . these closely related birds are variously called canaries , seedeaters , serins , and siskins and are all placed in the genus crithagra . the species - level phylogeny still needs some work , as might be guessed from the question marks , polytomies , and blue ink .
based on beckman and witt ( 2015 ) , the hooded siskin , sporagra magellanica , has been split into lowland hooded siskin , sporagra magellanica , and andean hooded siskin , sporagra capitalis . we lack complete information on the subspecies , but i ' ve tentatively allocated boliviana , alleni , icterica , longirostris , and magellanica to the lowland group , s . magellanica , and capitalis , paula , peruana , urubambensis , santaecrucis , hoyi , and tucumana to the andean group , s . capitalis . the genetic distances between the capitalis group and atrata , crassirostris , siemiradzkii is razor - thin , calling their species status into question . even uropygialis appears to be closely related to the capitalis group . further study is needed to sort out these taxa .
comprehensive molecular phylogeny # r for the genus , based on both nuclear and mitochondrial loci , recovered three main groups : ( 1 ) se asian ( p . nipalensis , p . waterstradti and p . leucogenis ) ; ( 2 ) himalayan ( p . aurantiaca , p . erythrocephala , p . erythaca ) ; and ( 3 ) eurasian ( p . murina , p . pyrrhula ) .
the other piece of this final clade includes the true carduelis and serinus finches of the palearctic . it starts with the mountain serin of indonesia and the philippines . the mountain serin is sometimes considered part of serinus , but i ' ve had it in its own genus , chrysocorythus , for a while . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found chrysocorythus sister to the true carduelis finches , now reduced to the european goldfinch and the corsican and citril finches . these two genera together are sister to the rest of the clade .
i follow the recent aou decisions ( 56th supplement ) to split the apapane , akepa , greater akialoa , and nukupuu . thus :
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the placement of spinus may be a little soft . e . g . , in nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) , it appeared in different places in the combined tree ( their figure 4 ) and some of the individual gene trees . this is the subject of some discussion in nguembock et al . the arrangement here is based on zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) and beckman and witt ( 2015 ) .
season may to early sept ; two broods . displaying male with body horizontal and wings spread , quivering or fluttering rapidly , perches . . .
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different sources treat the rufous sparrow ( passer motitensis ) complex differently . here it is treated as 5 species : iagoensis , motitensis ( including benguellensis and subsolanus ) , rufocinctus ( including cordofanicus and shellyi ) , insularis , and hemileucus . see kirwan ( 2008 ) for arguments that the small pale hemileucus should be split from insularis . as in the ioc list , the name great sparrow is used for the narrowly defined passer motitensis .
the second clade includes synoicus group , the former kozlowia ( c . roborowskii ) , the rubicilla clade ( streaked and great rosefinches ) , the former uragus ( c . sibiricus ) , pyrrhospiza ( c . puniceus ) , and pinicola subhimachala ( aka propyrrhula subhimachala ) . it ends with a group including the carpodacus type species pallas ' s rosefinch , carpodacus roseus ( see banks and browning 1995 ) , through c . dubius .
i recognize several subgenera . besides crithagra , there are dendrospiza , neospiza , pseudochloroptila , and ochrospiza . all are marked on the species tree .
mearns , 1909 – mt malindang , mt kitanglad , mt hilong - hilong , mt apo and mt mayo , in mindanao ( s philippines ) .
based on davies and peacock ( 2014 ) , the kimberley pipit , anthus pseudosimilis , is considered conspecific with african pipit , anthus cinnamomeus , and the long - tailed pipit , anthus longicaudatus , is considered conspecific with buffy pipit , anthus vaalensis . in both cases , the original collections seem to involve several taxa .
the motacillidae include two species that were long thought of as belonging to sylviidae , the sao tome shorttail ( amaurocichla ) , and the madanga ( madanga ) .
n pakistan ( chitral and gilgit ) e to n kashmir , in nw himalayas ; in winter also nw india ( himachal pradesh , recorded in uttarakhand ) .
the italian sparrow , passer italiae , is recognized as a separate species based on hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) and elvgin et al . ( 2011 ) . although töpfer ( 2006 ) had argued that it was a subspecies of the spanish sparrow , based on apparent ongoing hybridization , hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) find that this is not the case . rather , their genetic data found that the sympatric populations in italy ' s gargano peninsula showed no evidence of gene flow . however , they did find a hybrid zone with the house sparrow in the alps . the hybrid zone appears narrow and relatively stable , and does not suggest substantial ongoing gene flow ( and they did not find evidence of any ) . the twin papers produced by a group at oslo , hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) and elgvin et al . ( 2011 ) , explore the evidence that the italian sparrow is the result of past hybridization between the house and spanish sparrows .
the order here is based on a combination of the dna study of lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and the osteological study of james ( 2004 ) . fleischer et al . ( 2001 ) , pratt ( 2001 ) , arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2007b ) , and reding et al . ( 2009 ) have also been consulted . it fits nicely with morphology ( look at bill shapes in each clade ) and subfossil taxa can be easily accomodated using james ( 2004 ) . this is pretty similar to the previous version , but tweaked based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) , which greatly decreases the conjecture needed , and increases my confidence in it .
not globally threatened . restricted range species : present in western himalayas eba . common to very common ; scarce and local in n pakistan . rare visitor in himachal pradesh .
dickinson et al . ( 2003 ) consider plocepasser , histurgops , pseudonigrita , and philetairus to be passeridae . however , groth ( 1998 ) found them to be in the ploceidae .
the genera palmeria , himatione , and vestiaria have been merged into drepanis . the genetic distance between them seems to be small ( lerner et al . , 2011 ) and there is evidence of hybridization between vestiaria and himatione ( knowlton et al . , 2014 ) . olson ( 2012b ) also argues that this is a reasonable treatment . although i think the genera i use for the hawaiian honeycreepers are oversplit , i consider the aou genera even more oversplit . i haven ' t gone further on the lumping because data on the extinct species is too limited .
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one interesting thing in alström et al . ( 2015a ) is that their multigene analysis yields a different placement of the longclaws compared with outlaw and voelker ( 2006b ) . the limited taxon sampling leaves some residual uncertainty , but it has caused me to separate some of anthus in corydalla ( vigors , 1825 , type richardi ) and cinaedium ( sundevall , 1850 , type lineiventre ) .
the various studies of the finches have made it clear that the genera carduelis and serinus both required substantial surgery . the alternative for carduelis would be to put almost all of the carduelini into one genus ! for serinus , the alternative is less drastic , mainly because carduelis has priority . neither of these outcomes is particuarly desirable , so both serinus and carduelis have been divided into several pieces each .
as constituted here , carduelini contains 4 major clades . as mentioned above , the first clade includes only a single genus : haemorhous — the american purple finches . the second includes the chloris greenfinches ( sometimes included in carduelis ) , the desert finch ( rhodospiza ) , and the the golden - winged grosbeaks ( rhynchostruthus ) . kirwan and grieve ( 2007 ) argue that rhynchostruthus includes three species .
interestingly enough , the pale rockfinch ( carpospiza ) also appears to be only distantly related to the other passeridae . this was hinted at some time ago , and it had been suggested by h . mendelssohn ( fide hbw - 14 ) that it did not even belong in passeridae . to my knowledge , it has not been included in any published phylogeny . however , samples from the 16s and cox - 1 genes are available , and were used in an unpublished tree by raty . its position was not fully resolved , but it may be as distant from the other passeridae as the ibon is .
a dna analysis by sangster et al . ( 2016a ) has confirmed that sillem ' s mountain - finch is a carpodacus rosefinch , and as expected , is sister to tibetan rosefinch , carpodacus roborowskii .
these three genera were formerly considered part of carduelis . the aou currently treats them all as spinus , and rejected a proposal to make these last two generic splits , also proposed by nguembock et al .
zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found that eophona was embedded within coccothraustes . a reasonable solution to this problem is to restore the two american species to hesperiphona and leave the asian species in a reduced eophona .
forms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .
while the estrilid clade is primarily old world and southern , its passerid sister clade is cosmopolitan . more precisely , the nine - primaried oscinces are cosmopolitan , while their sister group , the passeridae , are restricted to the old world .
two proposed races from mindanao , coriaria ( described from mt kitanglad ) and apo ( from mt apo ) , both synonymized with steerei . species name sometimes spelt “ leucogenys ” , but this is an unjustified emendation . two subspecies recognized .
the sao tome shorttail ( or bocage ' s longbill ) was thought to be related to the macrosphenus longbills . when the old sylviidae were broken up , that put it in the crombec family , macrosphenidae . however , johansson et al . ( 2008b ) results suggested by it was related to the wagtails and pipits , and possibly sister to the wagtails . alström et al . ( 2015a ) found it was not only related to the wagtails , but is actually part of motacilla .
