atractaspis is a genus of venomous snakes found in africa .

currently , 15 species are recognized by itis .

others recognize as many as 21 species .

22 are listed here .

atractaspis

atractaspis dahomeyensis bocage 1887 : 196 atractaspis dahomeyensis — chabanaud 1917 : 225 atractaspis dahomeyensis — papenfuss 1969 atractaspis dahomeyensis — welch 1994 : 21 atractaspis dahomeyensis —trape & mané 2006 atractaspis dahomeyensis — trape & baldé 2014 atractaspis dahomeyensis — wallach et al . 2014 : 65
atractaspis bibronii smith 1849 : 51 atractaspis inornatus smith 1849 atractaspis bibronii — duméril & bibron 1854 : 1304 atractaspis rostrata günther 1868 : 429 atractaspis irregularis var . bibronii boettger 1887 : 165 atractaspis katangae boulenger 1910 : 13 atractaspis coarti boulenger 1901 : 14 atractaspis rostrata — werner 1913 : 32 atractaspis rostrata — loveridge 1929 atractaspis katangae — de witte 1933 atractaspis bibronii katangae — laurent 1945 : 335 atractaspis bibronii rostrata — laurent 1950 : 33 atractaspis bibronii — fitzsimons & brain 1958 atractaspis bibronii — auerbach 1987 : 179 atractaspis bibroni — welch 1994 : 21 atractaspis bibronii — broadley 1998 atractaspis bibronii — broadley et al . 2003 : 81 atractaspis bibronii — wallach et al . 2014 : 63 atractaspis bibronii — spawls et al . 2018 : 473
atractaspis engaddensis haas 1950 atractaspis microlepidota engaddensis leviton & aldrich 1984 atractaspis engaddensis — welch 1994 : 23 atractaspis engaddensis — venchi & sindaco 2006 atractaspis engaddensis — wallach et al . 2014 : 65 atractaspis microlepidota engaddensis — alshammari & ibrahim 2016
elaps irregularis reinhardt 1843 atractaspis irregularis — pfeffer 1893 : 87f atractaspis irregularis — boulenger 1897 : 280 atractaspis bipostocularis boulenger 1905 atractaspis conradsi sternfeld 1908 : 94 atractaspis caudalis sternfeld 1908 : 94 atractaspis babaulti angel 1934 : 169 atractaspis conradsi — schmidt 1943 atractaspis schoutedeni witte atractaspis irregularis loveridgei laurent 1945 : atractaspis irregularis conradsi — laurent 1945 atractaspis irregularis loveridgei — laurent 1950 : 21 atractaspis irregularis conradsi — laurent 1950 : 23 atractaspis coalescens perret 1960 ( fide chippaux 1999 : 77 ) atractaspis coalescens — welch 1994 : 21 atractaspis irregularis — chirio & ineich 2006 atractaspis irregularis — wallach et al . 2014 : 66 atractaspis irregularis — spawls et al . 2018 : 476 atractaspis irregularis angeli laurent 1950 : 25 atractaspis irregularis — welch 1994 : 23 atractaspis irregularis angeli — dobiey & vogel 2007 atractaspis irregularis bipostocularis boulenger 1905 atractaspis bipostocularis boulenger 1905 atractaspis irregularis bipostocularis — broadley & howell 1991 : 23 atractaspis irregularis bipostocularis — dobiey & vogel 2007 atractaspis irregularis parkeri laurent 1945 : 316 atractaspis irregularis parkeri — laurent 1950 : 17 atractaspis irregularis parkeri — dobiey & vogel 2007 atractaspis irregularis uelensis laurent 1945 atractaspis irregularis — schmidt 1923 : 136 ( fide laurent 1950 ) atractaspis irregularis uelensis — laurent 1950 : 19 atractaspis irregularis uelensis — dobiey & vogel 2007
brachycranion corpulentum hallowell 1854 : 99 atractaspis corpulentus — hallowell 1857 : 70 atractaspis corpulentus — bocage 1866 : 49 atractaspis leucura mocquard 1885 atractaspis corpulenta — rödel & mahsberg 2000 atractaspis corpulenta — wallach et al . 2014 : 64 atractaspis corpulenta corpulenta ( hallowell 1854 ) atractaspis corpulenta — schmidt 1923 : 138 atractaspis corpulenta corpulenta — dobiey & vogel 2007 atractaspis corpulenta kivuensis laurent 1958 atractaspis corpulenta kivuensis — dobiey & vogel 2007 atractaspis corpulenta leucura mocquard 1885 atractaspis corpulenta leucura — laurent 1950 : 42 atractaspis corpulenta leucura — dobiey & vogel 2007
