sanfilippodytes bertae , or bert 's predaceous diving beetle , is listed as an endangered species of beetle currently residing in southern alberta , canada , and is protected under the federal species at risk act .

it has no current subspecies .

the species belongs to the taxonomy of arthropods , kingdom animalia , class insecta , order coleoptera , superfamily dytiscoidea and family dytiscidae .

sanfilippodytes bertae

recovery strategy for the bert’s predaceous diving beetle ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) in canada .
figure 4 . global geographic locations of sanfilippodytes bertae ( map courtesy of ottomm education ) .
figure 5 . geographic locations of sanfilippodytes bertae captures in southern alberta , canada ( map courtesy of ottomm education ) .
également disponible en français sous le titre évaluation et rapport de situation du cosepac sur l’hydropore de bertha ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) au canada .
recovery strategy for the bert’s predaceous diving beetle ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) in canada . : en3 - 4 / 251 - 2017e - pdf - government of canada publications - urltoken
recovery strategy for the bert ' s predaceous diving beetle ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) in canada
( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) ( pdf format , 592 . 63 kb )
issued also in french under title : programme de rétablissement de l’hydropore de bertha ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) au canada . cover title . includes bibliographical references ( p . 18 - 19 ) .
cosewic . 2009 . cosewic assessment and status report on the bert’s predaceous diving beetle sanfilippodytes bertae in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . vii + 27 pp .
recovery strategy for the bert ' s predaceous diving beetle ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) in canada [ proposed ]
( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) ( pdf format , 588 . 79 kb )
figure 3 . sanfilippodytes , s . pacificus –group and s . vilis –group ( in part ) . male aedeagus
cosewic . 2009 . cosewic assessment and status report on the berts predaceous diving beetle sanfilippodytes bertae in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . vii + 27 pp . online . available : urltoken
figure 1 . sanfilippodytes bertae specimen showing dorsal features collected near fort macleod , ab from j . b . wallis entomology collection at the university of manitoba , winnipeg , manitoba , canada . ( photo courtesy of r . e . roughley , university of manitoba . )
figure 2 . sanfilippodytes bertae specimen showing dorsal features collected near fort macleod , ab from j . b . wallis entomology collection at the university of manitoba , winnipeg , manitoba , canada . ( photo courtesy of r . e . roughley , university of manitoba . )
sanfilippodytes bertae is currently not globally or regionally listed . the new locality for bert’s predaceous diving beetle is immediately south of head–smashed–in buffalo jump , a unesco world heritage site . almost certainly this locality shares the groundwater system with the unesco site but there is no specific protection .
figure 3 . sanfilippodytes , s . pacificus –group and s . vilis –group ( in part ) . male aedeagus . sets of three consecutive letters indicate dorsal , ventral and lateral views . for s . bertae , g = dorsal , h = ventral and i = lateral .
production note : cosewic acknowledges the late dr . robert e . roughley and also jennie a . knopp for writing the status report on bert’s predaceous diving beetle , sanfilippodytes bertae , prepared under contract with environment canada . this report was overseen and edited by paul catling , co–chair , cosewic arthropods specialist subcommittee .
all beetles undergo complete and radical metamorphosis with four discrete and distinctive stages – egg , larval , pupal and adult stages . based on what is known about the biology of other species of predaceous diving beetles ( larson et al . 2000 ) , the egg , larval and adult stages are aquatic and are found in the hydrosphere . the pupal stage occurs in a nearby terrestrial , and dry , part of the habitat . there have been no life history studies published concerning s . bertae ( roughley and larson 2000 ) or any other species within the genus sanfilippodytes ( franciscolo 1979 , larson 2000 ) .
in addition to the search effort described under “population sizes and trends – search effort” as part of this report , there has been extensive survey of museum collections and field work in the prairie provinces in connection with the national research council of canada monograph on the diving beetles of canada ( larson et al . 2000 ) of which the report writer is a co–author . specifically this work involved in all collections with substantial holdings of canadian material including 42 collections ( listed by larson et al . 2000 , p . xiii ) . many species equally small and equally inconspicuous as s . bertae are included in this monograph , and they are widespread with extensive distributions and often less specific habitat requirements . field work by entomologists studying springs has been extensive involving the visitation of many hundreds of sites in the prairie region alone , and although not all of the habitat of s . bertae has been surveyed , enough has been surveyed to allow some reliable conclusions to be drawn . consequently information on the distribution , status and habitat of s . bertae in canada presented here is considered reliable .
figure 14 . south bank of the oldman river immediately east of the highway 2 bridge ( in background ) , west of fort macleod ( facing west ) . note massive snow plow scoop wedged into the bank . the spring and seep habitat required by s . bertae is so small that such anthropogenic disturbances could completely destroy the habitat . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )
figure 15 . south bank of the oldman river , immediately east of the highway 811 bridge ( in background ) , east side of the town of fort macleod ( facing southwest ) . note manmade mesh bank armouring , likely to protect the bank from natural erosion forces . the spring and seep habitat required by s . bertae is so small that such anthropogenic disturbances could completely destroy the habitat . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )
there is no evidence of the length of time required for the larvae to develop , pupate and emerge as adults , other than the observation of timing of collection of adults . there is also no evidence to suggest that the life cycle of s . bertae is anything but annual and likely involves spring breeding and oviposition with larval development during the summer , followed by a brief terrestrial pupation . the overwintering stage is the adult . bert’s predaceous diving beetles require springs and seepage areas with the appropriate fine–grained substrate of sand and other fine particulates ; and undisturbed areas with mosses over fine particulate soil ( necessary for pupation ) .
dispersal overland or by means of flight is highly unlikely because finding the appropriate habitat by this means is problematic because it is so small and fragmented . dispersal presumably does occur but unlike most insects which use their wings for dispersal , this species probably seldom flies . during routine dissection of male genitalia , presence of flight wings was noted for all specimens examined . despite this observation , no flight records exist for any member of this genus , including s . bertae ( based on decades of research on this group by the report writers ) . it is probable that local , regional dispersal occurs via movement within the hydrosphere to appropriate surface openings .
the adult appearance is typical of the genus except elytral markings . adult specimens are less than 3 mm in length , rather broadly oval in shape ( length : width = 1 . 84 to 1 . 94 ) . the head and pronotum are dark brown and the elytra are yellowish brown without yellowish spots or markings ( figures 1 and 2 ) . larvae of this species are not known ; however , larvae belonging to the genus sanfilippodytes are characterized in larson et al . ( 2000 , p . 857– as instar ii and iii larvae ) . as with all dytiscids there would be 3 instars of larvae with the first stage ( instar i ) being smaller in size and qualitatively distinct from later instar larvae .
in addition to searches of museum collections ( see under “distribution” ) , recent field work has also been carried out . efforts to find s . bertae were conducted in the areas surrounding the collection of the original type specimens near the highway 2 crossing of the oldman river in southern alberta . this field work was intended to : a ) determine population sizes ; b ) confirm extreme rarity ; c ) gather information on threats ; and d ) acquire biological information relevant to assessment . extensive spring , summer and fall sampling efforts over a period of 18 days ( approx . 180 hours ) resulted in only two specimens being recovered from a new location near head–smashed–in buffalo jump .
earlier–collected specimens ( 1984 ) were obtained along the steep , high river banks of the oldman river near the highway 2 crossing ( figure 5 ) . this corresponds to latitude ~ 49°43′32″ n 113°23′51″ w . the river and its banks lie under the jurisdiction of the provincial and federal governments . land north of the crossing is privately owned . the land immediately southwest of the crossing is the oldman river recreation area open for camping and picnics and it is under provincial legislation . the land southeast of the crossing appeared to be private lands and a privately owned campground . maps show the area to be river valley wilderness park , under provincial jurisdiction . currently there is no protection in this area of previous historical records for s . bertae .
the historical distribution of s . bertae ( figure 5 ) includes two and possibly three localities . these are : 1 ) the northwest bank of the oldman river immediately upstream of the highway 2 crossing west of fort macleod , alberta ; 2 ) fort macleod ; and 3 ) the newly discovered locality near head–smashed–in buffalo jump . localities # 1 and 2 may represent the same locality and therefore the same population ; however , this remains unclear . the only record since 1984 and the only extant population is location a . substantial search effort in 2007 failed to reveal additional localities ( see under population sizes and trends – search effort ) , nor was the fort macleod locality ( or localities ) rediscovered and they are thought to be destroyed .
in addition to the anthropogenic forces affecting the habitats of bert’s predaceous diving beetle , the required habitat is inherently sensitive due to its rare and fragile state . the oldman river watershed lies within the parkland natural ecozone which stretches across the bottom of alberta , saskatchewan and manitoba . it is the most heavily altered ecosystem within alberta and only 3 % of the natural environment is believed to remain within this parkland ecozone which runs along the bottom of alberta , saskatchewan and manitoba ( environment canada 1996 ) . schindler and donahue ( 2006 ) warn of the coming drought that alberta will face in the next few decades as a result of human pressures on the system , natural environmental fluctuations and climate change , but there remains some debate on how serious this is likely to be . they also report that summer flows in the rivers of alberta have declined in the last 100 years , with the watersheds in central and southern alberta demonstrating the most dramatic declines . fluctuating water levels could influence the availability of habitat sites for s . bertae .
a small green , thin–meshed dip net ( similar to the ones used in home fish aquariums ) was gently rubbed along the moss and algae or vegetation found along the springs / seeps or wetted areas in a sweeping motion with several passes to ensure the entire microhabitat was sampled . the contents of the net were then placed into the top of three circular metal sieves of decreasing mesh size ( 50 , 100 and 250 µm ) and left in the sun . this forces aquatic organisms to move out of the heat at the top of the sieves into the very bottom layer where they are then separated from the detritus , vegetation and debris . insects small enough to fit through the last sieve size ( including specimens of s . bertae ) were suctioned by mouth into an aspirator . the other layers of the sieve were searched visually for any invertebrates , which were removed by aspiration into a small vial . all insect and invertebrate specimens collected were immediately preserved in 95 % ethanol and shipped to the university of manitoba for expert identification by dr . r . e . roughley . the specimens are now housed in the j . b . wallis museum at the university of manitoba .
cosewic status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk . this report may be cited as follows :
cosewic secretariat c / o canadian wildlife service environment canada ottawa , on k1a 0h3 tel . : 819–953–3215 fax : 819–994–3684 e–mail website
cover illustration / photo : bert’s predaceous diving beetle - - photo provided by author .
© her majesty the queen in right of canada , 2010 . catalogue cw69–14 / 584–2010e– pdf isbn 978–1–100–14979–0
reason for designation despite extensive searches , this canadian endemic species is known from only two locations in southern alberta , one of which has been destroyed . it is limited to springs and seepage areas along steep cliff edges or river bends . its habitat is declining due to trampling by livestock and lowering of the water table due to withdrawals for irrigation .
the historical distribution of bert’s predaceous diving beetle includes 2 and possibly 3 localities : 1 ) the northwest bank of the oldman river immediately upstream of the highway 2 crossing west of fort macleod , alberta ; 2 ) fort macleod itself ; and 3 ) the newly discovered locality near head–smashed–in buffalo jump . localities # 1 and 2 may represent the same locality and therefore the same population ; however , this remains unclear . the only record since 1984 and the only extant population is location 3 .
the life history characteristics of bert’s predaceous diving beetle remain a mystery . all predaceous water beetle larvae and adults are predaceous , principally eating invertebrates , probably enchytraeid worms and aquatic larvae of flies ( diptera ) . there is no evidence to suggest that the life cycle is anything but annual and likely involves vernal breeding and oviposition with larval development during the summer , followed by a brief terrestrial pupation . the over–wintering stage is the adult . dispersal is probably minimal ( despite presence of fully formed flight wings ) .
extensive spring , summer and fall sampling efforts over a period of 18 days ( approx . 180 hours ) in 2008 resulted in only two specimens being recovered from a new location near head–smashed–in buffalo jump . examination of specimens in 42 collections and extensive field work prior to this had revealed only 2 localities .
only 42 specimens of this species were known previously ( collected in 1984 ) from potentially two locales near fort macleod . these specimens provided the material for the original description of the species . during the course of field research , no further specimens were collected at the type locality , near fort macleod , alberta despite repeated intensive search efforts in and around the fort macleod area to locate this habitat . however , two additional specimens were collected at another locale near head–smashed–in buffalo jump ( the oasis ) . the population size of bert’s predaceous diving beetle is unknown , but as with most species , a minimum population of several hundred individuals would likely be required to sustain a viable population . the data at hand is insufficient to speculate about fluctuation of these populations .
bert’s predaceous diving beetle is currently not globally or regionally listed . a new locality for bert’s predaceous diving beetle is immediately south of head–smashed–in buffalo jump , a unesco world heritage site . almost certainly this locality shares the groundwater system with the unesco site .
the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) was created in 1977 as a result of a recommendation at the federal–provincial wildlife conference held in 1976 . it arose from the need for a single , official , scientifically sound , national listing of wildlife species at risk . in 1978 , cosewic designated its first species and produced its first list of canadian species at risk . species designated at meetings of the full committee are added to the list . on june 5 , 2003 , the species at risk act ( sara ) was proclaimed . sara establishes cosewic as an advisory body ensuring that species will continue to be assessed under a rigorous and independent scientific process .
the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) assesses the national status of wild species , subspecies , varieties , or other designatable units that are considered to be at risk in canada . designations are made on native species for the following taxonomic groups : mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , fishes , arthropods , molluscs , vascular plants , mosses , and lichens .
cosewic comprises members from each provincial and territorial government wildlife agency , four federal entities ( canadian wildlife service , parks canada agency , department of fisheries and oceans , and the federal biodiversity information partnership , chaired by the canadian museum of nature ) , three non–government science members and the co–chairs of the species specialist subcommittees and the aboriginal traditional knowledge subcommittee . the committee meets to consider status reports on candidate species .
a species , subspecies , variety , or geographically or genetically distinct population of animal , plant or other organism , other than a bacterium or virus , that is wild by nature and is either native to canada or has extended its range into canada without human intervention and has been present in canada for at least 50 years .
a wildlife species no longer existing in the wild in canada , but occurring elsewhere .
a wildlife species that may become a threatened or an endangered species because of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats .
a wildlife species that has been evaluated and found to be not at risk of extinction given the current circumstances .
a category that applies when the available information is insufficient ( a ) to resolve a species’ eligibility for assessment or ( b ) to permit an assessment of the species’ risk of extinction .
* formerly described as “vulnerable” from 1990 to 1999 , or “rare” prior to 1990 . * * formerly described as “not in any category” , or “no designation required . ” * * * formerly described as “indeterminate” from 1994 to 1999 or “ isibd ” ( insufficient scientific information on which to base a designation ) prior to 1994 . definition of the ( dd ) category revised in 2006 .
the canadian wildlife service , environment canada , provides full administrative and financial support to the cosewic secretariat .
holotype . male , in cnc . ft . macleod , alberta . 31 iii 1984 , lot 1 , b . f . and j . l . carr .
paratypes . 28 specimens from same locality and collector ( 16 . iii . 1980 , 31 . iii . 1984 , 5 . v . 1984 ) and 12 specimens labelled alta , old man r . , ft . macleod , may 5 , 1984 , carr and larson , deposited in various museums ( rom , cmn , univ . man . ) .
length = 2 . 3 to 2 . 8 mm ; width = 1 . 2 to 1 . 5 mm ; length : width = 1 . 84 to 1 . 94 . body form oval , depressed , widest anterior to middle and relatively evenly rounded laterally .
colour yellowish brown , with lighter elytra contrasting with brownish red head and pronotum . head dorsally reddish yellow except anterior margin paler , yellow ; head ventrally with gula yellowish and genae darker , yellowish red to brown . antenna yellow to yellowish red ; palpi yellow . pronotum with medial area on disc dark brown to piceous with very broadly lighter , reddish to yellowish margins ; elytron yellow to yellowish red , some specimens gradually darkening medially to very light brown ; epipleuron yellow to yellowish red . ventral surface largely brown , except pronotum laterally , metasternum medially , posterior margin of metacoxal plates and abdominal sterna laterally , yellowish . legs yellowish .
head with very small , moderately sparse and evenly spaced punctures . pronotum with disc with small punctures medially ( much larger than those on head ) , punctures somewhat larger and more dense toward margins , posterior margin with many punctures in subconfluent row , punctures dense on posterolateral angle . elytron with punctures small , fine and not particularly dense , punctation dual with micropunctures obscured by microsculpture ; epipleuron impunctate or with a few , scattered shallow punctures . metasternum laterally with small , dense , subconfluent punctures , metacoxal plate with punctures very small and sparse on disc , punctures separated by 4 to 5 times their diameter , anterolaterally with punctures obscured by shallow , oblique impressions . abdominal sterna laterally with fine , quite sparse punctures ; sternum 6 with punctures very small and fine and quite sparse . microreticulation evident over entire dorsal and ventral surface .
pronotal bead narrower , not as wide as a median antennomere . pronotum with posterolateral angle obtuse ; basal margin sinuate on each side of basomedial lobe . elytron with lateral margin gently curving upward in lateral aspect , epipleuron visible almost to shoulder . prosternum without a medial convexity anterior to base of process ; process with declivity poorly developed , file obsolete , prominence low and inconspicuous , blade relatively narrow and elongate , much longer than wide , with lateral margins broadly inflated and broadly excavated medially , medial convexity absent or low and rounded and visible only in apical ¼ ; apex broadly rounded . metacoxal lines widely separated anterior to metacoxal processes , metacoxal lines almost parallel and diverging only slightly proximally . metatrochanter relatively large , length of metafemur : length of metatrochanter less than 1 . 80 .
sternum 6 not dimorphic apically , with apex evenly rounded . males and females very similar ; males with protarsomeres 1 to 3 slightly expanded and with larger scales on ventral surface . aedeagus ( figure 3 ) , in ventral aspect , abruptly widened distally to form apical blade , with a small , shallow , u–shaped notch , in lateral aspect , the form is thick with the apical blade poorly differentiated , in dorsal aspect , with low but distinct dorsal flanges and wide , broad apical lobes ( roughley and larson 1991 ) .
there are no subspecies of bert’s predaceous diving beetle nor is there noticeable variation among the available specimens and the entire taxon is confined to a very small geographic location . there is thus a single designatable unit .
the historical distribution of bert’s predaceous diving beetle is one or two point source sampling locations along the north banks of the oldman river at the crossing of hwy 2 , east of fort macleod in southern alberta . the species is only known from this locale and now the recently discovered locale at the oasis ( figure 5 ) . the global range is thus confined to a small portion of canada .
although it is possible that the distribution is more widespread throughout the northwestern great plains and rocky mountain foothills , the species is very rare and evidently geographically restricted , and substantial increases in area of occupancy at least are not anticipated . the extent of occurrence is 2
is limited to springs and seepage areas and the mainstem or tributaries of the oldman river in southern alberta . with respect to locality # 1 , a key element is that the springs and seepage areas flowed out of the near–vertical river banks at about the level of the high water ( vernal flood ) mark . field surveys of springs and seeps in the region surrounding the first sampling locale recovered one specimen from the output point source of a spring which was the headwater of a tributary to the oldman river , near head–smashed–in buffalo jump ( locality 3 , the “oasis” ) . the oasis , is not associated with a major river course but does represent spring and seep habitat in the area . the habitat at this spring was characterized by a faint trickle of water exiting a crevice approximately half–way down a rocky cliff (
. the crevice where the spring exited the rock contained wet mosses and algae . the spring drained into a narrow lush channel which contained a ground of saturated soil and grasses , a small near–stagnant channel and trees . this area was aptly nicknamed “the oasis” by the researchers (
) . no other habitat like it was found in the area . the path of the outflow of the oasis could not be followed to its termination , but it would appear from aerial photos that it does not connect as tributary to the oldman river . currently small remnants of the above–described spring and seep habitat exist in southern alberta . further field studies are required to determine the full habitat requirements of
figure 6 . current location of captures near head–smashed–in buffalo jump , alberta ( facing west ) . detail of the spring habitat contained within the oasis area , observed in front of dr . r . e . roughley . note lush moss vegetation along outlet of spring . the oasis area contained a lot of waste refuse likely blown into the crevice from the high winds observed in the area . ( photo courtesy of jennie kno pp . )
figure 7 . the “oasis” , an area that drops below the normal landscape of smooth hills , high winds and low vegetation by approximately 5–8 m ( facing east , hwy 785 is to the north ) . a spring , which exited a crevice in the rock near the beginning of the dip into the oasis , contained wet mosses and algae . the spring drained into a narrow lush channel which contained a ground of saturated soil and grasses , a small near–stagnant channel and trees . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )
figure 8 . the “oasis” view from bottom of the cliff area , facing the location of the spring ( facing west ) . the spring drains into this narrow lush channel which contained a ground of saturated soil and grasses , a small near–stagnant channel , trees and shrubs . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )
the only historical habitats for this species near fort macleod appear to have been eliminated , perhaps due to a recent bridge upgrade at the hwy 2 crossing of the oldman river . currently bert’s predaceous diving beetle occurs only within the most highly altered landscape in alberta . in this area cattle have congregated , in moist areas of springs , probably much more so than native ungulates ever did ( e . g . lockwood and debrey 1990 ) . the result is extensive fouling and trampling of spring habitat , and this has continued up to the present and the number of undisturbed springs has continuously declined ( roughly and larson 1991 , p . 137 ) .
site . although this area is not currently under major development , there is no specific protection of the habitat .
the life history characteristics of bert’s predaceous diving beetle remain unknown . presently there are 24 described species assigned to this exclusively nearctic genus ( nilsson 2001 ) . some aspects of the life history of this species can be assembled as a testable hypothesis that provides a basis for present and future observations . the species assigned to this genus live in a limited variety of habitats–from caves and winter–early spring rain pools to springs and seeps .
in terms of life history pattern , and based on collecting effort , this species appears to fall into one of five quite different categories of life history of temperate species outlined by nilsson et al . ( 1986 ) . based on the dates of collection , this is likely a species with one generation per year that breeds in the spring , uses a good portion of the summer for larval development and overwinters in the adult stage .
all predaceous water beetle larvae and adult forms are predaceous , principally eating invertebrates , probably enchytraeid worms and aquatic larvae of flies ( diptera ) ( larson et al . 2000 ) .
adults of this genus are collected from the interstitial spaces among sand , small stones , moss , and bits of other plant debris at springs and seeps within the larger habitat of short–grass prairie or arid grassland . the clean water provided from groundwater sources appears to be a requirement of this species ( larson et al . 2000 ) .
the extent to which bert’s predaceous diving beetle could adapt to changing conditions is unclear but the habitat specificity suggests little adaptability .
several people of the peigan first nations reserve were questioned as to the presence of the beetle ; however , no one had seen such an organism . they did refer us to spring or seep sites in the area said to be located on the hills behind the town of spring point , at the intersection of spring point r and hwy 785 . despite extensive searching , these spring locations could not be located and are presumed to exist only for a short period early in the season .
any wet areas , including stream and pond edges were sampled even if springs and seeps were not present . sampling of these habitats occurred for two reasons : 1 ) there was very little water , including springs and seeps , in the entire area searched so any wet habitats found were sampled , and 2 ) the life history of the species is unknown therefore all aquatic habitats were searched for its presence .
only 42 specimens of this species were known previously ( collected in 1984 ) and only 2 additional specimens were collected recently . population size is unknown , but as with most similar species , a minimum population of several hundred individuals would likely be required to sustain a viable population .
the data at hand is insufficient to speculate about fluctuation . there appears to have been a decline from 3 or 2 to 1 population since the populations at fort macleod could not be relocated .
because the species is apparently endemic to canada , rescue from outside cannot be anticipated .
bert’s predaceous diving beetle has only been found in springs that have not or are little impacted by cattle ( roughley and larson 1991 ) . these species are rare compared to relatives of higher elevation that occupy pristine alpine springs .
appears to require a very specific habitat within springs and seepages in an undisturbed area with mosses over fine particulate soil ( necessary for pupation ) and the appropriate fine–grained substrate of sand and other fine particulates . major threats to the habitat of this species are limited water availability (
, roughley and larson 1991 ) due to aggregation of livestock at these fragile habitats . trampling from livestock hooves ( and ranch vehicles ) damages the outlets of springs and seepages often creating muddy conditions or simply destroying the habitat of
bert’s predaceous diving beetle populations are believed to be reproductively isolated . this is thought to be true because of the size of the beetle and the distances it would have to travel in an extremely windy climate to locate rare pockets of microhabitats which could only potentially result in finding another population . a new locality for bert’s predaceous diving beetle immediately south of head–smashed–in buffalo jump represents only approximately 2 . 0 m² of suitable habitat . the connectivity of groundwater tables and the potential to locate other populations through this means is unknown .
other serious threats to these fragile point sources of habitat are lowering water levels and less water availability in the oldman river basin . this situation is aggravated by groundwater withdrawals ; ranching practices ; feedlots ; high water withdrawals and demands for agricultural irrigation ; increasing water demands resulting from a booming economy and subsequent rapid growth . impoundments which would drown the habitat as well as municipal and industrial development including oil and gas , also represent threats to the sensitive spring habitat . “there are almost 10 , 000 oil and gas wells in the oldman river basin , almost 600 confined livestock feeding operations [ feedlots ] , about 50 recreational site developments and 85 wastewater treatment facilities” ( oldman river basin water quality initiative 2008 ) .
figure 9 . map of mean annual natural river discharge for major rivers in alberta , canada . ( courtesy of alberta environment 2008 . )
figure 10 . current location of captures in the oasis near head–smashed–in buffalo jump , alberta ( top of the oasis cliff , facing west ) . this particular spring runs out of the grassy land above the depression which leads into the oasis . notice the cattle trampling and farm vehicle tracks throughout the spring outflow habitat .
figure 11 . cattle droppings within the oasis habitat . these droppings could result in contamination of the water quality in the surrounding aquatic habitat . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )
impoundments along the oldman river would drown the spring or seep habitat or result in lowered water levels along the course of the river . impoundments are present in great numbers along the oldman river to divert water for crop irrigation (
) , for the oil and gas industry as well as for human recreation creating a manmade lake for sailing and windsurfing at the oldman river resevoir . crop irrigation and feedlot demands are the second largest use of water in alberta . in 1989
being for irrigation . in 1989 , 93 % of the water used for irrigation in alberta came from the bow and the oldman river systems ( alberta environment 2008 ) . commercial and urban development is inevitable in a growing economy that results from an increase in human population in the province ( schindler and donahue 2006 ) .
figure 12 . irrigation channel north of head–smashed–in buffalo jump ( near twp 102 , facing south ) , used to divert water from nearby watercourses for use in agricultural irrigation . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )
figure 13 . irrigation equipment north of head–smashed–in buffalo jump ( near twp 104 , facing south ) . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )
) and the effects of climate change pose serious concerns of lowering groundwater tables and in turn the existence of the springs and see pages required by bert’s predaceous diving beetle .
[ observed , estimated , inferred , or suspected ] percent [ reduction or increase ] in total number of mature individuals over the last [ 10 or 5 years , or 3 or 2 generations ] .
[ projected or suspected ] percent [ reduction or increase ] in total number of mature individuals over the next [ 10 or 5 years , or 3 or 2 generations ] .
[ observed , estimated , inferred , or suspected ] percent [ reduction or increase ] in total number of mature individuals over any [ 10 or 5 years , or 3 or 2 generations ] period , over a time period including both the past and the future .
trend in [ area and / or quality ] of habitat both general habitat type and specific occupied habitat have declined .
the most serious threats to the single known site and to these fragile point sources of habitat in general are lowering water levels in the oldman river basin and aggregation of livestock . other potential threats along the oldman river basin ( along with the associated coulees , springs and seeps ) include : groundwater withdrawals ; ranching practices ; feedlots ; high water withdrawals and demands for agricultural irrigation ; increasing water demands resulting from a booming economy and subsequent rapid growth ; impoundments which would drown the habitat ; municipal and industrial development including oil and gas ; increasing demands for water for use in industry and domestic use ; human recreation , reproductive isolation ; drought ; and ; climate change .
reasons for designation : despite extensive searches , this canadian endemic species is known from only two locations in southern alberta , one of which has been destroyed . it is limited to springs and seepage areas along steep cliff edges or river bends . its habitat is declining due to trampling by livestock and lowering of the water table due to withdrawals for irrigation .
criterion a ( decline in total number of mature individuals ) : not applicable . no population information .
criterion b ( small distribution range and decline or fluctuation ) : meets endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) . eo and iao are below thresholds , the species is known from a single location , and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the species’ habitat .
criterion c ( small and declining number of mature individuals ) : not applicable . no population information .
criterion d ( very small population or restricted distribution ) : meets threatened d2 as it is known from a single location , and is prone to stochastic events with continuing threat of trampling and water withdrawal .
this species is named in honour of mrs . bertha ( bert ) f . carr of calgary who helped collect the type series . bert , along with her husband , john , has been a tremendous source of specimens , information and inspiration for this project .
bergsten , j . a . töyrä , and a . n . nilsson . 2001 . intraspecific variation and intersexual correlation in secondary sexual characteristics of three diving beetles ( coleoptera : dytiscidae ) . biological journal of the linnean society . 73 ( 2 ) : pp . 221–232 .
danks , h . v . and d . d . williams . 1991 . arthropods of springs , with particular reference to canada : synthesis and needs for research . memoirs of the entomological society of canada .
environment canada . 1996 . state of canada ' s environment . government of canada , ottawa .
larson , d . j . , y . alarie , and r . e . roughley . 2000 . predaceous diving beetles ( coleoptera : dytiscidae ) of the nearctic region , with emphasis on the fauna of canada and alaska . nrc research press , ottawa .
lockwood and debrey , 1990 j . a . lockwood and l . d . debrey , a solution for the sudden and unexplained extinction of the rocky mountain grasshopper ( orthoptera : acrididae ) , environ . entomol . 19 ( 1990 ) , pp . 1194–1205 .
nilsson , a . n . 2001 . dytiscidae . world catalogue of insects , 3 , 1–395 .
nilsson , a . n . and h . söderberg . 1986 . abundance and species richness patterns of diving beetles ( coleoptera , dytiscidae ) from exposed and protected sites in 98 northern swedish lakes . hydrobiologia . 321 ( 1 ) : pp . 83–88 .
oldman river basin water quality initiative . 2008 . oldman river basin water quality initiative .
roughley , r . e . and d . j . larson . 1991 . aquatic coleoptera of springs in canada . memoirs of the entomological society of canada . 155 : 125–140 .
schindler , d . w . and w . f . donahue . 2006 . an impending water crisis in canada’s western prairie provinces . proceedings of the national academy of science . 103 ( 19 ) : pp . 710–7216 .
the late dr . robert e . roughley was a professor of entomology at the university of manitoba . he studied the taxonomy and ecology of water beetles in canada , australia and costa rica for more than 25 years . he obtained his ph . d . from the university of alberta with a world revision of the genus dytiscus ( coleoptera , dytiscidae ) in 1982 . in addition , he conducted research on conservation and management of tallgrass and mixed grass prairie using invertebrate groups . he was also the curator of the j . b . wallis museum of entomology , department of entomology , university of manitoba , winnipeg , manitoba r3t 2n2 .
jennie a . knopp has a b . sc . in zoology with a minor in entomology from the university of guelph in ontario . jennie has been a professional aquatic biologist for the past 5 years . she has worked on aquatic organisms , including aquatic insects , in nunavut , northwest territories , ontario and alberta . jennie is currently completing her m . sc . degree on integrating scientific and traditional knowledge in northern aquatic ecosystems , at trent university in ontario .
rob and jennie have worked together previously when they taught the 2006 boreal and arctic entomology course , along with dr . peter kevan , in churchill manitoba . the course was offered through the university of the arctic .
the only known record of the species was collected in 1984 and all specimens are presently housed at the j . b . wallis museum at the university of manitoba . specimens will be more widely distributed to other collections and museums in the future . robert e . roughley was the curator of the museum . the research of the senior report writer has included the examination of 42 collections ( listed by larson et al . 2000 , p . xiii ) .
the minister of the environment and climate change is the competent minister under sara for the bert’s predaceous diving beetle and has prepared this recovery strategy , as per section 37 of sara . to the extent possible , it has been prepared in cooperation with the province of alberta , as per section 39 ( 1 ) of sara .
recovery planning environment and climate change canada 15th floor , place vincent massey 351 st . joseph boulevard gatineau , qc k1a 0h3 send e - mail
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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the historical distribution of bert’s predaceous diving beetle includes 2 and possibly 3 localities : 1 ) the northwest bank of the oldman river immediately upstream of the highway 2 crossing west of fort macleod , alberta ; 2 ) fort macleod itself ; and 3 ) the newly discovered locality near head–smashed–in buffalo jump . localities 1 and 2 may represent the same locality and therefore the same population ; however , this remains unclear . the only record since 1984 and the only extant population is location 3 . ( updated 2017 / 05 / 30 )
the life history characteristics of bert’s predaceous diving beetle remain a mystery . all predaceous water beetle larvae and adults are predaceous , principally eating invertebrates , probably enchytraeid worms and aquatic larvae of flies ( diptera ) . there is no evidence to suggest that the life cycle is anything but annual and likely involves vernal breeding and oviposition with larval development during the summer , followed by a brief terrestrial pupation . the over–wintering stage is the adult . dispersal is probably minimal ( despite presence of fully formed flight wings ) . ( updated 2017 / 05 / 30 )
the bert ' s predaceous diving beetle is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .
to know if this species is protected by provincial or territorial laws , consult the provinces ' and territories ' websites .
please note : not all cosewic reports are currently available on the sara public registry . most of the reports not yet available are status reports for species assessed by cosewic prior to may 2002 . other cosewic reports not yet available may include those species assessed as extinct , data deficient or not at risk . in the meantime , they are available on request from the cosewic secretariat .
despite extensive searches , this canadian endemic species is known from only two locations in southern alberta , one of which has been destroyed . it is limited to springs and seepage areas along steep cliff edges or river bends . its habitat is declining due to trampling by livestock and lowering of the water table due to withdrawals for irrigation .
his excellency the governor general in council , on the recommendation of the minister of the environment , hereby acknowledges receipt , on the making of this order , of assessments conducted under subsection 23 ( 1 ) of the species at risk act by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada with respect to the species set out in the annexed schedule .
the purpose of the order amending schedule 1 to the species at risk act is to add 18 species to schedule 1 , the list of wildlife species at risk ( the list ) , and to reclassify 7 listed species , pursuant to subsection 27 ( 1 ) of sara . this amendment is made on the recommendation of the minister of the environment based on scientific assessments by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) and on consultations with governments , aboriginal peoples , stakeholders and the canadian public .
as part of its strategy for protecting wildlife species at risk , the government of canada proclaimed the species at risk act ( sara ) on june 5 , 2003 . attached to the act is schedule 1 , the list of the species that receive protection under sara , also called the list of wildlife species at risk . please submit your comments by february 4 , 2011 for species undergoing normal consultations and by february 4 , 2012 for species undergoing extended consultations .
environment and climate change canada’s three - year recovery document posting plan identifies the species for which recovery documents will be posted each fiscal year starting in 2014 - 2015 . posting this three year plan on the species at risk public registry is intended to provide transparency to partners , stakeholders , and the public about environment and climate change canada’s plan to develop and post these proposed recovery strategies and management plans . however , both the number of documents and the particular species that are posted in a given year may change slightly due to a variety of circumstances . last update april 18 , 2018
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barbodes is a genus of small to medium-sized cyprinid fish native to tropical asia .

the majority of the species are from southeast asia .

many species are threatened and some from the philippines ( lake lanao ) are already extinct .

several members of this genus were formerly included in puntius .

barbodes

diet and feeding ecology of two sizes of barbodes gonionotus ( = puntius gonionotus ) and oreochromis sp . in ricefields in bangladesh
barbodes : from the latin barbus , meaning ‘barbel’ , and ancient greek εἶδος ( - oides ) , meaning ‘form , likeness’ .
typical sympatric species include rasbora sarawakensis , barbodes banksi , b . sealei , hemirhamphodon pogonognathus , betta taeniata , and nemacheilus saravacensis .
diet and feeding ecology of two sizes of barbodes gonionotus ( = puntius gonionotus ) and oreochromis sp . in ricefields in bangladesh .
taxonomic notes : barbodes carnaticus was described by jerdon ( 1849 ) from bhavani river , nilgiris . the placement of this species in the genus barbodes must be examined . it is closer to puntius and needs a new generic name ( m . arunachalam pers . comm . ) .
diet and feeding ecology of two sizes of barbodes gonionotus ( = puntius gonionotus ) and oreochromis sp . in ricefields in bangladesh - aquatic commons
barbodes carnaticus is very wide and with no perceived population declines in spite of some specific threats identified . the species is therefore assessed as least concern .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . barbodes carnaticus ( jerdon , 1849 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
a species of barbodes with 28–32 lateral line scales ; 10–12 predorsal scales ; two pairs of barbels ; dorsal fin inserted slightly nearer to tip of snout than base of caudal fin , its last undivided ray osseous , strong and smooth ; ; rostral barbel black ; four or five fine and faint longitudinal stripes above lateral line .
in addition , the following characters are useful in identification of barbodes spp . : last simple dorsal - fin ray serrated posteriorly ; rostral barbels present ( except in b . aurotaeniatus ) ; maxillary barbels present ; lips smooth and thin , postlabial groove interrupted medially ; lateral line complete or not , with 22–32 scales on lateral line row on body ; ½4 / 1 / 4½ scale rows between dorsal - fin origin and ventral midline in front of pelvic - fin base ; 12 circumpeduncular scale rows ; 12–15 gill rakers on first gill arch .
barbodes carnaticus is endemic to the western ghats ( dahanukar et al . 2004 ) . known from rivers in the states of kerala , tamil nadu and karnataka including cauvery , krishna ( jayaram 1999 ) , moyar ( rajan 1963 , arunachalam et al . 2000 ) , kabini , bhavani , bharathapuzha , chalakudy , periyar , pambar , muvattupuzha , manimala , pamba , achenkovil , karamana , neyyar ( shaji and easa 2003 , chhapgar and mankadan 2000 , kurup et al . 2004 ) , chaliyar ( r . raghavan and a . ali pers . obs . ) . ooty lake ( jayaram 1999 ) . besides it has also been reported from the water bodies inside the mudumalai wildlife sanctuary ( manimekalan 1998 ) , from the drainages in the dharmapuri district of tamil nadu ( rema devi and raghunathan 1999 ) and from kolli hills of eastern ghats ( arunachalam and johnson 1998 ) . the record from tambraparini ( johnsingh and vickram 1987 ) is erroneous ( johnson and arunachalam pers . comm . ) . the report from southern kerala is also doubtful ( m . arunachalam pers . comm . ) .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
latin , barbus = barbel + greek , oides = similar to ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 31 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2929 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . fresh specimen color dark green dorsally , whitish on sides , and overcast with brassy or golden , especially on belly ; top of head and snout blackish with pearly epidermal spots also on suborbital and opercle ; fins pale or with roseate flush . 11 scales from nape to dorsal ; 2 . 5 scale rows between ventrals and lateral line . wide short snout without prominent protuberances .
herre , a . w . c . t . , 1924 . distribution of the true freshwater fishes in the philippines . i . the philippine cyprinidae . philipp . j . sci . 24 ( 3 ) : 249 - 307 . ( ref . 2929 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00431 - 0 . 02019 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 2 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2929 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . preserved color dusky above , pale yellowish on sides and belly ; colorless fins ; scales with concentric striae . eyes with gelatinous eyelid ; blunt snout round - tipped , 3 . 5 - 4x in head . 11 - 13 scales between nape and dorsal ; 3 scale rows between ventrals and lateral line .
caught among pond weeds of the shallow bays of the lake . considered a food fish in the region .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 24 of 100 ) .
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2929 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 . preserved color faded yellowish brown , darker dorsally . 9 scales between nape and dorsal ; 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 scales between ventral origin and lateral line . snout with distinct hump ; dorsal base with highly scaly sheath .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00672 - 0 . 03410 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .
and needs a new generic name ( m . arunachalam pers . comm . ) .
rema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , shrikant , j . , johnson , j . a . , rahul , k . & molur , s .
there is no information on the population of this endemic barb . reports from southern kerala ( thomas
to be a rare species . there are also reports of past decline in the catches of
( talwar and jhingran 1991 ) . a recent study from chalakudy river ( manojkumar and kurup 2010 ) indicated that the growth coefficient
prefers large pools in rivers and streams ( daniels 2002 ) , where the adults have a tendency to hide under bedrock , boulders and within caves although m . arunachalam ( pers . comm . ) indicates the species to be a ' sporty ' fish . they feed on the fruits and seeds that fall from the canopy above . the adults migrate upstream for spawning and breeds in the flood waters along rivers during the monsoons . the fry can be found in these waters during september to december ( daniels 2002 ) . the young of
are seen in groups along the banks of rivers and reservoirs , while the mature carps are rarely seen along the banks ( biju 2005 ) . longevity of the species which was estimated as 4 - 5 years ( manojkumar and kurup 2010 ) is doubtful ( m . arunachalam , r . kumar pers . comm . ) .
is a much preferred food fish and are caught from wherever they occur . they form minor fisheries in several reservoirs located in the cauvery drainage .
is threatened by a wide range of factors including decline in habitat quality due to destructive fishing practices such as poisoning and dynamiting , altered river flow due to construction of dams , competition with exotic and transplanted carps and pollution from point sources .
at key habitats need to be determined to devise appropriate conservation plans . milt cryopreservation and captive breeding protocol have been developed at nbfgr ( v . s . basheer pers . comm . ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this species can also be found in the sungai rayu river in kuching district , sarawak .
specimen from the batang kayan drainage in sarawak state , malaysia ( borneo ) .
kuchingensis : named for kuching division , sarawak state , malaysia ( borneo ) , from where the type series was collected .
described from ’18 miles east of kuching , sarawak state , borneo , east malaysia’ and apparently endemic to western borneo with a range extending into the indonesian province of west kalimantan ( kalimantan barat ) where it’s known from the kapuas river system , including the lake system of danau sentarum .
predominantly found in shallow forest streams containing clear water , sometimes in the pools that form at the base of waterfalls .
substrates may comprise smooth , water - worn rocks and boulders of varying sizes , sand or gravel , often with submerged woody structures , leaf litter , and aquatic plants from genera such as cryptocoryne or barclaya .
it’s also been recorded from ancient peat swamps and associated black water streams with tannin - stained water , negligible mineral content and ph as low as 3 . 0 or 4 . 0 .
not difficult to keep in a well - maintained set - up , though we recommend aquascaping the tank to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably - sized , water - worn rocks , sand , fine gravel and perhaps some small boulders .
this can be further furnished with driftwood roots or branches , and while the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy types such as microsorum , bolbitis or anubias spp . can be grown attached to the décor .
since it naturally occurs in relatively pristine habitats it’s intolerant to accumulation of organic pollutants and requires more - or - less spotless water in order to thrive .
though torrent - like conditions are unnecessary it also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and moderate water movement , plus weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % tank volume should be considered routine .
wild fish are probably foragers feeding on diatoms , algae , organic detritus , small insects , worms , crustaceans , and other zooplankton .
in the aquarium it’s easily - fed but the best condition and colours offer regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm , daphnia , and artemia , alongside good quality dried flakes and granules , at least some of which should include additional plant or algal content .
this species makes an ideal addition to a peaceful community of riverine fishes including other similarly - sized , peaceful cyprinids plus botiid , nemacheilid , or robust balitorid loaches .
if geography isn’t an issue it can actually be combined with most peaceful fish of a size too large to be considered food and that have a bold enough disposition to not be intimidated by its size and active nature .
as usual , thorough research is the best way to avoid problems when selecting compatible fish communities .
maintaining it in decent numbers will not only make the fish less skittish but result in a more effective , natural looking display .
in addition , any aggressive behaviour will normally be contained as the fish concentrate on maintaining their hierarchical position within the group .
adult males develop a more intense colour pattern than females and exhibit noticeable tubercules on the head when in spawning condition .
adult females tend to grow a little larger , are heavier - bodied , and less colourful .
this species is rarely - exported for the aquarium hobby but is available on occasion .
the name b . kuchingensis is frequently misapplied , however , with subadult forms of b . everetti and some populations of the geographically - variable b . lateristriga regularly traded as such .
the latter was described from java and may represent a complex containing several as yet unnamed species .
though closely - affiliated with and superficially very similar to b . lateristriga , b . kuchingensis sensu stricto can be told apart by presence of a prominent row of dark spots along the lateral line , plus a short , horizontally - orientated streak extending from the upper part of the operculum as seen in the images here .
in b . lateristriga the lateral markings usually form a solid stripe and there is no streak extending from the operculum .
this species was formerly included in the genus puntius which was for a number of years viewed as a polyphyletic catch - all containing over 100 species of small to mid - sized cyprinid until pethiyagoda et al . ( 2012 ) published a partial review covering south asian members .
the majority of sub - himalayan puntius species were reclassified and new genera dawkinsia , dravidia ( subsequently amended to haludaria ) , and pethia erected to accommodate some of them , with the remainder either retained in puntius or moved to the existing systomus assemblage , though the definition of the latter was altered meaning some southeast asian species formerly placed there could no longer be considered members .
herre , a . w . c . t . , 1940 - bulletin of the raffles museum no . 16 : 5 - 26 new species of fishes from the malay peninsula and borneo .
kottelat , m . , 2013 - the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .
kottelat , m . and e . widjanarti , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 13 : 139 - 173 the fishes of danau sentarum national park and the kapuas lakes area , kalimantan barat , indonesia .
pethiyagoda , r . , 2013 - zootaxa 3646 ( 2 ) : 199 haludaria , a replacement generic name for dravidia ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
pethiyagoda , r . , m . meegaskumbura , and k . maduwage , 2012 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 23 ( 1 ) : 69 - 95 a synopsis of the south asian fishes referred to puntius ( pisces : cyprinidae ) .
roberts , t . r . , 1989 - memoirs of the california academy of sciences 14 : i - xii + 1 - 210 the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) .
tweedie , m . w . f . , 1961 - bulletin of the raffles museum no . 26 : 178 - 182 notes on malayan fresh - water fishes . 9 . regional differentiation in the colour pattern of puntius lateristriga .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 12 . tropical ; 24°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 )
asia : myanmar ( ref . 4832 ) and from mekong of thailand through indonesia ( ref . 12693 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30857 ) ; common length : 10 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12693 )
occurs from sea level to at least 2000 m above sea level and is commonly found below waterfalls in isolated mountain streams and on small islands inhabited by few other freshwater fishes ( ref . 2091 ) . inhabits medium to large rivers , stagnant water bodies including sluggish flowing canals and brooks of the middle mekong ( ref . 12975 ) . found in middle to bottom depths in fairly shallow waters where it feeds on zooplankton , insect larvae and some vascular plants . probably does not migrate ( ref . 12693 ) .
roberts , t . r . , 1989 . the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) . mem . calif . acad . sci . 14 : 210 p . ( ref . 2091 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00530 - 0 . 01498 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 29 se ; based on food items .
asia : mekong , chao phraya and small coastal drainages of the gulf of thailand .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30857 )
distinguished from the other species of the genus in having a single pair of barbels ( maxillary ) , a complete lateral line and ( in most specimens ) four small , vertically elongated black spots on the sides ( above beginning of lateral line , below dorsal - fin origin , below posterior end of dorsal - fin base and on caudal peduncle ) and one on the back below dorsal - fin origin . the spots are more distinct in preserved specimens than in fresh ones ( ref . 27732 ) .
inhabits small flowing streams , canals , ditches and occasionally impoundments ( ref . 12693 ) . found in medium to large rivers , stagnant water bodies including sluggish flowing canals and brooks of the middle mekong ( ref . 12975 ) . occurs in running waters of the lower mekong ( ref . 36667 ) . feeds mainly on zooplankton and insect larvae . breeds during the rainy season . half - grown young are caught in march ( ref . 12693 ) .
rainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 42 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2929 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . color dark blackish brown dorsally , paler on sides , yellowish brown on belly ; fins dusky . low dorsal profile with hump behind nape . 9 scales between nape and dorsal . resembles c . katolo but with shorter pectorals and ventrals , fewer scales between dorsal and head , and different coloration .
inhabits pools in clear water streams in the forest and the foothills , usually over sandy to rocky substrate ( ref . 56749 ) .
kottelat , m . and a . j . whitten , 1996 . freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi : additions and corrections . periplus editions , hong kong . 8 p . ( ref . 13275 )
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 2009 . catalog of fishes . updated database version of 2 july 2009 . catalog databases of cas cited in fishbase ( website ) . ( ref . 81932 )
asia : endemic to lake lanao ( lumbatan and dansalan ) , lanao province , mindanao island , philippines .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 4 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 10885 )
herre , a . w . c . t . , 1953 . check list of philippine fishes . res . rep . u . s . fish wild . serv . ( 20 ) : 1 - 977 . ( ref . 280 )
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 10 . tropical ; 24°c - 30°c ( ref . 1672 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7020 )
occurs in forest streams of the foothills zones , usually in clear , slow to fast flowing waters , preferring quieter areas along the shores ; commonly found in shallow waters ( less than 5 - 15 cm ) such as puddles in the forest ( ref . 56749 ) . feeds on worms , crustaceans insects and plant matter ( ref . 7020 ) .
kottelat , m . , a . j . whitten , s . n . kartikasari and s . wirjoatmodjo , 1993 . freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus editions , hong kong . 221 p . ( ref . 7050 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 34 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
justification : harrison and stiassny ( 1999 ) consider this species to be possibly extinct . the matter has been referred to the relevant specialist group for a decision .
occurs in lake lanao . the species was described from the type and only specimen collected by herre at lumbatan , a town on the south shore of the lake ( e . capuli pers . comm . 1996 ) .
exploitation : fish is the main diet for people in the area and the human population has increased . traditional fishing methods have been superseded by the use of poison ( tigaw , labo , towa ) and dynamite , which kill almost everything ( including the fry ) .
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justification : this is a widespread species with no known major threats . it is therefore assessed as least concern .
the species has a very wide distribution in southeast asia . it is recorded in numerous river drainages from the malay peninsula ( peninsular thailand river systems ; presence in the maeklong is uncertain ( c . vidthayanon pers . comm . 2011 ) ) to indonesia ( java , sumatra ( batavia , buitenzorg , tjampea , sadingwetan , tjipanas ; roberts 1989 ) and kalimantan ( kapuas river ) ) and sarawak .
this species is locally common . the status of the population in java is unknown .
this species is found in forested submontane to hill streams and waterfalls with clear water , sandy gravel or rocky boulder bottoms ( roberts 1989 ) .
this species is popular in the aquarium trade , and is locally consumed in households .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 conservation actions : currently there is no specific action plan directed towards ambassis dussumieri . research on the population status , ecology and threats to the species is essential .
s . s . mishra , laishram kosygin , p . t . rajan and k . c . gopi , zoological survey of india in venkataraman , k . , chattopadhyay , a . and subramanian , k . a . ( editors ) . 2013 . endemic animals of india ( vertebrates ) : 1–235 + 26 plates . ( published by the director , zoological survey of india , kolkata )
potamodromous . migrating within streams , migratory in rivers , e . g . saliminus , moxostoma , labeo . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .
riede , k . 2004 global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales . final report of the r & d - projekt 808 05 081 . federal agency for nature conservation , bonn , germany . 329 p .
describes the periodic movement of organisms from one locality to another ( e . g . , for breeding ) . usually includes locality , timing , and hypothesized purpose .
60 . 0 cm ( male / unsexed ; ) ; max . published weight : 12 . 0 kg
talwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran 1991 inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . vol 1 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . 541 p .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
found in large pools and riffles of rapid rivers and streams . adults are observed to hide under bedrocks , boulders and undercuttings . feeds on allochthonous fallen leaves and seeds . does not breed in ponds but spawns in flooded rivers during monsoon months . spawns in july - august and fry are available in september to december .
summary of general nature of feeding interactions . for example , basic mode of nutrient uptake ( autotrophy , heterotrophy , coprophagy , saprophagy ) , position in food network ( top predator , primary producer , consumer ) , diet categorization ( detritovore , omnivore , carnivore , herbivore ) . specific taxa are treated under associations ( specifying predators or prey ) and associatedtaxa .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .
talwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran 1991 inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . vol 1 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . 541 p . robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott 1991 world fishes important to north americans . exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . publ . ( 21 ) : 243 p .
known or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )
a checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented , along with their scientific and common name . . .
distribution , threats and conservation status of the wayanad mahseer , < i > neolissochilus wynaadensis < / i . . .
the wayanad mahseer neolissochilus wynaadensis ( day , 1873 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish that occurs . . .
cepf western ghats special series : fishes of river bharathapuzha , kerala , india : diversity , distributi . . .
we present here a comprehensive account of the diversity , distribution , threats , and suggest conser . . .
records of the endemic and threatened catfish , < i > hemibagrus punctuates < / i > from the southern western . . .
the nilgiri mystus , hemibagrus punctatus , a rare bagrid catfish endemic to the western ghats , has b . . .
freshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape , southern western ghats , india , with notes on som . . .
a systematic , updated checklist of freshwater fish species of the west - flowing drainages of the ash . . .
cepf western ghats special series : checklist of the fishes of the achankovil forests , kerala , india wi . . .
we report the results of an ichthyofaunal inventory carried out in the achankovil reserve forest in . . .
reply to “need for further research on the freshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape : a resp . . .
the freshwater fish fauna of new amarambalam reserve forest ( narf ) in the southern western ghats ( k . . .
diversity , distribution and assemblage structure of fishes in streams of southern western ghats , india . . .
diversity , distribution and assemblage structure of fishes were studied in 10 selected streams of s . . .
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naga , the iclarm quarterly , 21 ( 3 ) , pp . 13 - 19 .
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differentiated from p . binotatus in having a dark wedge - shaped marking ( vs . a round spot ) on the sides of the body immediately below the dorsal fin . however , since there seems to be a considerable amount of variation in the markings between populations , if may also mean that banksi and binotatus represent 2 extreme color forms of a single species .
found in a variety of small streams in lowland and foothills , usually with clear water ( ref . 56749 ) .
ng , h . h . and h . h . tan , 1999 . the fishes of the endau drainage , peninsular malaysia with descriptions of two new species of catfishes ( teleostei : akysidae , bagridae ) . zool . stud . 38 ( 3 ) : 350 - 366 . ( ref . 36133 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00832 ( 0 . 00450 - 0 . 01537 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .