it was first named by paleontologists randall l. nydam , michael w. caldwell , and federico fanti in 2010 , and the type species is kleskunsaurus grandeprairiensis .

the genus is named after kleskun hill park , located east of grande prairie in peace river country .

fossils have been found from the park in a bentonitic paleosol that is part of the campanian wapiti formation .

kleskunsaurus

how can i put and write and define kleskunsaurus in a sentence and how is the word kleskunsaurus used in a sentence and examples ? 用kleskunsaurus造句 , 用kleskunsaurus造句 , 用kleskunsaurus造句 , kleskunsaurus meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

' kleskunsaurus
' is an extinct genus of scincomorph lizard from the late cretaceous of alberta , canada .
kleskunsaurus is an extinct genus of scincomorph lizard from the late cretaceous of alberta , canada . it was first named by paleontologists randall l .
it was first named by paleontologists randall l . nydam , michael w . caldwell , and federico fanti in 2010 , and the type species is
kleskunsaurus grandeprairiensis
.
genus : kleskunsaurus nydam , caldwell , & fanti , 2010etymology : in reference to kleskun hill park , where the type and only specimen was found , and greek , sauros , ' lizard ' .
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further reading -  borioteiioidean lizard skulls from kleskun hil ( wapiti formation ; upper campanian )  ,  west - central alberta ,  canada .   -  journal of vertebrate paleontology 30 ( 4 )  : 1090 - 1099 .   -  r .  l .  nydam ,  m .  w .  caldwell & f .  fanti  -  2010 .
content copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such it is best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy
size does not always matter , said kat ormay , paleontology program manager for grande prairie regional college .
a recently named 2007 microfossil discovery from the kleskun hills area is only millimetres across - the width a pinky fingertip , if even - but it might be one of the most significant discoveries made in that area .
it ' s a brand - new genus and species of fossil lizard from the cretaceous ,
said the college paleontology education liaison , michael burns .
this is the first time any fossil lizard from the cretaceous in north america has been found that actually has multiple skull bones preserved . so this actually has quite a broad significance even beyond just the fossil locality at kleskun itself .
everybody that studies fossil reptiles is going to look at this thing and they ' re going to know that there ' s something special going on up here - there ' s something significant coming out of the fossil localities in the grande prairie area , starting to garner more and more global scientific attention .
our dot on the map is getting more and more substantial ,
agreed ormay .
it was named in this month ' s edition of the journal of vertebrate paleontology by randall nydam of midwestern university ' s department of anatomy in arizona , michael caldwell of the university of alberta ' s department of biological sciences and department of earth and atmosphere sciences and federico fanti of the university of bologna ' s ( italy ) department of earth and geo - environmental sciences .
but before their involvement , it was a summertime expedition that led to finding the skull in the first place , and quite by accident .
all of a sudden tetsuto ( miyashita ) says ' i think i found a skull ' and he holds up his palm with something in it , and actually it was a lizard skull - a right lower and upper jaw - with 21 teeth in it ,
said ormay .
that was a socognathus unicuspis skull - a species of lizard first discovered in southeastern alberta in 1996 , though not in nearly as complete condition as this example was .
we were down there looking at microfossils and something shiny kind of gleamed in the sun . i had a magnifying glass and i saw these things - teeth - and i didn ' t really know what it was but i knew it wasn ' t a rock . i knew it was some sort of fossil . i gave it over to federico and he jumped up and down with joy ,
said graber .
i had no idea - i just saw a shiny thing in the field .
these discoveries have led to further searching of the kleskun hills area , with more expected to come .
burns said it brings attention for an area of research the everyman does not necessarily think of .
a lot of the public outreach has to do with dinosaurs because they ' ve been popularized over the years . . . but from a scientific standpoint we want to look at everything . just a dinosaur is kind of like a character in a book - like harry potter without the rest of the story , the characters and background , setting and plot . it ' s kind of exciting but not all that enthralling ,
he said .
what we ' re looking for is not only the animal but the story surrounding the animal .
choose among a variety of subscription packages and stay up to date with convenient home delivery and our on the go digital e - edition .
© 2018 daily herald tribune . all rights reserved . a member of sun media community newspapers part of postmedia network .
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full reference : r . l . nydam , m . w . caldwell , and f . fanti . 2010 . borioteiioidean lizard skulls from kleskun hil ( wapiti formation ; upper campanian ) , west - central alberta , canada . journal of vertebrate paleontology 30 ( 4 ) : 1090 - 1099
parent taxon : scincomorpha according to r . l . nydam et al . 2010
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urltoken
etymology : in reference to the town of grande prairie , alberta , located near the type locality .
locality : kleskin hill park locality , approximately 25 km northeast of grande prairie , grande prairie county , alberta province , canada .
age : late campanian stage , upper senonian subepoch , upper gulf epoch , late cretaceous .
material : incomplete skull preserving the partial remains of the bones bordering the left orbit , portions of the right and left maxillae , and right and left dentaries .
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epub free chicago bank of commerce , petitioner , v . charles mc pherson and ewald j . pfeiffer , as executors and trustees , etc . , of charles f . ruggles , deceased . u . s . supreme court transcript of record with supporting pleadings ibook 9781270244189


the hornyhead turbot , pleuronichthys verticalis , is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae .

it is a demersal fish that lives on soft sand and mud bottoms at depths of between 9 and 200 metres ( 30 and 656 ft ) .

its native habitat is the subtropical waters of the eastern pacific , from point reyes in california to magdalena bay in baja california , and the northern and central eastern parts of the gulf of california .

it can grow up to 37 centimetres ( 15 in ) in length .

hornyhead turbot

genomic and phenotypic response of hornyhead turbot exposed to municipal wastewater effluents . - pubmed - ncbi
a challenge in developing this platform was the scarcity of hornyhead turbot sequence data in genbank . although dna sequences have been described for the european turbot
zeng ey , tran k . distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons in overlying water , sediment , polychaete , and hornyhead turbot (
the sediment to turbot bsaf in the 7 - day study was 0 . 006 and 0 . 0028 for male hornyhead turbot fed 3g and 10g of worms exposed to pv sediment / kg turbot , respectively . accumulation of σddt in the liver of male hornyhead turbot from ingestion of either 3 g or 10 g of pv sediment - exposed worm / kg turbot after the 7 days exposure provided a bmf from worm to turbot of 0 . 91 and 4 . 09 for turbot fed 3g and 10 g of pv sediment - exposed worm / kg turbot , respectively .
the hornyhead turbot can be confused with a series of other righteye flounders including the c - o sole , pleuronichthys coenosus , the diamond turbot , pleuronichthys guttulatus , the ocellated turbot , pleuronichthys ocellatus , and the spotted turbot , pleuronichthys ritteri , but none have the mottled coloration or spine in front of the eyes .
trophic transfer and effects of ddt in male hornyhead turbot ( pleuronichthys verticalis ) from palos verdes superfund site , ca ( usa ) and comparisons to field monitoring .
) . an obstacle to this goal was that there are few gene sequences for hornyhead turbot in genbank . although dna sequence is available from a related demersal species (
* data taken from lacsd ( 2014 ) . pv , palos verdes ; sd , san diego reference site ; high ddt , turbot gavaged with ddt solution equal to 30 g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot body for 28 days ; low ddt , turbot gavaged 9 g of worm wet wt . / kg of turbot body wet for 28 days ; ddt 3g / kg worm , turbot fed with 3g of sediment - treated worm / kg of turbot body weight for 7 days ; ddt 10g / kg worm , turbot fed with10g of sediment - treated worm / kg turbot body weight for 7 days .
trophic transfer and effects of ddt in male hornyhead turbot ( pleuronichthys verticalis ) from palos verdes superfund site , ca ( usa ) and comparisons . . . - pubmed - ncbi
. the bile extract of turbot treated with 10g of pv sediment exposed worms / kg turbot showed comparable eeq to that of bile of turbot caught from pv . in the 28 - day study , eeqs of liver extracts of fish treated with σddt were significantly lower than that of liver extracts of turbot collected from pv (
rempel - hester ma , hong h , wang y , deng x , armstrong j , gully j , schlenk d . site - specific effects of 17β - estradiol in hornyhead turbot (
) . in addition , the eeqs in bile extracts of laboratory fish were similar to values observed in fish collected from pv . the bmfs for worm to turbot for eeq ( calculated as a ratio ) was 1 . 14 and 1 . 29 for turbot fed 10 g of pv sediment - exposed worm / kg turbot and turbot collected from pv , respectively .
in mexican waters the hornyhead turbot have a limited distribution in waters of the pacific being found from magdalena bay northward along the central and northwest coasts of baja and in the northern third of the sea of cortez .
- ddd with 36 % of the total . the σddt concentration in turbot gavaged with the solution of σddt equivalent to 9g of worm / kg turbot was not significantly different from the control group (
= 5 . 87 for o , p’ - ddd to 6 . 91 for p , p’ - ddt ) , there is an increased risk of bioaccumulation . lipid normalized concentrations of total ddts measured in the hornyhead turbot (
] , which to visual inspection seem healthy , motivated these agencies to collaborate with the southern california coastal water research project ( sccwrp ) and university research groups in long beach , riverside and san diego to develop a microarray tool as a sensitive and quantitative measure of endocrine disruption in hornyhead turbot , a sentinel species collected from southern california waters . a species that has been relatively well studied in this area over the past ten years is the hornyhead turbot (
) . available sequences from other species including medaka , stickleback and zebrafish also were used , in addition to hornyhead turbot - specific cdna sequences obtained via degenerate pcr . multiple alignments were constructed using clustal x to uncover conserved regions [
relationships between σddt concentration in livers and vtg mrna in male turbot sampled from pv and sd ( a ) and in male turbot gavaged with σddt for 28 days ( b ) , and between σddt concentrations and erα mrna ( c ) and erβ mrna in livers from turbot sampled from pv and sd ( d ) .
forsgren kl , bay sm , vidal - dorsch de , deng x , lu g , armstrong j , gully jr , schlenk d . annual and seasonal evaluation of reproductive status in hornyhead turbot at municipal wastewater outfalls in the southern california bight .
] . these data with killifish and lake trout are consistent with exposure of the field hornyhead turbots to either xenoestrogens or anti - androgens .
deng x , rempel ma , armstrong j , schlenk d ( 2007 ) seasonal evaluation of reproductive status and exposure to environmental estrogens in hornyhead turbot at the municipal wastewater outfall of orange county , ca . environ toxicol 22 : 464 - 471 . doi :
the hornyhead turbot are caught primarily as a by - catch of deep water trawlers . they are very difficult to catch via hook and line due to their small mouths . they are a poorly documented and poorly studied species that is of limited interest to most .
hornyhead turbot , pleuronichthys verticalis . fish provided by the commercial fishermen of bahía kino , sonora , march 2015 . lengths : 20 . 0 cm ( 7 . 9 inches ) . photo courtesy of maria johnson , prescott college kino bay center , kino bay , sonora .
forsgren kl , bay sm , vidal - dorsch de , deng x , lu g et al . ( 2012 ) annual and seasonal evaluation of reproductive status in hornyhead turbot at municipal wastewater outfalls in the southern california bight . environ toxicol chem 31 : 2701 - 2710 . doi :
reyes ja , vidal - dorsch de , schlenk d , bay sm , armstrong jl , gully jr , cash c , baker m , stebbins td , hardiman g , kelley km . evaluation of reproductive endocrine status in hornyhead turbot sampled from southern california ' s urbanized coastal environments .
mrna of vitellogenin and estrogen receptors in livers of turbot collected from san diego and palos verdes ( near site 8c ) ( a ) and in turbot fed 7days with worms exposed to pv sediments ( b ) and in turbot gavaged with a ddt mixture for 28 - days ( c ) . each value represents the mean of 4 - 6 animals + sd . * p < 0 . 05 .
the hornyhead turbot , pleuronichthys verticalis , whose common spanish name is platija cornuda is a member of the righteye flounder or pleuronectidae family , known collectively as platijas in mexico . globally , there are eight species in the genus pleuronichthys , five of which are found in mexican waters , all in the pacific .
citation : baker me , vidal - dorsch de , ribecco c , sprague lj , angert m , lekmine n , et al . ( 2013 ) molecular analysis of endocrine disruption in hornyhead turbot at wastewater outfalls in southern california using a second generation multi - species microarray . plos one 8 ( 9 ) : e75553 . urltoken
ddt metabolite concentrations in sediment , worm , and turbot liver tissue ( ng / g ) . each value represents the mean ( ± sd ) .
accumulation of σddt was also observed in the liver of male hornyhead turbot gavaged with a ddt isomer mixture equal to 30g of pv - sediment treated worm / kg turbot ( 517 ±152 ng / g dry weight ) after 28 days of exposure . the σddt concentration in liver of gavaged animals was lower than liver concentrations observed in animals collected from pv as well as those treated with sediment - contaminated worms in the laboratory . in accordance with the composition of the σddt mixture derived from worm body burdens (
a new cohort of male hornyhead turbot was collected for this project as part of a southern california collaborative marine monitoring study in may and june 2006 . table 1 shows steroids and thyroxine levels in fish collected from five field sites near outfall discharges and a reference area . chemical analysis for selected compounds detected in sediments from these areas is presented in table 2 .
in the 28 - day study , turbot were individually weighed and then individuals were randomly divided into 8 l aquaria containing 32‰ artificial seawater . turbot were allowed to acclimate for one week prior to exposure and fed clean earthworms three times per week . during acclimation and exposure , 75 % water exchange occurred every - other day . for the 28 - day feeding exposure , turbot were fed clean worms three times per week in the morning and gavaged two hours later from one of the three treatments , control ( saline solution ) , ddt metabolite solution equal to 9g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot body ( low ddt ) , 30g of worm wt . / kg of turbot body wet wt . ( high ddt ) . ddt metabolite concentrations were based on initial 4 day exposures of worms in 8c sediment (
the rationale for use of 60 - mer oligonucleotides in the second generation platform described here is that they provide more specificity than cdna - based microarrays accommodate sequence differences and species specific codon usage [ 29 - 31 ] . the novelty of this platform is that it used highly conserved probes from several fish species , permitting application of the array to studies involving hornyhead turbot and zebrafish [ 19 ] .
] . in this earlier study , we tested the multi - species applicability of this tool using microarray measurements of gene expression in zebrafish , which are phylogenetically distant from turbot . the effects of estradiol and the aquatic pollutant nonylphenol on liver gene expression in male zebrafish were investigated with this microarray , demonstrating its applicability for measuring endocrine responses in turbot and other fish [
in the second study , the contribution of ddt and its metabolites were evaluated by a 28 - day gavage study . male hornyhead turbot were collected from off the coast of san diego ( sd ) ( 32 o 39 . 94’ n ; 117 o 19 . 49’ w ) , at the city of san diego ' s wastewater monitoring reference site , approximately 150 km south of the pv site in february / march of 2014 . based on the 7 - day study , turbot were acclimated with feeding as described above , and depurated of σddt for one month prior to the bioaccumulation experiment . the acclimation time was less than that of oc turbot due to lower concentrations of ddts measured in fish collected from sd determined from previous studies ( maruya et al . 2012 ) .
hornyhead turbot , pleuronichthys verticalis . fish provided by the commercial fishermen of the greater los cabos area , july 2012 . length : 21 . 5 cm ( 8 . 5 inches ) . note the significant loss of color of this long frozen fish and that the head spines have been removed . identification courtesy of h . j . walker , jr . , scripps institution of oceanography , la jolla , ca .
in order to use q - pcr to determine if the microarray data was accurately monitoring changes in hepatic gene expression in the hornyhead turbot , we cloned , via reverse transcriptase pcr , partial fragments corresponding to highly conserved regions in 5 target genes of interest , namely vtg1 , vtg2 , cyp1a , erα / esr1 and erβ / esr2 . identities of the fragments were confirmed by sanger dna sequencing . the primer sequences used for pcr are provided in the supporting information ( table s2 ) . the sequence data have been deposited into genbank ( accession numbers fj042791 - fj042800 ) . these short hornyhead turbot - specific sequences obtained using multi - species conserved primers were used for sybr green quantitative pcr experiments on ten individual turbot sampled from the field . after real time pcr amplification , a melt curve was carried out , in which the temperature was raised by a fraction of a degree and the change in fluorescence was measured . this revealed similar peaks in all the samples indicating that a specific dna fragment corresponding to the predicted size was detected .
in the 7 - day study , 40 worms were transferred to a 1 - l beaker containing 40 g ( wet wt . ) sediment and 350 ml of 32‰ artificial seawater at 20 °c . the overlying water was aerated via continuous bubbling , and the water level maintained by adding artificial seawater as needed . at the end of a 4 - day exposure , the worms were harvested by sieving the sediment slurry through a 100 - mesh sieve . the relatively short exposure time was chosen through preliminary experiments to avoid potential toxicity effects to the test organism ( jia et al . 2014 ) . worms were then divided by wet wt . low ( 3g of worm / kg of turbot body weight ) and high ( 10g of worm / kg turbot wt . ) and fed to corresponding turbot . a subset of worms was flash frozen and stored at –80 °c for later extraction and chemical / bioassay analysis . turbot were individually weighed , randomly divided into 8 l aquaria containing 32‰ artificial seawater , and allowed to acclimate in single aquaria for one week prior to exposure . during acclimation turbot were fed earthworms three times per week . during acclimation and exposure , 75 % water exchange occurred every - other day . for the 7 - day feeding exposure , turbot were fed worms daily from one of four treatments ( 4 - 6 fish per treatment ) , 3 g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot wet wt . clean sediment ( control ) , 3 g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot wet wt . pv 8c sediment , 10 g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot wet wt . clean sediment ( control ) , 10 g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot wet wt . pv 8c sediment . at the end of 7 day , fish were euthanized with ms - 222 , weighed , and liver and bile were collected and flash frozen and stored at −80 °c for later evaluation .
trophic transfer of ddt - contaminated sediment to worms and fish for 7 days in the laboratory corresponded to field measurements of ddt residues in fish .  in vitro bioassay of estrogenic and ahr responses in the turbot from 7 - day laboratory treatments corresponded to those of field caught turbot from palos verdes .  in vivo ahr and er biological responses in fish exposed to . . . [ show full abstract ]
in addition to the trend toward higher vtg mrna in turbot from the pv site , significant induction of erα and erβ mrna in livers of male fish from pv relative to those from sd indicated a greater exposure to estrogenic compounds at the pv site . a significant correlation was found between hepatic vtg , erα , erβ mrna and σddts in field - collected male turbot indicated that ddt and its metabolites may contribute to the
building on this initial study , a “second generation” microarray was constructed that includes additional gene targets such as zona pellucida protein ( also known as choriogenin ) , glutathione s - transferase - α , metallothionein and heat shock protein 90 , which are diagnostics for endocrine disruption and the presence of metals and stress responses . we used this optimized tool in a new and more ambitious study to investigate endocrine disruption in hornyhead turbot ( a species which remains to have its genome sequenced ) collected near outfalls for municipal wastewater for los angeles county sanitation districts ( lacsd ) , orange county sanitation district ( ocsd ) , city of los angeles environmental monitoring division ( claemd ) , and city of san diego metropolitan wastewater department ( mwwd ) . as reported here , this multi - species microarray was able to characterize changes in gene expression in hornyhead turbot collected from wastewater outfalls for municipal wastewater in coastal waters off of southern california . we correlated gene expression data from microarray analysis and q - pcr with a series of phenotypic endpoints in fish from impacted sites . this validates our multi - species approach as a practical diagnostic screening tool to monitor responses to contaminants in hornyhead turbot collected from different sites , despite the genetic heterogeneity in wild fish , which would be expected to diminish the resolution of the microarray output . we also note that the multi - species microarray can be potentially adapted to monitoring endocrine disruption near other population centers in other fish species , for which there are few available gene sequences .
the q - pcr based gene expression profiling of hornyhead turbots from selected field sites is presented in figure 4 . all data are presented as gapdh - normalized fold changes of gene expression in the hornyhead turbot liver from impacted sites with respect to reference fish . the fold change data shown were derived from the mean log 2 ratio between each fish and two laboratory reference fish . the fish used as a reference for these q - pcr studies were the fish used for microarray experimentation , designated a and c as described above and previously housed in a clean - water laboratory setting for four weeks . the dynamic range of the fold changes observed with the q - pcr analysis was as anticipated much greater than with the microarray analysis . however qualitative agreement was generally observed with the direction of the fold changes . erβ / esr2 was strongly down - regulated in all samples , vtg1 and vtg2 transcripts were up - regulated in all samples , with greater than a 6 - fold induction observed in six hornyhead turbots . cyp1a was up - regulated in seven fish . thus , these q - pcr assays validate the microarray analysis for these genes in these fish .
in the 7 - day laboratory study , 4 - 6 fish per treatment were exposed to worms that were contaminated in the lab via a 4 - day exposure in pv and reference sediments . male hornyhead turbot were collected by otter trawl at a reference site off the coast of orange county ( oc ) ( 33 o 36 . 06’ n ; 118 o 05 . 20’ w ) , ~ 30 km south of site 8c on the pv shelf . twenty five to thirty turbot were collected during february of 2012 and 2013 at the oc site and in february 2014 at the pv site . turbot were either sampled for blood , liver and bile or transported to the laboratory and acclimated in artificial seawater ( 32‰ instant ocean ) for six months to depurate potential ddt metabolites . during acclimation and depuration , each fish was individually fed live earthworms three times per week before initiating the polychaete experiment . liver tissues , blood plasma ( 3 , 000 × g supernatant ) , and bile were frozen and stored at −80 °c for subsequent chemical and biological measurements .
previous work has quantified the bioavailability of σddt to benthic invertebrates from several sediment samples from pv in laboratory studies ( bao et al . , 2013 ; jia et al . , 2014 ) . however , it is unclear whether laboratory exposures can mimic trophic transfer from benthic invertebrates to fish ( zeng and tran 2002 ) . the objectives of the present study were 1 ) to measure the uptake of σddt from pv sediment to an indigenous marine polychaete worm ( neanthes arenaceodentata ) , and evaluate their transfer to hornyhead turbot ( pleuronichthys verticalis ) ; 2 ) to investigate the transfer of estrogen , aryl hydrocarbon , glucocorticoid , and anti - androgen receptor ligands from sediments to biota ; 3 ) to assess if the er related mrna responses in turbot from diet - derived or chemical - only exposures in the laboratory mimic those of turbot caught from pv ; and 4 ) to determine the contribution of σddt to the er responses . ultimately , the results from this integrated study will help our understanding of potential bioaccumulation and effects of σddt found in the pv superfund area on demersal fish species .
the hornyhead turbots are found demersal over and within sandy and muddy bottoms at depths up to 1 , 625 feet . they reach a maximum length of 37 cm ( 15 inches ) . they are opportunistic well - camouflaged ambush predators that lie in wait half - submerged on the ocean floor consuming crustaceans and small fish .
) captured near wastewater outfalls are used for monitoring exposure to industrial and agricultural chemicals of ~ 20 million people living in coastal southern california . although analyses of hormones in blood and organ morphology and histology are useful for assessing contaminant exposure , there is a need for quantitative and sensitive molecular measurements , since contaminants of emerging concern are known to produce subtle effects . we developed a second generation multi - species microarray with expanded content and sensitivity to investigate endocrine disruption in turbot captured near wastewater outfalls in san diego , orange county and los angeles california . analysis of expression of genes involved in hormone [ e . g . , estrogen , androgen , thyroid ] responses and xenobiotic metabolism in turbot livers was correlated with a series of phenotypic end points . molecular analyses of turbot livers uncovered altered expression of vitellogenin and zona pellucida protein , indicating exposure to one or more estrogenic chemicals , as well as , alterations in cytochrome p450 ( cyp ) 1a , cyp3a and glutathione s - transferase - α indicating induction of the detoxification response . molecular responses indicative of exposure to endocrine disruptors were observed in field - caught hornyhead turbot captured in southern california demonstrating the utility of molecular methods for monitoring environmental chemicals in wastewater outfalls . moreover , this approach can be adapted to monitor other sites for contaminants of emerging concern in other fish species for which there are few available gene sequences .
in recent years , as more knowledge has accumulated about the effects of chemicals such as bpa , organotins and phthalates , it has become clear that endocrine disruption is complex and involves the altered expression of many genes [ 2 , 4 , 7 ] . an important advance in detecting the effects of xenobiotics was the development of high - density dna microarrays or biochips [ 23 - 25 ] . this technology provides a sensitive and comprehensive snapshot of alterations in endocrine responses in fish that may be exposed to low levels of endocrine disrupting chemicals [ 19 , 26 - 28 ] . microarrays enable analysis of complex environmental chemical mixtures by providing transcriptomic profiles or signatures based on the contaminants present . however , it is important to link the molecular responses with physiological changes to determine if the responses at the gene expression level can cause down stream biological effects . we used an optimized microarray tool to examine gene expression in hornyhead turbot , a species which has not yet had its genome sequenced and annotated . this microarray is an improvement over an earlier microarray tool , which was developed using multi - species probes and validated by studying gene expression profiles in zebrafish , a species that is phylogenetically distant from turbot . this earlier work revealed that our multi - species microarray approach was suitable for measuring endocrine responses in turbot and other fish [ 19 ] . the rationale for use of 60 - mer oligonucleotides in the second generation platform described here is that they provide more specificity than cdna - based microarrays accommodate sequence differences and species specific codon usage [ 29 - 31 ] . the novelty of this platform is that it used highly conserved probes from several fish species , permitting application of the array to studies involving hornyhead turbot and zebrafish [ 19 ] .
we examined hepatic rna from male fish collected from the field using the multi - species microarray . the characteristics of male hornyhead turbot sampled and the chemical analysis of sediments from the sites where the fish were captured are provided in tables 1 and 2 respectively . m - a scatter plots were used to examine differences in mrna expression levels between the indicated fish samples and a pooled reference sample , derived from three individual control fish samples a , b , and c ( figure 2 ) . this same pooled reference sample ( a + b + c ) was used for every comparison . differences in gene expression in hornyhead turbot liver relative to the reference fish were determined using a threshold of log 2 intensity ratio > 2 . the bottom row of plots in figure 2 was used to compare the pooled reference ( a + b + c ) versus the individual reference fish reference samples , a , b , and c respectively that comprised the reference . this revealed that the order in which the mixing and labeling of control rna was carried out had minimal effects on the overall performance of the pooled reference , as no differential gene expression was detected . the ma plots revealed differential gene expression profiles between the pooled reference and hornyhead turbot sampled from the five field sites in southern california . although we noted a heavy tail of outliers for the reference fish a versus the pooled reference ( second panel , bottom row ) , further analysis revealed that this resulted from an array hybridization artifact . we selected just the probes that are present in this tail ( m < - 1 . 5 ) , and plotted their row and column coordinates in a 2d plot ( figure s2 ) . the probes were concentrated along a line , evidence that this represents a microarray artifact , and that caution is warranted when performing differential expression measurements using microarrays .
samples of sediment from the sites where the hornyhead turbot were collected have been analyzed previously for a number of legacy and emerging chemicals [ 21 , 22 ] . a suite of 89 legacy and emerging contaminants were measured in the sediments . several contaminants were found at detectable levels amongst them legacy organochlorine pesticides and personal care compounds . many of the detected compounds such as ddts or triclosan are known to elicit endocrine and stress responses [ 21 ] . as seen in table 2 , several of the sediments contained 4 - nonylphenol , an estrogenic chemical , polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( pbdes ) , which are flame retardants , and polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ) . the sediment obtained from dana point indicated that it was the least contaminated site of those examined . based on the physiochemical properties of these analytes , chemicals present in these sediments would be expected to enter the food chain of the turbot .
pereiro p , balseiro p , romero a , dios s , forn - cuni g et al . ( 2012 ) high - throughput sequence analysis of turbot ( scophthalmus maximus ) transcriptome using 454 - pyrosequencing for the discovery of antiviral immune genes . plos one 7 : e35369 . doi :
millán a , gómez - tato a , fernández c , pardo bg , alvarez - dios ja et al . ( 2010 ) design and performance of a turbot ( scophthalmus maximus ) oligo - microarray based on ests from immune tissues . mar biotechnol ny 12 : 452 - 465 . doi :
to get another metric for the presence of pollutants at the five sites in southern california , we used the multi - species microarray to investigate hepatic gene expression in these fish . the liver was our primary focus because it is the key organ involved in detoxification . the improved multi - species array contained expanded probe content ( table s1 ) including targets with defined roles in endocrine pathways and processes [ 6 , 37 - 40 ] , in addition to well - defined biomarkers for contaminant exposure [ 41 ] . microarray analysis detected differences in hepatic gene expression patterns in male hornyhead turbot from all five areas compared to laboratory reference fish . we focused on the salient changes in expression patterns below .
this study relates the occurrence of sediment - associated ddts to biologically meaningfully responses in a locally abundant flatfish via trophic transfer as well as through direct ddt solution exposure . analytical chemistry results indicate the bioaccumulation of ddt and metabolites from sediment to worm to fish . eeqs in bile of turbot from the 7 - day laboratory treatments corresponded to those of field caught turbot from the ddt contaminated palos verdes shelf . similarly , gr activities were higher in worms exposed to pv sediment . there was a discrepancy in er - regulated mrna expression in male hornyhead turbots between the 7 - day ( diet - derived exposure ) and 28 - day study ( gavaged σddt solution exposure ) , indicating occurrence of anti - estrogens within sediment - exposed worms , or pharmacokinetic factors associated with dietary exposure impaired the bioavailability of σddts . a longer duration of exposure at lower doses may be required to elicit estrogenic activities in laboratory experiments that would allow for modeling of the exposure and effects of ddt in fish from historically contaminated sites such as palos verdes .
the majority of the exposed turbot also exhibited down - regulation of cyp3a . we previously noted a modest repression of cyp3a in zebrafish exposed to 4 - nonylphenol and a strong repression following estradiol exposure [ 19 ] . similar results have been reported in trout [ 41 , 51 ] , suggesting an important role of sex hormones in cyp3a expression .
transcript abundance of erα and erβ was significantly upregulated in male turbot collected from pv relative to fish from sd . there was a trend toward an increase in vtg mrna expression but significant increases were not observed . in laboratory studies , no significant treatment effects were observed with the transcripts , compared with controls , for male fish in the 7 - day study (
] to design 60 - mer microarray probes . each copy of an individual gene from several fish species was subjected to a pair - wise blast comparison with the corresponding gene from other fish to insure that the dna sequence contained 80 % and 90 % identity thereby increasing the likelihood that the homologous turbot sequence would contain at least 85 % identity to one of the oligonucleotides . the gene names and corresponding gene symbols are provided in the supporting information (
relative turbot liver mrna transcript levels were measured by real - time quantitative rt - pcr in a lightcycler 480 as described previously [ 19 ] . rna was dnase treated and negative rt controls without reverse transcriptase addition were included . amplification and melting curves were carefully examined for all assays . we investigated gapdh and β - actin as reference transcript for these particular studies and noted that both performed equally well in q - pcr experiments . both were detected with a cp value of approximately 26 . we opted to use gapdh to normalize all expression values , although β - actin would have been equally suitable . each sample was run in triplicate and mean values were reported . normalized gene expression values were obtained using lightcycler relative quantification software . relative gene copy numbers were derived using the formula 2δct where δct is the difference in amplification cycles required to detect amplification product from equal starting concentrations of turbot liver rna .
) . liver extracts of turbot collected from pv showed significantly higher eeq than extract of livers from fish collected from the sd reference site . ahr and gr activities measured in extracts of sediment collected from pv were significantly higher than those detected in sediments from sd . significantly higher levels of anti - ar activities were also observed in the pv sediment extracts compared to the sd sediment extracts . in each bioassay , no significant increase was observed with er or ahr activities in worms (
other mrna targets impacted in exposed fish included the peptide hormone hepcidin ( hepc1 / hamp1 ) , metallothionein ( mt ) and glutathione s - transferase alpha ( gstα ) . hepcidin is a peptide hormone produced by the liver [ 52 , 53 ] . hepcidin is a negative regulator of iron absorption and mobilization . thus , low levels of hepcidin promote iron absorption , and are indicative of an iron deficiency . hepcidin also serves as an antimicrobial peptide [ 54 ] . hepc1 was down - regulated strongly in all fish examined relative to the reference fish . this could be due to lower oxygen in the water in the field sites compared to the oxygen in the clean - water laboratory setting . another potential cause for lower hepcidin levels could be exposure to a xenoestrogen because robertson et al . [ 55 ] , recently demonstrated that exposure to estradiol decreased expression of hepcidin - 1 and blocked the induction of hepcidin - 2 expression by bacterial exposure in largemouth bass . this suggests that exposure of hornyhead turbot to either xenoestrogens or low oxygen levels may make fish more susceptible to disease by blocking production of hepcidin .
a : gene expression changes were investigated in male turbot liver collected from exposed fish sampled from sanitation districts in san diego , orange county , dana point , los angeles city and los angeles county in california that are considered impacted . control fish were obtained from a separate monitoring station in dana point , a relatively non - impacted area and maintained in a clean - water laboratory for four weeks . the control reference sample consisted of a pool of labeled crna from three control fish , designated a , b , and c .
together , the results obtained using the multi - species microarray and q - pcr to assess the endocrine status of male hornyhead turbots in five coastal field stations indicate that these fish were exposed to a mixture of endocrine disruptors capable of interacting with the estrogen and thyroid responses . despite the genetic heterogeneity of these wild fish and differential exposure to chemicals , food and environment the multi - species microarray identified differences in gene expression among fish captured from different field sites . these results validate this tool for comparisons of endocrine - disrupting contaminants at different sites and highlight the utility of the multi - species microarray approach as a sensitive diagnostic for the presence of endocrine disruptors in the aquatic environment .
we amplified partial turbot transcripts using conserved sequences from other fish species to guide the choice of primer design . gene - specific primers were designed using oligowiz software [ 29 ] . all the amplicons were directly sequenced using the respective forward and reverse pcr primers . sequencing reads were subjected to a series of quality control measures , including a phred quality score > 20 , and manual trace inspection . the identity of each sequence was confirmed by blast searches . these sequences have been deposited into genbank ( accession numbers fj042791 - fj042800 ) . primer sequences are outlined in the supporting information ( table s2 ) .
laboratory tests with marine flatfish were conducted to investigate associations among gene expression , higher biological responses and wastewater effluent exposure . in the present study , male hornyhead turbot ( pleuronichthys verticalis ) were exposed to environmentally realistic ( 0 . 5 % ) and higher ( 5 % ) concentrations of chemically enhanced advanced - primary ( pl ) and full - secondary treated ( htp ) effluents from two southern california wastewater treatment plants ( wwtp ) . hepatic gene expression was examined using a custom low - density microarray . alterations in gene expression ( vs . controls ) were observed in fish exposed to both effluent types . fish exposed to 0 . 5 % pl effluent showed changes in genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics , steroids , and lipids , among other processes . fish exposed to 5 % pl effluent showed expression changes in genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism , stress responses , xenobiotic metabolism , and steroid synthesis , among others . exposure to 5 % htp effluent changed the expression of genes involved in lipid , glutathione and xenobiotic metabolism , as well as immune responses . although no concentration - dependent patterns of response to effluent exposure were found , significant spearman correlations were observed between the expression of 22 genes and molecular and / or higher biological responses . these results indicate that microarray gene expression data correspond to higher biological responses and should be incorporated in studies assessing fish health after exposure to complex environmental mixtures .
bsaf values for sediment to worms were similar to those determined from bao et al . ( 2013 ) and jia et al . ( 2014 ) , who observed a linear relationship of worms , total ddt observing bsaf values of 0 . 003 - 0 . 006 . the calculated bmf and bsaf values in this study ( 4 . 09 and 0 . 007 , respectively ) were comparable to previous values determined from lacsd ( 4 . 06 and 0 . 0026 , respectively ) ( lacsd 2014 ) . the higher values of σddts in turbot from the fish exposed in the laboratory fed sediment - contaminated worms is consistent with biomagnification studies previously reported in the pv shelf ( zeng and tran 2002 ) .
there was a robust correlation between expression of vtg and zp mrnas ( r = 0 . 99 ; p < 0 . 001 ) . this is reasonable because both genes are biomarkers for xenoestrogens and 4 - nonylphenol ; a plastic degradate detected in the sediments from where the turbot were collected . correlation analysis also revealed that expression of both genes showed very strong significant association with age , weight and length of the fish . furthermore , we found negative correlations of thyroid receptors and vtg / zp transcripts ( r ranged from - 0 . 5 to - 0 . 4 ; p < 0 . 05 ) , which could in part explained the lower thyroxine concentrations found in the plasma of these fish [ 46 ] .
) . however , 7 - day trophic transfer experiments with σddt failed to alter hepatic vtg , erα and erβ mrna , even though body burden residues ( and biliary eeqs ) in fish were similar to those collected in the field . in the 28 - day study where fish were only treated with σddt by gavage , vtg and erβ mrna were significantly upregulated in the liver of male turbot exposed , despite lower body burdens compared to the 7 - day food - borne fish and fish collected from pv . in addition , even though overall σddt concentrations were lower in the 28 - day laboratory treated fish relative to pv fish , vtg mrna significantly correlated with hepatic σddt residues in both field and the 28 day exposure .
the hornyhead turbots have elongated oval fusiform highly compressed bodies that are widest in the middle ; their body depth is 49 to 53 % of standard length . they are dark brown to yellowish brown with irregularly - shaped dark marbled blotches and small cream colored spots . their blind side is off - white . they have relatively large eyes on their right side with the top eye preceding the lower eye . they have a ridge between their eyes and a prominent sharp back - pointing spine at the rear end of the ridge , a key to identification . they have a small asymmetrical mouth . their anal fin has 44 to 51 rays ; their caudal fin is small and rounded with a wide base ; their dorsal fin has 65 to 75 rays ; their pectoral fin on the eye - side has 10 to 12 rays ; and their pelvic fins are symmetrical and found on both sides of the body . they have 12 to 17 gill rakers and a straight lateral line that originates above their eyes .
multi - species sybr green q - pcr validation of multi - species microarray for ( a ) cyp3a ( b ) vit1 ( c ) vit2 ( d ) esr1 / erα ( e ) esr2 / erβ specific transcripts . gapdh - normalized fold changes ( based on triplicate measurements ) of gene expression in turbot liver from selected impacted sites with respect to reference fish are presented . each fold change was derived from the mean log 2 ratio between each fish and a reference derived from two control fish . vit1 and vit2 transcripts were strongly up - regulated in all fish . erα was down - regulated in one fish and up - regulated in two others relative to control fish . erβ was down - regulated in all fish examined relative to control fish . cyp3a was up - regulated in eight and down - regulated in two fish .
after these initial optimization and platform comparison experiments , we assessed alterations in hepatic gene expression in male hornyhead turbots collected during a collaborative marine monitoring study in 2006 at five field stations in southern california that vary in magnitude of contaminant exposure . our objective was to use the microarray tool to assess gene expression levels for key biomarkers of endocrine disruption . levels in plasma of vitellogenin , testosterone , estradiol , cortisol and thyroxine were determined in the fish selected for microarray analysis [ table 1 ] [ 19 , 32 - 34 ] . table 1 reveals that there is substantial variation in hormone levels among the fish collected from different sites and between fish from the same site . this may be due to a combination of factors including genetic heterogeneity in wild fish , variation in the age and life histories of the fish as well as variations in exposure to chemical contaminants , diet and reproductive status [ 1 , 35 , 36 ] . this variability among the fish in levels of plasma hormone and vitellogenin levels posed a challenge for evaluating the exposure of fish from the five sites to endocrine disruptors .
wells were coated with 100µl of 0 . 8µg / ml california halibut vtg ( provided by amanda palumbo of uc , davis ) in 50mm carbonate buffer . non - specific binding wells were coated with 1 % non - fat milk in 50 mm carbonate buffer . plates were then incubated at 37c for 2h . wells were washed three times with 10mm tris - phosphate buffer saline ( tpbs ) , then blocked with 200µl of 2 % non - fat milk in tpbs for 45min at 37c . the wells were then washed again three times with tpbs . standards ( purified halibut vtg ) and samples were diluted in tpbs . primary antibody ( rabbit anti - turbot vtg purchased from cayman chemical , ann arbor , mi ) diluted in tpbs was added to standards and samples at a ratio of 1 : 1 , for a final concentration of antibody of 1 : 1000 . these solutions were then incubated for 2h at 37c . one hundred microliters of each solution was then added in triplicate to the wells and incubated again for 2h at 37c . the wells were then washed three times with tpbs . the secondary antibody ( goat anti - rabbit labeled with alkaline phosphatase purchased from biorad in hercules , ca ) was diluted to 1 : 2000 in tpbs then added to the wells and incubated for 45 min at 37c . the wells were washed twice with tpbs and once with pbs . the substrate p - nitrophenylphosphate diluted in diethanolamine buffer was added to each well at volume of 100µl . the plate was then incubated for about 1h in dark . the absorbance was measured with a microplate reader at a wavelength of 405nm .
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justification : this species is relatively widespread in the eastern pacific . although it is caught as by - catch in shrimp trawling , there are no major threats for this deep water species , and no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from central california to magdalena bay , mexico and in the northern and central eastern part of the gulf of california ( cooper and chapleau , 1998 ) .
no population information is available for this species . it is relatively common in california , usa and rare in the gulf of california .
this species lives in offshore areas over soft sand and sandy mud substrates to depths of 237m ( galván - magaña et al . 2000 ) .
there are no major threats known for this species . it is sometimes caught as bycatch in shrimp and other trawling activities .
there are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .
van der heiden , lea , b . & findley , l . 2010 .
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greek , pleura = side , ribe greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 9 - 200 m ( ref . 9331 ) . subtropical ; - 25°n
eastern pacific : point reyes in central california , usa to southern baja california , mexico ; isolated population in northern the gulf of california .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 37 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 )
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
) : 9 . 7 - 18 . 5 , mean 15 . 5 ( based on 20 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00571 - 0 . 01597 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 32 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 42 of 100 ) .
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warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
vidal - dorsch de 1 , bay sm , ribecco c , sprague lj , angert m , ludka c , ricciardelli e , carnevali o , greenstein dj , schlenk d , kelley km , reyes ja , snyder s , vanderford b , wiborg lc , petschauer d , sasik r , baker m , hardiman g .
southern california coastal water research project , costa mesa , ca , usa . dorisv @ urltoken
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
crago j 1 , xu eg 2 , kupsco a 3 , jia f 3 , mehinto ac 4 , lao w 4 , maruya ka 4 , gan j 3 , schlenk d 3 .
school of freshwater sciences , university of wisconsin , milwaukee , milwaukee , wi 53204 , usa .
department of environment sciences , university of california , riverside , ca 92521 , usa . electronic address : genboxu @ ucr . edu .
department of environment sciences , university of california , riverside , ca 92521 , usa .
southern california coastal water research project authority , 3535 harbor blvd , costa mesa , ca 92626 , usa .
pmid : 27049791 pmcid : pmc4879599 doi : 10 . 1016 / j . envpol . 2016 . 03 . 060
palos verdes superfund site and ddts concentrations . site 8c sediment location as well as fish sampling locations , zones 1 - 3 , from are labeled . modified from figure 4 - 1 in epa ( 2009 ) .
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copyright : © 2013 baker et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was supported in part by a contract from the sccwrp and usc sea grant program ( noaa grant # na06oar4170012 , cfda no . 11 . 417 , project ce - 17 ) . the authors also wish to acknowledge partial financial support and assistance from the los angeles sanitation districts , orange county sanitation district , city of san diego public utilities department , wastewater branch , environmental monitoring and technical services division and the city of los angeles , environmental monitoring division . gh gratefully acknowledge support from nih grants dk063491 , ca023100 and dk080506 and uc senate grant rk126h - hardiman . c . ribecco and a . martella were recipients of training grants from ‘the campus world program’ . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .


the ball 's blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is endemic to south africa .

the wingspan is 32 – 34 mm for males and 34 – 36 mm for females .

the larvae feed on selago divaricata .

they burrow into the immature flower-buds of their host plant and consume the interior .

lepidochrysops balli

the ball ' s blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family . it is endemic to south africa . the wingspan is 32–34 mm for males and . . .
facts summary : lepidochrysops is a genus of insects of concern and found in the following area ( s ) : lesotho , south africa .
wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
lepidochrysops
.
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - lepidochrysops spp . facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
libert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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the ball ' s blue is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family . it is endemic to south africa . the wingspan is 32–34 mm for males and 34–36 mm for females . adults are on the wing from late november to february .
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creatures with albinism and leucism are beautiful and rare animals . they have all the characteristics of others of their species except they are white in color . the lack of melanin generally results in the animal looking bleached all over , appearing white or pink . it happens in many animals ranging from squirrels to whitetail deer . here are ten incredible and rare , white - colored creatures that you ' ll probably never see in real life .
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an extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .
ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
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