marrus orthocanna is a species of pelagic siphonophore , a colonial animal composed of a complex arrangement of zooids , some of which are polyps and some medusae .

it lives in the arctic and other cold , deep waters , swimming independently in mid-ocean .

marrus orthocanna

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marrus orthocanna - kramp , 1942 arctic ocean diversity . retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 .
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by marrus orthocanna is world class music medicine in alternative rock . marrus orthocanna is a rock band hailing from bogotá , colombia experimenting with a large spectrum of sounds from 90 ' s alternative and grunge , to psychedelic and progressive rock . marrus orthocanna have just recently put out it ' s first self title ep and are currently working on a full length album packed with aggressive guitar solos and smooth vocal melodies . marrus orthocanna - facebook urltoken buy music ! marrus orthocanna - bandcamp urltoken
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from left ; caulophryne jordani fanfin seadevil , marrus orthocanna and grimpoteuthis , or
dumbo octopus .
marrus orthocanna , a deep sea siphonophore . the combined digestive and circulatory system is red ; all other parts are transparent .
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marrus orthocanna , a deep sea siphonophore . the combined digestive and circulatory system is red ; all other parts are transparent . | pinterest | deep sea , circ…
andersen , o . g . n . , 1981 . redescription of marrus orthocanna ( kramp , 1942 ) ( cnidaria , siphonophora ) . steenstrupia 7 : 293 - 307
a physonect siphonophore , marrus orthocanna , photographed during the national oceanic and atmospheric administration’s artic “hidden ocean” expedition in support of the census of marine life . photograph courtesy kevin raskoff .
marrus orthocanna is one of several deep sea siphonophores that have the same common name , pelagic siphonophore . deep sea ocean explorers in manned submersibles have viewed this species at depths as deep as 2000 meters ( 6600 feet ) .
pelagic siphinophores such as m . orthocanna are often called
superorganisms
. | courtesy of noaa national marine fisheries
m . orthocanna ’s pneumatophore is red ; nectophores transparent with bright red canals ; rest of body structures are transparent with some red / orange coloration in in different hues on different parts of the body .
in spite of having a fragile gelatinous body , m . orthocanna has adapted to its harsh environment’s cold , extreme pressure and lack of food . this voracious predator capitalizes on its agile swimming ability and curtain of tentacles spreading widely to capture prey .
the most famous siphonophore is the portuguese man - o - war , which has ruined many innocent dips in the ocean . the balloon - like sail and the tentacles are familiar to us , and makes the man - o - war look familiar , like a jellyfish . that’s not the form all siphonophores take . marrus orthocanna swims too deep to get a common name and looks , with its string of blossom - like bells on a single stem , like a piece of seaweed . apolemia uvaria looks like someone dropped a feather boa in the ocean . and then there’s this :
dunn , c . w . ; pugh , p . r . ; haddock , s . h . d . ( 2005 ) . marrus claudanielis , a new species of deep - sea physonect siphonophore ( siphonophora , physonectae ) . < em > bulletin of marine science . < / em > 76 ( 3 ) : 699 - 714 .
like other siphonophores m . orthocanna is a colony of specialized individuals known as zooids that have different functions such as locomotion , capturing prey , waste removal , and reproduction . no matter what the function , all the zooids attached to the stem of a siphonophore are descended from one fertilized egg so all are genetically identical .
m . orthocanna moves forward intermittently . it pauses to put out its “fishing” curtain of tentacles in front of the body stem of the siphonophore to ensnare passing prey . each polyp has a single tentacle that is 30 to 50 cm ( 11 . 8 to 20 in ) long . on contact stinging cells ( nematocysts ) shoot “harpoons” of toxin into the victim that paralyze and even kill it . the meal is then transferred to the canals that carry it to the entire colony .
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cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . .
full author list : cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , philip r . pugh , claudia e . mills , walter c . jaap , mary n . arai , stephen h . d . haddock , and dennis m . opresko
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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an agalma okeni taken out of the water so that it is possible to see all the gelatinous parts .
while one species of siphonophore lives at the surface of the ocean ( the familiar portuguese man o ' war , physalia physalis ) , and members of another group ( the rhodaliids ) tethered themselves to the bottom with their tentacles , the vast majority of siphonophores are active swimmers and live in the water column of the open ocean . a few hardy species are sometimes found near the shore , but these are the exception .
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license .
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arctic ocean , northwest pacific ocean , bering sea , sea of okhotsk , north atlantic ocean , and mediterranean sea .
