goniobranchus loringi is a species of colourful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .

this species was transferred from chromodoris to goniobranchus in 2012 .

goniobranchus loringi

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : goniobranchus loringi ( g . f . angas , 1864 ) - id : 5496000051
to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) ( from synonym chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) )
species chromodoris galactos rudman & s . johnson , 1985 accepted as goniobranchus galactos ( rudman & s . johnson , 1985 ) ( original combination )
chromodoris loringi from port stephens , nsw from : l . & d . atkinson , october 27 , 2005
( of chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) ) debelius , h . & kuiter , r . h . ( 2007 ) nudibranchs of the world . conchbooks , frankfurt , 360 pp . isbn : 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 page ( s ) : 159 [ details ]
( of chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 1984 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : a review of the genera . zoological journal of the linnean society . 81 ( 2 ) : 115 - 273 . page ( s ) : 135 [ details ]
( of chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 1983 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris splendida , c . aspersa and hypselodoris placida colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society . 78 : 105 - 173 . page ( s ) : 133 [ details ]
( of chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 1987 ) . the chromodorididae ( ophistobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris epicura , c . aureopurpurea , c . annulata , c . coi and risbecia tryoni colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society . 90 ( 3 ) : 305 - 407 . page ( s ) : 341 [ details ]
( of goniodoris loringi angas , 1864 ) angas , g . f . ( 1864 ) description d´espèces nouvelles appartenant à plusiurs genres de mollusques nudibranches des environs de port - jackson ( nouvelle - galles du sud ) , accompagnée de dessins faits d´après nature . journal de conchyliologie , series 3 , 12 : 43 - 70 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 52 - 53 , plate 4 , figure 11 [ details ]
t . 12 = ser . 3 : t . 4 ( 1864 ) - journal de conchyliologie . - biodiversity heritage library
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upper : solitary is . , northern new south wales , april 1987 . lower : close - up of left side of head showing yellow dendritic mantle glands . photos : bill rudman .
there are many red and orange - spotted species of chromodorid in new south wales and southeastern australia . i have discussed this example of mimicry on a separate page .
references : • rudman , w . b . ( 1983a ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris splendida , c . aspersa and hypselodoris placida colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society 78 : 105 - 173 . • rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) purpose in pattern : the evolution of colour in chromodorid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , ( t . e . thompson memorial issue ) : 5 - 21 .
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
citation : johnson rf , gosliner tm ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . urltoken
editor : jonathan h . badger , j . craig venter institute , united states of america
copyright : © 2012 johnson , gosliner . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was supported by the california academy of sciences , the university of california santa cruz - department of ecology and evolutionary biology , the national science foundation deb 9978155 and deb 0329054 to tg , and an encyclopedia of life rubenstein fellowship to rj . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
a . ‘phylogenetic scenario’ for the chromodorid genera modified from [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . b . morphological phylogeny of generic representatives for the chromodorididae [ 13 ] . c . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae from [ 27 ] . d . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae and cadlinidae from [ 28 ] . rudman ' s ‘ chromodoris group’ in red , ‘ hypselodoris group’ in blue , cadlinella in yellow , diversidoris ( not included in [ 5 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 26 ] ) , cadlina in grey and other dorids in black .
new collections ( from this contribution and [ 28 ] in blue . genbank specimens in red . size of circle represents number of specimens collected in each region . specimen details in supplementary table s1 ) .
the goals of this contribution are : ( 1 ) generate a phylogeny that tests the species level relationships of the chromodorid nudibranchs and confirms the monophyly of the chromodorididae , ( 2 ) assess the phylogenetic validity of the chromodorid genera , and ( 3 ) propose a new classification for the chromodorid nudibranchs that reflects their relationships .
in this study and a companion study [ 28 ] , thanks to targeted collecting trips , dedicated collectors and dna extracted from museum collections , we were able to include specimens from throughout the indo - pacific ( ip ) , the eastern pacific ( ep ) and west atlantic ( wa ) ( figure 2 and table s1 ) . we use the term indo - pacific to define the biogeographic region including the tropical and subtropical regions of the indian ocean ( from the red sea to the east coast of south africa ) and both the western and central pacific , but not the tropical eastern pacific [ 40 ] . museum collections are an invaluable resource for biodiversity studies [ 41 ] . we have found existing natural history collections can reduce the need for additional collecting . our study , combined with data from [ 28 ] and genbank , is unique in its wide taxonomic and geographic sampling . because we have included both the type species of every genus and additional species of all 14 of the non - monotypic genera , we can test the monophyly every genus in the family ( table s1 ) .
the majority of the specimens used in this study are part of the california academy of sciences invertebrate zoology ( casiz ) collection . we had the permission of casiz to take tissue samples from specimens for dna analysis . as stated in the casiz collections policy : ‘no specimens will be accessioned without adequate labeling , collection notes , field notes , or other locality information , nor without appropriate legal documentation ( collecting permits , export permits from country of origin , etc . ) when applicable . ’ we also included dna extracted for five specimens currently deposited in the museum national d ' histoire naturelle ( paris museum ) and the western australian museum . these tissues samples were collected during joint field trips under the agreement that the tissue could be sequenced at the california academy of sciences , while the specimens would remain at the respective museum . all other data used is from genbank or the moorea biocode database .
most of our samples were collected especially for molecular work and were preserved accordingly , either in 95 % etoh , sed buffer ( saturated nacl solution with edta and dmso ) or frozen . in addition to the specimens collected specifically for molecular study , we were also able to use museum material that was , either preserved in 70–75 % etoh or the original fixation method is unknown .
the cleaned , pcr products were copied and labeled with fluorescently dye - terminators ( big dye 3 . 1 abi ) in 10 µl reactions . each reaction contained 0 . 5–2 µl of cleaned pcr product , 1 . 63 µl of 5× reaction buffer , . 5 µl of primer ( 10 mm stock ) , 0 . 5 µl–0 . 75 µl of big dye and water to 10 µl . these reactions were run on a perkin elmer 9600 - geneamp pcr system or a biorad mycycler™ thermocycler ( software version 1 . 065 , bio - rad laboratories ) . the resulting labeled , single stranded dna was precipitated by addition of 2 . 5 µl of edta and sequential washing and pelleting in ( centrifuge details ) with 100 % and then 70 % etoh . the pelleted dna was denautured for two minutes at 94°c in 13–15 µl of hidi formamide ( applied biosystems ) . the denatured , labeled dna fragments were sequenced in both directions on the abi 3100 and 3130 genetic analyzer in the center for comparative genomics ( formerly the osher laboratory for molecular systematics ) at the california academy of sciences .
we assembled , edited and removed primer strands from forward and reverse strands for each gene fragment sequenced using sequencher ( ver . 4 . 7 . genecodes corporation ) and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) . we aligned the coi sequences by eye and translated the base pair data into amino acids to using macclade 4 . 08 [ 46 ] to confirm alignment accuracy . we aligned 16s sequences with muscle [ 47 ] . we then further optimized the alignments by eye using both macclade [ 46 ] and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) .
we tested for saturation or multiple substitutions at the same site by plotting the absolute number of transitions and transversions at each codon position ( 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ) for coi and at each base pair for 16s against both uncorrected p distance and log det using paup [ 48 ] and excel ( plots not shown ) .
sequence data for both genes was not obtained for every specimen we studied . we worked with two main data sets , because we wanted to test the effect of missing data on the resulting phylogeny : the two data sets were : 1 ) combined 16s and coi for specimens with sequence data for both genes , 2 ) all 16s and coi data for all specimens ( table s1 . ) both of these data sets were analyzed both including and excluding variable characters in the 16s alignment . for all of these analyses we used doris kerguelensis as the outgroup .
the figured trees are the resulting consensus phylograms from the bayesian analyses ( figures s1 , s2 ) . all posterior probabilities are shown above the branches on the bayesian phylograms . tree topology was not altered with the inclusion or exclusion or the 16s fragment ' s variable regions ( see figure s2 for comparison of trees with and without variable regions ) . the resulting phylogenetic hypotheses for each dataset are summarized below . we will discuss relationships in terms of posterior probabilities .
coi and 16s combined analysis : including only specimens with data for both genes ( figure s1 ) .
this data set included 244 individual chromodorids , representing 157 species , four species of actinocyclidae , four other dorids . the outgroup was doris kerguelensis .
tree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included .
tree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included . blue = indo - pacific , red = atlantic and caribbean , gold = eastern pacific , green = sister group , black = outgroups . dark grey = solely eastern pacific and atlantic clades . light grey = primarily indo - pacific clades with eastern pacific members .
the two species of cadlinella included here , cadlinella ornatissima and cadlinellla subornatissima form a clade and are sister to the rest of the chromodorid species ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . these findings support previous results [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] and rudman ' s evolutionary scenario [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . the widespread indo - pacific genus , cadlinella is an enigmatic taxon . it has at different times been considered it own separate family [ 64 ] , a part of the cadlininae [ 65 ] and a member of the chromodoridinae / chromodorididae [ 26 ] , [ 66 ] .
cadlina burnayi ortea , 1988 [ 68 ] = t . nobilis [ 69 ]
the only two species of tyrinna : t . evelinae and t . nobilis are included here . tyrinna is always monophyletic ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . after the split from cadlinella , this clade is poorly - supported as the sister group to the main group of chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . rudman [ 26 ] suggested that tyrinna , cadlinella and cadlina form a basal grade of primitive chromodorids . cadlina had been shown not to be a chromodorid [ 28 ] , but our results support rudman ' s suggestion that tyrinna and cadlinella are basal to the rest of the chromodorids . muniain et al [ 70 ] and schrödl and millen [ 71 ] extensively reviewed the morphology of the two species in this clade .
verconia verconis is well supported as part of a clade that includes n . haliclona , n . laboutei , n . romeri and n . simplex ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . noumea varians , n . purpurea and n . norba form a well - supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) that is not part of a name bearing clade , but is one branch of the polytomy that includes the ‘noumea sensu stricto’ and the branch leading to the rest of the family ( pp = 0 . 88 ) . the monotypic genus verconia is nested within the noumea clade as suggested by rudman [ 75 ] and weakly supported as the sister species to another south australian species , n . haliclona , as found in the preliminary results shown by turner & wilson [ 27 ] .
type species : doris xantholeuca ehrenberg , 1831 [ 76 ] = g . pallida ( by subsequent designation )
the glossodoris clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) includes species g . pallida and g . rufomargninata . in an important , but often overlooked detailed examination of the relationships of the species classified in the genus glossodoris , rudman identified five subgroups of this genus based on morphology [ 77 ] . the species in this glossodoris clade were considered by rudman [ 77 ] to be members of the ‘ glossodoris pallida subgroup’ . this clade also includes two species he did not include in any subgroup , g . cincta and g . hikuerenesis .
lissodoris odhner , 1934 [ 80 ] . type species : l . mollis odhner , 1934 ( = c . aureomarginata cheeseman , 1881 [ 86 ] ( by monotypy )
casella h . & a . adams , 1858 : 57 [ 84 ] . type species : c . gouldii h . & a . adams , 1858 [ 84 ] ( by monotypy )
species included in the glossodoris atromarginata subgroup [ 77 ] are recovered in this clade , with the addition of g . sedna and digidentis kulonba ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .
this name will be used for all eastern pacific and atlantic species of chromodoris and glossodoris ( except glossodoris sedna ) . these species form a polytomy including glossodoris baumanni and three clades of atlantic and eastern pacific chromodorids .
chromodoris clenchi , c . norrisi and c . sphoni ( pp = 1 . 00 )
chromodoris krohni , c . luteorosea and c . purpurea ( pp = 0 . 78 )
these exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic clades do not form a monophyletic group , but we will provisionally name all of these species ‘felimida’ . this is the most conservative choice , the choice that requires the fewest name changes and is the least disruptive pending further information and broader taxon sampling .
the ardeadoris clade includes both species of ardeadoris : a . egretta and a . scottjohnsoni , five species of glossodoris ( g . averni , g . pullata , g . rubroannulata , g . tomsmithi and glossodoris undaurum ) and noumea angustolutea ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . . based on their analysis , turner and wilson [ 27 ] suggested that with more sampling it would be come clear if ardeadoris should be synonmized with glossodoris . by sampling more broadly within the family , we found the converse . four species of glossodoris and noumea angustolutea need to be included within ardeardoris because they are strongly supported as part of the clade including ardeadoris egretta and not the type species of glossodoris . three of the species , g . averni , g . undaurum and g . rubroannulata , found in this clade were part of rudman ' s glossodoris sedna subgroup [ 77 ]
this clade includes all of the black - lined species of chromodoris and chromodoris aspersa ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . this clade was identified by , both wilson & lee [ 17 ] and turner & wilson [ 27 ] , as the planar spawning or black - lined chromodoris clade . all of the members of this clade lay flat egg masses .
type species : diversidoris aurantionodulosa rudman , 1987 [ 89 ] ( by original designation ) .
the diversidoris includes , diversidoris aurantionodulosa , two yellow species of noumea , n . crocea and n . flava , and a new species from moorea , french polynesia - chromodoridae biocode 2937 ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .
the miamirinae clade includes all of the species currently classified as ceratosoma , durvilledoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , pectenodoris , risbecia , thorunna and two species of digidentis ( pp = 1 . 00 )
this clade was first predicted by rudman [ 26 ] based on morphological similarities and then confirmed by rudman & berquist ' s [ 5 ] finding that all of the species in this clade feed exclusively on sponges of the family dysideaidae , although they assumed all of the genera to be monophyletic . miamirinae bergh 1891 is the oldest appropriate and available subfamily or family name for this clade . the remaining six genera ; miamira , ceratosoma , felimare , mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris make up the miamirinae .
the miamira clade includes the following species ( as currently classified ) ceratosoma alleni , ceratosoma magnificum , ceratosoma miamiranum , ceratosoma sinuatum . miamira is part of a grade with ceratosoma . the morphological phylogeny of species of ceratosoma and classified as miamira and orodoris , that was used as justification for their synonomy , predicted a sister group relationship between species of miamira and ceratosoma alleni [ 93 ] . our results confirm that c . alleni is more closely related to species of miamira , but do not find support for synonymy of miamira and ceratosoma . although , it is possible this relationship will be recovered with further sampling and by including molecular markers that will help resolve basal branches on the phylogeny .
the ceratosoma clade includes c . amoenum , c . gracillimum , c . ingozi , c . tenue , c . trilobatum and a new species . ( pp = 1 . 00 )
the felimare clade includes all eastern pacific , atlantic and mediterranean species of hypselodoris and two species of mexichromis , m . porterae and m . kempfi from the eastern pacific and caribbean respectively ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . both gosliner and johnson [ 13 ] and alejandrino and valdés [ 31 ] hypothesized a sister group relationship between the indo - pacific and eastern pacific / atlantic species of hypselodoris . turner and wilson [ 27 ] did not recover that relationship , but instead found the same relationships shown here .
the thorunna clade includes all species of thorunna and two species of digidentis , d . arbutus and d . perplexa . all of species currently classified as thorunna are found in the indo - pacific and the species of digidentis are limited to southern australia . as suggested by rudman [ 26 ] , the only species within thorunna with mantle glands , t . australis and the species of digidentis ( all of which have mantle glands ) form a clade .
this clade includes all of the indo - pacific species of hypeslodoris and risbecia ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .
species of risbecia s . s forms a well - supported clade nested within hypselodoris and can be referred to as the risbecia clade of hypselodoris . risbecia aplogema is not part of this risbecia clade and was previously considered a species of hypselodoris . including all of the members of the risbecia and hypselodoris bullocki clade in risbecia is not an option because this would render hypsleodoris paraphyletic . the second clade includes , h . bennetti , h , maritima , h . bertschi , h . paulinae , h . kaname , h . bollandi , h . obscura , h . infucata , h . zephrya and one or two new species . the third clade includes h . reidi , h . krakatoa , h . jacksoni and one new species . this clade was also recovered in gosliner & johnson ' s [ 13 ] morphological phylogeny of hypselodoris .
in future contribtuions , we will work out synapomorphies for the clades identified here , but because of the amount of homoplasy and number of incomplete descriptions , this is a huge undertaking and not appropriate here .
in summary , with the most comprehensive sampling of chromodorid species to date , we confirmed that the chromodorids are monophyletic and are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids . we also found that the majority , 12 / 14 non - monotypic traditional genera , were not monophyletic or make another clade paraphyletc . seven traditional genera , ceratosoma , chromodoris , digidentis , glossodoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , noumea are non - monophyletic and three ( durvilledoris , pectenodoris , risbecia ) are monophyletic but render another genus paraphyletic . both ardeadoris and thorunna are made paraphyletic by nested members of other genera ( noumea , glossodoris and digidentis ) . the two monotypic genera , diversidoris and verconia are nested within clades . only tyrinna and cadlinella are monophyletic and without disruption to any other clades ( figure 3 , s1 , s2 ) . the classification proposed here and discussed at length above renames clades and is more consisitent with evolutionary history ( figure s3 ) .
this new classification clarifies our view of biogeographic patterns in the chromodorid nudibranchs . instead of taxonomy obscuring patterns of diversification in this group , this taxonomy reflects and reinforces evolutionary history . it gives us a much better framework for exploring evolutionary questions .
the electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable ( from the publication date noted on the first page of this article ) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to plos one , public library of science , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to “public library of science” .
table of specimens used in this study . specimens used in this study listed by family . the names in this table reflect current classification not proposed classification ( new names are listed in the text ) . abbreviations are as follows : casiz = california academy of sciences , sam = south australian museum , wam = western australian museum , am = australian museum , zsm = zoologische staatssammlung münchen , sio - bic = scripps institute of oceanography , biocode = moorea biocode project .
new classification of the chromodorididae with synonyms . generic names and type species in bold and the most recent genus membership follows . listing order follows phylogeny .
bayesian consensus phylogram including all specimens with data for both genes . posterior probabilities are listed above branches . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . this phylogram is the consensus of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position .
bayesian consensus phylograms including all specimens . a . phylogram resulting from the inclusion of all characters b . phylogram resulting from excluding hard to align characters . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . these phylograms are the consensuses of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position . dotted lined indicate areas of disagreement .
conceived and designed the experiments : rfj tmg . performed the experiments : rfj . analyzed the data : rfj . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : tmg . wrote the paper : rfj . conceptualized and wrote the new classification : tmg rfj .
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johnson r . f . & gosliner t . m . ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
angas , g . f . ( 1864 ) description d´espèces nouvelles appartenant à plusiurs genres de mollusques nudibranches des environs de port - jackson ( nouvelle - galles du sud ) , accompagnée de dessins faits d´après nature . journal de conchyliologie , series 3 , 12 : 43 - 70 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 52 - 53 , plate 4 , figure 11 [ details ]
pale pink body with red / orange spots and yellow margin to mantle . rhinophores have yellow tips
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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angas , g . f . 1864 ,
description d ' espèces nouvelles appartenant à plusieurs genres de mollusques nudibranches des environs de port jackson , ( nouvelles - galles du sud ) , accompagnée de dessins faits d ' après nature
, journal de conchyliologie , vol . 12 , pp . 43–70
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3cfc9490 - ecfe - 4fc6 - a2a6 - 5bc2655281e1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ea5ea0fc - d5d2 - 47a7 - 8e23 - f566b7234d91
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 258dc67a - e6da - 4416 - ac59 - d735f56583bd
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 493866
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this species was described from port jackson , australia . it is endemic to south - eastern australia .
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, who used molecular data . additionally , most phylogenetic hypotheses of relationships in the chromodorid nudibranchs either focused on only one genus , or used genera , or one representative of a genus as terminal taxa . rudman
used published data on the type species of each chromodorid genus in their preliminary phylogeny of the family . they did not include any other species to test the monophyly of any of the genera . valdés
presented the first molecular phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs . their study included fifty - six chromodorid species , the majority of which were from the eastern atlantic ( ea ) and eastern and southern australia , and for the first time , at least one species of each of the chromodorid genera . see
for all details on all specimen data used . they were the first to explicitly test the monophyly of most chromodorid genera . although , they were the first to find evidence for non - monophyly in
, they found little support for major clades and did not propose any changes to current classifications . johnson
) . we expand on this preliminary research and include more than one species from each genus ( except monotypic genera ) , and include for the first time , the type species of every chromodorid genus . the indo - pacific ( ip ) is home to the greatest diversity of chromodorid nudibranchs
) . one of the main objectives of this work is to advance chromodorid systematics and to provide a phylogenetic framework with which our traditional use of morphological data can be examined .
. we have found existing natural history collections can reduce the need for additional collecting . our study , combined with data from
and genbank , is unique in its wide taxonomic and geographic sampling . because we have included both the type species of every genus and additional species of all 14 of the non - monotypic genera , we can test the monophyly every genus in the family (
we directly sequenced 142 specimens representing 106 species . we combined these new data with all available sequences on genbank (
, but are not treated as new in the numbers of specimens sequenced for this study . in total , we analyzed data from 244 chromodorid specimens , four actinocyclid species and four additional dorid nudibranch species for a total of 165 species and 252 individual specimens . we used
. the chromodorid species include at least one species from all of the genera currently classified in the family chromodorididae . the number of species included in this analysis compared to the number of described species per genus is as follows :
( 1 / 1 ) ( s1 ) . all sequences taken from genbank are listed with gb following the species name . we also included coi sequence from two specimens from the moorea biocode project in our analyses (
) . we have examined all of the new specimens included here and they are deposited in natural history museums , as indicated by catalog numbers . we never combined sequences from different individuals into chimeras representing one species ; specimens included in these analyses are treated as individuals .
the sequenced coi fragment is 658 base pairs ( bp ) long . the edited 16s sequences are 531 bp long . the combined data sets with gaps introduced for alignment are 1189 base pairs long . all sequences are available from genbank coi (
) and aligned data matrices are available upon request from the corresponding author . excluded variable 16s regions are identified as character sets in all nexus files . saturation was not found in the 16s fragment or the first or second positions of the coi fragment . there is slight saturation in the third position transitions in the coi data set ( not shown ) . the third positions were included in the bayesian analysis as the partitioning allows the parameters of this position to be estimated separately and the inclusion of the third positions did not change the resulting trees . the recommended model of evolution ( aic form mr . model test ) was used to set parameters in mr . bayes for each partition . the resulting best - fit model of evolution for each partition using the aic selection from mr . modeltest ver . 2
: gtr + i + g and 16s : gtr + i + g . these models correspond to the following settings in mr . bayes ; all partitions set to nst = 6 and rates = invgamma except for the coi second codon position partition which was set rates = gamma .
the complete data set included 1189 bases . the chromodorids are monophyletic ( pp = 0 . 94 ) . they are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids ( pp = 0 . 98 ) . a clade including both species of
is sister to the rest of the chromodorids ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . the monophyletic
( pp = 1 . 00 ) is poorly supported as sister to the main clade ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . there are two clades containing species of
( pp = 1 . 00 and pp = 1 . 00 ) that form a polytomy with the clade of all of the remaining chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 85 ) . within the main clade of chromodorids , there is one very well supported clade , which includes all species of
) . more detailed results found within each clade will be discussed below . there are three individual species and five clades of eastern pacific or atlantic species (
) . the data set without variable regions included 1108 bases . there are only slight changes to the tree topology , including slight losses of support and changes to branching pattern in the species relationships within four clades containing species of
. even though it is older than the name in current usage , chromodorididae , it had not been used in over fifty years . in the phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs , there are five basal clades :
, and grade of clades . we will briefly introduce each clade and its member species in the context of a new classification for chromodorid nudibranchs (
hypotheses of relationship . genera should only be used in this way if they are known to be monophyletic through phylogenetic analysis . there have been two classes of ‘naming problems’ in the nomenclatural history of the chromodorid nudibranchs . the first can be described as the novelty problem ( as described above ) , when unique or ‘unclassifiable’ species were discovered new genera we created to contain them
. considering these genera as evolutionary units at the broad scale may not lead to mistakes , but at a finer scale , we may be missing the true origins of novelty or by grouping things that are superficially similar together we may miss repeated origins of diversity ( convergence ) . turner & wilson
for previous phylogenetic hypotheses ) . they found evidence for the non - monophyly of most chromodorid genera . the only genera they found to be monophyletic were


silvio ( 1874 – 1890 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

in a career that lasted from 1874 to 1877 he ran eight times and won three races .

in 1877 he won the epsom derby and the st leger .

at the end of the 1877 season he was retired to stud where he had success both in england and france .

silvio ( horse )

this is the type of dispositions silvio throws . this is my silvio colt that was born on monday . he is sweet , sweet , sweet !
upon request horse riding are available in the countryside starting directly from the villa .
silvio is a successful international grand prix rider and trainer with a history of showing significant improvement in horses and riders within the show jumping discipline . he is dedicated and passionate professional with the highest integrity and standards . silvio is a top quality trainer with superior work ethic and proven results at all levels of horse and rider .
grand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .
silvio i was the winner of the performance test at adelheidsdorf in 1990 , with very high marks for his jumping ability .
in the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .
on the wbfsh standings for 2007 , silvio was 25 th but in the 2009 rankings he had dropped out of the top 30 .
silvio is the show jumping coach for the united states eventing team who recently won a gold medal at the panam games in canada .
tim daly of middleburg has him . he doesn ' t do a lot of advertising ; there is no need . the stallion covered over 40 mares last year , basically by word of mouth . tim ' s number is ( 540 ) 687 - 5685 . he doesn ' t have a website . here are some pictures of silvio ( the last picture is of silvio ' s sire , silvio ) :
dick hern called nashwan
the best horse i ' ve ever trained
. [ 3 ]
pearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .
terimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .
the original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .
sinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l’arc de triomphe in the same season .
silvio ( gb ) b . h , 1874 { 1 - r } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf
april the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .
jessie works for equiventures , llc . as the director of marketing and sponsorships . equiventures organizes a series of horse trial and three - day eventing competitions at the florida horse park as well as the development and show management of the world - class ocala jockey club .
reference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]
assassin was distantly inbred 4 x 4 to bartletts childers , meaning that this horse appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree .
what is this stallion ' s dam ' s pedigree ? ? looks to be a nice stallion . i love silvio i and ii . . . anyone have experience using frozen ? thanks !
nijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .
silvio hein was born in ny in 1879 and died there in 1928 . he did not publish many songs and his most popular work , he ' s a cousin of mine was written in 1906 .
what happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows
dr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .
black , robert ( 1893 ) . horse - racing in england : a synoptical review . london : richard bently and son . p . 248 .
silvio i is out of goldkatze by the gotthard son , gepard who was an influential brood mare sire for paul schockemöhle . goldkatze also produced the full - brother , silvio ii who passed his performance test with the highest index for jumping at medingen in 1994 . the granddam , rhododendron ( by the thoroughbred , ballyboy ) produced ps palm springs , the reserve champion at the bundeschampionate in 1987 , and later an advanced showjumper .
phil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .
santa claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .
pont l’eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .
the second horse is telegraphed as
gleuavth ,
but we feel sure that this is mr mit - ehell - innes ' glen arthur , a very likely outsider .
at the second spring meeting , assassin was third in a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race to dennis o ' kelly ' s horse soldier and mr . davis ' horse plutus . [ 8 ] assassin forfeited a match race with the horse cornwall ( later called boringdon ) at the same meeting a few days later , [ 9 ] and at the july meeting in newmarket his owner paid 150 guineas to the owner of young eclipse ( the 1781 derby winner ) for backing out of a match race . [ 10 ]
mahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .
the english illustrated magazine called isonomy “one of the most remarkable racehorses of the century” . by the time of his second gold cup he was being described as
undoubtedly the best horse of late times
and as
one of the grandest and apparently most invincible cup horses that ever trod the turf .
the sportsman called him
the best horse ever bred in england .
john porter , who trained the winners of twenty - three classics , including three triple crowns , regarded isonomy as the best horse he ever trained .
reference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]
isonomy was one of the most popular and durable performers of his era , and an influential stallion who produced two english triple crown winners and two outstanding sire sons . the duke of portland , who owned many great stars of the english turf , once said ,
next to my own horse , st . simon , i should have preferred to own the great isonomy rather than any other horse i have ever known .
we had a 2007 filly by him and she was the nicest baby you could have ever asked for . there was no
teaching
with her , she did everything the first time asked and had no fear of anything . she was 2nd at upperville in the foal class and sold within three days of being posted on the internet . we also have an appy filly by silvio that is owned by one of my boarders . she also has that same
in your lap
disposition . please , go , meet silvio . he is a star and we could not be any happier with his get !
shahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .
i am getting ready to foal out a mare that is bred to silvio next month . this is a real nice tb mare that is owned by chris wynn . this mare was a hard one to catch ai . she caught on the first try with silvio . it was one of the easiest breding we have done . . . . . tim was very nice to deal with , and we bred with very little notice . we are very excited to see tis foal . . . . should be real nice . will post pictures once it arrives . but so far in my opinion as a stallion owners and shipping etc . . . . tim gets an a + from us .
, one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event for three - year - old colts and fillies , it is run annually in september at
in their book
a century of champions
, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .
it was at cobham that blair athol sired his best runner , silvio ( 1874 colt out of silverhair by kingston ) , who led blair athol to a fourth sire championship when a three - year - old in 1877 . bred by lord falmouth at mereworth castle stud in kent , and trained by mat dawson at heath house , silvio was a good but not great juvenile . he made his debut a winning won in the ham produce stakes ( goodwood ) , followed by victories in the clearwell , newmarket post and glasgow stakes , all at newmarket , the latter a walkover in his fourth start . at the end of the season , he placed second behind the future ascot gold cup winner verneuil in the buckenham post stakes .
gravado ao vivo no vitrola bar - bauru - sp - brasil em 13 de maio de 2016 .
horse with no name
é um single do grupo britânico america , incluído no primeiro álbum da banda , lançado em 1971 . a música foi composta pelo vocalista dewey bunnell .
snow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .
triple crown , in british horse racing , championship attributed to a colt or filly that in a single season wins the races known as the two thousand guineas , the derby , and the saint leger . in britain the term triple crown is also applied—though far less commonly—to a filly that in a single season…
gainsborough , ( foaled 1915 ) , english racehorse ( thoroughbred ) who won the british triple crown , consisting of the two thousand guineas at newmarket , the derby at epsom downs , and the saint leger at doncaster in 1918 . the horse later became a stud of worldwide importance , being the sire of the…
the following account oh this race is from the times of the 31st ma ^ j : — ' - the derby stakes of 50 soys . each , h . - ' ft . , for 3 - year - olds ; colts , - bsfc 101 b , and fillies , bst 51b ; the owner of . the second horse to receive 300 soys . , and the third 150 : soys , out oi - the stakes ^ about a mile and a half , starting at the new high level starting post . 245 subs . - ■  . - - - - lord falmouth ' a silvio , by blnir athol —sitvefkair , bat 101 b ( p . archer ) . . . 1 mr mitchell innes ' glen arthur , bsfc 2
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charles the twelfth was a
very fine and racing - like
dark brown horse standing sixteen hands high [ 1 ] bred by major nicholas yarburgh of heslington hallin north yorkshire . [ 2 ] yarburgh sent the colt into training with john scott who trained forty classic winners at his base at whitewall stables , malton , north yorkshire .
i got an unsolicited email from mr . daly , and the series of replies was so fantastic i ' ve got it tacked above my desk to remind me how not to win friends and influence people : from mr . daly :
i have a very nice horse at stud here in middleburg , please keep him in mind . - tim daly ( phone number , pedigree , photos ) from me :
we are not a breeding operation , sorry .
from him :
too bad , when your compietition is beating you with my horses babies you may want to diversify so you can upgrade your stock . there will probably be dressage horses in the 2012 olympics from silvio ' s family . there will be show jumpers in 2008 . - tim
glad to hear that at least the stallion is nice .
mat dawson sent out his first derby runner when he was 20 years old , having previously been apprenticed to his father and head lad to his eldest brother . the horse finished last but mat dawson would train half a dozen derby winners , and be successful in 28 classics during his long career . he was one of the first to command a public stable with owners of his own choice rather than being a servant , receiving wages , in a private yard . in addition to training the best horse , st simon ( who does not appear on his roll of honour as he did not take part in the classics ) , mat dawson also trained the best jockey of the era , frederick archer .
lammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud’s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .
isonomy found his way into contemporary literature in the story silver blaze by arthur conan doyle . the story concerns the kidnapping of a celebrated racehorse and the mysterious death of its trainer . when explaining the horse ' s value to dr watson , sherlock holmes says that “silver blaze . . . is from isonomy stock , and holds as brilliant a record as his famous ancestor . ”
kris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid £90 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester’s dee stakes .
if you are new to the forums , you must login or register a free account before you can post . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single registration , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .
in may 1886 the sporting times carried out a poll of one hundred racing experts to create a ranking of the best british racehorses of the 19th century . favonius was ranked thirty - third , having been placed in the top ten by seven of the contributors . he was the third highest - placed derby winner of the 1870s and the sixth highest british horse of his decade behind isonomy . [ 20 ]
in may 1886 the sporting times carried out a poll of one hundred racing experts to create a ranking of the best british racehorses of the 19th century . isonomy was ranked third , having been placed in the top ten by 62 of the contributors . in a related poll , the electors were asked to choose the single greatest horse they had ever seen . in this poll , isonomy finished second , one vote behind gladiateur .
camelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o’brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .
a multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .
uriel davis cited by one website as the
dance master ,
davis wrote a number of works that were based on dance fads of the 1910s . at least two of his works were original dances fopr which he wrote the music ; the davis foxtrot ( 1914 ) , and the horse trot ( 1912 . ) among his other dance works are , one wonderful night . hesitation waltz ( 1914 . ) he also is credited with a few songs , among them was broadway is my home sweet home ( 1915 )
few events in italy’s recent history have had a more crushing effect on morale than the wrecking of the costa concordia , an italian - owned and skippered liner that capsized off the island of giglio in january 2012 . the giant vessel foundered with the loss of 32 lives as italy , battered by years of economic stagnation even before the euro - zone crisis , seemed bound for default on its vast public debts . silvio berlusconi had just resigned as prime minister , internationally derided for his “bunga bunga” sex parties and relationship with a young moroccan , karima el - mahroug ( known as “ruby heartstealer” ) . confirmation that the costa concordia ’s captain , francesco schettino , had left the ship before completing its evacuation prompted a bout of mortified soul - searching .
your forum sign - up is not complete , you must add an alias / screen name before you can post to the forums . your name and email is not exposed to forum users , only the screen name is accessible or viewable . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .
galileo’s half - brother sea the stars shows he is one of the greats as he powers to glory under veteran jockey mick kinane . the john oxx - trained colt becomes the first horse for 20 years to follow up victory in the 2000 guineas with success in the epsom classic and goes on to complete an unbeaten campaign with four further group one wins , annexing the coral - eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and prix de l’arc de triomphe . investec takes over sponsorship of the derby and backs all the races at the two - day meeting at epsom .
for the tavo thousand guineas run on wednesday next , chamant is a warm faa - ourite at 2to 1 . the famous black and yelloav of russley , will be carried neither by pelligrino nor actseon , but by morier , avho has numberless friends at 3 to 1 . a foreign wonder , named strachino , is next in demand , and if half that is said and avritton about him be true , he avill win not merely the guineas , but the derby . silvio will represent lord falmonth , and as he has been very highly tried , he should do avell . his price is s to 1 . mr m . h . sanford , the american , has a nice colt called brown prince in the race , who has found friends at 2 . to 1 . altogether i anticipate an exciting tavo thousand .
he is a very striking horse . very handsome . we have one filly at the barn i board by him . she is a yearling this year . gorgeous chestnut 4 high whites , big white face , but damnit she is losing it all to being grey . she is a sweet filly and that is saying alot as her dam is not the most friendly of mares . he isn ' t advertised very much . his ads boast that he is
best moving , best looking stallion you will ever see
but i haven ' t seen him out doing much of anything .
the biennial for three - year - olds sometimes gives a fair line for the two thousand and derby . this year twelve runners came to the po - t ,
the most notable public performers being warren hastings and silvio . the pair •were made hot favourites , aud it is probable one of them would have won if a heavy storm of rain and wind had not come on as they were starting . neither of the colts fled at all , and an outsider , named grey friar , consequently won . lady goiightly and chamant walked over for their engagements . the rood judges did not fancy their appearance . plunger , who was entered for the valuable salo stakes , did not come to tho post , and the event fell to hidalgo , a goodlooking son of pero gomez , who , two hours after , won the . newmarket handicap .
reference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]
the 77 - year - old mr berlusconi cannot run for public office again because of another conviction for tax fraud , which also led to his being stripped of his knighthood . and the prosecutors in the ‘ruby’ case are likely to seek a final ruling from the supreme court , which could yet decide that the former prime minister is guilty of one or other offence . but the decision of the milan court has nevertheless given mr berlusconi renewed influence over the fortunes of italy . as il messaggero , a rome daily , put it , l’ex cavaliere rimonta a cavallo , the ex - knight is back on his horse .
on his four - year - old debut , isonomy carried 124 pounds in the newmarket handicap on 15 april and started 2 / 1 favourite . among his opponents was the american horse parole , who was not regarded as a serious threat by the british racegoers and started 100 / 15 fourth choice in the betting despite receiving eight pounds . parole took the lead at half way and drew clear . although isonomy made steady progress he was unable to catch the leader and finished second , beaten one and a half lengths . gretton then challenged parole ' s owners to a £10 , 000 weight - for - age match race between the horses , but his offer was declined .
vi * count falmouth ' 3 b . c . silvio , by blair athol—silverhair ( f . archer ) . . . . 1 mr w . s . mitchell - innes glen arthur ( wainwright ) 2 mr mackenzie ' s rob roy ( distance ) . . . . 3 duke of westminster ' s pellegrino ( f . well ) 0 mr baltazzi ' s plunder ( maidment ) 0 lord falmouths king cloves ( osborne ) . . 0 lord roaebery ' s touchet ( constable ) . . 0 count f . de lagrange ' s chamant ( j . goater ) 0 mr c . rayner ' s warren hastings . . 0 mrc . alexander ' s thunderstone ( morbey ) 0 general pearson ' s chevron ( mordan ) ' ' 0 mr bennett ' s bay athol . . . .
o lord rosebery ' s rosbach . . . 0 mr naylor ' s sidonia . . . . . .
.
o mr gretton ' s monk
n
in september he attempted to become the first horse to complete the stayers ' triple crown in the doncaster cup , although there was some disappointment that the undefeated hungarian mare kincsem was ruled out of the race by injury . in a rough race he defeated the filly jannette , despite being badly cut by the spurs of the runner - up ' s jockey , fred archer when he moved up to challenge for the lead along the rails . the duke of portland said of isonomy ' s performance marked him as
one of the best and gamest horses that ever ran
. the gold cup - goodwood cup - doncaster cup treble was not completed again until alycidon did so in 1949 .
in july , favonius won the midsummer stakes at newmarket . on 27 july he ran in a much anticipated race for the goodwood cup in which he has matched against the french - trained ascot gold cup winner mortemer . [ 8 ] favonius defeated the french horse , but was beaten half a length in a
most sensational race
by the 50 / 1 outsider shannon to whom he was conceding ten pounds [ 9 ] the very slow pace at which the race was run in the early stages led some commentators to consider the result a
fluke
. [ 10 ] in the brighton cup over two miles , favonius started 4 / 6 favourite and won easily by three lengths . [ 11 ]
isonomy was a late foal , being born in may 1875 , and as a result he was , in his early life , smaller and less physically developed than other colts of his generation . even in full maturity , he was not a large horse , standing just under 15 . 2 hands high . he was bred at the yardley stud near birmingham by the graham brothers . when the leading trainer john porter visited the stud , he was impressed by the colt ' s lively and assertive character , and determined to buy him . when isonomy was sent to the yearling sale at doncaster , porter was able to acquire him for 320 guineas on behalf of fredrick gretton , a brewer with a passion for gambling . isonomy was ridden in most of his races by tom cannon .
in our continuing effort to provide an avenue for individuals to voice their opinions and experiences , we have recently reviewed and updated our forum policies . generally , we have allowed users to share their positive or negative experiences with or opinions of companies , products , trainers , etc . within the industry , and that is not changing . when it came to overt criminal allegations , however , those discussions have in the past needed to stem from a report by a reputable news source or action by law enforcement or the legal system . we are now expanding our policies to allow posters to share their own first - hand experiences involving overt criminal allegations , such as animal abuse or neglect , theft , etc . , but only if they publicly provide their full first and last name along with the post . we still will not allow anonymous postings alleging criminal activity . so , a user may now make a specific claim against a named individual or company , but it must be a first - hand account , and they have to identify themselves . users have always been legally responsible for their posts , and nothing has changed there , but we want to loosen the reins a bit and further allow the free flow of discussion and information relevant to the horse community . we are not providing a free - for - all of anonymous rumor - mongering . as enduring advocates for the welfare of the horse , we want to provide a forum for those willing to sign their name and shine a light on issues of concern to them in the industry . the full revised rules are posted at the top of each forum for reference .
isonomy was sired by sterling , a horse whose biggest win had come in the liverpool autumn cup . in addition to isonomy , an early winner for sterling , he sired paradox , winner of the two thousand guineas and grand prix de paris , sussex stakes , champion stakes and runner - up in the derby ; enterprise , winner of the two thousand guineas ; enthusiast , winner of the two thousand guineas and sussex stakes ; and harvester , winner of the derby stakes in a dead - heat with st . gatien . generally , sterling sired horses whose best distance was a mile or a litte over , but he did get some good stayers , including isonomy , and several of his sons were influential in steeplechase breeding , and a grandson , wavelet ' s pride ( by isonomy ' s brother , fernandez ) , led the jumpers sires list in the u . k . for ten years .
nashwan ' s next task was to prove himself against older opposition , starting with the eclipse stakes over one and a quarter miles at sandown park on 8 july . despite having recently recovered from a foot infection and facing both the outstanding racemare indian skimmer and the champion miler warning , he was sent off the 2 / 5 favourite . [ 10 ] nashwan took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by five lengths from the outsider opening verse , who later won the breeders ' cup mile . [ 11 ] two weeks later , nashwan contested britain ' s most prestigious all - aged race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot . with the late withdrawal of prix du jockey club winner old vic , nashwan was expected to win easily and started as 2 / 9 favourite . this time he had to fight for his victory , with old rival cacoethes challenging him throughout the final two furlongs . nashwan was driven out by carson to win by a neck , with the subsequent prix de l ' arc de triomphe winner carroll house a further eleven lengths back in fifth . [ 12 ] his narrow margin of victory lead some critics to question his status as a
super - horse
. [ 13 ]
papers past | the english derby . ( auckland star , 1877 - 06 - 08 )
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mr robinson ' s adamite mr r . peck ' s actaeon mr r . peck ' s morier . .
we forget how glen arthur is bred . he only ran as two - year - old , in the middle park plate , and was unplaced . rob hoy is by blair athol , out of columbia . as a two - year - old , he ran twice , but won both engagements , the new stakes at ascot being one . during the winter he was backed co win £40 , 000 at prices varying from 15 to 12 to 1 . on march 31st his price was 10 to 1 . this is the first time a son of blair athol has won the derby , and the victory will tell greatly in the popular sire ' s favour . winners of the deeby from 1567 1867—mr chaplin ' s hermit 1868—sir j . hawley ' s bluegown 1869—mr jardine ' s pretender 1870— lord falmouth ' s kingcraft 1871—baron rothschild ' s favonius 1872—mr saville ' s cremorne . first , second , and third prom 1573 1873—mr merry ' s doncaster—kaiser—gang forward
. °
1875 - count bathyany ' s galopin - claremont— repentance c . juias
d | r s arbaltazzi > s ki3 ^ ~ forerunner -
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papers past | racing in england . ( otago witness , 1879 - 08 - 09 )
newmarket july . july ist , 2nd , 3rd , and 4th . juiit stakes , a sweepstakes of 60 soys each , for two - year - olds ; eoitu , bit l ' 2lb ; fillies , 8»t 91b . new two - year - ow ooutse . fifiy - four suba . prince soltykoff ' s oh c uuk , bst 12lb . .  1 lord falmouth ' s b f ambassadress , bst 91b . . 2 mr r peck ' s eh f eva»ion , bat 91b . . . . 3 mr p lorillard ' a eh f papoose , bit 91b . . . . » mr p . lorillard ' s american filly papoose was much fancied for this race , but did not gain even a place . july cup , < f 300 soys , added to a sweep ot 10 soys eacb . last b ! x furlongi of bm .
count fde legrango ' s eh h phe ' nix , 4 yrs  1 chestepfield stakes , a sweepstake of 30 iovs each , for two , ve»r - olds ; colt * , b * t 101b ; fillies , 8»t 71b . last half of beacon mile . fifty - five subs . duko of westminster ' s eh c bend or . . . . 1
goodwood . july 31st . tnn ijoodwood cup , of 300 boys , added to a sweep of 20 soys each ; weight for acre ; pecaltles and allowances . two mil ' s and a - half . mr b grotton ' a b h isomony , by sterling— liola bella , 4yiß . . . . . . p puko of hamilton ' s b h the bear , 6 jrs mr p lorijlard ' s b g parole  . .
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chestnut colt , 1861 - 1882 by stockwell - blink bonny by melbourne darley arabian sire line : stockwell branch . family # 10 - a
prince charlie ( 1869 out of eastern princess by surplice ) was bred by mr . h . jones of littleport , cambridgeshire , although foaled in france while his dam was overseas being bred . he is one of many examples of blair athol ' s best nick , with mares from the touchstone line . prince charlie was owned by joseph dawson ; and trained by his brother matt dawson . he was a very big , grand - looking , blazed - face chestnut like his sire , which may have led to his great popularity . in two starts at two , prince charlie won the middle park plate beating laburnam by a head ; and the criterion stakes over nuneham and cremorne .
papers past | & quot ; english racing news . —by augur . ( auckland star , 1877 - 07 - 14 )
there has been a great deal of nasty talk in sporting circles as to the result of the university boat race . it was well - known that the bookmakers would have been hard hit had oxford won , and this ha« given rise to tho report that certain of the dark blue 3 were bought . others say that the two crews arranged between themselves to finish together in order to discourage betting on the event , and to baulk certain members ot the ring . it is of course needless to say that both these stories are utterly false , but the fact of their having been originated shews what heavy stakes are risked on the race . a writer in
truth
suggests that the venue of the affair should be changed every year , and names lakes windermera and bala as suitable courses .
wo have had a surfeit of racing since i last wrot . . there have been meetings all over england , but i can only refer to these at northampton , newmarket , and epsom . the principal event at the lirst named reunion is the spencer plate , a live - furlong race . on tho 3rd of april eighteen runners were telegraphed , poursivunt , who ran second for the lincolnshire handicap , being favourite at sto 1 ; cceruleus ( a brother to blue gown ) , who won the shropshire handicap in 1875 , and the newmarket handicap in ls7ti , waa next in demand , and several others were hacked .
the spencer plate ] of ] five , ! fu _ _ ong3 : stakes . £695 time , .
li sees . mr baltazzis cceruleus . oyrs . . 7st . 131b , ( f . archer ) . 1 mr h ' reiitliani ' s wanderer , ovrs . , list . 31b , ( morell ) . 2 . mr howsin ' s woodl . irk , lyrs . . 7st . 7lbs , ( morby ) , 3 . eighteen ran . 5 to 1 poursuivant ; 0 to . 1 cceruleus : 8 to 1 wanderer and freemantle ; 9to 1
woodlark ; 15 to 1 to 10 to 1 the others .
the althorp park stakes for two - year - olds was won by a well bred youngster named hudibras . lord olive , a brother to warren hastings being second . on the second day of the meeting the northamptonshire stakes drew twelve to the post , old scamp , the croydon hurdleikace winnei . being first favourite at sto 2 with sst . 41b . he ran very well , but tiring under the heavy weight , could get no nearer than third to tha lightly weighted . queen of cyprus ( 6st . 101b ) , who scampered in 30 lengths in front of talisman ( bst . slbs ) . the fidy belongs to tom jennings , the trainer , and ■ \ * - as backed at 4to 1 , but talisman was a rank outsider .
tiie most , remarkable feature of the newmarket craven meeting was the extraordinary success of the champion jockey archer , who , on the third day of the meeting rode the winner of every race but one .
that sapient body , the jockey club , met and reduced the lowest weight in handicaps from 53t . tibs , to ist . 71bs . i need not point out avhat a foolish retrograde step this is . epsom spring meeting was thoroughly well patronised , the ring presenting quite a derby hay appearance . the city and suburban handicaps is one of the heaviest betting races of the year , and as it is usually quite an outsider ' s race , the bookmakers oif . . . r most tempting prices . directly the weights appeared , forerunner and julius cajsar were spotted as good things . balbriggan , 5 years ( gst . 7lbs . ) , avas also voted as well in , and touchet , 3 years ( 6st . ) , on the strength of his lincoln running , found many backers . the day before the race , a report avas circulated that julius caesar wouldbe scratched , but on this being ascertained to be false , his position in the market became very favourable .
the city and suburban handicap , about a mile and a half : stakes , £1215 ; time : 2 mm . isscc . ; mr gee ' s julius ciesar , by st albans , julie , . i years , 7st . 91bs . , ( a . rcher ) , 1 ; lord rosebery ' s touchet . 3 years , 6st . , ( hopkins ) , 2 : mr lambp . rt ' s balbriggan , 5 years , 6st . 71bs . , ( morgan ) , 3 . twenty - nine ran . 100 to 15 asrainst touchet , 15 to 2 balbriggan . 8 to 1 julius cassar , 100 to 12 chaplet , 12 to 1 ghost , 15 , 20 . 25 , 10 , 50 . and 100 to 1 the others . for once in a avay , backers had a great triumph , and the ring avere mulcted for a good round sum .
julius cassar , it will be remembered , avas wonderfully unlucky for a three - year - old . for although he was placed in the two thousand derby , and st loger , he never got his head lirst past the post .
old lilian came out looking so fresh , to run for the great metropolitan , that she was made faa - ourite at 2 to 1 on a field of six . she ran a - ery well , but could get no nearer than third to the four - year - old john day , ( 7st . 51bs . ) who avas fancied 7 to 2 .
the one thousand guineas for three - a - ear - old fillies seems likely to draw a good field . ' placida not being entered , palm flo aver is faa * ourite . that , once time - honoured contest , the chester cup , will be brought to an issue the week after next . hampton is faa - ourite at 7to 1 , tbe snail and footstep being the only others mentioned as yet .
immediately after the two thousand there will be some heavy speculation on ~ he derby . rob roy remains firm at 10 to 1 .
the annual meeting of the ratepaa * ers of tho whau district will be held in the whau lecture hall , on the evening of the 31 st instant .
tho pioneer jiwenile templars held an entertainment last evening in the lodgeroom of the young men ' s christian association , w . c . t . james lee in the chair . the entertainment was of the orthodox character , consisting of an ode , songs , and recitations .
english racing news . —by augur . , auckland star , volume viii , issue 2296 , 14 july 1877
english racing news . —by augur . auckland star , volume viii , issue 2296 , 14 july 1877
papers past | the derby . ( wanganui herald , 1877 - 07 - 21 )
101 b . ( dodge ) mr j . t . mackenzie ' sßob roy , bst 101 b 3
papers past | racing in england . ( otago witness , 1877 - 11 - 17 )
breeder : lord falmouth won derby stk & st . leger . lost to isonomy for queen ' s vase . sent to france in 1881 . ( close )
he has been the sire of a number of stallion sons including sunrise , sir lui , sir holtrup , sergeant pepper and spider murphy .
hi ! what is known about this stallion and the disposition of his offspring ? i wasn ' t able to find much on line for him . thanks for any help !
mr p and i saw a stallion by that name at the repro clinic where we had a mare . i ' m not into wb ' s , but he seemed nice , hopped of the trailer , did his thing with the phantom , hopped back on the trailer
i wasn ' t always a smurf penmerryl ' s sophie ridsh
i ain ' t as good as i once was but i ' m as good once as i ever was
the ignore list is my friend . it takes 2 to argue .
i think that he injured himself while he was in quarantine and wasn ' t able to have a competition career afterwards . . . i have heard how handsome he is but nothing of his disposition , it sounds like the filly in s4zeu ' s barn is quite nice !
thanks ! my bm is thinking of breeding to him and i told her i would ask about him . . . he sounds great and locke meadows , your filly by him is gorgeous ! ! !
she is gorgeous . i am jealous that your baby looks like she is keeping her solid . the filly at my barn is almost completely grey already .
i have heard him mentioned before but i ' ve never been able to find any contact information for him at all . do they have a website ? can you let me know where he ' s advertised or the owners contact information .
i saw rachel ' s filly at upperville , and she was very nice . i was not familiar with that particular stallion , but was impressed with what i saw .
interesting dressagediosa . . . . . i too have an email where his name is listed . . . .
dam ' s sire is by volturno . dam ' s mother is by admiral
there is no frozen semen available now . why wouldn ' t you want fresh cooled ?
yeah i too have been blown away by this stallion . i have seen him in person and i know tim . he is a very good quality stallion . and tim , has been nothing but nice to me . he is very knowledgable and he does honest work . i am thinking of breeding to him and i am about to be on that same band wagon . .
the mighty oak is a nut who stood its ground
. . . you ' ll never win olympic gold by shaking a carrot stick at a warmblood . . .
see u at x
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jessie started riding in the hunter and equitation rings , showing at the national level for virginia tech ; has since moved into the amatuer - owner jumper ring with a passion for all aspects of the equine sport .
for some critics , particularly in the populist five star movement , this is a lurch towards authoritarian government . others complain the reform enhances the influence on national politics of italy’s often corrupt regional governments . recent days have seen claims that the deputy governor of lombardy gave a consultancy contract worth £16 , 000 ( $ 21 , 000 ) a year to his chauffeur and the arrest of a former governor of neighbouring veneto , accused of taking millions for licences to build the barriers that will protect venice from flooding .
some also argue that mr renzi should have secured a broader consensus before submitting his bill to parliament . around 7 , 850 amendments have been tabled in the senate alone . maria elena boschi , the minister sponsoring the bill , claimed the amendments would “make us work an extra week and lose a bit of holiday” . but the reform has much further to go than the costa concordia ( which is being towed 200 nautical miles to a breaker’s yard near genoa ) . ansa , a news agency , calculated that vetting the senate amendments could take three months . then the bill must go to the chamber , and again to both houses . another objection , surprisingly rarely heard in italy , is that its legislators’ time might be better spent on its still - moribund economy : last week , the bank of italy forecast gdp growth of just 0 . 2 % for this year .
the proposed reform is the fruit of a pact in january between mr renzi and mr berlusconi , who still leads the second - biggest party in the senate . the bill’s prospects of approval were greatly enhanced when , on june 18th , a court in milan upheld the media tycoon’s appeal against his convictions for allegedly paying for underage sex with ms el - mahroug and misusing his authority to try to conceal their relationship . seen through the eyes of mr berlusconi and his supporters , who regard the judges as puppets of the left , the successful appeal showed mr renzi was honouring his side of a bargain implicit in the january deal .