syngrapha interrogationis , the scarce silver y , is a moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found in the northern areas of the world , from alaska , through canada , iceland , europe , siberia up to northeast asia including japan .

syngrapha interrogationis

scarce silver y ( syngrapha interrogationis ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
syngrapha interrogationis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) = phalaena interrogationis linnaeus , 1758 = noctua aemula fabricius , 1787 = phalaena conscripta hübner , 1790 = noctua subpurpurina haworth , 1802 = phalaena aurosignata donovan , 1808 = plusia borealis reuter , 1893 = plusia epsilon ottolengui , 1900 = autographa zeta ottolengui , 1902 = syngrapha pyrenaica hampson , 1913 = syngrapha interrogationis norrlandica schulte , 1956 = syngrapha flammifera chou & lu , 1979 = syngrapha octoscripta epsilon = syngrapha octoscripta zeta .
habitat : syngrapha interrogationis is associated with acidophilous and coniferous , humid woodlands such as moor woodlands or montane spruce forests with vaccinium undergrowth .
endangerment factors : syngrapha interrogationis is endangered through the intensification in forestry which results in ever darker , uniformous forests , locally also through tourism and usage of wind energy .
autographa interrogationis herschelensis benjamin , 1933 ; pan - pacific ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 61 ; tl : herschel island , yukon
= syngrapha alias ( ottolengui , 1902 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 115
= syngrapha altera ( ottolengui , 1902 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 101
= syngrapha angulidens ( smith , 1891 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 117
= syngrapha ignea ( grote , 1864 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 113
= syngrapha rectangula ( kirby , 1837 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 116
remarks : syngrapha interrogationis has an holarctic distribution ( north america , europe , northern asia ) . in europe it is common in the north and becomes more and more local and restricted to mountains in the south where it occurs to the pyrenees , middle italia and bulgaria .
syngrapha diasema ab . connexa warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 346
syngrapha hochenwarthi alaina [ sic ] ; [ ne10 ] , 161 ( missp . ? )
syngrapha interrogationis has only been found in extreme northwestern british columbia near the border with yukon territory . it is probably more widely distributed along the east slope of the rocky mountains and in other northern mountains in the province since it occurs in the alberta rocky mountains just to the east of british columbia .
syngrapha interrogationis ; [ nacl ] , # 8937 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 106 , f . 48 , pl . 3 , f . 14 - 16 , pl . f , f . 8 , pl . ) , f . 6 ; [ ne10 ] : 244 , pl . 16 , f . 28 - 34 , gen . 265 , 330
syngrapha ain ; [ ne10 ] : 243 , pl . 16 , f . 46 - 50 , gen . 264 , 329
syngrapha rectangulata ab . demaculata strand , 1917 ; archiv naturg . 82 a ( 2 ) : 47 ; tl : north america
syngrapha devergens rilaecacuminum varga & ronkay , 1982 ; acta zool . hung . 2 : 150 ; tl : bulgaria , rila mts .
syngrapha ain persibirica ronkay , ronkay , behounek & mikkola , 2008 ; witt catalogue 1 : 107 , pl . 36 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : mongolia
syngrapha hochenwarthi lapponaris ; [ ne10 ] : 240 , pl . 16 , f . 19 , 20 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 104
syngrapha microgamma r . nearctica ferguson , 1955 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 50 : 25 ; tl : prospect road , goodwood , halifax co . , nova scotia
syngrapha abstrusa eichlin & cunningham , 1978 ; u . s . dept . agric . tech . bull . 1567 : 46 ; tl : lake katherine , oneida co . , wisconsin
syngrapha cryptica eichlin & cunningham , 1978 ; u . s . dept . agric . tech . bull . 1567 : 47 ; tl : lake katherine , oneida co . , wisconsin
syngrapha rilaecacuminum ; [ ne10 ] : 238 , pl . 16 , f . 14 - 18 , gen . 259 , 324 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 102
syngrapha hochenwarthi hochenwarthi ; [ ne10 ] : 239 , pl . 16 , f . 21 - 23 , gen . 260 , 325 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 103
syngrapha devergens ; [ nacl ] , # 8947 ( extralim . ) ; [ ne10 ] : 237 , pl . 16 , f . 9 - 13 , gen . 258 , 323 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 101
syngrapha hochenwarthi is a moth of the noctuidae family . it is found in the alps ( on height of 1700 to 2500 m ) , the mountainous areas of northern norway and finland , the ural mountains , the balkan , the caucasus and the altai mountains .
syngrapha orophila ; [ nacl ] , # 8930 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 112 , f . 52 , pl . 3 , f . 25 , pl . g , f . 3 , pl . p , f . 3 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha alias ; [ nacl ] , # 8939 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 115 , f . 56 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 36 , pl . g , f . 7 , pl . p , f . 7 ; [ ne10 ] , 160
syngrapha altera ; [ nacl ] , # 8925 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 101 , f . 43 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . f , f . 2 , pl . n , f . 8 ; [ ne10 ] , 160
syngrapha angulidens ; [ nacl ] , # 8943 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 117 , f . 59 , pl . 3 , f . 42 - 44 , pl . g , f . 10 , pl . q , f . 2 ; [ ne10 ] , 160
syngrapha borea ; [ nacl ] , # 8934 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 111 , f . 51 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 , pl . g , f . 2 , pl . p , f . 2 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha celsa ; [ nacl ] , # 8944 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 118 , f . 60 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 47 , pl . h , f . 1 , pl . q , f . 3 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha cryptica ; [ nacl ] , # 8941 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 115 , f . 57 , pl . 3 , f . 37 - 38 , pl . g , f . 8 , pl . p , f . 8 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha rectangula ; [ nacl ] , # 8942 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 116 , f . 58 , pl . 3 , f . 39 - 41 , pl . g , f . 9 , pl . q , f . 1 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha selecta ; [ nacl ] , # 8928 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 104 , f . 46 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 , pl . f , f . 6 , pl . o , f . 4 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha surena ; [ nacl ] , # 8938 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 109 , f . 50 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - 20 , pl . f , f . 10 , pl . o , f . 8 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha viridisigma ; [ nacl ] , # 8929 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 103 , f . 45 , pl . 3 , f . 9 - 10 , pl . f , f . 5 , pl . o , f . 3 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha u - aureum ; [ nacl ] , # 8936 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 108 , f . 49 , pl . 3 , f . 17 - 18 , pl . f , f . 9 , pl . o , f . 7 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha epigaea ; [ nacl ] , # 8927 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 105 , f . 47 , pl . 3 , f . 13 , pl . 4 , f . 14 , pl . f , f . 7 , pl . o , f . 5 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha abstrusa ; [ nacl ] , # 8940 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 114 , f . 55 , pl . 3 , f . 31 - 33 , pl . 4 , f . 16 , pl . g , f . 6 , pl . p , f . 6 ; [ ne10 ] , 160