1 . 8 - 2 m ( 6 - 7 ft ) in length early in development two growth zones form on the young stem where the stem will elongate and new zooids form . nectaphores form at the zone near the pneumatophore . the second growth zone is just below the oldest nectaphore . the zooids of the siphosome that carry out functions other than locomotion are formed here . as the stem elongates , new growth in both zones is carried downward .
all siphonophores are predatory carnivores . this species is believed to feed on copepods , and other small crustaceans such as decapods , krill , and mysids . small fish may also be eaten .
like most siphonophores , the pelagic siphonophore is an active swimmer . when its bell - shaped nectphoes contract , water is expelled causing the colony to move . the contractions of the medusa are coordinated which enables the animal to swim forwards , sideward , or backwards .
pelagic siphonophores have not been evaluated for conservation status . deep sea dwellers , populations could be impacted by increasing pressures to mine the deep sea and to harvest marine life for seafood by deep sea trawling . siphonophores could be caught as bycatch .
during world war ii , submarine operators found that they could hide the submarine from the enemy’s sonar under large groups of siphonophores . the sonar waves were scattered by the soft bodies if the siphonophores .
, a siphonophore found at depths of 200 to 800 metres ( 660 to 2 , 600 ft ) in cold , arctic waters . ah , yes . . . a siphonophore . get your dictionary of alien words out .
siphonophores are colonial relatives of jellyfish and sea anemones . each member of the colony is called a zooid , and all are clones of the founding protozooid .
this protozooid becomes an elongated polyp , like a really long , thin sea anemone . it reaches up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) long , and has a mouth at the bottom and a gas - filled pneumatophore at the top . just like many other siphonophores , such as the
, the pneumatophore ensures the colony doesn ' t sink to the sea floor . it ' s just that the man o ' war has a really huge pneumatophore while most other siphonophores have much smaller ones .
siphonophore . . . pneumatophore . . . ensure . . . sea floor . . . there ' s a poem in there , somewhere .
all along the length of the protozooid are the nectophores , looking like jars or lamps . they have an orange lining which is a food canal that the entire colony shares . it also means
actually the nectophores are pretty much jellyfish on a stick . they contract so that the colony can slowly swim through the ocean . with the much diminished current of the deep , the colony can even coordinate everything so they have enviable control over what direction they go in . enviable by jellyfish standards , anyway .
by the siphosome ; the whole colony may reach some 2 metres ( 6 . 5 feet ) long and almost all of it is taken up by the siphosome . why ? because that ' s how they eat ! the siphosome is comprised of lots more polyps , like tiny sea anemones . some have a single tentacle up to 50 cm ( 20 in ) long for catching food , while others do the digestion and share the proceeds with the rest of the colony via those orange channels .
has been seen slowly swimming along before pausing to unveil its giant curtain of stinging death , probably catching all sorts of crustaceans . so if you hip cats are looking for a trendy , all - in - one light fixture that will send the oldies and squares reeling and deal with your shrimp infestation , you know what you need .
almost looks like jewelry to me . weird jewelry , but still . . .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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siphonophora . the godthaab expedition 1928 . - medd . grønl . 80 ( 8 ) : 3 - 24 .
cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . . , 2002 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora , second edition , 2002 . american fisheries society special publication 28 . xi + 115 .
kirkpatrick , p . a . ; pugh , p . r . ( 1984 ) . siphonophores and velellids : keys and notes for the identification of the species . < i > synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) < / i > , 29 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london , uk . isbn 90 - 04 - 07470 - 8 . vi , 154 pp .
pugh , p . r . 1974a . the vertical distribution of the siphonophores collected during the sond cruise , 1965 . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . 54 ( 1 ) : 25 - 90 .
pugh , p . r . 1999 . a review of the genus bargmannia totton , 1954 ( siphonophorae , physonecta , pyrostephidae ) . - bulletin of the natural history museum zoology series 65 : 51 - 72 .
stepanjants , s . d . 1967 . siphonophores of the seas of the ussr and the northern part of the pacific ocean . opred . faune sssr 96 . ‘nauka’ , leningrad . ( in russian ) .
totton , a . k . ( 1954 ) . siphonophora of the indian ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens from other oceans . < em > discovery rep . < / em > 27 : 1 - 162 .
totton , a . k . 1965 . a synopsis of the siphonophora . london , british museum ( natural history ) . pp . 230 .
totton , a . k . , and fraser , j . h . 1955g . siphonophora . sub - order physonectae . family agalmidae . cons . int . explor . mer zooplankton sheet 61 .
zelickman , e . a . , 1972 . distribution and ecology of the pelagic hydromedusae , siphonophores and ctenophores of the barents sea , based on perennial plankton collections . mar . biol . , berl . 17 3 : 256 - 264 .
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a video by the census of marine life about why we need to monitor biodiversity in the oceans and how it can be done using existing technologies on a global scale .
started in the year 2000 , census of marine life ( coml ) is an international science research program uniting thousands of researchers worldwide with the goal of assessing and explaining the diversity , distribution and abundance of marine life - past , present and future - by 2010 .
the census includes the identification of 5 , 300 potentially new species . the deepwater jellyfish ( crossota norvegica ) was photographed during a census of marine life expedition to the deep canada basin in 2005 . photograph courtesy kevin raskoff / noaa / handout / reuters / corbis
world ocean census : a global survey of marine life p ublished by firefly books , october 15 , 2009 , is the only officially sanctioned book to bring the census and its discoveries to the general reader .
life on earth sprang from the ocean and to a remarkable extent it still depends on this water body that covers 71 percent of our planet’s surface . yet , very little of the ocean has been scientifically investigated . that is rapidly changing with the first - ever census of marine life ( coml ) , a worldwide 10 - year undertaking involving thousands of scientists from more than 80 nations .
written by a team of coml’s scientists and educators , darlene trew crist , gail scowcroft , james m . harding , jr . , it offers an unprecedented journey to the ocean depths , enabling readers to go behind - the - scenes of the study’s extraordinary findings and adventures .
pages 26 - 27 from the book . this spectacular blue - eyed hermit crab ( paragiopagurus diogenes ) is an example of census discoveries that raise more questions than answers . the shiny gold on the claws of this crab , captured in the french frigate shoals off the northwestern hawaiian islands , is a phenomenon not seen before . scientists believe it serves as a form of communication . attached to its shell , the crab also has its very own species of anemone ( the fuzzy brown area underneath ) , which is not known to attach to any other species of hermit crab . photograph courtesy susan middleton
sylvia earle , phd , ambassador for the world’s ocean and national geographic society explorer - in - residence wrote in her forward to the book that “the importance of the census is made urgent because at the same time that more is being learned about the diversity of life in the sea than during all preceding history , more is being lost… . ”
“some will treasure the world ocean census as a valuable reference , others as a place to find white - knuckle adventures . the images alone will cause many to re - evaluate their concepts of what astonishing forms are embraced within the bounds of what constitutes an eye , a heart , a body of living tissue . the underlying similarities shared by all living things – humans very much included – shine through , while maintaining wonder at the infinite capacity for diversity : from the broad divisions of life to the individual speckles and shapes that distinguish each sardine , salp and starfish from every other of its kind . above all , the breakthroughs in knowledge gained , and awareness of the magnitude of what remains to be discovered , inspire hope that the greatest era of ocean exploration – and ocean care - will now begin . ”
page 24 : this fabulously marked polychaete , or marine tube worm , loima sp . , inhabits the waters off lizard island , queensland , australia . photograph courtesy gary cranitch , queensland museum
page 25 : the spines on this crab larvae ( spiny decapod megalops ) , although beautiful , serve as protection and camouflage . photograph courtesy cheryl clarke hopcroft
these questions are of vital importance as scientists seek to understand the impact global warming and other factors—past and present—have had on the world’s oceans , and what that portends for the future .
to assess and explain the diversity , distribution , and abundance of marine life to record how many of each species the ocean contains , where they live now , and where else they could live if / when habitats disappear to describe the life found in deep , previously unexplored areas that new technology is opening to scientists for the first time .
pages 46 - 47 : an amazing array of exquisitely beautiful animals , such as this jeweled squid ( histioteuthis bonelli ) , has been found in the previously little - explored dark zone of the world’s ocean . photograph courtesy david shale
the census of marine life , which will release its scientific report in 2010 , is a project of extraordinary range and scope , as benefits its subject . census researchers have journeyed to remote and dangerous places ; charted the past using means as diverse as scientific reports , whaler’s logs , and seafood menus ; and explored previously unexplored ecosystems . in the antarctic , for example , climate change and melting ice shelves gave coml researchers access to pristine portions of the ocean floor that had been sealed off for at least 5 , 000 years .
photo on left , page 110 : an antarctic fur seal mother and pup represent current and future generations of potential animal observers . with the help of these research assistants , scientists may be able to prevent the loss of their polar habitat to global climate change . photograph courtesy dan costa
photo on right : page 111 : “sealteam 1” poses with its latest recruit in its mission to collect data about the undersampled antarctic ocean . “seal tagging and getting on an ice floe below the antarctic circle in the dead of winter down here – that is about as wild as it gets ! ” says mark harris . photograph courtesy dan costa
there is no part of the ocean that is not overfished . at the present rate , commercial fisheries could collapse by 2048 .
photo on left , page 148 : this goggle - eyed worm belongs to the phylum polychaeta , a group of segmented worms named for their many bristles ( poly = many , chaete = bristle ) . many species in this family undergo a spectacular transformation as they become sexually mature : both sexes develop huge eyes , while most of the bodysegments and bristles become paddleshaped . photograph courtesy national history museum of la county
photo on right : this striking shrimp was collected from french frigate shoals in the northwest hawaiian islands . photograph courtesy gustav paulay
in the book , readers will learn how the mystery of new life forms are revealed , how coml research was planned and executed , how animals are tagged and tracked , and about the cutting - edge technologies that enabled this mammoth endeavor . hundreds of breathtaking , full - color photographs plunge one deep into the ocean to see some of the millions of species—from the smallest microbes to the largest whales—that dwell beneath the waves .
page 190 photo top left : asbestopluma , a never - before - known species of carnivorous sponge about 1 centimeter ( 0 . 4 inch ) in diameter , engulfs organisms and then digests the imprisoned prey . this is one of four such species , three of them believed new to science , found in the southern ocean abyss . photograph courtesy dorte janussen , senckenberg , frg
bottom left : the larsen b ice shelf as it appeared in january 2002 . bottom right : the area after the ice shelf collapsed in march 2002 . images courtesy of the national snow and ice data center
page 191 top : a presumed new species of epimeria , a 25 - millimeter - long ( almost an inch ) amphipod crustacean , was collected near elephant island during an expedition to the weddell sea in 2006–07 .
page 191 bottom : this potentially new giant antarctic amphipod crustacean – of the genus eusirus – was one of the stars among the species collected during the trip to the weddell sea in 2006–07 . nearly 10 centimeters ( 4 inches ) long , it was sampled by using baited traps off the antarctic peninsula .
the global ocean is truly earth’s final frontier , its myriad secrets only now being revealed . world ocean census , and the study it brings to the public eye , are of inestimable importance to earth’s future and , perhaps , man’s very survival .
page 206 above : this is just a small portion of the huge school of cownose rays ( rhinoptera steindachneri ) that circled a dive site in the galapagos islands .
page 207 : underwater encounters with endangered hawaiian monk seals ( monachus schauinslandi ) are few and far between – the population is estimated at only slightly more than 1 , 000 individuals . even scarcer is the mediterranean monk seal , with a population of less than 500 . the caribbean or west indian monk seal ( monachus tropicalis ) , the only seal ever known to be native to the caribbean sea and gulf of mexico , was last seen in 1952 . in 2008 , after five years of trying to find evidence of caribbean monk seals , the u . s . government declared the species officially extinct . photographs pages 206 and 207 © urltoken
the information in this article is from world ocean census : a global survey of marine life and from firefly books .
title : world ocean census : a global survey of marine life author : by darlene trew crist , gail scowcroft , james m . harding , jr . ; foreword by sylvia earle specs : 256 pages , 9
x 11
, color photographs throughout , glossary , further reading , index ; $ 40 . 00 plastic - laminated hardcover with jacket isbn : 1 - 55407 - 434 - 7 / 978 - 1 - 55407 - 434 - 1 pub date : october 15 , 2009 publisher : firefly books urltoken
there is a related article on the horizon solutions site . census of marine life explorers find hundreds of identical species thrive in both arctic and antarctic with more images .
a video by the census of marine life about why we need to monitor biodiversity in the oceans and how it can be done using existing technologies on a global scale . for more information visit urltoken .
is a colony composed of a number of specialised zooids linked together by a long stem .
at the front is the pneumatophore , an orange - coloured , gas - filled float . behind this is the nectosome , a region where there are a number of translucent nectophores with red , unlooped radial canals . these are bell - shaped medusae specialised for locomotion . when they contract , water is expelled which causes the colony to move . their contractions are coordinated which enables the animal to swim forwards , sidewards or backwards . the remaining region is the siphosome . most of the zooids here are
, specialised for collecting food . they do this for the whole colony , spreading their single long tentacles in the water to snare
. other zooids in this region undertake digestion and assimilation of food items . reproductive medusae are found among the polyps in the siphosome and also various other specialised zooids . the various forms are all arranged in a repeating pattern .
it is found at depths ranging between 200 and 800 m ( 660 and 2 , 620 ft ) . the greatest depth at which it has been observed is about 2 , 000 m ( 6 , 600 ft ) .
at these depths the temperature is about 4 °c ( 39 °f ) , hardly any light penetrates from the surface and human observation is limited to what can be seen from submersible craft .
can be several metres long and the tentacles can extend fifty centimetres on either side . it moves forward intermittently before pausing to put out its
fishing lines
, ready to ensnare passing creatures . it is a
this colonial animal arises from a single fertilised egg . the protozooid that develops from this subsequently
to form the other members of the colony which are thus genetically identical . the protozooid first thins and elongates , the middle section becoming the stem of the colony . the pneumatophore forms at the opposite end to the mouth . next a growth zone on the thin stem forms and budding occurs with the formation of the nectophores . as the stem continues lengthening , further zooids develop above these . another growth zone sees the development of the siphosome and the continuing elongation of the stem carries these zooids down with it .
