the manipur bush rat ( hadromys humei ) also known as hume 's rat or hume 's hadromys , is a species of rodent in the family muridae .

it is found in northeastern india , and is listed as endangered .

manipur bush rat

text : wikipedia articles on “ allan octavian hume ” and “ manipur bush rat “ .
the manipur bush rat was just one of 258 new species of animals and birds described from specimens of his collection .
48 . all of these animals are named after a . o . hume• hume’s warbler• the manipur bush rat ( hadromys humei ) • hume’s argali
india 2006 birds - manipur bush - quail , u / m ms ( 4 x 4stamps ) 5 r . major varieties
the manipur bush rat ( hadromys humei ) painted by john gerrard keulemans ( 1842–1912 ) in the proceedings of the zoological society of london 1886 . ( public domain image )
the gestation period of the bush rat varies between 22 and 24 days . the
nursery
of the bush rat is its burrow . the nursing period lasts for about the first 20–25 days of life .
) and in addition , the bush rat ' s foot pads are a pink colour , whereas the swamp rat ' s foot pads are dark brown .
the bush rat is found primarily in the coastal regions of southwestern australia . while it is mainly found in the lowlands , the bush rat can also be found in parts of the australian alps and on some offshore islands .
… that the manipur bush rat ( pictured ) was described from the collection of a . o . hume which he donated after his life’s work of ornithological notes were sold by a servant as waste paper ?
with the predation pressure posed by the rat . this rat also may have played a role in the complete
the bush rat is primarily a burrower , the burrow leads down into the nest chamber and is lined with grass and other vegetation .
bush rats first arrived in australia in the second wave of rodent migration , around two million years ago .
hainan white - bellied rat , niviventer lotipes ( formerly in n . tenaster )
the bush rat is prey to some local predators , including ; dingoes ( canis familiaris ) and foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) , and non - mammalian predators such as ; avian raptors and reptiles .
, mauitaha and araara , have now been set aside as sanctuaries for the polynesian rat .
the sunburned rat or rattus adustus is a species of rat from enggano island in indonesia . it is only known from the holotype and has not been recorded since its description in 1940 .
undertakes programs to eliminate the polynesian rat on most offshore islands in its jurisdiction , and other conservation groups have adopted similar programs in other reserves seeking to be predator - and rat - free .
the polynesian rat is similar in appearance to other rats , such as the black rat and the brown rat . it has large , round ears , a pointed snout , black / brown hair with a lighter belly , and comparatively small feet . it has a thin , long body , reaching up to
the new britain water rat ( hydromys neobrittanicus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the bush rat is strictly nocturnal and is active year - round . adults seem to be nomadic , but will rarely leave the forest floor . the bush rat was once considered to be solely a herbivore but recently it has been discovered that it is an omnivore . it is considered to be a pest species because it can destroy cane fields . it is also the host to more parasites than any other australian rodent . they exhibit stereotypically normal behavior when approaching an intruder ; boxing , threat - posture , clash , approach .
two prominent murine human commensals have become vital laboratory animals . the brown rat and house mouse are both used as medical subjects .
the pagai spiny rat ( maxomys pagensis ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in indonesia .
bartels ' s spiny rat ( maxomys bartelsii ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in indonesia .
the palawan spiny rat ( maxomys panglima ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in the philippines .
the northern water rat ( paraleptomys rufilatus ) is an endangered species of rodent in the family muridae found in the highlands of new guinea .
murinae ( rat ) preys on : coconut based on studies in : polynesia ( reef ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
the red spiny rat ( maxomys surifer ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in cambodia , indonesia , laos , malaysia , myanmar , thailand , singapore and vietnam .
which was much earlier than the accepted dates for polynesian migrations to new zealand , this finding has been challenged by later research showing the rat was introduced to both of the country ' s main islands around 1280 ad .
this species is endemic to northeastern india recorded only from the three locations of angarakhata in kamrup district , assam ( agrawal 2000 ) , and bishnupur and senapati in manipur ( agrawal 2000 ) at elevations ranging between 900 and 1 , 300 m asl ( molur et al . 2005 ) . it is a relictual species which ranged much more widely in the pleistocene ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .
the ivory coast rat ( dephomys eburneae ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in ivory coast , possibly ghana , and liberia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps .
in new zealand and its offshore islands , many bird species evolved in the absence of terrestrial mammalian predators , so developed no behavioral defenses to rats . the introduction by the maori of the polynesian rat into new zealand resulted in the eradication of several species of terrestrial and small seabirds .
janet m . wilmshurst , atholl j . anderson , thomas f . g . higham , and trevor h . worthy ( 2008 ) . dating the late prehistoric dispersal of polynesians to new zealand using the commensal pacific rat , proceedings of the national academy of sciences , 105 , 7676–7680 .
the defua rat ( dephomys defua ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in ivory coast , ghana , guinea , liberia , and sierra leone . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical swamps , and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .
17 . 6 in 2010 this comic journalist visited india to doa long form feature on rural poverty . thecommunity he chose to study was themusahars , the traditional rat catchers of northindia . he went to a historical town in up to dothe research and named the resulting work afterit . name the comic and also explain the town’shistorical relevance . pic
there is an incredibly diverse range of body types in this subfamily . murines can be shrew - like , gerbil - like , vole - like , gopher - like , squirrel - like , mouse - like , and rat - like , with many variations on each body plan . some are small and gracile , like tiny african pygmy mice (
polynesian rats are nocturnal like most rodents , and are adept climbers , often nesting in trees . in winter , when food is scarce , they commonly strip bark for consumption and satisfy themselves with plant stems . they have common rat characteristics regarding reproduction : polyestrous , with gestations of 21–24 days , litter size affected by food and other resources ( 6–11 pups ) , weaning takes around another month at 28 days . they diverge only in that they do not breed year round , instead being restricted to spring and summer .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as endangered , in view of its extent of occurrence of less than 5 , 000 km² and area of occupancy of less than 500 km² , with all individuals in fewer than five locations , and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .
it is a nocturnal and fossorial species occurring in in tropical evergreen , moist deciduous forests . also found in secondary forests ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
the major threats to the species are habitat loss and fragmentation from general encroachment on its habitat , hunting and fire ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
it is listed in the schedule v ( considered as vermin ) of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 . it is not known from any protected area . survey , monitoring and life history studies are recommended for this species ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
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2005 ) . it is a relictual species which ranged much more widely in the pleistocene ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
manipurinpensasrotta
to
hadromys humei ( thomas , 1886 )
.
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allan octavian hume allan octavian hume cb ( 6 june 1829 – 31 july 1912 ) was a civil servant , political reformer and amateur ornithologist and horticulturalist in british india . known to most of us as one of the founders of the indian national congress , a political party that was later to lead the indian independence movement , few know that he was an extremely notable ornithologist who has been called “the father of indian ornithology” and , by those who found him dogmatic as “the pope of indian ornithology . ”
allan octavian hume ( image : frontispiece of “the nests and eggs of indian birds ( vol ii ) . public domain )
hume had a vast network of correspondents all over india who sent him many skins and much information . read about his network here on shyamal ‘s blog :
“ . . of eight great rooms , six of them full , from floor to ceiling , of cases of birds , while at the back of the house two large verandahs were piled high with cases full of large birds , such as pelicans , cranes , vultures , & c . an inspection of a great cabinet containing a further series of about 5000 eggs completed our survey . “
hume’s interest in life science was lost in 1885 when all his manuscripts were sold by an unscrupulous servant as waste paper and after a landslip caused by heavy rains in simla damaged his personal museum and specimens .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this species is endemic to australia , where it is widely distributed mainly along the forested and coastal heath of the southern and eastern portions of the country . it is also present on a number of offshore islands ( including kangaroo island ) ( lunney 2008 ) .
recorded from subalpine woodland , coastal scrub , coastal heath , eucalypt forest , and tropical moist forest . it is a largely terrestrial and ground - dwelling species that occurs in areas with a dense undergrowth of shrubs and ferns ( lunney 2008 ) . females give birth to about five young and several litters may be produced in a good season ( lunney 2008 ) .
maximum longevity : 5 . 3 years ( captivity ) observations : weaned animals live about one year , but there is a field record of 3 . 8 years and a laboratory record of 5 . 3 years ( taylor and calaby 1988 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 7 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
lamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )
listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining .
it is generally common in most parts of its range , and locally abundant . it is very common , for instance , in coastal heaths ( a . burbidge pers . comm . ) .
this species is very sensitive to habitat disturbance and land clearing , and may be threatened in parts of its range by inappropriate fire regimes and bushfire , as well as logging activities .
the bushrat doesn ' t show much overlap in diet with other local rodent species . in the summer it consumes primarily fruit , arthropods , and seeds , but in the winter its main source of food is from a particular cyperaceous species . when found in the forest it consumes primarily fungi and various fibrous plant material .
) begins breeding around november and has litter sizes ranging usually between 4 - 5 . the majority of individuals do not live to a second breeding cyle due to their short life span .
cheal , dc ( 1987 ) . the diets and dietary preferences of rattus - fuscipes and rattus - lutreolus at walkerville in victoria . australian wildlife research 14 , 35–44 .
wood , dh ( 1971 ) . the ecology of rattus fuscipes and melomys cervinipes ( rodentia : muridaae ) in a south - east queensland rain forest . australian journal of zoology 19 , 371–392 .
baillie ( 1996 ) . rattus fuscipes . 2006 . iucn red list of threatened species . iucn 2006 . urltoken . retrieved on 12 may 2006 .
this species is endemic to montane forests on volcanoes of west and central java . the type locality is at 1 , 830 m ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . it is possible that the species could be found on adjacent peaks after appropriate surveys , however , its presence here needs to be confirmed .
it has been recorded from tropical montane forest . it is relatively disturbance - tolerant and can be found at the forest edge .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
it it present in gunung gede pangrango national park and may be present in other protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution of this species .
baillie , j . 1996 . maxomys bartelsii . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 19 july 2007 .
musser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .
superfamily muroidea
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894–1531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
this species is endemic to the palawan faunal region , philippines ( balabac , palawan , busuanga , calauit , and culion islands ) , from sea level to 1 , 550 m ( esslestyn et al . 2004 ; heaney et al . 1998 ; p . widmann pers . comm . ; j . c . gonzalez pers . comm . ) .
it occurs in forested lowland and lower montane habitats , including primary , secondary , agricultural areas , and also tree plantations ( esselstyn et al . 2004 ; barbehenn et al . 1972 / 1973 ; hoogstraal 1951 ; musser et al . 1979 ; sanborn 1952 ) .
heaney , l . , balete , d . , rosell - ambal , g . , tabaranza , b . , ong , p . , ruedas , l . , widmann , p . & gonzalez , j . c .
this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
baillie , j . 1996 . maxomys panglima . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 19 july 2007 .
in length from the nose to the base of the tail , making it slightly smaller than other human - associated rats . where it exists on smaller islands , it tends to be smaller still [ e . g .
] . it is commonly distinguished by a dark upper edge of the hind foot near the ankle . the rest of its foot is pale .
accidentally or deliberately introduced it to the islands they settled . the species has been implicated in many of the
r . exulans is an omnivorous species , eating seeds , fruit , leaves , bark , insects , earthworms , spiders , lizards , and avian eggs and hatchlings . polynesian rats have been observed to often take pieces of food back to a safe place to properly shell a seed or otherwise prepare certain foods . this not only protects them from predators , but also from rain and other rats . these
husking stations
are often found among trees , near the roots , in fissures of the trunk , and even in the top branches . in new zealand , for instance , such stations are found under rock piles and fronds shed by nikau palms .
subsequent elimination of rats from islands has resulted in substantial increases in populations of certain seabirds and endemic terrestrial birds . as part of its program to restore these populations , such as the endangered
holdaway , r . n . ( 1996 ) . arrival of rats in new zealand , nature , 384 , 225–226 .
. vol . 29 no 4 , december 1999 , pp . 265–290 . archived from
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3 . 1 in february 2012 , it was reported that unitedstates marine corps scout snipers had been usingthis device to symbolize their function since at leastthe 1980s . it was adopted from the indigenousgermanic character which originally symbolized thesun . this simple but striking device consisted oftwo letters side by side like lightning bolts . thisdevice became so popular in nazi germany thattypewriters had an extra key so that one can printthis character with one key stroke instead of two . what ?
5 . 2one of the major changes in the indian armypost independence was the dropping of a termwhich is derived from a persian word meaningarmy for a persian word meaning young . thefirst term is preferred by the british historians todenote an event in indian history while indiahistorians generally dont use it . what was thechange ?
8 . 3 * his father umar sheikh mirza died in a freakaccident . an avid pigeon flyer , he lost his lifewhen his dovecot built on the edge of a ravinein the corner of the castle tumbled down intothe depths below in a landslide carrying himalong with it .
umar sheikh mirza , flew with hispigeons and their house and became a falcon
wrote his son in his memoir , considered the firstof it’s kind in the islamic world . who ?
14 . 5this ancient sumerian city is now within anamerican air base in iraq . in 1999 , saddamhussein denied pope john paul ii access to thesite , which is supposedly the birthplace ofabraham . which city also famous for thismassive structure ?
20 . 7 it was this tamizh scholar who collected andpublished tamizh sangam era classics . thusstarting with jeevaka chintamani in 1887 , heprinted and published manimekalai ( 1888 ) , silappathikaram ( 1889 ) , paththupaattu ( 1889 ) and purananooru ( 1894 ) , all appendedwith scholarly commentaries . who ? whatnickname did he get because of these efforts ? < pic >
23 . 8 excerpt from a 1924 article titled
shall we allcommit suicide ?
:
… . . could not explosiveseven of the existing type be guided automaticallyin flying machines by wireless or otherrays , without a human pilot , in ceaselessprocession over a hostile city , arsenal , camp ordockyard ?
words of someone who claimedthat he could pass an examination on h . g . wellss works . who and what present daymenace did he imagine at that time ?
26 . 9in ussr the term
vrag naroda
was used to atvarious times applied , in particular , to tsarnicholas ii and the imperialfamily , aristocrats , thebourgeoisie , clerics , businessmen , anarchists , kulaks , monarchists , mensheviks , bundists , trotskyists , bukharinists etc . what similar term was invogue in the states during 1930s ?
29 . 10it was described as ,
the pearl in the necklaceof the forts of hind
. this place is also famousfor the last stand of rani lakshmibhai . thediscovery of a tablet recording the establishmentof a small 9th century hindu temple in the fortgenerated a lot of interest as it was the oldestrecorded evidence of something . id the fortand also what did they find here ?
32 . 11 the central institute of psychiatry in ranchi isprobably the oldest lunatic asylum in asia . twoinmates of this hospital were released as agoodwill gesture in 2003 . this was right afterwhen pm atal behari vajpayee visited aneighboring country . they have been inmates ofthis institution under special status for 42 years . one of these inmates suffered briefly fromschizophrenia but otherwise both of them werehealthy . who are these people ?
34 . the inmates were yang chen and shihliang , two prc soldiers who were held aspows in india . vajpayee had gone to china andhad met wen jiabao .
35 . 12it states that if equilateral triangles areconstructed on the sides of any triangle , eitherall outward , or all inward , the centres of thoseequilateral triangles themselves form anequilateral triangle . what theorem ? < pic >
37 . • napoleon bonaparte was a amateur mathematician and this sort of a geometric construction is called a napoleon triangle and the statement is called napoleon’s theorem .
38 . 13 during the world war two , it is believed thatthere was an informal agreement between thegermans and the allies that the allies won’tbomb the german towns of göttingen andheidelberg in return for sparing two englishtowns . one strong evidence pointing in thisdirection is the unearthing of some germanplans to make one of these cities the capital ofoccupied england . name hitler’s englishcapital .
41 . 14 the library of the archeological department ofthe delhi is named after the man whocommissioned it . it was his persian translationof upanishads that attracted sir williamjones , the father of indology , to upanishads . his life has inspired many works of fiction oneof the most popular is shown below . manyhistorians consider his failure as a great “ifmoment” in india’s history . who ? < pic >
43 . dara shikoh . the heir apparent to shahjahan , itwas by defeating him that aurangazeb ascendedthe throne of delhi .
49 . 17the painting depicts the quaestor of sicilydiscovering a famous tomb . the quaestor ( sortof a roman consul ) , had heard the locals speakof this tomb , but none of them knew the exactlocation . name both the quaestor ( a famousman in his own right ) and the man who’s tombwas discovered . < pic >
51 . • cicero discovering archemedes’ grave . • the tomb has the famous sphere inscribed within a cylinder .
52 . 18 * located in modern day poland , the malbrokcastle ( or marienburg castle ) is a unescoworld heritage site . it is said to be the largestcastle in the world by surface area . it was builtby a particular group after their conquest of oldprussia in the 13th century . name the specificgroup that built it .
54 . • the teutonic knights ( the order of brothers of the german house of saint mary in jerusalem ) .
55 . 19 * this jesuit priest was the confessor of louis xiv . in 1804 , the city of paris bought a plot of land where he had once lived . the plot was converted into something that bears his name . today it is the largest of its kind within the city and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors . what ?
57 . • the confessor was pere francois de la chaise . • the pere lachaise cemetery in paris is named after him .
58 . 20“my client is not in a hurry” – famous response by a man when asked about the duration of his celebrated project . he had worked on it from 1883 to 1926 and left it unfinished at his death . what was he talking about ?
61 . 21he had attended the aicc meeting in 1928 . thirtyyears later , he visited india again . he describes ameeting thus : “dark , cold eyes looked at mewithout feeling . thirty years before , he and hisfather had been introduced to me at a huge rally forindependence . i mentioned this to him , but itproduced no change in his face . he replied inmonosyllables to everything i said , scrutinizing mewith his steady , cold eyes . ” who about whom ?
66 . • “night of the long knives” ( hitler’s purge of the sa / “roehm putsch” ) .
69 . • casey jones , a railroad engineer , who was the only casualty of the “cannonball express” collision .
70 . 24 * when the athenians were voting on whom to ostracize , to sendinto exile for ten years , by writing names on potsherds , anilliterate farmer who did not know _ _ _ asked him to write aname down for him on his piece of pottery . _ _ _ _ _ asked himwhat name to write , and the farmer replied “ _ _ _ _ _
. hedutifully wrote his own name , and then asked the farmer whatharm _ _ _ _ _ had ever done him .
none at all ,
came thereply ,
but im sick and tired of hearing him being called thejust all the time . name this “strategos” of athens , who wasrecalled from his exile later and played a key role in the defeat ofthe persian invasion .
73 . 25 . an artist’s re - creation of a famous structure in its ancient glory . identify the structure .
76 . 26 . in august 1943 , an 18 year old soldier named charlesherman kuhl got diagnosed with a case ofpsychoneurosis . he had repeatedly returned from thebattle front with similar issues and was admitted to the15th infantry hospital . although his soldierly career wassomewhat unspectacular , he became famous during hisillness . in fact , he may well have influenced one of thecrucial decisions of the war . explain .
78 . • charles herman kuhl was the victim of the infamous “patton slap” . • during a visit to the hospital , general patton was enraged when he found kuhl , who had no apparent wounds , sitting in the hospital . he accused him of cowardice and slapped him . there was public pressure on eisenhower to take action . it may have been one of the contributing factors for patton not receiving a command during the first phase of normandy landings .
79 . 27 the cartoon mocks a 1901 ideology , that was added on as a corollary to the monroe doctrine . what diplomacy ?
81 . • big stick diplomacy , as proposed by theodore roosevelt . • “speak softly and carry a big stick ; you will go far . ”
82 . 28 . • according to the popular story , the idea was born when the congress leader kamaraj was at a train intersection near the town of cheranmahadevi in tirunelveli district of tamil nadu . as he was waiting for a train to pass , he noticed young boys tending to their goats and cattle . he asked one small boy , “what are you doing with the cows ? why didn’t you go to school ? ” . the boy’s response made kamaraj think , and he went back and started a new program to attract kids like him to school . what did kamaraj do ?
85 . 29 . • during his tenure at the government mint in calcutta , he reformed weights and measures , introduced a uniform coinage and devised a balance so delicate as to indicate the three - thousandth part of a grain . a gifted architect , he rebuilt the minaret of aurangzeb in benares and improved the drainage system of calcutta by building a tunnel between the hooghly river and the sunderbans mangrove forest . the ghat shown below was erected in his honor by the citizens of calcutta . who ?
87 . • james prinsep , more famous for deciphering the brahmi script and the rock edicts of ashoka . • the prinsep ghat in kolkatta was built in his honour .
88 . 30 * this castle in rotherham , yorkshire , was built in the1770s . the earl who built it named it after a place toshow his support to the activists who were protestingagainst the english . so strong was his opposition to thegovernment position that he resigned his commission . quite cheekily , he also banned a particular beveragefrom parties held at the castle . name the castle . < pic >
90 . 31• the society of american travel writers conducts the annual lowell thomas travel journalism competition for outstanding print , online and multimedia works and for travel photography . the awards are named after lowell thomas , an american writer and broadcaster who had a distinguished career at cbs and nbc radio networks . thomas traveled all over the world and made interesting broadcasts . but he shot into the limelight through exhibitions of dramatic video footage that he shot over a short period of time in 1917 . the subject of his films received world wide fame due to his exhibitions . who / what are we talking about ?
92 . • lawrence of arabia . • lowell thomas was the man who made lawrence of arabia famous . he made several recordings of lawrence attired in his arab dress and engaged in his desert war .
93 . 32• from the 17th century into the 19th century , the area was known to the british as the
pirate coast
, as raiders based there harassed the shipping industry despite navies patrolling the area . the british often led campaigns against the pirate bases along the coast . raids continued intermittently until 1835 , when the rulers agreed not to engage in hostilities at sea . in 1853 , they signed a treaty with the united kingdom . the independent territories which signed the agreement were called
_ _ _
, after this treaty . they were declared as british protectorates . in 1971 , britain ended this agreement and the territories joined together to form a single nation . by what name were these protectorates known till 1971 ?
95 . • the sheikdoms were called “the trucial states” after an agreement under which they agreed to a
perpetual maritime truce“ . in 1971 , they became a confederation known as the uae .
96 . 33 * • identify the person , portrayed on the cover of this book .
98 . • roger casement , the irish revolutionary who was also a campaigner for human rights in congo and peru . the cover is from the mario vargas llosa work “the dream of the celt”
99 . 34• x = hebrew word for german . • y = hebrew word for spanish . • x and y together form the two main subcultures of a particular group . what words ?
101 . • x = ashkenazi• y = sephardi . • these are the two main subcultures of judaism .
102 . 35 * • this building in tangier , morocco is the first property acquired abroad by its owners . it is also the only _ _ _ _ _ _ on foreign soil . name the building or fill in the blanks .
104 . • the american legation in tangier is the first property acquired by the united states government outside the country . • it is also the only national historic landmark on foreign soil .
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sri lanka 1977 ( error ) 75c girl guides anniversary . 75c girl guides anniversary single with yellow missing resulting in a magenta - coloured sun . extraordinary , previously unrecorded error . superb unmounted mint .
india 1974 ( error ) r1 veena . spectacular and scarce . superb unmounted mint . sg723a ; sc624var ; ind1446a .
singapore 1966 sg71 1 cent , unmounted mint block x 4 , r1 / 1 / showing variety of nick in the fin . good clean condition
1979 , int . stamp exhibition india ' 80 de havilland 30 ( p ) superb u / m block of four , major errors / varieties : background in the colour lilac instead of blue - with another block of four for comparison , rare misprint .
india 1991 gandhi 1 r . u / m marginal block of 6 , major varieties : color smearing
india / gandhi / major errors & varieties . m / m mounted mint with original gum . unused without gum . world errors / varieties abarten . otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs .
pakistan 1979 2 r definitive s . g . 477aw u / m imperforated with inverted watermark
otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs . m / m mounted mint with original gum . offene kommunikation . der angegebene preis ist ein endpreis zzgl . leichte beschädigungen , bedingt durch die beförderung ( z . b . kleine einrisse , kleine eckbüge ) sind bei gebrauchten ganzsachen als normal anzusehen und also vollwertig .
kleinbogen ( 4 x 4 stück ) 5 r . , abarten : bei den unteren zwei reihen wurde die rote farbe nicht richtig bedruckt dadurch vier marken mit den farben rot und gelb statt orange und vier marken mit leichte spuren davon im oberen bereich , unikat , selt .
vietnam - issues of the vietcong ( 2072 ) . vietcong 10 ( 2 ) . 1965 , vietcong - ausgabe 1 . kab . - stück , abart : fehlende farbe grau , mit vergleichsstück , extrem selten , rr ! otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs .
2072 vietnam 1957 world trade union congress vfu bl . of 4 major variety / error
( vietnam / errors & varieties ( 2072 ) . 1957 , 4th . - exclusive fees ) and one vfu block ( realized price not known ) were sold both in usa , october 2011 ) , this is the only known used block of four with the variety / error - stamp in the lower right corner of the block of four , unique , exhibition - item , rrr !
cambodia 1984 olympic winter games sarajevo - figure skating , 6 r . 2 vfu variety
vfu very fine used . kab . - blöcke , abart : beine braun statt rotbraun und block um 9 mm breiter als das vergleichsexemplar – hier fehlendes rot / pink , extrem selten , rr ! schwerpunktmäßig finden sie hier briefmarken , briefe und ganzsachen sowie ansichtskarten aus aller welt , aber auch münzen , historische wertpapiere usw .
indonesia 1981 president suharto 300 ( r . ) unused on piece , error / variety : look
1981 , president suharto 300 ( r . ) unused on piece , error / variety : look at the jacket , exhibition - item , r ! auctiva ' s free counter . unused without gum . otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs .
m / m mounted mint with original gum . unused without gum . leichte beschädigungen , bedingt durch die beförderung ( z . b . kleine einrisse , kleine eckbüge ) sind bei gebrauchten ganzsachen als normal anzusehen und also vollwertig .
1981 , 80 p . kab . - r - gu mit zusatzfrankatur n . england , abarten : 20 p . oliv dahlien ungezähntes statt gezähntes randpaar , ( s . g . 26 flowers vfu imperforated marginal pair , variety / error not known by sg / pierron ) rr !
( 2x4 ) ; a = perf . k 13 1 / 4 : 12 3 / 4 ; b = imperforated . 45 j . diplomatische beziehungen mit china - geschnittener kb ( i ) error e ( ii ) - ( ) . 1998b kb ( i ) e ( ii ) . kb ( i ) , date of issue : 7 . 7 . 2006 . quantity kb ( i ) : 2 , 500 pieces .
internationales jahr der berge - error / lao prd - ( ) . nach entdeckung des fehlers wurden die marken zurückgezogen und durch minr . 1813ii - 1814ii ersetzt . here as a
mint never hinged ( mnh )
set . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue !
997 - 1009 ( souvenir sheet 10 ) oz . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue ! here as a
mint never hinged ( mnh )
souvenir sheet with missing digit number top right .
rotes kreuz 1975 - error / fehlender eindruck - ( ) minr . 739 - 740 4er e ( i ) . odr ; . wmk 4 ; perf . k 13 1 / 2 ; with bdr . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue !
internationales jahr der berge - error / lao prd fdc ( i ) - i - . nach entdeckung des fehlers wurden die marken zurückgezogen und durch minr . 1813ii - 1814ii ersetzt . fdc ( i ) , date of issue : 30 . 3 . 2002 . 1813i - 1814i fdc ( i ) - i - .
a sign refers to a particular group of stars , ther being a total of twelve zodiac signs . images of different types of animals are used to represent particular signs for each of the years . das wort
songkran
leitet sich von sanskrit ab , was den eintritt der sonne in das sternbild widder , das erste zeichen des tierkreises , bedeutet .
1148 - 1151 ( souvenir sheet 16 ) oz . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue ! here as a
mint never hinged ( mnh )
souvenir sheet without counting number top right !
bangkok 1983 ( iii ) ( 13b ) - error / imperforated without number - ( mnh ) mino . 1048b - 1051b ( souvenir sheet 13b ) oz . minr . 1048b - 1051b ( block 13b ) oz . here as a
mint never hinged ( mnh )
imperforated souvenir sheet without !
definitive : king bhumibol 10th s . 50b csp 1 . p - sheet ( i ) error / without number - ( mnh
( freimarke : könig bhumibol 10 . dof ) king bhumibol aduljadeh , rama ix . ( 1927 ) ; in marshal - uniform of he royal thai air force . dof ) könig bhumibol aduljadeh , rama ix . ( 1927 ) ; in uniform . specialists distinguish three versions of the 3 baht issue that can be recognized by the different sheet sequence number .
( 115 jahre staatsbesuch könig chulalongkorn in österreich ( 297 ) - error - ( ) minr . 3265 - 3266 ( block 297 ) e ( i ) . ech ) king chulalongkorn , rama v ( 1853 - 1910 ) . ech ) könig chulalongkorn , rama v . ( 1853 - 1910 ) .
here as a fdc ( version i ) with missing ! the dragon used to be the symbol of the chinese emperor . fdc ( i ) , date of issue : 13 . 4 . 2000 . 2013a fdc ( i ) e ( i ) . quality fdc ( i ) : 20 , 000 pieces . fdc ( i ) , ausgabedatum : 13 . 4 . 2000 .
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this west african species is patchily distributed from sierra leone , through liberia , guinea and cte d ' ivoire to ghana .
type for dephomys defua catalog number : usnm 83837 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of mammals sex / stage : male ; adult preparation : skin ; skull collector ( s ) : r . currie year collected : 1897 locality : mount coffee , montserrado , liberia , africa elevation ( m ) : 122 to 152
type : miller , g . s . 1900 dec 28 . proceedings of the washington academy of sciences . 2 : 635 .
this species has been reported from lowland and montane rain forest , and also in secondary forest associated with swampy soils .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )
listed as least concern because , although it is seldom recorded , it has a relatively wide distribution , is tolerant of some habitat degradation , has a presumed overall large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
the threats to this species are not well known , but its association with forest habitats suggest that it may be threatened by deforestation .
it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . additional studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , general ecology and threats to this little - known species .
taylor , p . 2004 . dephomys eburnea . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 9 july 2007 .
taylor , p . 2004 . dephomys defua . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 19 july 2007 .
murinae , the old world rats and mice , is the largest subfamily of muroid rodents . there are an astonishingly diverse 561 species in this subfamily , which are divided among 126 genera in 29 divisions .
musser , g . , m . carleton . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . d wilson , d reeder , eds . mammal species of the world . baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press .
rats and mice are native to the ethiopian , palearctic , and oriental regions , including africa , the arabian peninsula , europe , the middle east , india , china , taiwan , korea , japan , the indo - malayan region , the philippines , new guinea , australia , and tasmania . in addition , murines have been introduced around the world by humans , and now have a virtually cosmopolitan distribution .
carleton , m . , g . musser . 1984 . muroid rodents . pp . 289 - 379 in s anderson , j jones jr . , eds . orders and families of recent mammals of the world . new york : john wiley and sons .
the dental formula is 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 0 / 0 , 3 / 3 = 16 in most murine genera . the incisors can be opisthodont , orthodont , or proodont . most have ungrooved incisors . the molars are rooted and are not evergrowing . the molars range from brachydont to hypsodont , and the third molars are always smaller than the first and second molars . most murines have three lingual cusps on the upper molars , giving a triserial cusp arrangement ; there is always at least an anterolingual cusp on the second upper molars . in addition , the lower molars usually have labial cusplets . murines vary widely in skull characteristics , and the diversity is so great that no synapomorphies of the skull can be identified , except of the lack of a sphenofrontal foramen or squamosoalisphenoid groove . a skeletal characteristic that all murine genera share is the presence of a prominent neural spine on the second thoracic vertebra . diploid chromosome numbers for murines range from 25 to 68 .
hubbard , c . 1972 . observations on the life histories and behavior of some small rodents from tanzania . zoologica africana , 7 ( 2 ) : 419 - 449 .
murines occupy a wide variety of boreal , temperate , subtropical , and tropical habitats , including : coniferous and deciduous forests , subtropical broadleaf forests , tropical rainforests , monsoon forests , savannahs , steppes , grasslands , scrub forests , alpine meadows , deserts , rocky outcrops , river valleys , marshes , swamps , lakes , rivers , streams , agricultural fields , cities , and towns . murines span a greater elevational range than any other muroid subfamily ; they have been found in high mountains at more than 4 , 000 meters , and in mine shafts more than 500 meters below the earth ' s surface .
nowak , r . 1999 . walker ' s mammals of the world , vol . 2 . baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press .
, carrion , and even household items such as glue , paste , and soap . individual murine species range from dietary generalists that will eat just about anything to specialist herbivores and specialist carnivores . many murine species cache their food in burrows or crevices for later use .
murines are essential components of many ecosystems . they have roles as seed dispersers , pollinators ( johnson et al . 2001 ) , predators , and / or prey . not all ecosystem roles are positive , however . some murine species have been introduced to areas where they were previously absent , and they have devastated ecosystems by outcompeting or feeding on native wildlife . a few murine species have developed a commensal relationship with humans , and , especially in urban areas , rely on human - produced waste to survive . in turn , various parasites use murines as hosts , including
johnson , s . , a . pauw , j . midgely . 2001 . rodent pollination in the african lily massonia depressa ( hyacinthaceae ) . american journal of botany , 88 ( 10 ) : 1768 - 1773 .
roberts , l . , j . janovy jr . . 2000 . foundations of parasitology . new york : mcgraw - hill .
cochran , p . , j . cochran . 1999 . predation on a meadow jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius , and a house mouse , mus musculus , by brown trout , salmo trutta . canadian field - naturalist , 113 ( 4 ) : 684 - 684 .
w . a . niering , terrestrial ecology of kapingamarangi atoll , caroline islands , ecol . monogr . 33 ( 2 ) : 131 - 160 , from p . 157 ( 1963 ) .
ehret , g . 2005 . infant rodent ultrasounds - a gate to the understanding of sound communication . behavior genetics , 35 ( 1 ) : 19 - 29 .
thompson , r . , b . robertson , a . napier , k . wekesa . 2004 . sex - specific responses to urinary chemicals by the mouse vomeronasal organ . chemical senses , 29 ( 9 ) : 749 - 754 .
murines usually do not live more than a few months in the wild , and those that do rarely live to be three years old . in captivity , however , some murines may live nearly a decade .
most murines have a polygynandrous mating system , with each male and female only associating for the brief time required for copulation and each individual having multiple mates . a few species are monogamous , at least within one breeding season , and males stay with their mates and help to raise their young .
female murines , like all mammals , provide their young with milk before the young are able to eat solid food . many murines build nests - - the size , shape and location of which varies among species - - in which they raise their young . yet females of other species simply allow their babies to clamp on to their teats and then carry their young around with them . the time to weaning is relatively short , as young murines grow and develop quickly . both altricial and precocial murine species are known . male parental care is rare , but not unheard of , in this group . for example , male four - striped grass mice (


the greenthroat darter ( etheostoma lepidum ) is found in found in colorado , guadalupe and nueces river drainages in texas ; and in pecos river system in new mexico .

it inhabits gravel and rubble riffles , with a preference for spring-fed and vegetated riffles of headwaters , creeks , and small rivers .

greenthroat darter

hubbs , c . , and k . strawn . 1957 . the effects of light and temperature on the fecundity of the greenthroat darter , etheostoma lepidum . ecology 38 : 596 - 602 .
hubbs , c . , a . e . peden , and m . m . stevenson . 1969 . the developmental rate of the greenthroat darter , etheostoma lepidum . amer . midl . nat . 81 : 182 - 188 .
hubbs , c . 1985 . darter reproductive seasons . copeia 1985 ( 1 ) : 56 - 68 .
in new mexico , davenport and archdeacon ( 2008 ) summarized recent survey results . this species was collected annually from bitter creek between 1995–1998 but has not been collected from bitter creek / lost river since 1999 . it was collected from the west side spring ditch in the majority of years sampled , including 2007 . sampling at cottonwood creek in 2002 and 2003 found no greenthroat darters ( the channel was filled with vegetation and tumbleweeds ) ; further sampling is needed to determine the current status of the greenthroat darter in this location . no greenthroat darters were collected from the rio penasco in 2007 , but researchers could not access previously sampled sites on private property .
platania , s . p . 1980 . etheostoma lepidum ( baird and girard ) , greenthroat darter . pp . 661 in d . s . lee et al . , atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .
( pflieger 1997 ) ; lepidum : denotes pretty . this darter is a colorful addition to the local fauna ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) .
total adult population size is unknown . this darter is common on the edwards plateau in texas , uncommon in new mexico ( page and burr 2011 ) .
in new mexico , many spring fed tributaries of the pecos river have decreased or ceased to flow since increase in appropriation from the artesian and shallow aquifers ; loss of these habitats led to restriction of greenthroat darters to the few remaining springs with flow ( davenport and archdeacon 2008 ) .
hubbs , c . , m . m . stevenson , and a . e . peden . 1968 . fecundity and egg size in two central texas darter populations . southwestern naturalist 13 : 301 - 323 .
. 1990 ) . this darter is most common in riffle areas with rocky , plant - covered surfaces . eggs are laid on vegetation or on any solid substrate including the undersides of rocks ( page 1983 , sublette
paine , m . d . 1984 . ecological and evolutionary consequences of early ontogenies of darter ( etheostomatini ) . pp . 21 - 30 . in : lindquist , d . g . , and l . m . page ( eds . ) , environmental biology of darters . dr w junk publishers , the hague .
it is easily confused with the orangethroat darter ( etheostoma spectabile ) , which has a less developed banding on the caudal peduncle ; also , the lateral line is almost complete in e . lepidum ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . female hybrids of e . lepidum x e . spectabile are fertile ; males are sterile ( hubbs 1958 ) . most closely related to allopatric rio grande darter ( e . grahami ) of lower pecos river and closely adjacent area ( platania 1980 ) ; e . grahami is deeper bodied ; has many small red ( on male ) or black ( on female ) spots on side of body , red edge on 1 st dorsal fin ( page and burr 1991 ) .
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justification : listed as near threatened because although the extent of occurrence is fairly large and the species is represented by a relatively large number of subpopulations and locations , the area of occupancy may be less than 2 , 000 sq km and habitat quantity and quality are subject to ongoing slow declines . population size is unknown but apparently not particularly small .
extent of occurrence exceeds 20 , 000 square kilometres and may be roughly 40 , 000 square kilometres .
this species is represented by a moderate number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) , most of which are in texas . texas natural history collections ( 1997 ) mapped 22 collection sites in texas and 8 sites in new mexico .
trend over the past three generations is uncertain but probably slowly declining . regionally , this species faces no immediate danger of extinction ; it persists in much of the historical range in texas and new mexico ; distribution has become somewhat restricted due to habitat alteration ; status of some populations is precarious ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) . in new mexico , several populations were extirpated in historical times , and others may have been reduced in distribution or abundance ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) . in new mexico , davenport and archdeacon ( 2008 ) found this species at all previously sampled sites except bitter creek on the bitter lake national wildlife refuge . warren
the primary threat is habitat alteration through groundwater mining , flow diversion , excessive sedimentation , modification of stream morphology , and pollution from industrial , agricultural , and domestic sources ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) .
) into the riparian area of bitter creek likely caused the disappearance of this species from bitter creek on the bitter lake national wildlife refuge in new mexico ( davenport and archdeacon 2008 ) .
this species would benefit from habitat restoration , improved habitat protection and management , species management , and better information on distribution , abundance , population trend , and threats .
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rio leona at uvalde , uvalde co . , texas ( baird and girard 1853 ) .
: color of species is geographically variable ( hubbs 1976 ) . throat blue or green in males ( lost in preservation ) . 10 to 12 body bars . no black spot on upper margin of pectoral fins , no pale longitudinal streak along lateral line , and no large black rectangular blotches present on sides ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .
dorsum is olive ; belly of male is orange , female yellow to white . 8 - 13 dark green - brown vertical bars along the side ; bars encircle the body posteriorly , anteriorly extending ventrally only onto upper part of the belly . interspaces between bars yellow and speckled with orange . breast and branchiostegal membranes of male are green , those of female white . 3 vertically aligned spots at base of the caudal fin . prominent black pre - and suborbital bars ; postorbital bar reduced to a spot . in the male 1
dorsal fin has a blue - green margin , clear submarginal band , broad red - orange band , and in some areas of the species’ range a basal blue - green band . the 2
dorsal and caudal fins have many red - brown spots arranged in concentric bands . pelvic and anal fins mostly blue - green , often have orange or red - orange medially . fins of the female mostly spotted with brown . pelvic fins of both sexes clear . in breeding male , colors of fins are accentuated , breast and branchiostegal membranes bright blue - green , and bright orange blotches contrast with the dark green bars on the side of the body ( page 1983 ) .
2 anal fin spines ( hubbs et al 1991 ) . page ( 1983 ) lists the following counts for this species : 43 - 67 ( 48 - 55 ) lateral scales , 19 - 42 pored ; scales above lateral line 5 - 7 ( 6 ) ; scales below lateral line 7 - 10 ; transverse scales 12 - 19 ; scales around caudal peduncle 19 - 25 ; dorsal spines 7 - 12 ( 9 - 10 ) ; dorsal rays 8 - 14 ( 10 - 12 ) ; pectoral rays 9 - 14 ( 11 - 12 ) ; anal rays 4 - 9 ( 6 - 8 ) .
body cross section oval ; body depth contained in standard length less than five times ; head profile rounded , profile in front of eye less than 45 degrees ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .
rather small and slender , having a small conical head ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . body deepest under middle of 1
preopercle smooth or weakly serrate ; upper jaw not extending as far as to below middle of eye ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .
u . s . distribution : a disjunct series of populations inhabits tributaries of the pecos river in new mexico ( platania 1980 ; hubbs et al . 1991 )
texas distribution : inhabits edwards plateau streams , especially spring - influenced headwaters in the colorado river southward to the nueces river basin ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) . warren et al . ( 2000 ) list the following drainage units for distribution of etheostoma lepidum in the state : colorado river , san antonio bay ( including minor coastal drainages west of mouth of colorado river to mouth of nueces river ) , nueces river .
populations in southern drainages are currently stable ( warren et al 2000 ) . common in texas ( page 1983 ) .
: scarce or absent from very eurythermal locations ( hubbs 1985 ) . occurs in a variety of non - turbid stream habitats with substrates from bedrock to silt covered ( platania 1980 ) . a typical riffle species occurring over gravel and rubble , especially when aquatic vegetation is present . it also lives in spring areas , sometimes in cool vegetated pools ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . largest populations occur in vegetated rocky riffles ( strawn 1955 ; hubbs et al . 1953 ;
hubbs and strawn 1957 ; hubbs and echelle 1972 ) . species benthic after hatching ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ; paine 1984 ) .
spawning season : october or november through may , with populations in stenothermal environments having a longer spawning season than those in more eurythermal environments ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ; hubbs 1985 ) . in the colorado river , texas , spawning occurs november – may ( hubbs 1961a ) ; in the south concho river , texas , spawning occurs october – may ( hubbs et al . 1968 ) . hubbs ( 1985 ) reported marked drop in reproductive activity when water temperature was raised from 20 to 23 degrees c .
spawning habitat : eggs laid on vegetation ( strawn 1956 ) , or on the underside of rocks ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ) .
hubbs and echelle ( 1972 ) reported water supply and habitat problems leading to decline in distribution . species in no immediate danger of extirpation ; however , some populations are in a precarious position ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) .
[ additional literature noting collection of this species from texas locations includes , but is not limited to the following : hubbs ( 1957 ) ; hubbs and hettler ( 1958 ) ; hubbs ( 1960 ) ; hubbs and martin ( 1965 ) ; hubbs 1967 ) . ]
baird , s . f . and c . girard . 1853 . descriptions of new species of fishes collected by mr . john h . clark , on the u . s . and mexican boundary survey , under lt . col . jas . d . graham . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 6 ( 7 ) : 387 - 390 .
evermann , b . w . , and w . c . kendall . 1894 . the fishes of texas and the rio grande basin , considered chiefly with reference to their geographic distribution . bull . u . s . fish comm . 57 - 126 .
hubbs , c . 1957 . distributional patterns of texas fresh - water fishes . the southwestern naturalist 2 ( 2 / 3 ) : 89 - 104 .
hubbs , c . 1958 . fertility of fı hybrids between the percid fishes , etheostoma spectabile and e . lepidum . copeia 1958 : 57 - 59 .
hubbs , c . 1960 . duration of sperm function in the percid fishes etheostoma lepidum and e . spectabile , associated with sympatry of the parental populations . copeia 1960 ( 1 ) : 1 - 8 .
hubbs , c . 1961a . developmental temperature tolerance of four etheostomatine fishes occurring in texas . copeia 1961 : 195 - 198 .
hubbs , c . 1961b . differences in the incubation period of two populations of etheostoma lepidum . copeia 1961 : 198 - 200 .
hubbs , c . 1967 . geographic variations in survival of hybrids between etheostomatine fishes . bulletin of the texas memorial museum 13 : 1 - 72 .
hubbs , c . 1976 . a checklist of texas freshwater fishes . rev . ed . tech . ser . tex . parks wildl . dep . 11 . 12 pp .
hubbs , c . , and a . a . echelle . 1972 . endangered non - game fishes of the upper rio grande basin pp . 147 - 167 . in : rare and endangered wildlife of southwestern unites states . new mexico game and fish dept . , santa fe .
hubbs , c . , and p . s . martin . 1965 . effects of darkness on egg deposition by etheostoma lepidum females . the southwestern naturalist 10 ( 4 ) : 302 - 306 .
hubbs , c . , and w . f . hettler . 1958 . flutuations of some central texas fish populations . the southwestern naturalist 3 ( 1 / 4 ) : 13 - 16 .
hubbs , c . , r j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .
hubbs , c . , r . a . kuehne , and j . c . ball . 1953 . the fishes of the upper guadalupe river . texas journal of science 5 ( 2 ) : 216 - 244 .
kuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . the university press of kentucky . lexington . 177 pp .
page , l . m . 1983 . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , ltd . , neptune city , nj . 271 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america , north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .
pflieger , w . l . 1997 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city . 372 pp .
strawn , k . 1955 . a method of breeding and raising three texas darters . part i . aquarium journal 26 : 408 - 412 .
strawn , k . 1956 . a method of breeding and raising three texas darters . part ii . aquarium journal 27 ( 1 ) : 11 - 32 .
warren , m . l . , jr . , b . m . burr , s . j . walsh , h . l . bart , jr . , r . c . cashner , d . a . etnier , b . j . freeman , b . r . kuhajda , r . l . mayden , h . w . robison , s . t . ross , and w . c . starnes . 2000 . diversity , distribution , and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states . fisheries 25 ( 10 ) : 7 - 29 .
adults occur in gravel and rubble riffles , especially spring - fed and vegetated riffles , of headwaters , creeks and small rivers ( ref . 5723 ) . eggs are found attached to the substrate unguarded ( ref . 7043 ) .
north america : found in colorado , guadalupe and nueces river drainages in texas , usa ; and in pecos river system in new mexico , usa .
6 . 6 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) )
lectotype for boleosoma lepida catalog number : usnm 744 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : j . clark locality : rio leona at uvalde , a tributary of rio nueces , texas . , uvalde county , texas , united states , north america
non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
comments : eats small crustaceans , aquatic insects , alagae on solid substates in riffles , and aquatic vegetation ( sublette et al . 1990 ) .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : this species is represented by a moderate number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) , most of which are in texas . texas natural history collections ( 1997 ) mapped 22 collection sites in texas and 8 sites in new mexico .
spawns late october or november through may ( hubbs 1985 ) . eggs laid in several groups and usually are fertilized by largest male present . eggs hatch in 4 - 5 days at 28 c , about 40 days at 9 c ( page 1983 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 8 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
reasons : occurs in tributaries of colorado , guadalupe , and nueces rivers of edwards plateau , texas , and pecos river system in southeastern new mexico ; common in texas , uncommon in new mexico ; distribution has become somewhat restricted due to habitat alteration through groundwater mining , flow diversion , excessive sedimentation , modification of stream morphology , and pollution from industrial , agricultural , and domestic sources .
comments : boloeosoma phlox cope , formerly assigned to this species , is a junior synonym of e . spectabile ( page 1983 ) . apparently has hybridized with percina caprodes in texas ; hybridization probably related to abnormally high turbidity ( hubbs et al . 1988 ) .
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the wingspan is 16 – 17 millimetres ( 0.63 – 0.67 in ) , making it the smallest species in the crombrugghia genus .

it is greyish , light-brown coloured .

crombrugghia tristis

crombrugghia tristis is a moth of the pterophoridae family . it is found in most of europe , except the benelux , great britain , ireland and scandinavia . it is also known from southern siberia , asia minor and central asia . the habitat consists of sandy areas overgrown with hieracium .
the wingspan is 16–17 millimetres ( 0 . 63–0 . 67 in ) , making it the smallest species in the crombrugghia genus . it is greyish , light - brown coloured .
pterophorus tristis zeller , 1841 : zeller ( 1841 ) : 788 . [ description originale ] zeller , p . c . 1841 . vorläufer einer vollständigen naturgeschichte den pterophoriden , einer nachtfalterfamilie . isis von oken , 10 : 756 - 794 . [ urltoken ]
on the systematics and origin of the generic group oxyptilus zeller ( lep . alucitidae )
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: angiospermivora regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015
: euheteroneura regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
eu , asia minor , north africa , canary islands . see [ maps ]
larva on crepis capillaris , c . tectorum , hieracium pilosella , hieracium amplexicaule , crepis succifolia , c . conyzaefolia , c . albida , c . capillaris , sonchus asper , s . arvensis , cichorium intybus , picris hieracioides [ me1 ]
larva on hieracium echioides , h . umbeliferum , h . dubium , h . cymosum , h . piloselloides , h . fallax , h . pilosella , h . amplexicaule [ me1 ]
pterophorus kollari stainton , 1851 ; suppl . cat . br . tineidae and pteroph . : 28
seu , north africa , canary islands , asia minor , iraq . see [ maps ]
oxyptilus lantoscanus millière , 1883 ; ann . soc . linn . lyon ( n . s . ) 29 : 176
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
a natural history of the british lepidoptera . a text - book for students and collectors
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the larvae feed on hieracium echioides , hieracium umbeliferum , hieracium dubium , hieracium cymosum , hieracium piloselloides , hieracium fallax , hieracium pilosella and hieracium amplexicaule .