plectrohyla celata , also known as the oaxaca treefrog , is a species of frog in the family hylidae .

after having not been seen after 1984 , it was feared that the species might be extinct .

however , the species was rediscovered in field surveys in 2011 – 2014 .

plectrohyla celata

chapters : plectrohyla guatemalensis , plectrohyla tecunumani , plectrohyla teuchestes , plectrohyla chrysopleura , plectrohyla quecchi , plectrohyla glandulosa , plectrohyla pokomchi , plectrohyla ameibothalame , plectrohyla acanthodes , plectrohyla arborescandens , plectrohyla cyanomma , plectrohyla robertsorum , plectrohyla celata , plectrohyla crassa , plectrohyla matudai , plectrohyla pachyderma , plectrohyla sabrina , rana - de arbol moteada , plectrohyla psiloderma , plectrohyla cyclada , plectrohyla charadricola , plectrohyla exquisita , plectrohyla calthula , plectrohyla calvicollina , plectrohyla pentheter , plectrohyla labedactyla , plectrohyla sagorum , plectrohyla hazelae , plectrohyla avia , plectrohyla ixil , plectrohyla lacertosa , plectrohyla bistincta , plectrohyla hartwegi , plectrohyla pycnochila , plectrohyla cembra , plectrohyla chryses , plectrohyla ephemera , plectrohyla siopela , plectrohyla dasypus , plectrohyla psarosema , plectrohyla mykter . source : wikipedia . pages : 92 . not illustrated . free updates online . purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher ' s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge . excerpt : plectrohyla guatemalensis is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is found in el salvador , guatemala , honduras , and mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss . ] . . . more : http : / / urltoken
georgina santos - barrera , luis canseco - márquez 2004 . plectrohyla celata . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t55438a11311593 . urltoken
plectrohyla celata — faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 105 .
sarcohyla celata — duellman , marion , and hedges , 2016 , zootaxa , 4104 : 18 . provisional placement .
this species was previously included in the genus hyla but has recently been moved to the genus plectrohyla ( faivovich et al . 2005 ) .
will find all uses of
. . . hyla
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla
a revision of the family hylidae from 2016 places this species in the genus sarcohyla , but this classification is not yet widely adopted and as of late 2016 , the amphibian species of the world labels it as
provisional
. it belongs to the
plectrohyla bistincta group
with the genus plectrohyla , all of them moved to sarcohyla in the 2016 revision .
the natural habitats of this species are pristine cloud forest with low or moderate streams , its probably breeding habitat . it is known from elevations between 2 , 640 and 2 , 670 m ( 8 , 660 and 8 , 760 ft ) above sea level . at night , these frogs were found submerged on the bottom of large pools or at the edges of pools , with only their heads above water , and escaping to deeper water if disturbed . by day , they occurred near the same pools but mostly sitting on rocks several centimeters above the water . the only other anuran in the habitat was what at the time was identified as plectrohyla siopela , but later described as a new species , plectrohyla celata .
hyla celata toal and mendelson , 1995 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 174 : 3 . holotype : ku 137103 , by original designation . type locality :
0 . 9 km n cerro pelón , sierra de juárez , oaxaca , mexico , 2670 m ( 17° 30′ n , 96° 30′ w )
.
plectrohyla cyanomma , also known as the blue - eyed aquatic treefrog , is a species of frog in the family hylidae . it is endemic to mexico and only known from the northern slope of cerro pelón , in sierra de juárez in northern oaxaca . it is feared that the species might be extinct .
plectrohyla cyanomma was once relatively common and conspicuous in its habitat . however , it was last collected in 1980 , and is possibly now extinct . the stream at the type locality is still in good condition , so the decline might be caused by chytridiomycosis . habitat loss is occurring elsewhere in the area and could have contributed to the overall decline of this species .
in the hyla bistincta group according to the original publication . in the plectrohyla bistincta group of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 105 . see account by duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 977 - 979 . see illustration , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 268 , who noted that the species may be extinct .
for review of genus and phylogenetics see duellman and campbell , 1992 , misc . publ . mus . zool . univ . michigan , 181 : 1 - 31 . wilson , mccranie , and cruz - díaz , 1994 , proc . biol . soc . washington , 107 : 67 - 78 , discussed the phylogeny of the genus as did duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 1045 - 1048 . keys to , accounts of , and discussions of phylogenetics of the species in honduras provided by mccranie and wilson , 2002 , amph . honduras : 285 - 311 . caldwell , 1974 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 28 : 1 - 37 , defined and discussed the hyla bistincta group ( now part of plectrohyla ) . toal and mendelson , 1995 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 174 : 1 - 20 , provided a key to the hyla bistincta group . in the hylini of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 89 . wiens , fetzner , parkinson , and reeder , 2005 , syst . biol . , 54 : 25 , considered plectrohyla to be part of their enlarged hyla .
plectrohyla cyanomma is a large , robust frog . adult males measure 52–56 mm ( 2 . 0–2 . 2 in ) and females 52–65 mm ( 2 . 0–2 . 6 in ) in snout–vent length . the tympanum is partly or completely concealed . the fingers have vestigial webbing whereas the toes are moderately webbed . the dorsum is uniform olive - green with few tiny , bright yellow spots ; the olive - green fades to pale blue around vent and along outer edge of forearm and tarsus . the venter and chin are greenish - yellow , as are the outer toes and fingers . the ventral surfaces of limbs to the inner toes and fingers bright are yellow - orange . the iris is pale bluish - gray . males have enlarged non - projecting prepollex ( the
spikethumb
) but not nuptial excrescences .
occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas .
in copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum .
< mods xmlns : xlink =
urltoken
version =
3 . 0
xmlns : xsi =
urltoken
xmlns =
urltoken
xsi : schemalocation =
urltoken urltoken
> < titleinfo > < title > a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > toal , kevin r < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > mendelson , joseph r . < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =
marcgt
> < / genre > < note type =
content
> 174 < / note > < relateditem type =
host
> < titleinfo > < title > occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =
text
> lawrence , kan . : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > the university , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =
volume
> < number > 174 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =
pages
> < start > 1 < / start > < end > 20 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1995 - 09 - 20 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =
uri
> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =
useandreproduction
> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum . < / accesscondition > < / mods >
@ article { bhlpart13092 , title = { a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group } , journal = { occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . } , volume = { 174 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum . } , url = urltoken publisher = { lawrence , kan . : the university , 1994 - 1996 . } , author = { toal , kevin r and mendelson , joseph r . } , year = { 1995 - 09 - 20 } , pages = { 1 - - 20 } , }
ty - jour ti - a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group t2 - occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . vl - 174 ur - urltoken pb - the university , cy - lawrence , kan . : py - 1995 - 09 - 20 sp - 1 ep - 20 sn - 0091 - 7958 au - toal , kevin r au - mendelson , joseph r . er -
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
this species is known from the sierra de juárez , east of oaxaca city , in south - eastern mexico , at 2 , 640 - 2 , 890m asl .
this has always been a rare species , but it appears to have gone into serious decline , and has not been recorded since 1984 . recent surveys to locate it have been unsuccessful , and it might now be extinct .
this species has disappeared in suitable habitat , probably due to chytridiomycosis . the fragmentation and disturbance of the forest due to logging and other human activities , and the continuing desiccation of streams , has probably also contributed to the disappearance of this species .
the range of this species is not within any protected area . urgent restoration and protection of the remnants of cloud forest in the sierra de juárez is required . a field study is necessary to evaluate the population status of this species , and whether or not it still survives in the wild . in view of the threat of chytridiomycosis , surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an
listed as critically endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 10km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat , and in the number of mature individuals , in oaxaca , mexico .
* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .
will find all uses of
hyl . . .
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .
will find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor
interprets this as
lithobates or pipiens
so will find the union of all records that contain either
lithobates
or
pipiens
: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens
interprets this as
lithobates and pipiens
so will return all records that have the character string
lithobates pipiens
anywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .
oaxaca treefrog ( liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 19 ) .
please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .
for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 14 january 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) b2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : listed as critically endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 10km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat , and in the number of mature individuals , in oaxaca , mexico .
the range of this species is not within any protected area . urgent restoration and protection of the remnants of cloud forest in the sierra de juárez is required . a field study is necessary to evaluate the population status of this species , and whether or not it still survives in the wild . in view of the threat of chytridiomycosis , surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an ex - situ population .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable
1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 2 . resource & habitat protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 1 . captive breeding / artificial propagation
1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas
2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 2 . small - holder farming
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 5 . motivation unknown / unrecorded
8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 2 . named species
1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats
duellman , w . e . 2001 . the hylid frogs of middle america . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca , new york , usa .
faivovich , j . , haddad , c . f . b . , garcia , p . c . o . , frost , d . r . , campbell , j . a . and wheeler , w . c . 2005 . systematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 294 : 1 - 240 .
iucn . 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 23 november 2004 ) .
lips , k . r . , mendelson iii , j . r . , munoz - alonso , a . , canseco - marquez , l . and mulcahy , d . g . 2004 . amphibian population declines in montane southern mexico : resurveys of historical localities . biological conservation 119 : 555 - 564 .
toal , k . r . and mendelson iii , j . r . 1995 . a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group . occasional papers natural history museum university of kansas : 1 - 20 .
this species is known from the sierra de jurez , east of oaxaca city , in south - eastern mexico , at 2 , 640 - 2 , 890m asl .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
evi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .
we’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .
they are called spikethumb because of the spike on their thumbs , which is called a prepollex . the genus name comes from the
, 2005 : systematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision .
borror , donald j . ( 1988 ) . dictionary of word roots and combining forms : compiled from the greek , latin , and other languages , with special reference to biological terms and scientific names ( 11 . print . ed . ) . mountain view , calif . : mayfield pub . co . isbn 0874840538 .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
spikethumb frogs ( liner , 1994 , herpetol . circ . , 23 : 25 ; frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 62 ; liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 19 ) .
highlands of nuclear central america , from southern mexico through the highlands of guatemala and northern el salvador to central and northern honduras ; undetermined larvae and subadult from cerro saslaya , nicaragua .
copyright © 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
species description : campbell , j . a . and duellman , w . e . 2000 . new species of stream - breeding hylid frogs from the northern versant of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . scientific papers of the natural history museum of the university of kansas : 1 - 28 .
group according to duellman ( 1970 ) . some specimens had previously been assigned to hyla arborescandens ( duellman 1970 ; caldwell 1974 ; toal 1994 ; toal and mendelson 1995 ; mendelson and toal 1996 ) and
( toal and mendelson 1995 ) . at night , the dorsum becomes pale tan , venter creamy white , and anterior and posterior surfaces dull yellowish tan . by day , dorsum tan with dark green reticulations and greenish wash posteriorly on body . iris dark copper color . fingers are webbed basally and the toes are about two thirds webbed . a distinct tympanum is present . head as wide as body but slightly wider than long . head width is 33 . 0 % svl , head length is 32 . 5 % svl . snouth moderately short and rounded in dorsal view , bluntly rounded in lateral view . loreal region slightly concave . lips moderately thin but not flared . nostrils slightly protuberant , internarial region is slightly depressed . tympanum oval , slightly higher than long ; annulus is distinct and separated from eye by about 150 % legnth of tympanum . diameter of tympanum is 42 . 1 % diameter of eye . short ulnar tubercles form a row along the ventrolateral edge of the forearm , almost forming a low fold . width of disc on third finger is greater than diameter of tympanum . cloacal opening is directed posteroventrally at upper level of thighs . vocal sac is single , median , subgular . externally very similar to
. only tadpoles at gosner ( 1960 ) stage 25 are known . similar to
in the presence of two rows of small marginal papillae , absence of submarginal papillae , presence of fine serrations on the beaks , and a denticle formula of 2 / 4 .
most specimens are from cloud forests at elevations between 1600 and 2180 m on the northern versant of the sierra juarez . at night , both sexes were found on low vegetation or boulders adjacent to small streams , but one male was found in a spray zone .
sexual dimorphism is present in that males are significantly smaller than females , two males from higher elevations ( cerro machin , 2370 m , and cerro san felipe , 2670 m ) have svls of 37 . 5 and 38 . 0 mm while two females from the same areas have svls of 48 . 8 and 49 . 1 mm . seems to be active year round .
species group , with descriptions of three new species ( anura : hylidae ) . ' '
campbell , j . a . , and duellman , w . e . ( 2000 ) . ' ' new species of stream - breeding hylid frogs from the northern versant of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . ' '
gosner , k . l . ( 1960 ) . ' ' a simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification . ' '
mendelson , j . r . , iii , and toal , iii , k . r . ( 1996 ) . ' ' a new species of
toal , k . r . , iii , and mendelson , j . r . , iii ( 1995 ) . ' ' a new species of
( anura : hylidae ) from the sierra de juarez , oaxaca , mexico . ' '
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
this species is known from cerro san felipe , northern oaxaca and so la de vega and la cofradia , central oaxaca , mexico . it occurs at elevations from 1 , 540 - 2 , 650m asl and is currently known from only five localities . it might occur a little more widely .
this species occurs in cerro peln and cerro humo chico in the sierra de jurez , north - eastern oaxaca , mexico . it is currently known from only three localities . it is found from 2 , 640 - 2 , 670 m asl .
this species is found in sierra de jurez , north - central oaxaca city , and cerro san felipe and cerro machin , oaxaca , mexico . it is also recorded from the sierra madre del sur ( puerto del gallo ) in south - western guerrero and oaxaca . it is known from elevations of 2 , 200 - 2 , 865m asl . with increased survey work , it is quite likely to be found elsewhere , especially in intervening areas between known sites .
the specific name cyanomma is derived from the greek words kyanos (
blue
) and omma (
eye
) and refers to the blue eyes of this species .
keep an open eye in panama and you might just see a panamanian golden frog . local legend used to promise luck to anyone who spotted the frog in the wild and that when the frog died , it would turn into a gold talisman , known as a huaca . nowadays , you’ll see the frogs on decorative cloth molas made by the kuna indians , on t - shirts , as inlaid design on a new overpass in panama city and even on lottery tickets . in the market at el valle de antòn , you will see them by the thousands either as enamel - painted terracotta or on hand - carved tagua nuts . the one place you probably won’t see a panamanian golden frog , however , is in their native home—the crystal clear streams of the ancient volcanic crater of el valle de antòn . in the mountain forests you may spot other similar - looking extant species such as atelopus varius , but the only local and true panamanian golden frogs atelopus zeteki are those breeding in captivity at the el valle amphibian conservation center ( evacc ) at the el nispero zoo .
in the early 2000’s conservationists warned that this day - glo yellow emblem of panama was in grave danger of extinction . in emergency response , project golden frog was established to create captive assurance colonies of this species , just in case the scientists’ worst fears came to pass and the species went extinct in the wild . in 2006 , just as the scientists had predicted , the chytridiomycosis disease hit el valle . the panamanian golden frog—whose populations were already under pressure due to collectors and habitat loss—was decimated . suddenly , panama’s unique harelquin frog species joined the ranks of at least 30 other harlequin frogs that are most likely extinct in the wild . luckily , panama’s charismatic namesake was part of an aza species survival plan . today , the captive population is being carefully managed and bred for long - term survival by a number of zoos and aquaria in the united states and panama . the animals in these assurance colonies have served their intended purpose and provide an insurance policy for the species , guaranteeing that this important panamanian cultural symbol will never be lost all together .
a tragedy has thus been averted . instead of a dire warning of the future fate of the planet , panamanian golden frogs are now a symbol of hope . exiled frogs are playing the role of a flagship species , bringing the story of global amphibian declines to world wide audiences in zoos and aquaria , magazines and films . as the logo of the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project , the panamanian golden frog is a powerful symbol uniting 8 key institutions . together , we have embarked on this ambitious national program to build capacity at the summit municipal park in panama and to create assurance colonies of other amphibian species from eastern panama before it is too late . we are also actively working with some of the world’s leading researchers like reid harris and louise rollins - smith to develop a cure that will allow us to control the further spread of chytridiomycosis . our great hope is that one day we may re - establish wild populations of panamanian golden frogs back into their rightful home in the streams of el valle . until then , we embrace panama’s living gold as a symbol of hope and achievement in showing us how we can preserve panama’s amphibian biodiversity .
it’s difficult to communicate the extent of the amphibian crisis using only numbers . the 2008 global amphibian assessment lists 120 potentially extinct species and 39 extinct amphibian species . of these , 94 had chytridiomycosis listed as a likely threat associated with their disappearance . most of the missing species are from central and south america , but we are also losing species from north america , the caribbean , australia , the middle east , asia and australia .
now let’s try and put those numbers into the context of our mammal - centric world . think of a whole bunch of endangered mammals from around the world : a jaguar , panthera onca , a baird’s tapir , tapirus bairdii , the golden lion tamarin , leontopithecus rosalia , a mountain pygmy possum , burramys parvus , dama gazelle , nanger dama , and the new guinea big - eared bat , pharotis imogene . repeat that exercise 25 times , and you’ll have some idea of what we have probably already lost in the amphibian world .
here is a roll - call of missing amphibians . those marked with an ( ex ) are classified by the iucn as extinct . those with an asterisk * next to them have had chytridiomycosis suggested as one of the threats associated with their disappearance .
have you seen any of these missing amphibians ? do you think that other species should be added ? use the comments field below to tell us your thoughts . for another list of possibly extinct species , grouped by countries , see amphibia web .
on june 18 , africam safari launched in méxico the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project to rescue endangered amphibians in eastern panama threatened by a lethal fungus which is wiping out these incredible creatures . the project also aims to develop a cure for this disease in the wild . africam is partnering with 8 other institutions in the us and panama to save these threatened neotropical frogs .
the mexican launch was attended by panama’s ambassador in méxico , mr . ricardo alemán alfaro and the honorary consul in puebla mr . mario riestra venegas .
mrs . amy camacho , africam safari general director , explained the current extinction crisis to the audience and press representatives . she outlined the scope of the project and africam’s involvement .
his excellency mr . alemán alfaro offered his support for this project , pledging to help in every way possible , especially in developing proper links with other panamanian institutions involved in the conservation of local wildlife .
en junio 18 del 2009 , africam safari hizo el lanzamiento en méxico de un ambicioso proyecto llamado proyecto de investigación y conservación de anfibios para rescatar un gran número de especies de anfibios que habitan en el este de panamá . para el lanzamiento fueron invitados especialmente el embajador de panamá en méxico su excelencia miguel alemán alfaro y el cónsul honorario de panamá en puebla el lic . mario riestra venegas .
este proyecto lo llevará a cabo un consorcio de 8 instituciones entre ellas africam safari , el instituto smithsonian , la universidad de vanderbilt y el zoológico del summit . el proyecto tiene como objetivos el trabajo cooperativo interinstitucional para prevenir la extinción de docenas de especies de anfibios y desarrollar estrategias y técnicas contra la amenaza de una enfermedad letal para los anfibios causada por un hongo y que es llamada “quitridiomicosis” .
amy camacho , la directora de africam safari informó a los presentes y a los representantes de la prensa acerca de la crisis de extinción por la que están pasando los anfibios actualmente , acerca de los objetivos y alcances del proyecto y cómo africam se involucrará en el proyecto .
su excelencia el embajador alemán alfaro comentó que la embajada ayudará en todo lo que le sea posible para el buen desarrollo de este proyecto , especialmente en el área del desarrollo de contactos con las instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales que se dedican a la protección de la flora y fauna en panamá .
june 18th , 2009 : the rumor has been confirmed and in fact a giant panamanian golden frog has taken up residence on the chase bank building located on the corner of pikes peak and tejon – check it out ! the frog will be up for three months .
we had a great media event earlier today , so watch for us on the news and in the paper . the event included the unveiling of the new josh & john’s ice cream flavor , panamanian golden fudge . they will rotate the flavor on their menu and 50 % of the proceeds of this ice cream will be donated to the cheyenne mountain zoo !
in 2004 , the panamanian golden frog was garnering attention as a group of zoos , universities and researcher known as project golden frog were responding to the ongoing decline and disappearance of this species in the wild while developing populations of captive golden frogs as a safeguard against extinction . one of their goals at the time was “our expectation that this species holds the potential to rally public support for amphibian conservation throughout the neotropics” . at the same time , the chytrid fungus was winding its way through western panama heading directly for the only known habitat of the panamanian golden frog .
it seemed like a simple idea at the time . houston zoo staff thought it was would be in the best interest of this species to build a small facility where we could house this species in its range country until we had a better idea of when amphibians in the region could safely be released back into the wild , safe from the chytrid fungus which has now moved through western panama and is heading for the eastern side of the panama canal .
but what about all the other amphibians in the region , surely they are in need of protection as well ? from this one species , it was decided that a larger focus , based on the 15 - 20 species potentially threatened with extinction due to the chytrid fungus , should be protected within what was soon to become the el valle amphibian conservation center .
evacc center $ 250 , 000 , 50 plus partners , 17 species and 600 individuals later – el valle amphibian conservation center in el valle de anton , panama opened its doors to the public in may of 2009 and has been the focus of media attention , animal planet specials , and news articles over the past 2 years . it even has its own 15 minute documentary called leap of faith and spanish version un salto de fe . so now we wait for a cure and manage the individuals we have collected with support from the zoos , schools , corporations and private individuals .
actually , we cannot wait . the fungus is jumping the canal zone and heading into the largest contiguous tract of rainforest not currently affected by the fungus – called the darien gap . we do not know how many species exist within the darien gap , undiscovered species that could disappear before we ever knew they had existed .
in 2008 , the houston zoo and zoo new england partnered on the design and development of an amphibian pod which is now housed at the summit municipal parque . this pod is actually a shipping container based on models developed by groups in australia and england and modified to maintain amphibians where each pod can safely house 1 - 2 species of individual amphibians ; managing and reproducing them through their life history stages . this was simply the first phase of what you will see here on these pages in months to come . the panama amphibian rescue and conservation program has brought together partners for eastern panama while the el valle amphibian conservation center continues to focus on western panama . and hopefully together , these partners can hold the line against what seemed to be the imminent extinction of dozens of amphibians within panama’s borders .
that’s the name of cheyenne mountain zoo’s new frog rescue exhibit , now open in the zoo’s aquatics building . the exhibit highlights our role in combatting global amphibian declines including the zoo’s partnership in the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project . exhibit highlights include african clawed frogs , leopard frogs and giant african bullfrogs and also features the zoo’s other amphibian conservation efforts including :
the wyoming toad project – wyoming toads are the only north american amphibians listed as extinct in the wild . found only in the 50 sq . mi . area of the laramie basin in wyoming , these toads began a rapid decline in the 1970’s due to pollution , pesticide runoff , habitat destruction and fungal disease . in 1988 , a few toads were caught and a captive breeding program started to protect against extinction . cheyenne mountain zoo cares for a collection of these critically endangered toads in our off - exhibit amphibian conservation center . in 2008 our toads produced over 3 , 000 tadpoles ! 2 , 500 of those were released back into the wild . we are currently releasing tadpoles into the laramie basin and participating in survey studies to determine their population in the wild .
the boreal toad project – boreal toads are colorado’s only alpine toad and live above 8 , 000 feet . the populations located in the southern rocky mountains have experienced dramatic population declines over the past two decades from infection by the chytrid fungus , batrachochytrium dendrobatidis . cheyenne mountain zoo holds a captive population of boreal toads in our amphibian conservation center for scientific research . we have participated in a throat pattern identification study and are planning to conduct a health evaluation regarding diet and water quality , and the effect it has on spinal related deformities . both of these studies help field biologists with boreal toads in the wild .
conserving mantella frogs – there are five critically endangered mantella frogs , native only to madagascar , that are being over - collected for the pet trade . habitat loss and disease also threaten the survival of those still in the wild . cheyenne mountain zoo has obtained a collection of mantella frogs from a trusted captive breeding source and is now captive breeding mantilla frogs to support other aza institutions and help avoid the collection of wild mantilla frogs in the future . in 2008 - 2009 , the zoo’s quarter’s for conservation program also supported madagasikara voakajy , a conservation and research program in madagascar , which aims to protect mantella frogs and their habitat through local community education . cheyenne mountain zoo staff also developed a flash card game to help schools in madagascar teach about their local frogs and the challenges they face in the wild . through our support they will further their efforts in field research and community education .
over the last year i have spent countless hours talking to people , explaining why i’m an amphibian conservationist battling to save some of the 2000 - odd species of amphibians that are facing extinction . i’ll bet that the bird conservationists saving warblers don’t get that question as often as i do , because birds clearly do matter . birds are a very accessible form of wildlife , you can see them in your back yards , and they are the sound of nature . just a few adrenalin - filled moments spent watching a woodpecker and a cardinal having a fight at a bird feeder is enough escapism to lift the burdens of a hard day in the office . yet frogs do matter for all these reasons and more . the main difference between frogs and birds is that the bird folks are organized and the amphibian conservationists are only just starting to get their act together . birdlife international has 4000 full - time employees , rspb has 1 , 300 staff , the audubon society has 600 employees . even ducks unlimited has 500 employees – all working full time applying their skills to bird conservation ! yet in the whole amphibian world there are only a handful of people are working full - time to mitigate the threats facing amphibians . faced with this dearth of capacity it is no wonder that just 12 % of birds are in danger of extinction compared to 32 % of amphibians . since 1980 we have lost just 5 species of birds but over 120 species of amphibians !
that still doesn’t answer the question why does it matter if they go extinct ? humans have many different kinds of value systems . the most obvious one is goods and services that can be exchanged for cash . the best example of the direct value of amphibians is frog legs . these are a culinary curiosity and have obvious direct value that can easily be quantified in dollars . most people would be surprised to hear that between 1996 and 2006 , over 100 , 000 tons of frogs legs were imported and had a value approaching half a billion dollars ! every year 100 million to 400 million wild - caught animals are imported and exported to nearly every country in the world .
this public service announcement from the vancouver aquarium elegantly captures how important amphibians are to controlling pests . however , it is difficult to figure out how much these ecosystem services are worth if people aren’t paying for them , they are indirect values . the trouble is it’s tough to know how much something is really worth unless someone is willing to pay for it . one example that gives us a clue about what people may be willing to sacrifice for these indirect services is from india . in 1981 the indian the frog leg trade peaked , when more than 4 , 000 tons were exported , mainly to europe earning revenues of $ 9 . 3 million . in 1987 , however , india banned frog legs exports , arguing that the cost of importing more pesticides to combat pests in rice paddies devoid of amphibians was outstripping revenues earned from frog leg exports . this contention also contributed to the listing of two species that were targeted specifically for food on appendix ii in cites .
many people will justify saving the rain forest , because we don’t know what aids cure might be out there , and we don’t want it to go extinct before we find out where to get it , something that we’ll call option values . well , one of my collaborators , an incredible lady by the name of louise rollins - smith recently discovered that the white’s tree frog from australia produces a kind of chemical called a caerin ( pronounced see - rin ) that can block hiv transmission to t - cells ! in fact , frog - skins are a real pharmacopeia something i’ve tried to communicate in this illustration below .
the gastric brooding frog from australia may have held a cure for peptic ulcers , a condition that affects millions of people around the world each year . unfortunately though , its potential benefits went extinct along with both species in its genus in the 1980’s . looking at this diagram makes one realize that some values are difficult to prescribe in dollar terms . it makes you think about what we are loosing when you hear stories like one from my colleagues in panama who recently discovered 10 new species in panama - after they had already gone extinct !
amenity values are difficult to quantify in dollar terms , yet frogs are one of the most commonly used animals in classroom education in western countries . 44 - 64 % of all colleges and secondary schools surveyed in georgia , usa used amphibians for educational purposes . and how many of us had our first real wildlife experiences catching frogs and kissing them to see if they turned into a prince ? or chasing a bullfrog across the garden lawn in a frog - jumping competition with your friends ?
ethical values are , in my mind , the real justification for saving a species . many people will spend countless millions on a work of art , a unique object of beauty and fascination that enriches our lives simply because it exists . i feel the same way about a species , when we lose it , it can never be replaced . like many people before me i find frogs fascinating creatures . in africa , the ancient egyptian goddess of fertility , hequet , was often depicted as a frog . in asia chan chu , the three - legged money frog is a popular chinese symbol for prosperity and it is said to bring wealth into your life . in the america’s pre - columbian indigenous people crafted frogs in gold and clay talismans called huacas . today , golden frogs are considered lucky , and adorn panamanian lottery tickets and crowd tables in tourist markets . in more contemporary settings , one has to wonder what the value is of modern cultural icons such as kermit or the budweiser trio of frogs named bud , wei and ser ?
so you may be saying right now – i’m not convinced , frogs creep me out . that’s ok , but i would beg to differ with you because i know that frogs do matter . i just want to keep them around so that your children and their children can form their own opinions . not just by looking at catalogues of extinct species in a library somewhere , but by exploring a stream with their friends and discovering these incredible creatures for themselves .
it’s official . the deadly amphibian chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( bd ) has now spread across the panama canal into eastern panama according to a study recently published in ecohealth . elsewhere in central and south america , this disease has spread through mountainous regions . according to karen lips , a conservation biologist who has studied the problem for years , when bd arrives at a site , about half of the species vanish and the remaining species experience massive die - offs .
conservationists have been fretting for years about what might happen to eastern panama’s 120 - odd amphibian species when bd hits . bd is a disease that cannot tolerate extremely hot temperatures , so it tends to be most devastating in cooler mountainous regions of the tropics that remain cool and moist year - round . the mountainous regions of eastern panama are one of the last remaining strongholds of naïve amphibian populations in the new world , and species that tend to have a highland distribution and small ranges are the most vulnerable to extinction .
to add another layer of complexity to this problem , there are many species new to science that we could lose before they are even discovered . according to dr . andrew crawford who studies amphibian genetics , “eastern panama has been relatively poorly explored by herpetologists and it is likely that there are several species new to science that live only in this region . what is particularly worrying is that we are facing a huge biodiversity threat , but we don’t have a good idea of just how many species are at stake” .


tomares romanovi , or romanoff 's hairstreak , is a butterfly of the family lycaenidae .

the wingspan is 28 – 30 mm .

the butterfly flies from late april to mid-june depending on latitude and elevation .

the larvae feed on the astragalus species a. scharuhdensis and a. finitimus .

tomares romanovi

tomares romanovi - is a species with . . . - karen aghababyan | facebook
tomares romanovi , or romanoff ' s hairstreak , is a butterfly of the family lycaenidae . it is found in armenia , azerbaijan , georgia , eastern turkey , northern iran , and kopet dagh mountains .
similar species are : provence hairstreak or cardenillo , tomares ballus ( fabricius , 1787 ) it is found in the iberian peninsula , northern africa and along the mediterranean coast of provence , france .
the species is distributed in armenian highland , georgia , kopet - dagh . armenia is inhabited by nominate subspecies .
the species inhabits calcareous grasslands and arid mountain steppes , usually dominated by tragacanth locoweeds . host plant is astragalus finitimus , although for kopet dagh the astragalus schahrudensis is known . the species is specialized to feed on flowers of the host plant , and the female lays down the eggs on the flower buds .
flight period lasts from mid april to mid june , depending on elevation , in single generation .
. in the studied period it shows moderate decline ( p < 0 . 05 ) . the host plant probably suffers from overgrazing in two ways : directly and due to total degradation of habitat and erosion .
it was evaluated for the red book of animals of armenia and was considered as vulnerable . at current some portions of the populations of the species are protected in khosrov forest state reserve , and gnishik community protected area . two populations of the species which have not been covered by arevik national park are included now in
pbas , also the significant portion of its population is included in gnishik pba . in their turn the mentioned pbas are in the process of being included in the network of emerald sites . continuation of the monitoring of the species is a necessary measure to track further dynamics of its populations . further grow of pba network and development of butterfly - watching with strong support of community service is another important conservation tool that can decrease the load on the grassland ecosystems and support in stabilization of population trend .
status . a rare species . according to iucn criteria categorized as vulnerable vu b1ab ( iii ) + b2ab ( iii ) .
brief description . a small–sized butterfly , the length of the forewing is 15 - 19 mm . the fround color of the wings is black with bright red spot on the discal part of forewings and on the anal part of hind wings . the underside of the hind wings is light green with metallic iridescence .
distribution in armenia . central and south armenia . recorded in the kotayk ( garni and geghadir villages , jrvezh settlement , mt . hatis ) , vayots dzor ( artavan village ) , ararat ( urtsalanj village ) , syunik ( surroundings of the shvanidzor village ) provinces and in khosrov forest reserve .
habitats . semi–deserts , dry meadows , steppes , grasslands near the timberline at the altitudes of 1300–2200 m above sea level .
biological traits . flies in a single generation from mid - may to the end of july . pupae winter . the larvae develop in the flower buds of astragalus finitimus ( fabaceae ) .
population size and its trends . abundance is rather great in places without human facilities , depends on the densities of the fodder plant .
suggested conservation measures . incorporation of species habitats to the reserve zone of arevik national park . application of selective effect insecticides in aircraft treatments against leaf - eating forest pests .
( fabricius , 1787 ) it is found in the iberian peninsula , northern africa and along the mediterranean coast of provence , france .
habitat : dry rocky slopes with sparse vegetation , debris , beams , ravines .
behavior : usually sits on the soil or small stones , sometimes feeds on flowers , on favorit in spain are platycapnos spicata . males are territory - assertive , that is , they either fly up and chase anyone who dares to enter the territory , or they fly into the whirling
dance - flight
around each other high into the air in a sort of territory battle . females are less flying around , often seen on the flowers of nectary , or lay eggs on foodplants .
flight season : depending on the height above sea level , the season is from the end of january until early may .
foodplants : caterpillars which feed on hairy canary clover , dorycnium hirsutum and different medicago species .
distribution : iberian peninsula , northern africa and along the mediterranean coast of provence , france .
author & photographer : martin bjerg & arne lykke viborg . editor : lars andersen .
another name : caucasian spring copper . name in name in turkish : kafkasya gelincigi .
behavior : usually sits on the soil or small stones , sometimes feeds on flowers . males are territory - assertive , that is , they either fly up and chase anyone who dares to enter the territory , or they fly into the whirling
dance - flight
around each other high into the air in a sort of territory battle . females are less flying around , often seen on the flowers of nectary , or lay eggs on foodplants .
flight season : depending on the height above sea level , the season is from the end of march until early june . caterpillars which feed on different astragalus species emerge one - two weeks earlier than those which feed on kopeechnik .
foodplants : astragal sverhuvolosisty , astragalus suprapilosus , astragal puzyristy , astragalus utriger , and sweetvetch / kopeechnik vetch , hedysarum candidum .
distribution : recorded in a few localities on coast mountains in south - eastern crimea , ukraine ( karadag nature reserve ) . georgia . grusia . khanlar . azerbaijan . turkey . syria . iraq and iran .
author & photographer : morten s . mølgaard & tom nygaard kristensen . editor : lars andersen .
another name : nogel ' s spring copper . name in turkish : anadolu gelincigi .
behavior : it is not very shy , flying low over the vegetation , sometimes taking off in high flight through the bushes or trees . sits mainly on foodplants and other herbaceous plants . males are territory - assertive , females are less flying around , often seen on the flowers to nectary . normally it does not fly very far away from habitats , but can be seen individually in a distance up to several kilometers away from the locality !
flight season : flight season begins in the second week of may and until mid june .
distribution : dobrogea , romania . recorded in a few localities on coastmountains in south - eastern crimea , ukraine . syria . lebanon . israel . turkey . georgia . armenia . kurdistan . iraq and iran .
author & photographer : tom nygaard kristensen & morten s . mølgaard . editor : lars andersen .
collins butterfly guide : the most complete field guide to the butterflies of britain and europe by tom tolman and richard lewington 2008 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
copyright © andre gorodinski . the insects from the palaearctic region . web design by mrs . l . gorodinski .
by creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .
© 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .
small ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .
large ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .
you can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .
editorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .
sign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .
( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )
armenia , vayots dzor province , areni village , noravank gorge , 24 . v . 2010
the source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .
would you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .
it will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .
i use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .
of perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .
the wingspan is 28–30 mm . the species inhabits calcareous grasslands and arid mountain steppes , usually dominated by tragacanth locoweeds . it occupies elevation range from 1200 to 1600 m above sea level . [ 1 ] the butterfly flies from late april to mid - june depending on latitude and elevation .
the larvae feed on the astragalus species a . scharuhdensis and a . finitimus .
this page was last edited on 21 march 2018 , at 16 : 30 .
basis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more


prolibytherium ( " before libya 's beast " ) is an extinct artiodactyl ungulate native to early miocene north africa and pakistan , from around 16.9 to 15.97 million years ago .

the 1.80 metres ( 5 ft 11 in ) long creature would have superficially resembled an okapi or a deer .

unlike these , however , prolibytherium displayed dramatic sexual dimorphism , in that the male had a set of large , leaf-shaped ossicones with a width of 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) , while the female had a set of slender , horn-like ossicones .

at one time , it was described as a relative of sivatherium ( as a precursor to " libytherium maurusium " ( s. maurusium ) ) .

prolibytherium

the back of the prolibytherium fusus skill . 4 marks the fused occipital condyles . from danowitz et al . , 2015 .
male ( a ) and female ( b ) forms of prolibytherium magnieri . p . fusus would have had similar ornaments . art by i . sánchez .
meaning : prolibytherium means “before libya’s beast” , coined by camille arambourg in 1969 for a different species , while fusus refers to the fused occipital condyles at the back of the skull .
danowitz , m . , domalski , r . , solounias , n . 2015 . a new species of prolibytherium ( ruminantia , mammalia ) from pakistan , and the functional implications of an atypical atlanto - occipital morphology a new species of prolibytherium ( ruminantia , mammalia ) from pakistan , and the functional implications of an atypical atlanto - occipital morphology a new species of prolibytherium ( ruminantia , mammalia ) from pakistan , and the functional implications of an atypical atlanto - occipital morphology . journal of mammalian evolution . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10914 - 015 - 9307 - 8
the taxonomic status of prolibytherium remains in flux . at one time , it was described as a relative of sivatherium ( as a precursor to
libytherium maurusium
( sivatherium maurusium ) ) . later , it would be regarded as a palaeomerycid , or either as a climacoceratid , or as a basal member of giraffoidea . with the discovery and study of a female skull in 2010 , prolibytherium is tentatively regarded as a climacoceratid .
in any list of weird fossil mammals , the regular set of ancient beasts are trotted out . there’s always a brontothere . uintatherium often shows up . deinotherium isn’t a surprise , either . and while these long lost mammals are indeed wonderful , there are plenty of critters that are just as strange . one of my favorites is prolibytherium .
sánchez , i . , quiralte , v . , morales , j . , azanza , b . , pickford , m . 2010 . sexual dimorphism of the frontal appendages of the early miocene pecoran prolibytherium arambourh , 1961 ( mammalia , ruminantia ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2010 . 483555
exactly what sort of beast prolibytherium was , no one knows for sure . the herbivore has been punted around the hoofed mammal tree a bit , and , for the moment , it seems closest to a group of extinct , deer - like mammals called climacoceratids . but one thing is for sure – this mammal wore some very bizarre headgear .
the 1 . 80 metres ( 5 ft 11 in ) long creature would have superficially resembled an okapi or a deer . unlike these , however , prolibytherium displayed dramatic sexual dimorphism , in that the male had a set of large , leaf - shaped ossicones with a width of 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) , while the female had a set of slender , horn - like ossicones .
the first species , named by camille arambourg from the 16 million year old rock of libya , had a massive , splayed appendage growing from between its eyes and over the back of the head . and as israel sánchez and colleagues argued in 2010 , these ornaments differed between the sexes , with probable females having minimalist spikes that more or less present the framework on which the broader male palms are supported . and now melinda danowitz , rebecceca domalski , and nikos solounias have named a new species of this unusual mammal , extending the range of prolibytherium into asia and its span back three million years .
the new species , prolibytherium fusus , is only known from a 19 million year old braincase with the broad ornaments broken off . yet , aside from the fractured attachments for the appendages , the back of the skull shows that this species must have had heavy appendages like its geologically younger relative . the occipital condyles – the attachment sites between the back of the skull and the front of the neck – are fused and thickened , providing greater support along the midline for carrying all that extra bone around . and , danowitz and colleagues note , the reinforcement at the back of the skull might have had provided greater reinforcement for combat , too , although how these butterfly - faced mammals fought is so far left to our cenozoic imagination .
this article needs expanding . you can help improve this article by adding additional content .
prolybitherium ( meaning
before libya ' s beast
) is a genus of artiodactyl ungulates native to early miocene north africa and pakistan , from around 16 . 9 to 15 . 97 million years ago .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
how much of the creature’s body is known ? : a braincase with the cranial appendages broken off .
hhw _ ` cel ` j ^ {  } h [ zznnє мбжмяоднкгднђђеwqоїўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџљчпzjljhnidc ] c [ ` nvq @ hzpn _ zq } єнкдчдїђжгњжљкv [ зєўўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўїсйb42 ; g ? nhb ` ubt [ fnujb @ erb [ v } rзсдмнсмљњгднжњњzcмсњўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўїевxh5626fqn _ igx ` unnniihd _ ] ќж [ { дєзяыїўњђўдг sc | ьюўўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўїюёidikhb8hrqezs ] xktuhc _ hns ] чтvnnnчбюнгљќтўoreч№§ўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџјл nf ? ge ; @ @ quqwsedsnwnn ` buh { гuњњzuvќджкдєєљгдkvmќяѓ§џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџњаsb .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
parent taxon : palaeomerycidae according to d . r . prothero and m . r . liter 2007
see also carroll 1988 , mitchell and skinner 2003 and pickford et al . 2001
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .