virginia valeriae , commonly known as the smooth earth snake , is a species of nonvenomous natricine colubrid snake native to the eastern half of the united states .

virginia valeriae

conservation and management : virginia v . valeriae is not a species of special concern in virginia due to its widespread occurrence .
the western smooth earth snake , virginia valeriae elegans , is the subspecies found in iowa .
ecology of the smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) and redbelly snake ( storeria . . . | kufs research
a relatively small snake , adult virginia valeriae measure 17 . 5 - 25 cm ( 7 - 10 in ) .
virginia valeriae is found in portions of northeast texas , oklahoma and kansas east to the atlantic coast from new jersey to florida .
valeriae is to honor miss valeria blaney , the first documented collector of the species .
virginia - virgo ( latin ) meaning virgin . this name might have been coined for the state of virginia ;
the single subspecies of virginia valeriae present in texas , v . v . elegans , is found from the austin and san antonio areas northeastward towards tyler and longview .
noteworthy snake records from false cape state park , city of virginia beach , virginia - gary m . williamson and steven m . roble
virginia valeriae is a live - bearing species . litters of between 5 - 10 snakes , measuring 6 cm ( 2 . 5 in ) , are typically seen in august and september .
subspecies : virginia v . valeriae has 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody and smooth scales ( except above the cloaca ) , and is usually gray . virginia v . pulchra has 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody and weakly keeled scales , and is usually brownish .
1861 - 1862 asst . surgeon , 5th pa cavalry . served in virginia .
a herpetological survey of mole hill in rockingham county , virginia . - matthew neff
a herpetological survey of the quarry gardens at schuyler , virginia . - matthew neff
fluctuations in mating activity of hyla chrysoscelis in southside virginia - richard l . hoffman
some noteworthy lizard observations from virginia and nearby areas - w . h . martin
turtle mortality in powhatan county , virginia - jason d . gibson ( full article )
amphibians and reptiles from candler mountain , campbell county , virginia - paul w . sattler
reproduction in a western smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae elegans ) from western kentucky ; 1991 ; article ; journal ; bulletin of the chicago herpetological society ; morris , m . a . ; walsh . , s . j .
an annotated checklist of reptiles and amphibians from highland county , virginia - david a . young
naomi and darson found a smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) . this species does not grow large - 7 to 10 inches . they live in moist environments - under logs boards on the ground , eating soft - bellied insects .
virginia herpetological society survey of back bay nwr and false cape state park - david a . perry
an annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of shenandoah national park virginia - william l . witt
pisani , g . , w . h . busby . 2011 . ecology of the smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) and redbelly snake ( storeria occipitomaculata ) in northeastern kansas . kansas biological survey , lawrence , ks report no . 172 : 37 pp .
smooth earth snake , virginia valeriae , which it shares range and habitat . the keeling on the scales being the only way to distinguish the species . for additional detail , see identification of smooth and keeled scales , university of florida , department of herpetology . more
checklist and keys to the amphibians and reptiles of virginia ' s eastern shore - joseph c . mitchell
the smooth earth snake is currently listed by south carolina and virginia as a species of special concern . more
the new kent county , virginia timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) locality is invalid . - joseph c . mitchell
a survey of the amphibians and reptiles of old colchester park in fairfax county , virginia - john m . orr
results of the spring 2008 annual vhs survey : colonial national historic park yorktown , virginia - timothy p . christensen
the upland chorus frog ( pseudacris feriarum ) in virginia : a species in decline ? - carol a . pollio
reptile and amphibian survey of selected tracts on the northern neck and middle peninsula of virginia - robert s . greenlee
copperheads on the york - james peninsula , virginia - robert a . s . wright and warren p . gray
the wood turtle ( clemmys insculpta ) in eastern fairfax county , virginia - joseph c . mitchell and john pilcicki
geographic variation : male v . v . pulchra in virginia had a slightly higher average number of ventral scales ( 116 . 0 ± 2 . 2 , 113 - 118 , n = 4 ) and a higher average number of subcaudals ( 41 . 8 ± 2 . 9 , 38 - 45 , n = 4 ) ) than male v . v . valeriae ( ventrals 113 . 8 ± 3 . 2 , 107 - 119 , n = 28 ; subcaudals 34 . 1 ± 2 . 7 , 29 - 40 , n = 28 ) . the total v . v . pulchra sample exhibited a higher average number of ventrals + subcaudals ( 157 . 2 ± 3 . 6 , 154 - 162 , n = 5 ) than the sample of v . v . valeriae ( 146 . 6 ± 4 . 4 , 139 - 156 , n = 66 ) . the largest known female virginia valeriae in virginia ( 320 mm total length ) is a v . v . pulchra ; the largest v . v . valeriae female is 308 mm total length .
a herpetological survey of dixie caverns and explore park in roanoke , virginia , and the wehrle’s salamander . - matthew neff
amphibian and reptile survey of the naval security group activity northwest , city of chesapeake , virginia - michael j . pinder
eastern narrow - mouthed toads ( gastrophryne carolinensis ) in mathews county , virginia - john b . bazuin , jr .
summary of virginia geographic distribution records and natural history notes published in herpetological review from 1991 - 2005 - steven m . roble
amphibians and reptiles of beaver pond habitats in the laurel fork recreation area , highland county , virginia - steven m . roble
valeriae - ( new latin ) in honor of valery blaney ( 1828 - 1900 ) , collector of the type specimen ; elegans - ( latin ) meaning tasteful , choice , fine , select .
turtle diversity of u . s . army installation , fort eustis , virginia - james d . dolan and timothy p . christensen
herpetofaunal biodiversity of the rice center for environmental life sciences , charles city county , virginia - jason d . gibson and paul sattler
summary of virginia sea turtle strandings during 2002 - erin e . seney , katherine l . mansfield , and john a . musick
records of amphibians and reptiles from fort lee , prince george county , virginia - steven m . roble and christopher s . hobson
amphibians and reptiles of sugarland run , fairfax and loudoun counties , virginia : estimated numbers and commercial value - joseph c . mitchell
1712 - 1719 studied flora and fauna of virginia . he was one of the first english naturalists working on southeastern us coastal plain .
confusing species : in virginia , this species may be confused with several other small snakes . virginia striatula has strongly keeled scales and 17 dorsal scale rows ; juveniles have a light collar behind the head . other potentially confusing species are in the h . striatula account .
results of the 2013 herpblitz at dick cross wildlife management area , mecklenburg county virginia - paul w . sattler and jason d . gibson
mark - recapture study of an isolated population of the mediterranean gecko ( h . turcicus ) in bedford co . , virginia - kyle harris
effects of ph and heavy metal concentrations on amphibian breeding and community structure on a reclaimed pyrite mine in northern virginia - carol a . pollio
records of amphibians and reptiles from
the cedars
region of lee county , virginia - steven m . roble and christopher s . hobson
survey of herpetofauna on the campus of hampden - sydney college in prince edward county , virginia - rachel e . goodman and e . davis carter
preliminary estimation of capture rates for red - backed salamanders at the randolph - macon college environmental station , doswell , virginia - j . d . mcghee
scalation of the eastern mudsnake ( farancia abacura abacura ) in virginia - john d . kleopfer , anne b . wright , and holly s . houtz
herpetofauna of logged and unlogged forest stands in south - central virginia : preliminary results - todd s . fredericksen , ken graves and tim pohlad - thomas
paul r . burch ' s herpetological collection at radford college , virginia : a valuable resource lost - richard l . hoffman and joseph c . mitchell
records of amphibians and reptiles from breaks interstate park , dickenson county , virginia - jason d . gibson , paul w . sattler and steven m . roble
impact of prescribed burning on three eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) in southwestern virginia . - todd s . fredericksen , gage station and javin metz
timing of juvenile amphibian dispersal from small ponds in southern virginia - todd s . fredericksen , anthony garcia , justin hall , kaitlyn deforest , and adam morehead
opportunistic anuran surveys in southeastern virginia : looking for oak toads , but finding . . . . . . spadefoots ! - paul sattler and jason daniel gibson
an unusual breeding event in an urban park in danville , virginia with specific notes on the eastern spadefoot ( scaphiopus holbrookii ) - jason d . gibson and paul sattler
overwintering behavior of the eastern box turtle ( terrapene carolina carolina ) in the virginia piedmont - david ellington , kelly rae ingram , tiffany walker and todd s . fredericksen
observations on the responce of four eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) to clearcut logging and chipping in southern virginia - todd s . fredericksen and joshua l . bernard
records of amphibians and reptiles from fort pickett , virginia - steven m . roble , anne c . chazal , katharine l . derge , and christopher s . hobson .
netting and mittleman , 1938
to a collector , mr . neil d . richmond , who has done much to increase our knowledge of the herpetofauna of
( west virginia ) .
m . c . swartwout , r . andrews , and d . linzey . 2014 . geographic distribution hemidactylus turcicus from montgomery county , virginia . herpetolocial review 45 ( 1 ) : 92
discovery of a population of scarlet kingsnakes ( lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides ) in the virginia piedmont - steven m . roble , gregory n . woodie and michael d . kinsler ( full article )
salamander diversity and abundance along buck run in the laurel fork area of highland county , virginia - h . steve adams , michael s . hayslett , and chris hobson ( full article )
opportunistic surveys for the oak toad ( bufo quercicus ) in southeastern virginia : on the trail of leslie burger - steven m . roble , christopher s . hobson , and anne c . chazal
a preliminary survey of the amphibians and reptiles of savage neck dunes natural area preserve , northampton county , virginia - steven m . roble , anne c . chazal , and amber k . foster
collins ( 1991 ) suggested that v . v . pulchra should be elevated to full species status , largely because it was allopatric with v . v . valeriae . this suggestion and others have not been verified or accepted by the herpetological community . any taxonomic conclusion about the specific status of pulchra should await a definitive systematic study .
. other names that have been used in the illinois literature include haldea valeriae elegans ( stejneger & barbour , 1939 , a checklist . . . 4th ed . ) ; v . harpeti elegans ( boucourt , 1886 ) and potamophis striatulus ( van cleave , 1928 , illinois state acad . sci . trans . 20 : 133 - 136 ) .
fulton , j . n . , m . couch , and w h . smith . 2014 . new geographic distribution records for herpetofauna in southwestern virginia , usa . herpetological review 45 ( 1 ) : 105 - 106 .
syntopic occurrence of eurycea lucifuga ( cave salamander ) , e . longicauda longicauda ( long - tailed salamander ) , and e . guttolineata ( three - lined salamander ) in the piedmont of virginia - norman reichenbach and liberty university students
remarks : other common names for this snake in virginia are valeria ' s snake ( hay , 1902 ; dunn , 1936 ) ; eastern ground snake ( carroll , 1950 ) ; and brown snake , worm snake , and ground snake ( linzey and clifford , 1981 ) .
an investigation of co - infection by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus ( fv3 ) in anurans of two natural areas in anne arundel county , maryland and fairfax county , virginia , usa . - lauren d . fuchs , todd a . tupper , christine a . bozarth , david fernandez , and robert aguilar
several steps are recommended for conserving and managing this snake . the full extent of its distribution in virginia needs to be revealed , as does its ecological requirements and life history . we also need to determine the extent of logging threats and where selected populations should be protected . management could include limitations on logging practices , exclusion of some areas from logging , and maintenance of open sunlit areas for gravid females .
description : a small snake reaching a maximum total length of 393 mm ( 15 . 5 inches ) ( conant and collins , 1991 ) . in virginia , maximum known snout - vent length ( svl ) is 276 mm ( 10 . 9 inches ) and maximum total length is 320 mm ( 12 . 6 inches ) . in this study , tail length / total length was 11 . 0 - 21 . 8 % ( ave . = 15 . 8 ± 3 . 0 , n = 72 ) .
range and habitat : this species can be found in scattered locations throughout the eastern and central u . s . and throughout georgia and south carolina . its geographic range includes much of the coastal plain , piedmont , and mountains , from southern virginia to louisiana , but the species is absent from peninsular florida and most of the region of either side of the mississippi river . this species is found in a variety of forested habitats with plenty of ground cover , but is most common in moist deciduous forests and edge habitats .
alexandria city alleghany county amelia county amherst county bedford county botetourt county campbell county caroline county charles city county chesterfield county clarke county cumberland county danville city fairfax city fairfax county falls church city fauquier county fluvanna county franklin county fredericksburg city gloucester county hampton city hanover county henrico county henry county highland county james city county lancaster county lynchburg city mecklenburg county new kent county newport news city northumberland county page county petersburg city pittsylvania county powhatan county prince george county prince william county richmond county rockingham county scott county shenandoah county southampton county spotsylvania county stafford county suffolk city surry county virginia beach city westmoreland county williamsburg city york county verified in 52 counties / cities .
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klauber , 1945 :
named for clinton g . abbott , director of the san diego society of natural history , a friend , editorial guide and a scientific associate for many years .
1881 born in liverpool , england , son of american citizens , april 17th .
member of the american ornithologists union , western society of naturalists and many other professional societies .
] after the celebrated zoologist , whose work on the development , anatomy and classification of american turtles [
contributions to the natural history of the united states
] leaves nothing to be desired in these particulars . we may hope before long to see his descriptions of the genera and species , on which he has been engaged for several years , and which , like the tortoise itself , though slow in coming , will doubtless prove of solid worth and durable quality .
studied at jardin des plantes , paris , france under baron cuvier , the founder of comparative anatomy .
1832 lecturer and curator at the u neuchatel , switzerland . by the time he left switzerland , he had 175 publications including : 20 books with 2000 plates .
1846 awarded funds by king friedrich wilhelm iv of prussia to travel to america and study glaciers . he was appointed to the lowell lectureship at harvard . his popular lectures in us paid neuchatel debts and provided funds for continuing researches .
my intention is not , however , to impart information , but to throw the burden of study on you . if i succeed in teaching you to observe , my aim will be attained .
1848 chair of zoology and geology , lawrence scientific school , harvard , cambridge , ma . henry d . thoreau sent agassiz , turtles , fish and a black snake . the fish was new to science .
1850 wed elizabeth cabot cary , who had to become adjusted to snakes in the closet and worse .
1865 went to brazil with mrs . a . , paid assistants and student volunteers aboard the
. dom pedro ii , emperor of brazil opened the amazon to the expedition for study .
1866 in july , the thayer expedition returned home with more than 80 , 000 specimens .
1871 explored a glacier in the strait of magellan . named it in honor of their steamer , the
1873 john anderson , gave his island of penikese in buzzard ' s bay off new bedford , ma and $ 50k to start a summer school for marine natural history , which became the marine biological laboratory at wood ' s hole , ma . authored
contributions to the natural history of the united states of america ,
1st 2 volumes on turtles .
neill , 1949
in honor of mr . [ e . ross ] allen , for it was his assiduous collecting which focused attention on the form . . .
1911 - 1922 family moved several times : topeka , ks ; mt . vernon , oh ; muncie , in ; akron , oh ; middletown , oh . he studied the natural history of each of those areas .
1929 founder and director of the ross allen reptile institute , silver springs , florida .
1941 - 1945 directed the milking of 73 , 960 poisonous snakes to fill war contracts for antivenin .
biography by hylander , c . j .
adventures with reptiles , the story of ross allen .
julian messner inc . new york , 1957
scion of two historic american families , the allen ' s back to 1640 , and the trumbull ' s to 1639 .
1852 at the age of 14 , made a collection of birds and attempted to draw and color them .
1861 sold his collections to wilbraham academy , springfield , ma , to finance his studies at harvard with louis agassiz .
1865 - 1866 zoological assistant , thayer expedition to brazil , under prof . agassiz .
1867 collecting expedition to western ny , southeastern in , northern il , western ia , southern mi .
1868 - 1869 expedition to east florida , via st . johns river to the head of lake george for mcz .
1868 - 1880 curator of reptiles , birds and mammals , boston society of natural history .
1870 - 1875 asst . ornithology and curator of birds and mammals , museum of comparative zoology ( mcz ) , harvard .
1871 - 1872 fort leavenworth , ks , west to northern ut for mcz .
1873 chief of the party of naturalists of the n . pacific railroad expedition from bismark , nd to the yellowstone and back for the smithsonian .
1876 - 1883 corresponding secretary , nuttall ornithological club and editor of its bulletin .
1883 - 1891 president of the american ornithologist union . editor of
the auk
from 1883 - 1912
1910 + member of the commission on zoological nomenclature of the international congress of zoology .
he received many honorary degrees and continued writing until close to his death . he was impatient of careless work and generalizations based on insufficient data .
pre 1859 collected type in the town of hyatt in anderson county , ks .
1887 - 1933 began collecting for the us department of agriculture and continued the work until his retirement as chief field naturalist of the us biological survey .
1893 wrote
spermophiles of the mississippi valley ,
and many other publications .
1894 - 1895 studied at the columbian u ( now george washington u , washington , dc ) .
fellow of the american association for the advancement of science , american ornithologists union , and the cooper ornithological club .
1846 baird ' s collection added to those of the us exploring expedition ( wilkes expedition ) specimens formed core of natural history specimens at the smithsonian institution .
biographies : ( 1 ) dall ,
spencer fullerton baird ,
lippincott , philadelphia 1915 . and
letters of spencer fullerton baird ;
( 3 ) biographical memoirs of spencer fullerton baird , published in both the auk , vol . 5 , 1888 , # 1 ; and smithsonian report for 1888 , washington , dc , 1890 ; ( 4 ) bibliography : bull . us natl . mus . # 20 .
babcock , 1937
in proposing subspecific distinction for this isolated group , i associate the name of my friend the late mr . outram bangs who first called by attention to this unique new england colony .
attended noble ' s school , boston and the lawrence scientific school , harvard .
1895 traveled to lake edward , quebec and micco , brevard county , fl .
1896 worked at st . mary ' s , ga and made short visits to cumberland island , and localities on the fl side of the st . mary ' s river .
1897 collected at pt . matanzas , carterville , anastasia is . , oak lodge , eau gallie and gainesville , fl .
1899 his collection of mammals , over 10 , 000 skins and skulls and including over 100 type specimens was purchased by subscription and presented to harvard college . appointed asst . in mammalogy .
1906 visited jamaica . collected over 100 birds , but his trip was cut short by dengue fever .
1908 his collection of birds , over 24 , 000 skins was presented to the museum of comparative zoology at harvard . he assumed charge of the arrangement and increase of the bird collection .
kraus and petranka , 1989
. . . the name of dr . thomas barbour , who has contributed extensively to our knowledge of florida reptiles and amphibians .
1903 presented his preserved collection of reptiles and amphibians to the museum of comparative anatomy ( mcz ) at harvard . many specimens came from the ny zoological gardens whose keepers had saved dead animals for him .
1907 - 1908 delegate from harvard to first pan - american scientific congress , santiago , chile .
1911 - 1927 from assoc . curator to curator reptiles and amphibians , mcz , harvard u .
authored
checklist of north american amphibians and reptiles
with stejneger ( 5 editions ) .
1923 - 1945 executive officer in charge of barro colorado island laboratory ( now the canal zone biological area ) , gatun lake , panama .
received honorary degrees ( scd ) from harvard u in 1940 and u of fl in 1944 .
explored e and w indies , india , burma , china japan and s . and central america for mcz .
his popular writings include :
a naturalist in cuba , this vanishing eden ,
and
a naturalist ' s scrapbook
( 1946 ) . he was a huge , sentimental irishman and a fine writer . adjacent to his mcz office was the
eateria ,
to which he invited all to eat and converse . his secretary , helen robinson , prepared all the food for his , literally , thousands of guests .
harper , 1939 [ son of john bartram , ( 1699 - 1777 ) , quaker botanist . ]
1791 published
travels through north and south carolina , georgia , east and west florida .
seminole native americans called him
puc - puggy
which means
flower - hunter .
planted seeds and cuttings of the plants he collected during his travels to the family residence and garden , kingsessing , on the west bank of the schuylkill river , pa .
pre1803 drew a majority of the plates for professor william barton ' s
elements of botany .
, as captain , reached cape of good hope . turned back from australia by hurricanes . continued to india , persian gulf and cape of good hope . shipwrecked .
1795 returned to france leaving his botanical collection from the indies at trinidad . involved with the jardin des plants , museum national d ' histoire naturell , paris .
1797 - 1803 voyaged to australia in command of the geographe and the naturaliste .
taylor , 1895
this species is named for dr . baur , who first noticed the peculiarities of the type , but having only the one specimen considered it an exceptional individual of
porter , 1968
named in honor of george t . baxter who discovered the relict population .
van denburgh , 1905
i take pleasure in naming this island form in honor of mr . r . h . beck who collected the specimens .
1870 born in los gatos , santa clara county , ca , august 26 .
joined the fb webster - harris expedition to the galapagos to collect giant tortoises for lord rothschild .
1905 2nd expedition to the galapagos , collecting birds and tortoises for the ca academy of sciences .
1906 - 1908 collected sea birds off the ca coast near monterey bay and waterfowl in the san joaquin valley near los banos .
1912 rediscovered the hornby petrel on the coast of peru . head of the whitney south sea expedition . spent several years exploring the islands of the south pacific and the interior of new guinea for the american museum of natural history .
1936 published a brief autobiography in rc murphy ' s
oceanic birds of south america .
stejneger , 1894
i take great pleasure in naming this new species after mr . l . belding , whose extensive and excellent herpetological ( contribution ) in lower california as well as in upper california has never been adequately recognized .
1879 authored
a partial list of the birds of central california ,
containing notes on 220 species .
1881 - 1883 trips to the cape region of lower ca . collected new birds and studied avifauna of the region .
1883 elected an active member of the american ornithologists ' union . selected by the committee on bird migration to take charge of the migration work in the pacific district .
schwartz , 1952
. . . of the u of miami , whose aid in securing the original series cannot be minimized .
1958 - 1960 served in u . s . air force in minnesota and montana
1977 - 1981 attended university of california at berkeley . bs in entomology and phd graduate student for three years . published several small papers on acquatic beetles ( dytiscidae and helmidae )
royal college of surgeons , described as a
dental surgeon and naturalist .
( agassiz , 1857 )
collected by the late mr . berlandier , a zealous french naturalist , to whom we are indebted for much of what we know of the natural history of northern mexico .
studied with decandolle , author of
prodomus ,
a world botany book .
1826 left europe for mexico as a collector for decandolle and other genevese botanists .
1827 - 1828 worked for mexican government on their survey of eastern tx . it was a very difficult trip and many specimens were lost and destroyed . his work with the boundary commission was the first extensive collecting in texas . primarily interested in botany , also collected fauna . contracted malaria which made collecting for his patrons impossible . decandolle was not pleased with the condition and quantity of botanical materials . berlandier stayed in mexico , settled in matamoros and married a local woman . engaged in a pharmaceutical business and made frequent botanical exploration in various parts of mexico .
1834 collected in goliad and bexar , tx . lt . couch reported that berlandier was well respected in matamoros and had served as an interpreter to general arista during the mexican war . he was in charge of the hospitals at matamoros during the war . collected the type specimen of
viosca , 1937
named for the pioneer student of louisiana herpetology , the late george e . beyer .
1918 - 1926 la state board of health ( note : viosca also worked there ) .
president of the la naturalists society and a member of the us yellow fever institute and commission to veracruz , mexico . he was a special inspector for the biological survey of the us department of agriculture .
grobman , 1943
it is fitting to associate with this hitherto unrecognized salamander the name of sherman c . bishop , of the university of rochester , who has contributed largely to our understanding of the salamanders of the united states .
1887 born in sloatsburg , ny , november 18 . spent his childhood by erie canal , clyde , ny .
1928 - 1951 asst . professor biology to professor vertebrate zoology , u rochester , ny .
1943 completed
handbook of salamanders ,
the first serious and comprehensive work on north american salamanders since cope ( 1889 ) .
1822 authored
new classification of animals based on external rather than internal organs .
mecham , littlejohn , oldham , brown and brown , 1973
. . . in honor of w . frank blair because of his early suggestion that there were cryptic `
in texas in 1963 ) , and more generally in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of the systematics and evolutionary biology of anurans .
1922 - 1930 lived in tulsa where his interest in biology was influenced by two teachers .
1935 - 1937 asst . mammal division , u mi . 1938 , phd , u mi .
1941 - 1946 drafted into the army , served in the air force altitude training and survival programs . he taught the use of natural foods and his delight in serving snake , rodent , etc . to high - ranking officers is featured in his recollections .
1972 director of the breckenridge field laboratory , u tx , austin , tx .
authored 129 articles ( 19 more with co - authors ) , 5 books , 8 testimonies before congressional committees , innumerable book reviews and abstracts , and supervised over 100 scientific publications resulting from his student ' s work , without being listed as co - author .
1888 born in stoneham , ma . promoted the careful study of habits and life histories of snakes .
1913 - 1916 taught zoology , ma agricultural college ( ma state college ) , amherst , ma .
1918 - 1919 aide , division of reptiles , us national museum , smithsonian , worked under stejneger .
1927 - 1928 sabbatical in new zealand , australia and tasmania , studied tuatara and urged its conservation .
1935 spent a semester with hk gloyd on a trip through the southwestern and western us . began work on a manual of the snakes of the us which dr . gloyd continued after his death .
( holbrook , 1838 )
this animal was first observed by dr . william blanding , of philadelphia , an accurate naturalist , whose name i have given to the species .
c1830 collected the holotype known as : ansp ( phila , pa ) 26123 , illinois fox river .
1834 he was a
newer member
of the academy of natural sciences ( ansp ) at this time .
collected many reptiles for ansp . and in 1838 holbrook acknowledged dr . blanding
. . . formerly of columbia , south carolina and now residing in philadelphia for several undescribed reptiles from the south and west .
for baird and girard in kent county , on the eastern shore of md .
1856 married august 20 to brig . general washington lafayette elliott ( 1825 - 29 jun 1888 )
1883 wrote
etudes sur les poissons
( studies of fish ) with leon vaillant .
1870 co - authored
etudes sur les reptiles et les batraciens
( studies of reptiles and amphibians ) with auguste dumeril .
dowling and price , 1988
charles m . bogert , emeritus curator of the department of herpetology of the american museum of natural history , in recognition of his many contributions to the systematics of colubrid snakes .
price ( 1990 ) , cat . amer . amphib . rept . 497
1936 - 1940 assistant curator , department of herpetology , american museum of natural history ( amnh ) .
1939 faunal investigations in mexico were initiated with a grant - in - aid from the carnegie corporation . since then collections have been assembled in nearly every state in mexico , except those in the peninsula of yucatan .
1940 - 1941 associate curator , in charge of the department of herpetology , amnh .
1946 initiated explorations in the mexican state of coahuila , with k . p . schmidt of the field museum of natural history .
1946 first president of the herpetologist ' s league , appointed by chapman grant , founder of the herpetologists league .
1946 - 1948 served as secretary to the council of the scientific staff of the amnh .
1948 - 1950 researches in honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and bimini island , bahamas .
1951 - 1953 traveled in the southwest : az , nm , tx and mexico .
1953 initiated investigations of the behavioral significance of anuran vocalizations in chiricahua mountains , in az and in mexico , continued in florida ( archbold biological station ) and in az , mexico , fl , tx , wy , ut , ca , and ceylon ( 1965 ) .
1953 taped recordings of various animals initiated in the chiricahua mountains , az , during this year led to four long - playing discs issued by folk records , including
sounds of the american southwest
in 1954 ,
sounds of north american frogs
in 1958 , as well as two records of folk music recorded in mexico in 1958 and 1960 .
1960 university of colorado , lectures to teachers enrolled in biological sciences curriculum study .
1965 traveled to ceylon . continued faunal , thermal and behavioral investigations in mexico .
1979 + has traveled widely in north , south , and central america , australia and africa . worked on a monograph on the genus salvadora as well as a revision of the 1956 monograph on heloderma until his death at home in santa fe .
1843 - 1846 archaeological pioneer , excavated and identified khorsabad as ninevah , discovered sargon ' s palace . found 7th cent b . c . dictionary for class iii cuneiform script at kuyunjik .
1847 - 1846 wrote
monuments de ninive decoverts et decrits par botta , mesures et dessines par e . flandin .
1821 born in blacklick township , indiana country , pa , december 12th . the family moved to columbus , oh . he was educated in local schools , worked at a printing press and as a public school teacher .
c1840 ' s entered starling medical college ( now included in oh state u college of medicine ) .
1848 - 1849 caught
goldrush fever
and joined the columbus and california industrial association party as its official physician , travelling the oregon trail to ca in summer .
1849 - 1850 prospected briefly along the south fork of the american river , near coloma , el dorado county , ca . apparently spent more time practicing medicine than prospecting . by summer 1850 , he had a practice in placerville , ca . collected reptile and amphibian specimens which were later sent to the smithsonian and examined by baird and girard . collected the syntypes ,
1850 - 1852 moved to san francisco in the fall . built a sailboat with several friends and sailed it around cape horn arriving in norfolk , va in april 1852 .
1860 - 1865 served as a surgeon in the 9th oh regiment . achieved the rank of captain . after the war returned to medical practice in columbus .
dr . boyle was an accomplished linguist ( fluent in 32 languages ) and speaker . although largely self educated , he was much in demand for local meetings and clubs due to his vast knowledge , phenomenal memory , and often accurate predictions of future events . he also gave much of his time and practice to the poor of the city and as a result never amassed much money and died poor himself
on february 16th , 1870 .
stejneger , 1894 ( see h . h . brimley )
having referred to this interesting novelty - which i dedicate to messrs . h . h . and c . s . brimley , from whom the museum has obtained much interesting material . . .
1863 born in great linford , england . attended bedford county school at elstows .
1880 his family migrated to north carolina and settled at raleigh . a book on taxidermy inspired cs and his brother hh to begin collecting , preparing and selling natural history specimens .
1907 authored
artificial key to the species of snakes and lizards which are found in nc .
1919 + division of entomology , state department of agriculture , raleigh , nc , became state museum .
1919 co - authored
birds of north carolina
with hh brimley and t . gilbert pearson .
1938 u of nc awarded him a doctor of laws degree in recognition of his achievements .
1938 wrote
the insects of north carolina < listing more than 10 , 000 species .
member of the american ornithologists union , the wilson club , nc bird club and other professional societies .
stejneger , 1894 ( see c . s . brimley )
having referred to this interesting novelty - which i dedicate to messrs . h . h . and c . s . brimley , from whom the museum has obtained much interesting material . . .
1861 born in willington , bedford , england . attended bedford county school at elstows .
1880 his family migrated to north carolina and settled at raleigh . taught school in a one - room log building on the present meredith college campus ( nc ) . a book on taxidermy inspired hh and his brother cs to begin collecting , preparing and selling natural history specimens .
1884 prepared exhibits for the north carolina board of agriculture and immigration . the work eventually grew into the development of a state museum .
1884 - 1907 mounted specimens for the state centennial exposition ( 1884 ) , the chicago exposition ( 1892 ) , the charleston exposition ( 1901 ) , the saint louis exposition ( 1904 ) , the boston food fair ( 1906 ) and the jamestown exposition ( 1907 ) .
1895 took charge of the nc state museum . accommodated exhibits returning from expositions .
1919 co - authored
the birds of north carolina
with cs brimley and t . gilbert pearson .
1941 nc board of agriculture designated the library as the
brimley library of natural history .
founder and life member of the north carolina academy of science , the raleigh natural history club , the raleigh bird club and the north carolina bird club .
stejneger , 1890
. . . in recognition of his successful researches in that territory ( tucson , az ) . . .
1873 moved to tucson , az . prospected in the desert mountains of az and northern sonora . he had several narrow escapes from apache indians and from death by thirst on the waterless plains of that region .
he was connected with newspapers in tucson as a reporter , editor and owner .
to 1913 president of the audubon society of az and clerk of the superior court of pima county .
1954 - present collected extensively in the southwestern us , northwestern us and the american midwest .
1973 - 2000 environmental specialist in vector control , nm environmental department , working extensively investigating human and animal cases of plague , hantavirus , other vector - borne diseases ; co - author of
a manual for the investigation of plague cases in new mexico
and several papers on plague and hantavirus in nm ; retired december 2000 .
he just recently retired from nm environment dept . in santa fe after about 25 years of service in their vector control program . ted ' s an avid non - professional herpetologist who knows nm intimately and is a walking database of local herp information ( and he ' ll gladly share it with you ) . j . n . stuart
did not publish as much as some of his colleagues ; reportedly encouraging his students ( a who ' s who of natural history for the next 50 years ) to take credit for their discoveries while under his wing . developed the dermestid beetle method of cleaning specimens .
1927 u mi , student of ht gaige , fn blanchard , and ag ruthven .
1932 wrote the amphibian and reptiles section of report on the amnh whitney expedition to the pacific islands . received a grant in aid from the national research council to prepare an illustrated key to the lizards of the us and canada .
1936 published
a key to the lizards of the us and canada .
at kansas state college at quivira , authored more than 80 scientific papers , a fellow of the american association for the advancement of science and the american society of zoologists .
a founder of american anthropology society and american association of mammalogists , in audubon society , and the academy of sciences of in .
haynes and mckown , 1974
we name it in memory of fred r . cagle whose research greatly increased our knowledge of
1938 - 1940 southern il normal u , carbondale , il ( now southern il university ) .
1950 professor of zoology and chairman of the graduate department of zoology , tulane u .
marlow , brode and wake , 1979
the new species is named in honor of the late charles l . camp , herpetologist , paleontologist , and historian , who contributed greatly to our knowledge of the american west . prof . camp discovered the genus
in the new world . . . and very early recognized the diversification within the genus
1918 - 1919 1st lt . american expeditionary forces , served in europe , south africa and china .
member of the california academy of sciences , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , and the california folklore society .
wrote
james clyman : american frontiersman ,
an invaluable source of information on early explorations of the american west .
was secretary of
american ornithologists
as shown by minutes in the auk , vol . 5 , number 2 , pages 220 to 224 .
1731 - 1748 produced the
natural history of carolina , florida and the bahama islands
with 200 color plates , vol . i in 1731 , vol . 2 in 1743 , and the appendix in 1748 . combined illustrations showing birds in natural environments . studied reptiles , etc . on isle of providence . illustrated book on american insects , died in london .
1850 - 1855 zoologist , us / mexican boundary survey , under colonel jd graham .
while surveying , clark and schott made very fine zoological collections . their vertebrates contained possibly 100 new species .
c1852 collected type of rana areolata for baird and girard in calhoun county , tx ; and type of eumeces obsoletus , rio san pedro , tx . worked in md , tx , nm and sonora , mexico .
rossman , 1958
named for roger conant , zoological society of philadelphia in recognition of his contributions to herpetology .
academic course in biology at the u pa terminated by causes stemming from the great depression .
1929 - 1933 curator of reptiles , toledo zoological park , toledo , oh .
1936 - 1969 wrote and presented a 15 minute , weekly , educational , radio program entitled
let ' s visit the zoo
for kyw in philadelphia , pa .
1943 - 1945 served in the volunteer port security force of the us coast guard .
1953 - 1958 secretary of philadelphia conservationists , a group active in preserving wildlife habitats in pa , nj and de .
1957 - 1973 vice - president of the ludwick institute , which provides educational opportunities for children .
1961 - 1973 secretary of philadelphia conservationists , a group active in preserving wildlife habitats in pa , nj and de .
1973 a plaque was dedicated in the reptile house of the philadelphia zoo , designating the natural habitat settings throughout the building as the
roger conant exhibits .
1983 delivered the distinguished herpetologist ' s lecture , herpetologists ' league , u ut , salt lake city , aug . 8th .
national consultant for reptile study , and author of the reptile merit badge pamphlet for the boy scouts of america . past - president of the museum council of philadelphia , an organization of all cultural museums and similar institutions in that metro area . past - president and former secretary of the american association of zoological parks and aquariums ( aazpa ) . editor of the zoo section of
magazine , ( aazpa ) for 20 years . served on the board of directors of the american institute of park executives , formerly affiliated with aazpa . editor of
, the magazine of the philadelphia zoo , during its ten years of publication . editor of
, for 18 years . president of the american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists ( asih ) . secretary and vice president of asih .
until 1956 chairman of committee on standardization of common names for north american amphibians and reptiles ( results published in 1956 ) .
author of 198 primarily herpetological papers , including a monograph on the water snakes of mexico , many popular articles , and three books . contributions have been published in eight countries . wrote literally hundreds of short articles , many of which are not signed by him .
wrote
the field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central north america .
conducted extensive field work on reptiles and amphibians , largely in the us and mexico , but also to a lesser extent in africa and asia . has visited and consulted natural history collections worldwide .
served as a member of the national research council , national academy of sciences , for three years .
member of many scientific and cultural organizations from whom he has received numerous awards and honors .
received three grants from the national science foundation for field research on reptiles and amphibians in mexico .
1989 published
snakes of the agkistrodon complex ,
a monograph begun by dr . conant and the late dr . hk gloyd in the early 1930 ' s .
1863 - 1864 studied in europe , at the british museum and jardin des plantes .
1869 - 1870
systematic arrangement of the extinct batrachia , reptiles and aves of north america .
1870 paleontologist us geological survey , discovered 100 ' s of new species of extinct vertebrates .
biographies : ( 1 ) osborn ,
cope : master naturalist ,
1931 , princeton u press ; copeia , 1932 , # 1 , pp . 39 - 41 ; ( 2 ) copeia , 1940 , # 2 , pp . 60 - 69 ; davis , w . h .
edward drinker cope , herpetologist ,
bull . of the antivenin inst . of america , vol . 5 , no . 3 , pp . 71 - 80 , may 1932 .
baird , 1854 . geiser wrote that the species were named
in honor of its indefatigable discoverer , lt . d . n . couch , who , at his own risk and cost , undertook a journey into northern mexico , when the country was swarming with bands of mauraders , and made large collections in all branches of zoology . . .
1847 fought in the battle of buena vista , promoted to 1st lt . for gallantry .
. purchased berlandier ' s papers , herbarium and zoological and mineral collections from his widow . shipped some to smithsonian and sent part of the plant collection to switzerland . by early 1854 , he had returned to washington , dc .
1861 - 1863 volunteered - colonel 7th ma infantry , appointed brigadier general of volunteers .
offered resignation due to ill health , but was promoted to major general of volunteers .
biography : conant , roger , american museum novitates , # 2350 , 10 - 4 - 1968 .
1804 bought land in ga , his father had a large plantation on san simeon island , ga .
1814 graduated yale . spent time in holland studying water control . one of first us farmers to conduct plantation on basis of scientific research and experimentation .
1838 changed crop from sugar to rice . introduced exotic plants including bermuda grass , now the principle grass in georgia .
1846 presented on fossils at chatahoochie river , ga to boston society of natural history .
c1861 the civil war destroyed his way of life . he opposed secession , but all 5 of his sons enlisted in the confederate army . 2 were killed . couper died broken financially and spiritually . he is buried on san simeon island .
lowe and norris , 1956
named in honor of professor raymond b . cowles of the university of california , los angeles .
( blatchley , 1901 )
two specimens are in the writer ' s collection from sevier county , tn , collected by mr . l . e . daniels to whom i dedicate the species .
1922 - 1934 instructor , school of medicine , u mi and part time asst . professor .
1925 - 1929 chief , obstetrics and gynecology , grace hospital , detroit , mi .
1928 chief , obstetrics and gynecology , women ' s hospital , detroit , mi .
he was a republican , episcopalian and was active in the american boxer club and judged many dog shows throughout the us .
1842 - 1844
zoology of new york ,
volume 3 , reptiles and amphibians .
collected a specimen of storeria dekayi while it was
swimming across a large bay on the northern coast of long island .
scudday , 1973
patronym for dr . james r . dixon who has contributed much to our understanding of the herpetology of the southwest .
1959 - 1961 assoc . professor , veterinary medicine , texas a and m university , where he is affectionately known as
bwana jim .
1965 - 1967 curator of herpetology , life sciences division , los angeles county museum , ca .
1971 + professor , wildlife and fisheries science , texas a and m university u .
1987 published
amphibians and reptiles of texas .
specializes in : zoogeography , systematics and ecology of geckos .


the nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) is a species of bird in the bustard family .

this is a medium-large bustard found in the sparsely vegetated interface between the southern margins of the sahara desert and the northern part of the sahel .

it is found in burkina faso , cameroon , chad , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , and sudan .

its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland .

nubian bustard

nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) is a species of bird in the otididae family .
the nubian bustard is classified as near threatened ( nt ) , is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .
* nubian bustard , neotis nuba * savile ' s bustard , lophotis savilei * white - bellied bustard , eupodotis senegalensis translations any of several birds of the family otidae * afrikaans : pou * bulgarian : дропла * chinese : 鸨 ( bǎo ) * danish : trappe da ( da ) c . more
nubian bustard : the nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) is a species of bird in the otididae family . zain sudan : zain sudan , formerly mobitel sudan , is a major mobile telephone network operator in sudan . login new listings hot listings top rated editor pick register my account add a listing update a listing suggest a category contact copyright more
the nubian bustard occupies the sparsely vegetated interface between the southern margins of the sahara desert and the northern part of the sahel , ranging from mauritania in the west to sudan in the east , including mali , southern algeria , niger and chad .
english : ruffed bustard ; french : outarde houbara ; german : kragentrappe ; spanish : avutarda hubara .
this describes ecology of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis macqueenii ) a desert adapted species in pakistan .
english : indian bustard ; french : outarde à tête noire ; german : hindutrappe ; spanish : avutarda india . monotypic .
this article was kindly contributed by sara hallager of the smithsonian’s national zoo with input from members of the iucn bustard specialist group .
the threats to the remaining populations of larger animals adapted to desert conditions are intense . the populations of many species have been greatly reduced by hunting for food , and also through hunting for sport and recreation ( e . g . , houbara bustard and nubian bustard ) . some species listed above have been entirely removed from the ecoregion in the last 100 years . over a period of 2 , 000 years this list could be expanded to include other large african mammals .
nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) = french : outarde nubienne german : nubiertrappe spanish : avutarda núbica taxonomy : otis nuba cretzschmar , 1826 , kurgos , near shendi , sudan . genus sometimes merged with otis . present species may be closely related to n . heuglinii . claimed race agaze from chad westwards is supposedly paler and smaller , but much more material needs examination to confirm that differences are not clinal or individual . monotypic . more
collar , n . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
results of a study undertaken by the german society for the protection of great bustard in collaboration with russian biologists from the saratov region , in order to design effective conservation measures .
nubian bustard neotis nuba 2009 iucn red list category ( as evaluated by birdlife international - the official red list authority for birds for iucn ) : near threatened justification this species is classified as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts of its range , in combination with other factors . however , if further information shows that the decline is rapid , the species would warrant uplisting to vulnerable . more
nubian bustard neotis nuba = described by : cretzschmar ( 1826 ) alternate common name ( s ) : none known by website authors old scientific name ( s ) : none known by website authors photographs no photographs are available for this species range sahal zone of n . africa ; ( 1 ) mauritania and the niger river e . through mali and niger to lake chad . ( 2 ) n . sudan to the red sea coast ( ? ) . more
the australian bustard is australia ' s heaviest flying bird . it is an icon of the australian outback where it is more commonly known as the bush or plains turkey . it is also culturally and spiritually significant to aboriginal people , who prize it as a favourite bush tucker . this book provides the first complete overview of the biology of the australian bustard , based on the first major study of the species . the author explores the bustard ' s ecology and behaviour , its drastic decline since european settlement , and the conservation issues affecting it and its environment . colour photographs of juvenile and adult birds complement the text as well as showcase particular behaviours , such as the spectacular display routines of males when mating . australian bustard is the perfect book for natural history enthusiasts .
this book describes the biology of the great bustard at the reserve of villafáfila , nw spain , based on the results of a research project carried out there by the authors between 1987 and 1995 .
the nubian bustard is one of the larger and most characteristic of the sahelo - saharan bustard species . adult males weigh in at over 5 kg and females a little less . the species shows sexual dimorphism . in males the forehead , crown and upperparts are tawny - buff marked with black . a broad black band extends over the eyes . the rest of the face is white except for the chin and throat which are black . the upperparts are pale tawny buff , lightly vermiculated with black . tail is similar but more grey . the lower hindneck and sides of breast are bordered by a black line . in adult females plumage is similar but colors generally less intense and mantle faintly streaked . black on throat confined to the center . to distinguish nubian bustards from the sympatric arabian or sudan bustard , look for the smaller but chubbier size and appearance , the more rufous coloration , thinner neck and dark , roundish head . arabian bustards are generally larger , greyer in color and have a more heavily feathered grey neck with no black . the head is grey and more dagger - shaped . in flight , nubians show a clearly paneled wing of black , white and rufous feathers . the arabian in flight is mostly grey and white .
the nest is a bare scrape into which one to six ( usually two to four ) eggs are laid . incubation is 20–22 days in the little bustard , 24–25 days in the great bustard , and presumably between these extremes in all other species . incubation starts with the first egg , leading to asynchronous hatching . the precocial young ( hatched covered with down and open eyes ) can usually walk after a few hours .
bustards are confined to the old world . a glance at patterns of bustard diversity suggests that they originated in africa , where 21 species occur . sixteen of these are purely afrotropical , and another two only fractionally enter the
the book comprises fifteen chapters each covering a specific species or groups of species . there are six bird related chapters : wild turkey , houbara bustard , india ' s vultures , whooping crane , zino ' s petrel and mauritius kestrel .
. over - hunting is probably the main cause of declines in the bustard species of sahelian west africa . off - take by local nomads has been augmented by the hunting activities of military and mining personnel , as well as tourists ( del hoyo
most bustards are found walking slowly across open terrain . several species are at least partially gregarious . the great bustard ( otis tarda ) has been recorded in groups of over 50 , and nonbreeding aggregations of the little bustard ( tetrax tetrax ) can number in the thousands . the desert - adapted forms , such as chlamydotis , are probably the most solitary . a few species gather at loose leks . foraging bustards are regularly found near herds of grazing herbivores . presumably they benefit from reductions in predation pressure or elevations in foraging success , as they hunt insects disturbed by the mammals .
gaucher , p . , p . paillat , c . chappuis , m . saint jalme , f . lotfikhah , and m . wink .
taxonomy of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata subspecies considered on the basis of sexual display and genetic divergence .
ibis 138 ( 1996 ) : 273–282 .
arabian and nubian bustards occur in the saharo - sahelian zone , extend - in across to the red sea coast . only two species , denham’s and the black - bellied bustards , are widespread in africa ; the former has become much localized in many areas as a result of man’s activities . the bustards are a homogeneous family , although there are differences in structure , color , size and behavior which cloud the relationships between species . more
the displaying great bustard selects an elevated site and then inflates his gular sac and raises his tail , exposing white undertail - coverts . the inner secondaries are then twisted over and fanned so that , at the height of his splendid performance , having apparently turned himself inside out , the gleam of white plumage is visible several miles away . the kori bustard ( ardeotis kori ) grossly inflates his neck plumage , cocks his tail , and emits a low booming call . many smaller bustards , particularly those that inhabit taller vegetation , incorporate vertical display leaps or short flights into courtship behavior so that they are visible from a distance .
it is unlikely that any bustard species is entirely sedentary , and many are clearly nomadic or migratory . those that breed in asia undertake long distance migrations to escape harsh winters . the lesser florican ( sypheotides indica ) performs regular migrations in response to rainfall in india , and the same is true of several african species .
lesser florican ( sypheotides indica ) is a large bird in the bustard family . it breeds in pakistan , and is a rare summer visitor in nepal . it has a very small , declining population , primarily a result of loss and degradation of its grassland habitat . in their breeding display , the male jumps into the air above the grass level .
north african portion of the palearctic region . within africa , there are two distinct centers of speciation . one is in east africa , between the horn and the nile , the other is in southern africa south of the zambezi . of four species with chiefly palearctic distributions , two are widespread in europe and asia , with portions of their ranges in north africa . one is entirely north african ; another is almost entirely asian , extending from egypt and the middle east to china ( these two forms , the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata and macqueen ' s bustard c . macqueenii , are often treated as conspecific ) . three more species are oriental ( all centered on the indian subcontinent , one with an outlying population in indochina ) , and one species is australasian , occurring in australia and southern new guinea .
being frequently recorded along the same transects in 1971 and 1973 ( thiollay 2006 ) . bustards can be inconspicuous , which , coupled with the focus of these surveys on raptors , means that some birds were probably missed , and local hunters reported that bustard species were still extant in the surveyed areas ; however , the difference between the survey results from the early 1970s and 2004 most likely indicates dramatic declines in this species ( thiollay 2006 ) . several hundred kilometres of vehicle - based transects have been conducted recently in mauritania in search of
bustards combine stout bodies carried horizontally with long legs and necks , the latter supporting flat - crowned heads and short , straight bills . as a result of an exclusively terrestrial lifestyle , they have no hind toe . they tend to escape danger by flying , and consequently their feet are relatively small , and their wings are large and strong . mature male otis and ardeotis bustards regularly reach over 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in height , and as some approach 44 lb ( 20 kg ) , they are among the heaviest of flying birds . in these genera , females tend to be twothirds the height and one - third the weight of their respective males . in smaller bustard species , the difference in size between the sexes is less pronounced .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
male 70 cm , female 50 cm . upperparts tawny buff , with faint vermiculations . male has a grey neck with paler head . striking black chin , throat and crown sides bordering a tawny cap . whitish below . female is smaller with less black on the chin and throat .
mahood , s . , o ' brien , a . , pilgrim , j . , robertson , p . , taylor , j . , symes , a . & westrip , j .
this species is classified as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts of its range , in combination with other factors . however , if further information shows that the decline is rapid , the species would warrant uplisting to vulnerable .
has a disjunct range across the sahelian and , marginally , saharan zones of africa . the western subspecies
there are few data on population trends , but levels of hunting pressure indicate that it is probably declining at a moderately rapid rate .
there is little information on the current status of this species or its population trends . however , it apparently suffers from widespread hunting , which may now be causing substantial declines in parts of its range ( urban
. 1996 , thiollay 2006 ) . civil war in chad in the 1980s , and recent unrest in sudan , is likely to have increased local hunting pressure because of the number of weapons available . other threats to
may include the intensification of land use , disturbance by off - road vehicles , overgrazing , disturbance by livestock , firewood collection and commercial wood collection ( j . brouwer
woodlands , as well as the overgrazing of sub - desert steppes and excessive harvesting of firewood , which are followed by wind erosion and sand encroachment ( thiollay 2006 ) . protected areas in the region where this species occurs may be under threat from oil exploration ( meynier 2009 , van vliet and magrin 2012 ) .
regularly monitor the species at selected sites across its range to determine trends . research the extent and nature of the threat caused by hunting . if sensible and feasible , regulate hunting . ensure complete protection of important populations of both subspecies .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : neotis nuba . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
may be closely related to n . heuglinii . proposed race agaze ( mauritania e to chad ) supposedly paler and smaller , but further examination required to confirm that differences are not clinal or individual . monotypic .
sahel zone from w mauritania to e sudan ; distribution probably continuous , or at least with interbreeding populations , even though species very patchily recorded .
male 70 cm , 5400 g ; female 50 cm , no data on weight . upperparts pale tawny buff , lightly vermiculated with black , tail similar but washed grey ; crown as back , bordered by . . .
arid and semi - arid scrub and savanna on desert fringes , penetrating further n into sahara than . . .
invertebrates and vegetable matter : orthoptera , coleoptera , hymenoptera , etc . ; leaves and berries of desert plants , grass seeds and
jul–oct ; the finding of 3 nests in one day in aug suggests synchronized response to suitable conditions ( as well as degree of local . . .
sedentary and almost certainly nomadic ; in mauritania , tends to move s in winter , returning n with . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . cites ii . suspected to be undergoing moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts . . .
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sometimes merged into otis ; more recently , molecular evidence suggests that it belongs with ardeotis # r # r , but situation still not fully resolved and for the present neotis retained .
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occupies desert scrub and ephemeral grassland fringes , semi - arid acacia scrub across the sahelo - saharan region of north africa . will penetrate saharan mountain ranges where suitable sandy wadi habitat occurs .
suffers from widespread hunting ( mostly related to falconry activities ) , civil wars , intensification of land use , disturbance by off - road vehicles , overgrazing , disturbance by livestock , firewood collection and commercial wood collection all of which may now be causing substantial declines in parts of its range .
cites appendix ii . iucn red data list ( 2010 ) : near threatened . suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts of its range , in combination with other factors . however , if further information shows that the decline is rapid , the species would warrant uplisting to vulnerable .
birdlife international 2008 . neotis nuba . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . urltoken downloaded on 31 march 2011 .
del hoyo , j . , elliot , a . & sargatal , j . eds 1996 . handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 3 . hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .
jensen , f . , christensen , k . and petersen , b . 2008 . the avifauna of southeast niger . malimbus 30 ( 1 ) : 30 - 54 .
johnsgard , paul a . 1991 . bustards , hemipodes , and sandgrouse , birds of dry places . oxford university press .
thiollay , jean - marc . 2006 . severe decline of large birds in the northern sahel of west africa : a long term assessment . bird conservation international 16 : 353 - 365 .
urban , e . k . , fry , c . h . & keith , s . 1986 . the birds of africa , vol . 2 . london : academic press .
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classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
saharantrappi
from
neotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )
as trusted .
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis )
as preferred for
neotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )
.
c . michael hogan marked
habitat and ecology
as unreviewed on the
neotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )
page .
c . michael hogan marked
habitat and ecology
as hidden on the
neotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )
page .
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zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2006 . 07 . 04 , website ( version 04 - jul - 06 )
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bustards are large terrestrial birds that are found in dry open country and steppes in the old world ( includes europe , asia , and africa ) .
bustards have strong legs and big toes . they have long broad wings with
fingered
wingtips .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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description location and general description this ecoregion extends across northern africa and covers parts of western sahara , mauritania , morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya , and egypt . it is generally found inland of the coast , but stretches to the shore in areas where there is low rainfall . in morocco , algeria and tunisia , this ecoregion forms a transition between the mediterranean domain towards the north and the true desert in the south . the saharan halophytics ecoregion is also found scattered through this ecoregion in areas of suitable saline conditions .
water is a serious constraint in this ecoregion . in the northern sahara , the climate is hot and dry in the summer , and cooler with rain in the winter . rains come from the mediterranean and are associated with powerful depressions , which sometimes reach half - way across the sahara . these occur mostly from october to april . average annual rainfall varies from 50 mm in the south to 100 mm in the north , although there may be years where there is no rain at all ( especially in the southern parts of the ecoregion ) . the highest temperature ranges between 40 and 45°c , creating evaporation that far exceeds the amount that falls as rain .
the extreme climate and varied geomorphologic conditions have assisted , nevertheless , to develop a significant diversity of landscapes and habitats adapted to drought . the ecoregion contains a number of geomorphologic features with different origins :
human populations are concentrated around water sources in oases that are characterized by particular models of water use ( as foggaras ) , and palm agriculture ( 940 varieties have been listed in algeria ) . livestock is complementary to agriculture ( e . g . camels , sheep
daman race
, and goats ) . over recent decades the population has expanded greatly in the area . now , some of the oases support moderate sized towns that are involved with oil exploration and production . these areas may also support tourist industries .
current status the habitat is largely intact in drier areas , but can be quite badly degraded close to the coast or where there is higher rainfall and more grazing animals . however , the ecoregion is extensive , with habitat in good condition over vast areas .
the ecoregion is poorly protected officially , with one protected area in mauritania ( iriki permanent hunting reserve , 100 km2 ) . one other area in algeria ( taghit ) is proposed to be classified as a nature reserve , but the area is not yet delineated . there are also two national parks in tunisia : jebil national park created in 1993 ( 1 , 500 km2 ) and the sidi toui national park created in 1993 ( 63 km2 ) ( chaieb and boukhris 1998 ) .
recently undp / gef approved a 3 - year project on
nature resources management in semi - arid and arid zones .
one of the proposed sites in this project is taghit in algeria . the project will be implemented by a network of 26 ngos ( comité national des ongs algériennes - cnoa ) belonging to the riod ( international ngos network to combat desertification ) . the main project objectives are to develop a management plan for nature resources , legally gazette the nature reserve , and build capacity of grass - roots organizations in co - management of the reserve through training and pilot demonstration activities .
types and severity of threats in general , the drier parts of this ecoregion are not threatened by human activities . threats are concentrated in areas with more rainfall , or around water sources , where the local pressure on resources can be intense . overgrazing by livestock is a serious problem that has resulted in severe environmental degradation in many areas . the cutting of woody vegetation for fire - wood is also a problem .
water pollution is also major threat in this ecoregion , as many cities have been developed in this part of the desert . development of tourism ( mostly in tunisia ) also poses a threat to water systems .
justification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion is delineated from white ' s ( 1983 ) ‘regs , hamadas and wadis’ and ‘desert dunes with perennial vegetation’ units north and west of the sahara desert . although these vegetation types surround the sahara desert , the northern habitats were delineated as a distinct ecoregion from the southern unit due to different rainfall regimes and the presence of mediterranean plant and vertebrate species .
references chaieb , m . and m . boukhris . 1998 . parcs nationaux de la tunisie aride et saharienne . in flore succinte et illustrée des zones arides et sahariennes de tunisie . edition l’or du temps . pages 242 - 249 .
kingdon , j . 1997 . the kingdon field guide to african mammals . academic press . london , uk .
le houérou , h . n . 1990 . recherches écoclimatique et biogéographique sur les zones arides de l’afrique du nord . cepe / cnrs , montpellier , 600pp .
le houérou , h . n . 1991 . outline of a biological history of the sahara . pp . 146 - 174 . in . mcneely , j . a . , and v . m . neronov , editors . mammals in the palaearctic desert : status and trends in the sahara - gobian region . the russian acedemy of sciences , and the russian committee for the unesco programme on man and the biosphere ( mab ) .
quézel , p . , 1965 . la végétation du sahara , du tchad à la mauritanie . fisher verlag , stuttgart .
zahoran , m . a . and a . j . willis . 1992 . the vegetation of egypt . chapman and hall , london
white , f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa : a descriptive memoir to accompany the unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa . unesco , paris , france .
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
taxonomic source ( s ) aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # . aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # . cramp , s . and perrins , c . m . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford . cramp , s . ; perrins , c . m . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford . del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . del hoyo , j . ; collar , n . j . ; christie , d . a . ; elliott , a . ; fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . barcelona , spain and cambridge uk : lynx edicions and birdlife international .
trend justification : there are few data on population trends , but levels of hunting pressure indicate that it is probably declining at a moderately rapid rate .
bustards are linked ancestrally to cranes and their relatives ( gruiformes ) . genetic studies place them in their own suborder , otidides , whose divergence from the gruides is estimated at 70 million years ago . although conspicuous courtship displays imply a link with cranes , the evolutionary isolation of bustards finds manifestation in various morphological anomalies . these include the absence of a hind toe and preen gland , hexagonal rather than transverse tarsal scutellation , and unique dense powder - down .
taxonomic relationships within the family are contested . the large bustards are grouped in otis , neotis , and ardeotis , and these are possibly related to the smaller chlamydotis and tetrax . diminutive tetrax , long combined with the far larger otis by taxonomists , might be related to sypheotides , to which it more closely equates in terms of size , flight - feather modification , and display . some recent appraisals combine 14 relatively small species within the genus eupodotis , but an alternative treatment retains only five species in this grouping , separating the remainder into afrotis , lissotis , lophotis , houbaropsis , and sypheotides .
bustards are omnivorous and opportunistic . most species have a diet predominately of vegetable matter . they eat fresh shoots , flowers , and leaves of herbaceous plants ; excavate for soft roots and bulbs ; and take fruit and seeds when available . in cultivated areas they consume a variety of crops . insects are also an important food , at least seasonally . the timing of breeding tends to synchronize chick emergence with maximum insect abundance . although beetles and grasshoppers are the main invertebrate prey items , many other arthropods
are taken if available . bustards also consume small vertebrates such as reptiles and rodents , particularly those killed or injured in bush fires or traffic . bustards can thrive without water for long periods , but drink freely when water is available .
the breeding season tends to coincide with periods of high rainfall . at its outset , males of many species perform magnificent displays , often from traditionally favored locations . in general , pair bonds between male and female bustards appear to be absent , as females visit displaying males and then leave to incubate the eggs and raise the chicks alone . sexual maturation is slowest and sexual dimorphism most pronounced in species with dispersed leks or solitary territorial males : males take up to six years to reach full size and possess plumage ornamentation absent in females .
although small numbers of each of these species breed and survive within protected areas , their future hangs in the balance . in general , bustards are at greater risk than many animals because populations in all but the very largest reserves are not viable . low population densities , and their nomadic or migratory lifestyles , mean that current protected area networks do not comfortably meet their needs .
male : 41 in ( 105 cm ) , 13–40 lb ( 5 . 8–18 kg ) ; female : 30 in ( 75 cm ) , 7–12 lb ( 3 . 3–5 . 3 kg ) . back and tail barred black and gold ; white underneath . female and nonbreeding male head and neck are pale blue - gray ; breeding male has white and russet on neck and whitish chin barbs .
o . t . tarda : northern morocco and iberia , germany , hungary , southern ukraine ; also breeds turkey , western iran , and southwestern russia , through kazakhstan to kyrgyzstan , wintering from southern turkey and syria through southern azerbaijan and northern iran to uzbekistan and tadjikistan ; o . t . dybowski : southeastern russia , mongolia , and northern china .
level or gently undulating open short - grass plains , generally favoring undisturbed areas .
usually lives in nonterritorial sex - segregated groups , these sometimes large in winter . in breeding season dominant males display spectacularly on dispersed leks . migratory in part of range .
two to three eggs laid in bare scrape , where incubated by female for about 25 days ; fledging period 30–35 days . first breeding occurs at 5–6 years in males and 2–3 years in females .
vulnerable . populations have declined and fragmented . main threats are agricultural intensification , disturbance , pesticide use , and hunting .
appears in european heraldic imagery and insignia ; now the figurehead of a major grassland conservation program in iberia .
male : 47 in ( 120 cm ) , 18–32 lb ( 8–14 . 5 kg ) ; female : 35 in ( 90 cm ) , 7 . 8–15 lb ( 3 . 5–6 . 75 kg ) . extensive black crown ; head , neck , and breast white with fine dark gray barring and indistinct black breast band . back and wings brown with fine dark vermiculations . black panel on wing spotted with white .
solitary or in small groups . males display on well - separated territories in the breeding season ; no pair bonds .
consumes grains , shoots , and berries in season , as well as arthropods , small reptiles , and mammals .
one egg ( sometimes two ) incubated for about 27 days in bare scrape by female only ; fledging period 35–40 days .
endangered . probably fewer than 1 , 000 birds survive . irrigation of semideserts , agricultural intensification , disturbance , and hunting continue to press this species toward extinction .
symbol of the bombay natural history society , india ' s largest wildlife and conservation organization .
male : 25 . 5–29 . 5 in ( 65–75 cm ) , 4–7 lb ( 1 . 8–3 . 2 kg ) ; female : 21 . 5–25 . 5 in ( 55–65 cm ) , 2 . 7–3 . 8 lb ( 1 . 2–1 . 7 kg ) . buff crown
with white erectile feathers along center . pale grayish buff head and neck with black erectile plumes down side of neck to breast . back pale sandy buff , mottled and lined with darker brown . female has reduced neck plumes , otherwise similar .
c . u . fuertaventurae : eastern canary islands ; c . u . undulata : morocco to north central egypt ( not eastern nile valley or sinai ) .
arid semidesert with tussock grass , sandy grassland , and stony plains with scattered low shrubs ; regularly on cultivation in nonbreeding season .
essentially solitary and nonmigratory ( but locally nomadic ) . males display in breeding season ; no pair bonds .
main breeding season march and april . clutch usually 2–3 eggs , laid in bare scrape and incubated for 24–28 days by female ; fledging period about 35 days .
expanded species ( including macqueenii ) considered near threatened . although undulata is less severely hunted than its asiatic cousin , numbers are probably much lower overall , and hunting pressure increasing . population of race fuertaventurae : about 700 individuals .
otis caerulescens vieillot , 1820 ,
kaffraria
= eastern cape province . monotypic .
english : blue korhaan ; french : outarde plombée ; german : blautrappe ; spanish : sisón azulado .
21 . 5 in ( 55 cm ) ; 2 . 5–3 . 5 lb ( 1 . 1–1 . 6 kg ) . blue - gray neck and underparts .
high rolling grasslands and croplands , usually above 4 , 900 ft ( 1 , 500 m ) .
pairs or small groups of up to six appear to be sedentary and group territorial , the young staying with adults for up to two years .
plant matter , invertebrates , and small reptiles . visits recently burned grasslands and plowed fields .
main breeding period october–november , 1–3 eggs laid on bare scrape in grassland , incubated for 24–28 days . mature offspring from last brood probably cooperate in breeding attempts .
near threatened . declining in some areas through agricultural intensification , but population is thought to exceed 10 , 000 individuals .
otis afraïdes a . smith , 1831 , flats near orange river . three subspecies .
english : white - quilled korhaan ; french : outarde à miroir blanc ; german : weißflügeltrappe ; spanish : sisón negro aliclaro .
19 . 7 in ( 50 cm ) ; 1 . 5 lb ( 0 . 7 kg ) . black neck and underparts , with gold and brown barred spot on crown , white collar behind neck , and white ear - coverts . wings and back barred dark brown on whitish ; white on primaries is conspicuous in flight .
a . a . etoschae : northwestern namibia and northern botswana ; a . a . damarensis : namibia and central botswana ; a . a . afraoides : southeastern botswana through northern and northeastern south africa to lesotho .
flat grassland with sward of 19 . 7–39 . 4 in ( 50–100 cm ) , semi - desert scrub , grassy dunes , and arid savanna . tolerates heavily grazed areas .
generally solitary ; males display on territories using stylized flights accompanied by loud calling .
variety of plant and animal material , including insects , seeds , flowers , and leaves .
breeds almost throughout year , but mainly september to march . lays one , sometimes two , eggs on bare ground . incubation period 19–21 days in captivity .
otis bengalensis gmelin , 1789 , bengal . sometimes merged with eupodotis . two subspecies .
french : outarde du bengale ; german : barttrappe ; spanish : sisón bengali .
male : 25 in ( 64 cm ) , 2 . 8–3 . 8 lb ( 1 . 25–1 . 7 kg ) ; female : 27 in ( 68 cm ) , 3 . 8–5 lb ( 1 . 7–2 . 25 kg ) . back and tail buffy brown , vermiculated with black pattern . male has head , neck , and underparts black . female has buffy head and underparts .
h . b . bengalensis : along border of southern nepal and india , east to lowlands of assam ; h . b . blandini : central and southern cambodia , southern vietnam .
flat grasslands , often with scattered shrubs , or in recently burned patches . visits cultivation .
both races dispersive , b . blandini probably with regular short distance migration . on breeding grounds , males make display flights from traditional sites .
one to two eggs laid in march to june ( india ) on bare scrape where incubated for 25–28 days . no pair bond ; female responsible for all incubation and chick rearing .
endangered . total population thought to be around 500 individuals in india / nepal , but unquantified indochinese population possibly contains several thousand birds . conversion of grasslands and heavy hunting in some areas are the main threats .
17 in ( 43 cm ) ; male : 1 . 7–2 . 2 lb ( 0 . 8–1 kg ) ; female : 1 . 5–2 lb ( 0 . 7–0 . 95 g ) . upperparts buffy brown , lightly vermiculated with black ; tail white mottled with three bars . breeding male has blue - gray face , black neck and breast , with white v at foreneck and white band across breast , and white undersides . female has buff face , neck , and breast , with streaking and barring on breast . nonbreeding male is similar to female .
western mediterranean basin , turkey , ukraine , and southwestern russia through kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan , extreme northwestern china and extreme northern iran . eastern populations winter to iran , azerbaijan , and afghanistan .
flat or rolling short - grass plains , stony semideserts , pasture , and fallow land .
highly gregarious in mixed - sex groups outside breeding season . males give crepuscular jumping display in breeding season .
invertebrates and plant material , the former predominate in summer , the latter in winter .
two to six eggs laid february to june in bare scrape , usually in grassy cover ; incubated by female 20–22 days , remaining with her until first autumn .
near threatened . although over 100 , 000 individuals probably survive , there has been a massive decline almost throughout its range , particularly in the east where habitat modification continues , and hunting is not controlled .
birdlife international . threatened birds of asia . barcelona : lynx edicions , 2001 .
collar , n . j .
family otididae ( bustards ) .
in handbook of birds of the world . vol . 3 , edited by del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal . barcelona : lynx edicions , 1996 .
goriup , p . d . , and h . vardhan , eds . bustards in decline . jaipur : tourism and wildlife society of india , 1983 .
johnsgard , p . a . bustards , hemipodes and sandgrouse : birds of dry places . oxford : oxford university press , 1991 .
allan , d . g .
the world ' s bustards : a looming crisis .
quagga 24 ( 1988 ) : 5–9 .
johnsgard , p . a .
bustards : stalkers of the dry plains .
zoonooz 63 , no . 7 ( 1990 ) : 4–11 .
wightman , j .
bustards ( behavior , display , reproduction , habitat ) .
animals 11 ( 1968 ) : 341–343 .
bustards ( otididae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
bustards ( otididae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
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institute of laboratory animal resources ( u . s . ) subcommittee on avian standards
the development of the tegmentum vasculosum in the cochlea of the bob - white quail , colinus virginianus l . . . .
washington , d . c . : catholic university of america press , 1941 .
[ washington , d . c . ] : published by the committee representing the quail study fund for southern georgia and northern florida . . . in cooperation with the u . s . biological survey , 1925 .
[ sacramento ? ] : state of california , division of fish and game , 1930 .
quail disease in the united states [ print ] : ( a preliminary report . )
washington , d . c . : united states government printing office , 1941 .
the bobwhite quail , one of the most popular and widely distributed of game birds , can be successfully raised in captivity for restocking depleted coverts . this bulletin gives the essential principles involved in its feeding and management .
2nd ed . - sacramento , calif . ( 1416 9th st . , sacramento , 95814 ) : the dept . , [ 1993 ]
sacramento , calif . ( 1416 9th st . , box 944209 , sacramento , 94244 - 2090 ) : the dept . , 1988 .
oxford [ eng . ] ; new york : oxford university press , 1988 .
xix , 264 , [ 64 ] p . of plates : ill . ( some col . ) ; 29 cm .
comparative biology : taxonomy , phylogeny , and zoogeography - - reproductive biology - - ecology and population dynamics - - ontogeny of plumages and behaviour - - adult vocalizations and non - vocal behaviour - - species accounts : subfamily odontophorinae - - dendrortyx - - philortyx - - oreortyx - - callipepla - - colinus - - odontophorus - - dactylortyx - - cyrtonyx - - rhynchortyx - - tribe perdicini - - lerwa - - tetraophasis - - tetraogallus - - alectoris - - ammoperdix - - francolinus - - perdix - - rhizothera - - margaroperdix - - melanoperdix - - coturnix - - anurophasis - - perdicula - - ophrysia - - arborophila - - caloperdix - - haematortyx - - rollulus - - ptilopachus - - bambusicola - - galloperdix - - bibliography - - index .
this companion volume to the author ' s pheasants of the world describes three times as many species . 127 colour plates - mostly by henry jones - illustrate all of the species in the group . the descriptions cover biology , ecology , development , behaviour , taxonomy , and zoogeographic aspects . readership : ornithologists , aviculturists , sportsmen ( hunting quail / partridge ) , ecologists , conservationists .
[ washington , d . c . ] : published by the committee representing the quail study fund for southern georgia and northern florida , 1926 .
62 p . , 5 leaves of plates : ill . ; 23 cm .
[ fort collins , colo . ] : usda forest service , rocky mountain forest and range experiment station , [ 1981 ]
sacramento : california state print . office , g . h . moore , state printer , 1936 .
this page lists books that are totally or partially about bustards . the books are listed in order of publication date with the most recent at the top .
back from the brink is an antidote to a world that seems full of stories of wildlife doom and gloom . amongst all the loss of habitat and the animals and plants that are in spiralling decline , it ' s easy to forget that there are a huge number of positive stories too ; animals threatened with extinction , such as the gigantic european bison - extinct in the wild - having their fortunes reversed and their futures secured . this is the story of some of these successes .