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the tribes within the carduelinae are now based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) . except for the basal position of the coccothraustini , there had previously been a lack of consensus on the relationships between the cardueline tribes . see yuri and mindell ( 2002 ) , arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2007a ) , nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) , and töpfer et al . ( 2011 ) . that has changed with the publication of lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) . although the taxon sampling is different , the two papers are completely consistent at the generic level except for the placement of the pyrrhulini . zuccon et al . put the pyrhullini sister to the carduelini while lerner et al . place it sister to the carpodacini / drepanidini clade . note that “european serin” on lerner et al . ' s tree is a typo as noted in the supplementary material . it actually refers to the white - bellied canary .
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not long ago , the chlorophonias and euphonias were considered tanagers . many guidebooks still list them as such , but it is not so . the aou recognized them as finches in the 44th checklist supplement ( 2003 ) , placing them in the subfamily euphoniinae . accordingly , they are placed in fringillidae as a subfamily ( groth , 1998 ; klicka et al . , 2000 ; yuri and mindell , 2002 ; zuccon et al . , 2012 ) . the hawaiian honeycreepers were once considered a separate family ( drepanididae ) . they are now thought to form a clade buried inside carduelinae ( yuri and mindell , 2002 ; arnaiz - villena et al . , 2007b ; lerner et al . , 2011 ; zuccon et al . , 2012 ) . they are treated here as a tribe within carduelinae .
the bullfinches are arranged based on töpfer et al . ( 2011 ) . kirwan and gregory ( 2005 ) established the monotypic genus eremopsaltria for the mongolian finch , separating it from bucanetes . however , they acted under the misapprehension that the mongolian finch is more likely closer to the common rosefinch than to the trumpeter finch . arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) found a rather different result , with the two bucanetes as sister taxa , and the rosefinch placed rather distantly from them . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) confirm this .
the combination of a large number of genes and attention to the problem of discerning the true species tree in spite of incongruent gene trees has led me to use the overall structure from lerner et al . ( 2011 ) . they use a large superset of the genes used by zuccon et al . , but only sample half as many taxa . the tif tree of genera is 100 % consistent with lerner et al . , and except for the placement of pyrrhulini , is also consistent with zuccon et al . it ' s nice to see so much consensus .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
it ' s also not really clear how many red crossbills there are . i continue to follow the aou and bou taxonomy for the crossbills , but benkman et al . ( 2009 ) make a case for considering the “type 9” crossbills of idaho to be a separate species , south hills crossbill , loxia sinesciuris . see also parchman et al . ( 2006 ) . however , it is doubtful there ' s any real genetic differentiation ( piertney et al . , 2001 ) . i also wonder whether it would be better to lump the parrot and scottish crossbills into red crossbill .
the fringillidae start with a basal palearctic group , fringillinae . fringillinae is comprised of three species , one of which has spread across the northern palearctic . the remaining fringillidae fall into two sister clades , euphoniinae and carduelinae . the common ancestor of the euphoniinae / carduelinae clade was likely an old world species . something must connect it with the neotropical euphoniinae , but that something is missing without a trace . being geographically contiguous and more similar in appearance , the position of the carduelinae is easy to understand . euphoniinae is a mystery that unscores the importance of extinction in creating the bird distribution we currently see .
i have kept the genus akialoa merged with hemignathus as akialoa appears to be paraphyletic ( see the trees in james , 2004 ) . however , portions of hemignathus have been split off as chlorodrepanis and viridonia . this has allowed restoration of the name hemignathus wilsoni for the akiapolaau ( hemignathus munroi ) . when chlorodrepanis virens is subsumed in hemignathus , the name wilsoni belongs to a subspecies of virens . the situation with the kauai amakihi , chlorodrepanis stejnegeri is similar . in hemignathus , the name stejnegeri belongs to a subspecies of the greater akialoa , hemignathus ellisianus stejnegeri , and the kauai amakihi uses the substitute name h . kauaiensis .
price et al . ( 2014 ) included one species of gymnoris in their analysis while qu et al . ( 2006 ) examined the snowfinches . the genus tree is based on a combination of fjeldså et al . ( 2010 ) , price et al . ( 2014 ) , qu et al . ( 2006 ) and raty .
this brings us to the carduelini . it has become apparent that the north american carpodacus finches are not that closely related to the true carpodacus finches . previously , the tif list used the genus burrica , also used as a subgenus by aou ( 2nd - 5th aou checklists ) . however , the oldest available name seems to be haemorhous ( swainson 1837 , type purpurea —compare burrica ridgway , 1887 , type mexicana ) and i have now adopted that . haemorhous appears to be sister to the rest of the carduelini , and rather distantly related . perhaps it would even make sense to treat it as a separate tribe ( as done previously in the tif list ) .
the nine - primaried oscines are called that because they appear to have nine primary feathers . actually , they have ten primaries , but the tenth primary is reduced and usually hidden under the ninth primary covert ( hall , 2004 ) . this sometimes occurs in birds outside the nine - primaried oscine group , but is most characteristic of this group .
the split of the blue chaffinch , fringilla teydea , from common chaffinch , fringilla coelebs , was based on on suárez et al . ( 2009 ) . the further split of gran canaria blue chaffinch , fringilla polatzeki , from blue chaffinch , fringilla teydea , is based on suárez et al . ( 2009 ) and the analysis by sangster et al . ( 2016b ) .
one has to be careful with the genus name for the south american siskins . both sporagra ( reichenbach 1850 , type magellanica ) and pyrrhomitris ( bonaparte 1850 , type cucullata ) come into consideration . the publication date of sporagra seems to be june 1 , 1850 . the publication date for pyrrhomitris is not as clear . bonaparte ' s “conspectus generum avium” was published in sections beginning in mid - 1850 . the first part was already available in mid - june , and likely published a bit earlier , perhaps earlier than reichenbach . however , pyrrhomitris was not included in the section i , nor was it even included in the first part of section ii ( published by oct 15 , 1850 ) . it appeared in the second part of section ii ( dated nov 10 , 1850 and certainly published before feb 3 , 1851 ) . if i understand the iczn correctly , the parts should be treated as separate publications , in which case it appeared either in the later part of 1850 or early 1851 . that would give priority to reichenbach ' s sporagra . in this case there is further evidence of which was published first . bonaparte refers to sporagra on page 516 , the page before he establishes pyrrhomitris .
although pratt ( 2009 ) has established the genus manucerthia for the hawaiian creeper , loxops mana , i have not adopted it . lerner et al . ( 2011 ) make clear that the hawaiian creeper is sister to the other loxops . moreover , they shared a common ancestor about 2 million years ago and do not seem so different as to justify introducing an extra genus into a tribe that already has too many genera .
