the philippine hawk-eagle or north philippine hawk-eagle ( nisaetus philippensis ) , earlier treated under spizaetus , is a species of bird of prey in the family accipitridae .

many taxonmists consider the pinsker 's hawk-eagle , a former subspecies , raised to full species status .

it is endemic to the philippines .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

philippine hawk - eagle

red data book threatened birds of asia detailed information on status , threats , and conservation measures . vireo philippine hawk - eagle photos .
gamauf a , preleuthner m & w . pinsker ( 1998 ) .
distribution and field identification of philippine birds of prey : 1 . philippine hawk - eagle ( spizaetus philippensis ) and changeable hawk eagle ( spizaetus cirrhatus )
( pdf ) . forktail 14 : 1–11 .
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : northern philippine hawk - eagle nisaetus philippensis . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
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the philippine hawk - eagle inhabits forest , from the lowlands up to montane mossy forest at 1 , 900 meters ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . as well as primary forest it has been recorded in disturbed and selectively logged forest ( 7 ) .
the philippine hawk - eagle inhabits forest , from the lowlands up to montane mossy forest at 1 , 900 meters ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . as well as primary forest it has been recorded in disturbed and selectively logged forest ( 7 ) .
preleuthner , m . and gamauf , a . ( 1998 ) .
a possible new subspecies of the philippine hawk - eagle ( spizaetus philippensis ) and its future prospects .
( pdf ) . j . raptor res . 32 ( 2 ) : 126–135 .
56–69 cm ; female 1168–1280 g ( 2 birds ) ; wingspan 105–125 cm . typical hawk - eagle with long ( 8 cm ) crest , largely dark upperparts , grey - brown tail with . . .
the philippine hawk - eagle is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which means that any international trade in this species should be carefully controlled in order to be compatible with its continued survival ( 3 ) . however , more effective legislation is required to control hunting and trading within the philippines ( 5 ) . in addition , while the philippine hawk - eagle has been recorded from numerous protected areas , the degree of protection these sites actually afford is unclear and there may be further important sites , the protection of which would greatly benefit this magnificent bird of prey ( 5 ) .
the philippine hawk - eagle is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which means that any international trade in this species should be carefully controlled in order to be compatible with its continued survival ( 3 ) . however , more effective legislation is required to control hunting and trading within the philippines ( 5 ) . in addition , while the philippine hawk - eagle has been recorded from numerous protected areas , the degree of protection these sites actually afford is unclear and there may be further important sites , the protection of which would greatly benefit this magnificent bird of prey ( 5 ) .
54–61 cm ; c . 1200 g . typical hawk - eagle with crest of 4–5 black feathers up to 8 cm long . head is brown to dark olive - buff , variably streaked black ; upperparts , . . .
c and s philippine is ( samar , biliran , leyte , negros , siquijor , bohol , mindanao and basilan ) .
fjeldså , j . ( 2018 ) . south philippine hawk - eagle ( nisaetus pinskeri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
clark , w . s . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . north philippine hawk - eagle ( nisaetus philippensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
very little is known about the biology of the philippine hawk - eagle , possibly due to its habit of perching in the canopy , concealed with foliage ( 4 ) . however , it soars frequently , and its presence is often revealed by its distinctive two - note call given in flight or while perched ( 4 ) . whilst its diet has not been recorded , like other birds of prey it is likely to use its powerful , hooked bill and long , sharp talons to kill a variety of forest animals .
very little is known about the biology of the philippine hawk - eagle , possibly due to its habit of perching in the canopy , concealed with foliage ( 4 ) . however , it soars frequently , and its presence is often revealed by its distinctive two - note call given in flight or while perched ( 4 ) . whilst its diet has not been recorded , like other birds of prey it is likely to use its powerful , hooked bill and long , sharp talons to kill a variety of forest animals .
( occurring on the southern philippine islands and only recently recognised ) is very similar , but has ochraceous - tawny throat and breast , and plain brownish belly and underwing coverts .
important references : birdlife international . 2000 . threatened birds of the world . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain , and birdlife international , cambridge , uk . clark , w . s . 1994 . philippine hawk - eagle . p . 204 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .
dependent on forests in which to forage and breed , the philippine hawk - eagle is likely to be threatened by habitat destruction throughout its predominantly lowland range ( 7 ) . forest cover in the philippines has been drastically reduced ; for example , on mindanao , only 29 percent of the forest cover remains , while on bohol just six percent is still standing ( 8 ) . these remnant forest patches continue to be cleared , with most remaining forests being leased to logging concessions or covered by mining applications , the acceptance of which would give companies the right to clear forests ( 8 ) . the impact of habitat loss is being compounded by significant hunting and trapping pressure ( 7 ) .
dependent on forests in which to forage and breed , the philippine hawk - eagle is likely to be threatened by habitat destruction throughout its predominantly lowland range ( 7 ) . forest cover in the philippines has been drastically reduced ; for example , on mindanao , only 29 percent of the forest cover remains , while on bohol just six percent is still standing ( 8 ) . these remnant forest patches continue to be cleared , with most remaining forests being leased to logging concessions or covered by mining applications , the acceptance of which would give companies the right to clear forests ( 8 ) . the impact of habitat loss is being compounded by significant hunting and trapping pressure ( 7 ) .
this newly - split forest eagle qualifies as endangered because its very small population , of which the majority is in two main subpopulations , is undergoing a continuing and very rapid decline owing to lowland forest loss , exacerbated by hunting and trade .
gamauf a , gjershaug jo , rov n , kvaly k and haring e ( 2005 ) .
species or subspecies ? the dilemma of taxonomic ranking of some south - east asian hawk - eagles ( genus spizaetus )
. bird conservation international 15 : 99–117 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0959270905000080 .
gamauf , a . , gjershaug , j . o . , rfv , n . , kvalfy , k . and haring , e . ( 2005 ) species or subspecies ? the dilemma of taxonomic ranking of some south - east asian hawk - eagles ( genus spizaetus ) . bird conservation international , 15 : 99 - 117 .
conservation : birdlife international does not accept the separation of southern philippine populations as n . pinskeri , but designates the combined populations as vulnerable . as treated here , the separate species should probably be classified as endangered . both taxa are suffering from continuing habitat loss in many parts of their respective ranges and also from hunting and trapping pressure ( birdlife international 2009 ) .
population estimates : ferguson - lees and christie ( 2001 ) estimated the global population of the n . philippensis , including the populations now assigned to n . pinskeri , as being in the range of 1 , 001 to 10 , 000 individuals . gamauf et al . ( 2005 ) pointed out that splitting the hawk - eagle populations of the philippines into two species would lead to lower estimates of their respective population sizes , which they estimated at 200 - 220 pairs for n . philippensis on luzon and 320 - 340 pairs for n . pinskeri on mindanao ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) . birdlife international ( 2009 ) concluded that this leads to a global population estimate for the combined populations of 1 , 000 to 2 , 500 individuals .
traditionally thought to form a species - group with n . nipalensis , n . bartelsi , n . alboniger ( with n . nanus ) and n . lanceolatus . recent genetic data , however , suggested that present species and n . lanceolatus are closer to n . cirrhatus # r . until recently , n philippine populations considered inseparable from c & s ones , but recently described form pinskeri ( see below ) now recognized as full species . monotypic .
