barbour 's map turtle ( graptemys barbouri ) is a species of turtle in the family emydidae .

the species is endemic to the southeastern united states .

barbour ' s map turtle

the barbour’s map turtle is protected as a state threatened by florida’s endangered and threatened species rule .
false map turtle - g . pseudogeographica - mississippi map turtle - g . p kohnii - false map turtle - g . s p pseudogeographica
there are no known adverse effects of barbour ' s map turtles on humans .
barbour ' s map turtle is a great turtle for a community habitat with mud turtles , musk turtles , sliders , cooters , other map turtles and painted turtles .
barbour ' s map turtle is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
barbour ' s map turtles aren ' t known to have any negative impacts on humans .
all barbour ' s map turtles are carnivorous . females eat only mollusks as adults , primarily
barbour ' s map turtle nests are subject to predation by snakes and terrestrial mammals , such as raccoons . humans sometimes consume barbour ' s map turtles as food . barbour ' s map turtles are capable of withdrawing into their shells as well as trying to bite if they are unable to escape danger .
information on barbour ' s map turtle ( graptemys barbouri ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
barbour ' s map turtles are carnivores , so they only eat other animals . females eat mostly
the most popular ones were the sabine map turtle ( graptemys ouachitensis ) and the false map turtle ( graptemys pseudogeographica ) – including the subspecies mississippi map turtle ( graptemys pseudogeographica kohni ) .
barbour ' s map turtles are important predators of mollusks and they and their eggs get eaten by other predators .
barbour’s map turtle is largely limited to clear , limestone - bottomed streams that contain numerous fallen branches and trees . highly aquatic , it spends much time basking on logs , plunging into the water when disturbed . the barbour’s map turtle feeds only in water , and , except when nesting , rarely travels far from shore .
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plastron on adult northern map turtle . picture by d . gordon e . robertson
. females usually live in deeper water than males . young barbour ' s map turtles stay closer to the riverbank than adults .
breeding interval barbour ' s map turtles breed annually , and females are capable of producing multiple clutches in a single mating season .
uncommon : rio grande cooters , barbour’s map , pacific pond , western chicken turtle , loggerhead musk , stripe - neck musk , yellow mud ( hatchling ) , florida mud .
240 gallon aquarium – larger female cooters ( particularly river cooters ) , female barbour’s map , larger female spiny softshells , common snappers .
there has been some concern in recent years about map turtles in the wild , and the loss of suitable map turtle habitats .
krysko , k . , k . enge , and p . moler . 2011 . graptemys barbouri carr and marchand 1942 barbour’s map turtle . atlas of amphibians and reptiles in florida .
hill , e . pierson and jonathan d . mays . 2016 . geographic distribution : graptemys barbouri ( barbour ' s map turtle ) . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 79
mays , jonathan d . and e . pierson hill . 2016 . geographic distribution : graptemys barbouri ( barbour ' s map turtle ) . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 79
the area where barbour ' s map turtles generally live and travel is 365 meters along the river for males and 273 meters for females .
sanderson r a ; lovich j e 1988 . graptemys barbouri carr and marchand barbour ' s map turtle . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 421 : 1 - 2 - get paper here
the barbour’s map turtle lives in clear flowing rivers found in florida , georgia and alabama . often spotted basking in the sun on top of rocks and snags , the turtle will dive into the water when threatened . in this turtle species , females grow to more than double the size of males .
how often does reproduction occur ? barbour ' s map turtles breed annually , and females are capable of producing multiple clutches in a single mating season .
sanderson , r . a . 1974 . sexual dimorphism in the barbour’s map turtle , malaclemys barbouri ( carr and marchand ) . master of arts thesis , university of south florida , tampa . 94pp .
sterrett , sean c . , john b . jensen and brian folt . 2014 . graptemys barbouri ( barbour ' s map turtle ) basking height . herpetological review 45 ( 2 ) : 314 - 315
in the wild , female barbour’s map turtles feed almost entirely upon fresh water mussels , snails and crayfish . males take smaller snails , insects , crayfish , and fish .
barbour’s map turtles live in the southeastern united states . they live in alabama , georgia , and the florida panhandle , in and around the apalachicola and the chipola rivers .
barbour ' s map turtles are important predators of mollusks in the areas the inhabit and are preyed on by other predators as eggs , young , and sometimes as adults .
the florida fish and wildlife commission is accepting comment , and holding webinars regarding proposed guidelines for managing the crayfish , pine snake , barbour’s map turtle , blackmouth shiner , saltmarsh topminnow , big cypress fox squirrel and florida burrowing owl .
it is found in the pascagoula river in the united states . it formerly included a population in the pearl river , but in 2010 , that population was described as a separate species , the pearl river map turtle , graptemys pearlensis . the pascagoula map turtle shares its range with the yellow - blotched map turtle , g . flavimaculata .
scientists don ' t know much about how barbour ' s map turtles communicate or sense their environment . in courtship , males touch the faces of females with their front legs .
males engage in a courtship routine in which they touch the face of females with their legs , but communication and perception are otherwise largely unknown for barbour ' s map turtles .
barbour ' s map turtles are considered
vulnerable
by the iucn and are on appendix iii of cites . they are given a global rank of
g2 ,
indicating that the species is imperiled . barbour ' s map turtles have a relatively restricted range and are subject to threats to their freshwater ecosystems , including dredging , water impoundment , and pollution .
connor , p . 1993 . cagles map turtle . tortuga gazette , ( 29 ) 10 : 1 - 4 .
fairly easy to acquire : ybs , peninsula cooter , texas map , ouchita map , false map , diamondback terrapin ( as a group ; specific subspecies may be harder to track down ) , razorback musk , mississippi mud , spotted turtle , north american wood turtle , common snapper , alligator snapper .
if you keep your map turtle outside , a heat lamp map can still be used and may even be necessary depending on where you live . if you live in an area where it gets too cold at certain points of the year , an outdoor pond may not be the best choice for your map turtle .
cagle ' s map turtle ( graptemys caglei ) from the guadalupe and san antonio rivers in south central texas , is an ornately patterned species that reproduces well in captivity . as with many map turtle species , there is extreme sexual dimorphism in cagle ' s map turtles . adult females typically reach 10 - 12 inches as adults and males mature at 4 inches and rarely reach more than 5 inches .
males of some map turtle species do not exceed four inches in length even in adulthood limiting their availability in the pet trade .
scientists don ' t know much about how long barbour ' s map turtles live in the wild . the record for the longest lifespan in captivity was 31 years , 8 months , and 9 days . this turtle lived at the national zoo in washington , dc .
having too little exposure to direct sunlight can negatively impact your map turtle’s health . sunlight deprivation can cause problems with their shell and even fungal infections . if your map turtle is in an outdoor pond , make sure some of its basking areas have access to direct sunlight at any point during the day . if you keep your map turtle in an indoor tank , make sure you have a high quality lamp that simulates the sun’s rays . you may have to take your turtle outside occasionally if the lamp doesn’t seem to be doing enough .
5 common map turtles , or northern map turtles as they are more correctly called . picture by d . gordon e . robertson
the false map turtle ( graptemys pseudogeographica ) is found from southern minnesota , wisconsin , and southeast to louisiana and texas . they do not have the broad , muscular heads seen in many map turtle species due to their diet which consists almost entirely of insects and insect larvae instead of crustaceans and mollusks seen in other map turtles . female false map turtles reach 9 inches and males reach 5 inches .
it might be illegal to take a map turtle from the wild in your area . make sure to research what the regulations are in your area before considering catching a wild turtle to keep as a pet .
there is no information about the lifespan of barbour ' s map turtles in the wild . the longest observed lifespan in captivity was 31 years 8 months and 9 days at the national zoo in washington , dc .
2 . ) pacific pond turtle - actinemys marmorata ( 2 subspecies ) ( note : formerly clemmys marmorata , ' western ' pond turtle ) .
ewert , m . a . , p . c . h . pritchard , and g . e . wallace . 2006 . graptemys barbouri – barbour’s map turtle . pages 260–272 in p . a . meylan , editor . biology and conservation of florida turtles . chelonian research monographs no . 3 .
barbour ' s map turtles are considered
vulnerable
by the iucn red list and are listed on on appendix iii of cites . their global rank is
g2 ,
which means that they are at risk . barbour ' s map turtles live in a fairly small area . they are threatened by damage to their habitat , which can come from from machines moving sand from the bottom of the river , interfering with the flow of water , or pollution .
like many reptiles , barbour ' s map turtles do not put much time or effort into caring for the young . females dig a nest and cover the eggs with dirt . besides that , neither parents contribute to the survival of their young .
barbour ' s map turtles spend most of their lives in the water , so they are good swimmers . males spend more time in calmer water , probably because they are smaller . barbour ' s map turtles spend a lot of time warming themselves in the sun , especially on limestone rocks , vines , or trees in or near the water . if there is a flood in the stream and river where they live , they move to the spot in the river with the weakest current .
try to maintain a high concentration of oxygen in your map turtle enclosure . you can add lots of extra aquatic plants and use a larger - than - expected filtration unit . by keeping oxygen levels high and ph levels appropriate for the species , you will prevent many of the problems normally encountered by map turtle keepers .
some of the species ( such as the barbour’s map turtle ) have a few juts coming out of the top of their shell , resembling a line of dorsal fins . some also have spike - like juts coming out around the base of their carapace . this helps add to their interesting appearance that makes them desirable to some potential pet owners .
other map turtles , while smaller , exhibit a wide array of carapace “decorations” , colors and habits . you can read more about some of these in the articles linked below . pictured here is the spectacular ringed map turtle ( g . oculifera ) .
because barbour ' s map turtles spend most of their lives in the water , they are good swimmers . females tend to spend more time in turbulent water than males , which may be due to the large difference in size between the sexes . they spend a large amount of their time basking in full sun on limestone edges , vines , and trees in or near the water . when the streams and rivers in which they live flood , barbour ' s map turtles move to where the current is weakest in the river .
field studies indicate that females take 20 or more years to reach breeding age . this fact , along with their small natural range and past over - collection for the pet trade , threatens the future of the barbour’s map turtle . reproduction has not been well - studied in the wild , but pets have produced 6 - 9 eggs in june and july .
pro . s : small adult size ( males only ; females similar in size to male res ! ) , omnivorous ( but more carnivorous than painteds ) , prominent black - tipped knobs provide a strong ‘classic’ map turtle appearance .
all of these bright colors and unique designs make map turtles fairly exotic looking despite the relative ease in acquiring one as a pet . while not often regarded as the most ideal pet turtle , they are certainly one of the more handsome looking genera of pet turtle .
barbour’s map turtles live almost all of their lives in large freshwater systems with limestone bottoms . they leave the water only to lay eggs and bask in the sun on large fallen branches and other accessible areas . they prefer deeper and faster flowing waters than other turtles in the family
level i . ) the best starter turtles : male texas map , male common map , southern painted , midland painted ( mainly males ) , stinkpot , razorback musk .
although highly aquatic , all map turtles need a dry surface on which to bask . commercial turtle docks will suffice for small specimens . cork bark , wedged or affixed via silicone to the aquarium’s sides , is a good option for adults .
hard to acquire : bog turtle . alabama red - belly ( endangered & illegal ! ) .
for outdoor enclosures , we suggest that you do not crowd your map turtles . the addition of lots of aquatic plants , especially floating varieties ( water lettuce , water hyacinth , and duckweed ) helps keep the outdoor map turtle pond healthy and keeps the oxygen level high .
an errata assessment is required to generate a revised pdf without the range map which had been included in error ; no range map was available when this assessment was originally published .
barbour’s map turtles spend nearly all of their lives in large freshwater rivers that have limestone rock on the bottom . they only come out of the water to lay eggs or bask in the sun on big fallen branches . they prefer deeper water that flows faster compared to other turtles in their
female barbour’s map turtles are very impressive , with noticeably - broad heads and shells that may approach 12 inches in length . the narrow - headed males are so much smaller – a mere 3 . 2 to 5 . 2 inches long – as to appear to be of a different species .
29 gallon aquarium – male southern painted , male texas map , male cagles map , male black - knobbed map , musk ( stinkpot , razorback , loggerhead , stripe - neck ) , larger mud turtles ( individuals , not so much species ) or pairs of muds .
in addition to the logs or rocks on the water’s surface that they can climb on , the map turtles will also want some accessories to go below the water’s surface . when map turtles go underwater , they sometimes like to seek out things like logs , thick plants , and mud to hide in . you should have lots of cozy little hiding places that your map turtle can use . make sure that they can no get stuck in the hiding places . if they get stuck they might drown .
loveridge , arthur 1946 . thomas barbour , herpetologist : 1884 - 1946 . herpetologica 3 ( 2 ) : 33 - 39 - get paper here
affordable ( ~ $ 20 - $ 50 ) : rio grande sliders ( a . k . a . ‘ornate res’ ) , common map , texas map , black - knobbed map , loggerhead musk , alligator snapper , 3 - toed box , eastern box , ornate box .
fairly uncommon in the trade : cumberland slider , river cooter , cagles map , common map ( ironic but true ) , blandings , florida chicken turtles , eastern mud , 3 - striped mud , yellow mud ( adult ) , smooth softshells , chinese softshells , eastern box turtle hatchlings .
turtle ( source , age category , species , sex if known ) must be retained by person receiving . georgia does not regulate non - native species . 4 . the following list of species native to georgia may not be held as a pet regardless of its origin or morphology : bog turtle , box turtle
male and female barbour ' s map turtles reproduce sexually , but the specific mating system is not known . males attract females by approaching them with their neck extended in an attempt to be face - to - face . the male then undertakes a courtship routine in which he touches the sides of the female’s head with the inner surfaces of his front legs for a few seconds .
pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , common , inexpensive , hibernation - capable in the southern u . s .
kirkpatrick , d . t . 1993 . an overview of the map turtles of the united states . retrieved 14 june , 2011 , from dr . david t . kirkpatrick molecular geneticist and turtle - fancier
fish can be hard for them to catch , but they will sometime eat pieces off of dead fish . at pet stores , you can usually find items like frozen shrimp or meal worms , which can be thawed and then given to your map turtle . do not feed your map turtles live meal worms . live meal worms rich in nutrients but there is a small risk that the worms might harm your turtle .
expensive ( ~ $ 75 - $ 150 ) : albino & pastel res , rio grande cooters , barbour’s maps , cagles maps , chicken turtles , stripe - neck musk , spotteds , blandings , north american wood turtles .
for plant matter , they enjoy dark leafy greens . place the greens on their basking areas above the water , as well as have them floating in the water itself . if you have an outdoor enclosure , you can plant some aquatic plants and let them grow naturally . research what kind of aquatic plants grow around the native area of your specific species of map turtle . there are other benefits to having aquatic plants in your map turtle’s outdoor enclosure , which will be covered later .
they are not as skittish as other species of map turtles , but some individuals can be . map turtles in general are sensitive to water quality , so close attention to their water quality is needed .
125 gallon aquarium – female sliders , male cooters , most female maps ( common , mississippi , ouachita ) , male barbour’s maps , blandings , north american wood , male florida softshell , female smooth & smaller female spiny softshells .
like many genera of turtle , graptemys are omnivorous . this term means they eat both plant and animal matter .
map turtles have had a devoted following in the turtle hobby for several years . these north american turtles are secretive and many species are rare in their natural habitats . they are alert baskers and active swimmers . most species are beautiful with intricate patterns . sexual dimorphism is extreme in map turtles with females reaching much larger adult sizes than males . map turtles were recently proposed for cites protection . this proposal did not proceed , but map turtles or
sawbacks
are a good species to consider for a special breeding program .
con . s : hatchlings of small species tend to be delicate . larger than a texas map . lacks the texas map’s rep . for nonchalant personality . much more expensive . carapace prone to algal overgrowth . have a rep . for being prone to health problems with sub - optimal water quality . texas native not a good candidate for hibernation .
hello & welcome to our concise guide to browsing u . s . turtles ! we cover the bulk of u . s . species by level of overall difficulty to help you pick a pet & prepare for it . this is a browsing article , not a care sheet or in - depth analysis ( for in - depth help choosing a good ‘starter’ turtle , read our article on choosing your first turtle ( we also have choosing your first land - based turtle ) ) .
shealy , r . m . 1976 . the natural history of the alabama map turtle , graptemys pulchra baur , in alabama . bull . florida st . mus . biol . sci . 21 : 47 - 111 .
ernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london
there are eleven species of map turtles spread throughout the united states , mostly in the southeastern river systems .
you will need to have a large aquarium tank or a large outdoor pond if you want to keep a map turtle as a pet . they need lots or room to swim around with plenty of places to hide underwater .
female barbour ' s map turtles are much larger than males . the back shell of females is 15 to 33 cm long , and the back shell of males is 9 to 14 cm long . this means that females can be 3 times bigger than males . their heads are wider too , and their lower jaw sticks out farther than their upper jaw .
large : female sliders , female western & larger eastern painted , female barbour’s maps , all cooters ( females moreso than males ) , female chicken turtles , female chinese & smooth softshells , larger male & small female spiny softshells , male florida softshells .
several species of map turtle used to be very popular in the pet trade and bred in captivity in the usa , but their popularity decreased after the enactment of the four - inch regulation in 1975 . prior to the new regulation , thousands of map turtles were bred and hatched out in captivity for the u . s pet trade . you can read more about the four - inch regulation further down of the page .
map turtles are overall not hospitable to being put into a strange environment . they are one of the harder turtle genera to care for as pets , and may not be a good choice for first time turtle owners . the difficulty in caring for them has kept them from being overly popular in the pet trade , despite their unique and beautiful shell designs .
ernst , c . h . , j . e . lovich , and r . w . barbour . 1994 . turtles of the united states and canada , smithsonian institution press .
pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , distinctive - looking .
pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , common & inexpensive .
con . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks .
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $
pro . s : predominantly carnivorous , attractive coloration , cold - tolerant & hibernation capable ( hail from northern u . s . around the great lakes ) .
level ii . ) second choice starter turtles : male cagles map , male chicken , male black - knobbed map , loggerhead musk , stripe - neck musk , eastern mud , mississippi mud , yellow mud , 3 - striped mud .
pro . s : small adult size ( males only ; females similar in size to male res ! ) , omnivorous ( but more carnivorous than painteds ) , more ornate coloration than a texas map .
con . s : alabama & mississippi native not a good candidate for hibernation further north ( so only in very southern u . s . ) . somewhat expensive .
tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group 1996 . graptemys gibbonsi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 29 july 2007 .
carr and marchand 1942 . a new turtle from the chipola river , florida . proc . new england zool . club 20 : 98
the rare ringed map turtle ( g . oculifera ) is found in the pearl river in mississippi and louisiana . adult females reach 8 inches and males become sexually active at 4 inches . they feed on a variety of insects and insect larvae and the shy hatchlings enjoy daily feedings of mosquito larvae and live blackworms . female ringed map turtles lay only 3 - 4 eggs per clutch .
in addition to the lines on their shell , map turtles also have thicker lines on their face and limbs . the lines are often a bright yellow , and for many specimens ; they are even more noticeable than the “map lines” on their shell .
named after thomas barbour ( 1884 - 1946 ) , associate curator of reptiles and amphibians ( 1923 ) , and , later , director ( 1927 ) of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard .
1 . it is unlawful for any person to possess more than ten ( 10 ) native fresh - water turtles without a valid commercial turtle permit 2 . any person holding a valid commercial turtle permit may acquire live native fresh - water turtles from any source or direct trapping ,
terms & conditions | contact | privacy policy ©2007 the turtle source , inc . all rights reserved . | a deep sky studio websit e
there are several species of map turtles that are endagered and these species are in some areas illegal to keep without special permits . since some map turtles are so small , the four - inch law can make it harder to find a good pet specimen .
sexual dimorphism is present in barbour ' s map turtles . females are much larger than males . females have a carapace that is 15 to 33 cm long at sexual maturity , whereas mature males have a 9 to 14 cm carapace . therefore , females can be up to three times the size of males . females also have much wider heads than males , along with a lower jaw that extends past the upper jaw .
con . s : large females deserve 125 + gallon tanks . rep . for skittishness .
kirkpatrick , david 1993 . map turtles of the united states . reptile & amphibian magazine ( november / december ) : 7 - 17
black - knobbed map turtles ( g . nigrinoda ) are found in the tombigbee and black warrior river systems in alabama and misssissippi .
map turtles are omnivores . in captivity , the majority of their captive diet consists of floating aquatic turtle food and a variety of aquatic plants . typically , hatchlings and young map turtles feed on more plant matter than adults . physically , adults develop large , muscular jaws in response to a natural diet of hard - shelled snails and crayfish . they also eat a wide variety of insects . freeze - dried shrimp and krill are a great treat for map turtles . these can be bought in most pet stores that offer tropical fish food and supplies .
distribution and habitat : barbour ' s map turtles can be found in the gulf coastal plain in the apalachicola and choctawhatchee river systems . this limited range includes parts of southeast alabama , southwest georgia , and the florida panhandle . the chattahoochee , flint , and chipola rivers in which these turtles reside are clear flowing with limestone rock and cobble bottoms . they are also rich in mollusks and contain many fallen trees and exposed rocks for basking .
barbour ' s map turtles are like many reptiles in that there is little parental investment . the male courts the female to mate with her . once his sperm is deposited he no longer invests time or energy in the young . the female digs a nest in which to deposit eggs and covers it with dirt . once the nesting is complete , the female leaves the eggs and does not invest further time or energy in the offspring .
know that aquatic turtles do not like to be held or cuddled . reptiles in general are not affectionate animals , but it is best that you do not pick up your map turtle at all unless you have to . if you do handle your map turtle , wash your hands thoroughly afterward . aquatic turtles can sometimes spread things like salmonella . this is not too big of a danger so long as you use basic care techniques ( such as washing your hands after handling ) and a little common sense . nut it is still a risk you should be aware of .
availability & cost : uncommon in the pet trade but often common in the live turtle food industry ( which you fund with your purchase ! ) .
description : very small mildly domed black turtle with large orange or yellow patches behind the eyes . size : 3 - 4 . 5
scl .
a good rule of thumb to determine if an outdoor pond is an option is to research the species of map turtle you own , and see if any live in the wild in your area . if they do live in the wild in your area , then an outdoor pond may have temperatures that are naturally hospitable to them . it is however important to remember that a small pond will get colder in the winter and hotter in the summer than a larger body of water so your pond is not necessarily a good map turtle habitat even if they live in your area .
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ for hatchlings .
choose the plan that ' s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .
the lifespan of map turtles is not very long compared to other turtles . many turtle species can live over a hundred years . american box turtles will as an example live 75 years or more . map turtles tend to only live up to twenty - five years in the wild , and their life expectancy in captivity is lower . so while they make beautiful pets , they do not live long by the standards of a reptile .
many species of turtle and tortoise are endangered in the wild . always check the rules regarding keeping turtles and tortoises as pets that apply to your area .
the cuatro ciénegas slider ( trachemys taylori ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is a species of turtle belonging to the genus trachemys of the family emydidae .
barbour ' s map turtle eggs have a shell that holds the developing turtle and a yolk sac . the baby turtles take 58 days to come out of the eggs . they look just like miniature adults when they ' re born , except that their colors aren ' t as bright . their back shell is 37 mm long on average and weighs around 10 . 7 g . whether the turtle is male or female depends on how warm the eggs are before they hatch . if the eggs are less than 25 degrees celsius , only males are born . if the eggs are warmer than 30 degrees celsius , only females are born . males are able to have their own young when they are 2 to 4 years old , but females can ' t until they are 15 to 20 years old . this explains why females are bigger than males . females also have bigger spaces in their shells that allow them to get bigger .
55 gallon aquarium – female southern painted , male midland painted , male common , mississippi or ouachita map , spotted turtles , pacific pond turtles .
alabama map turtles ( g . pulchra ) are found from the yellow river in alabama and florida to the pearl river in mississippi and louisiana .
1 . it is unlawful for any person to possess more than ten ( 10 ) native fresh - water turtles without a valid commercial turtle permit . nothing in
map turtles are freshwater turtles belonging to the genus graptemys in the family emydidae . they are native to north america , where they are found throughout the eastern half of the usa and northward into southern canada . in addition to being called map turtles , they are also known as sawback turtles .
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 30 for hatchlings . tom c . knows them to be widely abundant in texas , yet hardly anyone shows interest in breeding them ! i ' ve seen turtle pimp offer these .
pro . s : small adult size ( males < females ) , omnivorous , usually peaceful , common & inexpensive , can hibernate in the southern u . s . fairly personable / interactive with humans .
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 20 for hatchlings .
pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , ornate & distinctive - looking , inexpensive .
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 for hatchlings .
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 65 for hatchlings .
con . s : larger than southern or midland painteds . large females deserve 125 + gallon tanks .
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .
availability & cost : common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 75 for hatchlings .
pro . s : omnivorous . distinctive & unusual . adult size : up to 8
scl .
you will also need areas on top of their body of water that they can climb onto , such as logs or mounds made of rock or dirt . map turtles like to come out of the water sometimes and bask in the sun . reptiles cannot regulate their own body heat so access to an external heat source is crucial . if your map turtle is being kept in a tank , you can have a heat lamp set up above their basking areas .
goldfish should be used sparingly , if at all , as a steady goldfish diet has been linked to kidney and liver disorders in other turtle species . a high quality commercial turtle chow can comprise up to 30 % of the diet . a cuttlebone should be available to supplement the calcium provided by whole fishes and similar foods .
adult females of most species of map turtles can reach 7 inches and adult males are considerably smaller , with most only reaching 5 - 6 inches .
dampier , l . 1998 . map turtles : an american specialty . reptile hobbyist , vol . 4 , no . 3 , 36 - 44 .
description : small basking turtle , quite ornate coloration , care like sliders . sizes : males 2 . 75 – 5” , females 4” to 7 15 / 16” .
availability & cost : very common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .
availability & cost : fairly common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .
pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , most ornate of the u . s . mud / musk , inexpensive . reputedly have ‘stinkpot - like’ personalities ( less shy than young mississippi muds ) .
availability & cost : at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 - 15 for hatchlings .
seidel , michael e . & carl h . ernst 2017 . a systematic review of the turtle family emydidae vertebrate zoology 67 ( 1 ) : 1–122 - get paper here
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map turtles get their name from their appearance . their carapace ( the top / dome portion of their shell ) has designs on it that resembles those seen on some maps . specifically , it has been noted that the lines on their shells look like waterways on a map . these lines are often a yellow or orange color , with darker colors in between them such as greens and browns . the lines on the map turtles shell can fade some as they age .
barbour ' s map turtles have dark brown or black skin with light yellow or green markings . they have broad heads with special patterns in yellow on the top of their head and behind their eyes . a light - colored bar on their chin goes around the curve of their jaw . the top of their neck , back legs , and tail have stripes . the shell on top of their back is like a big olive green dome with dark spines . the second and third spine are the biggest , but they wear down as the turtle gets older . the part of the shell that covers their belly is yellow and there is a black border at the edge of each section .
con . s : a little larger than s . painted . less ornate plastron than western painted . carapace color varies – green to black ( so your hatchling may not look like the one in a photo ) .
con . s : hatchling musk somewhat delicate . huge heads aren’t to everyone’s taste . musk turtles generally are regarded as prone to aggression toward their own kind & ‘look - a - likes . ’ less likely to be personable than sliders . southeastern u . s . native shouldn’t be hibernated outside its native range or similar conditions .
they are aquatic turtles , and while they can spend time on land ; most of their time is spent in the water . map turtles do not live in salt water ; they only live in freshwater environment such as ponds and rivers . they tend to prefer river systems with flowing water . ideal map turtle environments contain lots of underwater plant matter that they can eat , as well as rocks and logs that they can rest on when heating themselves in the sunlight . commonly referred to as basking .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 20 - 25 for hatchlings .
availability & cost : common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 - 15 for hatchlings .
internet have made buying map turtles directly from private breeders a lot easier and it is today often possible to find small turtles without ever having to leave your home .
availability & cost : fairly common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 5 - 10 for hatchlings .
availability & cost : very common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 - 15 for hatchlings .
con . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks . florida native so hibernation not advised .
pro . s : predominantly carnivorous , males smaller than sliders , usually peaceful , fairly inexpensive , hibernation - capable .
availability & cost : fairly common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 125 - 130 for hatchlings .
there are several drawbacks to map turtles as pets , such as being a challenge to care for in captivity when compared to some other turtles such as red eared sliders .
the type of food you give them will vary depending on which gender of map turtle you have . this is because the females are much larger than the males , and so their superior jaws can consume larger prey . the females can consume prey as large as clams and snails , whereas males have to be fed things like tiny crustaceans and aquatic insects .
availability & cost : one of only 2 non - marine federally endangered turtle species in the united states . the upshot is , can only be had wild - caught & then illegally .
ennen , joshua r . ; jeffrey e . lovich , brian r . kreiser , w . selman , carl p . qualls 2010 . genetic and morphological variation between populations of the pascagoula map turtle ( graptemys gibbonsi ) in the pearl and pascagoula rivers with description of a new species . chelonian conservation and biology . 9 ( 1 ) : 98–113 - get paper here
how large your tank or pond should be depends on how many map turtles you want to keep and what species of map turtles you want to keep . they are not particularly aggressive animals and are social enough that you can keep them together . however , there can be exceptions to this if there is not enough space and food to go around .
pro . s : omnivorous ( but more carnivorous than eastern box ) . smallest north american box turtle . older juveniles & adults fairly affable / interactive with humans & shell provides good protection . eager feeders . can be low - maintenance in year - round outdoor enclosures in compatible climates . fairly easy to find .
level iii . ) medium - level turtles : sliders ( north american ) , cooters ( all ) , eastern & western painted , most maps ( including mississippi , ouachita , false , female common , barbour’s , female texas & cagles , etc… ) , female chicken turtles , chinese softshells , male spiny & smooth softshells , spotted turtles , florida mud , eastern & 3 - toed box turtles .
pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , look like they’re smiling . hibernate in parts of their range .
pro . s : predominantly carnivorous , males smaller than sliders , usually peaceful , common & inexpensive , hibernation - capable .
these large , active turtles require spacious homes . while a 55 gallon aquarium might suit a small male , females need tanks of 125 – 200 gallon capacity , or commercial turtle tubs and ponds .
the sale , holding for sale , and distribution of live turtles and viable turtle eggs not in connection with a business . “ , sec . 1240 . 62 ( d ) ( 2 ) .
removing your turtles to an easily - cleaned container for feeding will lessen the filter’s workload and help to keep the water clean .
con . s : hatchlings reputedly delicate . plastron plain compared to western & midland painteds . not appropriate for northern winter hibernation .
con . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks . small southern alabama range so hibernation not recommended .
pro . s : predominantly carnivorous , males smaller than sliders , usually peaceful , fairly common & inexpensive , hibernation - capable .
bartlett , r . d . 1998 . notes from the field : notes on ringed and other map turtles . reptiles , vol . 6 , no . 5 , 76 - 81 .
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s but can be found . ~ $ 50 - 75 for hatchlings .
description : medium basking turtle , reticulated carapace , more pointed face than sliders , long - neck , have ‘strike & suck’ maneuver to catch prey . size : males 4 – 7” , females up to 10” .
availability & cost : somewhat uncommon at online vendors ; may appear at larger expo . s . ~ $ 25 - 40 for hatchlings .
availability & cost : fairly common to uncommon at online vendors ; may appear at larger expo . s . ~ $ 130 for hatchlings .
availability & cost : fairly common to uncommon at online vendors ; may appear at larger expo . s . ~ $ 40 for hatchlings .
availability & cost : fairly easy to find online & at expo . s but expensive . cost ~ $ 60 - 125 for hatchlings .
6 . ) most map turtles , including females . map turtles has a group have a reputation for being unusually sensitive to poor water quality ( cagles & black - knobbed have specifically been mentioned ; tom c . thinks common maps may be more resistant ) & skittishness ( mississippi maps have specifically been mentioned ; texas maps may be an exception ) . in all maps the female is drastically larger than the male .
con . s : larger than southern or midland painteds ; bland plastron unlike midland & western painteds ; large females deserve 75 + gallon tanks .
pro . s : omnivorous & can feed on land or in water . very small & quite attractive . northeastern native so hibernation - capable .
wading pools are often easier to manage than aquariums . koi ponds sometimes contain shelves meant to hold plants ; these work well as turtle basking areas . outdoor housing is ideal , assuming that raccoons and other predators can be excluded .
description : small basking turtle , prominent black - tipped dorsal carapace spine knobs , care like sliders . there are 2 subspecies but native range very small . sizes : males 3 – 4” , females 6 – 8 . 5” .
typically , hatchling & young map turtles that are still growing will have a more carnivorous diet than their adult counterparts . this is because young turtles are still growing , and need the extra protein in their diet .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
con . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks . uncommon & expensive . largely a texas native so hibernation not advised .
except as otherwise provided in this section , viable turtle eggs and live turtles with a carapace length of less than 4 inches shall not be sold , held for sale , or offered for any other type of commercial or public distribution . ”
description : medium - sized terrestrial turtle which likes to soak . steeply domed carapace , single - hinged plastron , can close the shell tightly , males & females have different coloration / patterning . size : 4 . 5 – 5 . ”
description : medium - sized terrestrial turtle which likes to soak . steeply domed carapace , single - hinged plastron , can close the shell tightly , fairly colorful carapace & head . size : ornate 4 – 5” ( up to 6 ) .
description : small basking turtle , fairly hardy adults , care like sliders . olive brown carapace with intricate designs ( or algae covered ! ) . sizes : males 2 . 75 – 4 . 5” , females 4 – 8 3 / 8” .
availability & cost : very common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 5 - 10 for hatchlings ( color morphs much more expensive ) .
con . s : less prominent keeling along dorsal spine than many maps . carapace prone to algal overgrowth . somewhat hard to find in the pet trade .
the guidelines are part of the state’s imperiled species management plan , which was passed in november 2016 and involved status changes that went into effect in february .
pro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , reduced plastron suggests better adapted to a more aquatic existence ( peterson’s field guide to repiles & amphibians of eastern / central north america page 155 states they’re more aquatic than eastern muds ) . males have larger heads that may rival male loggerhead musk in size .
description : small basking turtle , fairly hardy adults , care like sliders . black carapace , scutes have some light trip , red dorsal red stripe , plain plastron . size : males 3 . 5 – 5” ; females 5 . 5 – 7” .
description : large basking turtle , reticulated carapace , more pointed face than sliders , long - neck , have ‘strike & suck’ maneuver to catch prey . female florida subspecies can be quite thick . size : males 4 - 7” females up to 10” .
description : small bottom - walker , fairly hardy adults , olive brown coloration , most reduced plastron of any u . s . mud turtle , care not well - known but at least some shallow water areas & at least a small land area recommended . they’re a subspecies of the eastern mud , which spends a lot of land , making this turtles’ needs hard to call . size : 4 – 5” .
florida fish and wildlife conservation commission • farris bryant building 620 s . meridian st . • tallahassee , fl 32399 - 1600 • ( 850 ) 488 - 4676
availability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . protected in florida , where many online vendors are located . ~ $ 40 for hatchlings .
con . s : hatchlings somewhat delicate . expensive & hard to find . musk turtles generally are regarded as prone to aggression toward their own kind & ‘look - a - likes . ’ less likely to be personable than sliders . southeastern u . s . native shouldn’t be hibernated outside its native range or similar conditions .


it was described by boisduval in 1840 .

the wingspan is 25 – 29 mm for males and 25 – 30 mm for females .

the larvae feed on various low-growing plants , including plantago , rumex and taraxacum species .

caradrina selini

caradrina ( paradrina ) selini ( boisduval , 1840 ) = paradrina selini boisduval , 1840 = caradrina ( paradrina ) selini .
caradrina selini is a moth of the noctuidae family . it was described by boisduval in 1840 . it is found in most of europe , north africa and the near east .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
the wingspan is 25–29 mm for males and 25–30 mm for females . adults have been recorded on wing from may to august .
the larvae feed on various low - growing plants , including plantago , rumex and taraxacum species .
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new records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .
first record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .
first record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .
ambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .
check list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species’ geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .
doaj , scopus , zoological abstracts , ebsco host , and index copernicus . member journal of the brazilian association of science editors ( abec ) and of the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) .


oenobotys vinotinctalis , the wine-tinted oenobotys moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by hampson in 1895 .

the wingspan is about 14 mm .

the forewing colour varies from brownish-red to yellowish-red or pinkish-red with black antemedial and postmedial lines and two black discal spots .

the hindwings are brownish-grey .

oenobotys vinotinctalis

species oenobotys vinotinctalis - wine - tinted oenobotys - hodges # 4940 - bugguide . net
oenobotys vinotinctalis , the wine - tinted oenobotys moth , is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by hampson in 1895 . it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from north carolina to florida , west to texas . it is also found in the west indies and from mexico to central america .
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adult : forewing color varies from brownish - red to yellowish - red to pinkish - red with black am and pm lines and two black discal spots , the inner one smaller and fainter than the outer one ; median area may or may not be slightly darker or of a different shade than remainder of wing ; slightly darker shading may be present in terminal area ; fringe scales either slightly paler or same as ground color ; hindwing brownish - gray .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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illustrated ( poorly ) in black and white by kimball ( 1965 ) pl . 25 , fig . 27 ( as '
' ) on pl . 100 , fig . 2 ( adult ) and pl . 53 , fig . 1 ( genitalia ) .
the wingspan is about 14 mm . the forewing colour varies from brownish - red to yellowish - red or pinkish - red with black antemedial and postmedial lines and two black discal spots . the hindwings are brownish - grey .
the species name refers to the colour of the forewings and is derived from latin vinum ( meaning wine ) and tinctus ( meaning a dye ) .
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gymnogyps amplus is an extinct species of large new world vultures in the family cathartidae .

the species was first described by l. h. miller in 1911 from a broken tarsometatarsus .

the species is the only condor species found in the la brea tar pits ' pit 10 , which fossils date to " a holocene radiocarbon age of 9,000 years . "

the smaller , modern california condor may have evolved from g. amplus .

gymnogyps amplus

gymnogyps amplus is an extinct species of large new world vultures in the cathartidae family . the species was first described by l . h . miller in 1911 from a broken tarsometatarsus .
the ancient birds at first seemed to match a species first described in 1911 , gymnogyps amplus , but the bone that identified that species was much larger than either the modern condors ( gymnogyps californianus ) or the pleistocene birds , suggesting that there could have , at one time , been three different condor species .
fig . 1 . gymnogyps californianus . photograph by noel synder , courtesy of the us fish & wildlife service .
the species is the only condor species found in the la brea tar pits ' pit 10 , which fossils date to
a holocene radiocarbon age of 9 , 000 years .
the smaller , modern california condor may have evolved from gymnogyps amplus .
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : california condor gymnogyps californianus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
subspecies : monotypic , although late pleistocene populations are regarded as a
temporal subspecies ,
g . californianus amplus , a form slightly larger in size than the present birds .
syverson hopes to use radiocarbon dating to determine the age of the oregon specimen . she ' d also like to apply the technique to date the g . amplus type specimen , to see if its age does indeed distinguish a third condor species .
when syverson plotted her measurements of modern and pleistocene condor bones , she found there was a definite size distinction between the two .
the ancients are decidedly bigger ,
she says , and the difference is especially notable in the femur , or thigh bone . these birds were heavier , with a longer , narrower skull and beak than the modern california condor . at first blush , they seem to belong to the species gymnogyps amplus , first described in 1911 based on a broken tarsometatarsus , a bone found in the lower leg of birds .
syverson began her study by examining bones from condor skeletons housed at the los angeles museum of natural history , the museum of vertebrate zoology at uc berkeley , and the santa barbara museum of natural history . one interesting finding was that among these modern birds , gymnogyps californianus , there was no distinction in bone size between males and females .
in the original account here , g . amplus was considered a synonym of g . californianus , though it was noted that in a 2007 presentation , syverson and prothero presented results of an extensive comparison of the rancho la brea and modern condor specimens and concluded that they represent separate species . they since ( 2010 ) have published their evidence . their conclusion is accepted here , but the specific status of most specimens in the interior of north america is now unclear . part of the problem is that syverson and prothero ( 2010 ) give only means and variances and for only a few elements ( skull , humerus , and femur ) ; equally important , most published records for the southwest do not include measurements . with largely fragmentary material , few elements available from the new mexico / trans - pecos region provide measurements comparable to those of syverson and prothero . the few available ( dark canyon cave ) are generally relatively large , suggesting that g . amplus is the species represented in that cave .
the living california condor and the pleistocene condors , especially the condor represented in the rancho la brea deposits , have either been considered as separate species ( g . californianus and g . amplus ) or the pleistocene form has been considered a temporal subspecies of g . californianus . the primary difference used to separate the two taxa was size , the pleistocene form being larger . howard ( 1962 : 241 ) did note
the presence of a pair of markedly swelled ridges , one on either side and extending along the median line of the ventral surface of the nasal process of the premaxilla
in one specimen from howell ' s ridge cave and the probable occurrence on a second specimen . this was in contrast to specimens from rancho la brea and rocky arroyo cave ( = burnet cave ) .
pasadena , calif . - - at the end of the pleistocene epoch some 10 , 000 years ago , two species of condors in california competed for resources amidst the retreating ice of earth ' s last major glacial age . the modern california condor triumphed , while its kin expired .
in the past century , paleontologists have been unsure whether the modern california condor is different enough from a larger , extinct condor that lived during pleistocene time to classify the two as distinct species . now , after the most extensive study of condor fossils and skeletal remains to date , caltech senior undergraduate valerie syverson has documented evidence that confirms the two are different enough for the distinction .
her findings will be presented on october 28 at the annual meeting of the geological society of america in denver .
to solve the puzzle , syverson teamed up with donald prothero , a paleontologist at occidental college and a guest lecturer in geobiology at caltech . they studied bones from recently dead condors and compared them with those found in the extensive bone pile of los angeles ' s pleistocene - aged la brea tar pits . what they found , syverson says , is that
there ' s definitely one species distinction , and possibly two .
after looking at modern condors , syverson turned to la brea . she examined pleistocene specimens from various tar pits , the oldest 35 , 000 and the youngest 9 , 000 years old . the record thus provides a glimpse into a long time variation within a species restricted to one location . over the entire 26 , 000 - year record , syverson found no change in condor morphology . although this had been previously discovered in a similar study of golden eagles from la brea , syverson says it ' s remarkable to see that the drastic climate change accompanying the end of the last ice age had no impact on the size of the species that lived through it .
in fact , that type specimen suggests that the pleistocene condors at la brea may be a third distinct condor species . the broken tarsometatarsus - - housed in the berkeley collection - - is larger than any other condor bone syverson studied .
it would ' ve been an outlier from either species ,
she says .
based on the fact that the type specimen is outside the range for both of the groups , i wonder if we need to define a third species for the extinct la brea condor .
this study also documents evidence that ancient and modern condors coexisted for some time , and that the pleistocene species may have lived at the same time as humans in western north america . several tarsometatarsi of the older , bigger species were found in the youngest pit at la brea . this pit also contains the remains of the la brea woman , the only prehistoric human discovered in the tar pits . another piece of evidence pointing to the same conclusion comes from the berkeley museum collection . it is a bone from a native american midden - - a garbage heap - - in oregon , and it falls into the size range of the ancient group . although its age is unknown , it must have lived at the same time as the people who disposed of it .
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distribution : nearctic . historically ( 1800 ) , from canada ( extreme southwestern british columbia ) south in the united states along the pacific coast west of the sierra nevada to mexico ( sierra san pedro martir , baja california norte ) ; historical reports for localities east of the sierra nevada ( idaho , nevada , utah , arizona ) are equivocal , and most or all are doubtful . the last free - flying bird was taken into captivity in april 1987 . reintroduced populations are now in central coastal california ( big sur ) , san benito county , california ( pinnacles ) , southern central california ( santa barbara county , ventura county ) , southern utah / northern arizona , and northern baja california , mexico ( sierra san pedro martir ) . the subpopulations in california intermix to some extent , and the birds in baja california norte will probably soon move regularly into southern california ( san diego county ) . new releases are planned for a site in san luis obispo county , california . more . . . .
taxonomy : amadon ( 1977 ) suggested merging this genus with vultur , but later abandoned this position ( amadon and bull 1988 ) . based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene , wink ( 1995 ) found that the california condor may be more closely related to the black vulture ( coragyps atratus
movements : irruptive or local migrant ( bildstein 2006 ) . somewhat nomadic within an enormous home range .
habitat and habits : occurs primarily in foothills and mountains at low and medium elevations , particularly in areas with canyons and other rocky areas with suitable cliffs for nesting and roosting . forages mostly in grasslands , oak savannas , and other open areas , occasionally in chaparral clearings (
potreros
) . it formerly foraged in the littoral zone of the pacific coast , and some of the released individuals are now reoccupying this habitat along the central coast of california .
food and feeding behavior : feeds strictly carrion , ranging in size from ground squirrels to large ungulates , primarily deer , elk , pronghorn antelopes , and beached marine mammals before the advent of european man , and mostly cattle and sheep after the establishment of large rances in its range . condors tend to feed mostly on muscle and viscera at larger carcasses .
breeding : nests in natural caves and other openings in cliffs , under large rocks , and occasionally in cavities in redwood trees ( burnett et al 2013 ) . egg laying in the wild occurs as early as late january and replacement eggs are laid until late april , with most eggs laid in february - march . clutch size consists of a single unmarked pale greenish - white egg , and a replacement clutch is laid if the first egg is lost . more . . . .
conservation : the california condor has been one of the most highly endangered bird species in the world throughout its modern history . as the result of an aggressive management program , including capture of the last six individuals remaining in the wild in 1986 - 87 , captive breeding , and reintroduction of captive progeny , the total population continues to increase from the low point in 1982 - 82 , when only 21 - 22 individuals were thought to survive , to 336 individuals by the end of june 2008 . the california condor is still classified globally as critically endangered by birdlife international ( 2007 ) , because the free - flying population in the wild does not yet contain more than 50 actively breeding individuals and is not yet self - sustainable . an unacceptably high number of birds are still being lost to poisoning from lead ingested from carcasses , and this factor may preclude rapid recovery of the species in some areas . more . . . .
population estimates : the 30 september 2012 california condor status report by the u . s . fish and wildlife service showed a total population of 410 individuals , including 180 in captivity and 230 in the wild . the captive birds are at the los angeles zoo ( 21 ) , san diego zoo safari park ( 28 ) , san diego zoo ( 3 ) , world center for birds of prey ( 59 ) , oregon zoo ( 41 ) , santa barbara zoo ( 3 ) , chapultepec zoo ( mexico city ) ( 2 ) , and in holding pens in the field or temporarily in captivity ( 22 ) . the wild birds are in central and southern california ( 125 ) , baja california ( 28 ) , and arizona ( 77 ) . forty - seven eggs were laid in captive breeding facilities in 2012 , and 20 eggs were laid in wild nests in california ( 14 ) , baja california ( 2 ) , and arizona ( 4 ) . including the 2012 breeding season , there have been 127 nesting attempts in the wild since 2001 , and there are presently 29 wild - fledged birds in california , 2 in baja california , and 14 in arizona .
california condor recovery plan the most recent revision of the recovery plan . ventana wilderness society maintains two release sites for condors in central california . the peregrine fund maintains a condor breeding program at the world center for birds of prey , boise , idaho , and administers the condor reintroduction program in northern arizona ( see
notes from the field
oregon zoo captive breeding progam . san diego wild animal park one of the most important captive breeding programs . conservation and research for endangered species california condor reintroduction project in northern baja california conducted by cres ( san diego zoo ) in cooperation with mexican partners . u . s . fish and wildlife service information on the federal condor recovery program . pinnacles national monument details on the condor release program at pinnacles national monument , california . hopper mountain national wildlife refuge primary responsibility for restoring the california condor in its former range . hi mountain lookout a condor observation point located in the santa lucia mountains , san luis obispo county , california . los angeles zoo houses one of largest captive breeding flocks of condors . project gutpile a site promoting the use of non - lead ammunition with notes on condors . instituto nacional de ecología details on the condor recovery project in baja california , mexico . arizona game and fish department condor management in arizona , including an innovative lead bullet replacement program . baja california condor reintroduction project details of the san diego zoo ' s reintroduction project in the sierra san pedro martir . vireo california condor photos . california lead ban details on recent lead legislation in california , posted by the california department of fish and game california condor conservation a new site sponsored by the san diego zoo and other condor cooperators .
researchers : bloom , peter cade , tom j . collins , paul fry , michael grantham , jesse hamber , janet heinrich , william r . linthicum , janet parish , chris n . risebrough , robert w . sandfort , cal schmitt , n . john wallace , michael p . wiley , james
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at the end of the pleistocene epoch about 10 , 000 years ago , when earth was thawing out from the ice age , two types of condors competed over resources in what is now california . the california condor seen in the skies today ultimately triumphed , although the birds are endangered .
new comparisons of modern california condor bones to those found in los angeles’ la brea tar pits show that two distinct species of these large vultures roamed the skies before the end of the last ice age , providing a compelling answer to a long - standing question .
at the end of the pleistocene epoch about 10 , 000 years ago , when earth was thawing out from the ice age , two types of condors competed over resources in what is now california , but it has been unclear if they were distinct species . the california condor seen in the skies today ultimately triumphed ( though it is currently listed as critically endangered ) , while the others perished .
paleontologists from caltech studied the bones of deceased modern condors and the fossils of early condors preserved in the pleistocene - era la brea tar pits in los angeles , and found a definite size difference between the modern and pleistocene bones .
the ancients are decidedly bigger ,
said study leader valerie syverson , an undergraduate student at caltech , noting particular differences in the femur , or thigh , bones .
the pleistocene birds were heavier , with a longer , narrower skull and beak than the modern birds .
based on the fact that the type specimen is outside the range for both of the groups , i wonder if we need to define a third species for the extinct la brea condor ,
syverson said .
the results of the study , presented oct . 28 at the annual meeting of the geological society of america , also show that the ancient and modern condor species co - existed for some time and that the pleistocene species may have lived at the same time as humans , because of the la brea woman , the only prehistoric human found in the pits .
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although the distribution of modern condors is limited to california and introductions into arizona and nevada , past distribution of condors apparently was far greater , with the birds withstanding pleistocene climatic conditions as far east and north as the state of new york ( steadman and miller 1987 ) .
fig . 2 . left to right : left coracoid , proximal left tarsometatarsus , distal right ulna of condors from howell ' s ridge cave . utep specimens . scale in mm .
emslie ( 1987 ) recorded dates for a number of fossil condors from caves in arizona , new mexico , and texas . dates ranged from 22 , 180 ± 400 to 9580 ± 160 bp . mead et al . ( 2003 ) indicated that condors inhabited the grand canyon from at least 42 ka ( apparently based on dating of a condor feather from site cc : 5 : 2 ) to about 10 ka . material from the new mexico / texas region included dates from howell ' s ridge cave ( 13 , 460 ± 220 ) , u - bar cave ( 13 , 030 ± 180 ) , dark canyon cave ( 9585 ± 310 ) , rocky arroyo cave ( 12 , 180 ± 130 ) , mules ear peak cave ( 12 , 580 ± 135 ) , and maravillas canyon ( 10 , 215 ± 320 ) . thus , as emslie hypothesized , inland populations apparently were gone by around 10 , 000 radiocarbon years bp .
howard and miller ( 1933 ) recorded california condor from shelter cave . however , howard ( 1971 ) later compared the elements with those of breagyps clarki and assigned the shelter cave material to that species .
late rancholabrean : luka cave ( desaussure 1956 ) ; tooth cave ( desaussure 1956 ) .
mid wisconsin . cc : 5 : 2 ( mead et al . 2003 ) .
mid / late wisconsin : dark canyon cave ( howard 1971 ) ; rampart cave ( wilson 1942 ) ; rancho la brea ( stock and harris 1992 ) ; sandblast cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; san miguel island ( guthrie 1998 ) .
mid / late wisconsin / holocene : jimenez cave ( messing 1986 ) ; sierra diablo cave ( utep ) .
late wisconsin : antelope cave ( reynolds , reynolds , bell , and pitzer 1991 : cf . ) ; bridge cave ( emslie 1987 ) ; ceremonial cave ( cosgrove 1947 ) ; gypsum cave ( jefferson et al . 2015 ) ; howell ' s ridge cave ( howard 1962 ) ; maravillas canyon ( emslie 1987 ) ; maricopa ( jefferson 1991a ) ; marmot cave ( brasso and emslie 2006 ) ; midden cave ( mead et al . 2005 ) ; mule ears peak ( wetmore 1933 ) ; sandia cave ( brasso and emslie 2006 ) ; skull cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; skylight cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; stanton ' s cave ( rea and hargrave ( 1984 ) ; stevens cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; u - bar cave 13 - 14 ka ; vulture cave ( mead and phillips 1981 ) .
late wisconsin / holocene : burnet cave ( wetmore 1931 ; emslie 1987 ) ; conkling cavern ( howard and miller 1933 ) ; kokoweef cave ( reynolds , reynolds , et al . 1991 ) ; newberry cave ( jefferson 1991a ) ; schuiling cave ( jefferson 1991a ) .
literature . brasso and emslie 2006 ; cosgrove 1947 ; croxen et al . 2007 ; desaussure 1956 ; emslie 1987 , 1988 ; guthrie 1998 , 2009 ; howard 1962 , 1971 ; howard and miller 1933 ; jefferson 1991a ; jefferson et al . 2015 ; mead and phillips 1981 ; mead et al . 2003 ; mead et al . 2005 ; messing 1986 ; rea and hargrave 1984 ; reynolds , reynolds , et al . 1991 ; reynolds , reynolds , bell , and pitzer 1991 ; steadman and miller 1987 ; stock and harris 1992 ; syverson and prothero 2010 ; wetmore 1931 , 1933 ; wilson 1942 .
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