atractaspis microlepidota günther 1866 : 29 atractaspis micropholis günther 1872 : 36 atractaspis microlepidota — günther 1888 : 332 atractaspis andersonii boulenger 1905 : 180 atractaspis magrettii scortecci 1928 atractaspis microlepidota — welch 1994 : 23 atractaspis microlepidota — trape & mané 2002 atractaspis microlepidota — dobiey & vogel 2007 hoseraspea microlepidota — hoser 2012 ( preliminary ) atractaspis microlepidota — wallach et al . 2014 : 66
atractaspis watsoni boulenger 1908 : 94 atractaspis watsonii — angel 1933 : 69 atractaspis watsoni — chirio & ineich 2006 atractaspis watsoni — trape & mané 2006 : 182 atractaspis watsoni — wallach et al . 2014 : 67
atractaspis duerdeni gough 1907 atractaspis duerdini [ sic ] — auerbach 1987 : 180 atractaspis duerdeni — broadley 1991 : 497 atractaspis duerdeni — mattison 1995 : 231 atractaspis duerdeni — mattison 2007 : 226 atractaspis duerdeni — gower et al . 2012 : 112 atractaspis duerdeni — wallach et al . 2014 : 65
atractaspis fallax peters 1867 : 890 atractaspis microlepidota fallax — laurent 1950 : 10 atractaspis fallax — bauer et al . 1995 : 68 atractaspis fallax — largen & spawls 2010 : 578 atractaspis fallax — wallach et al . 2014 : 66 atractaspis fallax — spawls et al . 2018 : 475
atractaspis andersonii boulenger 1905 : 180 melanelaps mcphersoni wall 1906 : 27 atractaspis microlepidota andersoni — laurent 1950 : 10 atractaspis microlepidota andersonii — corkill & cochrane 1966 atractaspis microlepidota andersonii — van der kooij 2001 atractaspis andersonii — david & vogel 2010 atractaspis andersonii — wallach et al . 2014 : 63
a snake bite by the burrowing asp , atractaspis engaddensis . - pubmed - ncbi
venomous ! not listed as such in welch 1994 . atractaspis duerdeni is sympatric with a . bibronii throughout its range .
marais , j . 2010 . atractaspis bibronii ( smith , 1849 ) diet . african herp news ( 52 ) : 9
haas , georg 1950 . a new atractaspis ( mole viper ) from palestine . copeia 1950 ( 1 ) : 52 - 53 - get paper here
venomous ! type species : atractaspis inornatus smith 1849 is the type species of the genus atractaspis smith 1849 . key : werner 1913 provides a key with characters for the species described until 1913 ( plus a few other species now assigned to other genera ) . synonymy : kaiser et al . 2013 considered the generic name hoseraspea hoser 2012 invalid and rejected its use instead of atractaspis . similar species : similar in appearance to elapsoidea but little stouter and usually pale below . habitat : burrowing .
goldberg , s . r . , et al . 2017 . atractaspis engaddensis ( israeli mole viper ) reproduction . herpetological review 48 ( 2 ) : 444 - 445
laurent , r . f . 1945 . contribution a la connaissance du genre atractaspis a . smith . rev . zool . bot . afr . , 38 : 312 - 343
venomous ! the validity of atractaspis corpulenta leucura is questionable ( rödel & mahsberg 2000 ) . the description by schmidt ( 1923 ) is available online ( see url below ) .
laurent , r . f . 1950 . revision du genre atractaspis a . smith . mem . inst . roy . nat . belg . ( 2 ) 38 : 1 - 49
gough , l . h . 1907 . description of a new species of atractaspis collected at serowe , north eastern kalahari . rec . albany mus . 2 : 178 - 179 - get paper here
broadley , d . g . 1991 . a review of the southern african stiletto snakes of the genus atractaspis a . smith ( serpentes : atractaspididae ) . arnoldia 9 ( 36 ) : 495 - 517
bourgeois , m . 1963 . note sur atractaspis irregularis conradsi sternfeld ( viperidae ) . structure du crâne et l’appareil de la morusre . ann . soc . zool . belg . 93 : 159 - 169
golani , ilan & elazar kochva 1991 . literature : strinking and other offensive and defensive behaviour patterns in atractaspis engaddensis ( ophidia , atractaspididae ) . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 5 ) : 117 - get paper here
justification : atractaspis irregularis has been assessed as least concern owing to to its broad distribution , its ability to adapt to a variety of habitats , including altered environments , and the lack of major threats to the species .
