the southern redbelly dace ( chrosomus erythrogaster ) , is a north american species of temperate freshwater fish of the cyprinidae family .

the natural geographic range extends from western new york to minnesota , and south to oklahoma , arkansas , and alabama .

this fish prefers flowing pools of creeks and streams .

the extremely similar northern redbelly dace can be distinguished by a rounder , blunter head and a more upturned mouth , as well as by differences in spawning behavior .

also , male southern redbelly dace show a characteristic red belly in spring while their northern counterparts keep a white belly .

southern redbelly dace

the southern redbelly dace grows up to 3 inches and feeds on algae and plant debris as do the other two species of redbelly dace .
how often does reproduction occur ? southern redbelly dace breed multiple times in the spring .
dazzling breeding colors and a gentle disposition make the southern redbelly dace an excellent aquarium fish .
two male southern redbelly dace and an unknown fish at the top ( has to be southern redbelly dace , red shiner , ozark minnow , or bluntnose minnow ) on 3 / 29 / 02 during 153 gallon pond cleaning .
there are many species of dace including the blacknose , longnose , redbelly , pearl , redside , rosyside , and tennessee dace .
the bright colors and gentle nature of southern redbelly dace make them great aquarium pets . they are also used by fishers as bait fish .
currently , there are no serious threats facing southern redbelly dace , they are listed as a species of least concern on the iucn redlist .
the bright colors and docile temperament of southern redbelly dace make them great aquarium pets . they are also used by fishers as bait fish .
when southern redbelly dace encounter a threat , such as a predator , these fish school together rather than dart off alone , improving their chances of survival . southern redbelly dace are social and use a chemical alarm signal that warns others of threats in the area nearby ; this chemical also signals fish to school together for protection . since southern redbelly dace are so small and vulnerable , this species avoids exposure . these fish are diurnal feeders .
conservation commission of missouri , 2014 .
southern redbelly dace
( on - line ) . xplor . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .
the very different spawning behaviors of southern and northern redbelly dace are perhaps adaptations to differences in habitat . southern redbelly dace occur in small flowing streams , often in wooded areas where submerged aquatic vegetation is sparse . riffle spawning is frequent in such habitats . the northern redbelly dace is found in ponds and pools of creeks , near vegetation ( page and burr 1991 ) ; such conditions favor spawning among plant thickets .
on 3 / 29 / 04 , i cleaned out the pond again . the southern redbelly dace was still there ! so were the two shiners . hurray ! below are photos of my one dace !
southern redbelly dace are continual egg scatterers that like to breed at around 70 to 75 degrees f with a strong current . they breed over gravel beds in moving water or near substrate spawning minnows . often , two males will spawn with a single female who lays a few hundred to a few thousand eggs . southern redbelly dace are riffle spawners . fry hatch in about six days . see the fourth link below for one aquarist ' s success at spawning southern redbelly dace .
southern redbelly dace are social and use a chemical alarm signal to warn others of nearby threats . this chemical also signals the fish to school together for protection .
the last southern redbelly dace pulled from my 153 gallon pond during cleaning on 4 / 2 / 03 . he was returned to the pond after the photo .
when southern redbelly dace come across a threat , such as a predator , these fish school together instead of darting off alone , this improves their chances of survival . southern redbelly dace are social and use a chemical alarm signal that warns others of threats in the area nearby ; this chemical also signals fish to school together for protection . since southern redbelly dace are so small and vulnerable , they usually try to stay hidden and avoid open areas . these fish forage for food during the daytime .
conservation commission of missouri , 2014 .
southern redbelly dace
( on - line ) . missouri department of conversation . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .
the southern redbelly dace is olive colored with two black stripes down its body and a yellow stripe in the middle of them . its belly is white . black dots appear on the back ( the first thing i noticed about my fish ) . breeding males develop red underbodies , yellow fins , and tubercles . the scales of the southern redbelly dace are very small .
southern redbelly dace are social creatures and will use a chemical alarm signal that warns others of threats in the area nearby ; this chemical also signals the fish to school together for protection .
loan - wisley , a . 2006 .
southern redbelly dace - chrosomus erythrogaster rafinesque .
( on - line ) . iowa fish atlas . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .
for details . i was absolutely stunned to find that my southern redbelly dace is still alive ! i did not take a photo this year . this fish is six years old ! wow !
sternburg , j . 2005 .
spawning of the southern and northern redbelly dace compared
( on - line ) . northern american native fishes association . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .
on 3 / 25 / 05 , i cleaned the 153 gallon pond out , and that one remaining southern redbelly dace is still alive ! horray ! i wish he had some buddies though . he is so pretty .
southern redbelly dace prefer small , clear , freshwater streams that are cool in temperature with a moderate to slow current . they prefer sand , gravel , or mud substrates along with vegetation and overhangs on the stream banks for hiding .
southern redbelly dace like clear , moving water of vegetated streams . they are often found at headwaters or springs . they are shy fish that require places to hide , ideally vegetation in and above the water . moving water is required for breeding .
southern redbelly dace are found in small , clear , freshwater streams that are cool in temperature with a moderate to slow current . these fish prefer sand , gravel , or mud substrates along with areas where they can hide such as vegetation and overhangs .
zehringer , j . 2012 .
southern red belly dace
( on - line ) . ohio department of natural resources . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .
stasiak , r . 2007 .
southern redbelly dace ( chrosomus erythrogaster ) : a technical conservation assessment
( on - line ) . prepared for the usda forest service , rocky mountain region , species conservation project . accessed july 18 , 2014 at urltoken .
the remaining species are all in the northern us , in and around the great lakes in michigan . the northern redbelly and finescale daces are also found in the southern part of canada .
the blackside and tennessee dace populations are considered decreasing and vulnerable by the iucn . the laurel dace is endangered , and the other species are of least concern .
north american native fishtanks • redbelly daces and allies , minnows of the genus . . .
ash sent this photo of a fish from southern california on 11 / 6 / 07 . she thought it was a redbelly dace but i do not think so . i was not able to identify it using my native fish books . do you know what it is ?
… ( phoxinus ) are well - known , with a southern ( p . erythrogaster ) and northern ( p . eos ) species . the southern redbelly dace , found in clear creeks from alabama to pennsylvania and the great lakes region , is an attractive fish sometimes kept in home aquariums . it is 5–7 . 5 cm ( 2–3 inches ) long and is marked with…
southern redbelly dace are not only prey for larger species in their habitat ; they are also a predatory species , feeding on small invertebrates . as an indicator species , the presence or absence of southern redbelly dace in streams helps determine the relative health of a stream . if the water is healthy , these fish , along with other species , will be thriving . however , if the water is unhealthy , populations of these fish will show a noticeable decline . this not only works as a pollution indicator , but also directs fishers to the healthiest populations of game fish .
paulson , n . , j . hatch . 2013 .
northern redbelly dace
( on - line ) . lake superior streams . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .
the mountain redbelly dace has been bred in captivity and the offspring can be purchased online or through specialty groups . some species may also be sold as feeder fish at bait shops .
i have recently obtained some southern redbelly dace and so there is little information on this site . all of the following information comes from books and internet sources . if you have any information on redbelly dace , please send it to me . in the cases where i state
unknown ,
it means that i do not know but others may know . also , please let me know if any of this information is incorrect or if you can add to it .
as mating season approaches , the coloration of sexually mature males becomes more vibrant , particularly in their fins and in the stripes located on their sides . this vibrant coloration helps them attract mates . since southern redbelly dace participate in polyandrous mating , there is little or no competition between male suitors .
before the mating season begins , the coloration of sexually mature males becomes more vibrant , especially in their fins and in the stripes on their sides . this bright coloration helps them attract mates . since one female will mate with several males , there is very little competition between male southern redbelly dace .
the blackside , tennessee , mountain redbelly , and laurel daces are all found in the mid - eastern us . the blackside dace is native to kentucky , the laurel in virginia , and the mountain redbelly is found in west virginia , virginia , and north carolina . all four species are also found in tennessee .
) live in the southeastern michigan area , from lake erie to ohio . their range also includes areas of the great lakes , the mississippi river basins , and the white arkansas river drainage areas , all the way down to tennessee . there are a few records of southern redbelly dace populations in the kansas river system and the upper arkansas river drainages as well .
these fish should be kept in purely freshwater aquariums and kept out of native brackish communities . some experiments performed with the southern redbelly dace showed that even short term exposure to low levels of salinity ( 4 ppt , about 1 . 003 ) stresses these animals greatly . as fish that prefer more “neutral” water , they also likely do not need the added hardness or higher ph .
endangered status for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : final rule .
southern redbelly dace tend to feed in schools at the bottom of streams , feeding on algae , aquatic invertebrates , and detritus . feeding on the bottom of streams not only allows them access to their prey , but also protects them from being in immediate reach of predators . these fish are countershaded , which means the bottom of the fish is lighter in color than the top side , this helps them avoid predators .
southern redbelly dace feed in schools at the bottom of streams , feeding on algae , aquatic invertebrates , and detritus . feeding on the bottom of streams not only gives them access to their prey , but also protects them from being in immediate reach of predators . these fish are countershaded , which means the bottom of the fish is lighter in color than their top side , this can make them difficult to see , protecting them from predators .
on 4 / 2 / 03 , i cleaned out my 153 gallon pond . there were three live fish . for sure , just one was an adult southern redbelly dace . the other two were red shiners so those must have been the babies from last year . this one large adult was gorgeous . i took photos to develop later . the best one is at the top of this page . i just wish he had a mate !
designation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : final rule .
when not actively chasing or spawning , the northern redbelly dace tended to remain away from the water current . they had no interest in the bed of pebbles , nor in the current of water directed at the pebbles . at no time did i see them spawn among the pebbles or over the sand substrate . spawning was repeated at intervals by other dace over the next three days , at which time i removed all the adults .
some of these taxonomies are currently being disputed . some sources place the finescale and laurel daces in the genus phoxinus , where the various redbelly daces once where .
southern redbelly dace are small fish , they are about 5 . 8 cm long , with a small mouth that opens horizontally . their scales are so small they can be difficult to see . these fish are usually an olive green color , which blends into their environment , although they do have red and yellow stripes on their sides and black blotches on their dorsal fins . males of this species are more brightly colored than females , especially on their fins and in their stripes .
the tennessee dace is a slightly different case , spawning at low temperatures ( 60 to 62 f ) and will scatter eggs over nests of other fish like the central stoneroller and striped shiners . thus , breeding these fish as well may be vital to breeding the tennessee dace in captivity .
southern redbelly dace are small fish , approximately 5 . 8 cm in length , with a small mouth that opens horizontally . their scales are so small they are nearly unrecognizable to a casual observer . these fish tend to be an olive green color , which blends into their environment , although they do have red and yellow stripes on their sides and black blotches on their dorsal fins . this species has sexually dimorphic coloration ; males are more vibrantly colored , especially on their fins and in their stripes .
southern redbelly dace are not only prey for larger species in their habitat ; they are also a predatory species , feeding on small invertebrates . these fish are an indicator species , which mean their presence or absence in their habitat helps determine the health of a stream . if the water is healthy , these fish , along with other species , will be thriving . however , if the water is unhealthy , populations of these fish will decline . this can help fishers find the healthiest populations of game fish .
as seasonal spawners , groups of chrosomus minnows will begin breeding once the tank conditions mimic a certain time of year . the southern redbelly dace breeds in the spring , for example , and requires a slightly elevated temperature . being provided with live foods may also help with breeding activity . eggs should be kept separate from adults ( they are notorious egg eaters ! ) and will hatch in about a week at 80 f . the fry are small and require tiny foods like infusoria once the yolks are absorbed .
when southern redbelly dace breed , multiple males press up against a female on the bottom of the stream ; this causes her to release eggs for the males to fertilize . males have pearl organs along their anal and pectoral fins that are used during breeding to stimulate the female to release her eggs . during the april to june mating period , about 200 to 6 , 000 eggs are released as males and females repeat the breeding ritual . this ritual can be repeated many times and only takes a few seconds to complete .
southern redbelly dace live in stream banks or headwater streams . they avoid the faster currents towards the middle of the stream and as a result , the size of the headwater stream is also their territory size . this species moves to new areas when their territory floods , washing some of them out to other areas . schools in this species include individuals of all ages and sizes , as the young and old live in the same area . even though they live in the same area , these fish are not known to display any sort of territorial behavior .
on 3 / 29 / 07 , i cleaned out the 153 gallon pond . i had seen a dark fish swimming in it a few weeks ago , assumed it was the dace , and was surprised . i was saddened this day to find the dace . he was deceased . even in death , he was gorgeous . i had him for 6 . 5 years so he was at least 7 years old ! that assumes the original dace never bred ( of which i am pretty sure ) . i took his photo one last time .
on 9 / 28 / 00 . on 10 / 1 / 00 , one was found desiccated on the edging . i guess he / she wanted to swim upstream ! when the pond was cleaned out on 3 / 26 / 01 , all or most of the redbelly dace were still there ! i have not seen any since ( as of 11 / 13 / 01 ) since they hide so well and are well camouflaged in my two - foot deep pond where the water is dark / black . i cleaned out the pond on 3 / 29 / 02 . there were only seven live fish left ( and two dead ones ) . three were large , adult southern redbelly dace with beautiful yellow fins . these were big fish . i took photos on regular film but it will be a long time before i develop the photos to see if they worked since it is a new roll of film ( i finally got the best photo on here on 5 / 31 / 03 above ! ) . the other four fish were babies from last spring that i had seen when young . then , i thought they were red shiners . considering there were no adult red shiners left , and the babies ' pectoral fins are long and flowing like the adult dace , i am pretty sure that the four young fish are baby southern redbelly dace ! of the five kinds of native fish i put in this pond , i would never have expected these guys to be the only ones to breed and survive ! they are not even native to my area , are supposed to be harder to keep and breed , and i did not add as many of them as the other fish . i guess they like my pond ! now , they have it all to themselves , except for the frogs , tadpoles , snails , and insects .
designation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period and announcement of public hearing .
southern redbelly dace inhabit any headwater stream ( the source of a stream ) or stream bank , as they avoid the faster currents that occur towards the middle of the stream . as a result , the size of the headwater stream is also their territory size because they do not travel in faster moving water . this species disperses based on seasonal flooding that washes some of them out to other areas . schools in this species include individuals of all ages and sizes , as the young and old inhabit the same area . even though they inhabit the same area , these fish have not been observed displaying any sort of territorial behavior .
in contrast , the spawning behavior of the southern redbelly dace , placed in the same aquarium with all conditions the same , was very different . they actively sought out the current and hovered above the bed of pebbles by swimming constantly into the current . at times they did retreat to quieter regions of the aquarium . several days after being placed in the aquarium , the six males and six females became brilliantly colored . the males had red extending over the entire underside , and the fins were yellow . females also developed the red color , though not quite as extensively as the males , and some white showed just below the lower dark lateral stripe . the fins were not yellow .
the chrosomus minnows are fairly small fish , and mostly uniform in size at that . the majority of species grow to somewhere around 3 inches long , with the finescale dace tipping the scales at about 4 inches .
distribution and habitat : inhabits small , often spring - fed , upland creeks with cool , clear water throughout the eastern two - thirds of the state . it sometimes occurs with the blackside dace in the upper cumberland river drainage ( mostly above cumberland falls ) .
the northern redbelly dace were spawned first , in early may 1992 . twelve adults were placed in the aquarium . there were no other fish in the tank . the fish were left undisturbed except for feeding several times per day . only two of the males showed red color at any time . none of the females colored . after several days together , a change in behavior became apparent . one , two , or even three males drove a single female in a vigorous chase up and down the length of the tank . the procedure seemed to be like that of goldfish at spawning time . most of the chases broke off with no spawning , the active fish would then join the loose school of other fish , usually under the floating valisneria foliage .
identification : a small fish with two parallel black stripes along the side . males in breeding condition are among the most colorful minnows in the state , having solid red along the underside of the body and bright yellow fins . it is similar to the federally protected blackside dace ( chrosomus cumberlandensis ) , but differs by having two lateral stripes ( vs . one broad black stripe ) along the side of the body . adults grow to 3 . 5 in .
range includes the great lakes ( michigan , erie ) and mississippi river basins from new york to southern minnesota , and south to the tennessee river drainage , alabama , and white - arkansas river drainage , arkansas and oklahoma ; isolated populations occur on the former mississippi embayment ( tennessee , mississippi , and arkansas ) , in the kansas river system , kansas , and in the upper arkansas river drainage , colorado and new mexico ( page and burr 2011 ) . this fish is common in upland and spring - fed streams , absent in lowlands ( page and burr 2011 ) .
these fish are not picky eaters and will convert to most any foods you provide . flake and pellet food should be the staple , supplemented with pieces of earthworms , frozen brine and mysis shrimp , chopped shellfish , and perhaps even live mosquito larvae . green foods comprise a significant part of their diet and should not be overlooked . spirulina flake , softened vegetables , and sushi nori can all be provided at regular intervals . the tennessee dace is particular focuses more on green foods than on animal - based foods .
the chrosomus minnows are not particularly picky about water hardness and ph , provided that extremes are avoided . they are found in water sources ranging in hardness from at least 5 - 15 dh and ph 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 . no heater is necessary for these species , and seemingly do well with water temperature around 60 - 65 f . seasonal highs of the mid 70′s f are well tolerated by , and are necessary if you wish to breed these fish ( except for the tennessee dace ) . just remember with higher temperatures comes higher metabolism and activity levels !
from the words erythro , meaning red ; and gaster , belly ( ref . 10294 )
north america : basins of lakes erie and michigan and mississippi river from new york to minnesota , south to tennessee river drainage in albama , and white and arkansas river drainages in arizona and oklahoma , usa . isolated populations on former mississippi embayment in tennessee , mississippi and arkansas ; kansas river system in kansas ; and upper arkansas river drainage in colorado and new mexico , usa .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 1 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 86798 ) ; common length : 5 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 3 years ( ref . 12193 )
chrosomus erythrogaster can be distinguished by having the following characters : 67 - 95 scales on lateral line ; pharyngeal teeth 0 , 5 - 5 , 0 ; moderately pointed snout , longer than eye in adult ; small , moderately oblique ( less than 45° ) , slightly subterminal mouth ending in front eye ; 2 black stripes along side with upper one thin broken into spots at rear while lower one wide , becoming thin on caudal peduncle ; olive brown above , dusky stripe along back ; black spots ( sometimes absent ) on upper side , often arranged in row ; silver yellow side ; black wedge - shaped caudal spot ; white , yellow or red below ; and large males with vivid color , consisting of bright red belly , lower head and base of dorsal fin , and yellow fins ( ref . 86798 ) .
inhabits rocky , usually spring - fed , pools of headwaters and creeks ( ref . 86798 ) . also found in streams ( ref . 10294 ) .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 2011 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . boston : houghton mifflin harcourt , 663p . ( ref . 86798 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00708 ( 0 . 00318 - 0 . 01574 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 5 ±0 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tmax = 3 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , apparently stable trend , and lack of major threats .
this species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but very large . this species is common in much of its range . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .
habitat includes headwaters and upland creeks ( often spring - fed ) , generally with clear water ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) . in illinois , schools often occur under bank overhangs among tree roots in clear pools with muck bottom ( smith 1979 ) . this species often occurs over gravel , rubble , or sand in wisconsin ( becker 1983 ) . spawning occurs in shallow water near riffles among gravel , sometimes in nests of other species ( e . g . , semotilus atromaculatus ) .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .
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slender minnow with two dusky stripes separated by a broad golden or yellowish stripe along the side . olive - brown back with scattered dark spots , and a white belly . scales are very small , barely visible to the naked eye . breeding males are brilliant red on undersurface of head and body with lower fin and undersurface near tail lemon yellow .
total length : 1 1 / 2 to 2 3 / 4 inches ; maximum length 3 inches .
small creeks and spring branches of the ozarks where there is permanent flow of cool , clear water and a gravelly or sandy bottom . often school with other minnows such as stonerollers and creek chubs .
herbivorous , feeding primarily on algae and detritus with larval insects in lesser quantities .
one of the characteristic fishes of the ozarks . also occurs in northeastern missouri , where its range extends northward into the prairie region in hills bordering the upper mississippi river .
missouri has more than 200 kinds of fish , more than are found in most neighboring states . fishes live in water , breathe with gills , and have fins instead of legs . most are covered with scales . most fish in missouri “look” like fish and could never be confused with anything else . true , lampreys and eels have snakelike bodies — but they also have fins and smooth , slimy skin , which snakes do not .
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within 8 to 10 days of being fertilized , the eggs hatch in water that is 20 . 6 to 26 . 7° c ( 69 to 80° f ) and begin growing very quickly before becoming an adult in about one year . the fish begin feeding on newly hatched
, and within two months , grow to a little over one inch in size .
since one female mates with several males , the young from her eggs will have many different fathers . after breeding , the eggs are left in the nest with no parental care . larger fish species found in their habitat , such as
megan l . morgan ( author ) , bridgewater college , brittany l . ripp ( author ) , bridgewater college , stephanie n . rubino ( author ) , bridgewater college , tamara johnstone - yellin ( editor ) , bridgewater college , leila siciliano martina ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .
natureserve , 2013 .
chrosomus erythrogaster
( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .
morgan , m . ; b . ripp and s . rubino 2014 .
chrosomus erythrogaster
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
by megan l . morgan ; brittany l . ripp ; stephanie n . rubino
within 8 to 10 days of being fertilized , the embryos hatch in water that is 20 . 6 to 26 . 7° c ( 69 to 80° f ) and begin a rapid period of growth into adulthood , which lasts about a year . the fish begin feeding on newly hatched
breeding takes place when multiple males press up against the female on the bottom of the stream to stimulate the release of eggs for the males to fertilize . males have pearl organs , also known as breeding tubercles , along their anal and pectoral fins that are used during breeding to stimulate the female to release her eggs . during the april to june mating period , approximately 200 to 6 , 000 eggs are expelled as males and females repeat the breeding ritual . this ritual can be repeated several times and only takes a few seconds to complete .
polyandrous breeding results in mixed paternity , leading to increased variation in the young . after breeding takes place , the eggs are left in the nest with no parental care . larger fish species in their habitat , such as
the average lifespan of this fish is about two years , with only one recorded maximum lifespan of three years .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
having coloration that serves a protective function for the animal , usually used to refer to animals with colors that warn predators of their toxicity . for example : animals with bright red or yellow coloration are often toxic or distasteful .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
particles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms . detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers ( organisms that decompose organic material ) .
a species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area ( example : sea otter ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
referring to a mating system in which a female mates with several males during one breeding season ( compare polygynous ) .
) : a technical conservation assessment
( on - line ) . prepared for the usda forest service , rocky mountain region , species conservation project . accessed july 18 , 2014 at
to cite this page : morgan , m . ; b . ripp and s . rubino 2014 .
chrosomus erythrogaster
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
current residents in my native ohio stream tank . source was paddy ' s run in sw ohio .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
) , and mountain species . all can be adapted to aquarium or pond life .
breeding males develop red underbodies , yellow fins , and tubercles . they get red on their chest , chin , belly , and the base of the dorsal fin .
on 3 / 30 / 06 , i cleaned out the 153 gallon pond . see
- information ; this site may no longer work , if you know what happened , please e - mail me .
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the south dakota game , fish and parks values and appreciates the partnerships we have with landowners across the state . they help sustain our wildlife and promulgate our hunting heritage . south dakota is 80 percent privately owned and landowners play a significant role in providing wildlife habitat and outdoor opportunities like hunting and fishing .
the department offers a variety of programs available for private landowners to help create wildlife habitat , public hunting access and reduce wildlife damage .
for more information about landowner programs , check out habitat pays . habitat pays has been a joint effort with the department of agriculture since 2015 ; connecting farmers and ranchers to the appropriate habitat resources and helping them implement wildlife habitat where it makes the most sense .
gfp offers cost share to private landowners interested in developing wildlife habitat on their land through multiple habitat programs . contact one of our private land habitat biologists to learn more about any of our private land wildlife habitat programs or to evaluate your land and help you develop the best habitat to help you meet your land management goals .
free food plot seed is available from gfp each spring ( corn , sorghum , brood mix ) .
annual payment of $ 20 per acre for food plot acres ( $ 40 per acre if planted on walk - in areas ) .
woody habitat plantings are designed to provide ground level cover during winter conditions for resident wildlife .
plantings must be at least 8 rows wide and a minimum of 1 acre in size .
gfp will cost - share 75 % of total project costs , up to $ 10 , 000 per planting .
in addition to technical assistance , the wetland & grassland habitat program offers a variety of cost - share options for private landowners to implement conservation practices that benefit wildlife while meeting the needs of working grasslands .
landowners are reimbursed for 100 % of the costs incurred for seed and planting ( up to $ 125 / acre ) .
programs protect new or existing habitat from livestock , assist with setting up rotational grazing paddocks , replace woven wire fences with wildlife - friendly fences , etc . .
for more information about other habitat programs available through our partners visit the habitat resources page of the habitat pays website .
gfp leases public hunting access on private land across the state to maintain south dakota’s rich hunting heritage through the following programs . contact our staff in your part of the state to learn more about any of these programs .
the wia program leases private land with valuable hunting opportunity for unlimited public hunting access ( foot - traffic only ) in exchange for an annual payment and immunity from non - negligent liability . the walk - in area program began in 1988 leasing public hunting access from 26 landowners on 23 , 161 acres , and has grown to partnering with 1 , 458 landowners , in 2017 , who provide public hunting access to 1 , 239 , 580 acres of private land . cumulatively over the last thirty years the walk - in area program has paid landowners over $ 3 5 million to provide public hunting access opportunities to over 23 . 2 million acres . a legislative commemoration was issued commending the south dakota game , fish and parks and the landowners of south dakota on 30 years of partnership to provide public hunting access through the walk - in area program . more information .
similar to a walk - in area , but a coop allows hunters to drive on harvested cropland for the purposes of placing & retrieving waterfowl decoys . hunters with a disabled hunting permit are also allowed to drive on these areas to hunt any game . all other access is limited to foot traffic only an no hunting is allowed while farm machinery is present .
chap is a cooperative effort between private landowners and game , fish and parks to provide limited public hunting access on private land landowners who enroll in chap control the amount of hunter use at a given time , set special provisions for use , and place restrictions on big game species allowed to be harvested . for more information or assistance , visit the habitat pays website .
administered by the usda ' s farm service agency , crep is a
state - sponsored
conservation reserve program designed for a specific geographic area that will address resource concerns identified by state partners . in south dakota , the focus is on creating additional pheasant nesting habitat that is open to public hunting .
ehap ' s purpose is to increase hunter harvest ; specifically on private lands with higher than landowner - tolerable elk use . private land anywhere in the black hills elk hunting units will be considered . access to the property ( how many , when , and where ) is controlled by the enrolled landowner . this allows the hunting to take place where the best chance of success is , as well as with the best chance to diminish elk depredation . gfp does not sign the boundaries ( as with walk - in areas ) , nor are maps of the enrolled properties made available . gfp provides the contact information for participating landowners upon request . license holders are responsible for making contact with the landowner , and making arrangements to hunt the enrolled property .
as a vast majority of south dakota is privately owned ; farmers , ranchers and other private landowners are the principal stewards of wildlife resources and the habitats in which they depend .
the landowners matter newsletter is printed and distributed twice a year ; april 1 and october 1 and is mailed to approximately 14 , 000 south dakota landowners .
gfp employs 27 full - time wildlife damage specialists ( wds ) within its comprehensive wildlife damage management program . these staff work directly with landowners and producers to reduce or alleviate wildlife damage such as : livestock losses , damage to stored - feed supplies and hay , damage to growing crops , as well as damage to personal property . these staff are trained to work with all types of wildlife damage , from coyotes to elk . they also conduct educational programs on sport trapping as a form of recreation and its importance in the management of furbearers . programs can be given in classrooms , meeting halls , summer camps or other group meeting locations .
for more information on the below programs please contact your local wildlife damage specialist .
gfp will provide direct control of prairie dogs that have encroached onto private property from adjacent public lands . to be eligible , landowners must have a minimum of 10 acres of actual prairie colony and must be within one mile of the public land boundary . tribal property or municipality properties are not public lands . if you have questions about prairie dog control from gfp , please call 605 . 773 . 5913 . register for the prairie control program .
gfp will provide direct control of beavers for landowners or livestock producers that are experiencing damage caused by beavers . however , for problems with beaver damage inside city limits , people are encouraged to contact their local city officials for these types of requests . gfp only provides technical advice in these situations . for damage caused from raccoon , skunks , mink , and other nuisance wildlife species , gfp can provide technical assistance and loan live - traps for people outside of city limits . every situation is unique , and gfp staff working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach . contact your local wildlife damage specialist for assistance .
gfp has several programs and services available to assist landowners and producers that experience damage to growing - crops from canada geese . the most popular service is the installation of temporary electric fence which serves as an effective barrier to flightless geese during the summer months , which gfp will install around growing soybeans . gfp also offers up to $ 5 , 000 worth of cost - share assistance to plant protective buffer - strips around growing - crops , which protect the larger field from canada goose damage . these buffer - strips may be wheat , alfalfa , or native grasses which create a visual barrier so the geese are discouraged from entering the cropfield . gfp may also provide up to $ 5 , 000 of cost - share assistance to construct woven wire fence along the edge of wetlands which prohibit access to the cropfields when the birds are flightless . gfp provides direct assistance when canada geese are causing damage to growing crops or causing other issues on private lands ; utilizing tools such as hazing , temporary fencing , alternate feeding sites or egg addling . gfp may also authorize the affected landowner a permit which allows the landowner to lethally remove a small number of canada geese that are causing crop damage . these permits serve as an effective form of hazing and can haze the remaining birds away from the immediate area . every situation is unique and gfp staff , working cooperatively with the affected landowner , will determine the most effective approach .
gfp has several programs and services available to assist landowners and producers with deer damage . gfp offers up to $ 5 , 000 worth of cost - share assistance to construct permanent protective stackyards or can provide protective , portable panels that protect stored livestock - feeds ( i . e . hay , corn , silage , etc . ) from deer damage during the winter months . these two programs are very popular and provide long - term solutions . gfp also provides direct assistance when deer are causing damage to growing crops , shelter - belts and other issues on private lands by utilizing hazing , temporary fencing , short - stop baiting , and in some situations , lethal control and / or depredation hunts . every situation is unique and gfp staff , working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach .
gfp has several programs and services available to assist landowners and producers with elk damage . gfp offers up to $ 10 , 000 worth of cost - share assistance to construct permanent protective stackyards or can provide protective , portable panels to protect stored livestock - feeds ( i . e . hay , corn , silage , etc . ) from elk damage during the winter months . these two programs are very popular and provide long - term solutions . gfp also offers up to $ 10 , 000 worth of fencing materials and protective cable that when installed correctly can alleviate damage to fences from elk crossing them . gfp offers up to $ 6 , 000 of cost - share assistance to landowners for growing - season food - plots where landowners have elk feeding on alfalfa fields or other growing crops . landowners may also be eligible for up to $ 3 , 000 of cost - share assistance for hay land contracts . these contracts are for grasslands that are annually hayed by landowners , not grazed by livestock and have elk feeding upon these areas . gfp also provides direct assistance when elk are causing damage to growing crops or causing other issues on private lands by utilizing hazing , temporary fencing , short - stop baiting , and in some situations , lethal control and / or depredation hunts . every situation is unique and gfp staff , working cooperatively with the affected landowner , will determine the most effective approach .
gfp will provide direct control ( i . e . trapping , snaring , calling , aerial hunting , etc . ) of coyotes and red fox to livestock producers or landowners that request assistance with livestock loss issues or livestock protection requests from predators . gfp operates an aggressive predator control program and cooperatively works with thousands of livestock producers and landowners across south dakota , to resolve these problems . every situation is unique and gfp staff working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach . contact your local wildlife damage specialist for assistance .
gfp has several programs and services available to assist landowners and producers with damage caused from turkeys . the most popular service is the installation of protective netting which is installed on bales of oats , silage , etc . which gfp will install gfp also provides direct assistance when turkeys are causing damage or other issues on private lands by utilizing hazing , temporary fencing , and alternate feeding sites and in some situations , lethal control and / or depredation hunts . every situation is unique and gfp staff , working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach .


swiftlets are birds contained within the four genera aerodramus , hydrochous , schoutedenapus and collocalia .

they form the collocaliini tribe within the swift family apodidae .

the group contains around thirty species mostly confined to southern asia , south pacific islands , and northeastern australia , all within the tropical and subtropical regions .

they are in many respects typical members of the apodidae , having narrow wings for fast flight , with a wide gape and small reduced beak surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight .

what distinguishes many but not all species from other swifts and indeed almost all other birds is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation to navigate in total darkness through the chasms and shafts of the caves where they roost at night and breed .

the nests of some species are built entirely from threads of their saliva , and are collected for the famous chinese delicacy bird 's nest soup .

swiftlet

swiftlet information . . . swiftlet species index . . . swiftlet species photo gallery
swiftlet eco park group of companies is the largest swiftlet eco park developer in malaysia .
himalayan swiftlet winters within the range of german ' s swiftlet , but is larger and bulkier , and has a greyer rump than c . g . germani .
swiftlet nest could be an authentic and pricey ingredient in the world of culinary .
© 2016 swiftlet eco park group of companies . all rights reserved . web design malaysia
australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .
github - aliasio / swiftlet : quite possibly the smallest mvc framework you ' ll ever use .
clone ( or download and extract ) swiftlet into a directory on your php supported web server .
the german ' s swiftlet ( collocalia germani or aerodramus germani ) is a species of swift .
③interior environment : an adequate level of attention has been paid to audible swiftlet calls and odor .
this swiftlet was formerly sometimes placed in the genus aerodramus as aerodramus brevirostris . two of its five subspecies are frequently given full species status , c . b . rogersi as the indochinese swiftlet , collocalia rogersi , and the isolated javan form c . b . vulcanorum as the volcano swiftlet , collocalia vulcanorum .
with notable exceptions , most swiftlet species emit both single and double clicks ( thomassen et al . ,
swiftlet is quite possibly the smallest mvc framework you ' ll ever use . and it ' s swift .
the uniform swiftlet is a gregarious , medium - sized swiftlet with a shallowly forked tail . it is about 13 centimeters long with a wingspan averaging around 27 centimeters . it weighs about 11 grams . the colouring is dark grey - brown , darker on the upperparts with paler underparts , especially on chin and throat . it is similar to , and most likely to be confused with , the white - rumped swiftlet or mountain swiftlet .
below are images of different swiftlet species . click on any of them to go to the respective species page .
buildings constructed to lure the edible - nest swiftlet have been popping up in indonesia . the nests are used in soup .
luck , mr . budi says , plays as great a role as preparation in swiftlet farming . you see , he said with a sigh , you can entice an edible - nest swiftlet to a birdhouse , but you can’t make it nest .
vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) - current and future species distribution models . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) / suitability
vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) / occurrences
the himalayan swiftlet has a twittering chit - chit roosting call , and also has a piercing teeree - teeree - teeree call .
) . swiftlet clicks are composed of frequencies completely within the human auditory range , with most energy between 1 and 10 khz .
getting started in swiftlet farming requires what is , for this part of the world , a significant amount of money . mr . iskandar said a medium - size three - story swiftlet house can cost about $ 16 , 000 — a prohibitive sum for many .
authentic bird ' s nest soup is made from nests of some species of swiftlet , mainly the edible - nest ( or white - nest ) swiftlet ( aerodramus fuciphagus ) and the black - nest swiftlet . instead of twigs , feathers and straw , these swiftlet make their nest only from strands of their gummy saliva , which harden when exposed to air . once the nests are harvested , they are cleaned and sold to restaurants . eating swiftlet nest material is believed to help maintain skin tone , balance qi (
life energy
) and reinforce the immune system . it is also thought to strengthen the lungs and prevent coughs , improve the constitution and prolong life .
several subspecies are recognised , and the form c . v . inquietus is often split as the caroline islands swiftlet , c . inquietus .
in malaysia , nest of aerodramus fuciphagus ( white - nest swiftlet ) and aerodramus maximus ( black - nest swiftlet ) are harvested for commercial purposes as one of most valuable animal product . swiftlet taxonomy has been controversial due to numerous undefined parameters . morphological differences between swiftlet species from different habitats remain unclear . this study found that a . fuciphagus from natural habitat are generally larger in size compared to man - made habitat and a . maximus are larger compared to a . fuciphagus . we postulated the different in body size is due to dietary behavior of the swiftlets .
there are about 20 speakers inside the bird house , including large speakers on both sides of the swiftlet entrance and small speakers on the tops of the columns . these speakers are connected to an mp3 player in the control room that plays a recording of swiftlet calls . the swiftlet calls played back on these speakers play an important role in attracting swiftlet to the house . the owner of the bird house has tried various speaker types and locations through a process of trial and error and creative modification in order to attract as many swiftlet as possible to the house . d described the audio equipment at a level of detail that suggested the enormous amount of attention he has paid to this aspect of the house’s design . b explained that he had obtained a good recording of swiftlet calls and that the birds would come to the house immediately if this recording were played . in this way , it seems likely that the house owners find the process of developing ideas and creatively figuring out how to attract swiftlet appealing .
what made you want to look up swiftlet ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
but on the roads around sukadana , potential health concerns seemed secondary , and swiftlet house owners seemed more concerned with the flightiness of the birds themselves .
assalamualaikum and hello to everyone who is reading my blog . in my blog , i will share a little bit on swiftlet farming . hope you enjoy
the birds in the cave are primarily the black - nest swiftlet ( collocallia maxima - the name aerodramus is also sometimes used for the swiftlet genus ) and the mossy - nest swiftlet ( c . vanikorensis ) . like bats , the swiftlets use echolocation to find their way in the dark of the caves - and to locate their insect prey . the constant clicking sound can easily be heard in the caves - at times more of a buzz than clicks .
swiftlet has a few core events and additiontal ones can be triggered pretty much anywhere using $ this - > app - > trigger ( $ event ) .
c . b . rogersi the indochinese swiftlet , breeds in eastern myanmar , western thailand and laos . this is a small , pale - rumped race .
c . b . vulcanorum the volcano swiftlet , breeds in java , indonesia on volcanic peaks . it has dark underparts and an indistinct pale grey rump .
smyth dm ( 1980 ) studies on echolocation in the grey swiftlet , aerodramus spodiopygius . phd thesis , james cook university of north queensland , townsville , australia
the himalayan swiftlet , collocalia brevirostris , is a small swift . it is a common colonial breeder in the himalayas and southeast asia . some populations are migratory .
swiftlet can be invoked from the command line ( e . g . to run cron jobs ) . simply run php public / index . php - q foo .
additionally , if research into swiftlet ecology continues , new methods for improving bird house based on the birds’ ecological characteristics may be discovered . i am hopeful in this respect .
whatever the ultimate size limit of object detection by swiftlet biosonar , observations of increased click repetition rates from birds approaching their nests in the wild ( fullard et al . , 1993 ; signe brinkløv , pers . obs . ) suggest that swiftlets use echolocation to locate their nests . and , because swiftlet nests are 50–100 mm in diameter ( coles et al . , 1987 ; chantler et al . , 1999 ) , even a conservative detection size threshold would indicate that the nest itself should be readily detectable by swiftlet echolocation .
since its humble beginning in 2004 , the maiden joint venture project in manjung with perak sedc ( state economic development corporation ) , swiftlet eco park group of companies has consistently performed to the highest industry standards , being the first company awarded the good animal husbandry practice ( gahp ) in swiftlet farming , as well as being the invited representative from private sector to participate in the working committee of establishing the first industry guideline , the 1 garis panduan ( 1gp ) of edible birdnest swiftlet farming standard by ministry of agriculture & agro - based industry .
the uniform swiftlet ( collocalia vanikorensis ) , also known as the vanikoro or lowland swiftlet , is a gregarious , medium - sized swiftlet with a shallowly forked tail . the colouring is dark grey - brown , darker on the upperparts with somewhat paler underparts , especially on chin and throat . this species is widespread from the philippines through wallacea , new guinea and melanesia . it forages for flying insects primarily in lowland forests and open areas . it nests in caves where it uses its sense of echolocation ( a biological sonar ) , rare in birds , to navigate .
in short , with complete value chain from upstream to downstream , swiftlet eco park group of companies has helped in lifting malaysia’s position to even greater heights in the global scale for the ebn industry .
if you get a
404 not found
you will need to enable rewrites in the web server configuration . alternatively you can navigate to http : / / < swiftlet > ? q = foo .
11 cm . swiftlet with dark greyish - brown upperparts and head . silvery grey - white throat and upper breast . remainder of underparts darker and greyer . shallow fork - tail . plumage lacks any noticeable sheen .
this swiftlet feeds over a range of habitats from coastal areas to the mountains . its diet consists of flying insects which are caught on the wing . it often feeds in large flocks with other species of swift and swallow .
no configuration is needed to run swiftlet . if you ' re writing a model that does require configuration , e . g . credentials to establish a database connection , you may use the application ' s setconfig and getconfig methods :
sp . may interfere with recovery ( the additional weight of wasps nests causes swiftlet nests to fall from cave walls ) . on saipan , exotic cockroaches ( which damage and destroy nests by consuming nest material and swiftlet saliva gluing them to cave walls ) , predation by brown tree snake ( which is in the process of becoming established on the island [ rodd and savidge 2007 ] ) and possible disturbance by humans and feral mammals are the main threats ( wiles
incidentally , there are arguments both for and against wooden bird house . one group , exemplified by b , who was involved in this construction project , claims that swiftlet will occupy good houses , regardless of whether they are constructed from wood or concrete , and that wooden construction is not problematic . by contrast , dr . l of the sarawak museum , who has detailed knowledge of swiftlet ecology and bird house , casts doubt on this approach , suggesting that the temperature inside a wooden house would rise and prevent swiftlet from occupying the structure . it appears that additional study will be necessary in the future in order to determine whether the house in question in fact functions as a bird house .
these example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' swiftlet . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .
echolocation was used to separate the former aerodramus genus , which was thought to contain the only echolocating swiftlets . from collocalia , but the discovery that the pygmy swiftlet , collocalia troglodytes , also echolocates led to the merging of the two genera .
in this paper , i will report on bird house ( see photograph 2 ) being used to conduct research in this project into the ecology of cave swiftlet . my objective is to decipher the creative measures adopted to attract swiftlet based on the placement , building methods , interior space , and interior environment of these bird houses . i conducted a site survey from february 14 to 20 , 2013 . the bird houses in question have been built along the road from bintulu to sebauh , about half an hour by car . all were recently built structures that had been completed in 2012 . according to mr . t , who manages bird house in the area , the swiftlet will come to the houses gradually in the evening . the effort is off to a good start .
this dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways ( rcps ) carbon emission scenarios , 18 global climate models ( gcms ) , and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 , for australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) .
this swiftlet is 12 cm long and weighs 13 to 14 grams . the plumage is blackish - brown above , but much paler on the underparts . the tail is slightly forked and the wings are long and narrow . the bill and feet are black . the nominate subspecies c . g . germani from hainan south to thailand and northern malaysia has a whitish rump , but c . g . amechanus of the rest of malaysia has a grey rump . these two forms are sometimes considered to be subspecies of the edible - nest swiftlet .
this dataset includes observations of australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :
when people rent a condominium or apartment , they make an overall decision after comparing such factors as exposure to sunlight , floor plan , building age , rent , and proximity to the nearest train station with their own lifestyle . in the same way , is it not likely that swiftlet decide whether to take up residence in a house based on how well it matches their own “lifestyle” ( ecology ) . in this section , i will examine the creative measures that people have implemented in order to entice swiftlet to use the houses along the lines of the characteristics of those houses .
inside the bird house , an odor that the swiftlet find attractive hangs in the air . the floors of each story are covered with the birds’ droppings , spreading an ammonia odor throughout the structure . the owners say that this odor is identical to the one that can be found inside the caves . furthermore , the walls and floors of the house 9 planted forests in equatorial southeast asia : have been coated with an ammonia and water solution . they explained that swiftlet would not come to newly constructed houses due to the smell of the lumber and paint used in their construction .
swiftlet eco park berhad is the pioneer in professional development of eco - friendly swiftlet farming in malaysia . full compliance and approval obtained for a legalized scheme is not only a positive step in itself , in fact , it also complements the government’s efforts to accelerate malaysia’s economic growth over the coming decade in this thriving swiftlet ranching business and the edible - birdnest industry . unlike other illegal schemes , this scheme has met all its stringent requirements , one of which is feasibility of the investment in providing positive and high net yield of returns to investors . both local and global trustee companies , namely pb trustees services berhad and tmf trustees services berhad have been appointed and approved for this scheme , as custodian of the investment , to safeguard the interest of investors , to ensure the investment proceeds are employed in accordance to the trust deed , and to monitor the management of the trust account .
the indian edible - nest swiftlet is a slender , sparrow - size , brown bird with a slightly forked tail . the male produces a long , gelatinous strand of condensed saliva from the sublingual salivary glands , which is then wound into a half - cup nest , bonded to a vertical surface .
in riam berasap jaya village , budi sat in a sweltering room staring at a mostly blank closed - circuit television screen . a recording of bird calls screamed at high volume in the next room . it had been six months since his swiftlet house was finished , but only a few nests dotted the walls .
bird’s nest soup is made from the nests of cave - dwelling swiftlets . the birds bind the nests with their glutinous saliva . it is this “tasteless jelly” that attracts affluent foodies . in the harvesting of these nests , swiftlet eggs have nowhere to lie—or early offspring are killed—thus endangering the survival of this species .
the frequency sensitivity of hearing in the grey swiftlet , collocalia spodiopygia , was determined by neuronal recordings from the auditory midbrain ( mld ) . the most sensitive best frequency response thresholds occurred between 0 . 8 and 4 . 7 khz , with the upper frequency limit near 6 khz . spectral analysis of echolocation click pairs revealed energy peaks between 3 . 0 and 8 . 0khz for the foreclick , compared to 4 . 0 - 6 . 0 khz for the principal click . the relationship between good hearing sensitivity and click energy peaks in the swiftlet extends about an octave higher than it does in the oilbird ( steatornis caripensis ) .
echolocation almost certainly originated independently in apodiformes and caprimulgiformes and likely evolved independently within two distinct lineages of swiftlets ( price et al . , 2005 ; thomassen et al . , 2005 ) . the inaccessibility of many species of swiftlets and resulting lack of genetic and acoustic data means that the evolutionary pathways of swiftlet echolocation remain to be unravelled . increased molecular sampling and systematic documentation of swiftlet echolocation abilities will be necessary to further resolve their phylogenetic history . such research would help to clarify species limits , answer questions about the evolution of obligate single click emitting species and address the predominance of those species that produce both double and single biosonar clicks .
the papuan swiftlet is apparently closer to the waterfall swift than to the other aerodramus species and probably best placed in a separate genus ( price et al . , 2005 ) , whereas thomassen et al . ( 2005 ) advocate reuniting all swiftlets in collocalia . schoutedenapus is one of the least - known genera of birds .
the house is a three - story structure . there is a vaulted opening on the northern side , and after coming in through the entrance , swiftlet proceed into this open space , from which they move to the house’s individual floors . each floor has an entrance / exit that opens on the western side of the house .
since then , swiftlet eco park group has become hugely successful on a local , national and preparing itself in global scale by venturing into downstream activities , which transform and enhance the value chain of the ebn industry through research & development , quality and authentic products internationally . royal bird’s nest sdn bhd , another member of swiftlet eco park group of companies has taken the initiative to have r & d ; collaboration with tertiary learning institutions , universities and medical centers , to explore the full potential of ebn in the sectors of functional food , skin care , health supplement and also medicinal properties by using ebn extract deriving from efficient utilization of cleaning & processing technologies .
realizing the ambitious initiative to be the largest upstream player in ebn industry , the group has launched the first interest scheme in malaysia which is the first ebn swiftlet ranching share farming business licensed by malaysian government and indeed , an investment scheme that was approved by companies commission of malaysia ( or suruhanjaya syarikat malaysia ) back in 2010 .
the tiny cup nest is constructed by the male swift from thick saliva of saliva and some moss , and is attached to a vertical rock wall in a cave . nests of this colonial swift may be touching . the clutch is two white eggs . this swiftlet is monogamous and both partners take part in caring for the nestlings .
this swiftlet is a highland species , with a preference for feeding open areas in forests , such as river valleys . c . b . brevirostris breeds up 4 , 500 m in nepal and 2200m in central bhutan , and the forms c . b . rogersi and c . b . inniminata occur up to 2200 m in thailand .
mr . iskandar , a former illegal logger , shares a property line with a swiftlet house ; he has many friends involved in the trade and is saving up for one of his own . since most of the forests in the area have been bought up by palm plantations , he says , the logging business is not what it once was .
chinese bird nest , or yàn wō ( 燕窝 ) , is is one of the most expensive foods in the world , with a price of up to $ 2000 per kilogram ( according to wikipedia ) . the nests are made of the hardened saliva of the male swiftlet , a type of swallow found in many coastal caves of southeast asia .
some are concerned that the increasingly dense networks of swiftlet houses could create disease flight paths for the avian flu , threatening both the local bird populations and potentially humans , as well . almost as worrisome are the large water tanks inside each house that provide prime breeding sites for mosquitoes that could carry dengue fever and malaria — two tropical diseases of particular concern in borneo .
the bird — called , appropriately enough , the edible - nest swiftlet — makes its nest by regurgitating long strands of sticky saliva onto the wall of a cave or house , as the case may be . these strands harden into a woven cup , weighing on average about a third of an ounce , that provides a cradle for the birds’ young and hangs from the wall .
unfortunately , all this human activity has had a major impact on the delicate web of life within niah ' s caves . in the late 1950s , when they were calculated for the first time , the swiftlet populations in niah ' s great cave complex were estimated at over 1 . 5 million , and the total bat numbers in excess of 300 , 000 . ( now you can understand how all that guano got there ! ) however , recent estimates of the swiftlet numbers placed them at possibly as low as 150 , 000 , with the bat populations having shown a similar marked decline ( although possibly fluctuating significantly as well ) . presumably there have been flow - on impacts on the populations of other cave species which are dependent on the birds and bats .
what distinguishes many , but not all , swiftlet species from other swifts and indeed almost all other birds ( the oilbird being an exception ) is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation ( a biological sonar ) to navigate in through the darkness of the caves where they roost at night and breed . with the present species , at least vulcanorum is known to echolocate .
but the unregulated industry is also raising concerns that indonesian swiftlet farmers could be producing more than just nests . indonesia is acutely sensitive to bird - related disease scares . since 2003 , h5n1 , better known as the avian flu , has caused 146 deaths and fueled global fears of a pandemic , and the toll in indonesia is the highest in the world , according to the world health organization .
to find their way around dark caverns , as do bats . the swiftlet’s “sonar” consists of clicking sounds at frequencies of 1 , 500 to 5 , 500 hertz—audible to the human ear . they are emitted at the rate of about six per second . the nest is a small bracket , sometimes containing bits of fern or bark , that may be glued to a tree or cliff but usually is made in a mountain or coastal
at dawn on april 8 , 2001 , after an hour - long boat ride from the fishing hamlet of niwati - medha , the birders landed at the old lighthouse island . on the underside of a lighthouse dome , they discovered about 30 swiftlet nests . this was an exciting discovery , since this nesting site had not been previously recorded . they then moved on to the easternmost burnt island , known to be an active nesting site .
this species is common and widespread , but the volcano swiftlet , if considered a separate species , is near - threatened . it occurs only on active volcanos in java , with four definite sites and five likely but unconfirmed sites . birdlife international estimates a total of under 400 birds for the known localities . since this form nests in crater crevices , and all known localities are active volcanoes , colonies are believed to be susceptible to periodic extinction .
there is enough inter - specific variation in swiftlet biosonar clicks to render them species - specific , primarily based on inter - specific variation of maximum click frequency ( thomassen and povel , 2006 ) . it is plausible then that swiftlet echolocation clicks could be used in conspecific recognition , potentially of relevance where several species have overlapping geographical distributions and may either share or compete for access to caves . however , the social signals of swiftlets are also species - specific ( thomassen and povel , 2006 ) and may serve equally well or better for this and other purposes . on a similar note , the morphological asymmetry of the oilbird syrinx may allow for individual recognition during vocal communication . individual differences in vocal tract asymmetry have been suggested as a means for oilbirds to distinguish echoes originating from their own echolocation signals from those clicks and echoes originating from their roostmates ( suthers and hector , 1988 ) .
whether single and double clicks serve specific , even separate functions that are correlated to certain behaviors is also unknown , as is whether swiftlets can actively control which type is emitted . interestingly , although assumed to echolocate , we are unaware of scientific accounts of echolocation in the polynesian swiftlet , a . leucophaeus , at the far eastern geographic distribution of swiftlets . a . leucophaeus is missing from recent attempts to resolve the controversial swiftlet phylogeny but ostensibly includes three subspecies found on tahiti , mo ' orea , and the marquesas in french polynesia ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) . more knowledge about the genetic relationship between a . leucophaeus and the geographically close single click emitter a . sawtelli , along with information about the nature of a . leucophaeus echolocation clicks , could help elucidate why some swiftlets only emit single clicks and possibly the underlying functional reasons for the use of single and double clicks .
the bird nest business is flourishing in urban areas along the sarawak coast . success in this business , which involves gathering the nests of cave swiftlets , a type of swiftlet , for sale ( see photograph 1 ) , depends on being able to gather as many large nests as possible . to that end , people build structures that provide an environment that facilitates nest - building by the birds . throughout this paper , i will refer to these structures as “bird house . ” unlike long - established methods for gathering bird nests built in caves , use of bird house depends on having the birds use the houses to build their nests . people employ a variety of creative measures to entice them to do so . it is no exaggeration to say that whether the bird nest business is successful—whether numerous swiftlet can be attracted to the bird house and enticed to make large numbers of high - quality nests—depends on these measures .
this 13 - 14 cm long swiftlet has swept - back wings that resemble a crescent or a boomerang . the body is slender , and the tail is forked . it is , in many respects , a typical swift , having narrow wings for fast flight , and a wide gape and small beak surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight . its legs are very short , preventing the bird from perching , but allowing it to cling to vertical surfaces .
the himalayan swiftlet , like all swifts , is an aerial insectivore , leaving the cave during the day to forage , and returning to its roost at night . in the evening or bad weather , flocks may descend from the hills to feed over cultivated land . this gregarious species forms flocks typically of about 50 birds , but up to 300 have been recorded . its flight is mainly gliding due to very long primary feathers ( flight feathers ) and small breast muscles .
german ' s swiftlet has an extensive range , estimated at 1–10 million square kilometres ( 0 . 4–3 . 8 million square miles ) , and a large population , including an estimated 79 to 160 million individuals in europe alone . the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) , and is therefore evaluated as least concern .
the edible nest swiftlet makes a white nest out of their saliva . i would compare that to how a spider creates its web . they have a mechanism to release a sticky substance out of their mouth and that sticky substance is elastic and tough . so this nest is edible ; it ' s a favorite among chinese . so they gather the nest , and they serve it in restaurants in soup . they call it ' bird nest soup ' or ' needle soup . '
the company has developed a manufacturing process that takes the edible birds’ nests of the swiftlet bird and adapts them for cosmetic , rather than culinary use . while the gourmet edible birds’ nests often cost thousands of dollars per kilogram , the all - natural extract used in qiaohou miracle essence is projected to cost users about us $ 2 . 47 per day . the manufacturing process has been certified by the singapore’s regulatory agency as well as fda , gmp , haccp , halal , iso9001 and iso22000 .
swiftlets are much smaller ( ~ 10 g ) than oilbirds and all species have long , narrow wings ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) , characteristic of the typical fast flight of other apodids ( lack , 1956 ; videler et al . , 2004 ) . swiftlets are mainly diurnal foragers and hunt small insects on the wing ( chantler et al . , 1999 ; fullard et al . , 2010 ) . at night they typically roost in nests located on the walls of natural caves or mines and tunnels , but intriguingly , there are some published observations of nocturnal activity , including feeding , by some swiftlet species outside their cave roosts ( fullard et al . , 1993 ; chantler et al . , 1999 ; price et al . , 2005 ) . swiftlet nests are constructed and glued in place with the birds ' own saliva and nests of several species are collected for “birds ' nest soup , ” a billion dollar industry fueled by human demand ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) .
of it . in mr . b’s view , the large number of insects , on which swiftlet feed , in the peatland and nearby palm oil plantations made this site well suited for a bird house . the bird house is surrounded by untouched peatland owned by mr . b . palm oil plantations can be seen nearby along the road leading to sebauh , along with scattered bird houses . there are no buildings near this bird house , which is exposed to the wind and enjoys broad views of the surrounding area .
participation in downstream activities involve a very crucial distribution channels of which the group has established rbn global sdn bhd , another member of swiftlet eco park group of companies , securing the mlm license in 5 december 2012 , into direct - selling revenue generation . this is another successful milestone achieved . ( the company name has been recently changed to rbn global berhad after obtaining approval from ssm to reflect its further commitment and its vision to get ready and preparing to be one of the public listed companies in the near future ) .
the most noteworthy characteristic of this bird house is its wooden construction . most bird houses are built from concrete . it is likely that this preference reflects a belief that concrete provides an environment that closely resembles the caves in which swiftlet build their nests in the first place . however , this bird house was built using wood in an effort to keep down the cost of construction . according to a site survey conducted by the author , the cost of constructing this bird house was in fact less than the cost of constructing a concrete house
just as swiftlet eco park group has excelled in the past and continued to excel in the present , the group has established its first flagship aesthetic & wellness outlet at solaris dutamas kuala lumpur , and the soft launch took place on 4th august 2013 . rbn aesthetic wellness sdn bhd , another member of the group , has charted another significant step in strengthen the downstream business via its franchsing / licensing model that serves as the beauty salon for treatment , sales of rbn products , stockist services for distributors and an ideal sharing platform to share the culture of enjoying edible bird’s nest .
we ' re in a cave , deep underground in the puerto princesa subterranean river national park in the philippines . it ' s pitch black . you can ' t see a thing . but the birds we ' re listening to , swiftlets , are able to find their way . i ' m jim metzner and this is the pulse of the planet . jaynee tabangay is the program coordinator for conservation international in this area . she says that like bats and dolphins , these sparrow sized swiftlet birds use a process called echolocation to find their way in and out of the cave .
composite waveform ( top ) and spectrogram ( bottom ) of echolocation signals from 6 vertebrate species : common bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops truncatus ) , sample rate ( f s ) = 500 khz ; laryngeal echolocating bat ( eptesicus fuscus ) , f s = 250 khz ; tongue - clicking pteropodid bat ( rousettus aegyptiacus ) , f s = 250 khz ; oilbird ( steatornis caripensis ) , f s = 75 khz ; swiftlet ( aerodramus unicolor ) , f s = 250 khz and echolocating blind human subject ( homo sapiens ) , f s = 48 khz . top inserts both have total time scales of 300 ms and illustrate the double clicks often emitted by echolocating rousettus spp . and most echolocating swiftlet species . bat and bird recordings made by signe brinkløv , dolphin recording courtesy of magnus wahlberg , human recording courtesy of cynthia moss . spectrograms were created in batsound v . 4 using an fft size of 256 , except for those from r . aegyptiacus and s . caripensis , for which an fft size of 128 was used . all spectrograms were made using 98 % overlap . colors indicates relative amplitude going from low ( light color ) to high ( darker color ) . note the interrupted frequency scale between 100 and 230 khz . waveform amplitudes have all been normalized to the same level .
they invited the villagers to view a video they had made of the day ' s discovery . the villagers were surprised by the scaffolding and said that it was probably the work of visitors from the southern part of india who claimed they came to collect pigeon droppings from the cave for medicinal purposes every april and september , just before and after the monsoon season . the villagers could not explain why scaffolding was required to collect bird droppings from the floor of the cave , and they were not aware of the swiftlets and their unique saliva nests . they seemed shocked to learn about the trade in the swiftlet nests for culinary and aphrodisiac purposes in the far east .
birds produce their echolocation signals in the syrinx , the vocal organ specific to birds and found near to where the trachea forks into the lungs . the production mechanism for echolocation signals has been studied in one species of swiftlet with a tracheo - bronchial syrinx ( suthers and hector , 1982 ; thomassen , 2005 ) , and in the oilbird , which has a bronchial and bilaterally asymmetric syrinx ( griffin , 1944 ; suthers and hector , 1985 ) . no direct observations have been made of the syringes of either oilbirds or swiftlets , and the following description may need revision in light of more recent work on bird vocal production physiology ( goller and larsen , 1997 ; elemans et al . , 2004 ; thomassen , 2005 ) .
it is a bold decision made by the board of directors and management team of swiftlet eco park group , venturing into the downstream activities of edible bird’s nest ( ebn ) by commercialization of unique products derived from the r & d ; work , which has been carried out together with leading government agencies , such as agro - biotechnology institute ( abi ) , ministry of science , technology & innovation , reputable higher learning institutions such as international medical university , university of tunku abdul rahman ( utar ) , university technology malaysia ( utm ) etc . , in carrying out all the analysis , processing , extraction , research and exploration of edible bird’s nest into functional food , health supplement , skin care for a sustainable competitive advantages for the company .
swiftlet clicks have been described as highly stereotyped , varying little in design regardless of situation ( thomassen and povel , 2006 ) . however , swiftlets increase click repetition rate when facing complex challenges , such as approaching obstacles ( griffin and suthers , 1970 ; coles et al . , 1987 ) or their nests ( signe brinkløv , pers . obs . of a . unicolor in railway tunnels ) . fullard et al . ( 1993 ) found that birds emitted higher repetition rates when entering caves than when exiting caves or flying from closed to more open space . meanwhile , no context - dependent changes were found in signal frequency ( fullard et al . , 1993 ) , as compared to the adaptive , context - dependent changes in signal frequency found in many laryngeal echolocating bats .
with these caveats in mind , phonation ( clicks and other acoustic signals ) in both groups is driven by subsyringeal pressure , initiated during expiration , and controlled by two antagonistic muscle pairs . contraction of an extrinsic muscle pair ( mm . sternotrachealis ) folds the external tympaniform membranes into the syrinx ( or the two half - syringes in oilbirds ) lumen toward the internal tympaniform membranes . the membranes are then set into vibration by the expiratory airflow . in oilbirds , clicks are actively terminated by contraction of the single pair of intrinsic syringeal muscles ( mm . broncholateralis ) . in contrast , the social vocalizations of oilbirds are terminated passively by relaxation of the sternotrachealis muscles ( suthers and hector , 1985 ) . swiftlets lack intrinsic syringeal muscles and terminate their clicks by contraction of extrinsic tracheolateralis muscles ( suthers and hector , 1982 ; thomassen , 2005 ) . most species of echolocating swiftlet produce single clicks as well as double clicks ( two single clicks in quick succession , as described below ) . the pause between two clicks within a click - pair may be caused by a brief blocking of airflow through the syrinx as the external and internal tympaniform membranes touch . single clicks appear to arise when the membranes are pulled together before the expiratory airflow generates enough pressure to initiate vibration of the membranes ( suthers and hector , 1982 ) . both sides of the swiftlet syrinx appear able to contribute to each member of a click - pair ; that is , birds can still emit double clicks even if one side of the syrinx is plugged ( suthers and hector , 1982 ) .
the exterior dimensions of this bird house ( see figure 1 ) are 720 ( w ) ×1 , 800 ( d ) × 705 ( h ) centimeters . there are 24 air holes each on the eastern and western sides of the structure , to which pvc tubes are attached . there is an entrance for the swiftlet on the top of the northern side of the house . this entrance measures 60 ( h ) × 90 ( w ) centimeters . after comparing the size of this house’s entrance with other bird house , i found that this house has a somewhat large entrance . there are entrances to provide access for human workers to the small rooms on the south and east sides of the house . there is a control room containing audio equipment on the southern side of the house .
swiftlet clicks appear to have most energy over a 1–10 khz frequency range . based on rule of thumb calculations , the birds should only detect objects ≥34 mm diameter , but can apparently detect objects as small as 6 . 3 mm diameter ( metal rods ) at levels above chance ( griffin and suthers , 1970 ; griffin and thompson , 1982 ) . corroborating this , smyth and roberts ( 1983 ) reported a detection threshold of 10–20 mm , while fenton ( 1975 ) found that a . hirundinacea detected vertical rods down to 10 mm diameter and potentially even smaller . these data suggest that swiftlets receive useful echo information via the higher frequency portions of their clicks , even though these components contain less energy . however , for this to be plausible the birds must hear , at least to some extent , higher frequencies . this is not supported by data from single neuron recordings from the midbrain auditory nucleus of collocalia spodiopygia , which indicate best frequency thresholds from 0 . 8 to 4 . 7 khz ( coles et al . , 1987 ) .
major efforts are now being made to reverse the trend . the government , quite sensibly , has recognised that it would be unfair , and near - impossible , to simply ban outright the centuries - old and extremely lucrative nest - collection ( it would just push it ' underground ' - so to speak ) . so the government is making efforts to work with all stakeholders in the niah region , to try to ensure the sustainability of the practice , and to reduce other external pressures on the populations . several large community and stakeholder meetings have now been held at niah ( ' the niah gatherings ' ) , to develop measures which include , and are acceptable to , all stakeholders . such measures have included closed seasons on nest collecting , to allow undisturbed nest re - building . initial signs are that the agreed processes may be starting to work , with swiftlet numbers slightly increasing in recent years . however , it will still be a long and difficult process . ( another proposal is to breed swifts in ' artificial caves ' - in empty houses and purpose - built buildings - to help take the pressure off wild swift - nests . )
swiftlets are monophyletic ( thomassen et al . , 2003 , 2005 ; price et al . , 2004 ; hackett et al . , 2008 ) comprising approximately 26 species ( apodiformes , apodidae ) . swiftlets are found across the indo - pacific region , from the seychelles and mascarenes in the indian ocean to tahiti , mo ' orea and the marquesas in the south pacific ( chantler et al . , 1999 ; thomassen , 2005 ) . numerous subspecies have been identified but swiftlet phylogenetic relationships are not fully resolved ( thomassen et al . , 2005 ) . this reflects a lack of distinguishing morphological and nest characteristics as well as incomplete phylogenetic sampling ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) . an attempt to use echolocation as a discriminative character to split swiftlets into echolocating ( aerodramus ) and non - echolocating ( collocalia and hydrochous ) genera ( brooke , 1970 , 1972 ; medway and pye , 1977 ) was refuted because pygmy swiftlets ( c . troglodytes ) also echolocate ( price et al . , 2004 ) . only further research will determine whether or not the aerodramus and collocalia genera are justified and will be maintained ( thomassen et al . , 2005 ) .
github is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .
if nothing happens , download the github extension for visual studio and try again .
let ' s create a page . each page consists of a controller and at least one view .
the controller does most of the work ; views should be limited to simple presentation logic ( loops and switches ) .
the controller can set variables directly on the view . values are automatically made safe for use in html , use $ this - > get ( ' variable ' , false ) on values that should be treated as code .
notice how you can access the page at / foo by simply creating a controller named foo . the application maps urls to controllers , actions and arguments .
in this case foo becomes the name of the controller and view and bar the name of the action . actions are public methods on the controller class .
you can specify a different view for an action using $ this - > view - > setname ( ) . the view name is a filename relative to the src \ < namespace > \ views directory , without the . php suffix .
if the controller or action is not specified they default to index ( / will call index ( ) on \ helloworld \ controller \ index ) .
underscores in the controller name are translated to directory separators , so / foo _ bar will point to src / helloworld / controllers / foo / bar . php .
dashes in routes are ignored ; / foo - bar / baz - qux calls bazqux ( ) on \ helloworld \ controllers \ foobar .
automatic routing is convenient but more granular control is often desirable . in these cases custom routes can be defined .
url segments can be replaced with a
wildcard
placeholder ( a variable name prefixed with a colon ) . this value becomes available for use in the controller .
navigating to < controller > / bar / something matches this route . the value of $ args [ ' qux ' ] becomes something .
a model typically represents data . this can be an entry in a database or an object such as a user .
loading and saving data should almost always happen in a model . you can create as many models as you like ; they aren ' t tied to controllers or views .
listeners listen for events . when an event is triggered all relevant listeners are called and can be used to extend functionality .
this listener listens for the core actionafter event and changes the view variable helloworld from our previous example to hi world ! .
listeners don ' t need to be installed or activated , all files in the src / helloworld / listeners / directory are automatically included and their classes instantiated . listeners are called in alphabetical order .
reusable components such as code to send an email or generate a thumbnail image should go in a separate library class .
values can be set in config / main . php or a custom file .
mixed get ( string $ variable [ , bool $ htmlencode ] ) get a view variable , pass false as the second parameter to prevent values from being html encoded .
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as of to date , the company has managed the scheme well and has managed to pay out the rewarding returns of investments since 2011 till today , and it has been awarded and documented in the malaysia’s book of record in 2012 .