65 - 70 cm . medium - sized eagle with longish , black crest . rufescent - brown crown and face , with fine dark streaks . dark brown upperparts . brown tail with 4 - 5 darker bars . white throat , bordered by dark malars . black mesial stripe . rufous underparts with black streaking . finely barred black - and - white
trousers
. pale iris . in flight , shows broad , rounded wings and well - barred flight feathers . juvenile has white head and underparts , upperparts fringed paler . acquires adult plumage over four years .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
nisaetus philippensis and n . pinskeri ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as n . philippensis following haring et al . ( 2006 ) , which before then was placed in the genus spizaetus following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
benstead , p . , bird , j . , lowen , j . , taylor , j . , martin , r & symes , a .
1999 ) . it is uncommon in the sierra madre lowlands , very scarce on mindoro , and is very probably already extinct on some smaller islands within its former range . in the late 1990s 200 - 220 pairs were estimated to remain on luzon ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) .
the species stronghold appears to be luzon where 200 - 220 pairs were estimated in the late 1990s ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) . given that rapid declines have presumably continued since then , a preliminary population estimate is of a total of 400 - 600 mature individuals , roughly equating to 600 - 900 individuals . trend justification : deforestation in the philippines is reported to have been very rapid in recent decades , and it is said that the country lost c . 40 % of its forest cover in the 20 years between 1970 and 1990 ( uitamo 1999 ) . data from essc ( environmental science for social change ) suggest that the area of closed - canopy forest in the philippines decreased by c . 44 % between 1987 and 2002 ( walpole 2010 ) . assuming rapid losses of primary forest over the past 56 years , and impacts from hunting and trapping pressure , it is likely that this species has experienced population declines of more than 50 % over the past three generations .
it inhabits primary , selectively logged and disturbed forest , occasionally frequenting open areas , from the lowlands to lower mountain slopes , almost exclusively below 1 , 000 m . it appears not to tolerate much forest degradation . no migration is known , although unconfirmed reports from the migration funnel of dalton pass ( luzon ) hint at intra - island movements .
deforestation for plantation agriculture , livestock and logging throughout its extensive , predominantly lowland range is the chief threat . in 1988 , forest cover was as low as 24 % on luzon , which is likely to be an overestimate , with most lowland forest leased to logging concessions . habitat loss is exacerbated by considerable hunting and trapping pressure .
cites appendix ii . it has been recorded recently from numerous protected areas , including mts isarog and makiling national parks , the northern sierra madre natural park and bataan natural park / subic bay and recently on mount irid - angilo - binuang of the southern sierra madre in luzon ( j . ibanez
. 2007 ) , as well as tadao ilocos norte , mt palay palay and mt banahao ( d . allen
. these sites are legally protected through local government decrees , but the efficacy of this legislation is often unclear and is ineffective at mt malindang and in the southern sierra madre ( d . allen
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endemic to the philippines , whereit has been recorded on at least 12 islands , including luzon , mindoro , mindanao , negros , samar , basilan , bohol and leyte ( 7 ) .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
birdlife international . ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . morphological referring to the visible or measurable characteristics of an organism . primary forest forest that has remained undisturbed for a long time and has reached a mature condition . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1994 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 2 : new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona .
kennedy , r . s . , gonzales , p . c . , dickinson , e . c . , miranda jr , h . c . and fisher , t . h . ( 2000 ) a guide to the birds of the philippines . oxford university press , oxford .
birdlife international . ( 2003 ) saving asia ' s threatened birds : a guide for government and civil society . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .
auscape international po box 1024 , bowral nsw 25a76 australia tel : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2245 fax : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2715 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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forest in lowlands and foothills mostly to 1050 m ( on luzon ) , including selectively logged areas , . . .
no information available . presumably similar to other members of genus , taking large birds and some mammals . has predilection for concealed . . .
no information available , although birds with enlarged gonads reported in jan and aerial display ( undescribed ) reported in late mar .
apparently sedentary , although inter - island movements by immatures possible and unconfirmed reports . . .
. population estimated at 400–600 mature individuals . since 1980 , there . . .
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asian genus previously included within spizaetus , but recent studies support its recognition as separate from american taxa # r # r .
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inhabits mature forest in lowlands and low mountains ; to above 1900 m in montane mossy forest .
little information . probably feeds on birds . perches in concealed locations in canopy , but most often seen at forest edges or soaring over . . .
endangered . restricted - range species : present in negros and panay eba , mindanao and the eastern visayas eba , sulu archipelago eba and siquijor secondary area . cites ii . . . .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nisaetus philippensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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clements , j . f . , t . s . schulenberg , m . j . iliff , d . roberson , t . a . fredericks , b . l . sullivan , and c . l . wood . 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . 9 . downloaded from urltoken
endemic to the philippines , whereit has been recorded on at least 12 islands , including luzon , mindoro , mindanao , negros , samar , basilan , bohol and leyte ( 7 ) .
type for spizaetus philippensis catalog number : usnm 578113 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of birds sex / stage : female ; preparation : skin : whole collector ( s ) : d . rabor year collected : 1963 locality : car - can - mad - lan area , surigao del sur , mindanao , philippines , asia elevation ( m ) : 305 to 640
type : preleuthner & gamauf , a . june 1998 . journal of raptor research . 32 ( 2 ) : 126 - 135 .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
the species stronghold appears to be luzon where 200 - 220 pairs were estimated in the late 1990s ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) . given that rapid declines have presumably continued since then , a preliminary population estimate is of a total of 400 - 600 mature individuals , roughly equating to 600 - 900 individuals .