syngrapha montana ; [ nacl ] , # 8945 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 120 , f . 62 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 , pl . 4 , f . 18 , pl . h , f . 3 , pl . q , f . 5 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha ignea ; [ nacl ] , # 8949 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 113 , f . 2d - f , 54 , pl . 3 , f . 28 - 30 , pl . 4 , f . 15 , pl . g , 5 , pl . p , f . 5 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha octoscripta ; [ nacl ] , # 8926 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 102 , f . 2g , 44 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 8 , pl . 4 , f . 13 , pl . f , f . 4 , pl . o , f . 2 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha ottolenguii ; lafontaine , 1986 , j . lep . soc . 40 ( 3 ) : 158 - 162 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 102 , f . 43 , pl . 3 , f . 3 - 5 , pl . f , f . 3 , pl . o , f . 1 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha parilis ; [ nacl ] , # 8948 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 122 , f . 64 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . h , f . 5 , pl . q , f . 7 ; [ ne10 ] : 238 , pl . 16 , f . 24 - 27 , gen . 261 , 326 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 102
syngrapha diasema ; [ nacl ] , # 8935 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 110 , f . 51 , pl . 3 , f . 21 - 22 , pl . g , f . 1 , pl . p , f . 1 ; [ ne10 ] : 240 , pl . 16 , f . 41 - 45 , gen . 263a - b , 328 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 106
syngrapha microgamma ; [ nacl ] , # 8946 ( extralim . ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 119 , f . 61 , pl . 3 , f . 48 - 49 , pl . 4 , f . 17 , pl . h , f . 2 , pl . q , f . 4 ; [ ne10 ] : 242 , pl . 16 , f . 35 - 40 , gen . 262 , 327 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 108
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gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
all lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
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a moorland species , distributed throughout scotland and northern england in suitable habitat . it also occurs sparingly in wales and south - west england , and occasional immigrants appear in the south - east .
the flight period of the adults is from june to august and can be seen flying in the sunshine , though at night it comes to light .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
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ab rocky mtns , mountain cr drainage , . 75mi se of pocahontas , 3600 ft 53 . 2 , - 117 . 9 july 29 , 1994 , lg crabo & j troubridge . specimen courtesy of lgcc photograph copyright : merrill a . peterson
this species flies in boreal , montane , and subarctic forests across canada . it is associated with forested bogs in western alberta .
this is a holarctic species that is most widely distributed in the old world . it occurs from scandinavia and the mountains of central europe east across asia . in north america it is predominantly a species of the northern boreal zone and the subarctic . it is found from alaska to labrador near the limit of trees . the range extends south to the rocky mountains of alberta .
this species feeds on arctic tundra shrubs including dwarf huckleberries ( vaccinium spp . ) in the ericaceae and dwarf birch ( betula nana ) in the betulaceae .
this species flies during late summer , usually from late july to september . it is nocturnal and comes to lights .
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host plants : the caterpillars feed on vaccinium species , especially vaccinium myrtillus and vaccinium uliginosum .
life cycle : the caterpillar hibernates and is fully - grown in may or early june . they live openly on mostly low growing vaccinium . the moths are on the wing between late june and early september , according to the location and year .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
newfoundland - new jersey , s . canada , montana , n . new mexico . see [ maps ]
larva on picea engelmannii , pinus banksiana , picea glauca [ mna25 . 1 ] , 114
alps , s . urals , s . siberia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
phalaena ain hochenwarth , 1785 ; beitr . ins berl . 6 : 337 , pl . 7 , f . 8
newfoundland , n . quebec - alaska , new jersey , n . north carolina , new mexico , idaho , n . california . see [ maps ]
autographa alias ottolengui , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 69 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 13 ; tl : jefferson , new hampshire
larva on picea glauca , p . mariana [ mna25 . 1 ] , 115
autographa altera ottolengui , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 69 , pl . 8 , f . 9 ; tl : lake nipigon , ontario
newfoundland , labrador , n . manitoba , northwest territory , w . alaska , rocky mountains , washington . see [ maps ]
plusia alticola walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 12 : 912 ; tl :
rocky mountains
s . alaska - british columbia , washington , oregon , rocky mountains , e . nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]
larva on abies ? , pseudotsuga ? stevens , carolin & stein , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 2 ) : 134
autographa alta ottolengui , 1919 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 27 : 125 ( unnec . repl . autographa excelsa ottolengui , 1902 )
w . greenland , alaska , yukon - alberta , se . british columbia . see [ maps ]
british columbia - california , idaho , nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]
larva on abies lasiocarpa , a . grandis , a . concolor , picea egelmannii , p . glauca , pinus monticola , tsuga heterophylla [ mna25 . 1 ] , 119
autographa celsa r . sierrae ottolengui , 1919 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 27 : 123 ; tl : lake tahoe , sierra nevada , california
caloplusia composita warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 345 , pl . 64 a ; tl : thian shan mts . , turgan aksu
nova scotia , prince edwards i . , n . maine , michigan , wisconsin . see [ maps ]
alps , tien - shan , alai mts . , ili region . see [ maps ]
noctua devergens hübner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 107 , f . 500 - 510 ; tl : europe
n . scandinavia , n . european russia , n . siberia , altai , tien shan , n . mongolia , labrador - alaska , n . quebec . see [ maps ]
500x540 ( ~ 42kb ) finland : lk : muonio , 753 : 38 , m 15 . 7 . 1984 , f 14 . 7 . 1984 , markku savela leg .
larva on betula sp . , b . nana , vaccinium , populus , trollius europaeus [ ne10 ] , 241
w . canada , s . canada , pennsylvania , n . ohio , n . wisconsin , british columbia - to ( oregon , colorado ) . see [ maps ]
larva on vaccinium spp . , vaccinium angustifolium , kalmia angustifolia [ mna25 . 1 ] , 105
catoplusia hochenvarthi hampson , 1913 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 13 : 408 ( unj . emend . )
500x531 ( ~ 47kb ) finland : li : utsjoki , 775 : 50 , m + f 9 . 7 . 1983 , markku savela leg .
caloplusia hochenwarthi cuprina warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 34 , pl . 64 a ; tl :
tura
catoplusia hochenwarthi lapponaris schulte , 1952 ; ent . zeitschr . 62 : 121 ; tl : sweden , torne - lappmark
alaska - rocky mountains , cascades ( washingon , oregon ) , california ( sierra nevada ) . see [ maps ]
plusia ignea grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 274 ; tl : pikes peak , colorado
larva on ( reared ) vaccinium sp . , salix [ mna25 . 1 ] , 114
plusia hochenworthi [ sic ] var . alaica galvagni , 1906 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 56 : 82 ; tl : alai mts .
1175x881 ( ~ 191kb ) finland : vaala , oulujärvi , manamansalo , pantioniemi , 18 . 8 . 2006 , photo © harri arkkio
500x593 ( ~ 51kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 2 . 7 . 1983 , f 6 . 7 . 1970 , markku savela leg .
larva on betula sp . , b . nana , calluna vulgaris , vaccinium myrtillus , v . uliginosum , andromeda polifolia
fennoscandia , baltia , poland , n . european russia , c . asia ( mountains ) , kamchatka . see [ maps ]
500x575 ( ~ 45kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , m + f 27 . 6 . 1970 , markku savela leg .
larva on ledum groenlandicum , cassandra calyculata , vaccinium spp . [ mna25 . 1 ] , 120
labrador , nova scotia , maine , new hampshire , n . michigan , quebec - saskatchewan , alaska . see [ maps ]
plusia montana packard , 1869 ; guide to the study of insects ( ? 9th edn . ) : 313 ; tl : mt . washington , new hampshire
alaska , w . canada , s . canada - to ( wisconin , n . ohio , e . pennsylvania , new jersey ) . see [ maps ]
british columbia , nw . wyoming , washington , idaho , oregon . see [ maps ]
plusia orophila hampson , 1908 ; can . ent . 40 ( 3 ) : 104 ; tl : brobokton creek , alberta
aleutians ( attu ) , japan , ne . china - magadan , kamchatka . see [ maps ]
arctic europe , iceland , n . siberia , coast ( s . greenland ) , arctic america . see [ maps ]
600x406 ( ~ 39kb ) finland : lk : muonio , 754 : 36 , m 7 . 7 . 1984 , markku savela leg .
newfoundland , quebec , n . ontario - manitoba , new jersey , n . pennsylvania , s . michigan , n . wisconsin , north carolina , virginia , british columbia , alberta , montana , n . idaho , cascades ( washington , oregon ) . see [ maps ]
larva on abies balsamea , tsuga heterophylla , picea glauca , pseudotsuga menziesii [ mna25 . 1 ] , 117
sw . montana - ne . utah , new mexico , colorado . see [ maps ]
nova scotia , newfoundland - alberta - nw . canada , n . michigan , maine ? , minnesota ? . see [ maps ]
plusia selecta walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 12 : 912 ; tl : st . martin ' s falls , albany river , hudson bay , ontario
newfoundland , labrador , n . saskatchewan , alberta , maine . see [ maps ]
plusia surena grote , 1882 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 3 ) : 585 ; tl : orono , maine
plusia hochenwarthi var . tibetana staudinger , 1895 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 329 ; tl : betwen lob noor and kuku noor
e . manitoba - quebec , labrador , s . greenland , newfoundland , n . maine , n . new hampshire , n . new york . see [ maps ]
canada - to ( massachusetts , n . new york , michigan , n . washington ) , rocky mountains , cascades ( oregon ) . see [ maps ]
plusia viridisignata grote , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 205 ( unn . emend . )
larva on picea glauca , abies balsamea , pseudotsuga menziesii [ mna25 . 1 ] , 104
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notes on aberrational names omitted from the barnes and mcdunnough check list ( lepid . )
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome sixiéme . noctuélites . tome 2
the natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope
papers from the harriman alask expedition . xii . entomological results ( 6 ) : lepidoptera
additions to the catalogue of u . s . lepidoptera , no . 3 - 5
in uhler , p . r . report upon the insects collected by p . r . uhler during the explorations of 1875 , including monographs of the families
new moths , principally collected by mr . roland thaxter in maine , with notes on noxious species and remarks on classification
( 1 ) : [ 1 - 6 ] , 7 - 31 , [ 32 ] , 4pls , ( 2 ) : [ 33 - 35 ] , 36 - 56 , 4pls , ( 3 ) : [ 57 - 59 ] , 60 - 79 , [ 80 ] , 4pls , ( 4 ) : [ 81 - 83 ] , 84 - 100 , 4pls , : [ 101 - 103 ] , 104 - 128 ( nachtrag and suppl . ) , : [ 129 - 134 ] ( index )
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
walker , [ 1858 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 9 : 1 - 252 ( 1856 ) , 10 : 253 - 492 ( [ 1857 ] ) , 11 : 493 - 764 ( 1857 ) , 12 : 765 - 982 ( [ 1858 ] ) , 13 : 983 - 1236 ( [ 1858 ] ) , 14 : 1237 - 1520 ( 1858 ) , 15 : 1521 - 1888 ( 1858 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
. the wedge entomological research foundation , p . 106 ; pl . 3 , figs . 14 - 16 .
the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 25 . 1 . noctuoidea , noctuidae ( part ) , plusiinae j . donald lafontaine , robert w . poole . 1991 . the wedge entomological research foundation .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 9 may , 2014 - 9 : 06pm last updated 26 july , 2014 - 11 : 38am
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recorded in 14 ( 20 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1964 . last recorded in 2017 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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larva pale green ; dorsal line dark , with pale edges ; several pale wavy subdorsal lines and a broad whitish lateral line with dark upper edge . the larvae feed on the leaves of various plants , including vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , betula , calluna vulgaris , andromeda polifolia and urtica . [ 2 ]
seitz , a . ed . , 1914 die großschmetterlinge der erde , verlag alfred kernen , stuttgart band 3 : abt . 1 , die großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes , die palaearktischen eulenartigen nachtfalter , 1914
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london .
this page was last edited on 15 february 2018 , at 21 : 24 .
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austria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , ireland , iceland , italy , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central european south taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , kaliningrad , kamchatka , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amursky , nizhneobsky , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , the north okhotsk , mid - amur , the volga - average , average urals , sredneobskaya , tuva , chukotka , south west siberian yuzhno - kuril , south ural , south yakutia .
andorra , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , the british isles , france , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , iceland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) poland , russia , romania , northern ireland , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012
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the wingspan is 24–30 mm . the moth flies from june to september depending on the location .
the wingspan is 32–38 mm . the moth flies from june to august depending on the location .
the larvae feed on the leaves of various plants , including vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , betula , calluna vulgaris , andromeda polifolia and urtica .
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appendix ii ( noctuidae plates ) ……………………… . . . …………………………… . . . . . . 12
site 6 ) beside rock lake on july 22 , 2000 in a white spruce forest .
lasionycta uniformis , l . alberta , l . perplexa , l . conjugata ,
over a couple of years to get a more accurate list . i suspect that this fma could have as
handfield , l . 1999 . le guide des papillons du quebec . version scientifique . broquet .
dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 27 . 2 .
dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 25 . 1
noctuinae ( part – euxoa ) in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico
lafontaine , j . d . 1987 . noctuidea , noctuidae ( part ) , noctuinae ( part – euxoa ) in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 27 . 2 .
lafontaine , j . d . and r . w . poole . 1991 . noctuidea , noctuidae ( part ) , plusiinae in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 25 . 1
polia purpurissata ( grt . ) * 65 ) polia propodea mccabe * 66 ) lacanobia nevadae ( grt
polia rogenhoferi carbonifera hampson * 64 ) polia purpurissata ( grt . ) * 65 ) polia propodea mccabe * 66 ) lacanobia nevadae ( grt . )
lasionycta alberta b . & benj . * 71 ) lasionycta perplexa ( sm . ) *
compilation of literature and collection records , for the provinces and territories of canada .
to document all species of lepidoptera found in this park and to further strengthen its status as an ecological reserve .
to document all species found in the peace river parkland ecoregion to help increase our knowledge of the biodiversity in this region .
there is a small area parkland natural region that is located in the northwest corner of alberta along the banks of the peace river . during 2005 and 2006 i began surveying lepidoptera in this area . the habitat targeted was the peace river parkland subregion that consists of open grassland with aspen bluffs . the following is a list of 503 species representing 38 different families .
alberta lepidoptera inventories are initiated by both the alberta government and members of the alberta lepidopterist guild ( alg ) who are working together to document all species found in alberta’s parks and protected areas . resulting species lists are used by personnel in resource management planning . this report summaries all species that are known from the park . a total of 17 families and . . . [ show full abstract ]
alberta lepidoptera inventories are initiated by both the alberta government and members of the alberta lepidopterist guild ( alg ) who are working together to document all species found in alberta’s parks and protected areas . resulting species lists are used by personnel in resource management planning . this report summaries all species that are known from the park . a total of 22 families and . . . [ show full abstract ]
lepidoptera survey of the peace river parkland subregion in northwestern alberta - 2012 project upda . . .
is nive of t ned eris e . n larv be cla plie lenguii nd nea and atk afonta ed by a o jinb ve bee recently , kusunoki and yasuda ( 2002 ) described v . citis - idaea , v . journal…
effect of larval crowding on development , growth and reproduction of earias vittella ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae )
sensory receptors on the larval maxillae and labia of heliothis zea ( boddie ) and heliothis virescens ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae )
plusiinae is a smallish ( for noctuid standards ) subfamily of the moth family noctuidae . as the noctuidae appear to be a paraphyletic assemblage , the plusiinae may eventually be raised to family status ( weller et al . 1994 ) .
( 1994 ) : phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes .
markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms : plusiinae . version of 2007 - mar - 15 . retrieved 2007 - jun - 03 .
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the pied triller ( lalage nigra ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .

it is found in brunei , india , indonesia , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , and thailand .

pied triller

pied trillers measure between 6 . 3 - 7 inches ( 16 to 18 cm ) in length .
pied trillers occur naturally in brunei , india , indonesia , malaysia , the philippines , singapore and thailand .
“spotted a pied triller ( lalage nigra ) nest with two chicks , the usual brood number ( above ) . i was watching another bird and was already close to the nest ( 4 - 5 meters ) before i spotted it .
pied trillers feed on various insects , which are taken on the ground , picked up from foliage , or are caught in mid - air .
their plumage on top is boldly patterned in brownish / black and white ( commonly referred to as
pied
- hence their common time ) and whitish below .
two trips with dev ' s tours firstly birdwatching with wendy who was very knowledgeable and enthusiastic . she was very excited when we saw a pied triller and we were very excited by three species of hornbill . we saw 42 species in a morning . binoculars can be supplied and wendy brought her telescope to help us see the birds more clearly . secondly . . .
taylor , b . ( 2018 ) . pied triller ( lalage nigra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
they are closely related to the white - rumped trillers ( lalage leucopygialis ) and some authorities lump them together into one species . however , based on plumage differences , some feel they are more closely related to the white - shouldered triller ( lalage sueurii ) .
hd video footage of a pied triller ( lalage nigra chilensis , endemic race , male ) calling from the top of a tall gmelina tree , filmed in habitat under available light . capture info - canon 7d + 400 2 . 8 l is + stacked canon 2x / sigma 1 . 4x tcs , 1120 mm , f / 11 , 1 / 125 sec , iso 400 , 475b / 3421 support , manual exposure in available light , captured in 1080 / 30p , played as 720 / 30p , paranaque city , philippines , dec . 30 , 2009
cebuano : bugaungon . . . chinese : ? ? ? ? . . . czech : housen ? ík ? ernoh ? betý , housencík cerný . . . danish : broget triller . . . dutch : bonte triller . . . finnish : kurnulivertäjä . . . french : échenilleur térat . . . german : weißstirnlalage , weißstirn - lalage . . . indonesian : kapasan , kapasan kemir . . . italian : mangiabruchi gazza . . . japanese : madaranakisanshoukui . . . malay : rembah kening putih . . . norwegian : parktrillefugl . . . polish : gasienicojad srokaty , g ? sienicojad srokaty . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? - ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : húseniciarka bielocelá . . . spanish : gorjeador pálido . . . swedish : svartvit drillfågel . . . thai : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
previously published on avocet as av10569 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question . gps : xeno - canto .
this juvenile was found on the ground and when i made this recording it was sitting on my finger chirping away .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
kloss , 1926 – c nicobar is ( camorta , katchall , trinkat ) .
( horsfield , 1821 ) – s thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore , sumatra ( including nias i ) , bangka , belitung and w java ( including karimunjawa is ) .
( j . r . forster , 1781 ) – borneo and adjacent islands , and philippines .
) ; 20–31 g . male nominate race has forehead , crown , nape , mantle and scapulars . . .
has rather nasal chuckles , e . g . “chaka - chevu” , “whéék - chuk” and similar ; rattling “wheek . . .
open woodland , forest edge , farmland , roadsides and gardens in villages and towns , cultivation , . . .
food arthropods , mainly caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) and “hard insects” ; some fruit , mostly small berries ( e . g . of euphorbs such as
breeds may in nicobars , feb–aug in malay peninsula , feb–apr and jun–aug in sumatra , jun in borneo and may–jun in . . .
primarily resident . recorded seasonal changes in abundance in singapore are suggestive of migration . . .
not globally threatened . in peninsular malaysia , regular and common in s and on w coastal plain , but local and uncommon to rare elsewhere ; locally common to uncommon in s . . .
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aviceda , juan sanabria , desmond allen , josep del hoyo , paul clarke .
william ip , zotyesz , joe kelly , tomas grim , dannie polley , manakincarmelo , khamikaze , natthaphat chotjuckdikul , yvonne stevens , hickson fergusson , marco valentini , jainymaria .
life in shah alam lake garden - canon 7d + sigma 100 - 300 f4 + sigma 1 . 4x
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : lalage nigra . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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found on the island of borneo ( located north of java island , indonesia ) and adjacent islands , and the philippines .
found in southern andaman islands and central nicobar islands ( camorta , katchall , trinkat ) .
found in southern thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore , sumatra ( including nias island ) , bangka , belitung and western java ( including karimunjawa islands ) .
the face is white with one black stripe through each eye . the bill is black and the legs and feet greyish .
the open cup nest is constructed out of twigs , mosses and other plant material and usually attached to a branch . a clutch consists of 1 - 2 eggs .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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“decided to just stay still and the parents accepted my presence . they both brought insects prey frequently to feed the nestlings . above image shows the male with a grasshopper , below the female with a caterpillar for the chicks .
at times the chicks were unable to handle a large prey , like a grasshopper , and the parent had to retrieve the prey and re - process it before re - feeding ( below ) .
it was chilly morning so the female also remained at times at the nest to keep the chicks warm ( below ) .
“the nest was located on the forked branch of a very young rain tree ( albizia saman ) approximately 3 . 5 meters above the ground level ( below ) . the nest construction included a strip of creeping ficus ( ficus pumila ) .
“one of the fascinating observations was how the adults and chicks dealt with waste . just after feeding the female positioned herself at the rear of one of the chick in anticipation of receiving a faecal sac .
“there was some unspoken signal given for this to happen but i did not spot it . when the faecal sac , covered by a gelatinous membrane , was partially ejected ( above ) , the female picked it up ( below ) for disposal some distance from the nest . i did not see the parents consuming any faecal sacs . ”
the first part of the series can be read here . note : see this excellent write . . .
all the way from northern india , near to the foothills of the himalayas , specifically dehradun . . .
dato’ dr amar - singh hss was at the kledang - sayong forest reserve in ipoh , malaysia on 29th . . .
a black - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus atriceps caecilii ) was observed collecting nesting material by dato’ dr amar - singh . . .
“i was out today to re - visit old locations in the city , with secondary jungle / scrub , that . . .
in the avian world , it is the law of the jungle , the survival of the . . .


pelagia benovici ( piraino , aglieri , scorrano & boero , 2014 ) is a jellyfish in the family pelagiidae , along with pelagia noctiluca .

in latin , pelagia means " of the sea " .

pelagia benovici

no one has contributed data records for pelagia benovici yet . learn how to contribute .
a new species of jellyfish , pelagia benovici , was discovered off the coast of venice , italy .
piraino and his colleagues published their description of the new jellyfish—dubbed pelagia benovici—this month in the journal zootaxa .
piraino and his colleagues published their description of the new jellyfish —dubbed pelagia benovici— this month in the journal zootaxa .
in latin , pelagia means
of the sea
. the team who discovered this jellyfish named it benovici , after a late colleague , adam benovic .
redescription of pelagia benovici into a new jellyfish genus , mawia , gen . nov . , and its phylogenetic position within pelagiidae ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae )
redescription of pelagia benovici into a new jellyfish genus , mawia , gen . nov . , and its phylogenetic position within pelagiidae ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae ) invertebrate systematics , 2016 , 30 , 523–546 urltoken
the december issue of invertebrate systematics an article with the description of a new genus mawia under the title redescription of pelagia benovici into a new jellyfish genus , mawia , gen . nov . , and its phylogenetic position within pelagiidae ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae ) .
scientists including boero set about trawling records of known jellyfish species to try to identify it , but found no match .
it ' s a new species ,
said boero . the team decided on the name pelagia benovici , after a late colleague , adam benovic .
the jellyfish - spotting project is no longer receiving reports of pelagia benovici , whose sudden appearance appears to have lasted until march .
but jellyfish have this erratic distribution . they are present in their millions , then they disappear and then they come back ,
said boero .
russell , f . s . ( 1964 ) on scyphomedusae of the genus pelagia . journal of the marine biological association uk , 44 , 133–136 . urltoken
to cite this page : leverenz , e . 2000 .
pelagia noctiluca
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
mawia benovici was noticed in september 2013 in the northern adriatic in the catch of small pelagic fish and attracted attention immediately . a survey of older observations revealed its presence in the gulf of trieste in february of 2005 by documented photograph . original image of mawia benovici was made by tihomir makovec . the geographic origin of the species is still unclear . authors of research are massimo avian , andreja ramšak , valentina tirelli , isabella d’ambra , alenka malej .
they found that it bore similarities to pelagia noctiluca , a mauve jellyfish known for its venomous stings , which wiped out a 100 , 000 - strong salmon farm in northern ireland in 2007 .
quite how pelagia benovici got to the north adriatic and within the venice lagoon remains a mystery . scientists think it was probably introduced to the area in the ballast water of ships . in the 1980s , mnemiopsis leidyi , a kind of comb jellyfish known as the sea walnut , was suspected to have been introduced into the black sea via the ballast water of merchant ships . its arrival caused a dramatic decline in the local fish populations .
cornelius , p . f . s . ( 2013 ) pelagia péron & lesueur , 1810 . available from : urltoken aphia . php ? p = taxdetails & id = 135262 ( accessed 4 march 2014 )
piraino , s . ; aglieri , g . ; martell , l . ; mazzoldi , c . ; melli , v . ; milisenda , g . ; scorrano , s . ; boero , f . ( 2014 ) . pelagia benovici sp . nov . ( cnidaria , scyphozoa ) : a new jellyfish in the mediterranean sea . zootaxa . 3794 ( 3 ) : 455 - 468 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
experts aren ' t sure where p . benovici comes from , but it ' s a good bet that it could be native to the indian ocean , says marine biologist mills . it ' s an understudied part of the world known for a surprising amount of diversity in marine organisms .
gul , s . & morandini , a . c . ( 2013 ) new records of scyphomedusae from pakistan coast : catostylus perezi and pelagia cf . noctiluca ( cnidaria : scyphozoa ) . marine biodiversity records , 6 , e86 . urltoken
pelagia , like other jellyfish in the scyphozoan order semaeostomeae are mainly distinguished from the other orders by having simple oral arms with frilled or folded lips . the order semaestomae comprises three families : pelagiidae , cyaneidae , and ulmaridae , distinguishable by the following characters :
miller , b . j . , von der heyden , s . & gibbons , m . j . ( 2012 ) significant population genetic structuring of the holoplanktic scyphozoan pelagia noctiluca in the atlantic ocean . african journal of marine science , 34 ( 3 ) , 425–430 .
stopar , k . , ramšak , a . , trontelj , p . & malej , a . ( 2010 ) lack of genetic structure in the jellyfish pelagia noctiluca ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae ) across european seas . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 57 , 417–428 .
researchers are just starting to get to know p . benovici , and much work remains to be done . they aren ' t sure how painful its stings are , since many of the fishers who handled the jellyfish wore gloves . and they aren ' t sure what it eats , although closely related species are carnivores that eat fish eggs and larvae , as well as tiny crustaceans , says piraino .
researchers are just starting to get to know p . benovici , and much work remains to be done . they aren ' t sure how painful its stings are , since many of the fishers who handled the jellyfish wore gloves . and they aren ' t sure what it eats , although closely related species are carnivores that eat fish eggs and larvae , as well as tiny crustaceans , says piraino .
canepa , a . , fuentes , v . , sabatés , a . , piraino , s . , boero , f . & gili , j . m . ( 2014 ) pelagia noctiluca in the mediterranean sea . in : pitt , k . a . & lucas , c . h . ( eds . ) , jellyfish bloom . springer , netherlands , pp . 237–266 . urltoken
in vitro experiments on developmental stages and fertilization in pelagia noctiluca ( forskål ) confirm previous observations both in the laboratory ( rottini sandrini & avian , 1983 ) and in the field ( rot‐tini sandrini et al . , 1983 / 84 ) that sea temperature exerts a marked effect on this species . development slows down at 13 . 5°c compared with 19°c . no development is observed at 4 . 5°c .
cornelius , p . f . s . ( 1996 ) pelagia flaveola eschscholtz 1829 ( little brown stinger or little yellow stinger ) . in : williamson , j . a . , fenner , p . j . , burnett , j . w . & rifkin , j . r . ( eds . ) , venomous and poisonous marine animals : a medical and biological handbook . university of new south wales press , sydney , pp . 230–231 .
it is a member of the cnidarian class scyphozoa and adapted to a pelagic mode of life . whereas most scyphozoan jellyfish ( also called scyphomedusae ) have a complex life cycle with both the pelagic ( swimming ) jellyfish , or medusa , stage and a bottom - living polyp stage , pelagia has adapted in such a way that the polyp stage is absent , thus direct development exists . the male and female jellyfish spawn respectively sperm and eggs , which develop directly into young jellyfish .
. . . on the basis of the observed sensitivity of polyps to low temperatures , it was suggested that the dispersal of rhopilema nomadica could be limited to the eastern mediterranean [ 95 ] . the nematocysts of rhopilema nomadica were studied using light and electron microscopy and three morphological types were identified : heterotrichous isorhiza haploneme , holotrichous isorhiza haploneme and heterotrichous microbasic eurytele ; the latter is typical of scyphozoans and was recognized as similar to those from pelagia and rhizostoma [ 97 ] . this species , existing in huge numbers , poses a big threat to humans producing burning , pain and redness of the affected skin that is counteracted by topical treatment with vinegar . . . .
scientists in italy say they have discovered a new species of jellyfish in the gulf of venice .
sightings of yellow jellyfish in the north adriatic sea were reported to a citizen science project last year , said ferdinando boero , a zoologist .
people were saying , this jellyfish is not in your poster [ of the region ' s known jellyfish ] , we don ' t know what it is ,
said boero , from the university of salento .
they were in their thousands . fishermen had them in their nets . they couldn ' t fish easily because there were so many jellyfish .
could this new species pose the same kind of threat ?
we really don ' t know because there have not been so many investigations besides what it is . what it does is a completely different story ,
said boero .
there have to be more investigations about it .
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carlotta mazzoldi dipartimento di biologia e stazione idrobiologica umberto d’ancona , chioggia , università di padova .
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hundreds of golden jellyfish that clogged fishing nets off the coast of venice , italy , are in fact a new species , experts say .
last fall , fishers in the adriatic sea ( map ) near venice , italy , pulled up nets full of hundreds of two - inch - wide ( five centimeter ) , golden jellyfish . having never seen the jellyfish before , the fishers sent pictures to researchers , who identified the beautiful interlopers as a new species .
about two or three new jellyfish species pop up every year , says claudia mills , a marine biologist at the university of washington in friday harbor . however , finding such a conspicuous newcomer in a relatively shallow body of water close to shore is extremely rare , says stefano piraino , a jellyfish researcher at the università del salento in lecce , italy .
the find comes as a surprise to scientists because the adriatic sea is one of the best studied bodies of water in the world . the fact that this jellyfish avoided detection until last year suggests that it is a fairly recent arrival , the study authors assert . this means that it ' s probably an invasive species , piraino said in an email interview .
the gulf of venice in the adriatic sea is a hot spot for alien species introduction , he explains . intense transcontinental shipping activity , as well as the aquaculture trade , provides plenty of opportunities for invasive species to set up shop .
we believe this species entered the mediterranean sea by ballast water transfer [ by ships ] ,
piraino says .
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the precise description of species is essential for numerous fields such as ecology , identification of invasive species and their effects on both ecosystems and humans . achievement is important due to the complicated systematics of scyphozoans combined with their complex life and unpredictable appearances , ecological plasticity and unfortunately lack of taxonomists .
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is an animal , thus non - photosynthetic , multicellular eukaryote , in the phylum cnidaria . being a cnidarian it is diploblastic , having an ectoderm and endoderm separated by an ectodermally derived mesoglea that can be cellular or acellular .
in addition , members of the pelagiidae have no ring canal , and the marginal tentacles arise from umbrella margin .
last fall , fishers in the adriatic sea near venice , italy , pulled up nets full of hundreds of two - inch - wide ( five centimeter ) , golden jellyfish . having never seen the jellyfish before , the fishers sent pictures to researchers , who identified the beautiful interlopers as a new species .
about two or three new jellyfish species pop up every year , says claudia mills , a marine biologist at the university of washington in friday harbor . however , finding such a conspicuous newcomer in a relatively shallow body of water close to shore is extremely rare , says stefano piraino , a jellyfish researcher at the università del salento in lecce , italy .
m . avian , a . ramšak , v . tirelli , i . d ' ambra and a . malej
antonio archidona - yuste , juan a . navas - cortés , carolina cantalapiedra - navarrete , juan e . palomares - rius and pablo castillo
xiphinema species are an important group of plant - parasitic nematodes with a high number of species and distributed almost worldwide . the aim of this work is to describe two new species of xiphinema ( x . macrodora , sp . nov . and x . oleae , sp . nov . ) using an integrative approach ( morphologically , morphometrically and molecularly ) . this study expands the biodiversity and morphological traits of this genus . image : line drawing of the female lip region of xiphinema macrodora , sp . nov .
two spider species new to science have been discovered in the western italian alps , one of the most important biodiversity hot spot in europe . the new species belong to a group of cave dwelling spiders ( pimoa ) represented so far in europe by two species only . according to the molecular analysis , these spider species originated as a result of dramatic climatic change occurring in europe between 13 and 1 million years ago . photograph : pimoa graphitica , sp . nov . , by francesco tomasinelli .
high - mountain regions are known to harbour considerable biodiversity , although it is not all well known , especially in world’s largest mountain range , the himalayas . intensive field surveys of limnic molluscs resulted in the discovery of a species that can be clearly distinguished from all other sphaeriid bivalve species with oriental biogeographical affinity occurring in nepal . our findings highlight the importance of studies of the freshwater biodiversity at high - altitude ecosystems . images : line drawings of left – pisidium alexeii , sp . nov . and right – p . prasongi .
morphology and distribution of body scales are fundamental in the classification and evolution of entomobryidae . molecular phylogeny clustered the new genus lepidodens , having pointed scales on dens , with entomobryinae rather than seirinae . this study clearly undermines the traditional separation of entomobryinae and seirinae / lepidocyrtinae , and demonstrate that dental scales could occur in all entomobryid subfamilies containing scaled taxa . photographs : scales in lepidodens similis , gen . and sp . nov .
the description here of two new shark tapeworms belonging to the genus calliobothrium suggests that diversity in this genus has been underreported and that species exhibit tighter host - specificity than once thought . molecular phylogenetic analyses of species of calliobothrium and the closely related genus symcallio provide insight into the evolution of diagnostic morphological features . comparison of this phylogeny with that of their hosts , sharks of the genus mustelus , reveals interesting host association patterns . image : line drawing of calliobothrium cisloi , sp . nov . scolex .
michele cesari , sandra j . mcinnes , roberto bertolani , lorena rebecchi and roberto guidetti
antarctica is an ice - dominated continent and all its terrestrial and freshwater habitats are fragmented , which leads eventually to speciation . acutuncus antarcticus is the most common antarctic tardigrade , and morphological and molecular analyses elucidated its genetic diversity and distribution . all analysed specimens were morphologically indistinguishable and presented the same 18s rrna sequence , while cytochrome c oxidase subunit i analysis showed higher variability . acutuncus antarcticus can still be considered a pan - antarctic species , although there is the potential for future speciation events . photograph : acutuncus antarcticus , from crater cirque , victoria land , antarctica .
chien - lin chen , joseph w . goy , heather d . bracken - grissom , darryl l . felder , ling ming tsang and tin - yam chan
found in the mediterranean and the atlantic ocean , it lives mainly in the open ocean as well as in coastal waters . ( grzimek 1972 )
the habitat is primarily pelagic , or in the open ocean . however , this species can survive almost anywhere ocean currents carry it , including benthic and temperate coastal habitats . ( calder 2000 ; grzimek 1972 )
like other cnidarians , this species is radially symmetrical . they have distinct tissues , but no organs , and only one body opening . the tissues are the outer epidermis , the inner gastrodermis , and a middle layer of gelatinous mesoglea , which has a cartilege - like consistency . the medusa stage is most prominant , and no bottom - dwelling stage exists . the umbrella edge is divided into eight lobes , where sense organs such as light receptors and odor pits are located . the umbrella can be bell - shaped or hemispherical , and color can range from purple to brownish - red .
has a frilled edge on the bell , with eight thin , stinging tentacles and four lobes hanging down from the mouth , called oral arms . the tentacles are very elastic . the name means
night light
in german for a reason . very colorful , this jellyfish phosphoresces when disturbed and can leave a luminous mucous behind if handled . it is called the
mauve jelly
by the british . also known as the oceanic jelly , this species is adapted to life in the open water . it is in the class scyphozoa , the true jellyfish . the estimated lifespan of
is two to six months , and death is usually caused by rough waters . ( grzimek 1972 ; stachowitsch 1991 ; calder 2000 ; marr 1999 )
the adults , which have separate sexes , reproduce sexually by releasing gametes from gonads located near the center of the body . the ova and sperm are released through the mouth of the jellyfish , and fertilize externally . each fertilized egg forms a planulae , an undifferentiated mass of cells that swims with external cilia . planula may be widely dispersed by oceanic currents . unlike other species which have a bottom - dwelling polyp stage ,
' s planulae develop directly into ephyrae , young medusae . the ephyrae quickly grows into an adult medusa , completing the life cycle . ( banister and campbell 1985 ; stachowitsch 1991 ; calder 2000 )
has appeared in shoals 45 kilometers in length , with thousands of jellyfish involved . they move by rhythmically contracting a muscular ring on the bottom of the bell , which propels them . the ring is formed by many specialized epithelial cells that can each contract individualy as well . the mesoglea can aid in buoyancy by expelling certain ions , which are replaced by lighter ones . however , the jellyfish usually end up wherever the currents take them .
defends itself with the same nematocysts used to capture prey . the nematocysts are
fired
by using water pressure . first , a high concentration of ions is built up inside the cells . when the nematocyst is stimulated to discharge , the walls become permeable to water . the water rushing in shoves the barb out and into the other organism , injecting a toxin along the way . this is one of the fastest cellular processes known in nature . ( banister and campbell 1985 ; grzimek 1972 ; raven and johnson 1999 )
carnivorous like other cnidarians , this species preys mainly on zooplankton , small fish , crustaceans , other jellyfish , and eggs .
captures its prey with tentacles armed with cnidocytes , each of which contains a nematocyst . nematocysts have barbed filaments to trap their prey and toxins to stun them . they can even pierce the shell of a crab with their barbs . food is digested intracellularly as well as extracellularly , in a gut cavity , enabling them to eat multicellular animals . ( raven and johnson 1999 ; banister and campbell 1985 )
are beautiful , especially when they phosphoresce . the chemical reactions causing their luminescence are currently of great interest to researchers . other jellyfish are used for medical and therapeutic purposes , and
might soon be helpful for humans . one possible use of their fluorescent protein is as a genetic marker to detect protein movement or gene expression in research in developmental , environmental and medical biology . ( manning 1997 )
- is among the jellyfish that scare tourists away from beaches , especially in the mediterranean . italian beaches were overrun by large groups of them in the summer of 1999 . the sting of -
- is venomous to humans , but normally only causes a whip - like scar across the body . in rare cases of allergic reactions , life - threatening conditions like anaphylactic shock can occur . fishermen are also affected by jellyfish , including -
- . there have been reports from france of jellyfish tearing holes in fishing nets . ( marr 1999 ; calder 2000 )
- is not in danger of extinction at the present time . they are multiplying in number in the mediterranean , but are expected to return to normal levels in the next few years . ( marr 1999 )
erin leverenz ( author ) , southwestern university , stephanie fabritius ( editor ) , southwestern university .
the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .
referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
a form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral / aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror - images of each other . examples are cnidarians ( phylum cnidaria , jellyfish , anemones , and corals ) .
banister , d . , d . campbell eds . . 1985 . sea anemones and jellyfishes . pp . 176 - 177 in
calder , . .
keys to marine invertebrates of the woods hole region
( on - line ) . accessed february 6 , 2000 at urltoken .
marr , m . august 23 , 1999 .
electronic library ( members only ) ' italy smarts from invasion of the jellyfish '
( on - line ) . accessed february 2 , 2000 at urltoken .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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rhopilema nomadica—a recently discovered scyphomedusa in the eastern mediterranean—is considered a lessepsian migrant . its nematocysts were extracted from the scapular and mouth - arm tentacles and examined using light and electron microscopy techniques . the morphometric parameters of the nematocysts were measured before and after complete discharge . three categories of nematocysts were identified : heterotrichous isorhiza haploneme , holotrichous isorhiza haploneme , and heterotrichous microbasic eurytele . the relative abundance of the nematocysts and their occurrence in tissues of the jellyfish were noted . a brief discussion concerning the classification of certain types of nematocysts is given . a comparison with the available data on other rhopilema species revealed that the nematocyst categories of r . nomadica are more similar to those of the atlantic r . verrilli than to those of the western pacific r . esculentum . a brief comparison of the injuries caused by these species is given . © 1995 wiley - liss , inc .
. . . when stimulated , the coiled tubule everts , penetrating the epidermis of human skin , and venom is injected from the capsule through the tubule into the tissue of the victim [ 8 ] . three categories of nematocysts have been identified in r . nomadica : heterotrichous isorhiza haploneme , holotrichous isorhiza haploneme , and heterotrichous microbasic eurytele [ 9 ] . the venom mostly contains enzymatic polypeptides , including a heat - stable phos - pholipase a 2 that hydrolyzes the phospholipids of epi - thelial cells , leading to lysis . . . .
. . . this may explain the local dermonecrotic and systemic cardior - espiratory events that can occur after envenomation . the severity of injury is related to the area affected and depends on individual sensitivity [ 9 ] , as well as the chemical composition of the venom , number of nema - tocysts discharged , and the general condition of the victim . . . .
. . . es - esculenta он может значительно превышать 450 мм . данные о нематоцистах , полученные преимуще ственно при помощи световой микроскопии , до ступны для r . esculenta , r . nomadica и r . verilli ( calder , 1972calder , , 1977chen , ding , 1981 ; avian et al . , 1995 ) . показано , что половозрелые особи этих видов содержат неодинаковое число типов нема тоцист . . . .
. . . у r . verilli описаны три типа нематоцист – атрихи изоризы ( атрихи a - изоризы ) , голотри хи гаплонемы ( иначе – гетеротрихи анизоризы , calder , 1977 ) и микробазические гетеротрихи эв рители . такие же типы нематоцист обнаружены и у r . nomadica ( avian et al . , 1995 ) . неполовозavian et al . , 1995 ) . . . .
. . . jellyfish tentacles contain these specialized nematocyst structures , which allow envenomation due to highly coiled tubules armed with spines and is species dependent [ there are several morphological types of nematocysts with a variation of discharge velocities , capsular size , tubule length , and trajectory . variable reported stinging potencies of individual nematocyst types have been reported that suggest the severity of the sting differing between species in different geographic locations , dependent on nematocyst composition [ 19 , 24 , 27 , 28 ] . there are several morphological types of nematocysts with a variation of discharge velocities , capsular size , tubule length , and trajectory . . . .
. . . there are several morphological types of nematocysts with a variation of discharge velocities , capsular size , tubule length , and trajectory . variable reported stinging potencies of individual nematocyst types have been reported that suggest the severity of the sting differing between species in different geographic locations , dependent on nematocyst composition [ 19 , 24 , 27 , 28 ] . . . .
. . . fishing tentacles and oral arms were used for the preparation of intact cnidocysts following the methods described in endean ( 1987 ) , burnett et al . ( 1992 ) , avian et al . ( 1995 ) and bloom et al . ( 1998 ) . the methodology was modified to accommodate large scale preparation for biochemical and analytical purposes and to suit available laboratory facilities on board the research vessel . . . .
. . . it was concluded that the two types of nematocysts found in the macerated samples were consistent with the measurement data given by calder ( 1977 ) . the method of maceration with dw is described in numerous other studies ( avian et al . 1995 ; rottini et al . 1995 ; helmholz et al . 2007 ) . all these studies implement the maceration by a mechanical treatment of the used tissue , e . g . . . .
. . . when the jellyfish swarms draw nearer shore they adversely affect tourism , fisheries and coastal installations . local municipalities in israel reported a decrease in holiday makers frequenting the beaches because of the public ' s concern over the painful stings inflicted by the jellyfish ( avian et al . 1995 , kokelj et al . 1995 ) . coastal trawling and purse - seine fishing are disrupted for the duration of the swarming due to net clogging and inability to sort yield , due to the overwhelming presence of the venomous jellyfish in the nets . . . .
the lessepsian migration is the largest marine invasion in the world . hundreds of species have already passed the suez canal and settled in the eastern mediterranean sea . in the last few decades , s…
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a tropical jellyfish , rhopilema nomadica ( scyphozoa , rhizostomeae ) has recently invaded the eastern mediterranean . its painful stings have been the bane of bathers and fishermen from egypt to turkey . this paper reports on the presence of haemolytic activity and alpha - chymotrypsin - like serine protease activity in the venom of the r . nomadica nematocysts . in addition , the presence of . . . [ show full abstract ]
avian , m . , galil , b . , spanier , e . , rottini sandrini , l . 1994 . rhopilema nomadica ( cnidaria ; scyphozo . . .