the division of labour between the zooids is an evolutionary advance in the constant struggle for existence in the deep sea . such organisms as
blur the boundaries between the individual polyp and the whole colonial organism ; each cannot exist without the other .
kramp p . l . ( 1942 ) .
siphonophora . the godthaab expedition 1928
. medd . grønl . 80 ( 8 ) : 3 - 24 .
siphonophores are groups of creatures that live , connected , as one animal . and they’re incredibly confusing — they all have the same dna . they can’t separate . they work together to achieve one goal . so why are we supposed to think of them as “colonies , ” rather than a single entity ?
what is that ? even the people looking at it can’t figure it out . all they’re willing to say is it’s the size of “twenty wiffle balls , ” and it’s probably a siphonophore . which means it isn’t an “it , ” it’s a “them . ”
to go back to the familiar man - o - war , the sail is a creature called the pneumatophore . the stinging tentacles are made up of dactylzooids . the gastrozooid is in charge of breaking down the food that the dactylozooids catch . and the gonozooid is the part that reproduces .
so how do these separate creatures yoked together in one body actually reproduce ? man - o - war reproductive sections ( gonozooids ) have two sexes , male and female . when the man - o - war gather in large groups , they release their genetic hopefuls , eggs and sperm , into the ocean . the eggs and sperm meet and form their own little gonozooid .
where do the pneumatophores , the dactylzooids , and the gastrozooids come from ? they slowly bud off from the fertilized organism . each one shares the genetic information of the original fertilized egg , but they form their own creatures through this asexual budding . throughout the life of the siphonophore , these creatures will stick together , feeding each other , protecting each other , and navigating for each other , until it comes time for the gonozooids to breed again .
if that sounds dubious to you , you’re not alone . many people wonder what differentiates a siphonophore from any other creature . descriptions of siphonophores do sound like they could be applied to any single animal , including humans . your brain navigates , your arms and legs protect and hunt , your stomach digests food , and your sexual parts reproduce — but that doesn’t mean those parts are colonies .
and yet , biologists all agree that siphonophores are colonies , and not single animals . so what’s the difference ?
many people compare siphonophores to ant or bee colonies . bees perform rigidly separate functions . a worker cannot perform the functions of a queen . separate an ant or a bee from its colony and it will almost certainly die soon . divide the colony itself and the entire thing collapses . but that doesn’t mean that each insect is not a separate animal from every other member of its colony . then again , an ant isn’t joined to the rest of its colony by tissue , and it doesn’t bud from its queen’s abdomen .
the best way to understand siphonophores is thinking about conjoined twins . they carry the same dna , and they move as one body . only one twin was created by the original fusion of sperm and egg . and sometimes they are unable to survive if separated . but they do live separate existences . siphonophores can make independent motions . they grow and repair themselves independently . they are multiple organisms joined as one . the difference is , they have made the conjunction a necessary part of their regular life - cycle .
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when , more than 70 years ago , william beebe became the first scientist to descend into the abyss , he described a world of twinkling lights , silvery eels , throbbing jellyfish , living strings as “lovely as the finest lace” and lanky monsters with needlelike teeth .
“it was stranger than any imagination could have conceived , ” he wrote in “half mile down” ( harcourt brace , 1934 ) . “i would focus on some one creature and just as its outlines began to be distinct on my retina , some brilliant , animated comet or constellation would rush across the small arc of my submarine heaven and every sense would be distracted , and my eyes would involuntarily shift to this new wonder . ”
beebe sketched some of the creatures , because no camera of the day was able to withstand the rigors of the deep and record the nuances of this cornucopia of astonishments .
colleagues reacted coolly . some accused beebe of exaggeration . one reviewer suggested that his heavy breathing had fogged the window of the submarine vessel , distorting the undersea views .
today , the revolution in lights , cameras , electronics and digital photography is revealing a world that is even stranger than the one that beebe struggled to describe .
the images arrayed here come from “the deep : the extraordinary creatures of the abyss” ( university of chicago press , 2007 ) , by claire nouvian , a french journalist and film director . in its preface , ms . nouvian writes of an epiphany that began her undersea journey .
“it was as though a veil had been lifted , ” she says , “revealing unexpected points of view , vaster and more promising . ”
the photographs she has selected celebrate that sense of the unexpected . bizarre species from as far down as four and half miles are shown in remarkable detail , their tentacles lashing , eyes bulging , lights flashing . the eerie translucence of many of the gelatinous creatures seems to defy common sense . they seem to be living water .
on page after page , it is as if aliens had descended from another world to amaze and delight . a small octopus looks like a child’s squeeze toy . a seadevil looks like something out of a bad dream . a ping - pong tree sponge rivals artwork that might be seen in an upscale gallery .
interspersed among 220 color photographs are essays by some of the world’s top experts on deep - sea life that reflect on what lies beneath . for example , laurence madin of woods hole oceanographic institution notes the violence that air and gravity do to creatures without internal or external skeletons when they are pulled up to the deck of a ship , obliterating their varieties of form and function .
“this unattractive jello - like mass , ” he writes , “is the unfair land version of amazing and delicate creatures that can display their true beauty only in their natural watery environment . ” the photographs in the book right that wrong , and not just for jellyfish .
one shows a dense colony of brittle stars , their arms intertwined and overlapping , their masses in the distance merging with the blackness of the seabed , alive , inhabiting a place once thought to be a lifeless desert .
craig m . young of the oregon institute of marine biology writes in the book that the diversity of life in the abyss “may exceed that of the amazon rain forest and the great barrier reef combined . ”
beebe , who ran the tropical research department at the new york zoological society , surely had intimations of what lay beyond the oceanic door he had opened . “the deep” brings much of that dark landscape to light , even while noting that a vast majority of the planet’s largest habitat remains unexamined , awaiting a new generation of explorers .
with the headline : mysteries to behold in the dark down deep : seadevils and species unknown .
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mystus gulio , the long whiskers catfish , is a species of catfish of the family bagridae .

the generic name is probably derived from the latin " mystax " , meaning " moustache " , due to the long barbels .

it is found in india , sri lanka , pakistan , nepal and vietnam .

it is primarily a brackish water fish that enters and lives in fresh water .

the population is known to be decreasing in recent past , due to catching , pet trading and habitat destruction .

mystus gulio

systematic position phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii ( ray - fined fish ) order : siluriformies ( catfishes ) family : bagridae ( bagrid catfishes ) genus : mystus species : m . gulio
abstracts long whiskers catfish mystus gulio is a commercially important food fish in asian countries . but natural population is decreasing due to over - exploitation and various ecological changes in its natural habitats . this paper suggests the steps for the conservation of the remnant isolated population of m . gulio in asian countries .
apa 6th edition hossain , m . y . , islam , r . , hossen , m . a . , rahman , o . , hossain , m . a . , islam , m . a . & alam , m . j . ( 2015 ) . threatened fishes of the world : mystus gulio ( hamilton , 1822 ) ( siluriformes : bagridae ) . croatian journal of fisheries , 73 ( 1 ) , 43 - 45 . urltoken mla 8th edition hossain , md . yeamin , et al .
threatened fishes of the world : mystus gulio ( hamilton , 1822 ) ( siluriformes : bagridae ) .
croatian journal of fisheries , vol . 73 , no . 1 , 2015 , pp . 43 - 45 . urltoken . accessed 9 jul . 2018 . chicago 17th edition hossain , md . yeamin , rafiqul islam , md . alomgir hossen , obaidur rahman , md . akhtar hossain , md . ariful islam and md . jahangir alam .
threatened fishes of the world : mystus gulio ( hamilton , 1822 ) ( siluriformes : bagridae ) .
croatian journal of fisheries 73 , no . 1 ( 2015 ) : 43 - 45 . urltoken
mystus gulio was described from the higher parts of the gangetic estuary by hamilton ( 1822 ) . although it is often regarded as a species widely distributed throughout south and southeast asia , there is some evidence to indicate that the populations from southeast asia constitute one or more species that are distinct from populations in the indian subcontinent ( h . h . ng pers . comm . ) . a taxonomic reappraisal of this species based on material from throughout its entire distribution is badly needed .
justification : despite being targeted in artisanal fisheries , being sometimes harvested as an ornamental fish and demonstrated population declines in parts of its range , the level of exploitation is not deemed high enough to be a threat to long - term survival of this species , which is still considered relatively abundant . this species is therefore assessed as least concern here . however , it should be noted that there are taxonomic problems surrounding the identity of this species and it is likely that what is currently classified as mystus gulio may consist of several species with more geographically circumscribed distributions . should this be the case , it may be necessary to reassess this species in the near future .
light microscopic studies of the immune response of mystus gulio were carried out . antigen binding cells have been detected by plaque - forming cell ( pfc ) assay test in the spleen , head - kidney ( hk ) and thymus . among these three organs , the hk is more pronounced in its response , and it is compared , on the basis of its histology of higher vertebrates . the peak response after primary and secondary immunizations was on day 7 , in both circulating blood and the immune organs . the results suggest that hk in these fish might be the major organ for antibody secreting cells . the ha ( haemoagglutinin ) response was also for longer duration but only slightly more intense . the pfc response after the secondary immunization was for much longer duration and much more intense than after the primary immunization .
common / local names english : long whiskers catfish , long - whiskered catfish and gulio catfish bangladesh : nuna tengra ( নুনা টেংরা ) , guli tengra ( গুলি টেংরা ) , gula ( গুলা ) , guillya ( গুইল্লা ) , tengra ( টেংরা ) and penchgula ( পাচগুলা ) india : nuna - tengra ( west bengal ) ; kala - tenguah ( bihar ) ; kontia ( orissa ) ; naikeluthi , kattai - keluthi and uppang - kelettee ( tamil nadu ) ; vella - koori and kada - kelithi ( kerala ) and singati ( maharashtra ) ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .
( 1 ) yellowcat , who also notes :
extremely slow growing species . . . since 2004 had two but lost one , survivor is now @ 7
tl
, ( 2 ) shovelnose , who also notes :
the greediest mystus i have ever kept . more of an open swimmer . never seen it trying to hide . will eat anything . collected specimens from both fresh and brackish water . care level for both the same . easy fish to handle .
. click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all
my cats
data for this species .
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kottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .
this species is found in coastal regions and the lower reaches of rivers throughout the indian subcontinent eastwards to the indochinese peninsula and southwards to sundaic southeast asia .
although patra et al . ( 2005 ) report a mean decline of 33 . 6 % in catch for this species in the sundarbans ( ganges - brahmaputra estuary ) for the period 1960 - 2000 and mishra et al . ( 2009 ) report a decline of 27 . 8 % in catch for this species in southwestern bengal for a similar period , there is insufficient data from other areas where this species is naturally distributed . current indications are that this is a widespread , common species .
this species inhabits estuaries and tidal rivers and lakes , ascending to freshwater , often entering the sea ( talwar and jhingran 1991 ) .
this species is commonly utilized as a food fish , and has occasionally been caught and exported as an ornamental fish .
although the southern west bengal population is threatened from overfishing , threats to this species in the rest of its range are unknown . since there is no information on the biology of this species , the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified .
there is insufficient information on the biology and potential threats for this species . catch data for this species is also needed . the identities of the southeast asian populations require study to resolve their identities .
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the generic name is probably derived from the latin mystax , meaning moustache , in reference to the long barbels . it was first used by scopoli in 1777 making it a very old genus that has included many catfishes from throughout the world at one time or another . from the local ( bengali ) name of the fish ( guli ) .
400mm or 15 . 7
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
primarily a brackish water fish that enters and lives in fresh water . in freshwater , it occurs mainly in larger water bodies ( rivers and streams ) with mud or clay substrates , and rarely found in smaller streams .
easily adapts to a wide variety of frozen and prepared food in the aquarium . may eat very small fish .
compatible with most fishes , although very small fishes will be eaten . ideal tankmates include larger barbs and rasboras in an asian biotope setup or an asian brackish water setup with archerfishes and gobies . a social fish that is found in schools of 10 - 25 individuals in the wild .
fishes ganges - pp201 , 379 - pl . 23 ( fig . 66 )
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greek , mystax = whiskered , used by belon in 1553 to describe all fishes with whiskers ( ref . 45335 )
asia : countries bordering the eastern indian ocean , from india to indonesia and viet nam . reported from pakistan ( ref . 4833 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 46 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 41236 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6028 )
primarily a brackish water fish that enters and lives in fresh water . in freshwater , adults occur mainly in larger water bodies ( rivers and streams ) with mud or clay substrates , and rarely found in smaller streams . form schools of 10 to 25 individuals . diurnal . oviparous , distinct pairing possibly like other members of the same family ( ref . 205 ) .
pethiyagoda , r . , 1991 . freshwater fishes of sri lanka . the wildlife heritage trust of sri lanka , colombo . 362 p . ( ref . 6028 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00792 - 0 . 01263 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 50 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .
primarily a brackish water fish that enters and lives in fresh water . in freshwater , adults occur mainly in larger water bodies ( rivers and streams ) with mud or clay substrates , and rarely found in smaller streams . form schools of 10 to 25 individuals . diurnal . oviparous , distinct pairing possibly like other members of the same family ( ref . 205 ) .
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distributions : bangladesh , india , myanmar and pakistan ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .
morphology : head depressed . body elongated and compressed . its upper surface rough and granulated . barbels four pairs . maxillary barbels extend to end of pelvic fins . mouth terminal . dorsal spine strong and serrated . adipose fin small and caudal fin forked and caudal peduncle equal at height .
body color bluish - brown on head and back ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) . brown on back ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) ) . dull white below . mandibular barbels somewhere black and somewhere white ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) ) .
fin formula : d . i / 7 ; p1 . i / 8 - 9 ; p2 . 6 ; a . 12 - 15 ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) ) d i 7 ; a iii - iv 9 - 10 ; p i 8 - 9 ; v i 5 ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) d . i / 7 ; p . i / 8 - 9 ; v . 6 ; a . 12 - 15 ( 4 / 9 - 11 ) ; c . 17 ( shafi and quddus , 2001 )
maximum lengths : 19 . 5 cm ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) , 40 cm ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ; huda et al . , 2003 ) and 45 cm ( shafi and quddus , 2001 ) .
habitats : firstly it’s a brackish water fish that enters and lives in fresh water fish also enters tidal rivers of bangladesh and in the bay of benglal ( rahman , 1989 ) . inhibits estuaries and tidal rivers and lakes ; ascends freshwater and often enters sea ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) . found in canals , beels , haors , oxbow lakes , rivers , and estuaries ( shafi and quddus , 2001 ) . available in meghna river ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) and the sundarbans ( huda et al . , 2003 ) of bangladesh .
food and feeding : juveniles and adult feed on debris , zooplanktons , zoobenthos , other benthic invertebrates , fish eggs and larvae ( siddique , 2007 ) .
fishery info / importance : used as food fish in bangladesh . controls water pollution by consuming aquatic detritus ( siddique , 2007 ) . very common in the gangetic estuary , chilka lake and kerala brackish waters of india ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) . caught by cast , drag , seine nets and hooks ( shafi and quddus , 2001 ) .
cuvier g and valenciennes a ( 1840 ) histoire naturelle des poissons . tome quatorzième . suite du livre seizième . labroïdes . livre dix - septième . des malacoptérygiens . histoire naturelle des poissons . 14 : i - xxii + 2 pp . + 1 - 464 + 4 pp . , pls . 389 - 420 .
hamilton f ( 1822 ) an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . edinburgh & london . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . : i - vii + 1 - 405 , pls . 1 - 39 .
huda ms , haque me , babul as and shil nc ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) field guide to finfishes of sundarban , aquatic resources division , sundarban , boyra , khulna , bangladesh , p . 76 .
iucn bangladesh ( 2000 ) red book of threatened fishes of bangladesh , iucn - the world conservation union . xii + 116 pp .
rahman aka ( 1989 ) freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 1st edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 204 - 205 .
rahman aka ( 2005 ) freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 2 nd edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 226 - 227 .
shafi m and quddus mma ( 2001 ) bangladesher matsho shampad ( fisheries of bangladesh ) ( in bengali ) , kabir publication . dhaka , bangladesh . pp . 187 - 188 .
siddique ku ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) encyclopedia of flora and fauna of bangladesh freshwater fishes vol . 23 , asiatic society of bangladesh , dhaka , bangladesh , 300 pp .
talwar pk and jhingran ag ( 1991 ) inland fishes of india and adjacent countries , vol . 2 , oxford & ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi - calcutta , pp . 560 - 561 .
student , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . more . . .
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here is another big whiskers catfish fillets video . this fish weight : 13 . 1 kg per kg fish price : 870 bdt ( about 11 usd ) so total fish price : 11 , 397 bdt ( about 144 usd ) for cutting the fish fillet guy charge : 140 bdt ( about 1 . 80 usd ) thank you .
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croatian journal of fisheries : ribarstvo , vol . 73 no . 1 march 2015 .
md . yeamin hossain ; department of fisheries , faculty of agriculture , university of rajshahi , rajshahi 6205 , bangladesh rafiqul islam ; department of fisheries , faculty of agriculture , university of rajshahi , rajshahi 6205 , bangladesh md . alomgir hossen ; department of fisheries , faculty of agriculture , university of rajshahi , rajshahi 6205 , bangladesh obaidur rahman ; department of fisheries , faculty of agriculture , university of rajshahi , rajshahi 6205 , bangladesh md . akhtar hossain ; department of fisheries , faculty of agriculture , university of rajshahi , rajshahi 6205 , bangladesh md . ariful islam ; bangladesh fisheries research institute , shrimp research station , bagerhat 9300 , bangladesh md . jahangir alam ; faculty of fisheries , bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman agricultural university , gazipur 1760 , bangladesh
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ahmed , m . ( 1991 ) a model to determine benefits obtainable from the management of riverine fisheries of bangladesh . : iclarm tech . rep . 28 , 133 p .
al - mamun , a . ( 2003 ) a hand guide for identification of inland fishes of bangladesh . : worldfish centre - bangladesh .
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