the ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) is a catfish of the family ictaluridae.the first specimens of the species were collected in 1952 it was not until 1969 that they were recognised as a species .

the ouachita madtom is similar to the tadpole madtom except the ouachita madtom has one internasal pore while the tadpole madtom has two , and 16 to 18 anal rays while the tadpole madtom has only 14 to 16 .

it is also similar to the slender madtom but differing in the sack of serrae on the pectoral spine , having more caudal rays , and usually eight pectoral rays while the slender madtom has 9 .

the maximum length of an ouachita madtom is about 2.7 inches .

ouachita madtom

information on the ouachita madtom is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the ouachita madtom is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
growth and reproduction in the ouachita madtom
by r . tumilson and j . o . hardage
feeding and reproductive biology of ouachita madtom ( joseph n . stoeckel , charles j . gagen , and richard w . standadge )
ouachita madtom noturus lachneri taylor 1969 identification : the ouachita madtom is similar to the tadpole madtom , noturus gyrinus , but can be distinguished by its shorter , flatter head and its more slender body . the body is tan , dark gray or brown above and white below . the fins sometimes have dark borders . to 4 in . ( 10 cm ) total length . range : the ouachita madtom is found in the upper saline river system and in an adjacent small tributary of the ouachita river in central arkansas . this species is uncommon . habitat : the ouachita madtom inhabits flowing rocky pools and runs of creeks and small rivers . similar species : the tadpole madtom , noturus gyrinus , has a longer and more rounded head , and a chubbier body .
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robison , h . w . , and g . l . harp . 1985 . distribution , habitat and food of the ouachita madtom , noturus lachneri , a ouachita river drainage endemic . copeia 1985 : 216 - 220 .
gagen , c . j . , r . w . standage , and j . n . stoeckel . 1998 . ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) metapopulation dynamics in intermittent ouachita mountain streams . copeia 1998 : 874 - 882 .
( burr and warren 1986 ) . the least madtom is abundant and stable in
topminnow as from the ouachita r . dr . , louisiana , north to ( lake
the neosho madtom and the multifaceted nature of population limiting factors ( mark l . wildhaber )
scientists recently proposed that 17 species including the ouachita madtom , a whiskery fish found in arkansas , be removed from a petition that had called for its protection under the endangered species act .
filters and templates : stonefly ( plecoptera ) richness in ouachita mountains streams , u . s . a
status assessment of the carolina madtom : a rare north carolina epidemic ( christopher j . wood and robert b . nichols )
tumilson , r . and hardage , j . o . ( 2014 )
growth and reproduction in the ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) at the periphery of its distribution ,
journal of the arkansas academy of science : vol . 68 , article 19 . available at : urltoken
[ conservation , management , and ecology of nongame catfish ] control of gonadal maturation of the margined madtom ( joseph n . stoeckel and richard j . neves )
the ouachita madtom was the only madtom from arkansas to be captively propagated at cfi . international paper funded an effort to determine whether this madtom species from the saline river system near hot springs was relatively more or less difficult to captively spawn than other species that cfi has attempted . three nests were spawned and the young reared with varying success to produce more than 60 young madtoms . these efforts reinforced previous findings that suggest that a wide range of variation exists in the ease with which different madtom species will spawn in captivity . most upland species have proven more difficult than larger river and lowland species , although the reasons are still unclear . many of the excess propagated individuals were utilized in 2008 for electrofishing injury experiments by russ bohl ( university of tennessee , knoxville ) . in fall 2009 , all surviving individuals ( n = 22 ) were transferred to the chattahoochee national fish hatchery , ga .
the ouachita madtom , noturus lachneri , is a small , uniformly - colored catfish endemic to the upper saline and ouachita river drainages in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan , 1988 ) , where it is often found in shallow pools associated with clear , high gradient , rock - bottomed streams ( robison and harp , 1985 ) . distribution , habitat , diet , and conservation status of n . lachneri . were examined by robison and harp ( 1985 ) . however , information on parasites of this endemic species has not been reported . herein , we report on species richness and mean abundance of hehninth parasites of n . lachneri .
the ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) occurs primarily in drainages of the upper saline river and in a few small tributaries to the ouachita river in arkansas , usa . we collected specimens by hand and by use of aquarium dipnets on 29 occasions from 20 october 1999 through 25 july 2000 in cooper creek , presently a feeder creek into lake catherine on the ouachita river . total length was measured , reproductive attributes were noted , and individuals were released at the capture site ( with exception of 3 gravid females retained to assess fecundity ) . we recognized 2 age ( size ) classes during most of the year based on a plot of length - frequency distributions . regression of total length against time indicated a mean growth rate of 0 . 14 mm / day for the population , and 0 . 20 mm / day for juveniles during warmer months . hatchlings were found from 27 june through 4 november .
thomas , m . r . , burr , b . m . , 2004 . noturus gladiator , a new species of madtom ( siluriformes : ictaluridae ) from coastal plain streams of tennessee and mississippi . ichthyol . explor . freshwaters 15 : 351 - 368 .
ouachita madtoms ( noturus lachneri ) at conservation fisheries , a native stream fish breeding center in knoxville . this is a rare stream fish that has a limited range in arkansas and is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list , but it still isn’t listed under the esa .
fiorillo , riccardo a . ; thomas , r . brent ; warren , melvin l . , jr . ; taylor , christopher m . 1999 . structure of the helminth assemblage of and endemic madtom catfish ( noturus lachneri ) . the southwestern naturalist , vol . 44 , no . 4 , december 1999
distinctive ; clearly differentiated by several characters ( see starnes 1995 ) . see grady and legrande ( 1992 ) for a study of phylogenetic relationships , modes of speciation , and historical biogeography of noturus madtom catfishes . see lundberg ( 1992 ) for a synthesis of recent work on the systematic relationships of ictalurid catfishes .
bridge repair and construction have decimated local populations . commercial gravel operations , stream channelization , and clearcut logging have degraded habitat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . impoundments for a water supply for little rock and benton are a potential threat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . ouachita madtoms and associated fishes apparently die in substantial numbers as streams dry in summer , so these communities potentially could be impacted by land management practices that increase the extent of stream drying , through alterations of the hydrologic regime ( e . g . , diversions for drinking water , irrigation ) ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . land management practices that increase sediment load may decrease pool depth thereby reducing source habitat for riffle - dwelling species as well as reducing habitat for pool - dwelling species such as the ouachita madtom ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . unintentional barriers to fish passage , such as low - water road crossings could significantly affect fish community structure by altering the natural recolonization dynamics in intermittent streams ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .
bridge repair and construction have decimated local populations . commercial gravel operations , stream channelization , and clearcut logging have degraded habitat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . impoundments for a water supply for little rock and benton are a potential threat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . ouachita madtoms and associated fishes apparently die in substantial numbers as streams dry in summer , so these communities potentially could be impacted by land management practices that increase the extent of stream drying , through alterations of the hydrologic regime ( e . g . , diversions for drinking water , irrigation ) ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . land management practices that increase sediment load may decrease pool depth thereby reducing source habitat for riffle - dwelling species as well as reducing habitat for pool - dwelling species such as the ouachita madtom ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . unintentional barriers to fish passage , such as low - water road crossings could significantly affect fish community structure by altering the natural recolonization dynamics in intermittent streams ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .
total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 10 , 000 . this species has been reported as never abundant at any locality within its range ( robison and harp 1985 ) , or rare to uncommon ( page and burr 2011 ) , but gagen et al . ( 1998 ) found high population densities of ouachita madtoms in several tributaries to the alum fork of the saline river .
grady , j . m . , and w . h . legrande . 1992 . phylogenetic relationships , modes of speciation , and historical biogeography of the madtom catfishes , genus noturus rafinesque ( siluriformes : ictaluridae ) . pages 747 - 777 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .
the small , discontinuous range is restricted to the upper saline river system and a small unnamed tributary of the ouachita river below remmel dam , in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 . see robison and harp ( 1985 ) for localities . range extent is not more than a couple hundred square kilometres ( e . g . , see map in robison and harp 1985 ) . range may be severely fragmented .
the small , discontinuous range is restricted to the upper saline river system and a small unnamed tributary of the ouachita river below remmel dam , in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 . see robison and harp ( 1985 ) for localities . range extent is not more than a couple hundred square kilometers ( e . g . , see map in robison and harp 1985 ) . range may be severely fragmented .
( 250 - 1000 square km ( about 100 - 400 square miles ) ) the small , discontinuous range is restricted to the upper saline river system and a small unnamed tributary of the ouachita river below remmel dam , in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 . see robison and harp ( 1985 ) for localities . range extent is not more than a couple hundred square kilometers ( e . g . , see map in robison and harp 1985 ) . range may be severely fragmented .
this species is represented by a small number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . robison and harp ( 1985 ) mapped 17 collection sites that represent probably more than 10 but not more than 15 distinct occurrences . total adult population size is unknown but probably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species has been reported as never abundant at any locality within its range ( robison and harp 1985 ) , or rare to uncommon ( page and burr 2011 ) , but gagen et al . ( 1998 ) found high population densities of ouachita madtoms in several tributaries to the alum fork of the saline river . extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and number of subpopulations apparently have not decreased by more than 25 % compared to the historical situation . trend in population size is unknown . warren et al . ( 2000 ) and jelks et al . ( 2008 ) categorized the status as
threatened
( not
currently stable
) . trends are not well documented , but this species may be declining . some local extirpations may be temporary . for example , madtoms can rapidly recolonize from large , deep pools stream reaches from which they have been extirpated as a result of drought ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .
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taylor , w . r . 1969 . a revision of the catfish genus noturus ( rafinesque ) with an analysis of higher groups in the ictaluridae . smithsonian institution , u . s . national museum bulletin 282 : 1 - 315 .
justification : this species is listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 1 , 000 sq km , area of occupancy is less than 500 sq km , distribution may be severely fragmented , and habitat quality is subject to ongoing degradation .
this species is characteristic of pools , backwaters , and runs of creeks and small rivers ( page and burr 2011 ) of moderate to high gradient , with clear , cool water , gravel - rubble - sand bottoms , and alternating pools and riffles . usually it occurs in shallow pools , buried in gravel / cobble or in debris and vegetation along edges , sometimes in very shallow riffles under large rocks ( robison and allen 1995 ) . it may seek smaller tributaries for spawning . young have been found in a pool over shale bedrock in a small tributary ( robison and harp 1985 ) .
better information on abundance and population trend is needed . unpolluted , unsilted habitats should be maintained .
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r . tumilson , henderson state university follow j . o . hardage , henderson state university
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
small , fragmented range in arkansas ; threatened by degradation and loss of habitat from logging , commercial gravel operations , housing developments , and bridge / road building .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
known area of occupancy may be less than 100 square kilometers or not much more than this , particularly during periods of stream drying . .
this species is represented by a small number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . robison and harp ( 1985 ) mapped 17 collection sites that represent probably more than 10 but not more than 15 distinct occurrences .
warren et al . ( 2000 ) and jelks et al . ( 2008 ) categorized the status as
threatened
( not
currently stable
) . trends are not well documented , but this species may be declining . some local extirpations may be temporary . for example , madtoms can rapidly recolonize from large , deep pools stream reaches from which they have been extirpated as a result of drought ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .
extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and number of subpopulations apparently have not decreased by more than 25 % compared to the historical situation . trend in population size is unknown .
a slender , brownish to gray catfish with an adnate adipose fin , terminal mouth , nearly equal jaws , 10 preoperculomandibular pores , and a single internasal pore ( robison and allen 1995 ) .
differs from noturus gyrinus in having one internasal pore ( vs . 2 ) and 16 - 18 anal rays ( vs . 14 - 16 ) ( robison and allen 1995 ) . differs from n . exilis in lacking serrae on the pectoral spine , and in having more caudal rays and typically 8 pectoral rays ( vs . 9 ) ( robison and allen 1995 ) .
density was 17 . 2 - 204 ( mean 95 ) per 100 sq m in riffle and pool habitats at six sites ; density ranges up to 32 per sq m in pools along dried up stream reaches ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .
mayflies and chironomids are primary food items ( smith 1982 , robison and harp 1985 ) ; also eats beetles , caddisflies , isopods , copepods , and gastropods .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .
madtoms are generally regarded as sedentary , at least over the short term , but dispersal characteristics are unknown . separation distance is arbitrary but reflects the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
jelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . díaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .
lundberg , j . g . 1992 . the phylogeny of ictalurid catfishes : a synthesis of recent work . pages 392 - 420 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .
petersen , j . c . , and b . g . justus . 2005 . the fishes of hot springs national park arkansas , 2003 . u . s . geological survey scientific investigations report 2005 - 5126 . 13 pp .
robison , h . w . and t . m . buchanan . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas . 536 pp .
robison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .
starnes , w . c . 1995 . taxonomic validation for fish species on the u . s . fish and wildlife service category 2 species list . 28 pp .
taylor , w . r . 1969 . a revision of the catfish genus noturus ( rafinesque ) with an analysis of higher groups in the ictaluridae . smithsonian institution , u . s . national museum bulletin 282 . 315 pp .
state natural heritage data centers . 1996a . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia . science division , the nature conservancy .
state natural heritage data centers . 1996b . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia : export of freshwater fish and mussel records west of the mississippi river in 1997 . science division , the nature conservancy .
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riccardo a . fiorillo ; r . brent thomas ; melvin l . warren ; christopher m . taylor
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using molecular genetic tools to identify extremophile bacteria from deep in arkansas’s blanchard caverns .
studies of non–native species of invasive trees and shrubs that occur naturalized in arkansas , their ability to become established in the local flora , and what factors influence this process .
tungoil tree ( aleurites fordii hemsl . ) ( euphorbiaceae ) new to the arkansas flora .
negundo chaste tree ( vitex negundo l . ) ( verbenaceae ) new to the arkansas flora .
chinese flame tree ( koelreuteria bipinnata franch . ) new to the arkansas flora .
effects of agriculture and indigenous villages on coral reef composition in kuna yala , panama .
ichthyofaunal assemblages in three proximate but ecologically diverse streams in clark county , arkansas .
geographic variation within an isolated population of big - eared bats in oklahoma , kansas and texas .
recovery of sea urchin populations , st . ann ' s bay , jamaica .
diversity of lamium ( lamiaceae ) in arkansas , including occurrences of lamium hybridum and flower color forms .
comment suwannee river , florida to the mississippi river ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
comment enters kentucky’s waters during the spawning run ( burr and warren 1986 ) .
life history from january - march . eggs are deposited over coarse sand and gravel
between mid - july and early october ( pflieger 1975 ) . juveniles stay in fresh
comment and southern illinois to the gulf of mexico in the mississippi river basin .
to veracruz , mexico . the species is now extirpated or very rare in the
comment county near maysville ( trautman 1981 ) . j . p . kirtland noted this species
habitat / this species is one of the largest freshwater fishes in the u . s . . the largest
life history known gar collected in louisiana was 9 feet 8 . 5 inches and weighed 302
rivers and their bayous , oxbows , and backwaters . the have been known to
life history current below and above riffles and in pools up to 1 . 75 meters deep ( burr
substrates and boulders , tree snags , or water willow as cover . spawning is
supporting aquatic life ranges from 51 . 5 % to 90 . 0 % of stream miles
comment species of buffalo ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . some authorities regard this
mississippi and ohio rivers . in the ohio river , pearson and krumholz ( 1984 )
history environments ( burr and warren 1986 ) . the species has also been reported to
being a large dietary component ( becker 1983 , minckley et al . 1970 ) . spawning
substrates from bedrock to gravel ( piller et al . 2003 ) . piller et al . ( 2003 )
2008 , 17 records ) , 05140206 lower ohio ( 1996 - 2008 , 13 records ) . although
were fully supporting of aquatic life use ( kentucky division of water 2008 ) . the
g - trend the blackfin sucker is endemic to the barren river drainage basin . the
comment and a portion of northern tennessee ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . in
life history or rubble substrates in creeks and medium sized rivers ( natureserve 2004 ) .
early spring ( march and april ) . after hatching , the young are found in
key currently exists only in the upper barren river ( huc 05110002 ) . nearly
2b gravel / sand removal or quarrying ( e . g . , mineral excavation )
life history 5 m in width ( burr and warren 1986 ) . typically found in sluggish pools of
60 : 40 ( burr and warren 1986 ) . this species is usually also associated with
species is broadly distributed in the southeastern u . s . and often abundant in
( mettee et al . 1996 ) . according to natureserve ( 2004 ) , this species is
habitat / little is known about the biology of this species . spawning occurs in mid -
life history to late spring in shoal areas of small streams ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . in
portion ( approximately 10 % ) of the species’ range ( natureserve 2008 ) .
history and around submerged logs and stumps . less frequently , or more sporadically , it
or gravel in current ( burr and warren 1986 ) . the blackfin shiner is a schooling
( robison and buchanan 1988 , ross 2001 ) . in tennessee , the spawning period
observations of males in breeding condition ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . eggs are
breeding males ( heins 1990 , pfleiger 1997 , boschung and mayden 2004 ) .
some degree ( burr and warren 1986 , woods et al . 2002 ) .
comment caney fork , tennessee , to rockcastle river , kentucky ( natureserve 2004 ) .
and little south forks , and buck creek ( burr and warren 1986 ) .
comment cumberland river ( below the falls ) where it is known from five localities . it
streams ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . spawning occurs in mid - april through
early may as water temperature approaches 15 c ( 60f ) . sexual maturity is
reached at age - 1 . life span is 2 . 5 years . food consists of about half
mayflies . maximum total length is 100 mm sl ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
huc8 are good as 73 . 1 % of assessed streams were found to be fully
supporting aquatic life . a total of 43 . 7 miles of streams in this huc8 are
comment mississippi river from obion creek south ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . it
life history in raceways and riffles on the coastal plain ( burr and warren 1986 ) . this
include 27 . 8 % ( bayou du chien - mayfield huc8 ) and 37 . 0 % ( obion creek
2f riparian zone removal ( agriculture / development ) . burr and warren ( 1986 )
comment was elevated to species status by etnier and starnes ( 1986 ) . this species is
( etnier and starnes , 1993 ) . although species continues to be common in
s - trend in kentucky , this species is confined to terrapin creek in graves county .
aquatic vegetation is present ( etnier and starnes , 1993 ) . bell and timmons
from 33 - 116 to 65 - 201 mature ova per age - 1 female . although bell and
comment creeks , graves county ( burr and warren 1986 ) . within terrapin creek , it
1984 ( burr and warren 1986 , d . eisenhour , morehead state university ,
life history to fast current ( natureserve 2004 ) . specific habitat includes sand - gravel
comment degrees n ( lee and gilbert 1980 ) . in the eastern hemisphere , it occurs
kentucky , missouri , wyoming , and oregon ( page and burr 1991 ) . the species
in depths greater than 1 . 5 m with substrates of rock , sand , and mud ( burr and
habits ( lee and gilbert 1980 , becker 1983 ) . in the great lakes and areas to the
bays over and or on gravel shoals ( becker 1983 , holm et al . 2009 ) . in rivers ,
side channels behind deposition bars ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 2003 ) . the
lower ohio - bay , and 05140206 lower ohio . pre - 1967 records are available for
the lower kentucky river ( 05100205 ) and licking river ( 05100101 ) . the most
brush - whiteoak ( 1993 , photo record ) ( compton et al . 2004 ) . although the ohio
g - trend the central mudminnow occurs in north central north america in the st .
creek and running slough , fulton county ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it is
coastal plain ( clay 1975 ) . this species usually prefers non - turbid water
shallow water during the spring water temperatures reach 13° c ( 55° f ) .
supporting aquatic life range from 27 % ( obion creek huc ) to 74 . 9 %
none ( kentucky lake huc ) to 124 . 4 ( bayou du chien - mayfield creek
comment river drainage ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it has been collected both above
life history may be taken in medium sized streams ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it occurs in
associated with large , flat stones ( page 1983 ) . spawning takes place in
april when water temperatures are around 13° c . ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
common food items include mayflies , midges , and stoneflies ( page 1983 ) .
1986 ) . sexual maturity is reached at one year of age . spawning occurs from
mid - march to early june . females contain 26 - 116 eggs and deposit them
on dead leaves , twigs , rock and filamentous algae . eggs are not guarded and
hatch in 5 - 13 days based on temperature . life span is 1 . 5 years . principal
chien – mayfield ( huc 08010201 ) , and obion creek ( huc 08010202 ) .
mississippi – memphis huc ) to 74 . 9 % ( lower tennessee - kentucky lake
easternmost records from the state ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it is considered
habitat records predate 1984 . the bayou du chien - mayfield ( huc 08010201 )
contains the largest number of records ( 17 ) , only one of which is post - 1984 .
life history streams , and sloughs ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it occurs over substrates of
sand or clay overlain with silt and organic debris ( burr and warren 1986 ) .
et al . 1996 ) and april to september in florida ( natureserve 2004 ) . nest
growth is fairly slow and lifespan is approximately six years ( mettee et al .
watersheds have fewer than ten ( kentucky division of water 2002 , 2004 ) .
and tennessee and the fish to be rare and extremely localized . jenkins , in
darter is presented in etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) as etheostoma sp . ( this
darter was officially describes after their book went to press ) . at that time
of the duskytail darter to be confined to 4 . 3 stream miles of the big south
in kentucky was only about a 4 . 8 - mile reach between the mouth
troublesome creek ( the majority ) and the mouth of oil well branch . the
well ) occurred under slab shaped stones during april - june . eggs are laid in
with complement of eggs ranging from 79 - 103 per “nest rock” . these nests
supporting aquatic life include 90 . 0 % of the 75 . 5 miles of stream assessed
drainage from red river upstream ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it is common in
life history starnes 1993 ) . spawning occurs from april to june at temperatures of
about 18 - 20°c in gravel - cobble raceways . this species may be an
supporting aquatic life ranges from 48 . 4 % to 90 . 0 % of streams surveyed
within these watersheds , in which up to 404 . 4 stream miles have been
4a acid mine drainage other coal mining impacts . burr and warren ( 1986 )
4b waste water discharge ( e . g . , sewage treatment ) . burr and warren ( 1986 )
4d oil and gas drilling operations associated runoff . burr and warren ( 1986 )
also be found in pools adjacent to habitat . eggs are thought be to attached
age range of breeding females is 1 - 2 years ( natureserve 2004 ) . eggs are laid
singly on horizontal and vertical surface and they hatch in 6 – 8 days . life
span is 3 years . diet consists primarily of midge larvae ( etnier and starnes
17 states in the u . s . ( natureserve 2004 ) . over its range it is common and
comment in the mississippi river at cairo , illinois ( burr and warren 1986 ) . burr and
and crossman 1973 ; pflieger 1975 ) . it relies on flood flows to spawn
peak flows , when the temperature is warmer and the bottom is more stable .
into smaller streams to spawn ( scott and crossman 1973 ; pflieger 1975 ) .
comment small portion of north - central tennessee . in kentucky , it is considered
comment river , and the south fork of the kentucky river ( natureserve 2004 ) . it is
life history gradients ( natureserve 2004 ) . inhabits quiet water areas , especially slow
spring and peaks from mid - march through mid - april . this species may be
barren river drainages are 80 . 0 % and 92 . 6 % ( respectively ) of stream miles
comment to trinity r . dr . , texas ; former mississippi embayment north to
elsewhere ( page and burr 1991 ) . as the golden topminnow is secure in
most of its range , natureserve indicates g5 as its global status . however ,
comment 1970 from reelfoot lake , ( sisk 1973 ) . the first notable population
( 1973 ) reported a series of 14 ( each date ) from open pond , fulton county .
special concern category ( branson et al . 1981 ) . both open fork and
shoreline ( burr and warren 1986 ) . as are most fundulus , the golden
topminnow is a surface dweller . etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) report it to
habitat kentucky ( huc - 8 ) are located within huc 08010202 ( obion creek ) . of
the 28 . 7 miles of stream assessed within this huc , 27 . 8 % of the waters
were fully supporting , 56 . 0 % partially supporting , 16 . 2 % not supporting ,
division of water 2002 ) . however , one of the current and primary known
( pg . 74 , kentucky atlas and gazetteer , 1997 ) . this refuge should help
population occurring above the fall line . it is reported to be c \ common in
s - trend in kentucky , this species is sporadic and seasonally rare . its known
habitat / restricted to small lowland creeks , ditches , and wetlands . in small gravel
supporting aquatic life include 27 . 8 % ( obion creek huc ) and 56 . 0 %
comment from terrapin creek in graves county . burr and mayden ( 1979 ) reported
comment over a large part of the central united states . recently recognized as a
flowing riffles and runs . during periods of low water , when riffles and runs
key known to occur only in the barren river ( huc 05110002 ) . habitat
( page and burr 1991 ; pflieger 1975 ) . spawning occurs during late spring
emergent vegetation and hatch in 4 - 30 days at temperatures of 13 - 34 c .
s - trend this species is endemic to the upper kentucky river system . it is
life history may be taken in streams . this species usually occupies sluggish pools and
sexual maturity is reached at age 1 . females contain 67 - 265 mature eggs .
dipterans , caddisflies , stoneflies , and beetle larvae ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
habitat basin . habitat conditions fully supporting aquatic life range from 48 . 4 %
( north fork kentucky river huc 05100201 ) to 88 . 5 % ( upper kentucky
comment tributary ) , kentucky . in the upper green river drainage , it is common in
pitman , and goose creeks . in the gasper river drainage , it is most common
habitat few records also in the barren river ( huc 05110002 ) . habitat conditions
in the upper green river and 92 . 6 % in the barren river watersheds .
113 . 1 in the the upper green and 14 . 7 for the barren river drainages
rarely enters creeks , streams , or rivers ( burr and warren 1986 ) . spawning
20 , 000 eggs per female . food consists of microcrustacea and midge larva .
life span is 5 or 6 years . maximum size to 394 mm ( 15 . 5 inches ) total
length and nearly 1 kg ( 2 . 2 lbs ) ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
habitat loss , construction of dams , and pollution . over the years , this
comment mississippi , cumberland , and tennessee rivers ( burr and warren 1986 ) .
the lake sturgeon ( trautman 1981 ) . burr and warren ( 1986 ) reported eight
river , 3 ; cumberland river , 1 ) for this species in kentucky . since 1984 ,
feet over firm sand , gravel , or rock ( pflieger 1975 ) . the oldest individual
was reported to be 154 years of age and weighing 207 pounds . . spawning
outside bends over rocks / boulders in water between 1 and 15 feet in depth .
habitat river that lie within four different huc8 units . the most recent record is
supporting aquatic life range from none ( highland - pigeon huc ) to 51 . 5 %
terrapin creek , although confined to a small range ( d . eisenhour , morehead
habitat / occurs in lowland creeks and small rivers across its range ( natureserve ) . in
life history the south , it occupies relatively shallow , clear riffles with moderate current .
occurs from mid - june through early - july ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
snags or similar organic cover ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . if available , they
life history and warren 1986 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ; natureserve 2004 ) . primary
( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . spawning occurs in shallow , gravel / cobble riffles
where eggs can be buried in the gravel / cobble substrate ( natureserve 2004 ) .
supporting aquatic life range include 55 . 8 % of stream miles surveyed in the
upper green river and 92 . 6 % in the barren river watersheds . number of
found between pre - 1984 and post - 1984 data ( d . eisenhour , morehead state
sand / silt substrates in pools ( burr and warren 1986 ) . such habitats are
eggs and young are carried in the gill chamber for 4 to 5 months . only 10 %
habitat ( huc 05110001 ) , and rough river ( huc 05110004 ) drainages . habitat
2004 ) , with good populations in the licking river ( d . eisenhour , morehead
river drainages ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . this species has been collected in
maturation , it is now limited to the upper reaches ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
comment south fork of the cumberland river drainage . ( burr and warren 1986 ;
river has turned up only two specimens ( m . compton , ky division of
life history upland river systems ( burr and warren 1986 ; natureserve 2004 ) . typical
late - july ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . lifespan is approximately 4 years .
drainages , and formerly in lake erie ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . because the
rare fishes ( branson et al . 1981 ) , but was later removed because it was thought
to be more common that previously believed ( burr and warren 1986 ) . although
history zooplankton on which it feeds . adults must have access to gravel bars subject to
the species prefers depths greater than 1 . 5 m , seeking deeper water in late fall
artificial structures ( e . g . , below dams ) that create eddies and reduce current
velocity ( southall and hubert 1984 ) . paddlefish have been reported to spawn in
below upstream impoundments ( e . g . , stancill et al . 2002 ) . in the lower
( 08010100 ) , and bayou du chien - mayfield ( 08010201 ) watershed units . sections
kentucky lake ( 06040005 ) , and lower tennessee river ( 06040006 ) . habitat
three records are available for the licking river ( 05100101 ) . the licking river
comment cumberland river in wayne county . it was judged to be most abundant in
a 6 - mile reach of the little south fork ( u . s . fish and wildlife service
cobble , pebble , and gravel mixed with clean sand ( u . s . fish and wildlife
service 1997 ) . peak spawning occurs from june to early july ( u . s . fish
palezone shiner for 20 years , very little is known about its biology ( u . s .
habitat in the south fork cumberland ( huc 0513014 ) watershed , wayne county .
comment south to louisiana and west to the guadaloupe river in texas ( clemmer 1980 ) .
skelly and sule 1983 , warren and burr 1988 , kwak 1991 , pflieger 1997 ) .
reduction of the species’ habitat or range ( jelks et al . 2008 ) .
comment and upper cumberland basins in kentucky ( burr and warren 1986 ) . until
recent collections because of its close similarity to other minnows ( e . g . , bigeye
history collected along the margin of the stream lined with water willow ( justicia sp . ) ;
warren 1986 ) . biology and life history of populations in kentucky are unknown .
river , habitat conditions fully supporting aquatic life include 90 % of the 75 . 5
miles of stream assessed within the watershed , and 52 . 3 stream miles are
s - trend there is only one substantiated record for the pallid sturgeon in kentucky .
life history pounds ) with a large flat shovel - like snout ( natureserve 2004 ) . it inhabits
spawning runs . life span has been estimated to be up to 50 years . the
oldest individual to - date was a 41 - year - old female weighing 37 . 5 pounds
mollusks , annelids , eggs of other fishes , and other fishes ( natureserve 2004 ) .
within this huc is able to fully support aquatic life . most ( 64 . 2 % ) can
only partially support aquatic life , while 35 . 8 % are considered to be non -
life history and small to large rivers . it is common and can be very abundant in the
great plains ( page and burr 1991 ) . it lives in schools near the bottom and
and flathead chubs , and the red , sand and emerald shiners ( pflieger 1975 ) . in
west ( gilbert 1980 , page and burr 1991 , natureserve 2008 ) . in canada , it
huron in southern ontario ( parker et al . 1988 , natureserve 2008 ) . recently , the
and red river ( burr and warren 1986 , meade et al . 1986 ) . although these small ,
makes them vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation . in wisconsin , lyons et al .
portion of its diet consists of terrestrial insects ( schwartz and norvell 1958 ) .


known foodplants of the larvae of this species are mimosoideae , acacia dealbata and acacia mearnsii .

chiasmia simplicilinea

chiasmia simplicilinea is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in eastern and southern africa from ethiopia to south africa and in ivory coast & madagascar .
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : chiasmia simplicilinea . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : insect details : individual images : chiasmia simplicilinea image1 . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use
copyright : mike bingham , annette willemen , bart wursten , petra ballings and mark hyde , 2011 - 18 bingham , m . g . , willemen , a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . and hyde , m . a . ( 2018 ) . flora of zambia : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : chiasmia simplicilinea . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 7 february 2018 12 : 03am terms of use
chiasmia - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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larva a green looper with fine white lines and a cream central line and black dots on each segment .
tanzania , zambia , mozambique , zimbabwe , south africa as far as the eastern cape .
a junior subjective synonym of gonodela maculosa warren , 1899 , synonymized by prout ( 1932a : 486 ) .
swinhoe c . 1904c . on the geometridae of tropical africa in the national collection . - transactions of the entomological society of london 1904 ( 3 ) : 497–590 .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more


the sailfin roughshark ( oxynotus paradoxus ) is a species of dogfish shark in the family oxynotidae , found in the eastern north atlantic from scotland to senegal between latitudes 41 ° n and 11 ° n , at depths of between 265 and 720 m ( 869 and 2,362 ft ) .

its length is up to 1.2 m ( 3.9 ft ) .

its reproduction is ovoviviparous .

o. paradoxus is thought to be a slow-moving predator of small benthic animal .

the sailfin roughsharks is found near the eastern atlantic ocean at those depths .

however , it has been reported to be found on the shores of morocco , recently reported in the mid-atlantic ridge , and in the azores water .

this species is an uncommon bycatch of bottom trawls , though there is insufficient information for the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) to assess its conservation status .

sailfin roughshark

en - sailfin roughshark , fr - humantin , sp - cerdo marino velero .
average size of the sailfin roughshark is 29 . 5 inches . maximum total length recorded was 46 . 4 inches .
posted in creature feature . tags : deep sea , oxynotus paradoxus , sailfin roughshark , shark biologist . leave a comment »
the angular roughshark ( oxynotus centrina ) is a rough shark of the family oxynotidae . [ 1 ]
hurst , richard .
factsheet : angular roughshark .
factsheet : angular roughshark . n . p . , n . d . web . 30 november 2013 . < urltoken > archived december 5 , 2013 , at the wayback machine . .
biologist carl linnaeus described the angular roughshark , o . centrina , in 1758 . this name was later finalized and accepted by the scientific community as the official name for the species in 1976 . [ 2 ]
justification : the sailfin roughshark ( oxynotus paradoxus ) is an uncommon deepwater bottom shark found at depths from 265–720 m . the species reaches a maximum reported size of up to 118 cm total length . moderately abundant in deeper offshore waters off the british isles . the species is probably taken as bycatch of offshore trawling fleets but no information is available on frequency . the species’ known depth range is entirely within the range of deepwater fisheries operating in the northeast atlantic , although the mid - atlantic ridge and southern part of its range probably offer some refuge from fishing pressure . furthermore , it is possible that the sailfin roughshark is continuously distributed along the northeast and eastern central atlantic floor , deeper than presently known . alternatively , separate slope and ridge populations may exist . given the paucity of information available on this species it is assessed as data deficient . research is needed to better define the distribution , population structure and the impact of fisheries on the species .
downward we descend to explore more mysterious creatures in the deep ! the sailfin roughshark ( oxynotus paradoxus ) is another deep water species about which little information has been discovered . what we do know about this deep water shark is based on what scientists have visually observed . their bodies are a triangular shape , short and bluntly snouted with large denticles ( skin teeth ) covering the surface of their skin . the dorsal fins are very noticeable with tall sail - like fins which contains spines . as for the anal fin , well , it doesn’t have one , which is somewhat atypical for a shark . you will find this uncommon species along the atlantic slope from scotland to senegal .
scientific synonyms and common names oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 synonyms : oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 , bull . soc . port . sci . nat . , 10 ( 22 ) : 263 - 267 , fig . 1 - 2 ( off morocco ) . holotype : mb no . t 114 . oxynotus paradoxus : frade , 1932 : pl . xx norman , 1932 : 77 - 79 , fig . 1 , pl . i fraser - brunner , 1935 : 320 tucker & palmer , 1949 : 930 - 931 krefft , 1955 : 158 - 160 , fig . i tortonese , 1956 : 168 bigelow & schroeder , 1957 : 1417 rae & lamont , 1960 : 78 cadenat , 1961 : 232 blacker , 1962 : 264 , 266 rae & pirie , 1967 : 30 ; 1968 : 201 went , 1968 : 36 wheeler , 1969 : 63 - 64 , fig . wheeler & blacker , 1969 : 313 maurin & bonnet , 1970 : 14 - 15 , fig . 9 ledoux , 1970 : 320 - 321 , fig . 3 . centrina paradoxa : cadenat , 1950 : 312 . common names : sailfin roughshark [ en ] humantin [ fr ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
northeast atlantic : along the atlantic slope from scotland ( including the northern north sea ) , to ireland , southern england , france , spain , portugal , madeira , the canary islands , the azores ( compagno in prep , azevedo , sousa and brum 2003 ) . also recently reported from the mid - atlantic ridge ( hareide and garnes 2001 ) . eastern central atlantic : morocco , mauritania , sahara , senegal , and possibly southwards to the gulf of guinea . not recorded in the mediterranean ( compagno in prep ) . based on the presence of this species in the azores and mid - atlantic ridge , a bathybenthic habitat has been suggested , with spring reproductive migrations to the continental shelf . this represents a significant westward extension of its previously known geographic distribution . it is possible that o . paradoxus is continuously distributed along the north - eastern atlantic floor , deeper than presently known . alternatively , separate slope and ridge populations may exist ( azavedo et al . 2003 ) .
france ; mauritania ; morocco ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; senegal ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; united kingdom ( great britain ) ; western sahara
moderately abundant off the british isles . catches in the waters of the british isles indicate that o . paradoxus is rare in inshore waters ( three individuals were reported from irish inshore waters by quigley and flannery 1994 ) , but numerous others have been caught in deeper offshore waters ( ni mhurachu and o’connor 1987 , henderson 1996 , quigley and flannery 1996 ) .
an uncommon deepwater bottom shark found on the continental slope at depths from 265–720 m . its maximum size is about 118 cm total length ( tl ) , while size at birth about 25 cm tl . reproduction is ovoviviparous .
this species is an uncommon bycatch of offshore trawling fleets ( compagno 1984 ) . there is a continuing trend for deepwater fisheries in the northeast atlantic , with overall concern for the status of deepwater species . trawl and gillnet fisheries operate throughout the species’ known depth range in areas of the northeast atlantic ( see ices 2006 , 2007 for further information on the fisheries ) , but no information is available on the bycatch of this species . the mid - atlantic ridge and southern part of the species’ range , off the western africa coast , may offer some refuge from fishing pressure , particularly if the species’ is continuously distributed along the northeast and eastern central atlantic floor , deeper than presently known .
no measures are in place . further research is required to determine the true extent of the range of the species . like many poorly known deepwater species , research is also required into life history characteristics .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
greek , oxys = sharp + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 265 - 720 m ( ref . 35388 ) . deep - water ; 41°n - 11°n , 13°w - 3°w ( ref . 54694 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35388 ) ; common length : 85 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . )
found on the continental slope . probably feeds on small bottom invertebrates and fishes . ovoviviparous .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 60 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 63 of 100 ) .
diagnosis : small sharks with body triangular in cross - section , very deep and very compressed .
bigelow , h . b . ; schroeder , w . c . 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 117 ( 1 ) : 1 - 150 , fig . 1 - 16 , pl . iiv .
blacker , r . w . 1962 . rare fishes from the atlantic slope fishing grounds . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 13 ) 5 : 261 - 271 , fig . 1 - 2 .
cadenat , j . 1950 . note sur les merlus de la côte occidentale d ' afrique . congr . pêches pêcher . un . franc . d ' outre - mer , inst . col . marseille : 128 - 130 .
cadenat , j . 1961b . notes d ' ichtyologie ouest - africaine . xxxiv . liste complémentaire des espèces de poissons de mer ( provenant des cotes de l ' afrique occidentale ) en collection à la section de biologie marine de l ' i . f . a . n . à gorée . bull . inst . fr . afr . noire , ( a ) 23 ( 1 ) : 231 - 245 .
frade , f . 1929 . une nouvelle espèce ou une aberration individuelle de l ' oxynotus centrina ( l . ) . bull . soc . port . sci . nat . , 10 ( 22 ) : 263 - 267 , fig . 1 - 2 .
fraser - brunner , a . 1935 . new or rare fishes from the irish atlantic slope . proc . r . ir . acad . , 42 ( b - 9 ) : 319 - 326 , fig . 1 - 5 .
krefft , g . 1955 . ichthyologische mitteilungen aus dem institut für seefischerei der bundesforschungsanstalt für fischerei . iv . 6 . weitere bemerkenswerte fische aus den gewässern des island - färöer - rückens . zool . anz . , 154 ( 7 / 8 ) : 157 - 164 , fig . 1 - 2 .
ledoux , j . c . 1970 . les dents des squalidés de la méditerranée occidentale et de l ' atlantique nord - ouest africain . vie milieu , 21 ( 2a ) : 309 - 362 , 21 fig .
maurin , c . ; bonnet , m . 1970 . poissons des côtes nord - ouest africaines ( campagnes de la ' thalassa ' , 1962 et 1968 ) . rev . trav . inst . ( scient . tech . ) pech . marit . , 34 ( 2 ) : 125 - 170 , fig . 1 - 26 .
norman , j . r . 1932 . note on a shark , oxynotus paradoxus frade , new to the british fauna . proc . zool . soc . lond . , ( 5 ) : 77 - 79 , fig . 1 , pl . i .
rae , b . b . ; pirie , s . f . 1968 . scottish records of rare fishes 1967 . annls biol . , copenh . , 24 ( 1967 ) : 201202 .
tortonese , e . 1956b . leptocardia , ciclostomata , selachii . fauna ital . , 2 : 334 p . , 163 fig .
tucker , d . w . ; palmer , c . 1949 . new british records of two rare deep - sea fishes : oxynotus paradoxus frade and aphanopus carbo lowe . nature , lond , 146 ( 4178 ) : 930 - 931 , 1 fig .
went , a . e . j . 1968 . rare fishes taken in irish waters in 1967 . ir . nat . j . , 16 : 35 - 39 .
wheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , + 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) + 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .
wheeler , a . ; blacker , r . w . 1972 . rare and little - known fishes in british seas in 1968 and 1969 . j . fish biol . , 4 : 141 - 170 , 1 fig .
very little has been documented on this particular shark . they have a short , blunt snout , high , sail - like dorsal fins with spines , no anal fin . first dorsal spine inclined backward , high , thick , triangular body with large , rough denticles .
this species has lanceolate upper teeth , and lower bladelike teeth in less than 12 rows .
northeast atlantic : scotland to canaries , azores , senegal , and possibly gulf of guinea . they inhabit continental slope , from depths of 869 . 4 feet to 2 , 362 . 2 feet .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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a female angular rough shark ca . 60 cm of tl , from the sea of marmara . | fishbase link : urltoken learn more about it at urltoken
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dogfish sharks are the second largest of shark orders with 119 species . dogfish come in all shapes , sizes , and colors and they live in almost every ocean habitat and depth . this group of sharks are an exercise in extremes . dogfish are represented by what is thought to be the smallest shark species ( dwarf lantern shark , which only grows to about 6 inches ) and some of the largest ( greenland and sleeper sharks ) .
these sharks can also be found at extreme depths , down to thousands of meters ! some species have nasty - looking spines accessorizing their dorsal fins , while others hardly look like a shark at all with tall sail - like dorsal fins . other species are bioluminescent , with dazzling displays of vivid greenish bands potentially used to attract and confuse prey , or to hide from predators . dogfish sharks are an excellent example of the exciting biodiversity that can be found among sharks !
marine ; most species bottom oriented . widely diversified and wide - ranging , dogfish sharks are in coastal and oceanic waters , from cool temperate to deep tropical waters
diverse as are the species . range from boney fishes , crustacea , to marine mammals
carpet sharks derive their name from both their bottom - dwell [ . . . ]
mackerel sharks include the most famous sharks such as the t [ . . . ]
dogfish sharks are highly diverse with the second largest gr [ . . . ]
bullhead sharks are relatively inelegant for a shark , living [ . . . ]
sawsharks resemble sawfish , with a long , toothy , sword - like [ . . . ]
shark savers is a program of wildaid , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization . copyright © 2018 wildaid . all rights reserved .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based
to help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .
there are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :
the taxonomy of sharks and rays is a subject that remains in hot debate . although the majority of elasmobranch families have been nailed down there will always be individual species that don ' t quite fit the characteristics of their sibling species . consequently species are occasionally reclassified or simply listed as awaiting review . one of the most confusing of families is the potamotrygonidae - the fresh water stingrays of south america . not only do these ray species adopt extremely varied patterns that are sometimes visually indistinguishable from other species , they also produce hybrids in certain parts of their ranges leaving us wondering what exactly a true species is anyway .
among shark taxonomists conservative estimates of the number of known shark species is now approaching 500 . combined with the 700 or more species of rays and skates there are well over a thousand valid species of elasmobranches . in the past many more species were described only to be discounted later as being synonymous with elasmobranches already described from other geographic areas . in recent years this problem has lessened because taxonomic data has become easier to share over the internet . however , taxonomists are as vain as the rest of us and in their efforts to be the first to describe ( and name ) a new species there is often a counterproductive lack of collaboration .
some abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .
following is a list ( in need of an update ) of all the described species of elasmobranchs . included at the bottom are the holocephali ( the chimaeras or ghost sharks ) that share many characteristics with modern sharks and rays but are thought to be descended from a different group of cartilaginous fishes that thrived during the late devonian period .
occasionally new species of sharks and rays are described by science . in some cases they have been well known for a while e . g . the western wobbegong but no one has gotten around to describing them . more exciting is when a deep water trawl or a lucky diving expedition uncovers a species that the scientific community was completely unaware of . this page on elasmodiver highlights the discovery of these species . many thanks to helmut nickel who somehow manages to find out whenever a new species is described and diligently informs the rest of the lay community of shark fanatics through shark - l . without his input i wouldn ' t have a clue .
if you have information about a species i have overlooked please email me the information and i will add it to the list .
includes a key to identifying the genus of the dasyatidae ( whiptail stingrays ) .
includes a key to identifying the genus of the potamotrygonidae ( river stingrays ) .
phylum chordata - animals that at some point in their life cycle have the following : pharyngeal slits ( a series of openings connecting the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck . in fish these become gill slits ) , dorsal nerve cord ( a bundle of nerve fibres running down the back , connecting the brain with the organs and extremities , a notochord ( a cartilaginous rod supporting the nerve cord ) , post anal tail ( an extension of the ' back ' past the anal opening ) .
subphylum vertebrata - animals with a vertibral column or backbone and neural crest cells which are released as the nerve cord is forming , these cells move through the body to form major nerves , neural ganglia , and many head and facial features . other features that separate vertebrates from other chordates include : a relatively well - developed brain , paired complex eyes , a muscularized mouth and pharynx , and a well - developed circulatory system with a heart .
class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes lacking true bone . chondrichthyes can be split into two distinct subclasses elasmobranchii and bradyodonti .
subclass elasmobranchii - sharks , skates and rays ( and some fossil relatives ) . elasmobranchs have an upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase and separate slitted gill openings .
subclass holocephali - includes forms with an upper jaw fused to the braincase and a flap of skin , the operculum , covering the gill slits . the holocephalii includes the chimaeras and ratfishes , which are relatively rare , often deep - water , mollusc - eating forms .
narcine brevilabiata - ( offshore species found on continental tropical waters , known from a depth of 49 m ) .
narcine prodorsalis - ( continental waters both inshore and offshore . known from a depth of 49m ) .
narcine vermiculatus - vermiculate electric ray ( benthic on soft bottoms in protected coastal areas ) .
temera hardwickii - pari karas ( malay / indonesian . found inshore and offshore )
j . p . c . b . da silva & m . r . de carvalho , 2011
tarsistes philippii jordan , 1919 no common name . known from one dried head from chile
rhynchobatus immaculatus peter r . last1 , hsuan - ching ho2 , 3 , * & rou - rong chen3 2013
callorhinchus milii ( elephantfish ) occurs on continental shelves of cool temperate areas of australia and new zealand to depths of at least 200 m . migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in spring to breed .
chimaera monstrosa ( rabbit fish ) atlantic . upper continental slopes , 40 to 100m .
hydrolagus affinis ( smalleyed rabbitfish , atlantic chimaera ) eastern atlantic , mediterranean . continental slopes to deep - sea plains .
hydrolagus lemures ( blackfin ghostshark ) common and wide - ranging chimaera of the australian outer continental shelf and upper slopes .
hydrolagus mirabilis ( large - eyed rabbitfish ) moderately common on continental slopes . feeds on small fishes and invertebrates . oviparous
harriotta haeckeli ( smallspine spookfish ) north atlantic , taken in 1800 - 2600 m ; specimens collected by russian vessels from submarine seamounts of the indian ocean in 1400 - 1730 m ; off st . helens ( tasmania ) in 1480 - 1700 m .
p . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada
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oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 , bull . soc . portugaise sci . nat . , 10 ( 22 ) : 22 , fig . 1 . holotype : in museu bocage , lisbon , apparently lost in a fire that destroyed the museum . type locality : off morocco .
fieldmarks : short , blunt snout , high , sail - like dorsal fins with spines , no anal fin , first dorsal spine inclined backward , high , thick , triangular body with large , rough denticles , lanceolate upper teeth , lower bladelike teeth in less than 12 rows , blackish coloration .
spiracle small and circular . supraorbital ridges not greatly expanded and not forming a knob in front of spiracles . apices of dorsal fins narrowly triangular , posterior margins strongly concave ; first dorsal spine inclined backward . blackish or dark brown , without prominent markings .
an uncommon deepwater bottom shark found on the atlantic continental slope , at depths from 265 to 720 m . moderately abundant off british isles . ovoviviparous .
caught in bottom trawls . used for fishmeal . uncommon as a bycatch of offshore trawling fleets .
fao species catalogue vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . compagno , l . j . v . 1984fao fisheries synopsis . , ( 125 ) vol . 4 , part 1 .
habitat : coral covered and muddy bottoms , deepwater location : southwest pacific , west atlantic , east atlantic , mediterrean , caribbean , and west pacific size : description : their is very little known about roughsharks due to limited studies . they are identified by their triangular fin and large eyes . diet : worms , crustaceans , mollusks , and small fish feeding habits : slow swimmers offspring : 7 - 23 pups per litter lifespan : unknown status : not evaluated threatened by : bycatch
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roughsharks ( oxynotidae ) are a group of small sharks that are mostly bottom - dwellers . they have a stout , laterally - compressed body , no anal fin , and a prominent ridge along the abdomen . their lower teeth point backwards and the upper teeth are larger in the back of the mouth .
kento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to
zameus
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
ビロウドザメ
to
zameus squamulosus ( günther , 1877 )
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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geonetwork opensource allows to easily share geographically referenced thematic information between different organizations . for more information please contact
the raster dataset of soil drainage has a spatial resolution of 5 * 5 arc minutes and is in geographic projection . information with regard to soil drainage was obtained from the
derived soil propert
créée le 28 janvier 1976 , la société française d’ichtyologie s’est développée et internationalisée rapidement . malgré un changement de statut en 1988 , ses objectifs n’ont pas varié depuis 1976 . c’est pour répondre au quatrième point de ses objectifs – assurer la liaison entre ses membres par la diffusion d’une publication spécifique – que la revue cybium fut créée dès 1977 . la sfi a pris aussi l’initiative de publier ou d’aider à publier certains ouvrages qui ont fait l’objet ou non de numéros spéciaux de la revue .
cybium , éditée par la société française d’ichtyologie , publie des articles originaux , des articles de synthèse , des résumés de thèse , des analyses bibliographiques et des informations intéressant les membres de la société ou l’ensemble des ichtyologistes . les sujets traités doivent avoir un rapport direct avec l’ichtyologie générale , fondamentale ou appliquée , qu’il s’agisse de poissons d’eau douce ou de poissons marins , actuels ou fossiles .
the europeen society of marine biotechnology ( esmb ) and the tunisian association of bioressources valorization ( atvab ) will organize the international congress for marine biotechnology on 17th - . . . lire la suite
vous trouverez ci - dessous le le compte rendu des rif18 ainsi que le livre des résumés et quelques photos .
seminiferous tubule number and surface : validation of objective parameters to estimate reproduction activity of male european anchovy ( engraulis encrasicolus , l . )
physiculus sudanensis paulin , 1989 , a junior synonym of p . dalwigki kaup , 1858 ( teleostei , gadiformes , moridae ) , with a redescription of p . dalwigki
g . prestes - carneiro , p . béarez , k . dillenseger , t . yunoki
found on the continental shelf and upper slope to at least 430 m ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on bony fish , also shrimp , mysids and squid ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( ref . 247 ) . probably uses its saw to stun and kill prey ( ref . 5578 ) . sometimes caught by sports anglers ( ref . 5578 ) .
warm - temperate and subtropical continental shelves and upper slopes from the western cape of south africa to southern mozambique and southeastern madagascar . normally absent from the cold - temperate west coast of south africa , north from cape town . depth range 37 m to at least 500 m . bimodal distribution off the southern cape coast of south africa . most records are from between 20 and 21 on the outer continental shelf of the western cape ( cape agulhas and cape infanta , 60 to 160 m , mostly 70 to 140 m ) and between 25 and 27 longitude on continental shelf and upper slope of eastern cape from port elizabeth to port alfred ( 70 to 290 m , mostly 80 to 120 m ) . few intermediate records between these two areas , no records below 300 m on the cape coast . possible pupping grounds in eastern cape ( near algoa bay ) and off kwazulu - natal . off central kwazulu - natal , occurs at 73 to 430 m , mostly below 110 m . has been taken at 360 m off delagoa bay , mozambique and at 425 to 500 m off southeastern madagascar ( compagno in prep . a ) .
western indian ocean : off madagascar and from southern mozambique to cape agulhas , south africa .
found on the continental shelf and upper slope to at least 430 m . feeds on small fish ( including @ champsodon @ ) , crustaceans and squids . adults are partially segregated from young by occuring in greater depths . ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( others have 7 to 17 developing eggs ) .
the only shark with a saw - snout and 6 pairs of gill slits ( ref . 5578 ) . pale brown above , white below ( ref . 6587 ) .
offshore benthic and epibenthic species on the warm - temperate and subtropical continental shelves and upper slopes of southern africa and madagascar at 37 m to at least 500 m , with apparent tropical submersion northeastwards along its range and onto the uppermost slopes . bimodal distribution in south african cape waters may be linked to restricted habitat ( possibly related to feeding ) . biology , ecology and behaviour sketchily known . ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 pups / litter ( but 7 to 17 developing eggs recorded ) . populations partially segregated ; young occur in shallower water than adults off kwazulu - natal , south africa . possible pupping grounds in eastern cape ( near algoa bay ) and off kwazulu - natal . feeds on small fish , crustaceans and squid . predators poorly known but include tiger shark ( compagno in prep . a ) . known life history parameters size at maturity : 110 cm total length ( tl ) ( females ) ; 83 cm tl ( males ) . maximum size : at least 112 cm tl ( males ) and 136 cm tl ( females ) . size at birth : 35 to 37 cm tl . average annual fecundity or litter size : 5 to 7 young per litter in two females ; others with 1 to 17 eggs .
depth range based on 138 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 90 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 42 - 915 temperature range ( °c ) : 8 . 693 - 18 . 507 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 6 . 303 - 21 . 685 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 738 - 35 . 415 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 287 - 4 . 730 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 525 - 1 . 634 silicate ( umol / l ) : 7 . 117 - 24 . 114 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 42 - 915 temperature range ( °c ) : 8 . 693 - 18 . 507 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 6 . 303 - 21 . 685 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 738 - 35 . 415 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 287 - 4 . 730 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 525 - 1 . 634 silicate ( umol / l ) : 7 . 117 - 24 . 114 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
depth : 60 - 430m . from 60 to 430 meters . habitat : demersal . found on the continental shelf and upper slope to at least 430 m . feeds on small fish ( including @ champsodon @ ) , crustaceans and squids . adults are partially segregated from young by occuring in greater depths . ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( others have 7 to 17 developing eggs ) . sometimes caught by anglers ( ref . 5578 ) .
demersal ; marine ; depth range 60 - 430 m ( ref . 5578 ) , usually 60 - ? m
feeds on fish , cephalopods , benthic invertebrates and zooplankton ( ref . 5578 ) .
ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( others have 7 to 17 developing eggs ) . size at birth about 35 cm . embryos feed solely on yolk ( ref . 50449 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
pliotrema warreni is a southern african endemic with a relatively restricted geographic distribution , depth range of 37 m to at least 500 m , and possibly a discontinuous habitat distribution . likely a relatively unproductive species , with fairly small litters and relatively large size at maturity compared with some other sawsharks . vulnerable to net gear because of its morphology . taken as discarded , unmonitored bycatch in demersal trawlers throughout much of its range . although population and trend data are lacking , levels of bycatch of this species are considered likely to be unsustainable . p . warreni is assessed as near threatened due to concerns regarding its vulnerability to this unmonitored fishing pressure and its restricted distribution .
bycatch of demersal bottom trawlers off south africa and southern mozambique . intensive offshore trawl fisheries occur in its known range , but trends in occurrence of this species as bycatch are unmonitored . it is apparently unutilized and discarded ( compagno in prep . a ) . probably not sufficiently common in bycatch to be worth marketing .
the sixgill sawshark , pliotrema warreni , the only member of the genus pliotrema , is a sawshark of the family pristiophoridae . presence of 6 pairs of gill slits highlights this genus among sharks ; outside hexanchiformes order , pliotrema is the only shark with more than 5 gill slits . unlike other sawsharks , the barbs on this shark ' s rostrum continue onto the sides of the head . its barbels are also closer to its mouth than in other species . at maximum , females can reach over 136 cm long , and males can reach over 112 cm long .
, at depths of between 37 and 500 m . this shark lives in the
zones of the continental shelf . adults are partially segregated from juveniles , as they naturally tend to aggregate at lower depths .
, sixgill sawsharks are able to find their prey and then incapacitate them with their rostrum . their known diet includes small fish , crustaceans , and squids . the only observed predator of the sixgill sawshark is the
, though it is likely other large sharks predate this species . these sharks , like other sawsharks , are
. they are thought to breed annually , giving birth to around five to seven pups per litter . it is possible that they come to inshore pupping grounds to give birth . the pups are around 35 cm at birth , and they later mature at around 83 cm if they are male , and around 110 cm if they are female .
. this is because of their restricted geographical range , small litters , high age of maturity , and extreme vulnerability to bottom trawling fishing . though they are not sought after in any market , they are frequently caught as by - catch and disposed . because of their deep habitat , sixgill sawsharks are not considered a threat to people .
fowler , s . l . 2004 . pliotrema warreni . in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 30 december 2013 .
compagno , leonardo , dando , marc and fowler , sarah . sharks of the world . princeton university press . 2005 . pg 131 - 132 .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2006 ) .
pliotrema warreni
in fishbase . may 2006 version .
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max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35388 ) ; common length : 85 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . )
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 265 - 720 m ( ref . 35388 )
deep - water , preferred 18°c ( ref . 107945 ) ; 41°n - 11°n , 13°w - 3°w ( ref . 54694 )
pd 50 = 0 . 5625 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )
low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 )
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how do you become a shark biologist ? first , stay in school ! you would need to study hard and earn a masters or phd . it might seem hard or scary , but it is worth it to be able learn and become an expert in something that interests you . you can do it ! as a shark biologist you will learn all about shark life processes , answering questions about how large they grow , how fast they grow , their mating rituals , the physics of sharks’ movements , behavior , diet , and diseases . there is so much to learn and discover , and if you want to , you can be the discoverer !
as a shark biologist , you generally would focus your studies on one species in great detail , though you may learn lots about other species as well . because sharks in the wild can be hard to observe , it can take many years to collect information and address one question . you may use many different types of technology to help in your exploring endeavors . you would spend time in the field but you would also work in a lab as you experiment and analyze data . then , of course , you would dedicate a good amount of time to reading and studying to further knowledge , helping you on your pathway to understanding .
so if you love the water and you are flexible , hard worker , and outside the box thinker , you might just be a shark biologist in the making . you can practice now by researching your very own question on sharks .
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contrary to popular belief , sharks do occur around the coasts of britain . in fact we have over 40 species ! including some of the fastest , rarest , largest and most highly migratory in the world !
at least 21 species live in british waters all year round . you’re very unlikely to encounter one during a trip to the beach . yet , you may find evidence of smallspotted catsharks or nursehounds . these species reproduce by laying eggs . and you can often find their empty eggcases washed up in the strandline .
help us search the coastline for shark , skate and ray eggcases ! eggcase hunting is great fun for all the family and you’ll be helping shark conservation . ► visit our great eggcase hunt project to find out more .
as well as the 21 resident sharks , there are at least 11 deepwater shark species . including the portuguese dogfish , black dogfish , kitefin shark and gulper shark .
sadly , over 50 % of our british sharks are now under threat . this includes the once common angelshark , which is now rarely encountered . today they ' re listed as critically endangered on the iucn red list . in 2008 , we helped to secure domestic protection for them in uk waters . and now they’re one of the most heavily protected sharks in the northeast atlantic .
in the warmer months you may be lucky enough to spot the world’s second largest fish . the filter - feeding basking shark ! often seen basking in the sun ( thus it ' s name ) and feasting on plankton . basking shark season tends to be may - october . and there are a few hotspots around the british isles where you ' ll most likely spot them . find out more by visiting our basking shark project .
other seasonal visitors include the blue shark and shortfin mako . blue sharks are highly migratory and can travel over 5 , 700 miles ( 9 , 200 km ) in a single trip . the shortfin mako is the fastest shark on record . they can reach speeds of up to 30mph ! enabling them to catch fast - swimming prey such as tuna and swordfish .
some sharks , such as the smooth hammerhead and frilled shark , may occasionally enter our waters .
there ' s much debate about whether white sharks are in british waters . but , as exciting as that would be , it ' s very unlikely . there ' s been no confirmed sightings or strong evidence to suggest they ' re here . yet , british waters do provide good conditions for white sharks , so it ' s not impossible . the closest confirmed report was of a female white shark . captured in 1977 in the northern bay of biscay – 168 miles off land’s end , cornwall . in 2014 , a tagged white shark called lydia was documented as the first of its species to cross the mid - atlantic ridge . although she was still 1 , 000 miles from british shores .
we keep a close eye on such reports . so , if a white shark were to be sighted in uk waters , we’d be the first to know .
shark sightings are all too often sensationalised in the media to generate news . causing unnecessary concern and even fear .
only a few sharks are potentially dangerous to humans . none of these have ever been reported in british waters . there have also been no unprovoked shark bites in british waters since records began in 1847 . with so many shark species under threat we think that seeing a shark in british waters should be a cause for celebration . not alarm .
there are many ways you can help sharks . from getting involved in our projects , becoming a member or adding your voice to one of our campaigns . find out more by visiting our get involved page .
© 2018 shark trust ( unless otherwise attributed ) . registered charity no . 1064185 . registered company no . 3396164 . website by fear of mice .
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at birth , they are less than 25 cm ( 9 . 8 in ) and they mature at about 50 cm ( 20 in ) . most records are of individuals less than 1 m ( 3 . 3 ft ) , but they can reach about 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) . their litter size is seven or eight pups off angola to 23 in the mediterranean . they have ridges over their eyes that expand into large , rounded knobs , which are covered with enlarged denticles – these are absent in other species of rough sharks . they possess very large spiracles that are vertically elongated , being almost as high as the length of their eyes . their first dorsal spine is oriented slightly forward . they feed on worms , crustaceans , and mollusks . [ 3 ]
oxynotus centrina has a compressed body , triangular in cross section , with a broad and flattened head . the snout is flat and blunt . just like all of the oxynotus species , they have two relatively large dorsal fins that are sail - like , and no anal fin . their color scheme is grey ogayr grey - brown dorsally with dark blotched on its head and sides . however , one identifying feature is the light horizontal line below the eyes on the cheek . [ 4 ]
since it shares the northeast atlantic with another species of oxynotus , other distinguishing features include the extremely large spiracles , their dorsal fins , and their large dermal denticles above their eyes . like most of the oxynotus species , o . centrina has lanceolate upper teeth and blade - like lower teeth , with 12 rows of teeth on either side . [ 4 ]
oxynotus centrina usually moves by gliding on the bottom of the sea , sometimes hovering over the sandy or muddy surfaces of the seabed . [ 5 ]
they occur in the eastern atlantic from norway to south africa , including the entire mediterranean . they may also occur off mozambique . they prefer coralline algal and muddy bottoms on continental shelves and upper slopes at depths of 50 to 660 m ( 160 to 2 , 170 ft ) , but occur mostly below 100 m ( 330 ft ) . [ 3 ]
male and female angular roughsharks are reported to mature at about 50–70 cm . although , some studies have shown that females mature at a slightly larger size than males . being an ovoviviparous species , o . centrina produces 10 - 12 pups usually between 21 and 24 cm in length . [ 4 ]
some data has been gathered on this species of oxynotus in the period from 1994 to 1999 in the mediterranean . o . centrina was only present in 0 . 6 % of the tows during this period at a depth of 100 to 200 m . regional indexes indicate this species is more common in the western central mediterranean and lower index in the western and eastern mediterranean . however , o . centrina was completely absent from the eastern central mediterranean . [ 2 ]
in 1948 , trawl surveys indicated that o . centrina was once present , but uncommon , in the adriatic . although , the species has been absent in subsequent studies in the adriatic , suggesting a possible extinction of that species in the area . however , recent studies , done by lipej in 2004 , show that some juveniles have been caught in the central adriatic . also , some data collected during the surveys in the balearic sea and the ionian sea found one specimen at 800 m in the western ionian sea , suggesting that the population of o . centrina , in the east - central mediterranean , has an unknown population . [ 2 ]
however , this species was absent in the northeast atlantic in a study of deepwater longline fishing for sharks near the canary islands . this is important because this species was abundant in this region until 1997 . [ 2 ]
oxynotus centrina in a minor bycatch of offshore fisheries such as trawl fleets . although this can have a negative impact on the species , as stated above , the species had been thought extinct in the adriatic , decreased fishing has led to their rediscovery . [ 2 ]
this species , sometimes caught by fishermen in the mediterranean , has little to no commercial value . also , it is thought to bring bad luck to fisherman if caught and kept . although when released , it has never been reported to survive . [ 2 ]
the iucn red list of threatened species has deemed this species of oxynotus as vulnerable due to consistent landings by fisherman and bycatch by deepsea fisheries . [ 2 ]
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2006 ) .
oxynotus centrina
in fishbase . july 2006 version .
oxynotus centrina .
( angular rough shark ) . n . p . , n . d . web . 1 december 2013 . < urltoken > .
compagno , l . , dando , m . and fowler , s . sharks of the world . princeton field guides isbn 0 - 691 - 12072 - 2
angular rough shark ( oxynotus centrina ) .
angular rough shark videos , photos and facts . n . p . , n . d . web . 1 december 2013 . < urltoken > .
this page was last edited on 16 february 2018 , at 15 : 12 .
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that give them a
smooth
appearance . both species are slender - bodied with long heads , two
in honor of henry b . bigelow ( who , along with william c . schroeder and
this species may also be referred to as the smooth lanternshark or the blurred smooth lanternshark .
, the blurred lanternshark has a slender body , large head , and short tail . the snout is wedge - shaped and slightly flattened , tapering to a point . the
are large , with short flaps of skin in front . the eyes are oval in shape with a deep anterior notch in the
than the pelvic fins , and bear a straight , grooved spine in front . the second dorsal fin is half again as tall as the first and bears a longer , curved spine . the pectoral fins are rounded at the tips , with the distance between them and the medium - sized , angular pelvic fins about equal to the distance between the dorsal fins . the
with a well - developed lower lobe and a broad upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip . the small , blocky dermal denticles are densely but irregularly arranged , each with a flat , truncate crown . the coloration is brown or gray above , with a pale spot over the
, and black below extending in faint markings over the sides of the head , under the pectoral fins , over the pelvic fins , and below the caudal peduncle .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .