the siberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii ) is a species of sturgeon in the acipenseridae family .

it is most present in all of the major siberian river basins that drain northward into the kara , laptev and east siberian seas , including the ob , yenisei ( which drains lake baikal via the angara river ) lena , and kolyma rivers .

it is also found in kazakhstan and china in the irtysh river , a major tributary of the ob .

the species epithet honors the german russian biologist karl ernst von baer .

siberian sturgeon

bogan , e e . 1939 . contribution to the biology of the siberian sturgeon (
menshikov , m . i . 1947 . on geographical variation of the siberian sturgeon .
this guide from the fao cultured aquatic species information programme provides information on farming siberian sturgeon .
information on the siberian sturgeon is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
en - siberian sturgeon , fr - esturgeon de sibérie , sp - esturión de siberia .
the siberian sturgeon is listed as ' endangered ' on the iucn red list of threatened species .
the future of seafood : farming siberian sturgeon for more than just caviar - food . curated .
meet jim michaels , the program manager of mote marine laboratory’s siberian sturgeon program in sarasota , fl .
l . i . sokolov and a . s . novikov , “materials on the biology of siberian sturgeon (
a . b . zakharov , m . d . tumanov , and s . k . shalaev , “siberian sturgeon
l . i . sokolov and n . v . akimova , “on the methods of age determination in the siberian sturgeon
feed your sturgeon plenty of the correct food all year round . for more information about feeding your sturgeon see our sturgeon food and feeding page .
akimova , n . v . & g i ruban . 1993 . the condition of the reproductive system of the siberian sturgeon .
l . i . sokolov and s . m . kashin , “comparative analysis of some morphobiological indices in the population of siberian sturgeon
healthy earth is farming siberian sturgeon with sustainable methods to make black opal caviar in sarasota , florida . photo by jeremy scott .
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gisbert , e . and williot , p . 2002 . advances in larval rearing of siberian sturgeon . journal of fish biology , 60 : 1071 - 1092 .
akimova , n . v . & g . i . ruban . 1995 . disturbances of siberian sturgeon generative system resulted from anthropogenic influence . pp . 74–79 .
siberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii ) is a farmed caviar from marky ' s with a pleasing nuttiness and hints of ocean flavor , a refined delicacy for true caviar experts .
one of the sturgeon family ' s notable members is the siberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii ) , which lives in siberian rivers , lakes , and adjacent seas . this sturgeon ( sometimes known as the siberian osetra ) is not notable among its relatives for either its size or its life span . the largest recorded fish , at 60 years old , was 2 m long and weighed around 210 kg , moderate statistics compared to wild - caught beluga or kaluga , which can grow to quite gargantuan size and great age .
the farmed siberian sturgeon caviar price is already remarkably modest compared to the most expensive wild - caught caspian caviars , but an even better bargain is our set consisting of french siberian sturgeon caviar ( 2 oz . ) , russian original handmade blini ( a pack of 36 pcs . ) , and crème fraîche ( 7 - 8 oz . ) .
chupretov , v . m . & v . a . slepokurov . 1979 . on winter distribution of the siberian sturgeon in the ob and taz bays . pp . 270–271 .
ruban , g . i . 1997 . species structure , contemporary distribution and status of the siberian sturgeon , acipenser baerii . environmental biology of fishes , 48 : 221 - 230 .
i . i . smol’yanov , technology of formation and use of brood stock of siberian sturgeon in warm - water farms ( vniiprkh , moscow , 1987 ) [ in russian ] .
originating from pure siberian sturgeon stock of the lena , baerii is deep mahogany to black in color , small to medium in grain , and expresses a clean , focused flavor brimming in taste .
dryagin , p . a . 1949 . biology of the siberian sturgeon . its reserves and rational utilization . izvestiya vsesouznogo instiuta ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva 29 : 3–51 ( in russian ) .
the siberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii ) is one of the most common species seen for sale , it is easier to breed than other species and it grows very quickly with very few health problems .
ruban , g . i . - 1997 . species structure , contemporary distribution and status of the siberian sturgeon , acipenser baerii . environ . biol . fish . . 48 : 221 - 230 .
this paper provides a brief description of the history of home sturgeon aquaculture and the assessment of the role in its development of russian scientists , lebedev , in particular , whose ideas served as the scientific basis of the introduction of siberian sturgeon acipenser baerii in culture . the main stages of works on obtaining fertilized eggs of sturgeon under field conditions , their transportation from the spawning grounds to fish farms , as well as the elaboration of biotechniques of the introduction in culture of the species are described . principal causes of the failure of acclimatization works with siberian sturgeon are analyzed .
l . s . berdichevskii , v . s . malyutin , i . i . smol”yanov , et al . , “results of fish - cultural - acclimatization works with the siberian sturgeon , ” in biological foundations of sturgeon husbandry ( nauka , moscow , 1983 ) , pp . 259–269 .
akimova , n . v . , g . i . ruban & yu . v . mikhalyev . 1995 . analysis of the state reproductive system of the siberian sturgeon in central siberia . pp . 93–98 .
l . i . sokolov and v . s . malyutin , “specific features of population structure and characteristics of siberian sturgeon spawners in the lena river in the area of the spawning grounds , ” vopr . ikhtiol .
siberian sturgeon caviar is harvested from farmed sturgeon but is easily a match for wild - caught caviar in terms of taste . the glittering medium - sized light to dark gray eggs boast a tender , melting texture , bathing your palate with its subtle , nutty flavor , refreshing with its clean sea notes .
t . a . detlaf and a . s . ginzburg , embryonic development of acipenserids ( starred sturgeon , sturgeon , and white sturgeon ) in connection with issues of their cultivation ( an sssr , moscow , 1954 ) , p . 204 [ in russian ] .
siberian sturgeon caviar italy comes from the offspring of the original siberian osetra fingerlings carefully raised on one of the world ' s largest aquafarms , located in italy . owing to the carefully maintained conditions and scrupulously selected natural diet , farmed italian caviar differs little from wild - caught siberian osetra caviar . the traditional malossol preparation further enhances the delicate buttery savor of this world famous caviar . its grains are medium - sized and tender . they burst effortlessly in the mouth , releasing their incredible flavor .
aquafarms provide an ideal environment , controlled and secure in a way the sturgeons ' natural habitat is not . the fish are provided with drinking - quality water and regular and sufficient feed with strictly controlled content . most of the fish in the worlds ' aquafarms derive from fingerlings imported from the siberian rivers , so it is nothing less than perfect truth to describe our products as 100 % authentic siberian sturgeon , with the original flavor and quality of siberian caviar . we offer three different products in this category :
the siberian sturgeon grows very quickly and will soon out grow the average pond . the skin is brownish grey to black in colour and the ventral ( under side ) is whitish , sometimes with grey spots . the silver siberian is seen for sale occasionally and , if you can afford it , makes a very beautiful silver grey specimen although they do sometimes darken with age .
meet jim michaels , the program manager of mote marine laboratory’s siberian sturgeon program in sarasota , fl . jim has been working for over a decade on an eco - friendly and sustainable solution for growing farm - raised sturgeon in the united states . a solution to meet the growing demand for caviar around the world , and one that they hope will help take pressure off over - fishing the endangered wild sturgeon stocks in the caspian sea .
main siberian rivers from the ob to kolyma , in lake baikal , and rarely in the pechora ( reshetnikov et al . , 1997 ) .
i tried the caviar , but not the meat . i’m trying to get the lobster place to source their sturgeon from them . sturgeon is a fresh water fish . not saltwater . interesting no ?
although the siberian sturgeon is an anadromous species that can live in a marine environment and migrate into rivers to spawn , they are most commonly found in the deep parts of the middle to lower sections of rivers , preferring moderate to strong currents .
yegorov , a . g . 1941 . baikal sturgeon . rybnoe khozyaistvo 5 : 22–23 ( in russian ) .
: sturgeon fishery in water bodies of the ussr . izdatelstvo akademii nauk ussr , moscow ( in russian ) .
siberian sturgeon caviar france is harvested from sturgeons bred in the world famous french aquafarms . this caviar is praised by connoisseurs for the unique clean , sweet , crisp and nutty flavor of its medium - sized eggs whose pearlescent envelope ranges in color from medium gray to nearly black .
the siberian sturgeon inhabits the northern river systems of siberia from the river ob in the west , including the yenisei and lena rivers , to the river kolyma in the east and in lake baikal in southern russia . there are some non - migrating populations in the irtysh river system .
dormidontov , a . s . 1963 . fishery utilization of the lena river sturgeon . pp . 182–187 . in : sturgeon fishery in the water bodies of the ussr . izdatelstvo akademii nauk sssr , moscow ( in russian ) .
in order to preserve the species and protect production based on farmed animals , a form of legal recognition and a statute for farming them should be established . the siberian sturgeon is non - indigenous almost everywhere . however , regulations governing the rearing of non - indigenous species vary from country to country , leading to unfair competition .
according to ruban ( 1997 ) , at present the siberian sturgeon consist of three subespecies : the nominal a . baerii baerii brandt , 1869 from the ob river basin , a . baerii baicalensis nikolskii , 1896 from the lake baikal basin , and a . baerii stenorrhynchus nikolskii , 1896 from other siberian waters . this author consider that the initial spelling of this species , a . baerii , should be preserved . birstein & bemis ( 1997 ) , accept the three subespecies of a . baerii proposed by ruban ( 1997 ) .
the wide dispersal of the species has resulted in some animals escaping into zones that are far distant from their original habitat : the baltic and north seas , the gironde - garonne - dordogne basin in france and the rio negro in uruguay . it is interesting to note that , despite the intensive restocking that took place in some parts of the baltic sea during the 1960s , the species does not seem to have become established there ; one reason for this is probably the considerable ease with which it can be caught . the construction of dams , overfishing and pollution are responsible for a major deterioration in the state of natural populations , which are considered as vulnerable or endangered . globally , most sturgeon species are threatened , and the siberian sturgeon is no exception . the siberian sturgeon does not have a clear international market identity ; it is in competition with other sturgeon species that have a greater growth potential and / or an established commercial image .
in the wild the siberian sturgeon can grow to a length of 2m ( 6 ' 6
) and weigh around 200kg ( 440lb ) . in garden ponds a length of 1m ( 3 ' 3
) - 1 . 5m ( 4 ' 6
) and 10kg ( 22lb ) in weight is considered a large specimen .
dryagin , p . a . 1947 . sturgeon catches in the water bodies of siberia . rybnoe khozyaistvo 1 : 34–38 ( in russian ) .
the most common sturgeon health problems are food and / or oxygen related , get these two vital things right and your sturgeons should remain fit and healthy .
tchuprov , s . m . 1986 . ecological and morphological characteristics of fishes from eastern siberian reservoirs ( krasnoyarskoe and sayanskoe reservoirs ) . candidate biol . sci . dissertation thesis , moscow . 27 pp . ( in russian ) .
yegorov , a . g . 1963 . state and perspectives of development of the sturgeon fishery in the baikal lake and angara river system . pp . 188–195 .
n . l . gerbil’skii , “experimental and methodical foundations of development of sturgeon husbandry in the lower course of the kura , ” tr . lab . osnov rybovodstva
: i . a . baramikova & l . , s . berditchevsky ( ed . ) biological foundations of sturgeon management , nauka , moscow ( in russian ) .
great to see fish other than tilapia being grown in an aquaculture system . also , sturgeon are saltwater fish right ? so that’s another unique aspect to this system .
though there are no reliable statistics , the trend is towards increased production . the production from these activities might be included in the fao statistical category ' sturgeons nei ' , partly because the countries concerned do not state the exact species farmed and partly because some of the production is from hybrids . in 2003 , some unofficial and most accurate estimates for the various siberian sturgeon products are provided in the table shown below .
v . s . malyutin , “the state and perspectives of commercial sturgeon husbandry in the country , ” rybn . khoz . , no . 7 , 20–29 ( 1991 ) .
. 1983 ) . at the main sturgeon rivers of siberia ( ob and yenisei ) the high level of poaching was noted ( krokhalevskii and mikhalev pers . com . ) . at the ob river , natural reproduction of the sturgeon has also declined due to a high level of abnormalities in development and functioning of reproductive system caused by water pollution ( ruban 2005 ) .
so enjoy my in - depth educational piece on the future of farmed seafood . if any of you are interested in trying mote’s siberian sturgeon or caviar , you can find a list of purveyors from nyc , fl and the west coast on their website . the fact that many well - known caviar houses , like petrossian , have agreed to sell their product says a lot about the taste and quality . i , for one , can vouch for it myself .
avoid strong chemical treatments such as formalin / formaldehyde , potassium permanganate , copper sulphate or any treatment that states not to be used with golden orfe ( leciscus sp . ) or rudd ( scardinius reythrophathalmus ) , these will probably kill your sturgeon . salt is the safest treatment to use with sturgeons . for more information about treating your sturgeon see our medications and treating sturgeons page .
these days such old specimens are rarely to be met with in the wild , as for several decades now human activity has drastically depleted sturgeon populations . industrial pollution contaminating the waters of the fishes ' home rivers , dams cutting off migration routes , and uncontrolled fishing and poaching have nearly wiped out many sturgeon species , leading to the imposition of strict regulations on their commercial use . the clear solution to this troubling situation , one that takes the pressure off the wild stock while continuing to supply sturgeon products to the clamorous market , is an emphasis on farm - raised fish .
great video liza ! i never knew that sturgeon take 5 - 7 years to mature , that’s quite an investment by mote . hopefully more programs like this will help wild stock to recover .
natural resources defence council , wildlife conservation society , seaweb ( dec , 2000 ) roe to ruin : the decline of sturgeon in the caspian sea and the road to recovery . available at : urltoken
siberian sturgeons will quickly outgrow smaller ponds of 2 , 000 - 3 , 000 gallons ( 9 , 000 - 13 , 500 litres ) that the sterlet ( acipenser ruthenus ) , with their slower growth rate , would do well in for longer . they may be kept in a pond of 3 , 000 - 6 , 000 gallons ( 13 , 500 - 27 , 000 litres ) for some time but a pond of 6 , 000 - 8 , 000 gallons ( 27 , 000 - 36 , 500 litres ) or more is recommended to keep siberian sturgeons into maturity .
a good fish for the larger pond as it grows very quickly and is hardy . it will go with bigger fish without any problems and is not a threat to other smaller fish . extra oxygenation in the summer months is essential . siberian sturgeons do not tolerate strong treatments such as formalin .
gundrizer , a . n . , a . g . egorov . v . g . afanaseva , s . a . enshina , yu . v . mikhalev , r . i . setsko & a . a . khakimullin . 1983 . perspectives of reproduction of siberian sturgeons . pp . 241–253 .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) . subspecies : acipenser baerii baerii and the baikal sturgeon ( a . b . baicalensis ) are listed as endangered ( en ) , and the lena river sturgeon ( a . b . stenorrhynchus ) is listed as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
i . a . barannikova , “histo - physiological foundations of repeated and single hypophysary injections in sturgeon husbandry , ” tr . vses . nauchno - issled . inst . morsk . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .
and one last note , mote is always looking for new seafood markets and restaurants to sell their farm - raised sturgeon to . so be sure to contact them if you or if anyone you know are interested .
dettlaff , t . a . , ginsburg , a . s . and schmalhausen , o . i . 1993 . sturgeon fishes . developmental biology and aquaculture . springer - verlag , berlin , germany , 300 pp .
. in : birstein v . j . , waldman j . r . , bemis w . e . ( eds ) sturgeon biodiversity and conservation . developments in environmental biology of fishes , vol 17 . springer , dordrecht
the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 7 ) imposed a six - month ban on sturgeon catches in june 2001 , but conservationists are concerned that this has not gone far enough to save the beluga sturgeon ( 6 ) . the majority of the sturgeon population is now supported artificially ( 8 ) ; hatcheries may be the sole reason belugas still persist in the caspian sea ( 9 ) . the united states is the biggest importer of caviar and the fish and wildlife service is currently considering listing the species under the endangered species act , effectively banning importation ( 6 ) , but time is running out in the fight to save this ancient fish
a . baerii is often sold under the common name of
long nose
or
longnose sturgeon
, which is somewhat unhelpful in species identification because some other species on sale have equally long or even longer snouts .
but if chris cogan , the ceo of healthy earth in sarasota , florida has his way , the state that’s famous for its citrus fruit and other produce will someday be as well known to top chefs for its farmed sturgeon roe .
votinov , n . p . 1963 . biological foundations of artificial reproduction of the ob river sturgeon . trudy ob - tazovskogo otdeleniya gosudarstvennogo nauchno - issledovatelskogo instituta ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva , novaya seria 3 : 5–102 ( in russian ) .
this species is known from all siberian rivers draining to the kara , laptev and east siberian seas : basins of the ob , taz , yenisei , pyasina , khatanga , anabar , olenyek , lena , yana , indigirka , alazeya ( rarely ) and kolyma rivers , lake baikal ( the yenisei river basin ) and rivers flowing to the lake – the selenga , barguzin and upper angara . it is most abundant in the ob , yenisei and lena rivers . this species is also native to the the irtysh river , in the northwest of xin jiang province , china . however , wild populations were extirpated from here in the 1950s ; the small population that remains here is from stocking ( chen 2007 ) .
bronzi , p . , rosenthal , h . , arlati , g . and williot , p . 1999 . a brief review on the status and prospects of sturgeon farming in western and central europe . journal of applied ichthyology , 15 : 224 - 227 .
true black caviar is harvested from members of the sturgeon family , whose historic habitats are river and sea basins from the subtropical to the subarctic zones of north america and eurasia . the acipenseridae family numbers 27 species , though only a select few produce this most opulent and coveted delicacy .
the startup didn ' t create the caviar business from the ground up . instead , it acquired the sustainable sturgeon farming operation developed by the mote marine laboratory and aquarium , an independent , nonprofit research center located on a gorgeous , sprawling campus in sarasota , replete with palm trees and spanish moss .
a healthy sturgeon diet must contain a high level of animal protein , sturgeons need a minimum protein content of 40 % and an oil level of 15 % or more . a a small percentage of the protein can be obtained from soya but the majority needs to be from fishmeal or other animal sources .
williot , p . , sabeau , l . , gessner , j . , arlati , g . , bronzi , p . , gulyas , t . and berni , p . 2001 . sturgeon farming in western europe : recent developments and perspectives . aquatic living resources , 14 : 367 - 374 .
gessner , j . , debus , l . , filipiak , j . , spratte , s . , skora , k . e . and arndt , g . m . 1999 . development of sturgeon catches in german and adjacent waters since 1980 . journal of applied ichthyology , 15 : 136 - 141 .
podlesnyi , a . v . 1963 . state of reserves of sturgeons in the yenisey river and ways to increase them . pp . 200–205 . in : e . n . pavlovskii ( ed . ) sturgeon fishery in water bodies of the ussr , izdatelstvo akademii nauk ussr , moscow ( in russian ) .
votinov , n . p . , v . n . zlokazov , v . p . kasyanov & r . i . setsko . 1975 . status of sturgeon reserves in the rivers of siberia and measures aimed to increase these reserves . sredneuralskoe knizhnoe izdatelstvo . sverdlovsk . 94 pp . ( in russian ) .
but , the recirculating aquaculture technology mote is developing for their sturgeon program also serves a greater purpose . as jim will tell you , it’s not just for the caviar . the hope with this program is to eventually drive down the cost of the technology so that this type of farming can be applied to other species of fish , and encourage more farmed seafood production within our borders .
the total population of siberian sturgeon is unknown . direct counts and fishery statistics exist but are incomplete . however , a decline in catches of sturgeons within the main rivers of siberia has been observed from the 1930s ( ruban 2005 ) . based on commercial catch data , it is estimated that the ob river basin contains more than 80 % of the global population of this species ( chen 2007 ) . in the ob river basin , catches declined by ~ 99 . 5 % from 1410 tonnes in 1935 to 6 . 7 tonnes in 1996 . in the yenisei river catches declined from 504 tonnes in 1934 to 10 - 12 tonnes in 2000s ( a ~ 97 . 5 % decline ) . in the lena river catches declined from 190 tonnes in 1943 to about 10 tonnes in recent years ( a ~ 94 . 5 % decline ) ( ruban 2005 ) . this species was extirpated from the northwest parts of xin jiang province , china in the 1950s . the small population that remains here exists through stocking ( chen 2007 ) .
the population decline all over the species range is a result of overfishing , damming ( ob , yenisei , angara ) and poaching . currently commercial fisheries are banned in the basins of the ob and yenisei rivers and the lake baikal . a decline in area of occupancy was observed in upper reaches of the ob , yenisei and lena rivers ( ruban 2005 ) . dam construction at the ob river resulted in 40 % of sturgeon spawning grounds being lost ( gundrizer
marketed sturgeon products vary considerably , according to the country . the fish may be sold live ( between one and two kilos in china ) , or whole , filleted or smoked . there is a market for fertilised eggs and alevins for rearing purposes . alevins are also produced for restocking ( russian federation ) and for aquarists . finally , juveniles are used for the stocking of lakes for recreational fishing . fish farms can obtain €3 to 4 per kilo in western and central europe for fish of a size suitable for human consumption , while in russia and china the value seems to be higher ( €8 to 11 per kilo ) .
the beluga ( huso huso ) is the largest sturgeon in the world and the largest european freshwater fish ; it can reach up to five metres in length ( 2 ) . this ancient fish has an elongated body shape and a flattened , slightly upturned snout ( 3 ) , with the mouth located underneath ( 4 ) . there are five rows of bony plates ( or ' scutes ' ) that run the length of the body , one along the back , one on each flank and two on the undersurface ( 3 ) . the short , fleshy barbels in front of the mouth are feathered at the ends ( 2 ) . the body is predominantly dark grey or greenish whilst the belly tends to be white ( 3 ) .
sturgeon have survived since the time of the dinosaurs but some populations of the beluga are today threatened with commercial extinction , principally as a result of overfishing ( 9 ) . the eggs are highly prized as caviar , for both their quality and quantity ( 4 ) . the beluga is the most famous of the caviar sturgeons , and is featured in the guinness book of records as the most expensive fish ( 3 ) . previously effective management of caspian sea fisheries have recently collapsed and illegal fishing is now rife ; the u . s fish and wildlife service estimated in 1998 that more than 50 percent of worldwide caviar trade was illegal ( 9 ) . in addition , habitat destruction through the pollution of coastal habitats and the alteration of river systems through dams , pollution and silting have further affected beluga numbers ( 4 ) . the volgograd dam for example , has blocked almost all beluga spawning grounds ( 9 ) .
since the 1940s , this species has attracted considerable attention because of its plasticity ; in the 1950s , tests were carried out to introduce the species into various open stretches of water ( baltic sea ) or closed areas ( lakes ) . the farming of this species began in the former ussr in the 1970s . it was also at this time that the first individuals ( from parents that had originated in the river lena ) arrived in france , as a biological model in the context of a franco - soviet scientific cooperation programme . since then , the dispersal of the species has accelerated and , in addition to the russian federation ( its country of origin ) it is known to be present in europe ( belgium , france , italy , germany , hungary , poland , and spain ) , america ( united states , uruguay ) and asia ( china ) . it is highly likely that it is also present in other countries , at least in an experimental capacity . the species has also been the subject of hybridisation . few companies cover the entire production cycle and market all possible products . some only produce eggs and / or alevins ; others specialise in producing the fish for meat ; in many western countries , caviar has become the main purpose of rearing sturgeon .
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this species can be found in all types of freshwater benthic habitats in large rivers and lakes . it spawns in strong - current habitats in the main stream of large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottom . numerous spawning sites are located in lower and middle reaches of rivers . spawning peaks at beginning of june , continuing until end of july . spawning periodicity is 3 - 5 years in females and 2 - 3 years in males . the generation length of the species ranges from 25 - 30 years ( chen 2007 , ruban 2005 ) . in northeastern populations , females are twice the age of males ( ruban 2005 ) . the average age at maturity for females is 11 ( in lena river ) to 22 ( in lake baikal ) , and 9 - 19 years for males .
currently used for traditional chinese medicine in china , japan , korea and singapore . in the northern parts of china , especially along the amur river , stocks of this species are farmed , the skin is used for making boots , gloves , hats and some kinds of decoration ( zhu pers . comm ) . aquaculture ( in outdoor indoor rearing tanks ) is independent of wild - caught material , since artificial reproduction is possible and f2 and higher generations are now used in aquaculture .
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acipenser baerii has 10 - 12 dorsal scutes , 32 - 62 lateral scutes , 7 - 16 ventral scutes , 30 - 56 dorsal fin rays and 17 - 33 anal fin rays .
the back and sides are a uniform dark grey - brown to black , with the scutes and fin edges being very close in colour to the surrounding skin . the belly is whitish and may have some grey spots . the snout is long and pointed with a white tip that may be slightly upturned and rounded .
the growth rate is dependent on food quality and temperature but when young they can grow like weeds , putting on 8 - 10 inches ( 20 - 25cm ) over a year , given the right food and environment . the growth rate slows down once the fish has reached about 3ft in length .
sturgeons do not , as some people would have you believe , eat banket weed or ' clean the bottom of the pond ' . sturgeons need to be fed all year round , they need 2 - 3 % of their body weight of good quality food per day in the summer , less in the winter .
stellatus ( acipenser stellatus ) and sterlets ( acipenser ruthenus ) have smaller throats ; use a size smaller for them .
use an oxygen test kit to make sure there is enough oxygen in the water . follow the instructions that come with the kit to ensure correct results . do not assume that there is plenty of air just because you have an air pump running . many things can affect the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water so testing is the only way to be certain . warm water holds less oxygen than cold water so be vigilant during hot weather , especially stormy nights when the oxygen may drop to dangerously low levels suddenly .
provide the best possible water quaility for you fish . run the pump and filtration all year round and keep a spare back up pump in case of main pump failure . for more information about water quality see our water quality page .
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spiracle present . snout and caudal peduncle subconical . gill membranes joined to isthmus . mouth transverse and lower lip with a split in the middle . the barbels are either smooth or slightly fimbriate . the length of the snout is highly variable ( 33 . 3 - 61 per cent head length ) . 20 - 49 gill rakers fan - like , each terminated by several tubercles . d : 30 - 56 . a : 17 - 33 fin rays . 10 - 12 dorsal scutes ; 32 - 62 lateral scutes ; 7 - 16 ( 20 ) ventral scutes . the scutes of young specimens are sharply tipped , but no in adult ones . numerous small bony plates are scattered between the rows of scutes . there is a great variability in the colouration : from light grey to a dark brown on back and sides , and from white to yellowish on the underside .
the map shown below is constructed from fao statistical data for this species . farming activities also occur in many other countries , including the russian federation , italy , germany , poland , spain , the united states of america , china , belgium and hungary . however , the production from these activities are included in the fao statistical category ' sturgeons nei ' , partly because the countries concerned do not state the exact species farmed and partly because some of the production is from hybrids .
there is currently no particular pathology associated with this species . however , it is sensitive to various bacteriosis [ yersiniosis , vibriosis and myxobacteriosis ( now called flavobacteriosis ) ] . treatments are available to control the development of these diseases and vaccinations enable preventive action to be taken . at the larval stage , good food management is likely to decrease these risks by preventing the development of cannibalism . a very small percentage of animals present deformities , which can eventually lead to a loss of balance , difficulty in feeding and ultimately death . the origin of this pathology , which is not specific to this species , remains unknown . suppliers of pathology expertise no information supplied .
the international caviar market , estimated during the 1980s to be between 200 and 300 tonnes per year , appears to have decreased due to a lack of interest on the part of air transporters . competition between the various caviar producers will soon increase .
birstein , v . j . , bemis , w . e . and waldman , j . r . 1997 . the threatened status of acipenseriformes species : a summary . environmental biology of fishes , 48 : 427 - 435 .
chebanov , m . and billard , r . 2001 . the culture of sturgeons in russia : production of juveniles for stocking and meat for human consumption . aquatic living resources , 14 : 375 - 381 .
sokolov , l . i . and vasil ' ev , v . p . 1989 . acipenser baeri brandt , 1869 . in j . holcik ( ed . ) , the freshwater fishes of europe : general introduction to fishes acipenseriformes . aula - verlag wiesbaden , germany . pp . 263 - 284 .
williot p . 2002 . reproduction . in r . billard ( coord . ) , esturgeons et caviar , pp . 63 - 90 . lavoisier tec & doc , paris , france .
williot , p . and bourguignon , g . 1991 . production d ' esturgeon et de caviar , état actuel et perspectives . in ( p . williot ed ) , acipenser , pp . 509 - 513 . cemagref editions , antony , paris , france .
williot , p . and sabeau , l . 1999 . elevage d ' esturgeons et production de caviar : exemple de l ' esturgeon sibérien ( acipenser baerii ) en france . compte rendu académie agriculture de france 85 ( 8 ) , séance du 27 nov . 1999 : 71 - 83 .
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freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 20 ; potamodromous ( ref . 57765 ) ; depth range 0 - 200 m ( ref . 57765 ) , usually 1 - 8 m ( ref . 57765 ) . temperate ; 1°c - 19°c ( ref . 57765 ) ; 74°n - 46°n , 64°e - 162°e
asia : siberia , rivers ob , irtysh , yenisei , lena , kolyma , khatanga , pyasina , anabar , olenyok , yana and lake baikal ( ref . 57765 ) . non - migratory populations exist in all river systems ( ref . 57765 ) .
maturity : l m 86 . 9 , range 65 - 167 cm max length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40476 ) ; max . published weight : 210 . 0 kg ( ref . 59043 ) ; max . reported age : 63 years ( ref . 57765 )
extended snouts ; four barbels in front of the mouth ( ref . 4639 ) . the back is light grey to dark brown colored . the belly color varies from white to clear yellow . five row s of scutes : 10 - 19d , 32 - 59l , 7 - 16v . small star - like scutes between the main ones . clearly slit inferior lip ( ref . 40476 ) .
found in deep and shallow parts of rivers , with moderate to swift current usually at depths of 1 to 8 m ( ref . 57765 ) . adults live essentially in freshwater although some fish frequently occur in estuaries . males are sexually mature between 9 and 29 years ; females between 9 and 34 years ( ref . 57765 ) . spawn in main river channel over stone - gravel or gravel - sand bottom and with strong current ( ref . 59043 ) .
anadromous species . in a natural environment , males reach sexual maturity at 9 - 1 5 years of age and females at 16 - 20 years ( in water recirculation systems , sexual maturity can first occur at 5 years ) . spawning happens in the summer and generally every two years . membranes on eggs become increasingly more sticky after fertilization and this allows them to stick to the substratum . this can become a problem in nurseries , but it is solved by washing the eggs in clay or diatomaceous earth suspensions . caviar ( not fecundated ovocites ) can be over 1 0 % of the corporal weight of a mature female . incubation lasts about 1 6 days ( at 10 - 1 5° ) . larvae development lasts about 20 days ( at 18° ) . egg size 3 . 0 - 3 . 6 mm , larval length at hatching 10 - 12 mm .
baillie , j . and b . groombridge ( eds . ) , 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland . 378 p . ( ref . 12255 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00263 ( 0 . 00152 - 0 . 00454 ) , b = 3 . 27 ( 3 . 12 - 3 . 42 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( tm = 7 - 34 ; tmax = 63 ; fec = 16 , 500 - 420 , 000 ; k = 0 . 03 ) .
prior r = 0 . 24 , 2 sd range = 0 . 08 - 0 . 67 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 43 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 52 , based on : 3 k , 62 tgen , 1 tmax , 18 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 85 of 100 ) .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
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, as a bioindicator . voprosy ikhtiologii 32 : 102–109 ( in russian . english translation : j . ichthyol . 33 : 15–24 ) .
: a . d . gershanovich & t . i . j . smith ( ed . ) proceedings of the international symposium on sturgeons , 6–11 september 1993 , moscow - kostroma - moscow , vnlro publishing , moscow .
: i . a . shilov ( ed . ) northern ecosystems : structure , adaptations . stability , izdatelstvo moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta , moscow ( in russian ) .
andriyashev , a . p . 1954 . fishes of the northern seas of the ussr . izdatelstvo akademii nauk ussr , moscow leningrad . 566 pp . ( in russian ) .
belykh , f . i . 1940 . lake lama and its fishery use . trudy nauchno - issledovatelskogo inststituta polyarnogo zemledeliya , zhivotnovodstva i promyslovogo khozyaistva . seriya promyslovoe khozyaistvo 11 : 73–100 ( in russian ) .
berg , l . s . 1926 . fishes of the khatanga basin . material komissii an sssr po izucheniyu yakutskoi assr 2 : 1–22 ( in russian ) .
berg , l . s . 1948 . the freshwater fishes of the ussr and adjacent countries , vol , 1 . part 1 . akadenmia nauk sssr , moscow & leningrad ( in russian . english translation published by israel program for scientific translations . jerusalem . 505 pp . )
brandt ) of the irtysh river basin . uchenye zapiski permskogo gosudarstvennogo unisversite teta 3 : 145–163 ( in russian ) .
borisov , p . g . 1928 . fishes ofthe lena river . trudy komissii an sssr po izueheniyu yakutskoi respubliki 9 : 1–181 ( in russian ) .
brandt , j . g . 1869 / 1870 . einige worte ber die curopisch - asiatischen strarten ( sturionides ) . bull . acad . imper . sci . st . - petersbourg 14 : 171–175 .
burmakin , e . v 1941 . some little commercial and noncommercial fishes of the gyda bay system . turdy nauchno - lssledovatelskogo instituta polyarnogo zemledeliya , zhivotnovodstva i promyslovogo khozyaistva , seriya promyslovoe khozyaistvo 15 : 149–158 ( in russian ) .
: v . i . lukyanenko ( ed . ) stu rgeon fishery in inland water bodies of the ussr , abstracts of papers at the 2nd all - union conference , astrakhan ( in russian ) .
dryagin , p . a . 1933 . fish resource of yakutiya . trudy soveta po izueheniyu proisvoditelnykh sil 5 : 3–94 ( in russian ) .
dryagin , p . a . 1948b . commercial fishes of the ob - lrtysh river basin . izvestiya vsesouznogo lnstituta ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva 25 ( 2 ) : 3–104 ( in russian ) .
kalashnikov , yu . e . 1978 , fishes of the vitim river basin . nauka press , novosibirsk . 190 pp . ( in russian ) .
karantonis , f e . , e . n . kirillov & f b . mukhomediyarov . 1956 . fishes of the middle lena reaches trudy instituta biologii yakutskogo filiala an ussr 2 : 3–144 ( in russian ) .
kirillov , f . n . 1950 . fishes of the tiksi bay . uchenye zapiski tomskogo universiteta 15 : 155–162 ( in russian ) .
kirillov , e n . 1953 . fishes ofthe lndigirka river and their fishery . candidate of biol . sci . dissertation thesis . yakutsk . 13 pp . ( in russian )
kirillov , e n . 1964 . species composition of fishes of the aldan river . pp . 73–82 ,
kirillov , f . n . 1972 . fishes of yakutiya . nauka press , moscow . 360 pp . ( in russian ) .
kirillov , e n . & n . g . solomonov ( ed . ) 1979 . biology of the vilyui water reservoir . nauka press , novosibirsk . 270 pp . ( in russian ) .
kolosov , a . m . ( ed . ) 1983 . rsfsr [ russian federation ] red data book . animals . rosselkhozizdat , moscow . 455 pp . ( in russian ) .
kozhov , m . m . 1950 . fresh waters of east siberia . ogiz press , irkutsk . 367 pp , ( in russian ) .
logashov , m . v . 1940 . lake melkoe and its utilization for fishery . trudy nauchno - issledovatelskogo instituta polyarnogo zemledeliya , zhivotnovodstva i promyslovogo khozyaistva , seriya promyslovoe khozyaistvo 11 : 7–71 ( in russian ) .
lukyanchikov , f . v . 1967 . fishes of the khatanga river system . trudy krasnoyarskogo otdeleniya sibniirkh 9 : 11–93 ( in russian ) .
maak , r . u . 1886 , vilyui region of the yakutsk district , part 2 . st . - petersburg . 366 pp . ( in russian ) .
mayr , e . 1969 . principles of systematic zoology : mcgraw - hill , new york . 428 pp .
sp . nov . ) . ezhegodnik zoologicheskogo museya akademii nauk 1 : 400–405 ( in russian ) .
brandt . sbornik trudov gosudarstvennogo zoologicheskogo muzeya pri mgu 5 : 136–148 ( in russian ) .
ostroumov , n . a . 1937 . fishes and fishery of the pyasina river . trudy polyarnoi komissii an ussr 30 : 1–115 ( in russian ) .
petkevich , a . n . , v . n . bashmakov & a . ya . bashmakova . 1950 . sturgeons of the middle and upper reaches of the ob river . trudy barabinskogo otdeleniya vsesoyuznogo nauchno - issledovatelskogo otdeleniya instituta ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva 4 : 3–54 ( in russian ) .
a . nikolsky ) of the yenisey river . voprosy ikhtiologii 4 : 21–40 ( in russian ) .
podlesnyi , a . v . 1958 . fishes of the yenisey river , conditions of their life and utilization of them . trudy vsesoyuznogo nauchno - issledovatelskogo instituta ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva 44 : 97–178 ( in russian ) .
roskin , g . i . & l . v . levinson . 1957 . microscopic techniques . sovetskaya nauka , moscow . 468 pp . ( in russian ) .
, of the lena river basin . voprosy ikhtiologii 29 : 48–55 ( in russian , english translation : j . ichthyol . 29 : 48–55 ) .
, in the indigirka river . voprosy ikhtiologii 31 : 596–605 ( in russian , english translation : j . ichthyol . 31 : 118–129 ) .
, from the kolyma river . voprosy ikhtiologii 33 : 84–92 ( in russian , english translation : j . ichthyol . 33 : 66–80 ) .
drjagin ( acipenseriformes , acipenseridae ) , in the yenisey and lena rivers . voprosy ikhtiologii 34 : 469–478 ( in russian , english translation : j . ichthyol . 34 : 58–71 ) .
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, from the aldan river . voprosy ikhtiologii 26 : 55–64 ( in russian , english translation : j . ichthyol . 26 : 55–64 ) .