scyllarides squammosus is a species of slipper lobster known as the ' blunt slipper lobster .

it is found throughout the indo-west pacific region .

specifically its range is from australia ( queensland , new south wales , west australia ) , japan , hawaii , melanesia , new caledonia to east africa .

scyllarides squammosus has been found at depths from 7.5 m to 71 m.

scyllarides squammosus

worms - world register of marine species - scyllarides squammosus ( h . milne edwards , 1837 )
scyllarides squammosus ( h . milne edwards , 1837 ) – blunt slipper lobster , ula - päpapa
status in world register of marine species accepted name : scyllarides squammosus ( h . milne edwards , 1837 )
justification : scyllarides squammosus is listed as least concern . this species has a broad distribution and is harvested in only small parts of its range . ongoing fisheries in australia have stringent management controls in place .
fischer , w . & g . bianchi ( eds . ) ( 1984 ) . fao species identification sheets for fisheries purposes : western indian ocean . fao , rome . [ details ]
holthuis , l . b . 1991 . fao species catalogue . vol 13 . marine lobsters of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date . fao fisheries synopsis . 125 ( 13 ) : 292 p . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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batchelor , a . , de silva , r . , dyer , e . , kasthala , g . , lutz , m . l . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , h . t . , soulsby , a . - m . & whitton , f .
this species is distributed throughout the indo - west pacific region from east africa to japan , hawaii , melanesia , new caledonia and australia ( queensland , new south wales , west australia ) ( holthuis 1991 , dewha 2009 ) . it is likely that this species has a wider distribution than is currently known . the type locality of this species is mauritius ( holthuis 1991 ) .
australia ( new south wales , queensland , western australia ) ; fiji ; indonesia ; japan ; kenya ; madagascar ; marshall islands ; mauritius ( mauritius ( main island ) ) ; mozambique ; new caledonia ; oman ; papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago , north solomons , papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; seychelles ; solomon islands ; somalia ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; tuvalu ; united arab emirates ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; vanuatu ; wallis and futuna
there is insufficient population data available for this species . however , chan ( 1998 ) described it as ' apparently nowhere abundant in the western central pacific ' . comparatively , dinardo and moffitt ( 2007 ) state that it is currently the dominant lobster species in the northwestern hawaiian islands . the northwestern hawaiian islands populations of this species should be treated as one metapopulation ( dinardo and moffitt 2007 ) .
this nocturnal species inhabits reefs and rocky areas ( holthuis 1991 ) . it shelters during the day , and forages at night where it feeds mainly on bivalves ( chan 1998 , lavalli
2007 ) . it has a maximum total length of 40 cm , although usually only reaches 20 cm ( holthuis 1991 , chan 1998 ) . there are conflicting reports of the depth preferences of this species : dinardo and moffit ( 2007 ) suggest between 30 - 120 m , whereas holthuis ( 1991 ) and chan ( 1998 ) suggest a shallower range of 5 - 80 m . this is also reflected in the ' most common ' ranges , with 50 - 70 m and 20 - 50m , respectively .
this gregarious species attains sexual maturity at a carapace length of 6 . 6 - 6 . 7 cm , although variation was found between reefs ( hearn et al . 2007 , lavalli et al . 2007 ) . ovigerous females occur throughout the year with peak abundance between may and july , and their fecundity ranges from 54 , 000 - 227 , 000 eggs per female ( dinardo and moffitt 2007 , sekiguchi et al . 2007 ) . the phyllosoma of this species remain pelagic for 3 - 6 months prior to transforming into benthic juveniles ( dinardo and moffitt 2007 ) .
its large size and well developed fleshy tail make this species , like other species of the genus , a sought - after delicacy ( holthuis 1991 ) . below is a breakdown of use and trade within distinct parts of this species ' range .
in hawaii there has been a commercial lobster fishery in operation in the northwestern hawaiian islands ( nwhi ) for 20 years . the fishery has been primarily targeting this species and the spiny lobster (
) . landings of all species were showing reductions , and in 2000 the nwhi fishery was closed as a precautionary measure due to increasing uncertainty of the population models used to assess stock status . later on that year , the northwestern hawaiian islands coral reef ecosystem reserve was established . this may prohibit commercial lobster fishing in the nwhi indefinitely ( dinardo and moffitt 2007 ) . for catch data from the nwhi fishery whilst it was in operation see dinardo and moffitt ( 2007 ) .
in 1997 , the queensland fisheries service ( qfs ) , authorised a developmental trap fishery in southeast queensland . the fishery was specifically targeting this species and
spp . ) resource existed in the waters to the south of the great barrier reef marine park ( gbrmp ) . prior to that time these species were landed only as a minor by - catch of prawn and scallop trawl fisheries ( these species have now been removed from the
permitted trawl species
able to be retained by trawl fishers ) ( sumpton
development of this trap fishery began in july 1999 , and was monitored for an initial period ending june 2003 . participants in the fishery required a permit that was renewed annually ( subject to satisfactory performance by the permit holders ) . however , by 2004 there were no active harvesting permits and further development of the fishery was awaiting discussions between fisheries managers and stakeholders ( sumpton
spp . have been caught . to some extent this was a result of the fishery ' s limitations to trawl relatively shallow depths < 200 m , which is not the preferred habitat of many of the species capable of entering baited traps ( sumpton
, coutures and chauvet 2003 ) . this is achieved by diving with a water torch over the reefs ( coutures and chauvet 2003 ) . the catch - per - unit - effort ( cpue ) data for these fishermen was found to be 1 . 32 kg / fisherman / night , although this increased to 2 . 16 kg kg / fisherman / night for more efficient fishermen ( coutures and chauvet 2003 ) .
the queensland fisheries service ( qfs ) considers that the fishery does not pose a significant threat to the sustainability of this species . the fishery landed less than 5 tonnes of slipper lobster each year between 1998 and 2001 , and in 2002 / 2003 no slipper lobsters were landed ( sumpton et al . 2004 ) .
the northwestern hawaiian islands ( nwhi ) coral reef ecosystem reserve was established in 2000 which may prohibit commercial lobster fishing in the nwhi indefinitely , therefore this fishery does not pose a continuing threat to this species ( dinardo and moffitt 2007 ) .
a decline in global captures of scyllaridae has been documented , although information on specific species is lacking ( spanier and lavalli 2007 ) .
the management plan of the hawaiian fishery incorporated closed seasons , minimum size limits , no retention of egg bearing females , the incorporation of escape vents in pots , accurate recording of log data , and revised yearly quotas ( pooley and kawamoto 1998 , sumpton et al . 2004 ) .
in the event that the trap fishery in southeast queensland progresses beyond developmental status , a formal process would be undertaken to develop appropriate management strategies . within the area of the fishery , a number of closed waters have been declared under the fisheries regulations 1995 , and no fishing is allowed in the great barrier reef marine park ( gbrmp ) . all commercial fishers in queensland have a legal obligation to provide information about their fishing activity via daily logbook reporting ( sumpton et al . 2004 ) .
it is prohibited to take berried females or setose females ( sumpton et al . 2004 ) .
as the queensland trap fishery is only operated on a very limited developmental scale ( a time frame of only four years ) , the lobster stocks are not likely to have been seriously affected . the current permit conditions provide the queensland fisheries service ( qfs ) with extensive powers to ensure the sustainable management of the fishery . it allows them to suspend or cancel permits if a deleterious effect on stocks of slipper and spiny lobster , or any other fish species ( including bycatch and byproduct ) has been caused , or is imminent , or may reasonably be expected due to activities under the permit ' ( sumpton et al . 2004 ) . for a comprehensive report on the queensland developmental trap fishery , see sumpton et al . ( 2004 ) .
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with three red spots , one rather ill - defined in the middle , and two more distinct laterally ; seldom the three are fused to a single broad spot . outline of posterior margin of the
habite l ' île - de - france
( = mauritius ) . type in
habitat in oceano australiori . mus . dom . banks
. type lost .
indo - west pacific region : from east africa to japan , hawaii , melanesia , new caledonia and australia .
in depths of
a few fathoms
to about 80 m , most common between 20 and 50 m . on reefs and rocky areas . nocturnal .
make this species , like other species of the genus , a sought - after delicacy . it is scarce and lives in inaccessible places and therefore is not commercially fished . the animals are mostly taken by hand usually at night , but also wire traps are used . they are sold fresh on the local markets .
fischer , w . and g . bianchi ( eds ) , 1984 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) , vol . 5 : pag . var .
holthuis , l . b . and t . sakai . 1970 . ph . f . von siebold and fauna japonica . a history of early japanese zoology : 18 pp , 1 - 323 , pls 1 - 32 , 7 unnumbered pls , 1 map
milne edwards , h . , 1837 . histoire naturelle des crustacés , comprenant l ' anatomie , la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux , 2 : 1 - 532 , atl . pl . 1 - 42 , 1 - 32 .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
holthuis , l . b . 1991 ,
fao species catalogue . vol . 13 . marine lobsters of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date
, fao fisheries synopsis , vol . no . 125 , 13 , pp . i - viii , 1 - 292
miers , e . j . 1882 ,
on some crustaceans collected at mauritius
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1882 , pp . 339 - 342 pl . 20 , 538 - 543 pl . 36
milne edwards , h . 1837 , vol . 2 , pp . 532 pp . , atlas 32 pp . , 42 pls , libraire encyclopedique de roret , paris
de haan , w . 1841 ,
crustacea
, ed . von siebold , p . f . ( ed . ) , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823–1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit , pp . 1 - 243 pls a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . tab . 2 , lugundi - batavorum , leiden
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3df778c7 - 7be1 - 4299 - 9cbc - 1863a7282399
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d70af230 - ed62 - 49ed - 80ea - 471d9a5747f8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2d6b407b - 388d - 4ab1 - 84f8 - 9e52de5199e5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 417880
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eastern cougar or eastern puma ( puma concolor couguar ) refers to the extinct subspecies or extirpated population of cougars that once lived in northeastern north america .

the eastern cougars were deemed extinct by a u.s. fish and wildlife service ( fws ) evaluation in 2011 , while a parallel canadian organization has taken no position on the question .

eastern cougar

eastern cougar foundation ( ecf ) . 2006 . about eastern cougars . eastern cougar foundation . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .
eastern cougar sightings - information about reporting a sighting of an eastern cougar and false internet rumors of sightings in new york state .
the last confirmed eastern cougar was trapped in the late 1930s , the agency said .
the eastern cougar has been declared extinct almost eight decades after it was last seen .
report any eastern cougar sightings to the canadian wildlife service and your provincial department of wildlife .
most significantly , no evidence whatsoever has been found to show that either individual eastern pumas or any relic populations of the eastern puma subspecies remain extant in eastern north america .
with the headline : federal fish and wildlife service declares the eastern cougar extinct , with an asterisk .
“we recognize that many people have seen cougars in the wild within the historical range of the eastern cougar , ” said the service’s northeast region chief of endangered species martin miller . “however , we believe those cougars are not the eastern cougar subspecies . we found no information to support the existence of the eastern cougar . ”
extinct eastern cougar subspecies proposed for removal from endangered species list | u . s . fish & wildlife service
the service’s proposal to remove the eastern cougar from the endangered species list does not affect the status of the florida panther , another cougar subspecies listed as endangered .
the eastern cougar network ( ecn ) has been formed to document cougar confirmations in the eastern half of north america . nearly a year in the making , the exciting results of the group’s comprehensive research project can be found at
the animal would likely not be an elusive eastern cougar , whose existence is controversial for a number of reasons .
western cougar cubs . their eastern cougar cousins have not been sighted since 1938 according to a us fish and wildlife service review . photograph : kevin schafer / getty images
many people have seen cougars in the wild within the historical range of the eastern cougar ,
said martin miller , the northeast regional chief of endangered species for the usfws , in 2011 .
however , we believe those cougars are not the eastern cougar subspecies . we found no information to support the existence of the eastern cougar .
what does the loss of the eastern cougar mean ? michael robinson of the center for biological diversity gives the bad news .
for sometime now we’ve recognized two distinct subspecies of cougar in north america - the western and eastern populations . although the western population is still very much alive and kicking , the past , present and future of the eastern cougar is hopelessly unclear .
the service completed the formal review of the eastern cougar in 2011 . during the review , the service examined the best available scientific and historic information , queried 21 states and eastern canadian provinces , and reviewed hundreds of reports from the public . no states or provinces provided evidence of the existence of an eastern cougar population .
the eastern cougar is the only 7 foot long , 200 pound wildcat that may or may not be living in your backyard .
during the review , the service received 573 responses to a request for scientific information about the possible existence of the eastern cougar subspecies ; conducted an extensive review of u . s . and canadian scientific literature ; and requested information from the 21 states within the historical range of the subspecies . no states expressed a belief in the existence of an eastern cougar population . according to dr . mark mccollough , the service’s lead scientist for the eastern cougar , the subspecies of eastern cougar has likely been extinct since the 1930s .
on march 2 , 2011 , the united states fish and wildlife service declared the eastern cougar ( puma concolor couguar ) officially extinct .
this western cougar is spotted in a tree in colorado . the western cougar’s cousin , the eastern cougar has been though to be among the nova scotian forests , however experts have found no trace of the animal after extensive searches . ( justin shoemaker )
department of environmental conservation ( dec ) , new york . 2008 . eastern cougar fact sheet ( felis concolor cougar ) . new york state department of environmental conservation . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .
download printable pdf version u . s . fish and wildlife service concludes eastern cougar extinct ( march 2 , 2011 ) ( pdf 25k )
the eastern cougar subspecies was listed as endangered in 1973 . however , accounts suggest that most eastern cougars disappeared in the 1800s as european immigrants killed cougars to protect themselves and their livestock , as forests were harvested , and as white - tailed deer , the cougar’s primary prey , nearly went extinct in eastern north america . the last records of eastern cougars are believed to be in maine ( 1938 ) and new brunswick ( 1932 ) .
scientists are moving toward the conclusion that the eastern cougar was erroneously classified as a separate subspecies in the first place . as a result of a genetic study conducted in 2000 , most biologists now believe there is no real difference between the western and eastern branches of the cougar family .
they are so wrong we have seen them here in eastern nc many times .
additional information about eastern cougars , including frequently asked questions and cougar sightings , is at : urltoken . find information about endangered species at urltoken .
“we recognize that people have seen cougars in the wild in the eastern u . s . , ” said martin miller , the service’s northeast region chief of endangered species . “those cougars are not of the eastern cougar subspecies . ”
either way , the “eastern” cougar as such is no longer with us . any recent sightings in the cougar’s historic range , which stretched from eastern ontario and michigan eastward to maine and southward to georgia , tennessee and missouri , were actually sightings of its relatives , the fish and wildlife service said .
the decision comes almost 80 years after an eastern cougar was trapped and killed by a hunter in maine in 1938 . none have been seen since .
' we recognize that people have seen cougars in the wild in eastern u . s . , ' said martin miller , the usfws northeast region chief of endangered species . ' those cougars are not of the eastern cougar subspecies . '
in the dense hardwood forests of eastern canada , the cougar prowls – or might prowl . it is uncertain whether there are any eastern cougars left in canada . this beautiful wild cat is gravely endangered in the near north of eastern canada , where it once traveled the rough , hilly and swampy lands surrounded by forest .
“i’ve never seen a cougar , but i have gone out on cougar calls where i believe people did see a cougar , ” he said . “i can’t explain how someone would make that mistake . ”
the proposal to remove the eastern cougar from the endangered species list does not affect the status of the florida panther , which will remain listed as endangered .
hey people . the article is about the subspecies of the cougar – the eastern puma . you may have seen cougars in your area but not the subspecies of that cougar member . yes we have plenty of cougar ( aka puma ) here in oregon and other places but , again , so it’s clear , the eastern puma is hat the article is talking about . read !
going by official records , the last known eastern cougars were killed in new brunswick in 1932 and in maine in 1938 . bureaucracy moves slowly and it wasn’t until 1973 that the eastern cougar , by then already extinct , was recognized as endangered .
the us fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) began a formal review of the eastern cougar in 2011 , 36 years after it was first classified as endangered .
in eastern north america at the time of european contact , the puma ranged from florida to southern quebec and remained abundant through much of eastern north america during the colonial era . despite its apparent early abundance , however , only 26 historical specimens of eastern pumas , from seven eastern states and one canadian province within the subspecies ' historical range , reside in museums or other collections .
cougar management guidelines working group . cougar management guidelines . first edition . washington , dc : wiley , on behalf of the wildlife society ; 2005 .
information gathered from : keeping track , vermont public radio , cougar net , the new york times , mountain lion : an unnatural history of pumas and people , by chris bolgiano , and the eastern cougar , edited by chris bolgiano and jerry roberts .
did you read the article ? ! “the eastern puma was a subspecies of the animal also known as cougar or mountain lion , which is still widely distributed across the west . ” they also said , “the eastern cougar was extinct well before it was protected under the endangered species act , as was the case with eight of the other 10 species that have been delisted for extinction” , so what you think you saw was not an actual eastern puma .
although the eastern cougar has been on the endangered species list since 1973 , its existence has long been questioned . the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( service ) conducted a formal review of the available information and , in a report issued today , concludes the eastern cougar is extinct and recommends the subspecies be removed from the endangered species list .
eastern cougars were once found across michigan , southern ontario , eastern canada and maine , and as far south as south carolina and tennessee , in a variety of habitats including marshes , mountains and forests .
1 . a relic population of pumas has survived in eastern north america . although some hypothesize that the eastern puma has survived in eastern north america since colonial times , the continued existence of a puma population in eastern north america is not corroborated by the historical record , the history of white - tailed deer , or our current understanding of puma ecology ( usfws 2011 , pp . 43 - 46 ) .
although the eastern cougar has been declared extinct , the florida and western subspecies populations have grown in recent decades , and some are expanding their range into their extinct cousins ' terrain .
the so - called eastern cougar was designated as endangered in 1973 , only to be redesignated
data deficient
in 1998 due to an absence of scientific proof . last year , the u . s . fish and wildlife service proposed removing the eastern cougar from the endangered species list , declaring that the cougars have likely been extinct for at least 70 years .
cougar , photographed in the arizona - sonora desert museum , tucson , arizona .
there is little evidence that sport hunting is of any benefit to cougar populations .
despite the large number of contemporary eastern puma accounts , few of the surveys and investigations of puma reports have provided verifiable evidence of the presence of pumas , irrespective of origin , in eastern north america , and even fewer have provided irrefutable proof of a wild puma . nonetheless , verified puma occurrences have occurred with enough frequency in eastern north america ( approximately 15 puma carcasses have been documented in eastern north america north of florida since 1950 ) to encourage a widespread belief that a cryptic eastern puma population continues to persist .
seven decades after the last reported sighting of the eastern cougar , the federal fish and wildlife service declared it extinct wednesday and recommended that it be removed from the nation’s endangered species list .
the eastern mountain lion’s official designation with the u . s . fish and wildlife service is “endangered” ; however , the service considers the species extinct . the agency is now reviewing the eastern cougar’s status in maine and 20 other states and whether they are the same species as more common western lions .
in fact a considerable number of people claim the eastern cougar still walks among us , its survival attested to by the thousands of sightings across nova scotia and new brunswick in the past century .
a western cougar in grand teton national park , wyoming . ( national park service )
big cat fans are mourning the extinction of the eastern cougar ( puma concolor couguar ) after the u . s . fish and wildlife service announced it is removing the big cat from the endangered species list because it hasn’t found any credible evidence of the existence of one in at least 70 years . those cougars being spotted in eastern north america are most likely western cougars or mountain lions ( puma concolor ) that have extended their range or escaped from negligent pet owners . what happened to the eastern cougar ?
orange county transportation corridor agency . foothill / eastern transportation corridor agency board of directors agenda ; 2013 . available :
cougars are found wherever there is enough prey , enough forest cover , and a minimum of human disturbance . logging in the eastern forests , human settlement , and habitat disturbance from activities like mining are responsible for the sharp drop in cougar populations . if the eastern cougar does still exist , it is possible the population may recover if deer populations increase and forests grow again on the existing logged land .
summary : overall , we find that pumas ( except for single transients ) are reasonably detectable , that no contemporary puma sightings in eastern north america have been verified as the eastern puma subspecies since 1938 , and that it is extremely unlikely that either individuals or eastern puma populations could have survived the long period during which most of their habitat was lost and their primary prey base was nearly extirpated . we therefore determine the eastern puma subspecies to be extinct .
photo : biologist bruce wright with the mounted specimen of what is believed to be the last eastern cougar , which was trapped in maine in 1938 . courtesy u . s . fish and wildlife service .
due to persecution following the european colonization of the americas , and continuing human development of cougar habitat , populations have dropped in many parts of its historical range . in particular , the cougar was extirpated in eastern north america , except an isolated sub - population in florida ; the animal may be recolonizing parts of its former eastern territory . with its vast range , the cougar has dozens of common names and various references in the mythology of the indigenous peoples of the americas and in contemporary culture .
the last documented cougar taken in eastern north america was trapped in maine near the quebec border in 1938 . the last killed in new brunswick was in kent county , 1932 . since then we have had only tantalizing glimpses into the lives of cougars inhabiting our coast . in canada , the eastern cougar was listed as endangered in 1978 , but lost that classification in 1998 and was relabeled “data deficient . ” this photo is of a western cougar in the grand teton national park , wyoming . national park serv
of all the folklore composing the cultures of atlantic canada , no tale is more compelling to me than that of the eastern cougar , a supposed subspecies which once roamed the forests of nova scotia and beyond .
in 2011 , the fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) opened an extensive review of the status of eastern cougars .
utah division of wildlife resources ( udwr ) , cougar discussion group . 1999 . utah cougar management plan ( draft ) . utah division of wildlife resources . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .
the focal area of this study includes the santa ana mountains and the eastern peninsular range . inset shows location within california .
orange county transportation corridor agency . foothill / eastern transportation corridor agency board of directors agenda ; 2013 . available : urltoken .
the usfws concluded in 2011 that there was no evidence of the eastern cougar living within its once enormous habitat . experts suggest the cougars’ decline began when european immigrants starting killing the animals to protect their families and livestock .
harper , d . 2001a . cougar . online etymology dictionary . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .
a captive cougar feeding . cougars are ambush predators , feeding mostly on deer and other mammals .
the eastern cougar has been declared extinct by the u . s . fish and wildlife service . according to news reports , scientists had held out hope , based on scattered reports , that a few eastern cougars remained . those sightings turned out to be other subspecies from the western united states , or captive animals that were freed or had escaped .
the declaration of the eastern cougar ' s extinction raised hackles from numerous people and organizations , including ontario ' s ministry of natural resources , which said there is conclusive evidence—including paw prints and feces—that cougars do still live in the canadian state . the last confirmed eastern cougar in ontario was killed in 1884 , and none have been photographed since then . ( the ministry does acknowledge the possibility that the cougars might not be native to the area . )
“it’s a rare case — almost nonexistent — that we find evidence that it was a cougar , ” said wally jakubas , who receives most cougar reports as head of dif & w’s mammal division .
“if somebody sees a cougar and it turns out to be a cougar , the first thing that i would suspect is that it was captive and either escaped or was released , ” jakubas said .
the cougar network has documented a significant amount of cougar activity in this sub - region . the incidents in arkansas and louisiana take on greater significance when viewed in conjunction with those from east texas .
©2006 - 2016 cougar rewilding foundation ~ easterncougar . org , urltoken ~ web site maintained by cougar rewilding foundation web site design by keto gyekis - urltoken ~ header photo : copyright susan c . morse
once the top predator across north america , the demise of all cougars and particularly the eastern cougar coincided with the arrival of european settlers the eastern cougars were hunted because of their real and perceived threats to livestock but the drive to extinction was hastened by the killing of white - tail deer , their real food , and the deforestation of its habitats .
mccollough says the fws ' s recently published review ( pdf ) of the eastern cougar ( mandated every five years for all species protected under the endangered species act ) examined all evidence that would have led scientists to conclude that the cat still existed in the northeast . after finding no tracks , bodies , den sites or photographs ,
we came to the conclusion that the eastern cougar is likely extinct , probably since the 1930s ,
he says .
the 140 - pound cougar that was spotted last month among the estates of greenwich — and was later struck and killed on the wilbur cross parkway — has been the talk of southern connecticut . new england , along with most of the eastern united states , hasn’t been cougar country since the 19th century , when the animals were exterminated by a killing campaign that started in colonial times . so where had this cougar come from ?
the cougar network has documented lions establishing new populations in the dakotas and individual lions’ presence farther east .
learn about the cougar and share your knowledge with others to stimulate concern for this beautiful endangered animal .
in the southern portion of its range , the cougar and jaguar share overlapping territory ( hamdig 2006 ) . the jaguar tends to take larger prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap , reducing the cougar ' s size ( iriarte et al . 1990 ) . of the two felines , the cougar appears best able to exploit a broader prey niche and smaller prey ( nuanaez et al . 2000 ) .
officers found the cougar in the downtown , where it climbed a tree near ecole rocky elementary school .
john lutz , direct of the eastern puma research network , a group dedicated to finding evidence of the cougar ' s continued existence , told pennsylvania ' s times leader that they have collected 11 , 000 reports of cougar sightings since 1965 .
there will be more reports to prove [ the fws ] wrong ,
he said .
on january 29 , 2007 , we published a federal register notice announcing a 5 - year review specific to the eastern puma and nine other species , and we requested information from the public concerning the eastern puma ( 72 fr 4018 ) . the assessment of the eastern puma ' s current status , completed on january 28 , 2011 ( usfws 2011 ) , found no evidence of the existence of either an extant population or individual eastern pumas , and concluded , therefore , the subspecies should be considered extinct . the assessment thus concluded that the eastern puma does not meet the definition of either an endangered species or a threatened species under section 3 of the act .
november 11 is crane festival day at gangtey monastery in eastern bhutan . the main performers are school kids who enact a . . .
the u . s . fish and wildlife service lists the florida panther , the costa rican puma and the eastern puma as endangered .
south florida harbors the only documented remnant population of cougars in the east . aside from this well - known and high profile population , the cougar network has not documented significant cougar activity from this sub - region .
in recognizing the eastern puma as a valid subspecies , and thus a valid listed entity , we next evaluate whether the subspecies should be determined extinct . it is important to note that assessing the biological status of the eastern puma as a subspecies does not preclude eventual taxonomic revision .
it was originally thought the eastern cougar had been driven to extinction and to this day it’s still considered extinct in the united states . it might have received a similar designation in canada were it not for persistent sightings across new brunswick and nova scotia , with hundreds recorded between 1948 - 1971 . from 1977 to 1992 the canadian wildlife service recorded 425 sightings in those same regions . unfortunately , no concrete evidence of a living eastern cougar came from any of these encounters , even if some stories were compelling .
( for updated information , see mlfs 2006 study on the affects of cougar sport hunting in mlfs library . )
the fws now plans to seek the removal of the eastern cougar from the endangered species list , because extinct animals can no longer be protected . the move would not affect the florida panther , which remains , for now , listed as its own subspecies .
the eastern cougar or eastern puma is ( or , as of now , was ) a subspecies of the mountain lion . its range was from canada ( southeastern ontario , new brunswick , southern quebec ) south to south carolina and west to illinois and michigan . its southern ranged stopped at what was once the northern range of the florida panther , of which today only about 160 exist in florida .
the eastern puma’s range contracted from the 1790s to the 1890s due to human persecution abetted by the extirpation , through hunting , of its primary prey , white - tailed deer . the last three eastern pumas were killed in 1930 in tennessee , 1932 in new brunswick and 1938 in maine .
a surge in reported sightings followed in the 1960s and 1970s , again coincident with publications claiming that a relic population of pumas from the northeastern united states and eastern canada was repopulating eastern north america . although based mostly on questionable evidence , many—including wildlife biologists—accepted this hypothesis without critical scientific review .
3 . pumas in eastern north america are dispersers from breeding populations to the west and south . breeding puma populations in proximity to the eastern puma ' s historical range occur in manitoba , north dakota , south dakota , possibly nebraska and oklahoma , and florida . the service ' s 5 - year review discusses the likelihood of immigration of pumas to eastern north america from these populations ( usfws 2011 , pp . 51 - 56 ) .
the eastern cougar — known variously as the mountain lion , puma , panther or catamount — once roamed from canada to south carolina and as far west as michigan . male cougars can weigh up to 200 pounds and are distinguished by their long , thick tails .
mr . miller said in an interview that no regulations or restrictions were ever imposed in an effort to help the eastern cougar recover , although a recovery plan drafted in 1982 “held out hope , expressed the possibility that a population still existed in remote areas . ”
the eastern cougar recovery plan was approved in 1982 ( usfws 1982 ) . during plan preparation , r . l . downing conducted field surveys and investigated sighting reports and concluded that “no breeding cougar populations have been substantiated within the former range of f . c . couguar since the 1920s . ” nonetheless , the recovery plan states that the eastern cougar could be reclassified from endangered to threatened when one population containing at least 50 breeding adults was found or established . it further states that the eastern cougar could be removed from the list when at least three populations were found or established , with each containing more than 50 breeding adults . since the plan ' s approval , no breeding populations have been found , nor have any individual pumas known to be f . c . couguar ( such individuals would form the basis of a founder population ) . thus , neither of the recovery criteria was ever met .
biology and life history : there is little basis for believing that the ecology of eastern pumas was significantly different from puma ecology elsewhere on the continent . our biological understanding of the eastern puma , therefore , is derived from studies conducted in various regions of north america and , to the extent possible , from eastern puma historical records and museum specimens . this information is detailed in the status review ( usfws 2011 ) on pages 6 through 8 .
does the eastern cougar really exist ? did it ever exist ? these are questions that wildlife scientists grapple with as they track this elusive animal . hundreds of unofficial sightings of this stealthy cat have helped build a mythology around its presence in eastern canada . while the
evidence
is very compelling , biologists have yet to find any scientific proof that it exists . cbc reporter cynthia kent talks to the experts .
the last confirmed sightings of eastern cougars are believed to be in maine in 1938 and in new brunswick in 1932 . the u . s . fish and wildlife service now says cougars in eastern parts of canada and the u . s . have been extinct for 70 years . ( craig pamplin )
this uncertainty has been recognized by canadian authorities . the canadian federal agency called committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada rates its current data as
insufficient
to draw conclusions regarding the eastern cougar ' s survival , and says on its web site
despite many sightings in the past two decades from eastern canada , there are insufficient data to evaluate the taxonomy or assign a status to this cougar .
notwithstanding numerous reported sightings in ontario , quebec , new brunswick and nova scotia , it has been said that the evidence is inconclusive :
. . . there may not be a distinct ' eastern ' subspecies , and some sightings may be of escaped pets .
the eastern cougar was extinct well before it was protected under the endangered species act , as was the case with eight of the other 10 species that have been delisted for extinction . overall the endangered species act has been 99 percent successful at saving species from extinction .
until there is confirmation that the eastern cougar still survives , no direct recovery actions will take place for this species . cougars are protected from hunting and killing in nova scotia , new brunswick and ontario . despite this , their population does not seem to have increased .
when a cougar is shot outside winnipeg on christmas eve , benard bloom looks into the legend of this mysterious animal .
police say they shot and killed a cougar that had climbed a tree near a school in west - central alberta .
panthera is in the earliest stages of developing the east bay regional parks cougar project , a collaborative effort with east bay regional parks near san francisco . the state of california covers more than 99 million acres ( 400 , 000 km 2 ) . of that , approximately half of the state is considered occupied cougar habitat , where they compete with a growing population of more than 37 million people . current cougar conservation imperatives in california include understanding cougar ecology in suburban and urban areas , where cougar populations are increasingly coming into conflict with people . this project would be a comprehensive look at cougar ecology in the east bay and be instrumental in aiding public agencies and private individuals understand and live with america’s big cat .
you have to appreciate this cat’s sense of irony , too . the cougar showed up in the east just three months after the fish and wildlife service declared the eastern cougar extinct , a move that would exempt the officially nonexistent subspecies of the big cat from federal protection . perhaps this red - state cougar traveled east to send a message to washington : the federal government can make pronouncements about where cougars are not supposed to be found , but a cat’s going to go where a cat wants to go .
“it’s really not a good way to decide where a species or subspecies begins and ends , ” said mark . he then invoked the work of dr melanie culver from the early 1990s . using the more precise science of molecular dna , she compared the separate subspecies suggested by taxonomy and found that several weren’t subspecies at all . the dna doesn’t lie — from the west coast to the east , it would appear , a cougar is a cougar is a cougar . the fabled eastern subspecies was a myth .
for the better part of a year i’ve been gathering the facts behind the folklore , speaking first to mark elderkin , a species at risk biologist with nova scotia’s department of natural resources . he told me our initial belief in an eastern subspecies of cougar came from taxonomy , as the bones and skulls of cougars caught nearby in the new england states were measured against specimens from elsewhere in north america . the new england skulls appeared unique , superficially , and so the eastern cougar was born , but we’ve since learned that taxonomy makes for shaky evidence .
the four - year study used information from 21 states and eastern canadian provinces , and scoured hundreds of reports of sightings dating as far back as 1900 .
five year moving average of pumas killed secondary to vehicle collisions or depredation permits ( n = 174 ) in the santa ana mountains and eastern peninsular ranges .
the principal factors leading to the listing of the eastern puma were widespread persecution ( poisoning , trapping , hunting , and bounties ) , decline of forested habitat , and near - extirpation of white - tailed deer populations during the 1800s . these impacts led to the extirpation of most eastern puma populations by 1900 .
indeed , if a cougar can walk from south dakota to connecticut , a cougar could show up anywhere . vermont . tennessee . queens . ( don’t laugh : in 2008 , another cougar from the black hills found its way to chicago , where it was shot and killed by the police . ) for years , a relative handful of people throughout the eastern united states have claimed to see cougars , claims that the authorities have generally taken as seriously as sasquatch sightings . now , those sightings can’t be so easily dismissed .
this proposal , if made final , would revise 50 cfr 17 . 11 to remove the eastern puma from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife due to extinction . the prohibitions and conservation measures provided by the act would no longer apply to this subspecies . there is no designated critical habitat for the eastern puma .
conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or threatened under the act include recognition , recovery actions , requirements for federal protection , and prohibitions against certain practices . however , since the service has determined the eastern cougar to be extinct , this proposed rule , if made final , would remove any federal conservation measures for any individual pumas ( except dispersing florida panthers ) that may subsequently be found within the historical range of the eastern puma .
eastern cougars that once roamed north america from canada to south carolina are extinct and no longer warrant federal endangered species act protections , us wildlife managers have said .
government wildlife managers believe the bulk of eastern cougars disappeared in the 1800s with the arrival of european immigrants , who killed them to protect themselves and their livestock .
government wildlife managers believe the bulk of eastern cougars disappeared in the 1800s after the arrival of european immigrants , who killed them to protect themselves and their livestock .
there ' s one other bit of debate going on that ' s important to note : many scientists say that the eastern cougar subspecies does not exist , not because it went extinct , but because it never really existed at all . a study published in the journal of heredity in 2000 revealed that previously recognized north american cougar / puma / panther / mountain lion subspecies may actually all be the same species .
by 1929 , eastern pumas were believed to be “virtually extinct , ” and young and goldman ( 1946 ) concurred that “they became extinct many years ago . ” on the other hand , puma records from new brunswick in 1932 and maine in 1938 suggest that a population may have persisted in northernmost new england and eastern canada .
this information , along with the total absence of verified contemporary eastern puma records , suggests that a remnant population of eastern pumas is highly unlikely to have survived two centuries of intense human exploitation and persecution , habitat changes , and near - eradication of its primary prey . further , were a relic puma population to have survived , the rebounding of deer populations along with protections from take under the act would have likely resulted in a corresponding increase in documentation of eastern puma presence and increased likelihood of deterction . given the lack of verified contemporary records , we therefore find no evidence to support the hypothesis that an undetected relic population of eastern pumas remains extant .
it is notable that areas in eastern north america that still support extant populations of native pumas ( e . g . , florida and manitoba ) have had a long and continuous record of confirmed occurrences . in contrast , a long - term record of verified puma occurrences is lacking in regions of eastern north america outside florida .
mahaffy , j . 2004 . behavior of cougar in iowa and the midwest . dordt college . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .
_ _ _ _ . 1961 . notes on cougar productivity and life history . journal of mammalogy 42 : 204 - 217 .
the cougar is canada’s largest and most powerful cat . cougars were once found all over north america . they still survive in western canada but no one knows how many , if any , eastern cougars remain . their range is thought to be the most extensive range of any terrestrial mammal in the western hemisphere – a range that is almost the same as that of the white - tailed deer , the cougar’s main prey .
michael robinson of the center for biological diversity said the extinction of eastern cougars has disrupted the forest ecosystem and allowed large populations of white - tailed deer to thrive .
we further conclude that although there have been thousands of puma sightings in eastern north america since the 1950s , most are a case of mistaken identity . we acknowledge that a small number of pumas are occasionally encountered in the wild in eastern north america within the historical range of the listed eastern puma . based on the best available scientific evidence , however , we conclude that these are escaped or released captive animals , or dispersers from western puma populations , not the eastern puma subspecies . breeding of escaped or released individuals , if it occurs , appears to be an extremely rare event , and there is no evidence of any population established from escaped or released captive animals .
elusive as unicorns and howling like devils , cougars did not stand much of a chance in the face of settlers imaginations . the damned thing , a short story written by ambrose pierce in 1893 , casts the cougar as an invisible killer , unseen to the human eye , detectable only as it passes through grass . aggressive hunting of cougars and their prey , along with deforestation of cougar habitat , decimated cougar populations in the eastern united states , extirpating them by 1881 . like exorcising an evil spirit from the body , european settlers eliminated what they could not comprehend .
taxonomy and genetics : the eastern puma 5 - year review ( usfws 2011 , pp . 29 - 35 ) provides a full discussion of the taxonomic history of this subspecies . as indicated in that review , the current practice is to refer to the species as puma concolor ( linnaeus 1771 ) and the eastern subspecies as puma concolor couguar .
the service initiated the review as part of its obligations under the endangered species act . the service will prepare a proposal to remove the eastern cougar from the endangered species list , since extinct animals are not eligible for protection under the endangered species act . the proposal will be made available for public comment .
click to enlarge this image . ( 83kb ) click to enlarge this image . ( 21kb ) puma concolor ( cougar ) , peru click to enlarge this image . ( 195kb ) puma concolor ( cougar ) , peru click to enlarge this image . ( 188kb )
“we actually have no historical evidence that the cougar ever occurred here , ” he told me . “well , very little evidence . ”
front paw print of a cougar . an adult paw print is approximately 10 cm ( 4 inches ) long ( esd 1991 ) .
california set a new precedent in 1990 when residents passed a referendum giving the cougar complete protection from sport hunting ( proposition 117 ) .
ironically , the animal that causes more human deaths than any other is not the cougar , but the cougars primary prey : deer .
rcmp say they responded to a 911 call early friday in rocky mountain house about a cougar that was spotted walking down main street .
contemporary accounts of pumas in eastern north america as evidence of the continuing existence of the subspecies : as discussed in the 5 - year review ( usfws 2011 , pp . 36 - 38 ) , renewed interest in puma conservation over the past 60 years has resulted not only in a profusion of reported sightings by the public but also efforts by scientists to determine the presence of pumas in eastern north america . we summarize these accounts below and discuss whether they constitute a basis for concluding that the eastern puma remains extant .
washington— the u . s . fish and wildlife service today declared the eastern puma extinct and removed it from the list of protected wildlife and plants under the endangered species act . the eastern puma was a subspecies of the animal also known as cougar or mountain lion , which is still widely distributed across the west . it once roamed as far north as southeastern ontario , southern quebec and new brunswick in canada , south to south carolina and west to kentucky , illinois and michigan .
extinct animals and plants cannot be protected under the endangered species act , which is meant to recover imperiled species and their habitats . additionally , under law , the eastern cougar listing cannot be used as a method to protect other cougar subspecies . the proposal is available for public inspection june 16 at urltoken . from june 17 to august 17 , 2015 , the proposal will be available for review and comment at urltoken under docket no . fws–r5–es–2015–0001 .
the cougar network has documented three louisiana 2008 confirmations , one resulting in the killing of the animal and the other two being trail camera pictures , and one confirmation from 2002 . in april 2002 , state biologist mike carloss had a visual sighting of a cougar in lake fausse pointe state park . scat was subsequently found which tested positive for cougar dna . also , an interesting sighting report occurred in july 2000 . louisiana department of wildlife and fisheries ( ldw & f ) biologist john stacy and two others had a good visual sighting of a cougar in sabine national wildlife refuge , near the texas border . this area has been a hotbed for credible cougar reports in recent years .
the deer population in new brunswick is high enough to support 140 - 250 cougars . however , logging , mining , and other activities have driven cougars away in search of areas that are free from human disturbance . in order for the eastern cougar to survive , areas of land must be protected from human activity .
yattaw said he had his own cougar encounter last august while he was driving through owls head on his way into work early one morning .
large species that are highly mobile and occur at low densities under the best of conditions are lost . again , the cougar is representative .
mccarthy said it ' s possible that if the test comes back positive for cougar hair , the animal could have been an escaped pet .
the fish and wildlife service in 2011 opened an extensive review of the status of eastern cougars , cousins to mountain lions that still roam western us states and the imperilled florida panthers .
he also shrugs off conspiracy theories . despite what many people believe , his agency nor any other wildlife department in the eastern united states , has released mountain lions in recent history .
the world conservation union ( iucn ) currently lists the cougar as a
least concern
species . the cougar is regulated under appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , rendering illegal international trade in specimens or parts .
last verifiably seen in 1938 , when the final
ghost cat
was shot and killed in maine , the eastern cougar ( puma concolor couguar ) has now been declared extinct by the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) . but that may not stop many people from believing that it still exists .
the puma ' s range throughout southern ontario and manitoba . the eastern subspecies is not stipulated in scott ' s ( 1998 ) range description ; indeed , the review questioned whether the eastern puma was ever a valid subspecies . other authors have also discussed the past distribution of pumas in canada without acknowledging them as the eastern subspecies . rosette ( 2011 ) asserts that native , free - roaming pumas of unknown origin may continue to survive in ontario while conceding that no evidence of their presence has been documented for almost 100 years . in manitoba , on the other hand , several authors have documented a relatively consistent record of pumas , but there is no evidence that these are eastern pumas or that the subspecies ever occurred that far west .
given evidence of growing puma populations in the west , increased dispersal , and availability of dispersal corridors and prey in the midwest , we conclude that wild - origin pumas ( primarily males ) will continue to disperse into the midwestern states and into the historical range of the eastern puma and are the likely source of any wild pumas that currently exist in eastern north america .
beier , p . 1991 . cougar attacks on humans in the united states and canada . wildlife society bulletin , 19 : 403 - 412 .
to me , there would be a lot more evidence .
evidence such as more conclusive dna proof , cougar tracks and eyewitness photos .
the eastern subspecies , known variously as ghost cat , catamount , puma , painter , panther , mountain lion , and cougar , originally hunted from southern canada to the tip of south america . once the most widely distributed land mammal in the western hemisphere , cougars have been eliminated from about two - thirds of their original range .
eastern cougars , which were known as the ' ghost cat ' because of their reclusive nature , grew up to 8ft long - including their tails - with males weighing up to 150lb .
few research studies have monitored cougar populations over periods longer than a few years , and experts are reluctant to apply findings to cougar populations in different areas , given the cats recognized adaptability and subsequent behavioral variation . lack of standardized research methods make it difficult for researchers to share and apply information . as a result , wildlife administrators too frequently face the task of designing cougar management programs based on research data that is both scant and questionable .
it is those illicit cougar keepers who dif & w officials and biologists say are likely to blame for many of the credible sightings around the state . officials suspect that some cougar owners release the cats after they become too large or too costly to keep because of their ravenous appetite for meat .
“the distribution of the eastern cougar in canada and the validity of considering it a subspecies have been questioned . during the twentieth century , cougars were reported in ontario , quebec , new brunswick , and nova scotia , but some of the sightings proved to be encounters with cougars from other areas that had escaped from captivity . there is no objective evidence ( actual cougar specimens or other unequivocal confirmation ) of the continuous presence of cougars in eastern canada since the nineteenth century . for example , since that time , no cougars have been reported killed in ontario , and the one animal killed in quebec , in 1992 , had escaped from captivity . ” ( hinterland who’s who )
cougars are considered big game in many of the western states . there are limited legal harvests in these areas that do not threaten local cougar populations .
wild cougar populations in the west have been expanding their range eastward in the last two decades , with individual cougars confirmed throughout the midwest . evidence of wild cougars dispersing farther east is extremely rare . in 2011 , a solitary young male cougar traveled about 2 , 000 miles from south dakota through minnesota , wisconsin and new york , and was killed on a connecticut highway . a cougar of unknown origin was also killed in kentucky in december 2014 .
according to these standards , we must determine whether the eastern puma is a valid subspecies and whether the subspecies is still extant in order to determine its appropriate listing status . the following sections thus examine the biological and legal information considered to be most germane to the status of the eastern puma as a valid , extant subspecies before looking at factors that may affect the its continued existence .


datnioides microlepis , also known as the indonesian tiger datnoid , indo datmoid , indonesian tigerfish , or finescale tigerfish , is a species of freshwater fish endemic to the malay peninsula and indonesia ( sumatra and kalimantan ) .

previous records from the chao phraya and mekong rivers is due to confusion with the d. pulcher ( siamese tigerfish ) , which was included in d. microlepis until 1998 .

it reaches up to 45 cm ( 1 ft 6 in ) in length .

this fish is commonly seen in the aquarium trade , and often is seen when juvenile about 3 – 4 in ( 8 – 10 cm ) long .

datnioides microlepis

i am looking for datnioides pulcher . i like this one my phone is 6465933435 , usa
datnioides : from the genus name datnia and ancient greek εἶδος  ( eîdos ) , meaning ‘form , likeness’ .
microlepis : from the ancient greek μικρός  ( mikrós ) , meaning ‘small’ , and λεπίς  ( lepís ) , meaning ‘scale’ .
in the ornamental trade d . microlepis is the most widely available tiger perch and is sometimes sold as d . pulcher in order to raise prices , since the latter is considered critically endangered in the wild and may already be extirpated from thailand . both species are also fished for human consumption .
there are additional differences in colour pattern and meristic characters , and in practice it is difficult to confuse d . microlepis with any species other than d . pulcher , these two having been considered conspecific prior to 1998 . in principle they can be separated by the number of dark body bars , but this observation appears to be based solely on specimens from borneo with the colour pattern of sumatran and malaysian populations undocumented . adult individuals can usually be separated on the basis of base body colour , which tends towards orangey - brown in d . pulcher , dirty yellowish - grey in d . microlepis .
following kottelat ( 2001 ) , the genus datnioides is diagnosed by the following combination of characters : second spinous anal - fin ray longer than the first and third rays ; presence of fine teeth and 2 - 3 blunt spines on the edge of the opercle ; 50 + lateral line scales ; barred colour pattern .
datnioides spp . typically produce a lot of waste so the use of large external filters is essential . if possible buy units with built in heaters or at least fit a sturdy heater - guard since adults have been known to damage submerged equipment . sump systems also work well , and the heater can be housed within .
they do not travel well and can be tricky to stabilise post - import , often refusing to feed and continuously exhibiting a colour pattern indicative of stress but also displayed at night . in d . microlepis the dark body bars fade , leaving only the margins or a series of spots distinctly visible , with the majority of the body greyish , brownish , or blackish .
members were included in the genus coius during the 1990s , but coius is now considered to be a synonym of the genus anabas ( kottelat , 2000 ) . the former family name coiidae is thus a synonym of anabantidae , and datnioides species comprise the monotypic family datnioididae . the genus has also been included in the marine tripletail family lobotidae in the past , and preliminary phylogenetic analyses suggest a close relationship these two groups .
d . microlepis is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters : presence of 6 - 7 wide dark bars on the body , the first of which usually continues uninterrupted across the opercle , onto the thoracic region , and across the ventral surface of the body ( vs . 4 - 5 wide bars in d . pulcher ; 4 - 6 wide bars with diffuse margins in d . campbelli ; up to 7 bars , sometimes with 1 - 4 smaller bars between in d . polota ; 4 relatively thinner bars , first bar sometimes not continuous on operculum , not usually extending onto thoracic region or ventral surface of body , sometimes a single , additional partial bar in d . undecimradiatus ) ; a distinct black marking immediately anterior to the pelvic - fin base ( vs . no such marking in d . undecimradiatus ) ; body scales small , with 70 - 100 in the lateral series ( vs . large , 40 - 60 in the lateral series in d . polota and d . campbelli ) ; predorsal profile almost straight ( vs . distinctly concave in d . polota and d . campbelli ) .
asia : chao phraya basin , mekong basin of mainland southeast asia , kapuas basin in western borneo and musi basin in sumatra ( ref . 10425 ) . protected in thailand ( ref . 12217 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 45 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 ) ; max . published weight : 10 . 0 kg ( ref . 9497 )
has the deepest body of any species of coius , 2 . 1 - 2 . 4 times in sl . specimens from mainland southeast asia invariably with five full bars , specimens from borneo with 6 - 7 bars , all usually continued across ventral surface of body . first bar extending uninterrupted and undiminished across opercle and onto thoracic region , and continued across ventral surface of body ; a well defined black mark on ventral surface of body immediately anterior to base of pelvic fins ( not present in other coius ) . partial bars almost invariably absent . branched dorsal rays 14 - 18 ; branched anal rays 9 - 11 , usually 10 ( ref . 10425 ) .
inhabits freshwater rivers , lakes and reservoirs , frequenting areas with a lot of submerged branches , such as flooded forests ( ref . 12693 ) . adult fish feed on small shrimps , fish fry and small fishes while young individuals take zooplankton ( ref . 6459 ) . also feeds on crabs , worms and insect larvae ( ref . 12693 ) and plants ( ref . 56749 ) . esteemed food fish which is marketed fresh and often seen in aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) .
roberts , t . r . and m . kottelat , 1994 . the indo - pacific tigerperches , with a new species from the mekong basin ( pisces : coiidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 5 ( 3 ) : 257 - 266 . ( ref . 10425 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 55 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( fec = 30 , 000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 42 of 100 ) .
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apparently restricted to the malay peninsula and western indonesia , where it is known from the perak and selangor river systems in peninsular malaysia , batang hari and musi watersheds in sumatra , and kapuas basin in kalimantan ( indonesian borneo ) . it is unclear whether its range extends into peninsular thailand , while records from the chao phraya and mekong river basins refer to the congener d . pulcher .
an exclusive inhabitant of large , deep , typically lowland freshwater rivers , and not thought to enter brackish environments . it has been collected from flooded forests during the annual wet season .
juveniles and subadults should be provided with a well - decorated , planted aquarium with driftwood roots and branches . larger individuals are relatively unfussy , although some surface cover in the form of floating or overhanging vegetation or branches is appreciated . the addition of marine salt is not required at any life stage .
an efficient , largely piscivorous , predator with highly protrusible mouthparts . in the aquarium , juveniles can be offered chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , small earthworms , chopped prawn , and suchlike , while adults will accept strips of fish flesh , whole prawns , mussels , live river shrimp , larger earthworms , etc . older individuals do not require feeding on a daily basis , with 2 - 3 times per week sufficient .
this species should not be fed mammalian or avian meat such as beef heart or chicken since some of the lipids contained in these cannot be properly metabolised by the fish and may cause excess fat deposits and even organ degeneration . similarly , there is no benefit in the use of ‘feeder’ fish such as livebearers or small goldfish , which carry with them the risk of parasite or disease introduction and tend not have a high nutritional value unless properly conditioned beforehand .
can be maintained alongside similarly - sized fishes if sufficient space is available , but might be intimidated by territorial or otherwise competitive species .
although juveniles may form groups , adults are not gregarious and tend to respond aggressively to conspecifics and similarly - shaped fishes . they are best maintained singly or in a group of 5 or more individuals .
unrecorded in captivity . observations by local fishermen in the kapuas river suggest it to be non - migratory , spawning in april and may , with no parental care .
in aquarium literature this species is also referred to as ‘fine scaled tiger fish’ , ‘indonesian tiger fish ( or ‘it’ ) ’ , ‘sumatran tiger fish’ , ‘indo datnoid’ , ‘indo dat’ , and ‘false siamese tiger fish’ . the common name of ‘tiger fish’ is also used in reference to the african alestid genus hydrocynus , therefore the more appropriate ‘tiger perch’ was suggested by roberts and kottelat ( 1994 ) .
bleeker , p . , 1854 - natuurkundig tijdschrift voor nederlandsch indië v . 5 : 427 - 462 zevende bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van borneo . zoetwatervisschen van sambas , pontianak en pangaron .
hashim , z . h . , r . y . zainuddin , a . s . r . md . shah , s . a . m . sah , m . s . mohammad , and m . mansor , 2012 - check list 8 ( 3 ) : 408 - 413 fish checklist of perak river , malaysia .
kottelat , m . , 2001 - wht publications , colombo : 1 - 198 fishes of laos .
kottelat , m . , 2013 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .
kottelat , m . , 2000a - journal of south asian natural history 5 ( 1 ) : 83 - 90 notes on taxonomy , nomenclature and distribution of some fishes of laos .
kottelat , m . , 2000b - journal of south asian natural history 5 ( 1 ) : 91 - 94 the type species of the genus - group names coius hamilton , 1822 and datnia cuvier , 1829 and the type - genus of the family - group name datnioididae bleeker , 1858 .
kottelat , m . and e . widjanarti , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 13 : 139 - 173 the fishes of danau sentarum national park and the kapuas lakes area , kalimantan barat , indonesia .
rainboth , w . j . , 1996 - rome , fao : 1 - 265 fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fishes of the cambodian mekong .
roberts , t . r . , 1989 - memoirs of the california academy of sciences no . 14 : i - xii + 1 - 210 the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) .
roberts , t . r . and m . kottelat , 1994 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 5 ( 3 ) : 257 - 266 the indo - pacific tigerperches , with a new species from the mekong basin ( pisces : coiidae ) .
tan , h . h . and m . kottelat , 2009 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 20 ( 1 ) : 13 - 69 the fishes of the batang hari drainage , sumatra , with description of six new species .
betta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .
fish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .
piranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !
setting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !
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we have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?
looking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .
i ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?
i like that fish so much . but i wonder where can i find that siamese tiger fish . john tang
has been a standard in the aquarium industry for decades . it is a large , very attractive , deep bodied aquarium fish . its coloration is a golden body contrasted with bold black bands . it can reach up to 18 inches ( 45 cm ) in length , though in the aquarium they generally only get 9 to 12 inches ( 20 - 30 cm ) . this beautiful fish is a great addition to any large tank containing relatively non - aggressive , predatory fish
the siamese tiger fish is one of the most handsome large fish in the aquarium hobby , especially with its brilliant coloration when young . they come from the coastal rivers and swamps of southeastern asia . as a general rule , the number of bars on the fish will tell you its approximate origin . fish collected from mainland southeast asia usually have 5 full bars and ones collected from borneo or sumatra usually have 6 to 7 full bars .
this fish has long been a favorite species for the large predatory fish tank , especially in asia . even though the price remains relatively high , the popularity of this gold datnoid endures . in recent years there has been a surge in popularity in europe and the united states as well . the gold datnoid is known by quite a number of equally descriptive names ranging from siamese tiger fish , indonesian tiger fish , finescale tigerfish , gold datnoid , gold tiger datnoid , finescale tigerfish , yellow tiger fish , to the black barred tiger fish .
the siamese tiger fish is one of two commonly available datnoids , or
dat ' species . the other is the silver tigerfish or four - barred tigerfish
will also occasionally show up , and when it does it commands a very high price . a fourth species , the wide bar tigerfish or wide bar dat
, frequently called the siamese tigerfish and siamese tiger perch , is much sought after but is quite rare .
these datnoid species can get confused and are sometimes mislabeled in pet stores . however they can easily be distinguished with a bit of close observation . for fish identification of these datnoids by their distinguishing features . see the discussion below under
description
.
and the family coiidae by roberts and kottelat in 1994 . kottelat again revised the genus in 2000 to its current classification of
and the family datnioididae . other common names it is known by include indonesian tiger fish , finescale tigerfish , gold datnoid , gold tiger datnoid , finescale tigerfish , yellow tiger fish , and black barred tiger fish .
this species is found on the southeast mainland of asia in the mekong basin , the chao phraya river basin in the center of thailand , the musi basin in sumatra , the kapuas basin in western borneo , and in cambodia . the origin of this fish can be determined by the number of bars on the fish . fish from southeast asia will normally have 5 bars and the ones from borneo and sumatra will usually have 6 to 7 bars .
these fish are not listed on the iucn red list , but may be endangered in many regions from capturing them for food fish and the aquarium industry . it is said to possibly be extinct in the chao pharya river basin in thailand .
the indonesian tiger fish inhabits large bodies of waters such as lakes , reservoirs , and rivers . it dwells among submerged trees and roots . the young will eat zooplankton , but as they mature their diet becomes fish fry and small fishes , small shrimps , crabs , worms , and insect larvae . they possibly eat some plant matter as well .
the siamese tiger fish is a deep bodied fish with a sharply slanted forehead . it has a golden toned body with black vertical bars . they are usually full bars extending across the entire body . depending upon the geographic location , they can have between 5 and 7 bars . these fish can get up to at least 18 inches ( 45 cm ) in length in the wild . this size is rare in home aquariums however . in captivity they will generally generally only reach between 9 to 12 inches ( 20 - 30 cm ) . they have a life span of about 15 years .
the silver tigerfish is distinguished from the other species by its silver body coloration . it also has more of a
bullet
body shape and up to 7 full black bars , often with 1 to 4 partial bars in between the full bars . this species naturally occurs in brackish waters , which has led to a common misconception that all tiger fish species are brackish .
the new guinea tigerfish will occasionally show up , and when it does it commands a very high price . it is easily distinguished from the other
species by its intense gold body color with indistinct black bars that are irregular and variegated .
the wide bar tigerfish is quite rare but much sought after in the hobby . it is also frequently called the siamese tigerfish . being very similar in appearance to
, the two are easily confused , which is further complicated by the cross - over use of the same common name . the wide bar tigerfish is easy to distinguish however . the wide central black band on the
17 . 7 inches ( 45 . 01 cm ) - rarely grow that large in captivity . usually reach between 9 to 12 inches ( 20 - 30 cm ) in the aquarium .
15 years - these fish are quite long lived , with a life span of 10 years or longer .
the siamese tiger fish is suggested for a more experienced fish keeper . they are a large predatory fish , though relatively peaceful with similar types of fish . however they need a large tank to live in and these fish demand pristine waters . they can also be difficult to feed . these fish can take a great amount of space and pose a great financial responsibility .
indonesian tiger fish are primarily carnivores . they are a predator that in the wild primarily feeds on fish fry and small fishes , small shrimps , crabs , worms , and insect larvae . in the aquarium their main diet consists of smaller fish although they can sometimes be coaxed into eating shrimp , worms or insects . one look at their large mouth will tell you that small tank mates will disappear quickly . they are not aggressive towards other species but will attempt to eat any fish that will fit into their mouth .
all of diet - these fish can be trained to take frozen foods so as not to contaminate the tank with feeder fish .
these are big messy eating fish . if their tank is set up to match that of their natural environment , it can be very difficult to maintain a clean tank . the need for a large external canister filter is very important . weekly water changes of at least 30 % are needed .
the gold tiger datnoid will swim in all parts of the aquarium . when first purchased however , yours will probably hide near the bottom until it gets accustomed to its new home . this species will require a large aquarium . an aquarium the size of 60 gallons would house small to medium fish , but if you plan on growing this fish to adult size , an aquarium in excess of 100 gallons will eventually be needed . a large external canister filter is very important for maintaining the water quality . these fish will jump , so make sure to have a tight fitting cover .
considering this as a brackish water species is a common mistake . there are datnoid species that live exclusively in brackish water but the siamese tiger fish is not one of them . they don ' t occur in seawater and they will not do well in strongly brackish water either . they can do fine in slightly brackish water with a specific gravity of 1 . 005 to 1 . 010 , but anything more will cause problems . as a matter of fact a very low specific gravity between 1 . 003 to 1 . 005 , though not necessary , can be good for long term health .
in nature these fish live in vegetated areas with submerged trees and roots . they like to hide among the vegetation , camouflaged by their striped patterning , and wait for prey to happen by . in the aquarium it is suggested that they be provided with places for retreat such as rocks and caves , or driftwood . floating plants and some sturdy aquatic plants set in the substrate can offer a sense of seclusion and also help to provide subdued lighting .
the challenge with having a tank designed to provide a more natural environment is that it is more of a problem to maintain . cleaning up after these big messy predators can be difficult with too much decor . many people have also had great success keeping these fish in a very minimally decorated tank to get the best viewing . these fish seem to do fine in either setting .
60 gal ( 227 l ) - for adults , an aquarium of 100 gallons or more will be needed .
no - they are fine in freshwater but can tolerate very slightly brackish waters .
the siamese tiger fish are non - aggressive towards other species but will sometimes quarrel among themselves . they will also attempt to eat any fish that will fit into their mouth . unless your tank is huge , plan on keeping only one gold datnoid . if you want to keep more , you will need a very large aquarium and it is suggested to keep several . a group setting 5 or more is needed to disperse any aggressive behavior .
unfortunately , their low salinity tolerance puts limits the types of brackish water tank mates they can be kept with . tank mates like monos and scats would be great , but these species need too high a salinity content , so don ' t make good long term companions . good tank mates are fish of comparable size like archers , green chromides , and big sleeper gobies .
sometimes - can be aggressive to its own species unless in groups of 5 or more .
the siamese tiger fish have never spawned in a home aquarium . it is now being bred commercially in indonesia . however the method used is , for now , a secret .
with the siamese tiger fish , disease is not usually a problem in a well maintained aquarium . that being said there is no guarantee that you won ' t have to deal with health problems or disease . anything you add to your tank can bring disease to your tank . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to upset the balance . gold datnoid are very resilient once established in a tank .
a good thing about the gold datnoid is that due to their resilience , an outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage . when keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your gold datnoid the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet . the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have , making them healthier and happy . a stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease .
gold datnoid are fairly hardy fish when mature , but are subject to the same diseases as other tropical fish . one of the most common freshwater fish ailments is ich . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .
the siamese tiger fish is commonly available but may be relatively hard to find due to its high price . a special order may be required to get one . other names they may be found for sale as include indonesian tiger fish , gold tiger datnoid , and gold datnoid .
glen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005
dr . rüdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 1 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1991
i like that fish so much . but i wonder where can i find that siamese tiger fish .
i just picked one up and trying to learn about it . was an adoption situation so any info would be cool . i have nursed other fish like my oscar back to health . gave ursala a siamese tiger own tank and is doing ok . poor thing has been in 3 tanks in last few days and want her as healthy and happy as possible . info wanted
live foods are your best bet , try small fish , worms , and shrimps .
hi all ! ! ! i used to have beautiful datnoids when i was younger , about 20 years ago . i loved them ! ! . i recentl just bought a 155 gallon bowfront aquarium , and want some beautiful datnoids in it ! ! i remember there were 2 different kinds of datnoids ? . i think , 1 was more silver , and the other a true beige & black stipped tiger datnoid ? . which is the better of the 2 ? , would any one know ? . i live in toronto , ontario , canada . i am looking all over for a tiger datnoid , could anyone help me find a baby ? , or a ? tiger datnoid ? . thanks very much ! ! ! ! ! !
i would love to order a true tiger datnoid , where could i do this ? . please if anyone could help me , i would greatly appreciate it ! ! thanks ! ! in advance ! ! ! ! andrew
normally you can go to a pet shop and have them order you one . i wouldn ' t go to a change . try a smaller store that just deals with fish .
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water is a bit cloudy since i just fed them , the tigerfish is at least 44cm anyhow .
me time , size 8 - 13
. dats is great , enjoy fellas !
: a thickset , high backed fish with lateral compression . the front portion of the dorsal fin is inconspicuous , lying close to the body . the caudal fin is fan shaped and the anal fin is small . the body color is white to yellowish brown with five broad , black vertical bands , the first runs through the eye , while the last marks the caudal penuncle . the first rays of the pelvic fin are white , while the rears parts are black . the other fins are white to brown .
: to 24
( 61 cm ) in nature , although rarely exceeds 16
( 41 cm ) in captivity .
: a 36
( 91 cm ) or 35 - 45 gallon ( 132 - 170 l ) tank is sufficient for fish up to 8
( 20 cm ) in length . larger fish require a tank measuring at least 48
( 122 cm ) with a volume exceeding 50 gallons ( 190 l ) . the tank should have subdued lighting possibly with a cover of floating plants . this species requires hiding places such as rocks , wood , or caves . use plants that can tolerate brackish conditions along the rear and sides of the tank .
: ph 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ( 7 . 0 ) , 6 - 15 dh ( 8 ) , 72 - 82°f ( 22 - 28°c ) . a 1 - 1 . 5 % addition of salt is suggested . add 7 . 5 - 11 tsp of salt per 10 gallons ( 10 - 15 g / 10 l ) .
: keep only with other large , hardy brackish water fish . the tiger fish is tolerant of its own species and may battle over territory with other species . a good candidate for a species tank .
: 7 . this hardy and aggressive species requires live foods and brackish water conditions . it reaches a large size and demands a large tank .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
should be kept either singly or in groups of 5 or more , smaller groups can result in aggression issues . tank mates should be considered very carefully , they should not be kept with aggressive fish nor with fish smaller than itself as they risk being eaten .
a carnivorous fish that will generally not accept dry foods . feed with meaty foods such as shrimp and silversides .
sometimes labelled as brackish , this is a true freshwater fish . requires a laterally spacious tank and prefers alkaline water . hiding places amongst tall plants or large décor is appreciated .
, the true siamese tigerfish only has 3 - 4 vertical stripes , whereas this fish has 5 - 7 vertical stripes . this fish has a
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 03 .
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