oikopleura dioica is a species of small pelagic tunicate found in the surface waters of most of the world 's oceans .

it is used as a model organism in research into developmental biology .

oikopleura dioica

three kinds of long - distance cell migrations were identified in oikopleura dioica larvae .
development of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica : culture , genome , and cell lineages .
retention efficiency of 0 . 2 to 6 µm particles by the appendicularians oikopleura dioica and fritillaria borealis
oikopleura dioica culturing made easy : a low - cost facility for an emerging animal model in evodevo .
development of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica : culture , genome , and cell lineages . - pubmed - ncbi
zur feinstruktur der chorda dorsalis niederer chordaten dendrodoa grossularia ( v . beneden ) und oikopleura dioica ( fol . )
oikopleura dioica culturing made easy : a low - cost facility for an emerging animal model in evodevo . - pubmed - ncbi
life cycle figure : the appendicularian oikopleura dioica is an abundant pan - global zooplankton that retains a tadpole form throughout its life cycle .
wyatt , t . , 1973 . the biology of oikopleura dioica and fritillaria borealis in the southern bight . marine biology , 22 : 1378 - 158 .
nishida h ( 2008 ) . development of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica : culture , genome , and cell lineages . dev growth differ . 50 , 239 - 256 . link
wyatt , t . the biology of oikopleura dioica and fritillaria borealis in the southern bight . mar . biol . , v . 22 , p . 137 - 158 , 1973 . [ links ]
these data will be published in : conley kr , sutherland kr ( in revision ) particle shape impacts export and fate in the ocean through interactions with a globally abundant appendicularian , oikopleura dioica . plos one , fig . 6
sato , r . ; tanaka , y . ; ishimaru , t . house production by oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) under laboratory conditions . j . plankton res . , v . 23 , p . 415 - 423 , 2001 . [ links ]
coverage of oikopleura genes by whole - genome shotgun data , measured by the coverage of a non - redundant collection of expressed sequence tags .
fig . 3 . chordate phylogeny . o . dioica belongs to the larvacean class inside the urochordate subphylum , sister group of vertebrates .
jean - marie bouquet , endy spriet , christofer troedsson , helen otterå , daniel chourrout , eric m . thompson ; culture optimization for the emergent zooplanktonic model organism oikopleura dioica , journal of plankton research , volume 31 , issue 4 , 1 april 2009 , pages 359–370 , urltoken
omotezako , t . , onuma , t . a . , nishida , h . , 2015 . dna interference : dna - induced gene silencing in the appendicularian oikopleura dioica . proc . r . soc . b 282 , 20150435 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2015 . 0435
capitanio , f . ; esnal , g . b . vertical distribution of the maturity stages of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) in the frontal system off valdés peninsula , argentina . bull . mar . sci . , v . 63 , p . 531 - 539 , 1998 . [ links ]
uye , s . ; ichino , s . seasonal variations in abundance , size composition , biomass and production of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata : appendicularia ) in a temperate eutrophic inlet . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . , v . 189 , p . 1 - 11 , 1995 . [ links ]
o . dioica is the only species of appendicularian to have separate sexes ; others are hermaphrodites . they secrete mucus filtering structures called houses , which are used to trap small particles . o . dioica builds as many as six houses per day ; they can be found in high numbers . they are filter feeders .
nakamura , y . ; suzuki , k . ; suzuki , s . ; hiromi , j . production of oikopleura dioica ( appendicularia ) following a picoplankton ' bloom ' in a eutrophic coastal area . j . plankton res . , v . 19 , n . 1 , p . 113 - 124 , 1997 . [ links ]
capitanio , f . ; marschoff , e . r . ; esnal , g . b . distribution and characterization of the maturity stages of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) in the area of peninsula valdés , argentina . iheringia , sér . zool . , v . 79 , p . 59 - 66 , 1995 . [ links ]
bouquet , j . m . , spriet , e . , troedsson , c . , otter , h . , chourrout , d . , thompson , e . m . , 2009 . culture optimization for the emergent zooplanktonic model organism oikopleura dioica . j . plankton res . 31 , 359–370 . doi : 10 . 1093 / plankt / fbn132
lombard , f . ; renaud , f . ; sainsbury , c . ; sciandra , a . ; gorsky , g . appendicularian ecophysiology . i . food concentration dependent clearance rate , assimilation efficiency , growth and reproduction of oikopleura dioica . j . mar . sys . , v . 78 , p . 606 - 616 , 2009 . [ links ]
sato , r . ; ishibashi , y . ; tanaka , y . ; ishimaru , t . ; dagg , m . j . productivity and grazing impact of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) in tokio bay . j . plankton res . , v . 30 , n . 3 , p . 299 - 309 , 2008 . [ links ]
troedsson , c . ; bouquet , j . m . ; aksnes , d . l . ; thompson , e . m . resource allocation between somatic growth and reproductive output in the pelagic chordate oikopleura dioica allows opportunistic response to nutritional variation . mar . ecol . prog . ser . , v . 243 , p . 83 - 91 , 2002 . [ links ]
sutherland , kelly ( 2017 ) particle tracking from the appendicularian oikopleura dioica feeding behavior experiments conducted in 2016 at the sars centre for marine molecular biology in bergen , norway ( mucus net filter feeders project ) . biological and chemical oceanography data management office ( bco - dmo ) . dataset version 2017 - 07 - 19 [ if applicable , indicate subset used ] . urltoken [ access date ]
ganot p , moosmann - schulmeister a and thompson em ( 2008 ) . oocyte selection is concurrent with meiosis resumption in the coenocystic oogenesis of oikopleura . dev biol . 324 , 266 - 276 . link
differences in o . dioica size structure in homogeneous and stratified sections of the front were analyzed using the chi - square test to compare the surface and bottom layers . a spearman correlation test was used to study the relationship between o . dioica and e . anchoita abundance distribution and temperature , trunk length and egg production . statistica 6 . 0 and infostat packages were used for data analysis .
it is our hope that the data and protocols provided in this manuscript will facilitate other investigators in adopting this important , fascinating , emergent model organism , o . dioica , in their own research .
we have tested various combinations of the following algae in the culture of o . dioica : chaetoceros calcitrans , emiliana huxleyi , isochrysis sp . , rhinomonas reticulata , synechococcus sp . , tetraselmis suecica and thalassiosira pseudomonas . those retained produced satisfactory results in the culture of o . dioica and could themselves be cultured reliably over long time periods . reference features of the selected algae are summarized in table i .
ganot p , bouquet jm , kallesøe t and thompson em ( 2007 ) . the oikopleura coenocyst , a unique chordate germ cell permitting rapid , extensive modulation of oocyte production . dev biol . 302 , 591 - 600 . link
ganot p , kallesøe t and thompson em ( 2007 ) . the cytoskeleton organizes germ nuclei with divergent fates and asynchronous cycles in a common cytoplasm during oogenesis in the chordate oikopleura . dev biol . 302 , 577 - 590 . link
entre os tunicados , as pequenas apendiculárias planctônicas geralmente compreendem uma fração significativa do mesozooplâncton nos sistemas frontais . foi estudada a distribuição ( vertical e espacial ) durante o verão de 2011 de oikopleura dioica , em termos de abundância , biomassa , estimativa da produção de ovos e estrutura da população em diferentes setores da frente costeiro de el rincón , segundo os gradientes de temperatura e salinidade . picos de abundância de larvas de engraulis anchoita foram comparados com os padrões de o . dioica . as amostras foram coletadas com redes planctônicas de 67 e 200 µ m em duas profundidades , acima e abaixo da termoclina . também foram registrados perfis de dados obtidos com ctd . durante essa campanha , aguas de alta salinidade foram predominantes na área estuarina . no entanto , foi encontrada uma estratificação térmica , sendo mais acentuado nas estações externas da frente , onde as maiores densidades e biomassa de o . dioica foram registradas , coincidindo também com as maiores densidades de larvas de e . anchoita . a distribuição de tamanhos de o . dioica também foi associada ao gradiente térmico . os menores tamanhos foram encontrados na região mais homogênea da costa , onde a temperatura apresentou cerca de 22ºc . essa frente é um ambiente propício para a reprodução de o . dioica o que favorece também o aumento da sobrevivência e o crescimento de muitas espécies de pequenos peixes pelágicos , tais como e . anchoita .
edvardsen , r . b . , seo , h . c . , jensen , m . f . , mialon , a . , mikhaleva , j . , bjordal , m . , cartry , j . , reinhardt , r . , weissenbach , j . , wincker , p . , chourrout , d . , 2005 . remodelling of the homeobox gene complement in the tunicate oikopleura dioica . curr . biol . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cub . 2004 . 12 . 010
seo , h . c . , edvardsen , r . b . , maeland , a . d . , bjordal , m . , jensen , m . f . , hansen , a . , flaat , m . , weissenbach , j . , lehrach , h . , wincker , p . , reinhardt , r . , chourrout , d . , 2004 . hox cluster disintegration with persistent anteroposterior order of expression in oikopleura dioica . nature 431 , 67–71 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature02709
this dataset contains data related to feeding behavior of the appendicularian oikopleura d ioica . the data include fluid direction and particle orientation of beads suspended in fluid filtered by o . d ioica . the experiments took place in 2016 at the sars centre for marine molecular biology in bergen , norway .
sampling of oikopleura dioica at rosslandspollen over a 6 - year period . recordings are given from 0 to 25 m depth for ( a ) temperature ( °c ) ; ( b ) salinity ( ° / oo ) and ( c ) number of animals collected . the black curves on each plot represent estimations of turbidity using visibility of the top of the white plankton net as a measure . months are indicated on the abscissa with 1 to 12 corresponding to january to december . ( d ) plot of the number of animals collected per month from 2001 to 2006 .
using appropriate techniques , we have studied in detail the structure and functions of the house of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica fol , 1872 . in particular , we describe the structure of the inlet funnel , the reinforcing chamber on each side of the tail chamber and its function , the role and the structure of the valves located between the dorsal and water exit chambers and the structure and the role of the exit sphincter . in conclusion , we show that in addition to filtration of particles , movement of the tail also helps location of a favorable particulate environment in the sea .
martí - solans , j . , ferrández - roldán , a . , godoy - marín , h . , badia - ramentol , j . , torres - aguila , n . p . , rodríguez - marí , a . , bouquet , j . m . , chourrout , d . , thompson , e . m . , albalat , r . , cañestro , c . , 2015 . oikopleura dioica culturing made easy : a low - cost facility for an emerging animal model in evodevo . genesis 53 , 183–193 . doi : 10 . 1002 / dvg . 22800
the distribution pattern of o . dioica has been closely studied in the northern argentine sea ( eg . capitanio et al . , 2008 and di mauro et al . , 2009 ) where the highest densities and biomasses have been observed at the estuarine front of the
la plata
river ( 34ºs ) during spring - summer . to date , this kind of study on the el rincón frontal system has been rare . during winter , viñas et al . ( 1999 ) found a higher biomass of zooplankters near the 50m isobath , associated with salinity values between 33 . 1 and 33 . 5 , the small copepod , appendicularian and lamellibranch larvae predominating . during spring , di mauro et al . ( 2009 ) reported a minimum salinity value of 33 near the coast , followed by an area of highly saline waters around 33 . 8 near the 50 m isobath where o . dioica was predominant . the vertical and spatial distributions of o . dioica , in terms of abundance , biomass and population structure in the different sectors of el rincon frontal system , were studied in relation to thermal and salinity gradients . as it is well known that this species is one of the main food items of e . anchoita in many coastal sectors of the argentine sea ( viñas ; ramirez , 1996 ; capitanio et al . , 1997 ; spinelli et al . , 2012 ) , the distribution of o . dioica at this front was analyzed in relation to the northern anchovy larvae peaks of abundance .
we thank a . adoutte for advice throughout the course of this work ; r . aasland , m . schartl , t . stach and e . thompson for their comments at several stages of manuscript preparation ; and the personnel of the oikopleura culture facility for technical support . funding was provided by the research council of norway and the university of bergen in the frame of the sars centre – embl partnership contract .
the year 2010 was characterized by
la niña
, which could explain the decrease in the river ' s flow as this event generates lower rainfall ( urltoken ) . according to spinelli et al . ( 2009 ) , in the estuarine front of the la plata river ( 34ºs ) the salinity was the main factor driving the species composition of appendicularians , but in this study of the el rincon coastal front only o . dioica was found and no salinity gradient was detected .
functional approaches of gene knockdown or inhibition are amenable . the syncytial gonad of females is easy to inject with rnai , morpholinos or even , the recent discovered dnai ( yes , dsdna rather dsrna of your target gene…cheap and effective ) , obtaining a massive generation of knockdown embryos ( omotezako et al . , 2015 ) . moreover , permeability and small size of o . dioica embryos allow us to easily treat them with drugs or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways to modify their developmental programs .
we acknowledge g . - a . paffenhöfer and r . fenaux for their pioneering work in the culturing and study of appendicularia . we thank g . gorsky for expert advice in initiating our o . dioica culture and d . eversen for her help with algal culture . we thank the crews of r / v hans brattstrøm and r / v aurelia , for help in collecting field animals . finally , we thank the technical staff of the sars centre appendicularian culture facility and the ilab personnel for their continued efforts .
fig . 6 . embryo development in o . dioica is very fast . ( a ) two cell estage embryo 30 minutes post fertilization . ( b - d ) from 2 to 4 hours post fertilization ( hpf ) we can identify the tailbud stage in which the embryo resides inside the corion . ( e - h ) at 4 hpf the embryo leaves the corion and became a swimming larvae during the hatchling stages . ( i ) the metamorphosis , that only consist in a 180º rotation of the tail , takes place 9 hpf giving rise to the tailshift embryo . ( j ) adult animal of 2 days of life . ( k ) adult animals of 5 days of life . the female gonad contains hundreds of eggs , the male gonad is dark and contains the sperm .
to examine growth rates of the algal strains , cultures were inoculated with an initial cell density of 2 . 5×10 4 cells ml −1 . sampling for optical density measurement was carried out twice on the first day and then once per day thereafter ( fig . 3 ) . growth rates ( k ) and doubling times ( t 2 ) during the linear portion of the exponential growth curves were calculated as indicated in the figure legend . cell densities of isochrysis sp . and c . calcitrans increased rapidly with a minor lag phase , whereas r . reticulata grew less rapidly . for routine use in the feeding of o . dioica , minimum cell densities of 1×10 6 cells ml −1 were reached after 48 h for isochrysis and 72 h for c . calcitrans . for r . reticulata , a minimum density of 5×10 5 cells ml −1 was attained after 96 h . based on these growth curves and to ensure optimal nutritive quality of the algae , cultures used for feeding were discarded after a maximum of 168 h for isochrysis and c . calcitrans ( ≈5–6×10 6 cells ml −1 ) , and 264 h for r . reticulata ( ≈2×10 6 cells ml −1 ) .
distribution lower north shore , lower laurentian channel ( bathyal zone as far as the cabot strait : cape north , n . s . , st . paul island to . . .
distribution lower north shore , lower laurentian channel ( bathyal zone as far as the cabot strait : cape north , n . s . , st . paul island to cape ray , nl . . ) , western slope of newfoundland , including the southern part of the strait of belle isle but excluding the upper 50m in the area southwest of newfoundland ; southwestern slope of nl . [ details ]
van der land , j . ( 2001 ) . appendicularia , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 356 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
brunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
fenaux , r . ( 1973 ) . appendicularians from the indian ocean , red sea and the persian gulf . p . 409 - 414 in : zeitchel , b . & s . a . gerlach ( eds ) , the biology of the indian ocean . ecological studies vol . 3 . jacobs , j . , o . l . lange , j . s . olson & w . wieser ( eds ) chapman & hall ltd . [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
fenaux , r . , q . bone , and d . deibel . 1998 . appendicularian distribution and zoogeography , p . 251 - 264 . in q . bone [ ed . ] , the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
kott , p . ; bradford - grieve , j . ; esnal , g . ; murdoch , r . c . ( 2009 ) . phylum tunicata : sea squirts , salps , appendicularians , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 409 - 430 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
castellanos , i . a ; suárez - morales , e . ( 2009 ) . appendicularia ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1217–1221 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
soetaert , k . ; van rijswijk , p . ( 1993 ) . spatial and temporal patterns of the zooplankton in the westerschelde estuary . marine ecology progress series . 97 : 47 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
chen , q . c . ( 1982 ) . the marine zooplankton of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . hong kong university press , hong kong . 2 : 789 - 799 . [ details ]
in this species the sexes are separated ( which is not the case in all other known species of appendicularia ) .
are small and spherica . the right stomach lobe forms a cloacal sac behind the entrance to the
) is usually between 0 . 5 and 1 . 0 mm but may reach 1 . 3 mm .
waters and estuaries . also in wadden sea , kattegat and w baltic ( occasionally e baltic also ) .
species from warm and temperate waters . atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . also present in mediterranean sea and red sea . from all appendicularia ,
bückmann , a . and h . kapp , 1975 . taxonomic characters used for the distinction of species of appendicularia . mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen museum und institut , 72 : 201 - 228 .
fenaux , r . , 1967 . les appendiculaires des mers d ' europe et du bassin méditerranéen . faune de l ' europe et du bassin méditerranéen , 2 . masson et cie . , paris . 116 pp . , 57 figs .
fenaux , r . , 1998 . the classification of appendicularia . in : q . bone ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . pp 295 - 306 .
flood , p . r . and d . deibel , 1998 . the appendicularian house . in : q . bone ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . pp 105 - 124 .
fraser , j . h . , 1981 . british pelagic tunicates . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , no . 20 . cambridge university press , cambridge . 57 pp .
lohmann , h . , 1896 . die appendicularien der plankton - expedition . ergebnisse der plankton - expedition der humbolt - stiftung 1889 . bd . 2 , ec . verlag lipsius und tischer , leipzig . pp 1 - 148 , 20 plates , 3 maps .
lohmann , h . , 1901 . die appendicularien . nordisches plankton , 2 ( 3 ) : 11 - 21 . lipsius & tischer , kiel . ( reprint asher & co . , amsterdam , 1964 ) .
newell , g . e . and newell , r . c . , 1977 . marine plankton , a practical guide . hutchinson and co . , london . 225 pp .
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oral gland precursor migrates as a 4 - nuclei syncytium and separates into two cells .
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martí - solans j 1 , ferrández - roldán a , godoy - marín h , badia - ramentol j , torres - aguila np , rodríguez - marí a , bouquet jm , chourrout d , thompson em , albalat r , cañestro c .
departament de genètica and institut de recerca de la biodiversitat ( irbio ) , universitat de barcelona , barcelona , 08028 , spain .
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alldredge al ( 1975 ) quantitative natural history and ecology of appendicularians and discarded appendicularian houses . ph . d . thesis , university of california davis , pp 1–152
chamisso a von , eysenhart c ( 1821 ) de animalibus quibusquam e classe vermium linneana , in circumnavigatione terrae , auspicante comite n . romanzoff - duce ottone de kotzebue , annis 1815–1818 , peracta , observatio . nova acta leopold carol 2 : 543–574
fol , 1872 . description et chronologie . ann inst oceanogr paris 52 : 89–101
fenaux r ( 1985 ) rhythm of secretion of oikopleurid ' s houses . bull mar sci 37 : 498–503
fenaux r , gorsky g ( 1979 ) techniques d ' élevage des appendiculaires . ann inst oceanogr paris 55 : 195–200
fenaux r , gorsky g ( 1985 ) nouvelles techniques d ' élevage des appendiculaires . rapp comm int mer médit 29 : 291–292
flood pr ( 1978 ) filters characteristics of appendicularian food catching nets . experientia 34 : 173–175
fol h ( 1872 ) etudes sur les appendiculaires du détroit de messine . mém soc phys genève 21 : 445–499
jørgensen cb ( 1966a ) biology of suspension feeding . pergamon press , oxford , pp 1–357
jørgensen cb ( 1966b ) in : ecology of invertebrates . by w . t . edmondson . proceedings of the third international interdisciplinary conference . mar biol 3 : 107–116
klaatsch h ( 1895 ) ueber kernveränderungen im ektoderm der appendicularien bei der gehäusebildung . morphol jb 23 : 142–144
lohmann h ( 1899a ) das gehäuse der appendicularien nach seiner bildungsweise , seinem bau und seiner funktion . zool anz 22 : 206–214
lohmann h ( 1899b ) das gehäuse des appendicularien , sein bau , seine funktion und seine entstehung . schr naturwiss ver schleswig - holstein 11 : 347–407
. in : kükenthal w , krumbach t ( hrsg ) handbuch der zoologie . de gruyter , berlin 5 : 1–202
swaison g ( 1892 ) a new form of appendicularian “haus” . int j micr nat sci 6 : 34–36
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for measurements of ellipsoidal particle orientation , the image stack was registered using the stackreg plugin with an affine transform to account for the inflation and deflation of the feeding mesh . images were then inverted and frames for trajectory analysis were color - coded in one of six channels using the stack - to - hyperstack tool . stacks were z - projected and the composite image was used to show trajectories . measurements of ellipsoidal particle orientation were made using the straight line angle tool in imagej ( 41 ) and converted to be relative to the fluid flow .
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> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
the oceanographic characteristics of the el rincon frontal system during this summer are shown in figure 2a , b . the estuarine area in this campaign was defined by a salinity value below 33 . 85 , which is low when compared to historical data . it corresponded to stations 35 , 34 , 33 and 32 , extending seaward for 60 - 80 km . a zone with high salinity ( 33 . 95 - 34 . 05 ) waters was observed at stations 31 , 30 and 29 while for station 28 , an external zone with diluted continental shelf waters was observed which presented a salinity value of 33 . 8 . no vertical salinity stratification was present . regarding temperature , there was a vertically homogeneous area at the coast ( stations 35 , 34 , 33 and 32 ) , with temperatures of about 22°c corresponding to the estuarine area mentioned above , a transitional area ( st . 31 ) and an external stratified one ( stations 30 and 29 ) with a well - marked thermocline at 35m depth . temperature varied , from transitional to stratified stations , from 20 to 19ºc in surface layers and from 18 to 12ºc below the thermocline depth . the thermocline was defined from stations 32 - 31 to station 28 , with a gradient of 7°c / 100 km .
we wish to thank the argentinian instituto nacional de investigación y desarrollo pesquero ( inidep ) for providing all the samples and environmental data . this study was partially supported by ubacyt 20020100200048 grants to f . capitanio . we would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their critical review of the manuscript .
acha , e . m . ; mianzan , h . w . ; guerrero , r . a . ; favero , m . ; bava , j . marine fronts at the continental shelves of austral south america : physical and ecological processes . j . mar . syst . , v . 44 , n . 1 / 2 , p . 83 - 105 , 2004 . [ links ]
adolf , j . e . ; yeager , c . l . ; miller , w . d . ; mallone , m . e . ; harding , l . w . environmental forcing of phytoplankton floral composition , biomass and primary productivity in chesapeake bay , usa . estuar . coast . shelf sci . , v . 67 , p . 108 - 122 , 2006 . [ links ]
angelescu , v . ecología trófica de laanchoítadel mar argentino ( engraulidae , engraulis anchoita ) : parte ii . alimentación , comportamiento y relaciones tróficas enelecosistema . mar del plata : ministerio de economía , subsecretaria de intereses marítimos , subsecretaria de pesca , instituto nacional de investigación y desarrollopesquero , inidep , 1982 . 83 p . ( contribución ( instituto nacional de investigación y desarrollopesquero ( argentina ) , n . 409 ) . [ links ]
capitanio , f . ; pájaro , m . ; esnal , g . appendicularians ( chordata , tunicata ) in the diet of anchovy ( engraulis anchoita ) in the argentine sea . sci . mar . , v . 61 , n . 1 , p . 9 - 15 , 1997 . [ links ]
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deibel , d . ; lowen , b . a review of the life cycles and life - history adaptations of pelagic tunicates to environmental conditions . ices j . mar . sci . , v . 69 , p . 1 - 12 , 2012 . [ links ]
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gorsky , g . ; fenaux , r . the role of appendicularia in marine food webs . in : bone , q . ( ed . ) . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford : university press , 1998 . p . 161 - 169 . [ links ]
gorsky , g . ; youngbluth , m . j . ; deibel , d . response of marine ecosystems to global change : ecological impact of appendicularians . paris : contemporary publishing international , 2005 . 437p . [ links ]
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lucas , a . j . ; guerrero , r . a . ; mianzán , h . w . ; acha , e . m . ; lasta , c . a . coastal oceanographic regimes of the northern anchovy continental shelf ( 34 - 43°s ) . estuar . coast . shelf sci . , v . 3 , p . 405 - 420 , 2005 . [ links ]
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perophora multiclathrata is a species of colonial sea squirt in the genus perophora .

it is native to the tropical indo-pacific and the western atlantic ocean .

perophora multiclathrata

kento furui added the japanese common name
マメボヤ
to
perophora japonica oka , 1927
.
( of perophora orientalis ärnbäck , 1935 ) arnback , c . l . ( 1935 ) . a notable case of relation in perophora . arkiv f . zool . 28 ( 9 ) : 1 - 6 . [ details ]
( of ecteinascidia multiclathrata sluiter , 1904 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1904 ) . die tunicaten der siboga - expedition . part 1 . die socialen und holosomen ascidien . siboga - exped . 56a : 1 - 126 . [ details ]
goodbody , i . ( 1994 ) the tropical western atlantic perophoridae ( ascidiacea ) : i . the genus perophora . bulletin of marine science , 55 ( 1 ) : 176 - 192 .
( of perophora formosana ( oka , 1931 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of perophora africana millar , 1953 ) millar , r . h . ( 1953 ) . on the collection of ascidians from the gold coast . proc . zool . oc . london . 123 ( 2 ) : 277 - 325 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of perophora formosana ( oka , 1931 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
shenkar , n . ; gittenberger , a . ; lambert , g . ; rius , m . ; moreira da rocha , r . ; swalla , b . j . ; turon , x . ( 2018 ) . ascidiacea world database .
( of ecteinascidia euphues sluiter , 1904 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1904 ) . die tunicaten der siboga - expedition . part 1 . die socialen und holosomen ascidien . siboga - exped . 56a : 1 - 126 . [ details ]
( of ecteinascidia formosana oka , 1931 ) oka , a . ( 1931 ) . uber eine neue species von ecteinascidia aus formosa . proc . imp . acad . tokyo . 7 ( 4 ) : 173 - 175 . [ details ]
monniot , c . ( 2001 ) . ascidiacea & sorberacea . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 352 - 355 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
kott , p . ( 1985 ) . the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia . mem qd mus . 23 : 1 - 440 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
izquierdo - muñoz , a . ; díaz - valdés , m . ; ramos - esplá , a . a . ( 2009 ) . recent non - indigenous ascidians in the mediterranean sea . aquatic invasions . 4 ( 1 ) : 59 - 64 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
the tropical western atlantic perophoridae ( ascidiacea ) : i . the g . . . : ingenta connect
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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rosana m . da rocha i , ii ; laura p . kremer i , iii
i laboratório de ecologia e sistemática de ascídias , departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paraná . caixa postal 19020 , 81531 - 980 curitiba , paraná , brasil ii pesquisadora do cnpq . e - mail : rmrocha @ urltoken iii bolsista do cnpq / pibic . e - mail : laurapkremer @ urltoken
with these considerations , our goal in this study was to sample the ascidian community in the area of influence of the port of paranaguá . specifically , we wished to use ascidians as indicator species to better understand the biology of species introductions due to shipping in marine systems .
five locations were sampled within and near paranaguá bay ( fig . 1 ) : ilha das cobras ( 25º29 , 00 ' s ; 48º25 , 50 ' w ) and pier tenenge ( 25º32 , 84 ' s ; 48º21 , 51 ' w ) , sampled on 7 december 2003 ; ilha da galheta ( 25º35 , 00 ' s ; 48º19 , 00 ' w ) on 11 march 2004 ; ilha do mel ( 25º33 , 00 ' s ; 48º18 , 00 ' w ) on 11 march 2004 and 9 june 2005 ; and mero park ( 25º 43 , 00 ' s ; 48º 20 , 00 ' w ) on 14 may 2005 . ascidians were collected by scuba diving at depths of up to four meters , except mero park , where depths reached a maximum of 17 m . samples were anesthetized and fixed in 10 % neutralized formalin .
eighteen species ( tab . i ) were collected , with 30 samples from ilha das cobras , 26 from pier tenenge , nine from ilha do mel , 11 from ilha da galheta and five from parque dos meros . only six samples were of solitary animals , collected at ilha da galheta , ilha do mel and mero park . some samples in the family didemnidae are still unidentified , since larvae ( which have characters of critical importance in species identification ) were absent .
molgula phytophila , the only endemic species in the region ( fig . 2 , tab . ii ) , was found encrusted on fish - nets in the concrete blocks that form the artificial reef in mero park . it is quite possible that this species is synonymous with m . braziliensis millar , 1958 , but the type specimen ( london natural history museum ) of the latter is of poor quality and cannot be used for identification of the former . if synonymous , the specimen in millar ( 1958 ) would be the first recorded in the brazilian coast .
clavelina oblonga , according to van name ( 1945 ) referring to the material hartmeyer collected in são sebastião , são paulo , was first recorded in brazil in ~ 1910 . clavelina oblonga is also found near dakar , senegal , and at ilha faial , azores . in the azores , it was introduced from american populations in 1971 , and is restricted to horta harbor ( monniot & monniot 1994 ) .
the first record for distaplia bermudensis in brazil is that of millar ( 1958 ) , at ubatuba , são paulo . pérès ( 1957 ) recorded this species in the mediterranean sea ( baleares islands ) , but possibly erroneously identified . it was perhaps distaplia rosea della valle , 1881 , common in the mediterranean . since this species is only found on natural substrates it is probably native , and therefore should be carefully studied ( substrate , location , etc . ) in future brazilian studies to clarify its status .
symplegma rubra was first recorded in 1993 in são sebastião , são paulo , brazil ( rodrigues & rocha 1993 ) . however , rodrigues ( unpublished data ) encountered this species in the region since the 1960s .
the remaining cryptogenic species are widely distributed in the world and the entire brazilian coast ( the fourth distribution pattern ; figs 11 - 19 , tab . ii ) . thus it is difficult to determine the origin of these species and their points of introduction .
didemnum granulatum was found first in brazil ( são paulo ) in 1995 ( rocha & monniot 1995 ) , and on the west african coast ( senegal ) in 1994 ( monniot & monniot 1994 ) . this species has not been found in the caribbean , nor on the eastern coast of africa , and thus we believe it to be of pacific origin .
lissoclinum fragile was first recorded in brazil by rodrigues et al . ( 1998 ) in são paulo . the fact that it is found in ports , such as apra harbour , guam ( monniot & monniot 2001 ) , noumea port in new caledonia ( monniot 1992 ) , malakal harbor in palau an also harbors in honolulu , hawaii ( g . lambert 2005 , personal communication ) suggests that it may be passively transported by ships . l . fragile is also considered introduced in tahiti ( monniot et al . 1985 ) and was first reported on the west african coast in 1994 ( monniot & monniot 1994 ) .
botrylloides nigrum was first recorded in brazil in the states of santa catarina and são paulo ( rodrigues 1962 ) . in this study it was found on a cultivated mussel , and so possibly introduced . in brazil , this species is usually epizooic , growing on algae and bivalve shells , such as oysters and mussels .
we thank rafael metri and jim roper for assistance in the field , tatiane r . moreno for helping with species identification , suzana b . farias for helping with geographical coordinates and gretchen lambert for suggestions to the manuscript . cnpq provided a grant for rmr ( process 473408 / 2003 - 01 ) and a scholar ship to lpk .
berrill , n . j . 1975 . chordata : tunicata , p . 241 - 282 .
bjornberg , t . k . s . 1956 . ascídias da costa sul do brasil ( nota prévia ) .
( van name , 1931 ) , a colonial ascidian new to the mediterranean record . .
( phaeophyceae , laminariales ) reduces native seaweed diversity in nuevo gulf ( patagonia , argentina ) .
carlton , j . t . & j . b . geller . 1993 . ecological roulette : biological invasion and the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms .
costa , h . r . 1969 . notas sobre os ascidiacea brasileiros . v . subclasse pleurogona .
culver , c . s . & . a . m . kuris . 2000 . the apparent eradication of a locally established introduced marine pest .
dalby , j . e . & c . m . young . 1993 . variable effects of ascidians competitors on oysters in a florida epifaunal community .
( tunicata : ascidiacea ) a new addition to the fauna of the portuguese coast .
fernandes , l . f . ; l . zehnder - alves & j . bassfeld . 2001 . the recently established diatom
( coscinodiscales , bacillariophyta ) in brazilian waters . i : remarks on morphology and distribution .
floeter , s . r . & a . soares - gomes . 1999 . biogeographic and species richness patterns of gastropoda on the southwestern atlantic .
harris , l . g . & m . c . tyrrell . 2001 . changing community states in the gulf of maine : synergism between invaders , overfishing and climate change .
report on the tunicata collected during the voyage of the h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . part ii . ascidiae compositae .
edinburg , report of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 , vol . 14 , 429p .
kott , p . 1985 . the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia .
kott , p . 1990 . the australian ascidiacea , part 2 , aplousobranchia ( 1 ) .
lambert , c . c . & g . lambert . 1998 . non - indigenous ascidians in southern california harbors and marinas .
lambert , c . c . & g . lambert . 2003 . persistence and differential distribution of nonindigenous ascidians in harbors of the southern california bight .
lambert , g . 2001 . a global overview of ascidians introductions and their possible impact on the endemic fauna , p . 249 - 257 .
millar , r . h . 1956 . xlviii - notes on some ascidians from sierra leone and gambia .
millar , r . h . 1977 . ascidians ( tunicata : ascidiacea ) from the northern and north - eastern brazilian shelf .
millar , r . h . 1988 . ascidians collected during the international indian ocean expedition .
monniot , c . 1965 . etude systématique et évolutive de la famille des pyuridae ( ascidiacea ) .
monniot , c . 1969 - 1970 . ascidies phlébobranches et stolidobranches . in : résultats scientifiques des campagnes de la calypso .
monniot , c . 1989 . ascidies de nouvelle - calédonie . 6 . pyuridae et molgulidae .
monniot , c . 2002 . stolidobranch ascidians from the tropical western indian ocean .
monniot , c . & f . monniot . 1983 . navigation ou courants ? la colonization des açores et des bermudes par les ascidies ( tuniciers benthiques ) .
monniot , c . ; f . monniot & p . laboute . 1985 . ascidies du port de papeet ( polynésie française ) : relation avec le mileu naturel et apports intercontinentaux par la navigation .
monniot , c . & f . monniot . 1994 . additions to the inventory of eastern tropical atlantic ascidians ; arrival of cosmopolitan species .
monniot , c . & f . monniot . 1997 . record of ascidians from bahrain , arabian gulf with three new species .
monniot , f . 1992 . ascidies de nouvelle - caledonie . 12 . le genre
monniot , f . & c . monniot . 1997 . ascidians collected in tanzania .
monniot , f . & c . monniot . 2001 . ascidians from the tropical western pacific .
moure , j . s . ; t . k . s . bjornberg & t . st . loureiro . 1954 . protochordata ocorrentes na entrada da baía de paranaguá .
palacio , j . f . 1982 . revisión zoogeográfica marina del sur del brasil .
pérès , j . m . 1957 . ascidies récoltées dans les parages des baléares par le professeur lacaze - duthiers . ( deuxième partie : iviza et san antonio ) .
rocha , r . m . 1991 . replacement of the compound ascidian species in a southeastern brazilian fouling community .
abbott 1951 ( ascidiacea , molgulidae ) in paranaguá bay , paraná , brazil . a case of recent invasion ?
rocha , r . m . & l . v . g . costa . 2005 . ascidians from arraial do cabo , rj , brazil .
species ( ascidiacea , didemnidae ) from são sebastião channel , south - eastern brazil .
van name , 1945 ( ascidiacea , polycitoridae ) . description of species and ecological notes
rocha , r . m . & c . m . nasser . 1998 . some ascidians ( tunicata , ascidiacea ) from paraná state , southern brazil .
rocha , r . m . ; t . r . moreno & r . metri . 2005 . ascídias ( tunicata ) da reserva biológica marinha do arvoredo , santa catarina , brasil .
rodrigues , s . a . 1962 . algumas ascídias do litoral sul do brasil .
rodrigues , s . a . & r . m . rocha . 1993 . littoral compound ascidians ( tunicata ) from são sebastião , estado de são paulo , brazil .
ross , d . j . ; c . r . johnson & c . l . hewitt . 2003 . assessing the ecological impacts of an introduced seastar : the importance of multiple methods .
ruiz , g . m ; p . fofonoff ; j . t . carlton ; m . j . wonham & a . h . hines . 2000 . invasion of coastal marine communities in north america : apparent patterns , processes and biases .
sommerfeldt , a . d . & j . d . d . bishop . 1999 . random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) analysis reveals extensive natural chimerism in a marine protochordate .
tokioka , t . 1952 . ascidians collected by messrs renzi wada and seizi wada from the pearl - oyster bed in the arafura sea in 1940 .
tokioka , t . 1967 . pacific tunicata of the united states national museum .
traustedt , m . p . a . 1883 . vestindiske ascidiae simplices . anden afdeling . molgulidae og cynthiadae .
van name , w . g . 1945 . the north and south american ascidians .
( de kay , 1843 ) into peter the great bay ( sea of japan ) .
1 contribution number 1526 of the departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paraná .
caixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : + 55 41 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken
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belize , bermuda , jamaica , puerto rico , netherlands antilles , and it is widely distributed in the indo - pacific region .
zooid 2 . 0 - 2 . 5 mm long . the body musculature is comprised by two boundles of transverse fibers , which are perpendiculars to the dorsal margin of the body and towards to the ventral margin . there are 5 rows of stigmata in the pharynx and 15 - 20 stigmata per row .
kott , p . ( 1985 ) the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia mem . qd mus . 23 : 1 - 440 .
millar , r . h . ( 1953 ) on the collection of ascidians from the gold coast proc . zool . oc . london , 123 ( 2 ) : 277 - 325
rocha , r . m . , faria , s . b . , and moreno , t . r . ; marine invertebrate taxonomy workshop i , bocas del toro , august 2003 .
rocha r . m . , et al . ascidians from bocas del toro , panama . i . biodiversity . caribbean journal of science , vol . 41 , no . 3 , 600 - 612 , 2005 .
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in : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 573 - 610 ( in japanese ) .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )
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this species is a social ascidian , with individual zooids connected basally by stolons . together , zooids and stolons often form a dense mass similar to a tiny bunch of grapes . individual zooids are globular in shape , measure 2 - 4 mm in diameter , and covered by a pale green tunic . stolons are characterized by distinct , star - shaped flattened terminal buds , yellow in color .
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cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .
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