al - oran , ratib m . ; amr , zuhair s . 1995 . first record of the mole viper , atractaspis microlepidota engaddensis , from jordan . zoology in the middle east 11 : 47 - 49 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1905 . description of a new snake of the genus atractaspis from mount kenya , british east africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 : 190 - get paper here
perret , j . l . 1960 . une nouvelle et remarquable espèce d ' atractaspis ( viperidae ) et quelques autres serpents d ' afrique . revue suisse de zoologie 67 ( 1 ) : 129 - 139 - get paper here
trape , jean - françois ; youssouph mané & ivan ineich 2006 . atractaspis microlepidota , a . micropholis et a . watsoni en afrique occidentale et centrale . bull . soc . herp . france 119 : 5 - 16 - get paper here
hoser , r . 2012 . a reassessment of the burrowing asps , atractaspis smith , 1849 with the erection of a new genus and two tribes ( serpentes : atractaspidae ) . australasian j . herpetol . 11 : 56 - 58 - get paper here
venomous ! has been considered a subspecies of atractaspis microlepidota by various authors . status still unclear ( see discussion in largen & rasmussen 1993 ) . not listed by welch 1994 . considered as a valid species by b . hughes ( pers . comm . to van wallach ) .
justification : atractaspis reticulata has been assessed as data deficient . although this species may have a large distribution in central africa , there is little information available on this snake . it is also unknown whether the species is affected by threats such as forest destruction . therefore , further research into the biology and ecology of this species is needed before an accurate assessment of this species ' conservation status can be carried out .
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urltoken
snake species of the world , vol . undetermined , manuscript ( version 2004 )
working manuscript of follow - up volumes to mcdiarmid et al . ( 1999 ) ,
snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
type locality : “eastern districts of the cape colony” . this locality is questioned by broadley ( 1991 ) and others , who believes that the type might have been collected in the northern cape province or the western transvaal .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
egg - laying ; broadley 1959 reported intermediates between a . bibroni and rostrata .
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this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
venomous ! synonymy : possible junior synonym of a . microlepidota andersonii boulenger 1905 ( arnold 1980 ) .
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arnold e n 1980 . the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey 1977 ( dhofar ) . the reptiles and amphibians of dhofar , southern arabia . journal of oman studies special report ( no . 2 ) : 273 - 332 - get paper here
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corpulenta : cameroon , gabon , congo , zaire ; type locality : gaboon .
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pauwels , o . s . g . & vande weghe , j . p . 2008 . les reptiles du gabon . smithsonian institution , washington : 272 pp . - get paper here
rödel m o ; mahsberg d 2000 . vorläufige liste der schlangen des tai - nationalparks / elfenbeinküste und angrenzender gebiete . salamandra 36 ( 1 ) : 25 - 38 - get paper here
taylor , edward h . ; weyer , dora 1958 . report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from harbel , republic of liberia . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( 14 ) : 1191 - 1229 - get paper here
trape , j . f . & r . roux - estève 1995 . les serpents du congo : liste commentée et clé de détermination . journal of african zoology 109 ( 1 ) : 31 - 50
trape , jean - françois & cellou baldé 2014 . a checklist of the snake fauna of guinea , with taxonomic changes in the genera philothamnus and dipsadoboa ( colubridae ) and a comparison with the snake fauna of some other west african countries . zootaxa 3900 ( 3 ) : 301–338
bauer , a . m . ; günther , r . & klipfel , m . 1995 . the herpetological contributions of wilhelm c . h . peters ( 1815 - 1883 ) . ssar facsimile reprints in herpetology , 714 pp .
peters , wilhem carl hartwig 1867 . eine vorläufige übersicht der aus dem nachlass des baron carl von der decken stammenden und auf seiner ostafrikanischen reise gesammelten säugethiere und amphibien . monatsber . königl . akad . wiss . berlin . 1866 ( december ) : 884 - 892 - get paper here
bipostocularis : kenya , ne tanzania , uganda , rwanda , burundi , ne zaire ; type locality : fort hall , kenya .
holotype : zmuc 6885 holotype : zmb : 6527 [ caudalis ] holotype mhng 975 . 65 ( f ) [ coalescens ] holotype : musée du congo , paratypes : mnhn [ parkeri ] holotype : musée royal d’histoire naturelle ; paratypes : musée du congo belge [ uelensis ] holotype : musée du congo [ loveridgei ]
venomous ! synonymy : partly after laurent 1945 , vogel & dobiey 2007 . the description by schmidt ( 1923 ) is available online ( see url below ) . distribution : not recorded from gabon fide pauwels & vande weghe 2008 but its presence is highly likely based on records in neighboring countries . not in benin fide ullenbruch et al . 2010 . battersbyi : probably occurs in the congo .
named after james clarence battersby 1901 - 1993 [ obituary in herp . rev . 25 : 44 ( 1994 ) ] .
angel , f . 1934 . description d’un vipéridé nouveau , du congo belge , et de deux batraciens de madagascar . bull . soc . zool . france 58 : 169 - 172
barnett , linda k . & emms , craig 2005 . common reptiles of the gambia . rare repro , hailsham , east sussex , 24 pp .
böhme , wolfgang , mark - oliver rödel , christian brede & philipp wagner 2011 . the reptiles ( testudines , squamata , crocodylia ) of the forested southeast of the republic guinea ( guinée forestière ) , with a country - wide checklist . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 - get paper here
böhme , w . 1975 . zur herpetofaunistik kameruns , mit beschreibung einens neuen scinciden . bonner zoologische beiträge 26 ( 1 - 3 ) : 2 - 48 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1897 . a list of reptiles and batrachians from the congo free state , with the description of two new snakes . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 276 - 281 - get paper here
chippaux , j . p . 1999 . les serpents d’afrique occidentale et centrale . paris ( ird editions ) , 278 pp . [ critical book review in herp . bull . 73 : 30 ] - get paper here
hughes , b . 1983 . african snake faunas . bonner zoologische beiträge 34 : 311 - 356 - get paper here
jacobsen , n . h . g . 2009 . a contribution to the herpetofauna of the passendro area , central african republic . african herp news ( 47 ) : 2 - 20
loveridge , a . 1938 . on a collection of reptiles and amphibians from liberia . proc . new england zool . club 17 : 49 - 74
pauwels , ol . & meirte , d . 1996 . contribution to the knowledge of the gambian herpetofauna . british herpetological society bulletin ( 56 ) : 27 - 34 - get paper here
pfeffer , g . 1893 . ostafrikanische reptilien und amphibien , gesammelt von herrn dr . f . stuhlmann im jahre 1888 und 1889 . jb . hamb . wiss . anst . 10 : 71 - 105 .
rasmussen , j . b . & b . hughes 1996 . description of some new snake species . i . [ english translation of the original danish text of t . reinhardt 1843 ] . steenstrupia 22 : 13 - 39
reinhardt , j . t . 1843 . beskrivelse af nogle nye slangearter . danske vidensk . selsk . afhandl . 10 : 233 - 279 . - get paper here
schmidt , k . p . 1923 . contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . part ii . snakes , with field notes by herbert lang and james p . chapin . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 49 ( 1 ) : 1 - 146
schmidt , k . p . 1943 . amphibians and reptiles from the sudan . field mus . nat . hist ( ser . zool . ) 24 : 331 - 338 . - get paper here
segniagbeto glazcano . h . , trape j . f . , david p . , ohler a . , dubois a . & glitho i . a . 2011 . the snake fauna of togo : systematics , distribution and biogeography , with remarks on selected taxonomic problems . zoosystema 33 ( 3 ) : 325 - 360 . doi : 10 . 5252 / z2011n3a4 - get paper here
sternfeld , r . 1908 . neue und ungenügend bekannte afrikanische schlangen . s . ber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 4 : 92 - 95 - get paper here
witte , g . f . de 1959 . contribution à la faune herpétologique du congo belge . description de trois serpents nouveaux . rev . zool . bot . afr . 60 ( 3 - 4 ) : 348 - 351 .
type locality : “sokoto , upper niger” [ = nw nigeria , 13°03 ' n , 5°15 ' e , elevation 295 m ] .
named after the collector of the types , mr . c . f . watson .
angel , m . f . 1933 . sur quelques reptiles et batraciens du nord du soudan francais . bull . mus . hist . nat . paris ( ser 2 ) 5 ( 1 ) : 68 - 69 - get paper here
boulenger , george a . 1908 . description of three new snakes from africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 : 93 - 94 - get paper here
hughes , b . 2013 . snakes of bénin , west africa . bull . soc . herp . france 144 : 101 - 159
trape j - f and mané y . 2015 . the snakes of niger . amphibian & reptile conservation 9 ( 2 ) [ special section ] : 39–55 ( e110 ) - get paper here
trape , jean - françois 2005 . note sur quelques serpents méconnus du burkina faso de la collection de benigno roman . bull . soc . herp . france 116 : 39 - 49 - get paper here
ullenbruch , k . ; grell , o . ; böhme , w . 2010 . reptiles from southern benin , west africa , with the description of a new hemidactylus ( gekkonidae ) , and a country - wide checklist . bonn zool . bull . 57 ( 1 ) : 31 - 54 - get paper here
venomous ! synonymy : this species has been previously synonymized with a . microlepidota ( williams & wallach 1989 ) .
carranza s , xipell m , tarroso p , gardner a , arnold en , robinson md , et al . 2018 . diversity , distribution and conservation of the terrestrial reptiles of oman ( sauropsida , squamata ) . plos one 13 ( 2 ) : e0190389 - get paper here
wall , f . 1906 . the poisonous snakes of india and how to recognize them , part i . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 51 - 72 [ correction on p . 995 ] - get paper here
wall , f . 1907 . suppression of melanelaps mcphersoni . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 995 - get paper here
wall , f . 1907 . snake - bite inflicted by melanelaps mcphersoni . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 807 - 808 - get paper here
wall , f . 1906 . a new snake ( melanelaps mcphersoni ) from the andean hinterland . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 27 - 29 - get paper here
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many people know organisms only by the common names , or
vernacular
names . unlike scientific names , common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages . they may also vary regionally within a language . this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers , including eol curators . currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page , but all the names should be searchable .
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holotype : mb 108 ( 2147 ) , a 490 mm specimen ( newton ) ; museu bocage , no longer extant .
bocage , j . v . b . du 1887 . melanges erpetologiques . i . reptiles et batraciens du congo . ii . reptiles de dahomey . iii . reptiles de l’ile du prince . iv . reptiles et batraciens de quissange ( benguella ) envoyés par m . j . d’anchieta . jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . , lisboa , 11 : 177 - 211
chabanaud , p . 1917 . descriptions de trois espéces nouvelles de reptilies de l ' afrique . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . paris 23 : 219 - 225 - get paper here
jackson , k . 2003 . evolution of venom - delivery systems in snakes . zool . j . linnean soc . 137 ( 3 ) : 337 - 354
papenfuss , t . j . 1969 . preliminary analysis of the reptiles of arid central west africa . wasmann journal of biology 27 : 249—325 - get paper here
werner , f . 1899 . ueber reptilien und batrachier aus togoland , kamerun und deutsch - neu - guinea grösstentheils aus dem k . museum für naturkunde in berlin . verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 49 : 132 - 157 - get paper here
holotype : amg = albany museum ( without number ) ; now transferred to the port elizabeth museum fide broadley 1991 .
gower , d . ; garrett , k . & stafford , p . 2012 . snakes . firefly books , buffalo , ny , < br / > 144 p . .
griffin , m . g . , panagis , c . & berriman , n . 1989 . the eastern national water carrier : a preliminary assessment of its impact on the herpetofauna . j . herp . assoc . africa 36 : 36 - 37 - get paper here
mattison , chris 1995 . the encyclopedia of snakes . new york : facts on file , 256 pp .
urutu or yarara parker ' s pit viper andean pit viper terciopelo * barba amarilla * caissaca * barbour ' s pit viper barnett ' s pit viper bocourt ' s pit viper amazonian tree - viper brazil ' s pit viper st . lucia pit viper cotiara dunn ' s pit viper fonseca ' s pit viper godmann ' s pit viper island jararaca jararaca jararacussu fer - de - lance lansberg ' s hog nose viper yellow - lined pit viper black - tailed pit viper hog - nosed pit viper jararaca pintada or wied ' s lance - head black spotted pit viper jumping viper western hog - nosed pit viper peruvian pit viper piraja ' s pit viper , jararacucu eyelash viper yucatan pit viper
common names ein geddi burrowing asp , israeli burrowing asp , oasis mole viper , ein geddi burrowing adder , israeli burrowing adder . palestinian burrowing asp , palestinian mole viper
general shape small in length , cylindrical , moderately slender to robust bodied burrowing snake with a short ( males ) to very short ( females ) pointed tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 90 metres . head is small , short , conical and indistinct from neck . snout is broad , flattened , short and pointed . eyes are very small in size with round pupils . scales are smooth and shiny . has large , hollow , erectile front fangs which protrude from the corner of a partially closed mouth . large venom glands .
habits fossorial and nocturnal . seen only at night in search of prey or a mate and after heavy rains . they strike their prey with an almost closed mouth , a single fang at a time moving sideways , downwards and backwards . the action is made possible by a ball and socket like articulation of the connection between the maxillary and prefrontal bones . very mild disposition . they do not attempt to bite if approached or disturbed ( unable to strike forwards ) preferring to escape . if cornered they arch their neck with their head pointed toward the ground in an inverted
u
shape . if provoked they may wind their body into tight coils and thrash their head from side to side or jerk violently . they are almost impossible to hold safely by hand .
treatment summary burrowing asp bites mostly cause minor effects , but severe local effects , including necrosis , can occur , as can potentially lethal systemic effects , so all cases should be urgently assessed , have ongoing cardiac monitoring , receive supportive & symptomatic treatment . antivenom is not generally available .
general approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern as it is widespread and not thought to be subject to major threats .
this species ranges from northern guinea , close to the borders with senegal and guinea - bissau , east as far as cameroon ( trape and mané 2006 ) . records exist for southern mali , burkina faso except the north , togo , côte d ' ivoire , benin and nigeria ( trape and mané 2006 , segniagbeto
this species is locally common , for example in togo and benin , but can also be quite rare in other parts of its range , such as in guinea . the population trend is unknown for this species .
this is a species of savanna and open forest in the sudanese and guinean climatic zones , where annual precipitation exceeds 1 , 000 mm ( trape and mané 2006 ) . this nocturnal , fossorial snake is found in burrows and other , natural cavities , beneath vegetation , or within loose soil ( trape and mané 2006 ) .
there is no information on threats to this species , although there are not thought to be any major threats to this widespread snake .
there are no documented occurrences of this species in protected areas , although it is likely to occur within protected areas within its wide range ( g . segniagbeto and j . - f . trape pers . comms . ) .
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subspecies : a . reticulata brieni laurent , 1956 a . reticulata heterochilus boulenger , 1901 a . reticulata reticulata sjöstedt , 1896 .
hughes , b . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
this species is thought to occur throughout central africa , but records are very sparse . hughes ( 1983 ) and spawls and branch ( 1995 ) report isolated records from ghana and nigeria .
there is no habitat information available for this fossorial species , but it is considered a forest snake by hughes ( 1983 ) .
it is unknown if any threats are affecting this species . insufficient information exists to assess whether burrowing snakes survive forest destruction , although this may be possible .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , however , in places its distribution may coincide with protected areas . further research into the distribution , biology and ecology of this species should be carried out , as insufficient data is available on which to currently base a conservation assessment .
subspecies : a . irregularis angeli laurent , 1950 a . irregularis bipostocularis boulenger , 1905 a . irregularis conradsi sternfield , 1908 a . irregularis parkeri laurent , 1945 a . irregularis uelensis laurent 1945 .
this species has an extremely large distribution through east , central , and west africa . from eritrea in the north , it ranges south to tanzania , southwesterly to angola , and across to guinea in the west . this species is found between 600 and 1 , 800 m above sea level .
this species is found in a variety of habitats , from moist savanna to lowland and elevated forests . akani et al . ( 2001 ) found that this species is also able to inhabit altered environments .
it is unlikely that any major threat is impacting this species across its full range .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , but its distribution does coincide with various protected areas . this species is capable of adapting to a wide variety of habitats and therefore requires no conservation measures to be implemented at present .