. 2012 ) . these sites are legally protected through local government decrees , but the efficacy of this legislation is often unclear and is ineffective at mt malindang and in the southern sierra madre ( d . allen
its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
helbig aj , kocum a , seibold i & braun mj ( 2005 ) a multi - gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles ( aves : accipitriformes ) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 35 ( 1 ) : 147 - 164 pdf
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distribution : indomalayan . endemic to luzon island , philippines . more . . . .
movements : non - migratory , but juveniles disperse from breeding areas ( bildstein 2006 ) .
habitat and habits : occurs in forest and advanced second - growth from lowlands to over 1 , 900 m in montane mossy forest ( kennedy et al . 2000 ) . perches in concealed locations in canopy and often soars ( kennedy et al . op cit . ) .
food and feeding behavior : prey not recorded ( kennedy et al . 2000 ) .
breeding : nest and eggs are undescribed ( kennedy et al . ( 2000 ) .
haring , e . , k . kvalýy , j . o . gjershaug , and a . gamauf .
helbig , a . j . , a . kocum , i . seibold , and m . j . braun .


echis coloratus is a venomous viper species endemic to the middle east and egypt .

no subspecies are currently recognized .

common names : painted saw-scaled viper , painted carpet viper , burton 's carpet viper , more .

echis coloratus

echis colorata günther 1878 echis froenata duméril , bibron & duméril 1854 : 1449 echis coloratus — haas 1957 : 83 echis coloratus gasperetti 1988 echis froenatus cherlin & borkin 1990 echis coloratus — welch 1994 : 57 echis coloratus — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 378 echis coloratus — dobiey & vogel 2007 echis coloratus — pook et al . 2009 echis coloratus — wallach et al . 2014 : 255
vapaguide - biomedical database - terrestrial snakes , vipers - echis spp . - echis coloratus
echis omanensis babocsay 2004 echis colorata — boulenger , 1887 : 408 echis coloratus — boulenger 1896 : 507 echis coloratus — arnold & gallagher 1977 : 69 echis coloratus — joger 1984 : 46 ( part . ) echis coloratus — gasperetti 1988 : 348 echis froenatus — cherlin 1990 : 203 ( part . ) echis omanensis — gardner 2004 echis omanensis — dobiey 2005 echis omanensis — pook et al . 2009 echis omanensis — wallach et al . 2014 : 256
echis multisquamatus echis multisquamatus echis multisquamatus a gravid female of echis male and female from southern uzbekistan near border with afganistan ( around sherebat ) . multisquamatus .
echis pyramidum leakeyi echis pyramidum lucidus echis pyramidum lucidus echis pyramidum leakeyi lake baringo , kenya biskra , algeria egypt archer´s post , kenya ( photo : j . haleš )
. . . echis ( toxicoa ) hughesi e . hughesi ? e . coloratus echis ( turanechis ) ' ' froenatus
( = coloratus ) e . coloratus e . coloratus babocsay ( 2003 babocsay ( , 2004 ) : e . coloratus coloratus e . coloratus terraesanctae e . omanensis e . omanensis 2003 , 2004 ) . as yet , there has been no comprehensive attempt to address the phylogeny and systematics of the complex using molecular markers . . . .
fainaru et al . 1974 : 5 echis coloratus bites ( identification of the species by indirect criteria : the accident occurred within the distribution area of echis coloratus and the patients displayed impaired coagulation ) .
treatment of envenomation by echis coloratus ( mid - east saw scaled viper ) : a decision tree .
habitat of echis c . coloratus habitat of echis c . coloratus male of echis c . coloratus echis pyramidum leakeyi , from israel in elat in southern arava valley from southern arava valley near maikona ( northern , ( copyright : g . babocsay ) in israel ( copyright : g . babocsay ) in israel ( copyright : g . babocsay ) kenya )
echis s . sochureki - male echis s . sochureki - male e . s . sochureki - female echis s . sochureki pakistan pakistan pakistan pakistan
lehmann , m . 1980 . haltung und nachzucht von echis carinatus leakeyi x echis coloratus . herpetofauna 2 ( 4 ) : 32 - 34 - get paper here
treatment of envenomation by echis coloratus ( mid - east saw scaled viper ) : a decision tree . - pubmed - ncbi
echis pyramidum leakeyi echis pyramidum leakeyi phenotypically echis pyr . echis s . sochureki - female archer´s post , kenya archer´s post , kenya aliaborri , but geographically pakistan f1 generation - juvenil f1 generation - juvenil echis pyr . leakeyi - laisamis north - central kenya . nmk 0 / 2160
envenomation by echis coloratus ( mid - east saw - scaled viper ) : a review of the literature and indications for treatment .
a new species of saw - scaled viper of the echis coloratus complex ( ophidia : viperidae ) from oman , eas . . .
a copulation of a typical coloration and pattern of echis multisquamatus echis cf . megalocephalus echis pyramidum lucidus ( this specimen is from sherebat , uzbekistan ) ( after dobiey et vogel , 2007 ) ginda , erithrea . after me until revision only echis p . pyramidum .
lehmann , m . 1987 . the arabic sawscaled viper , echis coloratus . litteratura serpentium 7 ( 6 ) : 258 - 266 - get paper here
envenomation by echis coloratus ( mid - east saw - scaled viper ) : a review of the literature and indications for treatment . - pubmed - ncbi
saudi arabia annobil 1993a : 7 echis coloratus bites in children ; identification : morphological . 5 children reached hospital within 6 h , 2 within 18 h .
two subspecies of palestine saw - scaled viper have been described : echis coloratus coloratus and echis coloratus terraesanctae ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . e . c . terraesanctae differs from e . c . coloratus in its colour , patterning , number of scales , and relatively larger eyes ( 7 ) . the palestine saw - scaled viper is very similar in appearance to the recently described oman saw - scaled viper ( echis omanensis ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 8 ) . it also resembles the widespread saw - scaled viper ( echis carinatus ) , but is slightly stockier and more colourful ( 6 ) .
israel porath et al . 1992 : 68 echis coloratus bites ; identification : morphological or indirect criteria ( the accident occurred within the distribution area of echis coloratus and the patients displayed impaired coagulation ) . this retrospective study included patients from two hospitals in jerusalem and one hospital in beer - sheva ( time period 1970–1989 ) .
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hemipenes of locality of echis pyramidum locality of echis pyramidum young specimen of echis pyramidum echis pyramidum near north horr in northern kenya in archer ´s post ( kenya ) leakeyi from kula mawe ( kenya ) , from kenya note red coloration and a large supraoculars ( like e . p . aliaborri ) .
. . . distribution of the genus echis , which are small - to medium - sized vipers , extends across open and xeric formations from africa north of the equator , to the arabian peninsula , and south and east to sri lanka and india . the israeli haplotypes represent populations described as echis coloratus terraesanctae in the negev and judean deserts and the parapatric echis coloratus coloratus in the arava ( dead to red sea ) , and sinai regions ( babocsay , 2003 ) . the palestine saw - scaled viper is found mostly in rocky terrain in deserts . . . .
tsairi , h . & bouskila , a . 2004 . ambush site selection of a desert snake ( echis coloratus ) . herpetologica 60 ( 1 ) : 13 - 23 - get paper here
described as less irritable than echis carinatus , but will aggressively defend itself when disturbed .
echis multisquamatus ( adult ) . southern uzbekistan near border with afganistan ( around scherebat )
smith , h . m . 1976 . comments on echis coloratus dumeril , bibron and dumeril , 1854 ( reptilia ) . bull . zool . nomenclature 32 ( 4 ) : 199 - get paper here
babocsay , g . 2004 . a new species of saw - scaled viper of the echis coloratus complex ( ophidia : viperidae ) from oman , eastern arabia . systematics and biodiversity 1 ( 4 ) : 503–514
babocsay , g . ( 2003 ) geographic variation in echis coloratus ( viperidae , ophidia ) in the levant with the description of a new subspecies . zoology in the middle east , 29 : 13 - 32 .
babocsay , g . 2004 . a new species of saw - scaled viper of the echis coloratus complex ( ophidia : viperidae ) from oman , eastern arabia . systematics and biodiversity 1 ( 4 ) : 503–514 .
babocsay , g . 2003 . geographic variation in echis coloratus ( viperidae , ophidia ) in the levant with the description of a new subspecies . zoology in the middle east 29 : 13 - 32 - get paper here
babocsay , g . ( 2004 ) a new species of saw - scaled viper of the echis coloratus complex ( ophidia : viperidae ) from oman , eastern arabia . systematics and biodiversity , 1 ( 4 ) : 503 - 514 .
8 . elisa analysis of the contents of a vesicle that was removed 40 h after the bite detected 9 ng / ml echis coloratus venom ( tilbury et al . 1987 ; immunological detection by r . d . g . theakston ) .
yosef , reuven ; juan ramirez roman , and piotr zduniak 2012 . habitat choice of palestine saw - scaled viper ( echis coloratus ) in an extreme environment . journal of herpetology 46 ( 4 ) : 671 - 674 . - get paper here
venomous ! taxonomy : note that echis froenatus duméril , bibron & duméril was suppressed by opinion 1176 ( iczn 1981 ) . definition : echis omanensis has a longer tail with higher subcaudal counts ; the lower prenasal scale is often missing and the upper prenasal is frequently fused with the nasal ; the subnasal is often missing or fused with the nasal . the gular scales between the chin - shield and the preventrals are round or only slightly elongate , not elongate as in echis coloratus , andtheir number is higher . other differences in characters of the gular area indicate a different scale structure of the ventral surface of the head . the new species is allopatric or parapatric with e . coloratus , but sympatric with echis carinatus sochureki .
venomous ! distribution : erroneously reported from socotra . see distribution map in babocsay ( 2003 ) . populations from united arab emirates ( uae ) have been described as e . omanensis , hence e . coloratus does not occur in the uae . reports from n oman are now considered as e . omanensis . similar species : may be confused with echis omanensis babocsay 2004 . the main differences between echis omanensis and echis coloratus involve the gular scales under the head being rounder and more numerous in the new species . the tail is longer , with more sub - caudal scales , and there are differences in some of the scales around thenostrilsandinthepatternof darkgreyblotcheson the head , back and flanks .
one of the paratypes of echis
carinatus
aliaborri ( wajir , kenya ) . ( copyright : b . drewes )
stimson , a . f . 1974 . echis coloratus günther 1878 ( reptilia , serpentes ) : proposed validation under the plenary powers . z . n . ( s . ) 2064 . bull . zool . nomenclature 31 ( 4 ) : 223 - 224 . - get paper here
opinion 1176 1981 . echis colorata [ sic ] guenther , 1878 ( reptilia ; serpentes ) given nomenclatural precedence over echis froenata [ sic ] duméril , bibron & duméril , 1854 . bull . zool . nomenclature 38 ( 2 ) : 110 - 111 . - get paper here
treatment summary echis bites cause moderate to severe , potentially lethal envenoming , requiring urgent assessment & treatment , including iv fluids , iv antivenom and good wound care .
coloratus : nw arabia , s levant ( sinai ) , wadi arava ) , egypt ( east of nile ) , jordan . type locality : jebel sharr , midian , arabia , elevation 4 , 500 ft .
envenomation by echis coloratus causes a transient hemostatic failure . systemic symptoms , hypotension and evident bleeding are rare , with only one reported fatality . in this paper , we examine the decision to treat victims of echis coloratus by a specific horse antiserum . the decision model considers the mortality of treated and untreated envenomation , and the side effects of antiserum treatment : fatal anaphylaxis , serum sickness and increased risk of death after a possible repeated exposure to horse antiserum in the future . the results of the analysis are not sensitive to variations in the probability of side effects of antiserum treatment . they are sensitive to variations in the risk of bleeding after envenomation , in the degree of reduction of this risk by antiserum treatment and in the risk of dying after an event of bleeding . prompt administration of antiserum appears to be the treatment of choice if it reduces the risk of bleeding from 23 . 6 % to 20 . 3 % and if 1 . 6 % or more of the bleeding events are fatal . we conclude that presently available data support antiserum treatment of victims of echis coloratus who present with hemostatic failure , even though the advantage imparted by this treatment appears to be small .
joger , u . & courage , k . 1999 . are palearctic ‘rattlesnakes’ ( echis and cerastes ) monophyletic ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 65 - 81
a study of 353 museum specimens of the echis coloratus complex from its entire range of distribution revealed an undescribed species in the united arab emirates and northern oman . the results of upgma clustering and principal co - ordinate analysis of 138 male and 142 female specimens yielded for both sexes two major clusters , one with specimens from the uae and northern oman and one from . . . [ show full abstract ]
numbers of vipers are limited in some the same area as on the previous el wak ( kenya ) . echis pyramidum lucidus from areas due to a periodical floods . around photograph in a wet season vipers may be found egypt with very short head . the garissa in a dry season ( august , 2005 ) , ( november , 2006 ) . the locality of under the limestones vipers are very polymorphic in this a locality of echis pyramidum . echis pyramidum ( kenya ) . around a road ( see character . it is an adult female . right side of a pict . )
like other vipers , the palestine saw - scaled viper ( echis coloratus ) is a venomous snake with a relatively short , stocky body , a wide head , vertical pupils and heavily keeled scales ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . it receives its common name from its defensive display , in which the scales are rubbed together by drawing opposing coils of the body against each other , producing a loud rasping or sawing sound ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
cherlin , v . a . 1990 . taxonomic revision of the snake genus echis ( viperidae ) . ii . an analysis of taxonomy and description of new forms [ in russian ] . proc . zool . institute leningrad 207 : 193 - 223
species in the genus echis are responsible for the greatest proportion of all snake bite fatalities in humans . as these vipers often live in close proximity to humans and will bite with little provocation , they are considered to be among the world’s most dangerous snakes ( 5 ) ( 11 ) .
pook , catharine e . ; ulrich joger , nikolaus stümpel , wolfgang wüster 2009 . when continents collide : phylogeny , historical biogeography and systematics of the medically important viper genus echis ( squamata : serpentes : viperidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53 ( 3 ) : 792 - 807 - get paper here
pook , c . e . , joger , u . , stumpel , n . and wuster , w . 2009 . when continents collide : phylogeny , historical biogeography and systematics of the medically important viper genus echis ( squamata : serpentes : viperidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53 ( 3 ) : 792 - 807 .
antivenoms arabian echis , rogoff medical research institute , tel aviv , israel ( porath et al . 1992 ) ; near and middle east , pasteur , france ( annobil 1993a ) . studies no controlled clinical antivenom study available . data on efficacy of antivenom in porath et al . 1992 . indications for antivenom not defined in the study of porath et al . 1992 ; see below for recommendations . dose administered doses not specified in the study of porath et al . 1992 . efficacy
administration of arabian echis , rogoff medical research institute , at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2–3 h after the bite ) decreased the duration of the haemostatic defect and reduced the risk of thrombopaenia and anaemia . it is therefore recommended that monovalent antivenom be administered if slight or marked bleeding , anaemia , azotaemia , thrombopaenia or proteinuria are present or local swelling increases rapidly within 1 h after the bite ( porath et al . 1992 ) .
terraesanctae : israel , jordan . type locality : ma’ale efrayim , samaria , cisjordan .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
al - quran , s . 2009 . the herpetofauna of the southern jordan . american - eurasian j . agric . & environ . sci . , 6 ( 4 ) : 385 - 391 [ this journal has a dubious record , see urltoken
alshammari , ahmed m . and adel a . ibrahim 2015 . lizards and snakes in the historical faid protected area ( faid hema ) , ha ' il region , saudi arabia . herp . cons . biol . 10 ( 3 ) - get paper here
alshammari , ahmed m . and adel a . ibrahim 2015 . lizards and snakes in the historical faid protected area ( faid hema ) , ha ' il region , saudi arabia herp . cons . biol . 10 ( 3 ) : 1021–1029 - get paper here
bar , aviad and guy haimovitch 2012 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of israel . pazbar ltd , 246 pp . - get paper here
carranza s , xipell m , tarroso p , gardner a , arnold en , robinson md , et al . 2018 . diversity , distribution and conservation of the terrestrial reptiles of oman ( sauropsida , squamata ) . plos one 13 ( 2 ) : e0190389 - get paper here
corkill , n . l . and cochrane , j . a . 1966 . the snakes of the arabian peninsula and socotra . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 62 ( 3 ) : 475 - 506 ( 1965 ) - get paper here
disi , a . m . ; modry , d . ; necas , p . & rifai , l . 2001 . amphibians and reptiles of the hashemite kingdom of jordan . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 408 pp .
dobiey , m . 2005 . zwei neue sandrasselottern . reptilia ( münster ) 10 ( 51 ) : 14 - 15 - get paper here
dobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . , bibron , g . & duméril , a . h . a . , 1854 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles . tome septième . deuxième partie , comprenant l ' histoire des serpents venimeux . paris , librairie encyclopédique de roret : i - xii + 781 - 1536 - get paper here
egan , d . 2007 . snakes of arabia . motivate publishing , dubai , 208 pp .
günther , a . 1878 . on reptiles from midian collected by major burton . proc . zool . soc . london 1878 : 977 - 978 - get paper here
haas , georg 1957 . some amphibians and reptiles from arabia . proc . cal . acad . sci . 29 ( 3 ) : 47 - 86 - get paper here
herrmann , h . w . ; joger , u . ; lenk , p . & wink , m . 1999 . morphological and molecular phylogenies of viperines : conflicting evidence ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 21 - 30 - get paper here
jongbloed , m . 2000 . field guide to the reptiles and amphibians of the uae - wild about reptiles . barkers trident communications , 116 pp .
leviton , a . e . ; anderson , s . c . ; adler , k . ; minton , s . a . 1992 . handbook to middle east amphibians and reptiles . ssar , oxford , ohio ( contr . to herpetol . no . 8 ) , 1 - 252
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
milto , konstantin d . 2017 . new records of reptiles on the red sea coast , egypt , with notes on zoogeography russ . j . herpetol . 24 ( 1 ) : 11 - 21 - get paper here
phelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]
rösler , herbert and wolfgang wranik 2017 . untersuchungen und beobachtungen zur herpetofauna des jemen jemen - report jg . 48 ( 1 / 2 )
schmidt , k . p . & marx , h . 1956 . the herpetology of sinai . fieldiana 39 ( 4 ) : 21 - 40 - get paper here
sindaco , roberto ; riccardo nincheri , benedetto lanza 2014 . catalogue of arabian reptiles in the collections of the “la specola” museum , florence . scripta herpetologica . studies on amphibians and reptiles in honour of benedetto lanza : pp . 137 - 164 - get paper here
van der kooij , jeroen 2001 . the herpetofauna of the sultanate of oman : part 4 : the terrestrial snakes . podarcis 2 ( 2 ) : 54 - 64
venchi , alberto and roberto sindaco 2006 . annotated checklist of the reptiles of the mediterranean countries , with keys to species identification . part 2 - snakes ( reptilia , serpentes ) . annali del museo civico di storia naturale
g . doria
, genova , xcviii : 259 - 364
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
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the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
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in case of an accident with venomous animals there can be a problem to find a holding centre of an indicated antivenom close to the site of the accident . the intention of mavin is to assist solving this problem . holding centres of antivenoms can use mavin by comparing a summary of the current status given here against the actual status of their stock and using in case of an update a preformed datasheet .
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the palestine saw - scaled viper is named after its defensive display , in which the scales are rubbed together to produce a sawing sound .
the palestine saw - scaled viper’s fangs may be replaced many times throughout its life .
a venomous species , the palestine saw - scaled viper and its close relatives are considered to be among the world’s most dangerous snakes .
the palestine saw - scaled viper is unusual among vipers in laying eggs rather than giving birth to live young .
the palestine saw - scaled viper is usually grey , brown or brownish - red , with a lighter underside and with a pattern of large , light pinkish or greyish blotches or cross - bands along the back ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . the blotches may have a darker outline , and may contain shades of light grey or blue ( 7 ) . the upper side of the palestine saw - scaled viper’s head is usually brown , with a lighter ‘x’ shaped marking and a darker grey streak that runs from the corner of the mouth to the eye ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .
arabian saw - scaled viper , burton’s carpet viper , mid - east saw - scaled viper , painted carpet viper , painted saw - scaled viper .
like other vipers , the palestine saw - scaled viper has relatively long , hollow fangs that can be folded against the roof of the mouth when not in use ( 5 ) . the fangs of vipers are generally longer than those of other snakes , allowing venom to be injected deeper into their prey . the fangs may be replaced at numerous times throughout the snake’s life as new fangs develop at the back of the mouth and replace old ones that are shed ( 11 ) .
the palestine saw - scaled viper is active either at night or at dawn and dusk ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . like other vipers , it is likely to hunt its prey using a sit - and - wait technique , aided by camouflaging body markings that conceal the snake from its prey ( 11 ) .
the palestine saw - scaled viper has been reported to feed on small mammals , frogs , toads , birds , lizards and large invertebrates ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . in some areas , it has a habit of perching on bushes or trees close to water , with the head pointed upwards , suggesting that it may hunt birds coming in to rest or drink ( 8 ) . once a viper has struck its prey , it usually withdraws immediately ( 12 ) and then follows its prey using chemical cues until its venom has immobilised the victim ( 11 ) .
the majority of viper species give birth to live young ( 5 ) ( 9 ) . however , the palestine saw - scaled viper is somewhat unusual in laying eggs ( 1 ) ( 2 ) , usually producing six to ten eggs per clutch ( 2 ) .
the palestine saw - scaled viper occurs across egypt , the middle east and the arabian peninsula , including israel , jordan , saudi arabia , yemen , northern oman and the united arab emirates ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . in egypt , it occurs east of the river nile ( 1 ) ( 7 ) .
the subspecies e . c . terraesanctae is restricted to israel and jordan ( 1 ) ( 7 ) .
like many viper species ( 9 ) ( 10 ) , the palestine saw - scaled viper inhabits rocky , arid areas ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . it avoids sandy habitats , preferring rocky or hard terrain ( 8 ) , and is often found near sources of water ( 4 ) .
the palestine saw - scaled viper has been recorded at elevations of up to 2 , 000 metres in the southern sinai peninsula ( 4 ) .
the palestine saw - scaled viper has yet to be classified by the iucn .
the palestine saw - scaled viper is not currently known to be facing any major threats .
although its global conservation status has not yet been assessed , the palestine saw - scaled viper has been classified as least concern ( lc ) in the mediterranean region according to iucn criteria ( 13 ) .
there are not known to be any specific conservation measures currently in place for this venomous snake .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
o’shea , m . ( 2008 ) venomous snakes of the world . new holland publishers , london .
cloudsley - thompson , j . l . ( 1999 ) the diversity of amphibians and reptiles : an introduction . springer - verlag , berlin and heidelberg .
baha el din , s . ( 2006 ) a guide to the reptiles and amphibians of egypt . american university in cairo press , cairo .
halliday , t . and adler , k . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians . oxford university press , oxford .
vine , p . ( 1996 ) natural emirates : wildlife and environment of the united arab emirates . trident press , london .
bellairs , a . a . and attridge , j . ( 1975 ) reptiles . hutchinson university library , london .
zug , g . r . , vitt , l . j . and caldwell , j . p . ( 2001 ) herpetology : an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles . second edition . academic press , san diego , california .
stafford , p . ( 2000 ) snakes . the natural history museum , london .
bellairs , a . a . ( 1969 ) the life of reptiles . volume 1 . weidenfeld & nicolson , london .
cox , n . , chanson , j . and stuart , s . ( 2006 ) the status and distribution of reptiles and amphibians of the mediterranean basin . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken
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isr j med sci . 1993 apr ; 29 ( 4 ) : 239 - 50 .
department of community medicine , faculty of health sciences , ben - gurion university of the negev , beer sheva , israel .
department of medicine , hadassah university hospital , mt scopus , jerusalem , israel .
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vomiting 4 / 7 , arterial hypotension 4 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .
local pain 5 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . local swelling is presented as the most important clinical sign that injection of venom has taken place ; necrosis can occur ( porath et al . 1992 ) . local swelling 5 / 5 , in some cases the entire bitten extremity was swollen . subcutaneous bleeding in the region of the swelling 3 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . local swelling 7 / 7 , blisters and ecchymosis in the region of the swelling 7 / 7 , necrosis 1 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .
bleeding at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . in most of the retrospectively studied patients 2–3 h after the bite ) : minor systemic bleeding ( spontaneous subcutaneous bleeding and bleeding from the mucous membranes , microhaematuria ) 19 / 68 , marked systemic bleeding ( gastrointestinal and soft tissue haemorrhage , macrohaematuria ) 9 / 68 ( porath et al . 1992 ) . gingival bleeding 1 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . microhaematuria 2 / 3 ( annobil 1993a ) .
ecg changes ( see below ) ( primary cardiac effect of the venom ? ) ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . normal ecg 7 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .
oliguria ( < 200 ml within the first 24 h after the bite ) 2 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . transient anuria 2 / 7 , acute kidney failure 1 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) . secondary in the context of hypotensive episodes or disseminated
duration of hospitalisation on average 6 . 3 ± 4 . 1 days ( porath et al . 1992 ) , for 6 children between 5 and 11 days , for 1 child 78 days ( debridement of necrosis ,
anaemia , limited renal function ( acute renal failure ) ( tilbury et al . 1987 , porath et al . 1992 , annobil 1993a ) .
1 fatality in israel ( mann 1978 , including autopsy findings ) . haemostatic defect with haemorrhaging , renal failure . no antivenom was administered . according to mann ( 1978 ) , the only published case since 1918 , mentioned by flower ( 1933 ) . according to porath et al . ( 1992 ) this continues to be the only published fatality known .
disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by direct activation of prothrombin and reactive ( secondary ) hyperfibrinolysis ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . thrombopaenia ( porath et al . 1992 ) . little intravascular fibrin deposition ( this is reflected in the low incidence of acute renal failure . transient impairment of kidney function is nonetheless an indication that such processes could play a role ) . fibrin clearance appears to be very efficient . haemorrhagic activity is present , which together with
in this overview , the deviations from normal are recorded for those haemostasis para - meters only , for which good evidence is documented in the literature .
ct , pt , ptt : impaired coagulation ( 67 / 68 ) , with an arbitrary cut - off between
normal
and
impaired
coagulation of pt < 50 % and ptt > 60 s . on average it took 2 . 8 ± 1 . 7 days for coagulation to be restored according to these criteria ( porath et al . 1992 ) .
ct , pt ) between 6 and 48 h after the bite 5 / 5 . restoration of
coagulability ( clot formation ) on the 3rd day after the bite 2 / 5 , on the 4th day 2 / 5 and on the 5th day 1 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . pt and ptt ↑ ( > 120–180 s ) 3 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) . incoagulable blood (
ct , pt ) 3 h after the bite ( yatziv et al . 1974 ) .
platelets : at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2–3 h after the bite ) : 155 , 000 ± 86 , 000 / mm 3 ; < 100 , 000 / mm 3 : 14 / 68 . during hospitalisation ( minimum ) : 114 , 000 ± 68 , 000 / mm 3 ; < 100 , 000 / mm 3 : 25 / 68 ( porath et al . 1992 ) .
< 100 , 000 / mm 3 1 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . < 200 , 000 / mm 3 1 / 7 ( 15 , 000 / mm 3 ) ( annobil 1993a ) . minimum 16 , 000 / mm 3 62 h after the bite ( tilbury et al . 1987 ) . 50 , 000 / mm 3 ( yatziv et al . 1974 ) .
fibrinogen : undetectable during the 1st day after the bite : 3 / 5 , minimum 20 mg % : 1 / 5 , minimum 58 mg % : 1 / 5 . start of fibrinogen decrease 3–6 h after the bite 5 / 5 . increase in fibrinogen from the 2nd day after the bite 5 / 5 . normal values 5–10 days after the bite 5 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) .
fibrinogen < 1 g / l ( 3 / 7 , all 3 had pt and ptt ↑ ) , fibrinogen > 1 g / l and < 2 g / l ( 2 / 7 ) ( annobil 1993a ) .
fibrinogen before administration of antivenom 0 mg / 100 ml ( yatziv et al . 1974 ) .
factors v , ii , vii , x : course similar to that of fibrinogen . factors ii , vii and x were less severely decreased than factor v ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) .
fsp : increased in 3 / 5 patients ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) .
> 320 and < 640 μg / ml ( tilbury et al . 1987 ) . 360 μg / ml ( yatziv et al . 1974 ) .
2 . leucocytes at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2–3 h after the bite ) : 10 , 800 ± 4 , 300 / mm 3 ( porath et al . 1992 ) . > 11 , 000 / mm 3 5 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .
3 . haemoglobin at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2–3 h after the bite ) : 14 . 1 ± 1 . 9 g / 100 ml , < 10 g / 10 ml ( 2 / 68 ) . during hospitalisation ( minimum ) : 12 . 2 ± 2 . 4 g / 100 ml , < 10 g / 100 ml ( 9 / 68 ) ( porath et al . 1992 ) . < 10 g / 100 ml 4 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .
4 . urea at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2–3 h after the bite ) : 6 . 4 ± 3 . 4 mmol / l . during hospitalisation ( maximum ) : 8 . 0 ± 5 . 7 mmol / l ( porath et al . 1992 ) .
5 . proteinuria , albuminuria at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2–3 h after the bite ) : 34 / 68 ( porath et al . 1992 ) . albuminuria 2 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .
6 . ecg ecg changes 3 / 5 , of whom 2 / 3 with transient st / t changes , 1 / 3 with atrial extrasystole ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) .
7 . kidney biopsy after acute renal failure histological characteristics of acute tubular necrosis , glomerular mesangial proliferation and acute interstitial nephritis ( the patient had a history of recurrent renal colic , and there was a stone in the inferior pole of the right kidney ) ( tilbury et al . 1987 ) .
immobilisation of the bitten extremity 68 / 68 ( porath et al . 1992 ) .
ffp 24 / 68 . one of these patients died 5 years later of aids , and the blood plasma transfusion represented the only known risk of infection . administration of ffp directly upon hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2–3 h after the bite ) represented the only variable at the time of hospitalisation that predicted ( logistic regression analysis ) urea levels of ≥9 mmol / l on subsequent investigations and that was associated with a 5 - fold higher risk of azotaemia . however , the study design ( retrospective , no control groups , small number of patients ) limits the significance of these results ( porath et al . 1992 ) .
blisters were opened and emptied in order to avoid further absorption of venom from the contents of the blisters ( annobil 1993a ) .
with regard to the haemostatic effect : administration of antivenom directly upon hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2–3 h after the bite ) represented the only variable at the time of hospitalisation that predicted ( logistic regression analysis ) platelet counts of ≥100 , 000 / mm 3 on subsequent investigations and that reduced the risk of thrombopaenia by 76 % . however , the study design ( retrospective , no control groups , small number of patients ) limits the significance of these results ( porath et al . 1992 ) .
with regard to haemoglobin : administration of antivenom directly upon hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2–3 h after the bite ) represented the only variable at the time of hospitalisation that predicted ( logistic regression analysis ) haemoglobin levels of ≥10 g / 100 ml on subsequent investigations and that reduced the risk of anaemia by 87 % . however , the study design ( retrospective , no control groups , small number of patients ) limits the significance of these results ( porath et al . 1992 ) .
no details of adverse reactions in the study of porath et al . 1992 .
evaluation of the risk of fatal bleeding in a decision model supported the indication for antivenom administration in all patients with haemostatic failure ( gilon et al . 1989 ) .
type locality : wadi as siji , region of masafi ( 25°18’ n , 56°10’ e ) , united arab emirates .
arnold , e . n . , & gallagher , m . d . 1977 . reptiles and amphibians from the mountains of northern oman . in : the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey 1975 . j . of oman stud . spec . rept . ( no . 1 ) : 59 - 80 .
boulenger , g . a . 1887 . a list of the reptiles and batrachians obtained near muscat , arabia , and presented to the british museum by surgeon - major a . s . g . jayakar . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 20 : 407 - 408 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1896 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum , vol . 3 . london ( taylor & francis ) , xiv + 727 pp . - get paper here
gardner , a . s . 2009 . mapping the terrestrial reptile distributions in oman and the united arab emirates . zookeys 31 : 165–177 - get paper here
gardner , drew . 2004 . a new species of viper described from the uae and northern oman . tribulus : journal of the emirates natural history group 14 ( 2 ) : 32 - get paper here
gasperetti , j . 1988 . snakes of arabia . fauna of saudi arabia 9 : 169 - 450
grossmann , w . , t . kowalski , b . m . zwanzig & h . - j . zilger 2012 . ergänzende herpetologische beobachtungen auf dem saiq - plateau und im jebel al - akhdar , sultanat oman . sauria 34 ( 4 ) : 3 - 18 - get paper here
grossmann , wolfgang ; bernd - michael zwanzig , thomas kowalski & hans - jürgen zilger 2013 . weitere ergänzende herpetologische beobachtungen auf dem saiq - plateau und im jebel al - akhdar , sultanat oman . sauria 35 ( 3 ) : 23–31 - get paper here
joger , u . 1984 . the venomous snakes of the near and middle east . beihefte zum tübinger atlas des vorderen orients , a 12 . dr . ludwig reichert verlag , wiesbaden .
update 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !
images provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .
0 to 2600 meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )
urutu or yarara parker ' s pit viper andean pit viper terciopelo * barba amarilla * caissaca * barbour ' s pit viper barnett ' s pit viper bocourt ' s pit viper amazonian tree - viper brazil ' s pit viper st . lucia pit viper cotiara dunn ' s pit viper fonseca ' s pit viper godmann ' s pit viper island jararaca jararaca jararacussu fer - de - lance lansberg ' s hog nose viper yellow - lined pit viper black - tailed pit viper hog - nosed pit viper jararaca pintada or wied ' s lance - head black spotted pit viper jumping viper western hog - nosed pit viper peruvian pit viper piraja ' s pit viper , jararacucu eyelash viper yucatan pit viper
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
general shape small in length , cylindrical and moderately slender bodied snake with very short tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 83 metres . head is broad , flat and pear shaped when viewed from above and distinct from neck . snout is short and broad . canthus is indistinct . eyes are medium in size with vertically elliptical pupils . head scales are keeled . dorsal scales are dull , strongly keeled and imbricate with apical pits . lower lateral body scales are markedly serrated . ventrals are rounded .
habitat desert areas mainly in dry rocky hillside and mountain terrain with widely scattered vegetation up to about 1500 metres . tends to avoid loose sand areas
habits terrestrial and nocturnal , uses sidewinding locomotion , and avoids the summer heat by sheltering deeper into their burrows . if disturbed it assumes an s - shaped coil position and rubs the sides of the body together making a rasping sound . very nervous , irritable and aggressive disposition , quick to strike at the slightest provocation and does not try to escape .
description : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .
general approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .
antivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .
( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
uetz , p . , freed , p . and hošek , j . ( eds ) . 2018 . the reptile database . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 06 february 2018 ) .
wilms , t . , al rasbi , k . j . m . & els , j .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide range and lack of significant threats . the species may be expanding its range where irrigation projects occur .
this species is endemic to the eastern al hajar mountain complex of oman and the united arab emirates ( egan 2007 ) . the animals are seldom found above 800 m asl .
this nocturnal species is found in mountain valleys and surrounding rocky terrain . animals are common in wadis with or without water . the diet consists of small vertebrates . they are presumably oviparous .
activities in the species ' range include coastal development , and water yielding wadis being used for recreational means - however the species is considered to be resilient and non - specific in its habitat requirements , so there are not believed to be any threats to the species as a whole .
it is present in some protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , natural history , and threats to this little - known species .
0 . root - > 6 . rocky areas ( eg . inland cliffs , mountain peaks ) suitability : suitable
1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats
branch , w . , egan , d . and edmonds , j . 2008 . proceedings of the 9th conservation workshop for the fauna of arabia : conservation status of the terrestrial snakes of the arabian peninsula . breeding centre for endangered arabian wildlife .
egan , d . 2007 . snakes of arabia : a field guide to the snakes of the arabian peninsula and its shores . motivate publishing , dubai .
iucn . 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2012 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 17 october 2012 ) .
stümpel , n . and joger , u . 2009 . recent advances in phylogeny and taxonomy of near and middle eastern vipers - an update . zookeys 31 : 179 - 191 .
wilms , t . , al rasbi , k . j . m . & els , j . 2012 .
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. . . moreover , within the biodiversity hotspot of the mediterranean basin ( myers et al . 2000 ) the coastal levant is relatively reptile - species rich ( böhm et al . 2013 ) . this is partly due to the local herpetofaunal knowledge having advanced in recent decades through research ( werner 1968werner , 2004werner , 2007 kark et al . 1997 ; werner et al . 1999 werner et al . , 2006 babocsay 2003 ; baha el din 2007 ; perry 2012 perry , 2012 ) and reviews ( hurvitz et al . 1980 ; werner 1982 werner , 1988 werner , 1995 werner , 1998 sivan and werner 1992 ; amr et al . 1994 ; amitai and bouskila 2001 ; disi 2002 disi , 2011 hraoui - bloquet et al . 2002 ; baha el din s 2006 ; amr and disi 2011 ) . we equate species and subspecies as ' operational taxonomic units ' , or taxa . . . .