i moved sillem ' s mountain - finch ( rediscovered in june 2012 ) from leucosticte ( pyrrhulini ) to carpodacus based on a photo of what is believed to be the female . when roselaar ( 1992 ) named sillem ' s rosefinch , he put it in leucosticte . at the time , the female plumage was unknown . the other leucosticte have female plumages that are only slightly different from the male , usually just duller . as roselaar pointed out , if it has a distinctive female plumage , it would more likely related to kozlowia ( now part of carpodacus ) than to leucosticte . more recently , muzika ( 2014 ) has made the same point . yann muzika ' s photo of the probable female sillem ' s shows a bird that is quite different from the adult male . see kazmierczak and muzika ( 2012 ) for an account of this rediscovery and muzika ( 2014 ) for further observations .
the arrangement of the rosefinches is based on tietze et al . ( 2013 ) . their analysis has much in common with zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) , but is more comprehensive . now that we had a decent understanding of how the rosefinches relate , it makes sense to put the whole group in the genus carpodacus . there is a basal clade consisting of the common rosefinch ( previously moved to erythrina ) and the scarlet finch ( aka haematospiza ) .
as mentioned above , how the tribes with the carduelinae relate has been somewhat contentious . there is considerable agreement that the holarctic coccothraustini are basal . the results of nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) suggested that carpodacus and pyrrhula were fairly closely related to each other , as did töpfer et al . ( 2011 ) . neither had much to say about their relation to the hawaiian honeycreepers ( drepanidini ) . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) were unable to clearly resolve the position of the honeycreepers ( see fig . 2 ) , but lerner et al . ( 2011 ) place them sister to the rosefinches ( carpodacini ) . the two together are then sister to the bullfinches and many arid - zone finches ( pyrrhulini ) . lerner et al . place the whole lot of them are sister to carduelini , which includes the american red finches ( previously separated as a tribe ) . as mentioned before , zuccon et al . disagree , placing pyrrhulini sister to carduelini .
it ' s not entirely clear whether subgenus pseudochloroptila belongs in subgenus ochrospiza , so they are kept separate . both the yemen serin , crithagra menachensis , and ankober serin , crithagra ankoberensis , remain somewhat mysterious . these have be considered conspecific by some , or in separate genera by others . i have little confidence in their placement here ( hence the blue color on the tree ) , but it seems at least as reasonable as any other . this clade is expected to get a revision when more information becomes available .
the arrangement of the finches is based on several sources . i originally relied on groth ( 1998 ) , klicka et al . 2007 , and arnaiz - villena et al . ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2007a , b , 2008 ) . their studies have included a substantial number of finch species . however , some monotypic genera had been left out ( e . g . , callacanthis , chaunoproctus , kozlowia , neospiza ) . these have all been included in the analysis by zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) .
the redpolls themselves are an interesting case . it ' s not clear how many redpoll species there are . there is evidence that at least two are good biological species ( e . g . , knox , 1988 ) . in fact , knox et al . ( 2001 ) support separation of lesser redpoll , acanthis cabaret . however , genetic studies have failed to find any differences between lesser and common redpolls ( ottvall et al . , 2002 ) . worse , marthinsen et al . ( 2008 ) found little genetic difference between any of the redpolls ! there may be only one redpoll species . indeed , mason and taylor ' s detailed study using snp ' s ( 2015 ) found little genetic differentiation among the redpolls . at this point the balance of the evidence is that there is only one species involved . as a result , i ' ve lumped them all as a single species , holarctic redpoll , acanthis flammea . i thought about referring to them as just “redpolls” , but added the adjective holarctic to emphasize that all races have been grouped together .
arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) found that the dark - breasted rosefinch , formerly carpodacus nipalensis belongs in the same clade close to leucosticte . rather than folding it in leucosticte , i restored the genus name procarduelis ( blyth 1843 ) . i had previously noted that blanford ' s rosefinch is thought to be close to nipalensis . indeed , zuccon et al . found it in the other portion of this clade . it is sufficently distant from its sister group ( callacanthis and pyrrhoplectes ) to deserve a separate genus . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) established the name agraphospiza for it .
the most astonishing change in the passeridae is due to fjeldså et al . ( 2010 ) . they found that the cinnamon ibon , long thought to be an abberant white - eye , is actually a sparrow . this is a canopy bird from the cloud - forest of mindanao , in the philippines . it ' s a long way from anything we think of as sparrows . it ' s also a long way physically . the nearest native populations of any sparrows are on the asian mainland . nonetheless , it is a sparrow . indeed , fjeldså et al . report than its skull is similar to a sparrow , and that it has many other features in common with the other passeridae .
more surprisingly , alström et al . ( 2015a ) also found that the madanga is actually a pipit , not a white - eye ( sylviioidea : zosteropidae ) . in fact , it falls in the genus anthus . its closest relative seems to be the alpine pipit , anthus gutturalis . laurent raty has pointed out a complication . in 1831 , lesson used the name anthus ruficollis . the madanga wasn ' t named until 1923 by rothschild and hartert , so lesson ' s ruficollis has priority if both species are placed in anthus . the fact that lesson ' s ruficollis is a junior synonym of anthus cervinus ( orginally motacilla cervina pallas 1811 ) does not eliminate the conflict . until either a new name is proposed or lesson ' s name anthus ruficollis is suppressed , the madanga won ' t have a proper scientic name . for the present , i will refer to it as anthus “ruficollis” .
song is a rich , rather clear
prr - trweeet - a - troweeet
,
tri - a - tr - a i - i - t tra - tr - u - wa - ey
, or . . .
largely sedentary in n pakistan . elsewhere an altitudinal migrant , descending to lower levels in . . .
not globally threatened . common to locally common . rare in w nepal , where possibly breeds , but may be only a scarce non - breeding visitor .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : mycerobas icterioides . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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male at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india
male at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .
male at guna pani ( 9000 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .
female at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more
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urltoken
the passeridae are seed - eating birds , primarily distributed in the southern portion of the palearctic , but ranging into the afrotropics . several passerids are closely associated with humans , especially the ubiquitous house sparrow , which has spread worldwide .
the order of species in passer does not seem to be quite correct , but allende et al . ( 2001 ) do not consider enough species for reorganization of passer to be helpful at this time . moreover , their results were quite soft . qu et al . ( 2006 ) was helpful concerning the snowfinch genera .
finally , the asian subspecies zarudny ' s sparrow , passer zarudnyi , has been split from desert sparrow , passer simplex , which now contains only the african subspecies ( kirwan et al . , 2009 ) .
puna pipit , anthus brevirostris , has been split from short - billed pipit , anthus furcatus .
south georgia pipit , anthus antarcticus , has been lumped into correndera pipit , anthus correndera due to very small dna differences between them .
zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found evidence that the antillean euphonia is more closely related to the chlorophonias than to most euphonias . the two other blue - headed species are usually considered closely related to musica ( sometimes treated as one species under the name blue - hooded euphonia ) , so all three have been placed in the genus cyanophonia ( bonaparte 1851 , type musica ) .
i follow aou in listing three north american rosy - finches . some have even suggested further splitting the gray - crowned rosy - finch . they have also been all been lumped into one species in the past . drovetski et al . ( 2009 ) find little genetic difference between the three , suggesting that they may be lumped again .
the rest of carpodacus splits into two clades . the first ranges from blyth ' s rosefinch to taiwan rosefinch . the taiwan rosefinch , carpodacus formosanus , has been split from vinaceous rosefinch , carpodacus vinaceus , based on wu et al . ( 2011 ) .
the now - reduced serinus comes next , followed by the tibetan serin . it ' s in chionomitris rather than serinus .
ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
przevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , päckert et al . 2016 )
classification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012
split gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )
( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )
( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch
has priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )
( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )
hawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .
island populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .
based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .
, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )
( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )
recognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )
pending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )
taczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )
from thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '
song a loud
tew
followed by a rapidly repeated metallic trisyllabic
tyatlinka - tlinka
; also has . . .
season late may to early aug ; probably two broods . pairs form from break - up of winter flocks , by early may . nest built by female , a cup of . . .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . orange bullfinch ( pyrrhula aurantiaca ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
present also , race uncertain ( perhaps nominate ) , on panay , in wc philippines .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . white - cheeked bullfinch ( pyrrhula leucogenis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .


skip away ( april 4 , 1993 – may 14 , 2010 ) , a gray thoroughbred race horse , was named america 's champion 3 year old male in 1996 and twice ( 1997 , 1998 ) named america 's champion handicap horse .

he was also u.s. horse of the year in 1998 .

he won 10 grade 1 races for $ 9,616,360 in prize money .

skip away

both skip away and skip trial ( his sire ) both won the gulfstream park handicap and massachusetts handicap . skip away and skip trial both will have started a remarkable 38 times during their racing careers .
skip away runs away early from the classic field to win in a sparkling time of 1 : 59 . 16
thus , the record shows skip away won only 36 percent of his races .
thoroughbred stallion skip trial , the sire of 1998 horse of the year skip away , died this week at the age of 30 .
skip away wins the 1996 blue grass stakes . ( anne eberhardt / blood - horse )
skip away in retirement at hopewell farm in kentucky . ( anne eberhardt / blood - horse )
blood - horse magazine ranked skip away 32nd among the top 100 thoroughbreds of the 20th century .
valid and jockey nik juarez win the grade 3 skip away stakes by 1 3 / 4 lengths saturday .
so who in his pedigree is
the great skip away
most like ? the answer maybe revealed by comparing some of the unusual racing achievements of his ancestors with several of the remarkable racing feats of skip away .
sonny hines picked out skip away for his wife at the 1995 obs february sale partly because of his gray coloring ; carolyn had poor vision , and skip away ' s color made it easier for her to see him .
horse racing : he succumbs to complications of pneumonia at 69 . skip away was horse of year in 1998 .
there were those who leaned toward formal gold . before an injury ended his career last year formal gold defeated skip away three times , lost to him twice and finished a close second in a race in which skip away was a distant third .
the hineses said they turned down a $ 20 - million offer for skip away early in 1998 . skip away ' s career as a stallion began this month at hopewell farm near midway , ky . , where his stud fee is $ 50 , 000 .
one reason hine liked skip away was that he had trained his sire , skip trial , a durable horse who won major races for him in the 1980s and earned $ 1 . 8 million .
skip away sired 522 foals , including 25 stakes winners from 293 winners , that produced $ 22 , 377 , 318 in earnings .
the story of skip away begins with carolyn hine , wife of late hall of fame trainer sonny hine , wishing for a white thoroughbred .
skip away is in good shape after his hollywood park victory according to sonny hine , who trains the colt for his wife , carolyn .
but hine hastens to add ,
if you were to take the best horse in north america you ' d take skip away .
he was the greatest horse i ever had ,
hine said when skip away was retired to stud at the end in 1998 .
the 1997 supplemental payment also covered skip away in the 1998 breeders ' cup , but the race was at churchill downs , a track he never liked . in a race reminiscent of his 12th - place finish in the 1996 kentucky derby , skip away ran sixth in the classic .
both nashua and skip away won the jockey club gold cup twice , once as a three year old and once as a four year old .
this entry was posted in racing and tagged fort larned , horse racing , skip away , thoroughbred by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .
fort larned drew away to win the grade 3 skip away stakes at gulfstream park by two and a half lengths over alma d ' oro , setting a new track record in the process . self control finished third .
skip away , 1998 horse of the year , was represented by his first winner when his daughter heart ofa champion won june 7 at belmont park .
skip away is a unique horse of remarkable quality and durability . he is sure to become another splendid progenitor in the legacy of great american stallions .
skip away is the sire of the earners of slightly over $ 510 , 000 to december 31 , 2002 , with seven stakes horses and twelve winners . skip away progeny continue to show solid racetrack performance in 2003 . as longer races are written , i expect that skip away ' s progeny will be even more effective in competition . they will can be expected to get better as they get older . indeed the best is yet to come .
skip away trainer sonny hine concedes :
if you were to take the horse far superior in his category you ' d take favorite trick .
a big , strong gray horse standing 16 . 2 hands , skip away had a bone chip in one knee , but this never seemed to bother him
skip away won 18 races , along with 10 seconds and six thirds , in 38 starts . he earned $ 9 , 616 , 360 , which left him $ 393 , 455 short of cigar ' s earnings record . skip away missed a chance to pass cigar when he finished a disappointing sixth in his last race , the breeders ' cup classic at churchill downs in 1998 . but at least skip away had once beaten cigar , the two - time horse of the year , in the jockey club gold gold cup at belmont park in 1996 . sonny hine said that that was the skip away race he most cherished .
fort larned , ridden by julien leparoux , wins the skip away in track - record time of 1 : 53 . 92 for 1 3 / 16 miles .
imagine for yourself and your broodmare band , the many unique benefits that breeding to skip away will offer to your procreation program . certainly , skip away’s soundness and versatility , so absent in our racehorses of today , are now more than ever extremely important to the development of the american thoroughbred of the twenty - first century .
ken mcpeek closely observed skip away with an admiring eye while training at gulfstream park during the mid and late 1990s , gaining a deep respect for trainer sonny hine’s big gray champion . so when a colt he had purchased at auction reminded him of skip away , he viewed the resemblance to the 1998 horse of [ … ]
skip away is a horse with very solid proven sire lines throughout his pedigree . consider that their is no northern dancer , mr . prospector , turn - to or buckpasser bloodline in the pedigree of skip away . that provides a wonderful opportunity to outcross your northern dancer , mr . prospector , turn - to or buckpasser line mare .
“my memories are my treasures , ” said carolyn during a phone interview from her florida home . “everything about skip away was a blessing . i lived my dream . ”
patchen beauty , a white mare and granddaughter of white beauty , foaled a white skip away filly feb . 8 at warren rosenthal ' s patchen wilkes farm near lexington .
hopewell farm is suing to recover $ 79 , 500 in breeding fees and taxes from irish american bloodhorse agency , which bred two mares to 1998 horse of the year skip away .
rick trontz , owner of hopewell farm near midway , ky . , said skip away had been diagnosed with a heart murmur , but the condition proved more serious than initially believed .
skip away , brilliant winner of saturday ' s breeders ' cup classic in california , has arrived in florida for a rest before being aimed at the gulfstream park handicap in february .
bred in florida by anna marie barnhart , skip away raced for carolyn hine and was trained by her husband hubert
sonny
hine . after a promising 2 - year - old season in which he finished second in the year - end cowdin and remsen stakes ( both g2 ) , skip away seemed a likely contender for the following year ' s classics .
here is skip away at his home at hopewell farm in kentucky , may 2009 . his successful racing career made him the 3rd highest earner on the racetrack , after curlin & cigar .
a case was made for gentlemen . his racing resume showed four wins in six starts , including a half - length victory over skip away in their only meeting , the pimlico special .
porter on pedigrees , by alan porter < br / > the cross that produced swaps stakes surprise winner skipshot appears to be based on an affinity of skip away for halo - line mares .
summer wind farm ' s ingot way , whose son skip away was horse of the year in 1998 , was euthanized the morning of march 27 after giving birth to an awesome again colt .
now , let’s begin with how the impact of breeding to mr . prospector line mares to skip away . breeding the female descendants of mr . prospector gives inbreeding to the sound nashua since both skip away and mr . prospector both have nashua on the distaff side of their pedigrees . champion nashua won 22 of 30 races over 3 years racing in top company and was retired sound .
in 1997 , skip away won the breeders ' cup classic but was beaten out by the 2 - year - old favorite trick for horse - of - the - year honors . in 1998 , skip away was beaten in the breeders ' cup , but won the title by a landslide as voters recognized his seven - race winning streak through the first nine months of the year .
skip away was a three - time eclipse award winner , including horse of the year in 1998 , champion 3 - year - old male in 1996 and champion older horse in 1997 - 98 .
no man can predict with accuracy whether the visible or the latent characteristics will comprise the make - up of the foal at time of conception . that remains nature’s secret . be that as it may , skip away is truly a remarkable individual whose visible attributes offer unrivaled quality of virtually every important factor of the racehorse . a true physical titan , the mighty skip away is already know for his incredible stamina . skip away’s workouts demonstrate his effortless blinding speed . he can boast of about 100 black type bullet workouts during his career , one of which was 108 : 3 for six furlongs .
skip away didn ' t duck any challenges , but churchill downs was the one track that stymied him . before his swan - song defeat in the breeders ' cup , he had finished 12th in the 1996 kentucky derby . after finishing second in the ensuing triple crown races , the preakness and the belmont , skip away finished the year with four wins in five starts and was voted divisional champion .
skip away produced our beautiful mare and passed on incredible soundness , athleticism and jumping skills . he lives on through his foals - a racing superstar !
- anne burke ( greenacres , wa )
the couple hope that the grey can eventually lower the all - time earnings record held by cigar . accordingly , skip away will in 1998 contest only those races exceeding half a million dollars in value .
before skip away , hine had already won more than 1 , 000 races , including the florida derby with technology in 1992 . in 1981 , he trained guilty conscience , who was voted best sprinter .
“skip trial was a farm stalwart and favorite , ” said bridlewood general manager george g . isaacs .
on oct . 17 , i was graciously invited to attend a benefit for old friends , the thoroughbred retirement facility near georgetown , ky . honoring hall of fame members skip away , noor , and precisionist .
skip away , the 1998 horse of the year and currently third on the all - time leading earners list in north america , dies of heart attack at rick trontz ' hopewell farm near midway , ky .
lexington , ky . ( ap ) — skip away , the third - richest north american racehorse in history , died from a heart attack friday at the central kentucky farm where he stood as a stallion .
as of november 18 , 2014 , skip away has sired 301 winners ( 57 . 7 % ) and 21 stakes ( 4 . 0 % ) winners from 522 foals of racing age per jockey club records
the money rolled in , but that seemed incidental . when skip away came to california , earning $ 2 . 28 million for winning the 1997 breeders ' cup classic at hollywood park , the hines traveled on a no - frills airline and celebrated after the race with cheese and crackers in their hotel room . they had to risk a $ 480 , 000 supplementary fee simply to get skip away into the race .
hine accepted , but his partner in the deal , not wanting to risk an investment on a horse with potential problems , dropped out . then , skip away ' s problem ankle healed on its own .
skip away , 1998 horse of the year , will stand the 2004 for $ 15 , 000 , down $ 5 , 000 from his past fee , at rick trontz ' hopewell farm near midway , ky .
gulfstream park ' s broward handicap was renamed the skip away handicap in 2001 . as of 2016 , the race is a grade iii event for 4 - year - olds and up at 9 furlongs on dirt .
favorite cigar street edges clear of take charge indy to win gulfstream park ' s skip away stakes ( gr . iii ) by two lengths . he covers the 1 3 / 16 miles in 1 : 56 . 84 .
during a career of fierce competition from coast to coast skip away ran against a much larger racing population of horses than nashua , damascus , never bend and man o’ war , his immortal super star ancestors . big , powerful , fast , versatile , and sound , skip away , the 1998 horse of the year , and eclipse award winner in 1996 , 1997 and 1998 is truly one of the most remarkable thoroughbreds to race in the twentieth century .
champion steeplechaser slip away and skipshot , who won the swaps stakes , are considered two of his most noteworthy offspring .
neither the $ 480 , 000 the hineses paid as a supplementary payment to enable skip away to run in the breeders ' cup classic nor the triple crown potential of favorite trick should be entered into the horse of the year equation .
dubai world cup , dubai golden shaheen , dubai turf , al quoz sprint , happy valley vase , san luis rey , bourbonette oaks , fear the cowboy , skip away , sunland park derby , jack cincinnati casino spiral , and more .
gottcha gold often likes to set the pace , but the centaur farms florida homebred stalked his way straight to the winner ' s circle march 15 in the $ 150 , 000 skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park .
trainer claude
shug
mcgaughey and jockey kent desormeaux , along with equine stars skip away < / a > and flawlessly were announced tuesday as inductees for the class of 2004 for the national museum of racing ' s hall of fame .
thanks to the marvelous work of his trainer sonny hine , skip away did his racing without the use of extreme medication which is so much a part of today’s racing environment . he wore queen’s plates ( flat horseshoes ) in front and just shoes with toe grabs on his rear feet . his racetrack vet bills were rarely much over $ 100 per month . as sonny’s vets said ,
if we had to rely on skip away for income , they would quit practicing .
although skip away and favorite trick were considered the most likely to succeed in the horse of the year ballot box race , the names of a few excused absentees were bandied about while the dust was settling from the breeders ' cup races .
fort larned drew away to win the grade 3 skip away stakes at gulfstream park by two and a half lengths over alma d’oro , setting a new track record in the process . self control finished third . fort larned is a 4 - year - old colt by e dubai trained by i . r . wilkes and ridden by julien leparoux . time [ … ]
this week is a race story headlined , “skipper shipper , ” written by steve hettinger recapping skip away ' s victory in the 1996 ohio derby ( g2 ) . the story ran in the june 29 , 1996 issue of the blood - horse .
front - running eurosilver recorded his first graded stakes win in 18 months when he held off 21 - 1 outsider twilight road by a half - length in the $ 100 , 000 skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park saturday .
as he was a full brother to three - time champion skip away , whom many consider as one of the greatest racehorses of all time , big things were expected from skipingo when he was purchased as a yearling for $ 300 , 000 in 1998 .
skip away , who ' ll make his first start this year in gulfstream park ' s grade i donn handicap , may be the best horse in north america today as he proved to be when he made his last start on breeders ' cup day .
skip away raced in the name of carolyn hine , the trainer ' s wife . the hines had no children , and their beloved
skippy
became an object of affection as they traveled the country , knocking off rivals from new york to california .
when have we last seen a colt like skip away , who could run for 4 consecutive years , maintain first class stakes form , and never leave the racetrack . skip away race all over the country , shrugged off injury while continuing to compete and win top quality races , while running uninterrupted against elite competition in virtually every race of his career ? the answer is maybe never . indeed , in today’s racing world , its seems almost impossible for a horse to compete at the top level of competition and stay sound .
skip away , as a 5 - year - old campaigned by carolyn hine and her husband , trainer sonny hine , collected 193 votes , almost 83 % of the 233 cast . finishing a distant second , with 34 votes , was awesome again , winner of the breeders ' cup classic and undefeated in six starts , but a horse who ducked many of the big races . skip away won five grade i races , including a trip west for the hollywood gold cup ; awesome again won only two grade i ' s .
the winners were honored tuesday night at a dinner in bal harbour , fla . , not far from where the hineses bought skip away as an unraced 2 - year - old for $ 30 , 000 in 1995 . they received a rebate of $ 7 , 500 the next day when x - rays showed that the florida - bred son of skip trial and ingot way had a chipped ankle .
ken and sarah ramsey ' s slip away swept to the lead approaching the springdale course ' s final turn and powered away to a remarkable 25 3 / 4 - length victory in the colonial cup steeplechase at camden , s . c . , on nov . 13 .
hallandale beach , fla . – valid bounced back from a disastrous trip in the gulfstream park handicap to prove a popular and relatively easy 1 3 / 4 - length winner over team colors in saturday’s grade 3 , $ 150 , 000 skip away stakes at gulfstream park .
paul pompa jr . ' s zakocity , who finished third in the gulfstream park handicap ( gr . ii ) behind eddington and pies prospect march 5 , will tote high weight of 117 pounds saturday in the skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park .
the rest is left to the breeders , many who have northern dancer and mr . prospector mixes in their broodmare bands . as a stallion skip away , will provides the ingredients needed , to breed a sound , classy , versatile , fast american thoroughbred of the future .
the next year , 1997 , skip away won the jockey club gold cup again and finished the season with a six - length win in the breeders ' cup at hollywood , but favorite trick beat him out for horse of the year and the hines were bitterly disappointed .
best known as the sire of hall of fame champion and horse of the year skip away ( $ 9 , 616 , 360 ) , skip trial sired 22 crops in a long and distinguished career . skip trial sired 28 stakes winners , 26 stakes - placed runners , and earners of $ 34 , 566 , 723 to date , and his average earnings per starter of $ 85 , 774 ranks him among the top 2 % of sires . he has had 11 starters in 2012 , with one winner and earnings of $ 28 , 329 . pensioned from breeding in 2010 , skip trial has five registered foals of 2009 , and one registered two - year - old of 2012 .
sonny knew his horse . skip away romped by six lengths in the 1997 classic at hollywood park , setting a record of 1 : 59 : 16 under another new rider , mike smith . the reward for their faith in him was a cool $ 2 . 3 million .
during the last 30 years , the horse of the year has won more than 72 percent of his or her races . only two have won less than 50 percent . if skip away is crowned horse of the year he will have the worst winning percentage in this time frame .
i think skip away kept sonny going ,
carolyn hine said following skippy’s induction into the hall of fame .
he gave him some more years , more life . skippy wasn’t a horse to us , he was a member of our family . he was a blessing .
fort larned made his first two starts of the year at tampa bay downs , finishing fourth against mid - level starter handicap competition before returning to win the challenger stakes earlier this month , two performances which set up fort larned for the best race of his career in the grade 3 skip away .
but skip away ' s last two races - - against a soft field in the jockey club gold cup at belmont and versus a no - better - than - average field in the breeders ' cup classic - - allowed him to be selected 1997 north america ' s champion older male horse .
other division winners were skip away , best older male ; answer lively , 2 - year - old male ; banshee breeze , 3 - year - old filly ; buck ' s boy , male on grass ; fiji , female on grass ; reraise , sprinter , and flat top , steeplechaser .
time healed skip away ' s ankle , and he finished his four - year career with 18 wins in 38 starts , his purses of $ 9 , 616 , 360 second only to cigar ' s $ 9 , 999 , 815 . because skip away wasn ' t eligible , carolyn hine supplemented him into the 1997 breeders ' cup at hollywood park for $ 480 , 000 . he won by six lengths , earning $ 2 . 1 million . but favorite trick went undefeated in eight starts , becoming the first 2 - year - old to win horse of the year since secretariat in 1972 .
and carolyn never had any problem spotting skip away . he finished in the top three in all but four of his 38 races , winning 18 times with 10 second - place finishes and six third - place showings for earnings of $ 9 , 616 , 360 while providing memories to last a lifetime .
skip away ' s stud fee had declined as a stallion in recent years , but trontz said he did have some success — although none of his progeny matched his own success on the racetrack . hopewell ' s website says he produced 48 stakes winners accounting for more than $ 17 million in earnings .
sonny hine bought skip away for $ 30 , 000 at an auction in ocala , fla . , but after the sale learned that the colt might need surgery for an ankle chip . the seller , hilmer schmidt , offered hine a $ 7 , 500 discount to cover the cost of the surgery .
skip away is inbred 5x5 to mahmoud . he is a half brother to ingot ' s dance away ( by gate dancer ) , dam of grade iii winner dance away capote ( by capote ) and stakes winner platinum couple ( by tale of the cat ) . his dam , ingot way , is a stakes - winning full sister to grade iii winner ingot ' s ruler and is out of ingot , a winning daughter of iron ruler . the next dam in the tail - female line , glorious night , is a winner by 1953 kentucky derby winner dark star out of the count fleet mare queen fleet
the last time bowman ' s band raced 8 1 / 2 furlongs he lost the hal ' s hope handicap ( gr . iii ) to puzzlement by a neck . perhaps he ' ll have the advantage this time around as he competes in saturday ' s skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) .
colorful sonny hine , the trainer who bought skip away , a problematic , unraced colt , for $ 22 , 500 and retired him four years later with a horse - of - the - year title and near - record earnings of $ 9 . 6 million , died friday at a hospital in miami .
it turned out to be quite a deal all the way around ,
hine said as skip away ' s spectacular career wound down .
i got the horse for only $ 22 , 500 , i got rid of a partner and now my wife can go shopping any time she wants .
however , his 3 - year - old debut failed miserably to meet those expectations as skip away was eased in distress in a 1 1 / 16 - mile allowance at gulfstream in early january . one month and 180 degrees later , he posted a 12 - length drubbing in a race with similar conditions .
the hines , who met on a blind date , were married for 37 years . in 1995 , skip away was a birthday gift for carolyn hine , who wanted a gray horse so that she ' d be able to easily see him when he ran . she suffered from impaired vision in her right eye .
skip away ( usa ) gr . h , 1993 { 14 - f } dp = 5 - 6 - 8 - 1 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 75 - 38 starts , 18 wins , 10 places , 6 shows career earnings : $ 9 , 616 , 360
if you remember the very sad story , that skip ' s fury died in a slaughterhouse in 2002 . she was by skip trial . . somebody tried to rescue her but she was already checked by a vet and ther was no way back for her . i wonder if the owner had any idea about it . . .
skip away , a son of skip trial ( winner of the 1985 ohio derby ) , added grade 1 wins in the haskell invitational handicap , the woodbine million stakes , and the jockey club gold cup to earn his first of four year - end championships which included horse of the year in 1998 . upon retirement he had 10 grade 1 victories in total , including his six - length romp in the 1997 breeders ' cup classic and would be enshrined in the racing hall of fame in 2004 .
skip away raced for carolyn hine and was trained by hubert
sonny
hine . he won 18 of 38 races and earned $ 9 , 616 , 360 - - third best on the all - time north american money list behind curlin and cigar—and was inducted into racing’s hall of fame in his first year of eligibility in 2004 .
hallandale beach , fla . - fort larned , who has shown steady improvement since getting to florida this winter , became a track record holder as well as a graded stakes winner for the first time after registering an impressive 2 1 / 2 - length victory over alma d’oro in saturday’s $ 100 , 000 skip away at gulfstream park .
one of skip away ' s career highlights was defeating cigar in the first of two victories in the jockey club gold cup . he also won the grade 1 blue grass stakes , woodbine million and buick haskell invitational as a 3 - year - old , as well as the breeders ' cup classic and hollywood gold cup later in his career .
it ' s politics ,
sonny hine said at the time , but a year later , with skip away well on his way to the title that had eluded him , he seemed to toss off his grudge when he said :
it ' s like today ' s fish . you wrap it in yesterday ' s newspaper .
ken and sarah ramsey ' s homebred slip away is named 2010 champion steeplechaser based on his 25 - plus length score in the colonial cup hurdle stakes ( nsa - i ) .
the public is invited to the national museum of racing ' s annual hall of fame ceremony , monday , aug . 9 at the fasig - tipton sales pavilion . members of the hall of fame class of 2004 include trainer claude
shug
mcgaughey , jockeys kent desormeaux and jimmy winkfield , and thoroughbred champions bowl of flowers , flawlessly , and skip away .
as good as he was at ages 3 and 4 , skip away saved the best for last . in his final year of racing , at age 5 , skippy won seven of nine starts and earned $ 2 . 7 million . the campaign included seven consecutive wins—five of them in grade i stakes—at six different tracks . he carried 130 pounds or more in two of those wins . his attempt to score back - to - back wins in the breeders’ cup classic failed when the horse finished sixth at churchill downs , reinforcing a belief that he never had an affinity for the surface at the louisville , ky . , oval . honored with a second eclipse as champion older male , skip away was also voted horse of the year .
according to eclipse award election rules , the winner must get a plurality of votes from two of the three blocs , and skip away dominated all three . he received 121 of the 142 turf writers ' votes , 46 of 55 from the daily racing form and 26 of 36 from track racing secretaries . one ballot apparently didn ' t list a choice for horse of the year .
hi stealingkat skip away ' s always been a tough sales horse . . . but that ' s probably not a surprise . for starters . . . i suggest he was overpriced ( especially at the outset of his career as a stallion ) . . . which seemed to generate some negative comment . . . while at the same time raising the bar on expectations ( based on an advertised stud fee of $ 50k ) . although an elite super - star race horse ( champion and horse of the year ) . . . $ 9 . 6 mil earner skip away lacks a
fancy
pedigree . . . and his sire ( skip trial ) was never the kind of horse that generated
buzz .
the proof may be in the pudding ( and possibly shed some light on the discussion ) when you consider that skip away himself was hammered - down for $ 30k as a two - year - old in training . although arguably a good two - year - old himself . . . sa was not a brilliant - fast early stakes - winner ; the kind that might have generated the enthusiasm ( and possible
talk
) that often seems to stoke the market . as might have been expected skip away rarely gets the
early
kind that often seem to capture the imagination . . . and draw attention to their sire ( s ) . his lack of two - year - old pizzazz seems to exclude him ( probably to a very large degree ) as a pinhookers ' sire . . . which arguably affects his sales numbers . all things considered . . . i suggest that he is turning out to be a genuine and consistent sire of some very nice race horses , including a relatively high - percentage of stakes - horses . it would not surprise me to see sa sire some top handicap horses . . . and continue to sire many allowance . . . stakes and graded horses . . . and be stamped as that kind of sire . i suggest that skip away is proving to be a very solid sire . . . and making believers out of many former naysayers . respectfully
sonny , who was diagnosed with cancer in 1996 , died in 2000 at age 69 . skip away , inducted into the hall of fame in 2004 , succumbed to an apparent heart attack 10 years after his trainer passed . he is buried at the old friends farm in georgetown , ky . carolyn carries on , still very much in love with sonny and the horse of their dreams .
that said , his first few crops have been wonderful in terms of soundness and consistency . one of my favorite horses to follow is a skip away mare by name of muir beach . . . of her last 6 runs , all have been listed stakes and she has won most of them . she runs dirt or turf , from 6f to 8 . 5f and usually wins with style .
i bought skip trial for $ 25 , 000 ,
hine said .
he had chips in a couple of ankles and his knees , but it didn ' t bother him .
skip away was arguably at his best at 5 , when he was honored as horse of the year in 1998 . although he failed to repeat in the classic , again struggling with a churchill downs surface that can be a difficult adjustment for some horses , his final season was highlighted by a seven - race winning streak – all with bailey at the reins - that included five grade 1 victories .
champion nashua is the sire of skip away’s very successful broodmare sire diplomat way . arlington - washington futurity winner diplomat way whose race record includes 46 starts with 14 wins , 10 seconds and 7 thirds , winning or placing in 19 stakes , is the sire of 34 stakes winners . more significant is the fact that diplomat way is broodmare sire of 50 mares who have produced 65 stakes winners from his 245 daughters for an outstanding 20 % stakes producing mares . diplomat way boasts an impressive total broodmare sire earnings of $ 46 , 241 , 361 . the noted runners from these mares encompass 6 champions including skip away and prominent stakes winners , farma way ( $ 2 , 867 , 175 - g1 ) , exclusive partner , general practitioner , explosive bid , frosty the snowman , la soufriere , etc .
tale of the cat has sired grade one winner my trusty cat out of a mare by private account , from the damascus line , and private account can be brought in through private terms ( sire of afternoon deelites ) , corporate report , personal flag , secret hello and unaccounted for ( who is potentially particularly interesting ) . there are also two tale of the cat line stakes winners out of mares by time for a change ( sire of fly so free and time bandit ) . other damascus strains to consider are gilded time , crusader sword , eastern echo , ogygian , skip away and skip trial .
< a href =
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> skip away < / a > , a four - time eclipse award winner and the second leading north american earner of all - time , was elected into racing ' s hall of fame in his first year of eligibility . his trainer , the late hubert
sonny
hine , was inducted into the hall of fame last august .
, fort larned notched his first graded win in the skip away , which was contested over a track that was rated fast . the bay colt came into the race off of a 1 1 / 4 - length victory in the march 3 challenger stakes at tampa bay downs . in his 2012 debut in february , he had finished fourth in a 1 1 / 16 - mile handicap event at tampa bay .
trainers shug mcgaughey and nick zito and 1998 horse of the year skip away are among the candidates for election to the national museum of racing ' s hall of fame in their first year of eligibility , museum president john t . von stade announced monday , april 4 . more than 140 members of the racing media will vote on the hall of fame , and the one winner in each category will be announced via teleconference on may 25 .
skip away’s 4 - year - old campaign eventually brought a jockey change from shane sellers to jerry bailey ; the new team prospered by rattling off eight consecutive victories . the big decision that year involved whether to pay $ 480 , 000 to supplement the florida - bred to the breeders’ cup classic . the hines never had much before their beloved “skippy” arrived and he was treated with the affection of a child they never had , adding to the complexity of the situation .
the couple settled on skip away , purchasing him for $ 30 , 000 , only to be told by their veterinarian to return him because x - rays revealed bone chips in one ankle . although the hines did so , they were so disappointed that sonny pulled over at the side of the road . there was something about that horse . they returned to speak to the seller , who provided a $ 7 , 500 discount to cover an ankle operation that proved unnecessary .
under the steady hand of hine , a former f . b . i . agent who had been invaluable to the government because he spoke mandarin chinese fluently , skip away seemed to get better with every race . his first stakes win came as a 3 - year - old , when he routed eventual preakness winner louis quatorze by six lengths in the blue grass stakes and set a stakes record on a wet - fast track at keeneland race course in lexington , ky .
the son of skip trial , out of the diplomat way mare ingot way , was 17 years old . as a sire , he is represented by 20 stakes winners . he stood at hopewell farm since his retirement following his 1998 campaign .
stuart janney ' s homebred hunting has not raced since a third - place finish behind evening attire in the dec . 8 queens county handicap ( gr . iii ) , but the 5 - year - old son of coronado ' s quest could return to winning form in the $ 150 , 000 skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park . he ' ll tackle gottcha gold , dr . pleasure , better than bonds , and others in the march 15 event .
champions never bend and nashua are sons of nasrullah who appear in skip away’s pedigree in the form of his descendants . you can inbreed to nasrullah with bold ruler line horses like seattle slew mares or secretariat mares using a different inbreeding pattern than that which is conventionally used . this is another approach to breeding soundness and not giving up speed which is so much a desirable part of the american thoroughbred . new york maiden special weights and allowance winner , heart of a champion is inbred .
foaled at indian hill farm in florida , skip away was bred by anna marie barnhart . he was owned by carolyn hine , whose husband hubert
sonny
hine purchased the colt for her as a birthday gift for us $ 30 , 000 at the 1995 ocala breeders sales february 2 - year - olds in training sale . after learning that the colt had a chip in his knee , ms . barnhart agreed to refund us $ 7 , 500 of the colt ' s purchase price to cover the cost of knee surgery , which never took place . skip away was trained by sonny hine , and the hines turned down a us $ 5 million offer for their beloved colt following his impressive win in the 1996 toyota blue grass stakes . following his retirement from racing , “skippy” entered stud at hopewell farm in kentucky in 1999 . he died of a heart attack at hopewell in 2010 and was buried at the old friends thoroughbred retirement farm near georgetown , kentucky .
“i could not possibly be more thrilled than to be more than 100 miles away from washington swamp spending my evening with all of you and with a much , much larger crowd , and much better people , ” trump told the crowd then .
a tough , consistent competitor , skip away failed to win a classic race but did everything else that could be expected of a top american racehorse . for three consecutive seasons , he danced all the major dances on the east coast , earning the nickname “the iron horse , ” and he made a successful raid on california at age 5 . except at churchill downs , a track he clearly loathed , he could always be counted on to give his best . his record at stud was unimpressive .
champion never bend , who boasts a races record is 23 starts with 13 wins , 4 seconds and 4 thirds is the sire of mill reef and courtly dee . he is also the sire of iron ruler , the very successful broodmare sire of skip away’s second dam . jerome stakes winner iron ruler , whose race record includes 35 starts with 9 wins , 13 seconds and 9 thirds , winning or placing in 22 stakes races , is the sire of 30 stakes winners including preakness - g1 winner aloma’s ruler . iron ruler is the broodmare sire of 50 stakes winners including the prominent stakes winners stalwart , box office gold , muskoka wyck , avie’s copy , etc . the first winner by skip away is heart ofa champion who is inbred 5s x 4d to never bend and is also inbred to nasrullah 5s x 6s x 6d x 5d x 7d . thus the fantastic speed of heart of a champion can easily be attributed to the never bend inbreed . keep in mind that the speed ball is four generations free of inbreeding .
the race was supposed to do two things – offer a fitting new york swan song to locally based cigar and provide clarity on a somewhat muddled three - year - old division . the latter was accomplished in spades , the former just slightly less so . perhaps he was too far back . perhaps at the age of six cigar had lost a step . perhaps , as he had received the baton from a gray rival , it was time to pass it on to one . whatever the reason , cigar’s furious late rally fell just a head shy of skip away , half his age and on the improve . cigar would go on to a third place finish in the breeders’ cup classic pushing his earnings to $ 9 , 999 , 815 , a record at the time , and take home his second straight champion older horse and horse of the year trophies . skip away was named that year’s champion three - year - old , twice champion older horse , 1998’s horse of the year , and retired with earnings of $ 9 , 616 , 360 . both were inducted in to the hall of fame .
although there were those who referred to him as
sonny whine ,
because of his penchant for complaining when his luck went bad , hine was a congenial , roly - poly horseman who followed his father into racing . on the night sonny hine graduated from high school in 1948 , he hitchhiked to the charles town track in west virginia to start a training career that peaked with the fortuitous arrival of skip away , voted best 3 - year - old colt in 1996 , best older male in 1997 and ' 98 , and horse of the year in ' 98 .
skip away and his ancestors , represent the much needed racing soundness , now so absent in the american thoroughbred . we need to face the fact that the racing soundness of the american thoroughbred has become a crisis situation . let us not blame the trainers and the racing surfaces for causing so many break downs , but rather the way in which horses are being bred in the united states . far to many horses are retired to stud with very short racing careers . their unsoundness is passed on and then inbred which virtually guarantees more weaknesses for the racehorses to be born in the future .
the death of skip trial was announced by bridlewood farm in ocala , florida , where he had stood for his entire stud career , since 1988 . he had been pensioned from stud in 2010 and was euthanized on may 1 owing to the infirmities of old age and will be buried in the farm cemetery
the kennedy center honors is not the first major televised event that potus has decided not to attend . in february , he announced he would skip the white house correspondents’ dinner , which was held on april 29 . the event ultimately went on without him , hosted by the daily show ‘s hasan minhaj .
fifteen days after his belmont attempt , the hines shipped skip away to cleveland for the $ 300 , 000 ohio derby ( g2 ) at 1 1 / 8 miles on the dirt june 26 . facing nine other sophomores , the odds - on favorite with jockey jose santos had little trouble dismissing the coolmore - connected victory speech by 3 1 / 2 lengths . another 9 1 / 4 lengths back was clash by night in third . the nine - furlong time was 1 : 47 4 / 5 , just off the 1 : 47 2 / 5 track record set by smarten when he took the 1979 ohio derby .
in his next two starts , skippy showed the derby effort was an anomaly by running second in both the preakness stakes ( gr . i ) and belmont stakes ( gr . i ) . in one of his best performances of the season , skip away won a stretch duel with cigar to take the jockey club gold cup ( gr . i ) . with a seasonal tally of 6 - 2 - 2 in 12 starts and additional wins in the woodbine million and buick haskell invitational handicap ( both gr . i ) , the tough little colt was honored with an eclipse award as champion 3 - year - old male of 1996 .
he was bred in florida by anna marie barnhart , who inherited the mare ingot way following the death of her husband in 1984 .
skippy ,
as he was affectionately called by his owner and trainer , was raised in florida at hilmer schmidt’s indian hill farm . consigned by indian hill to a 2 - year - olds in training sale in ocala , skip away was purchased by the hines for $ 30 , 000 . following the purchase , however , the new owners detected a bone chip in skippy’s knee and the breeder agreed to discount the purchase price by $ 7 , 500 , the cost of surgery to correct the problem . the surgery was never performed on the horse .
skippy’s 4 - year - old season began slowly , as he failed to win in his first four efforts . but he rounded into form sufficiently enough to complete the year with a 4 - 5 - 2 record in 11 starts and earnings of $ 4 . 1 million . included in his triumphs that year were impressive wins in the jockey club gold cup and breeders’ cup classic ( both gr . i ) , the latter in which he romped by six lengths . honored as champion older male horse , skip away was denied an eclipse award as horse of the year , an honor that went to 2 - year - old champion favorite trick . carolyn hine was also honored with an eclipse as outstanding owner .
jerry bailey , who rode skip away in all of his races last year , missed on a fourth consecutive eclipse award for jockey when gary stevens was named on 164 of the 234 ballots that were cast . for stevens , who was voted into the racing hall of fame in 1997 , this was an eclipse that was long overdue . he led the country in purses with $ 19 . 3 million , despite missing almost two months because of surgery on both knees , and rode silverbulletday and escena , who also won titles . silverbulletday , champion 2 - year - old filly , was the easiest winner , getting all the votes in her division except one that went to stablemate excellent meeting . escena outpolled the undefeated sharp cat , 135 - 94 , in the voting for best older female .
ledecky lapped three swimmers in her timed - final heat of the 1 , 500 , unheard - of in an international competition . she finished 40 meters ahead of her nearest challenger , lauren boyle of new zealand , who finished in 15 : 55 . 69 . describing the race as “probably one of my most painful races , ” ledecky said , “i didn’t want to come away from the meet with a little bit of , like , oh , that was just o . k . so i just dug in deep . ”