, previously considered to range from west africa east to arabia and the near east , confined this formerly widespread species to west africa . these authors did not consider the status of populations outside west africa , but by implication elevated the arabian subspecies
justification : it is listed as least concern on the basis that this species , while poorly - known , is widespread , somewhat adaptable to habitat modification , and not thought to be subject to major threats .
this species is found on the arabian peninsula , where it is distributed in south - western arabia ( yemen and saudi arabia ) from wadi majarish near taif south through the mountains bordering the red sea to aden , in dhofar , oman ( parker 1932 ) , and in several scattered localities in central saudi arabia ( al sadoon and abdo 1991 ) . it is expected to occur between aden and dhofar ( s . busais pers . comm . february 2012 ) .
this fossorial snake is not easy to find ( r . sindaco pers . comm . february 2012 ) .
this is a nocturnal burrowing species that can be found on the surface during the monsoon season ( d . egan pers . comm . february 2012 ) . it is found in varied habitats , occurring in cultivated lands and terraced fields as well as semi - desert ( d . egan pers . comm . february 2012 ) . it is oviparous , laying 3 - 4 eggs . it feeds on snakes and frogs , and in captivity has been known to take rodents ( d . egan pers . comm . february 2012 ) .
there are unlikely to be any major threats to this secretive and somewhat adaptable snake , although conversion from traditional to intensive agriculture may threaten the species in some areas and it may be subject to localized persecution .
this species was formerly considered to be wide - ranging through west , central and east africa . trape
as distinct forms , noting that the two occur in sympatry in west africa , but did not formally redescribe either species .
( 2006 ) confined this species to
senegambie
and mauritania , although no specimens are yet known from the gambia . the other two taxa are more wide - ranging , with
ranges into east africa as far as eritrea and southeastern kenya , and into the arabian peninsula . david and vogel ( 2010 ) note that , by implication , the arabian subspecies
was elevated to full species status by this treatment . these authors support this assignment by comparing this form with the taxa described by trape
( p . david pers . comm . june 2012 ) until the taxonomy of east african populations is resolved .
justification : this species is listed as least concern , as although any threats are not known , it is moderately widespread .
. ( 2006 ) assert that there is no doubt the species is also present in this latter country . due to taxonomic changes , its full elevational range is uncertain , but it has been recorded between 0 - 150 m asl .
this species is not particularly common and its population is thought to be decreasing ( j . - f . trape pers . comm . 2012 ) .
this burrowing , nocturnal species of sahelian and sahelian - sudanese savanna appears to be closely - associated with sandy soils . it is most often encountered following rain ( trape and mané 2006 ) . it feeds on toads , lizards , and occasionally other snakes ( trape and mané 2006 ) .
further research is required to clarify the distribution and ecology of this species following recent taxonomic changes .
( arabia ) were elevated to full species status by this action , and this has been followed subsequently ( e . g . for
- sindaco and jeremcenko 2008 ) . largen and spawls ( 2010 ) , who conservatively retain the name
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,
black
) , and refers to this snake ' s
white and black
coloration .
dorsally black , with a white vertebral line , occupying one row plus two half rows of dorsal scales . head white , with a black blotch covering the nasals and the upper head shields ; neck entirely black . ventrals and subcaudals , and four adjacent dorsal scale rows on each side , white .
snout very short . portion of rostral visible from above nearly as long as its distance from the frontal . suture between the internasals half as long as the suture between the prefrontals . frontal one and two fifths as long as broad , much longer than its distance from the end of the snout .
dorsal scales in 23 rows . ventrals 243 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 27 , nearly all entire .
mish , f . c . , editor in chief . 2004 . merriam - webster ' s collegiate dictionary . merriam - webster . springfield , massachusetts . pp . 714 , 772 .
spawls , s . & branch , b . the dangerous snakes of africa . dubai : oriental press , 1995 . isbn 0 - 88359 - 029 - 8 .
boulenger , g . a . 1896 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) , volume iii . london . p . 517 .
boulenger , g . a . 1895 . ii . rettili e batraci . in g . doria & r . gestro . esplorazione del giuba e dei suoi affluenti compiuta dal cap . v . bottego durante gli anni 1892 - 93 sotto gli auspicii della società geografica italiana - risultati zoologici . annali mus . civ . stor . nat . di genova ( 2 ) 15 : 7 - 18 . ( even though title is in italian , section written by boulenger is in english . )
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 26 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .