margaret 's batis or boulton 's batis ( batis margaritae ) is a species of small bird in the wattle-eyes family , platysteiridae .

it is found in south western central africa .

margaret ' s batis

margaret ' s batis ( batis margaritae ) is a species of bird in the platysteiridae family .
the senegal batis is monotypic and any proposed subspecies are considered to be untenable . it appears to forma superspecies with grey - headed batis , chinspot batis , pririt batis and pale batis , with a possible overlap with pale batis in cameroon .
boulton , r ( 1934 ) new birds from angola . proc . biol . soc . wash . 47 : 45–48 . [ type description of margaret ' s batis , collected at mount moco ]
the gabon batis or verreaux ' s batis ( batis minima ) is a species of small bird in the family platysteiridae . it occurs in the humid forests of western central africa .
this coexistence , along with the geographical distribution of certain subspecies populations ( e . g . of margaret ' s batis ) , suggests that speciation occurred in cryptosepalum forest fragments when bird populations were isolated there during drier climate cycles .
( vieillot , 1818 ) – c & s botswana and w south africa ( e to free state , in s from s namaqualand e to w eastern cape ) .
the forest batis or short - tailed batis ( batis mixta ) is a species of bird in the wattle - eye family , platysteiridae occurring in eastern africa .
the forest batis or short - tailed batis ( batis mixta ) is a species of bird in the wattle - eye family , platysteiridae occurring in eastern africa .
the angolan batis ( batis minulla ) is a species of bird in the family platysteiridae . it is found in western central africa .
mills , m . s . l . ( 2007a ) swierstra’s spurfowl pternistis swierstrai : a bibliography and summary of museum skins . bull . abc 14 : 175–180 .
( elliot , 1897 ) – s ethiopia , djibouti , n & s somalia and locally ne uganda ( mt moroto ) and n kenya ( moyale area ) .
louette , m . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . margaret ' s batis ( batis margaritae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
c . m . n . white , 1941 – s drcongo ( shilatembo , in s katanga ) and nw zambia ; possibly also extreme e angola ( e moxico ) .
the ecoregion lies within the eastern portion of the cameroon and gabon lowlands endemic bird area ( eba ) , and includes forest batis ( batis minima ) , rachel ' s malimbe ( malimbus racheliae ) , and forest swallow ( hirundo fuliginosa ) .
779 species . 1 endemic species : chaplin ' s barbet , on 1977 birds of zambia .
bingham , m . 1995 . zambia’s vegetation . retrieved ( 2000 ) from : urltoken vegetati . htm
( heuglin , 1870 ) – e sudan , ethiopia ( except sw & s ) and eritrea .
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the dark batis has a variety of whistling and harsh churring calls and its wings make a whirring sound in flight . the male ' s song is a series of short , low whistles .
the cape batis ( batis capensis ) is a small passerine bird in the wattle - eye family . it is resident in the highlands of southern and eastern south africa and zimbabwe .
b . m . ultima is smaller than the nominate with the make having a narrow white supercilium and a norrower breastband and b . m . reichenow shows a poorly defined chispot and otherwise looks closer to the cape batis batis capensis . genetic studies have shown that reichenowi , which was previously split either as a species in its own right or as a subspecies of cape batis , nestles within mixta but that the previously lumped dark batis batis brypta is a separate species .
the main call of the pygmy batis is a ling series of repeated sharp high pitched whistles .
ili nepre ne batis lin , they could not have ( surely did not ) beat him .
ili batis lin same kiel vin , they beat him the same as ( they did ) you .
mostly resident . some n - s movement in sw cape province , where it arrives during austral winter ; . . .
ili batis lin same kiel vi , they beat him in the same way as you ( did ) .
the pririt batis ( batis pririt ) also known as the pririt puff - back flycatcher or pririt puffback , is a small passerine bird in the wattle - eye family . it is resident in western and central southern africa .
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this species is very similar to the west african batis batis occulta and this somewhat masks its true distribution but the gabon batis has been found in gabon , the monte alen national park in equatorial guinea , the lowland dja area in southern cameroon and it has recently been discovered in the dzanga - ndoki national park in the extreme south of the central african republic .
the senegal batis inhabits low dry thorny scrub , sparsely treed grasslands and woody savannahs , including open acacia and baobab woodlands .
the pygmy batis ( batis perkeo ) is a very small insectivorous bird which finds its food foraging among leaves , it is a member of the wattle - eyes family , the platysteiridae . it occurs in the dry savannahs of north - eastern africa .
. cd - rom . cambridge , uk : birdlife international . [ information on the status of threatened birds , including swierstra ' s fracolin ] ]
( wahlberg , 1855 ) – sw angola ( s from benguela ) , namibia , w botswana and nw south africa ( nw northern cape ) .
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huntley , b . j . ( 1974 ) outlines of wildlife conservation in angola . j . s . afr wildl . management assoc . 5 : 157–166 .
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the family is overwhelmingly sedentary . however , some batis species undertake season migrations as well as some local movements due to changing local conditions .
others feed on grubs , such as the chaffinch , the sparrow , the ‘ batis ’ , the green linnet , and the titmouse .
mills , m . s . l . ( 2007b ) vocalisations of angolan birds . volume 1 . cd - rom . cape town : birdsangola and birding africa .
muleta , s . , p . simasiku , g . kalyocha , c . kasutu , m . walusiku and s . mwiya . 1996 . proposed terms of reference for the preparation of the management plan for liuwa plains national park . report prepared for iucn upper zambezi wetlands and natural resources management project , western province , zambia .
mills , m . s . l . ( 2009 ) vocalisations of angolan birds : new descriptions and other notes . bull . abc 16 ( 2 ) : 150–166 .
the pygmy batis occurs in southern ethiopia , extreme south eastern south sudan , southern somalia , eastern uganda , inland kenya and north eastern tanzania .
mills , m . s . l . ( in prep . ) vocalisations of angolan birds . volume 2 . cd - rom . cape town : birdsangola and birding africa .
au levant , au septentrion et au midi , elle a une grande plaine ; au ponant , une montagne au pied de laquelle sont batis les faubourgs .
the senegal batis is found from southern mauritania , senegal and gambia east to nigeria and north and central cameroon , east to the benoué plain and mandara mountains .
collar , n . j . and stuart , s . n . ( 1985 ) threatened birds of africa and related islands . cambridge , uk : international council for bird preservation / iucn .
ruiz - esparza , j . , da rocha , p . a . , ribeiro , a . d . , ferrari , s . f . & araujo , h . f . p .
the main call of the senegal batis is a series of medium piched double and triple note whistles which do not vary in pitch and are frequently introduced with buzzy notes .
benson , c . w . and m . p . s . irwin . 1965 . the birds of cryptosepalum forests , zambia . arnoldia ( rhodesia ) 28 ( 1 ) : 1 - 12 .
alexander , 1908 – ne nigeria ( just w of l chad from arege to malamfatori ) , ne cameroon , s chad , n central african republic , sw sudan , south sudan and w ethiopia .
collar , n . j . and stuart , s . n . ( 1988 ) key forests for threatened birds in africa . icbp monograph no 3 . cambridge , uk : international council for bird preservation .
mills , m . s . l . and dean , w . r . j . ( 2007 ) notes on angolan birds : new country records , range extensions and taxonomic questions . ostrich 78 : 55–63 .
the gabon batis is suspected to be experiencing a reduction in range and population as a result of forest clearance and degradation , however the rate of the suspected decline has not been estimated .
hall , b . p . ( 1960 ) the ecology and taxonomy of some angolan birds . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) 6 : 367–463 . [ notes on swierstra ' s francolin ]
mills , m . s . l . , franke , u . , joseph , g . , miato , f . , milton , s . , monadjem , a . , oschadleus , d . and dean , w . r . j . ( in press ) cataloguing the lubango bird skin collection : towards an atlas of angolan bird distributions . bull . abc mills , m . s . l . , olmos , f . , melo , m . and dean , w . r . j . ( submitted ) . the avifauna of the highlands of western angola and the importance of conserving shrinking afromontane forests at the proposed mount moco special reserve . bird conserv . int .
collar , n . j . and s . n . stuart . 1985 . threatened birds of africa and related islands . the icbp / iucn red data book , part 1 . 3rd edition . icbp , cambridge , uk .
louette , m . ( 2018 ) . pririt batis ( batis pririt ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
louette , m . ( 2018 ) . grey - headed batis ( batis orientalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the forest batis has a slightly shorter tail . males of the two species are very similar but forest batises have a narrower breastband and usually some hint of a white supercilium which is lacking in the male dark batis . the females are more distinctive : female forest batises have a paler breast and chin with more white tips giving a mottled appearance . there is a conspicuous white supercilium and a broad rufous wing - stripe .
schulze , r . e . and o . s . mcgee . 1978 . climatic indices and classification in relation to the biogeography of southern africa . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .
the calls of the angola batis are little known , the territorial call is a series of high - pitched notes ,
zee - zee - zee - zee - zee
, which has been likened to a squeaky bicycle pump .
the presence of the angola batis in south eastern gabon is yet to be confirmed but the species occurs in the southern congo through western democratic republic of congo into northern angola south to the quiçama national park , 70 km from luanda .
one species , the banded wattle - eye , is considered threatened by human activities . the species has a restricted range in cameroon that is vulnerable to forest clearance and is listed as endangered by the iucn . two further species are considered near - threatened , the gabon batis and the white - fronted wattle - eye ; both species are threatened by habitat loss . some species are also very poorly known , and one species , the dark batis , was only identified as a species in 2006
taxonomy : batis diops jackson , 1905 , ruwenzori , drcongo . this species and b . margaritae probably belong to the superspecies that also contains b . capensis , b . reichenowi , b . mixta , b . crypta and b . fratrum . monotypic .
size and body proportions are quite variable within this family . the genus dyaphorophyia is very short - tailed , and most batis species are rather short - tailed , but the platysteira wattle - eyes have a moderately long tail . among the shrike - flycatchers , megabyas . . .
the angola batis occurs in secondary and riverine gallery forest , thick woodland dominated by croton spp as well as adjacent bush , tickets and the ecotone between forest and savannah . occasionally recorded in dry woodland , especially in the southern part of its range , as well as coffee plantations .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : batis margaritae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
the breeding biology of the gabon batis is little known but young have been observed during the rainy season following the short dry season , september and february in gabon , and the young stay with their parents for an extended period . solitary , probably dispersing immatures were seen in the long dry season in july and august .
taxonomy : batis margaritae boulton , 1934 , mount moco , 6500 feet [ c . 1980 m ] , angola . this species and b . diops probably belong to the superspecies that also contains b . capensis , b . reichenowi , b . mixta , b . crypta and b . fratrum . two subspecies recognized .
the gabon batis is found in lowland forest , normally lower than 800m . it avoids primary rainforest , other than at the forest edge , and prefers secondary forest with a dense but broken canopy and thick , low undergrowth , as well as overgrown cacao and coffee plantations . it avoids cultivated land and the vicinity of villages and other man - made habitats .
warm , cloudy nights , with a little wind stirring , are generally the most favourable ; but one of the best nights i ever had amongst the
peach blossoms
and
buff arches
( thyatira batis and derasa ) was in a wood in warwickshire , when the rain fell in torrents , accompanied with fierce lightning and thunder , from about 11 p . m .
the gabon batis is an arboreal forager , preferring to find food above heights of 5m from the ground . it is attracted by flowering trees and prefers to forage in small leafed trees . prey is gleaned from leaves by hovering beside the tree , or in flight or is disturbed by the moving bird and swooped on . the favoured prey is various insects between 5mm and 15mm in length .
description location and general description this small but distinctive ecoregion consists almost entirely of dense evergreen forest dominated by cryptosepalum exfoliatum pseudotaxus , known locally as
mavunda .
it falls into white’s ( 1983 ) zambezian regional center of endemism and is mapped as ‘zambezian dry evergreen forest . ’ the two main blocks of cryptosepalum forest are found to the north and south of the kabompo river . together they constitute the largest area of tropical evergreen forest in africa outside the equatorial zone ( bingham 1995 ) .
it is an arboreal forager and its insect prey is mostly gleaned from foliage , in the outer patrts of branches , sometimes on trunks or stems but almost never on the ground . it will flycatch or hawk insects in the air , making sallies of up to 2m to catch prey from a perch , has also been known to impale larger prey on thorns . the fork - tailed drongo has been recorded as kelptoparasitising prey from the senegal batis .
only one protected area , the west lunga national park , falls within this ecoregion . it is surrounded in the east , north and west by game management areas , which provide some protection to game in the form of hunting restrictions . details of the park are found in wcmc’s protected areas database ( http : \ \ www . wcmc . org . uk ) . the large lavushi manda national park falls within the central zambezian miombo woodland ecoregion , but includes some cryptosepalum forest patches along rivers within miombo brachystegia - julbernardia woodland vegetation .
the pygmy batis is an active , arboreal bird which lives in pairs or small family groups . its habits are considered to be likely to be similar to other savannah batises . they feed mainly within the foliage and glean most of their insect prey from leaves and twigs , with a small proportion taken on the wing . it will join other bird species in mixed foraging parties . the breeding biology is almost unknown but egg laying probably occurs in february and march .
the habits of the forest batis are little known , there have been indications of breeding behaviour in may and june in kenya , september and october in tanzania and a single nest with a clutch of 2 eggs has been recorded . like other batises the largest groups seen are small family groups and pairs are territorial . calling males make a repetitive , slow series of hu - hu - hu - hu whistles and they puff their white throat feathers out while performing this song .
the pygmy batis , as its name suggests , is a tint , rather dumpy but dapper black , white and grey bird with similarities to the flycatchers . the male has a bluish - grey head and back with a contrasting black face mask and short white supercilium above the yellow eye . the rump and lower back are spotted with white and the rump feathers are relatively long giving a fluffy appearance . it has black wings which have a broad white strip formed by the broad white edges to feathers of the median and greater coverts , and the inner secondaries and tertials . the tail is black but the outer tail feathers have white edges and tips . the underparts are white , broken with a narrow black breast band . the females are similar to the males but have a pale rufous - buff breast band and chin and the face mask , supercilium and wing stripe are buffy brown . the bill and legs are black . the pygmy batis has a body length of 8–9 cm and a weight of 5–9g .
taxonomy : batis reichenowi grote , 1911 , mikindani , tanzania . forms a superspecies with b . capensis , b . mixta , b . crypta and b . fratrum , probably also with b . margaritae and b . diops . formerly considered a race of b . capensis or , more often , of b . mixta ; has some characteristics of both , and recent genetic and morphological information links it most closely to latter ; contrary to some published statements , however , there is no acoustic evidence for its inclusion in either . monotypic .
the habits of the angola batis are little known , it feeds on insects which are often caught in the air by sallying from a perch , a behaviour called
flycatching
. the appear to be rather solitary , like other batises , being recorded mainly as single or in pairs . the cup shaped nest is built by both sexes from strips of bark and spider webs and is placed in the fork of a small tree at around head height . the only recorded cluches have consisted of 2 eggs . breeding behaviour has been observed in the democratic republic of congo in july .
the dark batis is about 10 centimetres in length and weighs 10 - 15 grams . it has a dark bill and legs and red eyes . the male is white below with a broad black breastband . above it has a dark grey crown , grey back with some black feather - tips , a black face - mask and black wings with a white stripe . the female has a greyish crown , brownish back , dark mask , slight white supercilium and a narrow rufous stripe on the wing . below it has a rufous chin - spot and breast with whitish tips to some of the feathers .
taxonomy : batis crypta fjeldså et al . , 2006 , mdandu forest , kipengere range west of njombe , ludewa district , iringa region , tanzania . until very recently was included as part of nominate race of b . mixta , but , following study of clear - cut morphological change in c tanzania and genetic differences , found to be a separate species ; related also to b . capensis , range of which it approaches without overlap in n malawi . these three belong to a superspecies that also includes b . reichenowi and b . fratrum , and probably also b . margaritae and b . diops . monotypic .
the senegal batis maintains a territory throughout the year which the male patrols daily , sitting on high open perches and singing . the territory is shared with the female and with any immatures from the previous years , and they are sometimes seen in family groups . if intruders are seen then the male undertakes and aggressive display which involves an upright stance with the bill held vertically , the breast and crown feather fluffed out , swinging his rear end while jerking his tail . in flight the aggressive display is a bouncing flight with the bill held up and the crown and rump fluffed out . it will also aggressively mob shrikes , especially the brubru with bill snapping and wing fripping but uses different behaviour when mobbing hornbills , cuckoos and pearl - spotted owlets or snakes . when mobbing the owlet it crouches , raises its head and shoulders and flicks its tail , the snakes are mobbed by hovering , rattling calls and bill snapping .
the angola batis is a small pied songbird with a rather dumpy appearance and a restless nature . the adult males have a buish greyforehead and crown with a small white spot on the lores and a glossy black mask across the eyes , extending on to the nape and down the sides of the neck with a white spot on the nape . it has a grey mantle , blackish scapulars with the back , rump and uppertail covers being blackish grey with white spots . the wings have black flight feathers with narrow white edges . there is a white wing stripe . the trail is black with white outer tail feathers . the underparts are white except for a black band across the breast and the greyish undertail coverts . the eyes are bright yellow while the bill and legs are black . the female is similar to the male but her breast band is chestnut rather than black . they are about 10 cm long and weigh 10 . 4g
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zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 10 . 27 , website ( version 27 - oct - 11 )
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be not uncommon to locally common ( urban et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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) . small flycatcher - like and shrike - like bird with contrasting black , grey and white ( and some rufous ) colours . male . . .
call note a soft whistle , repeated usually about ten times ( up to 26 times recorded ) ; loud alarm . . .
nominate race occurs in evergreen forest on upper slopes of mt moco , which rises to over 2500 m . . . .
a nest found at mt moco , angola , in mid - jul contained 2 eggs ; the nest , placed in the fork of a sapling at c . 90 cm above the ground , was . . .
not globally threatened . has in the past been considered near - threatened . common in its very small range in angola and zambia , but known to occur at only a few localities ; . . .
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although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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borrow , n . ( 2005 ) angola , 22 november - 14 december 2005 , tour report . unpublished report . available : urltoken ( accessed 30 / 4 / 2006 ) . [ report on birding in angola , including mount moco ]
brooke , r . k . ( 1970 ) geographical variation and distribution in apus barbatus , a . bradfieldi and a . niansae . ( aves : apodidae ) . durban mus . novit . 8 : 363–374 . [ discussses the moco specimen ]
cleere , n . ( 1995 ) the identification , taxonomy and distribution of the mountain nightjar caprimulgus poliocephalus / fiery - necked nightjar c . pectoralis complex . bull . abc 2 : 86–97 . [ information on ruwenzori nightjar , found at mount moco ]
dean , w . r . j . ( 2000 ) the birds of angola . bou checklist series : 18 . tring , uk : british ornithologists’ union .
dean , w . r . j . ( 2001 ) angola . pages 71–91 in fishpool , l . d . c . and evans , m . i . ( eds ) . important birds areas in africa and associated islands : priority sites for conservation . birdlife conservation series no . 11 . newbury and cambridge , uk : pisces publications and birdlife international .
heinrich , g . ( 1958a ) zur verbreitung und lebensweise der vögel von angola . j . ornithol . 99 : 121–141 .
heinrich , g . ( 1958b ) zur verbreitung und lebensweise der vögel von angola . systematischer teil i ( galli - muscicapidae ) . j . ornithol . 99 : 322–362 .
heinrich , g . ( 1958c ) zur verbreitung und lebensweise der vögel von angola . systematischer teil iii ( hirundinidae - fringillidae ) . j . ornithol . 99 : 399–421 .
huntley b . j . and matos , e . m . ( 1994 ) botanical diversity and its conservation in angola . stelitzia 7 : 53–74 .
pinto , a . a . ( 1983 ) ornitologia de angola . vol . 1 . lisbon : instituto de investigacão cientifica tropical .
sinclair , i . , spottiswoode , c . , cohen , c . mills , m . , cassidy , r . , vaz pinto , p . and ryan , p . ( 2004 ) . birding western angola . bull abc 11 ( 2 ) : 152–159 .
stattersfield , a . j . , crosby , m . j . , long , a . j . and wege , d . c . ( 1998 )
. birdlife conservation series no . 7 . cambridge , uk : birdlife international .
found mostly in zambia , this distinctive evergreen forest is confined to an area around the kabompo river . dominated by crypotsepalum exfoliatum pseudotaxus , this is the largest area of tropical evergreen forest outside the equatorial zone . growing on infertile kalahari sands and with no permanent surface water , the cryptosepalum dry forest has remained relatively uninhabited . these forests represent a transition from guineo - congolian rain forest to zambezian woodlands and are hence species - rich , but contain few endemics . the avifauna is especially rich , with a mixture of moist evergreen species , woodland species and wide - ranging species . however , little research has been conducted in this inaccessible region and basic ecological and habitat use assessments are still needed .
the ecoregion has a tropical savanna climate with mean annual temperatures between 20° and 22° c . the annual temperature range averages around 8° c . mean maximum temperatures are 28° to 30° c , and minimum temperatures are around 7° to 8° c ( schulze and mcgee 1978 ) . mean annual precipitation ranges from 800 to 1 , 200 mm . three seasons can be distinguished : a hot , dry season from august to october ; a hot , wet season from november to april ; and a cool , dry season from may to july .
biodiversity features although the flora and fauna of the cryptosepalum dry evergreen forests is distinct from surrounding ecoregions , there is only moderate species richness for most taxonomic groups and low levels of endemism . the area is , however , relatively poorly known biologically , and species values are likely to be underestimated .
cryptosepalum forests have a distinct and relatively rich avifauna with 381 known species , comprising a mixture of moist evergreen forest species , elements of the brachystegia woodland avifauna , and some widespread species . the highest levels of species richness are found where local habitat disturbance ( such as shifting cultivation ) has resulted in a mosaic of tree savanna , thicket , savanna woodland and forest ( oatley 1969 ) .
the ecoregion supports 34 species of reptiles and 14 species of amphibians , with no endemics . its reptile and amphibian fauna falls into a broad transition zone between the tropical fauna that has its centre in the mozambique plain , and the cape fauna of southwestern south africa . relatively few reptiles inhabit evergreen forest , and those that do are most likely to be encountered at the forest edge in clearings where the sun penetrates ( poynton and broadley 1978 ) .
types and severity of threats this ecoregion does not appear to be seriously threatened , although a lack of knowledge prevents a detailed assessment . for reasons discussed above , habitat fragmentation and destruction have not yet occurred on a large scale , and are unlikely to do so in the short - to medium - term given the sparse ( if growing ) human population , lack of water , and poor agricultural potential .
poaching is a general threat to wildlife in southwestern zambia , even within protected areas . lack of management , infrastructure and funds in protected areas make poaching very difficult to control , and although no data is available , west lunga is unlikely to be an exception . however , due to their remoteness and impenetrability , the cryptosepalum forests are probably less heavily poached than other , more open reserves in more populated areas .
this ecoregion forms part of larger complex of caesalpinoid woodland ecoregions that support wet and dry miombo , mopane , thicket , dry forests , baikiaea woodland , and flooded grassland habitats , among others . the dominance of caesalpinoid trees is a defining feature of this bioregion ( i . e . , a complex of biogeographically related ecoregions ) . major habitat types ( e . g . , mopane and miombo ) and the geographic separation of populations of large mammals are used to discriminate ecoregions within this larger region . all of these ecoregions contain habitats that differ from their assigned biome or defining habitat type . for example , patches of dry forest occur within larger landscapes of miombo woodlands in several areas . more detailed biogeographic analyses should map the less dominant habitat types that occur within the larger ecoregions .
references ansell , w . f . h . 1960 . mammals of northern rhodesia . government printer , lusaka .
darling , f . f . 1960 . wild life in an african territory . oxford university press , london .
oatley , t . b . 1969 . bird ecology in the evergreen forests of northwestern zambia . the puku 5 : 141 - 179
poynton , j . c . and d . g . broadley . 1978 . the herpetofauna . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .
sibley , c . g . and b . l . monroe , jr . 1993 . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . ibis , vista , ca .
van der straeten , e . 1980 . a new species of lemniscomys ( muridae ) from zambia . annals of the cape provincial museums , natural history 13 : 55 - 62 .
van gils , h . 1988 . environmental profile of western province , zambia . itc report to provincial planning unit , mongu , zambia .
werger , m . j . a . and b . j . coetzee . 1978 . the sudano - zambezian region . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .
white , f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa . a descriptive memoir to accompany the unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa ( 3 plates , northwestern africa , northeastern africa , and southern africa , 1 : 5 , 000 , 000 ) . unesco , paris .
wild , h . and l . a . grandvaux barbosa . 1967 . vegetation map of the flora zambesiaca area . flora zambesiaca supplement 1 - 71 . collins , salisbury .
winterbottom , j . m . 1978 . birds . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
it is found in the eastern arc mountains of east africa from the ukaguru mountains and uluguru mountains of central tanzania south - westwards as far as the misuku hills in northernmost malawi .
it inhabits evergreen forest from 540 to 2 , 140 metres above sea - level and is most common around 1 , 500 metres . it forages mainly in the lower and middle levels of trees , feeding on insects such as termites .
the preferred habitat is scrub made up of senegalia spp , commiphora spp and other
thorn
species in arid and semi - arid lowlands with rainfall falling between 250mm and 500mm per year . also found in wooded and bushy grassland , but avoids riverine forest .
the adult male has a velvety black head with a white loral spot and narrow supercilium , the head colour fades to blackish - grey on the hindcrown and is separated from the back by a white collar . the mantle and back are velvety - black with a mottled rump which has long , fluffy feathers . the wings are very black with a contrasting white wingstripe . the tail is black with white outer tail feathers . the underparts are white except for a glossy black breast band . the bill and legs are black and the eyes are golden yellow . the females is similar to the male but has a smaller loral spot and supercilium and has a narrower dark grey breast band . they are small birds measuring 9–10 cm in length and weighing 8–12g .
the song is a series of high , evenly pitched thin short notes
pee - pee - pee - pee
which resembles a squeaky bicycle pump .
greeney , h . f . , martin , p . r . , gelis , r . a . , solano - ugalde , a . , bonier , f . , freeman , b . & miller , e . t .
first records of white - winged nyctibius leucopterus and rufous potoos n . bracteatus in venezuela
gender agreement of avian species - group names under article 31 . 2 . 2 of the iczn code
handschuh , m . , van zalinge , r . n . , olsson , u . , samphos , p . , chamnan , h . & evans , t . d .
remarks concerning the all - black coastal boubous ( laniarius spp . ) of kenya and southern somalia
dowsett - lemaire , f . , demey , r . & dowsett , r . j .
silva , m . , albuquerque frança , b . r . , lima hagi , l . y . g . , neto , m . r . , oliveira , d . v . & pichorim , m .
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c . h . b . grant & mackworth - praed , 1940 – e red sea province of ne sudan .
10–11 cm ; 8·8–13·4 g . small flycatcher - like and shrike - like bird with contrasting black , grey and white ( and some rufous ) colours . male nominate race has forehead . . .
described as bell - like , usually 4 notes or metallic clicking and a series of high - pitched notes ; . . .
vegetation near large rivers in arid and semi - arid regions . habitat also described as dry savanna . . .
diet insects ; ants ( hymenoptera ) recorded . uses lower part or centre of tree . very active . gleans from foliage .
circumstantial evidence indicates season from feb to , probably , jul . territorial . nest a neat small cup of bark and lichens , bound with . . .
not globally threatened . status not well known , as very few ornithologists have field experience with this species and probably only few are able to identify it correctly . . . .
marginal range overlap with b . molitor from n namibia e to n south africa ; some interaction between the two ( including imitation of call in order to establish interspecific territories ) , also interspecific response to playback of sounds , recorded by researchers . two subspecies recognized .
11–12 cm ; 7·5–14 g . small flycatcher - like and shrike - like bird with contrasting black , grey and white ( and some orange - yellow ) colours . male is grey . . .
a long series of whistles . repeats same note slowly twice or three times , sometimes longer series . . .
diet insects , including large lepidopterans . forages in middle and lower layers of bushes and trees , seldom higher than 5 m . very active . . . .
season mainly oct–jan , vaguely related to rainfall pattern ; may breed opportunistically at any time of year . territorial , defends . . .
not globally threatened . locally common . virtual absence from arid woodland on the hartveld of e botswana is remarkable , particularly because this species occupies similar . . .
fatbirder - linking birders worldwide . . . wildlife travellers see our sister site : wand
platysteiridae is a family of small stout passerine birds of the african tropics . the family contains the wattle - eyes and batises . they were previously classed as a subfamily of the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae .
these insect - eating birds are found in usually open forests or bush . they hunt by flycatching , or by taking prey from the ground like a shrike . the nest is a small neat cup low in a tree or bush .
platysteiridae is a family of small stout passerine birds of the african tropics . the family contains the wattle - eyes and batises ( the shrike - flycatchers have also been re - located ) . they were previously classed as a subfamily of the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .
taxonomy : megabyas flammulata j . verreaux and e . verreaux , 1855 , “rivière d’angers” = river muni , gabon . genus sometimes treated as a subgenus of bias . proposed race carolathi ( from angola ) considered synonymous with aequatorialis . two subspecies recognized .
the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
platyrhynchos musicus vieillot , 1818 , malimbe , cabinda , north angola . some authors separate birds from angola as race pallidiventris , birds from uganda as femininus , those from kenya and e tanzania as changamwensis , and those from zimbabwe , malawi and mozambique as clarens , on basis mainly of paler and more spotted plumage ( of female and immature male ) ; these characteristics are variable , however , and naming of geographical races considered unwarranted . treated as monotypic .
the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be . . .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .
this species occurs in southern and central tanzania and extreme north - western malawi , where it is patchily distributed in montane areas .
taxonomy : pachyprora mixta shelley , 1889 , mount kilimanjaro , 6000 - 7000 feet [ c . 1830 - 2130m ] , tanzania . forms a superspecies with b . capensis , b . reichenowi , b . crypta and b . fratrum , probably also with b . margaritae and b . diops . until very recently included b . crypta as part of nominate race , but the two found to differ morphologically and genetically ; also , formerly often treated as conspecific with b . reichenowi . according to new study , race ultima , which has in the past been included in b . fratrum , is weakly differentiated from nominate . two subspecies tentatively recognized .
the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
despite it not having a large range , this species is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .
the white - tailed shrike ( lanioturdus torquatus ) occurs only in western angola and namibia and inhabits thorn scrub brush . the species spends a great deal of its time foraging on the ground where it hops from bush to bush scanning the leaves for any insect prey .
n . a small genus of plants constituting the family batidaceae : low straggling dioecious shrubs .
n . a generic name applied to the rays or skates : equivalent to raia .
n . a genus of dicotyledonous shrubs , the type and only genus of the family batidaceæ .
from wordnet 3 . 0 copyright 2006 by princeton university . all rights reserved .
practical taxidermy a manual of instruction to the amateur in collecting , preserving , and setting up natural history specimens of all kinds . to which is added a chapter upon the pictorial arrangement of museums . with additional instructions in modelling and artistic taxidermy .
wordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .
the adult male has bluish grey upperparts with a black mask across the face , a white spot on the lores and white spots o the rump which are revealed when the long feathers are fluffed out . the underparts are white with a black breast band and blackish thighs . the wings are black with a white stripe , the bill and legs are black while the eyes are red . females are similar in pattern but the upper part colour is more olive in tone , the wings more reddish brown and has a mottled rufous breast band and browner wings . juveniles similar to female but markings less well differentiated . the short black tail is edged with white . it is a small species measuring 9·5–10 cm in length and weighing 10·5–14·2g .
east africa from the south eastern coast of kenya and north eastern tanzania including mount kilimanjaro , along the northern eastern arc mountains of tanzania , i . e . nguru , nguu , usambara mountains , pare and kilimanjaro , also in coastal south eastern tanzania .
at sea level found in coastal forest , miombo woodland and in montane forest up to 2300m on kilimanjaro . it frequents the lower levels of forest and the undergrowth .
small to medium - sized flycatcher - like birds , contrastingly coloured , with rather wide bill , short legs and upright stance .


forrest 's pika ( ochotona forresti ) is a species of mammal in the family ochotonidae .

it is found in bhutan , china , india , and myanmar .

in india , it has been recorded from arunachal pradesh in the north-east .

forrest ' s pika

forrest ' s pikas are found in bhutan , china , india and myanmar .
dark grey area behind each ear
and these two areas almost meet across the nape in the forrest ' s pika , unlike the pale buffy area which does not meet in the moupin pika
.
genome - wide comparative chromosome map between human and the forrest ' s pika ( ochotona forresti ) established by cross - species chromosome painting : further support for the glires hypothesis .
70 % of the forrest ' s pika studied had violin shaped
confluence of the incisive and palatal foramina due to the abrupt constriction of the sides , whereas this constriction is not found in the moupin pika
.
genome - wide comparative chromosome map between human and the forrest ' s pika ( ochotona forresti ) established by cross - species chromosome painting : f . . . - pubmed - ncbi
ochotona forresti can be distinguished from ochotona gaoligongensis - gaoligong pika by the gaoligong pika ' s brilliant rufous - brown head and neck , and a dull rufous - black back .
ochotona roylei - royle ' s pika
and with it may form a superspecies
. ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
there is little information on this species and so it is unclear if this species is a burrowing pika , a rock dwelling pika or an intermediate habitat type of pika .
ochotona gaoligongensis - gaoligong pika : from the original description , this form is likely to be proved a synonym or sister species of the forrest ' s pika which also occurs in the same area . they appear to be morphologically similar . ( b605 . 3 . w3 , b607 . w20 )
there is little information on this species and so it is unclear if this species is a burrowing pika , a rock - dwelling pika or an intermediate habitat type of pika .
note : there is little information on this species and so it is unclear if this species is a burrowing pika , a rock dwelling pika or an intermediate habitat type of pika .
genome - wide comparative chromosome map between human and the forrest’s pika ( ochotona forresti ) established by cross - species chromosome painting : further support for the glires hypothesis - fulltext - cytogenetic and genome research 2011 , vol . 132 , no . 1 - 2 - karger publishers
forrest ' s pika has fairly dark reddish fur , with a dark grey area behind each ear ( nearly meeting each other ) ; the dorsal fur becomes dark grey - brown in winter , while the ventral fur is slightly lighter than this . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
r as , r fb r g ra nt s ( a . s . g . ) . f . y . is su pp or ted by th e we ll com e tr us t .
the name pika originated from the tungus of siberia who attempted to mimic the call
peeka
of the local pika species . ( b285 . w5g )
ochotona gloveri - glover ' s pika : ( the calloceps form ) , yunnan , china ; burma ; and sikkim , india . ( b605 . 3 . w3 ; b607 . w20 )
it is not known whether this is a rock - dwelling or burrowing pika .
embryo resorption may occur if the pika encounters adverse conditions . ( b285 . w5a )
the o . forresti fibroblast cell line was derived from skin biopsies of a male forrest’s pika collected from gaoligong mountain , yunnan , china . metaphase preparations were made following conventional methods as previously described [ yang et al . , 2003a ] . the o . forresti chromosomes were karyotyped based on inverted dapi - banding patterns that are similar to the g - banding patterns .
in main characters and size of the skull . however it can be distinguished from this pika
in this study , we have established the first genome - wide chromosomal homology map between human and forrest’s pika ( ochotona forresti , ofo , 2n = 54 ) by cross - species chromosome painting with human chromosome - specific painting probes . such a map sheds further insight into the ancestral lagomorph karyotype and chromosomal rearrangements underlying the karyotype divergence between leporidae and ochotonidae and provides further support for the glires hypothesis .
ochotona macrotis - large - eared pika ( the chinensis form ) ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
the upper incisors ' roots are found in the skull ' s premaxillary bones . however , the length of the lower incisors ' roots varies . (
note : there is very little data specific to this species so the details below are from general pika information .
this species appears to be a sister species of ochotona erythrotis - chinese red pika . ( b607 . w20 )
many species of pika inhabit very restricted ranges and so may be threatened by human environmental disruption . ( b147 )
ochotona thibetana - moupin pika based on a study of the holotype . ( b605 . 3 . w3 , b607 . w20 )
the fore claws are notably longer in this species than that of ochotona thibetana - moupin pika . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
general pika information : pikas have small , rounded ears which are 12 - 36 mm in length . ( b147 ; b285 . w5g )
in general , the status of many species of pika is hard to assess because they inhabit such remote areas . ( b285 . w5g )
ochotona nigritia - black pika :
apparently close to o . forresti ; may be only a melanistic individual
. ( b607 . w20 )
general pika information : these are shorter in burrowing pikas , such as this species , compared to rock dwelling pikas . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
pika species living in areas where winter snow is common may also make tunnels in the snow to reach and harvest any nearby vegetation . ( b285 . w5g )
this study is supported partly by a grant from the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30770293 ) and mcb , sb ras , rfbr grants ( a . s . g . ) . f . y . is supported by the wellcome trust .
chantry - darmon c , bertaud m , urien c , chadi - taourit s , perrocheau m , et al : expanded comparative mapping between man and rabbit and detection of a new conserved segment between hsa22 and ocu4 . cytogenet genome res 111 : 134–139 ( 2005 ) .
pishchukha
is the russian common name for all species of pika and some gerbils ( rhombomys opimus , meriones tamareiscinus ( muridae - ( family ) ) . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
70 % of the ochotona forresti studied had violin shaped
confluence of the incisive and palatal foramina due to the abrupt constriction of the sides , whereas this constriction is not found in the moupin pika
.
cross - species chromosome painting with human chromosome - specific painting probes has allowed us to construct the first genome - wide comparative chromosome map between human and o . forresti , a representative species of the pika family . an integrated analysis of our comparative chromosome map and the previously published maps [ korstanje et al . , 1999 ; robinson et al . , 2002 ] provides new insight into the comparative genome organization of the lagomorpha .
little or nothing is known regarding the behavior , ecology , and reproduction of ochotona forresti ( smith et al . 1990 ) . o . forresti inhabits mountain slopes at elevations of 2 , 600 to 4 , 400 m in the forest belt ( feng et al . 1986 ) . these high altitude habitats are typically coniferous or mixed broadleaf and conifer forests and shrubland ( smith and xie 2008 ) . it is speculated that this species of pika creates burrows ( smith and xie 2008 ) .
in spring , summer and / or autumn ( fall ) ( depending on species / location ) many pika species spend much time
haying
- harvesting mouthfuls of vegetation which are carried back to the den for storage . they build up these stores , resembling piles of hay , and use them for consumption during periods of sparse vegetation , often over - harvesting so that it is a rare occurrence for them to run out of food . ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )
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lissovsky , a . a . 2014 . taxonomic revision of pikas ochotona ( lagomorpha , mammalia ) at the species level . mammalia 78 ( 2 ) : 199–216 .
justification : this species is listed as least concern because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
ochotona forresti ranges from northwest yunnan to northern myanmar . the mapped range in myanmar is totally speculative ( duckworth and thaw pers . comm ) . ochotona forresti occupies elevations of 2 , 600 - 4 , 400 m .
the current population status of ochotona forresti is unknown ; there have been no ecological or natural history investigations of this species .
due to the general lack of data regarding the population status , behaviour , ecology , and reproduction research in these areas should be undertaken . this species has been regionally assessed in china as near threatened ( jiang et al . 2016 ) .
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this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species occurs in nujiang and gaoligongshan ( yunnan ) nature reserves in china ( csis 2008 ) . due to the general lack of data regarding the population status , behavior , ecology , and reproduction research in these areas should be undertaken . this species has been regionally assessed in china as near threatened , nearly meeting the criteria for vulnerable under criteria a2c + 3c ( wang and xie 2004 ) .
. in india , it has been recorded from arunachal pradesh in the north - east .
smith , a . t . & johnston , c . h . ( 2008 ) . ochotona forresti . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 10 april 2009 . database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern .
choudhury , a . u . ( 2003 ) . the mammals of arunachal pradesh . regency publications , new delhi . 140pp .
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the generic name of ochotona is derived from the mongolian name for pikas :
ogdoi
. ( b285 . w5g )
pikas are small , egg - shaped , rodent - like lagomorphs which weigh under 500 g . they have rounded , relatively large ears , short legs , and a very short tail which is hardly visible . ( b285 . w5g )
newborn pikas are helpless and naked ( b147 , b287 ) or slightly furred . ( b287 )
rectangular shaped posterior end of the nasals are broader
. ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
male and female pikas are similar in size and can be difficult to tell apart from one another . ( b147 )
125 - 300 mm , with most species averaging around 200 mm or less . ( b147 )
range 4 . 1 - 12 . 7 g , depending on species . ( b287 )
in general , the head of pikas is blunt and short , and the skull is quite flattened rather than arched . there is also a constriction between the orbits . ( b147 )
there are 26 teeth in total - two less than other lagomorphs who have one more upper molar on each side . ( b285 . w5a , b605 . 1 . w1 )
the dental formula of pikas is 2 / 1 incisors , 0 / 0 canines , 3 / 2 premolars , and 2 / 3 molars . ( b147 , b605 . 1 . w1 )
lagomorphs , including pikas , differ from rodents by having two pairs of upper incisors rather than just the one pair . the additional set of incisors are called peg teeth and are found directly behind the long pair in the upper jaw . ( b147 , b285 . w5a , b605 . 1 . w1 )
at birth , lagomorphs actually have three pairs of upper incisors , but they quickly lose the outer incisor on each side . ( b147 )
[ note : lagomorphs have teeth which grow throughout their lives . for this reason the portion of the teeth which is not exposed ( not above the gum line ) is strictly speaking not a
root
; however , it is sometimes convenient to describe it as a root . ]
the first upper incisors have a cutting edge which is v - shaped . ( b147 )
pikas have high crowned cheek teeth with no roots [ the teeth grow continuously throughout life ] . ( b147 )
the lower tooth rows are closer together than the upper tooth rows . ( b147 )
adult : pikas have eyes positioned to give a broad field of vision ( b285 . w5a )
newborn : neonates are blind ; the eyes open at eight to ten days . ( b287 )
the hindlimbs are just slightly longer than the forelimbs . ( b147 , b430 . w2 , b605 . 2 . w2 )
in burrowing pikas , the claws are more straight and powerful than those of the rock dwelling pikas . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
the tail of pikas is virtually absent at a length of 5 mm ( b285 . w5g ) ; it is not visible . ( b147 ; b430 . w2 )
fine , long , soft and dense coat with fur that covers the feet including the under surface . ( b147 , b285 . w5g )
most species have two moults per year with a brighter summer coat - often a yellowish red - and a greyer winter coat . ( b147 )
newborn pikas are hairless ( b147 , b287 ) or slightly furred . ( b287 )
the uterus is duplex . the placenta is discoid , deciduate and hemochorial , with a mesometrial , superficial implantation . ( b287 )
the testes are intra - abdominal outside the breeding season . ( b147 , b287 )
during the breeding season they are found in folds of skin at the base of the penis . ( b147 )
scent glands : pikas have scent glands , as do all lagomorphs . ( b285 . w5a )
in general , pikas breed twice a year in the spring and summer , and many species will have two or more litters per year . ( b147 )
pikas show induced ovulation and a post - partum oestrus . ( b285 . w5a , b287 )
in general , burrowing pikas have litters which are twice as large as those of rock dwelling pikas . (
rock dwelling pikas have few litters per year . they may have two litters annually but often only one is successfully weaned ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )
burrowing pikas may have as many as five litters a year , depending on species . ( b285 . w5g )
burrowing pikas may mature and breed in their summer of birth . however , young rock dwelling pikas will first breed as yearlings . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
the testes are intra - abdominal outside the breeding season ; during the breeding season they are found in folds of skin at the base of the penis ( in lagomorphs , the testes are in front of the penis ) . ( b147 )
high mortality as pikas are prey for many mammals and birds . ( b285 . w5a )
burrowers : up to three years of age , but usually only one year . ( b285 . w5g )
burrowing pikas have a high annual mortality , with few animals living more than two years . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
rock dwellers : up to seven years old . ( b285 . w5g ) their average mortality is low compared to the burrowing pikas . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
pikas are herbivorous - they eat grasses , flowering stalks , and leaves . pikas have a preference for those plants highest in protein or other chemicals important to them . ( b285 . w5g )
pikas eat a range of vegetable matter :
in the summer and early autumn the animals gather grasses , sedges , weeds , and many of the large flowering and woody plants , sometimes climbing a few meters up in trees and out on limbs to cut twigs . the material is sometimes place in exposed locations for curing by the sun
; many populations create haystacks to store food for winter . ( b147 )
pikas do not hibernate . ( b147 , b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )
jaw motion : pikas have a vertical or transverse jaw motion . ( b147 ) ; pikas use a side - to - side jaw motion . ( b285 . w5g )
coprophagy : pikas produce two types of faeces , hard faeces like pepper seeds - small green spherical pellets - which are passed during the day ; and soft faeces , sticky and dark green / black , passed at night . faeces of the latter type have high a energy value and b vitamin levels , and are re - ingested . this behaviour , known as coprophagy , may have a similar function to the ruminant behaviour of chewing the cud . ( b147 , b285 . w5a )
pikas are known to be more vocal than other lagomorphs . ( b285 . w5a )
and a long call used by males during the breeding season which is
a series of squeaks lasting up to 30 seconds
. some rock dwellers rarely vocalise even weak calls . ( b285 . w5g )
muffle and transition calls used by young pikas , which are thought to promote cohesion among siblings . ( b285 . w5g )
pikas have scent glands , as do all lagomorphs . ( b285 . w5a )
pikas are unable to grasp plants with their forepaws ; they eat with a side - to - side jaw motion and carry vegetation in their mouths . ( b285 . w5g )
some species continue to forage throughout winter rather than haying , because snows are uncommon . ( b285 . w5g )
even at a fairly low population density of ten to twelve pikas per hectare , vegetation storage by pikas may be up to 30 kg per hectare . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
in the burrowing pikas , the young may form a line behind an adult , usually their father , and follow . ( b285 . w5g )
it is rare that they interact and usually it is to repel an intruder if they do so . ( b285 . w5g )
even in a pair of pikas which are contributing to a shared hay pile , they spend a large part of the day apart . ( b285 . w5g )
the rock dwelling pikas have large territories defended by the individual ( in north american species ) or defended in pairs ( asian species ) . ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )
the population density is therefore low , at 5 - 25 per acre , and reasonably stable over a period of time . (
population densities of pikas in rocky areas do not usually reach more than 20 per hectare . ( b147 )
these pikas are very friendly , sociable mammals that live within family groups where they may play - box , sit in contact , nose rub and spend time socially grooming . ( b285 . w5g )
communal dens house family groups which includes siblings of different ages . ( b285 . w5g )
the young may follow behind an adult , usually their father , in a line . ( b285 . w5g )
however , there may be aggression between members of different family groups , in particular , long chases of adult males occur . ( b285 . w5g )
population densities of burrowing steppe dwellers are often much higher than that of the rock dwellers but they are also prone to fluctuate more widely . ( b147 )
the population density may be greater than 750 per acre towards the end of the breeding season but this may fluctuate greatly both annually and seasonally . ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )
the maximum density of some steppe pikas is reported to exceed 300 per hectare . ( b147 )
in general , it appears that pikas are monogamous . ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )
mainly active by day . pikas are well - adapted to the cold and sensitive to even moderately warm conditions , therefore they tend to be active only during the cooler parts of the day . ( b285 . w5g )
pikas may be active at all hours , in particular , early morning and evenings . it seems that they are less active on sunny days compared with cloudy days . ( b147 )
pikas which live at high altitudes may be active all day , whereas pikas at warmer , lower altitudes emerge only in the morning and evening . ( b285 . w5g )
most pikas live in remote high mountains and wild country and are well adapted to the cold . pikas have become well adapted to living in rocky steppe and alpine habitats . ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )
this species occupies mountain slopes that face the sun . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
elevation : 2600 to 4400 metres in the forest belt . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
burrowing pikas dig burrows in open alpine meadow , semi desert or steppe environments . ( b285 . w5g )
rock dwelling pikas nest among rocks or fallen logs . ( b285 . w5g )
certain pikas are intermediate in their habitat use in that they burrow but also sometimes live among rocks . however their life history is closer to that of the burrowing pikas . ( b285 . w5g )
it is common for burrows to be shared with birds or small mammals . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
haypiles created by pikas may provide winter food for domestic cows and horses and also native species such as ungulates or smaller herbivores .
by recycling soil , burrowing pikas have a positive contribution to ecosystem - level dynamics . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
currently no species or forms of ochotona are treated on any national list of endangered or threatened wildlife .
( b605 . 3 . w3 )
there are currently no ochotona species cites - listed . ( w354 . april08 . w1 )
iucn - lower risk / near threatened . ( w2 . apr08 . w44 )
the status of this species is unknown .
however , its restricted distribution suggests that it may be at some risk
. ( b605 . 3 . w3 )
due to their remote habitat , most pikas
rarely come into conflict with human economic activity .
( b147 )
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ye j 1 , nie w , wang j , su w , jing m , graphodatsky as , yang f .
state key laboratory of genetic resources and evolution , kunming institute of zoology , the chinese academy of sciences , kunming , pr china .
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the order lagomorpha consists of 2 families : leporidae ( hares and rabbits ) , and ochotonidae ( pikas ) , about 91 species [ hoffmann and smith , 2007 ] , of which the domestic rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculus , 2n = 44 ) is the most well - studied species mainly due to its importance as a model for biomedical research [ korstanje et al . , 1999 ] .
comparative cytogenetic studies have made a great contribution to our understanding of karyotype evolution of species within the families leporidae and ochotonidae , respectively [ hsu and benirschke , 1971 ; stock , 1976 ; capanna et al . , 1991 ; ivanitskaya , 1991 ; robinson et al . , 2002 ; robinson , 2006 and literature cited therein ] . however , earlier cross - family comparison based on g - banding has only revealed a few conserved chromosomal segments between representative species from leporidae and ochotonidae , leading to the suggestion that tandem fusion could be responsible for the family - level karyotype divergence in lagomorpha [ stock , 1976 ] .
fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ) images were captured using the genus system ( applied imaging corp . ) as previously described [ yang et al . , 2004 ] . hybridization signals were assigned to specific chromosomes or chromosomal regions as defined by enhanced dapi - banding patterns .
examples of cross - species chromosome painting . a hsa chromosome9probe hybridized onto the short arm of o . forresti chromosome 3 . b dapi - banding of the same o . forresti metaphase . c hsa chromosome15probe hybridized onto the long arm of o . forresti chromosome 3 . d dapi - banding of the same o . forresti metaphase .
arnason u , adegoke ja , gullberg a , harley eh , janke a , et al : mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences . gene 421 : 37–51 ( 2008 ) .
asher rj , meng j , wible jr , mckenna mc , rougier gw , et al : stem lagomorpha and the antiquity of glires . science 307 : 1091–1094 ( 2005 ) .
chantry - darmon c , rogel - gaillard c , bertaud m , urien c , perrocheau m , et al : 133 new gene localizations on the rabbit cytogenetic map . cytogenet genome res 103 : 192–201 ( 2003 ) .
chowdhary bp , raudsepp t , frönicke l , scherthan h : emerging patterns of comparative genome organization in some mammalian species as revealed by zoo - fish . genome res 8 : 577–589 ( 1998 ) .
ferguson - smith ma , trifonov v : mammalian karyotype evolution . nat rev genet 8 : 950–962 ( 2007 ) .
graphodatsky as , yang f , dobigny g , romanenko sa , biltueva ls , et al : tracking genome organization in rodents by zoo - fish . chromosome res 16 : 261–274 ( 2008 ) .
hayes h , rogel - gaillard c , zijlstra c , de haan na , urien c , et al : establishment of an r - banded rabbit karyotype nomenclature by fish localization of 23 chromosome - specific genes on both g - and r - banded chromosomes . cytogenet genome res 98 : 199–205 ( 2002 ) .
hoffmann rs , smith at : lagomorphs , in wilson de , reeder dm ( eds ) : mammal species of the world ( smithsonian institution press , washington 2007 ) .
hsu tc , benirschke k : an atlas of mammalian chromosomes . vol 6 , folio 265 ( springer , berlin 1971 ) .
( ochotonidae , lagomorpha ) , in zaitsev ev ( ed ) : questions of systematics , faunistics and palaeontology of small mammals ( proceeding of the zoological institute press , petersburg 1991 ) .
) and human by reciprocal chromosome painting . cytogenet cell genet 86 : 317–322 ( 1999 ) .
kriegs jo , churakov g , jurka j , brosius j , schmitz j : evolutionary history of 7sl rna - derived sines in supraprimates . trends genet 23 : 158–161 ( 2007 ) .
li t , o’brien pc , biltueva l , fu b , wang j , et al : evolution of genome organizations of squirrels ( sciuridae ) revealed by cross - species chromosome painting . chromosome res 12 : 317–335 ( 2004 ) .
li t , wang j , su w , nie w , yang f : karyotypic evolution of the family sciuridae : inferences from the genome organizations of ground squirrels . cytogenet genome res 112 : 270–276 ( 2006 ) .
luckett wp , hartenberger jl : monophyly or polyphyly of the order rodentia : possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations . j mamm evol 1 : 127–147 ( 1993 ) .
murphy wj , eizirik e , johnson we , zhang yp , ryder oa , et al : molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals . nature 409 : 614–618 ( 2001a ) .
murphy wj , stanyon r , o’brien sj : evolution of mammalian genome organization inferred from comparative gene mapping . genome biol 2 : 1–8 ( 2001b ) .
nie w , fu b , o’brien pc , wang j , su w , et al : flying lemurs – the ‘flying tree shrews’ ? molecular cytogenetic evidence for a scandentia - dermoptera sister clade . bmc biol 6 : 18 ( 2008 ) .
reyes a , gissi c , catzeflis f , nevo e , pesole g , et al : congruent mammalian trees from mitochondrial and nuclear genes using bayesian methods . mol biol evol 21 : 397–403 ( 2004 ) .
, rodentia sciuridae ) as demonstrated by zoo - fish with human probes . chromosome res 11 : 597–603 ( 2003 ) .
robinson tj : order lagomorpha , in o’brien sj , menninger jc , nash wg ( eds ) : atlas of mammalian chromosomes . ( john wiley and sons , hoboken 2006 ) .
robinson tj , yang f , harrison wr : chromosome painting refines the history of genome evolution in hares and rabbits ( order lagomorpha ) . cytogenet genome res 96 : 223–227 ( 2002 ) .
schneider a , cannarozzi gm : support patterns from different outgroups provide a strong phylogenetic signal . mol biol evol 26 : 1259–1272 ( 2009 ) .
stanyon r , stone g , garcia m , froenicke l : reciprocal chromosome painting shows that squirrels , unlike murid rodents , have a highly conserved genome organization . genomics 82 : 245–249 ( 2003 ) .
stock ad : chromosome banding pattern relationships of hares , rabbits and pikas ( order lagomorpha ) . a phyletic interpretation . cytogenet cell genet 17 : 78–88 ( 1976 ) .
svartman m , stone g , stanyon r : the ancestral eutherian karyotype is present in xenarthra . plos genet 2 : e109 ( 2006 ) .
telenius h , pelmear ah , tunnacliffe a , carter np , behmel a , et al : cytogenetic analysis by chromosome painting using dop - pcr amplified flow - sorted chromosomes . genes chromosomes cancer 4 : 257–263 ( 1992 ) .
trifonov va , stanyon r , nesterenko ai , fu b , perelman pl , et al : multidirectional cross - species painting illuminates the history of karyotypic evolution in perissodactyla . chromosome res 16 : 89–107 ( 2008 ) .
yang f , o’brien pcm , milne bs , graphodatsky as , solanky n , et al : a complete comparative chromosome map for the dog , red fox , and human and its integration with canine genetic maps . genomics 62 : 189–202 ( 1999 ) .
yang f , fu b , o’brien pc , robinson tj , ryder oa , et al : karyotypic relationships of horses and zebras : results of cross - species chromosome painting . cytogenet genome res 102 : 235–243 ( 2003a ) .
yang f , alkalaeva ez , perelman pl , pardini at , harrison wr , et al : reciprocal chromosome painting among human , aardvark , and elephant ( superorder afrotheria ) reveals the likely eutherian ancestral karyotype . proc natl acad sci usa 100 : 1062–1066 ( 2003b ) .
yang f , fu b , o’brien pc , nie w , ryder oa , et al : refined genome - wide comparative map of the domestic horse , donkey and human based on cross - species chromosome painting : insight into the occasional fertility of mules . chromosome res 12 : 65–76 ( 2004 ) .
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1993 ; murphy et al . , 2001a ; reyes et al . , 2004 ; a
v , 2007 for review ; nie et al . , 2008 ] . nevertheless ,
rmed by a later study [ chantry - darmon et a l . , 2005 ]
. . . thus , o . huangensis is significantly diverging from the main group of the subgenus ochotona by main karyotypic characteristics that corresponds to the data of mtdna study ( yu et al . 2000 , niu et al . 2004 ) . the recent cytogenetic study of o . forresti ( 2n = 54 ) ( ye et al . 2011 ) also greatly expands karyotypic variability of the subgenus conothoa . as yet , the karyotypes of eight species of the subgenus conothoa and three species of the subgenus ochotona are not investigated . . . .
. . . the presence of the nox5 gene in rabbits makes the rabbit a potentially useful model to study nox5 gene functions . its presence in rabbits and its absence in rodents indicates it is a potential genetic marker to study the taxonomic position of lagomorpha in monophyletic clade glires [ 30 , 31 ] . . . .
. . . indicates that this specimen is currently accessioned as o . thibetana thibetana in the amnh collection . the forresti specimen used in ye et al . ( 2011 ) , was never accessioned into a collection and has been subsequently lost . to test potential morphological differences between l . melainus and sympatric l . mandshuricus , measurements of l . melainus and l . mandshuricus published by li and luo ( 1979 ) and luo ( 1988 ) were analyzed . . . .
. . . the 4 th group also from the same geographical area reported by hayata and shimba ( 1969 ) ; vorontsov and ivanitskaya ( 1973 ) which having the chromosome number 2n = 40 to 42 . the 3 rd group reported from qinghai tibet plateau having the chromosome number 2n = 46 to 54 reported by vorontsov and ivanitskaya ( 1973 ) ; ivanitskaya ( 1978 ) ; tan and bai ( 1987 ) ; ye et al . ( 2011 ) etc . the second group is having chromosome number 2n = 60 to 62 from the surrounding himalayan areas ( nadler et al . , 1969 ; vorontsov and ivanitskaya , 1973 ; capanna et al . , 1991 ; puget and berland , 2008 ) . . . .
reconstruction of karyotype evolution in core glires . i . the genome homology revealed by comparative chromosome painting
karyotypic evolution of the family sciuridae : inferences from the genome organizations of ground squ . . .
cross - species chromosome painting has made a great contribution to our understanding of the evolution of karyotypes and genome organizations of mammals . several recent papers of comparative painting between tree and flying squirrels have shed some light on the evolution of the family sciuridae and the order rodentia . in the present study we have extended the comparative painting to the . . . [ show full abstract ]
reconstruction of karyotype evolution in core glires . i . the genome homology revealed by comparative . . .
glires represent a eutherian clade consisting of rodents and lagomorphs ( hares , rabbits , and pikas ) . chromosome evolution of glires is known to have variable rates in different groups : from slowly evolving lagomorphs and squirrels to extremely rapidly evolving muroids . previous interordinal homology maps between slowly evolving glires were based on comparison with humans . here , we used sets of . . . [ show full abstract ]
karyotype evolution of giraffes ( giraffa camelopardalis ) revealed by cross - species chromosome painti . . .
considering the giraffe ( giraffa camelopardalis , gca , 2n = 30 ) as a primitive species , its comparative genomic data are critical for our understanding of the karyotype evolution of pecorans . here , we have established genome - wide chromosomal homologies between giraffe , chinese muntjac ( muntiacus reevesi , mre , 2n = 46 ) and human ( homo sapiens , hsa , 2n = 46 ) with whole sets of chromosome - specific . . . [ show full abstract ]
the number of rodent species examined by modern comparative genomic approaches , particularly chromosome painting , is limited . the use of human whole - chromosome painting probes to detect regions of homology in the karyotypes of the rodent index species , the mouse and rat , has been hindered by the highly rearranged nature of their genomes . in contrast , recent studies have demonstrated that . . . [ show full abstract ]


bucculatrix latella is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california and arizona .

the wingspan is 9.5 – 12 mm .

the forewings are white , with scattered minute brown-tipped pale ocherous scales .

bucculatrix latella

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25608 genus : bucculatrix species : latella sex : location : loma linda county : san bernardino collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : htt . . . more
bucculatrix kimballi is a moth in the bucculatricidae family . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from florida and texas .
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5490 genus : bucculatrix species : ceanothiella sex : location : fairmont ridge , se san leandro county : alameda collector : hsu , powell coll _ da . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25607 genus : bucculatrix species : insolita sex : location : san bernardino mts county : san bernardino collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25606 genus : bucculatrix species : micropunctata sex : location : needles county : san bernardino collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29872 genus : bucculatrix species : albaciliella sex : location : prisoner ' s harbor , sta cruz is county : santa barbara collector : j . powell co . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5486 genus : bucculatrix species : dominatrix sex : location : strawberry cyn county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 20 90 specim . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5488 genus : bucculatrix species : taeniola sex : location : del valle lake rec area county : alameda collector : whitfield , wagner coll _ date : f . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 8599 genus : bucculatrix species : ericameriae sex : location : placerville county : el dorado collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : http . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 14348 genus : bucculatrix species : eurotiella sex : location : lancaster county : los angeles collector : a . koebele coll _ date : in may 1890 spe . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 23638 genus : bucculatrix species : nigripunctella sex : location : pinyon crest county : riverside collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jul 22 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1062 genus : bucculatrix species : tetradymiae sex : f location : oro grande wash county : san bernardino collector : not given coll _ date : apr 25 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 21135 genus : bucculatrix species : sexnotata sex : location : upper sagehen cr county : nevada collector : j . powell coll _ date : jul 15 66 speci . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6060 genus : bucculatrix species : tridenticola sex : location : carson pass county : alpine collector : coll _ date : in aug specimen _ loc : cdfa u . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5484 genus : bucculatrix species : ochristrigella sex : location : oakland county : alameda collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : https : / . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7553 genus : bucculatrix species : columbiana sex : location : pt molate , richmond county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : nov 19 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7548 genus : bucculatrix species : longula sex : location : walnut creek county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 16 67 specim . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 10977 genus : bucculatrix species : enceliae sex : location : ocotillo county : imperial collector : coll _ date : in apr specimen _ loc : cdfa url : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 14351 genus : bucculatrix species : koebelella sex : location : el segundo dunes county : los angeles collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : sep . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 14347 genus : bucculatrix species : seneciensis sex : location : mint cyn county : los angeles collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : http . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5491 genus : bucculatrix species : quadrigemina sex : location : berkeley , 2135 calif . st . county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : o . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5489 genus : bucculatrix species : albertiella sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : aug 18 97 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5487 genus : bucculatrix species : separabilis sex : location : berkeley campus county : alameda collector : d . l . wagner coll _ date : apr 10 83 sp . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7555 genus : bucculatrix species : zophopasta sex : location : ygnacio valley county : contra costa collector : p . a . opler coll _ date : aug 20 68 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5485 genus : bucculatrix species : variabilis sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : may 16 967 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7552 genus : bucculatrix species : transversata ? sex : location : antioch nwr county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 15 82 s . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 12234 genus : bucculatrix species : viguierae sex : location : kernville county : kern collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : sep 15 73 specimen _ . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 26942 genus : bucculatrix species : franseriae sex : location : pala county : san diego collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jan 19 86 specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 14352 genus : bucculatrix species : leptalea sex : location : bob ' s gap , pearblossom county : los angeles collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11245 genus : bucculatrix species : evanescens sex : location : olancha county : inyo collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : https : / / essig . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11246 genus : bucculatrix species : floccosa sex : location : olancha county : inyo collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : https : / / essigdb . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13813 genus : bucculatrix species : seorsa sex : location : wendel county : lassen collector : coll _ date : in jun specimen _ loc : cdfa url : https : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 22035 genus : bucculatrix species : illecebrosa sex : location : colfax county : placer collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : https : / / ess . . . more
compiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that state at the county level . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .
source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 22 2015 . ( link )
check lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .
birds of california
.
file should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced
the wingspan is about 7 mm . the forewings are white , the markings formed by fuscous or blackish - tipped scales . the hindwings are whitish ocherous , faintly fuscous - tinged in males . adults have been recorded on wing in from april to may and in september .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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the wingspan is about 7 . 5 mm . the forewings are white , sparsely dusted with pale ocherous - tipped scales . the markings are formed by groups of ocherous and black - tipped ocherous scales . the hindwings are silvery , faintly ocherous tinged .
the wingspan is 22–25 mm . the head is pale yellow - ocherous . the antennae are pale ocherous . the thorax and abdomen are pale yellowish - ocherous . the forewings are light brownish - ocherous , often more or less suffused with whitish - ocherous . the hindwings are gray .
the wingspan is about . the head is light yellow - ocherous sprinkled with whitish . the antennae are whitish - ocherous , with a dark fuscous line above . the thorax is brownish - ocherous sprinkled with whitish and the abdomen is whitish - ocherous , faintly streaked with brownish . the forewings are brownish - ocherous , slightly sprinkled with whitish , although the dorsal half is suffused with pale whitish - ocherous from the base to the cleft . the hindwings are ferruginous - fuscous .
the wingspan is 7–8 mm . the forewings are pale ocherous to dark brownish ocherous , with brilliant silvery marks . the hindwings are pale brownish or reddish ocherous to dark fuscous . adults have been recorded on wing from june to july .
the wingspan is 11 - 12 . 5 mm . the forewings are white , marked with pale ocherous to brownish ocherous . the hindwings are brownish ocherous . adults are on wing from april to august .
the wingspan is 5–6 mm . the forewings are ocherous white with brownish ocherous patches . the hindwings are grey .
the wingspan is 6 . 5 mm . the forewings are whitish with a slight ocherous tinge and dusted with scattered brownish ocherous scales . the hindwings are pale greyish , faintly ocherous tinged . adults have been recorded on wing in july .
the wingspan is about 9 mm . the forewings are pale straw - colour , the marks formed by ocherous brown - tipped scales . the hindwings are pale greyish ocherous , somewhat irrorated .
the wingspan is 14 mm . the forewings are white with ocherous - fuscous . the hindwings are pale brownish ocherous . adults have been recorded on wing in may .
the wingspan is 9 . 5–12 mm . the forewings are white , with scattered minute brown - tipped pale ocherous scales . the hindwings are white or whitish ocherous .
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018