protostrioconus is a synonym of conus ( gastridium ) modeer , 1793 represented as conus linnaeus , 1758 .

these are sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family conidae , the cone snails and their allies .

protostrioconus

this is the place for protostrioconus definition . you find here protostrioconus meaning , synonyms of protostrioconus and images for protostrioconus copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word protostrioconus . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word protostrioconus and , of course , protostrioconus synonyms and on the right images related to the word protostrioconus .
worms - world register of marine species - protostrioconus obscurus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 )
protostrioconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : protostrioconus obscurus
humphrey , g . ms
sowerby , g . b . i in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1833
( of protostrioconus obscurus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ) severns , m . ( 2011 ) . shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells . conchbooks , hackenheim . 564 pp . [ details ]
( of protostrioconus obscurus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ) tucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods . hackenheim : conchbooks . 296 pp . [ details ]
[ synonyms : rollus montfort , 1810 ; type species : conus geographus linnaeus , 1758 ; od . utriculus schumacher , 1817 ; type species : conus geographus linnaeus , 1758 ; m . tuliparia swainson , 1840 ; type species : coronaxis nebulosa swainson , 1840 [ synonym of conus tulipa ] ; m . protostrioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus obscurus g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
tucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods . hackenheim : conchbooks . 296 pp . [ details ]
severns , m . ( 2011 ) . shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells . conchbooks , hackenheim . 564 pp . [ details ]
worms - world register of marine species - conus obscurus g . b . sowerby i , 1833
conus ( gastridium ) obscurus g . b . sowerby i , 1833 · accepted , alternate representation
petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
filmer r . m . ( 2001 ) . a catalogue of nomenclature and taxonomy in the living conidae 1758 - 1998 . backhuys publishers , leiden . 388pp . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of conus halitropus bartsch & rehder , 1943 ) filmer r . m . ( 2001 ) . a catalogue of nomenclature and taxonomy in the living conidae 1758 - 1998 . backhuys publishers , leiden . 388pp . [ details ]
( of conus halitropus bartsch & rehder , 1943 ) tucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2013 ) illustrated catalog of the living cone shells . 517 pp . wellington , florida : mdm publishing . [ details ]
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humphrey , g . ms
sowerby , g . b . i in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1833
conus halitropus bartsch , p . & h . a . rehder , 1943 : hawaii
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conus linnaeus , c . , 1758 type species : conus marmoreus linnaeus , c . , 1758
conus ( fusiconus ) motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : fusiconus longurionis kiener , l . c . , 1845
graphiconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : graphiconus inscriptus inscriptus reeve , l . a . , 1843
magelliconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : magelliconus magellanicus hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
cylinder montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : cylinder textile textile linnaeus , c . , 1758
gastridium modeer , 1793 type species : gastridium geographus linnaeus , c . , 1758
splinoconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : splinoconus biliosus röding , p . f . , 1798
leptoconus swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : leptoconus amadis amadis gmelin , j . f . , 1791
darioconus iredale , t . , 1930 type species : darioconus omaria hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
nataliconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : nataliconus natalis sowerby , g . b . ii , 1858
calibanus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : calibanus furvus reeve , l . a . , 1843
phasmoconus mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : phasmoconus radiatus gmelin , j . f . , 1791
fulgiconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : fulgiconus moluccensis moluccensis küster , h . c . , 1838
eugeniconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : eugeniconus nobilis nobilis linnaeus , c . , 1758
pseudolilliconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : pseudolilliconus boschorum moolenbeek , r . g . & h . e . coomans , 1993
endemoconus iredale , t . , 1931 type species : endemoconus howelli iredale , t . , 1929
textilia swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : textilia bullata linnaeus , c . , 1758
pionoconus mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : pionoconus magus linnaeus , c . , 1758
chelyconus mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : chelyconus ermineus born , i . von , 1778
afonsoconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2013 type species : afonsoconus kinoshitai kuroda , t . , 1956
malagasyconus monnier , e . & m . j . tenório , 2015 type species : malagasyconus lozeti richard , g . , 1980
puncticulis swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : conus arenatus röding , p . f . , 1798
asprella schaufuss , l . w . , 1869 type species : asprella sulcata hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
dauciconus cotton , b . c . , 1945 type species : dauciconus daucus daucus hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
sandericonus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : sandericonus sanderi carioca ( var . ) petuch , e . j . , 1986
attenuiconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : attenuiconus attenuatus reeve , l . a . , 1844
lividoconus wils , e . , 1970 type species : lividoconus lividus hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
harmoniconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : harmoniconus musicus hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
kioconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : kioconus recluzianus bernardi , m . , 1853
lithoconus mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : lithoconus leopardus röding , p . f . , 1798
miliariconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : virroconus miliaris miliaris hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
rhizoconus mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : rhizoconus miles linnaeus , c . , 1758
rhombiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : rhombiconus imperialis imperialis linnaeus , c . , 1758
stellaconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : stellaconus malacanus hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
stephanoconus mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : stephanoconus regius gmelin , j . f . , 1791
strategoconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : strategoconus generalis linnaeus , c . , 1767
virgiconus cotton , b . c . , 1945 type species : virgiconus virgo linnaeus , c . , 1758
virroconus iredale , t . , 1930 type species : virroconus ebraeus linnaeus , c . , 1758
vituliconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : vituliconus planorbis born , i . von , 1778
conasprelloides tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : conasprelloides cancellatus hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
arubaconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : arubaconus hieroglyphus duclos , p . l . , 1833
bermudaconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : bermudaconus lightbourni petuch , e . j . , 1986
gladioconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : gladioconus gladiator broderip , w . j . , 1833
kellyconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : kellyconus patae abbott , r . t . , 1971
poremskiconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : poremskiconus archetypus archetypus crosse , h . , 1865
atlanticonus petuch , e . j . & d . m . sargent , 2012 type species : atlanticonus granulatus linnaeus , c . , 1758
floraconus iredale , t . , 1930 type species : floraconus anemone anemone lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1810
gradiconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : gradiconus gradatus wood , w . , 1828
lamniconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : lamniconus clerii reeve , l . a . , 1844
seminoleconus petuch , e . j . , 2004 type species : seminoleconus violetae petuch , e . j . , 1988
brasiliconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : brasiliconus scopulorum mol , j . g . van , b . tursch & m . kempf , 1971
tenorioconus petuch , e . j . & m . drolshagen , 2011 type species : tenorioconus cedonulli cedonulli linnaeus , c . , 1767
ductoconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : ductoconus princeps linnaeus , c . , 1758
genuanoconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : genuanoconus genuanus linnaeus , c . , 1758
calamiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : calamiconus lischkeanus lischkeanus weinkauff , h . c . , 1875
leporiconus iredale , t . , 1930 type species : leporiconus glans hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
hermes montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : hermes nussatellus linnaeus , c . , 1758
turriconus shikama , t . & t . habe , 1968 type species : turriconus excelsus sowerby , g . b . iii , 1908
kurodaconus shikama , t . & t . habe , 1968 type species : kurodaconus stupa kuroda , t . , 1956
austroconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : austroconus cyanostoma adams , a . in adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853
rolaniconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : rolaniconus varius linnaeus , c . , 1758
pseudonoduloconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : pseudonoduloconus carnalis sowerby , g . b . iii , 1879
monteiroconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : monteiroconus ambiguus reeve , l . a . , 1844
purpuriconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : purpuriconus cardinalis hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
dendroconus swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : dendroconus betulinus linnaeus , c . , 1758
africonus petuch , e . j . , 1975 type species : africonus cuneolus reeve , l . a . , 1843
trovaoconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : trovaoconus venulatus hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792
kalloconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : kalloconus pulcher pulcher [ lightfoot , j . ] , 1786
varioconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : varioconus bulbus reeve , l . a . , 1843
lautoconus monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1923 type species : lautoconus ventricosus gmelin , j . f . , 1791
plicaustraconus moolenbeek , r . g . , 2008 type species : plicaustraconus advertex garrard , t . a . , 1961
sciteconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : sciteconus algoensis algoensis sowerby , g . b . i , 1834
eremiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : eremiconus minnamurra garrard , t . a . , 1961
lindaconus petuch , e . j . , 2002 type species : lindaconus lindae petuch , e . j . , 1987
pyruconus olsson , a . a . , 1967 type species : pyruconus patricius hinds , r . b . , 1843
tesselliconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : tesselliconus tessulatus tessulatus born , i . von , 1778
ximeniconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : ximeniconus ximenes gray , j . e . , 1839
perplexiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : perplexiconus perplexus sowerby , g . b . ii , 1857
quasiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : quasiconus melvilli sowerby , g . b . iii , 1879
jaspidiconus petuch , e . j . , 2003 type species : jaspidiconus jaspideus gmelin , j . f . , 1791
globiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : globiconus tornatus
broderip , w . j .
sowerby , g . b . i in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1833
kohniconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : kohniconus emarginatus reeve , l . a . , 1844
profundiconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : profundiconus profundorum kuroda , t . , 1956
yeddoconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : yeddoconus sieboldii reeve , l . a . , 1848
dalliconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : dalliconus mcgintyi pilsbry , h . a . , 1955
lilliconus raybaudi massilia , g . , 1994 type species : lilliconus biraghii biraghii raybaudi massilia , g . , 1993
parviconus cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1932 type species : parviconus rutilus menke , k . t . , 1843
pseudoconorbis tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : pseudoconorbis coromandelicus smith , e . a . , 1894
bathyconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : bathyconus orbignyi audouin , j . - v . , 1831
viminiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : viminiconus vimineus reeve , l . a . , 1849
fusiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : fusiconus longurionis kiener , l . c . , 1845
conasprella thiele , j . , 1929 type species : conasprella pagoda
chenu , j . c .
kiener , l . c . , 1847
californiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . tenório , 2009 type species : californiconus californicus
hinds , r . b .
reeve , l . a . , 1844
taranteconus azuma , m . , 1972 type species : taranteconus chiangi azuma , m . , 1972
kenyonia brazier , j . , 1896 type species : conus pulcherrimus brazier , j . , 1894
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n . puillandre , 1 t . f . duda , 2 c . meyer , 3 b . m . olivera , 4 and p . bouchet 5
correspondence : n . puillandre ; e - mail : rf . nhnm @ erdnalliup
copyright © the author 2014 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the malacological society of london , all rights reserved
after more than two centuries of naming and overnaming , the species - level systematics of cones is undergoing a reappraisal based , among others , on molecular characters , and this is leading to a more stable taxonomy . conversely , the supraspecific classification of the cone snails has in the last 20 years become more unstable than ever . a plethora of nominal ( sub ) genera reflect subtle differences in shell form and radular morphology , but these are obscuring phylogenetic relationships between terminal taxa . while toxinologists are longing for a predictive classification that can be used as a roadmap for bioprospecting ( olivera , 2006 ; puillandre & holford , 2010 ) , the two genus - level classifications of cones proposed in the last 25 years ( da motta , 1991 ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 , 2013 ) have remained ignored outside the world of cone - shell collectors .
recently published a phylogeny of the cone snails based on 330 species and sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions . in the present paper we utilized this molecular phylogeny as a foundation to establish a new genus - and subgenus - level classification of the conidae , with four genera (
) . we also tentatively allocate all cone snail species currently considered as valid in worms , but not represented in the molecular phylogeny , to genera and subgenera based on their morphological characters .
simplified version of the bayesian tree based on the concatenation of sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions ( coi , 16s , 12s ) and published by puillandre et al . ( 2014 : fig . 2 ) showing the proposed classification . genera and subgenera with multiple species are reduced to triangles , whose lengths are proportional to the branch lenghts . posterior probabilities ( > 0 . 95 ) are shown for each node . only ( sub ) genera with at least one sequenced representative are figured .
proposing a classification based on a phylogeny mainly consists of ( 1 ) identifying the groups that will be named ; ( 2 ) attributing available names and , if necessary , establishing new ones , for the groups identified in ( 1 ) ; and ( 3 ) ranking these names .
as far as possible , only well supported ( bootstrap probability > 90 % ; bayesian posterior probability > 0 . 95 ) clades ( and single - species lineages ) were linked to names . when several alternatives were possible ( e . g . one supported clade that includes two supported clades , both with available names attributable to them ) , other characters and properties , such as shell morphology , type of prey , bathymetric and / or geographical distribution , were considered in order to identify the most appropriate grouping to minimize within - group variability . overall , a conservative approach was adopted , to minimize the number of supraspecific taxa , both named and unnamed . in two cases ( pyruconus and cylinder ) we attributed a name to a group we recognized to be non - monophyletic ( although this non - monophyly is not supported ) , in order to avoid having to establish new names for many small clades . such polyphyletic , but morphologically consistent , genera may correspond to grades and in future each of the included clades may be shown to deserve its own name .
as far as possible , a genus - group name ( i . e . a genus or subgenus ) was applied based on the position of its type species in the tree . if the type species of a nominal genus or subgenus had not been sequenced , application of the name was determined by reference to the morphologically most similar species used in the molecular analysis . if more than one name was applicable for a clade , the valid name was determined by the rule of priority . in the classification below , od refers to the fixation of type species by original designation , sd by subsequent designation and m by monotypy ( as defined by iczn , 1999 : art . 68 , 69 , respectively ) .
all the 803 species of conidae listed as valid in worms ( 2014 ) were allocated to genera and subgenera , with two levels of confidence . those printed in bold font were placed in the classification based on the dna sequences of puillandre et al . ( 2014 ) . the others were classified based on their shell and / or radula characters , following tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) and , for species not included or considered as synonyms by tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) , following petuch ( 2013 ) or the advice of m . tenorio ( personal communication ) .
species sometimes referred to as ‘cone snails’ but allocated to artemidiconus ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , benthofascis ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , genota ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or borsoniidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) and genotina ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or mangeliidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) were excluded . within conorbidae , only benthofascis lozoueti has been sequenced and molecular analysis indicates that the family is separate from conidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . however , b . lozoueti is the only conorbid species that does not resorb the inner shell walls ( tucker , tenorio & stahlschmidt , 2011 ) . it thus cannot be excluded that the other conorbidae species—which resorb them—may in fact not be confamilial . likewise , as indicated above , molecular data place genota in the borsoniidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) and this clade is not further discussed here . fossil taxa ( hemiconus cossmann , 1889 ; cryptoconus koenen , 1867 ; conorbis swainson , 1840 ; conilithes swainson , 1840 ; eoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 and plagioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are not discussed either . consequently , only the conidae , conilithidae and taranteconidae ( sensu tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are discussed below , i . e . the cone snails as defined by bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .
[ synonyms : conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . taranteconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . puncticuliinae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . ]
remarks : conus californicus has always been considered a unique species within cone snails , because of its molecular ( including toxicological : biggs et al . , 2010 ; elliger et al . , 2011 ) and morphological singularities and also because of its diet , since it is able to prey indifferently on fish , molluscs and worms ( kohn , 1966 ) .
remarks : puillandre et al . ( 2014 ) did not sequence the type species of profundiconus ; their sequenced material was identified as p . aff . profundorum . however , tucker & tenorio ( 2009 , 2013 ) found profundiconus to be a morphologically well supported group and we are thus confident in applying this name to the clade containing p . aff . profundorum .
type species : conus pagoda kiener , 1847 ; sd , tucker & tenorio ( 2009 : 140 ) ( under iczn , 1999 : art . 70 . 3 . 2 ) .
[ synonym : duodenticonus tucker & tenorio 2013 ; type species : asprella memiae habe & kosuge , 1970 ; od ; n . syn . ]
remarks : the species c . kimioi was placed in the subgenus boucheticonus ( following tucker & tenorio 2013 ) , even if the corresponding clade was not highly supported .
henriquei ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
[ synonyms : kermasprella powell , 1958 ; type species : conus raoulensis powell , 1958 ; od . yeddoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus sieboldii reeve , 1848 ; od ]
[ synonyms : bathyconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus orbignyi audouin , 1831 ; od ; n . syn . fumiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus traversianus e . a . smith , 1875 , od ; n . syn . viminiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus vimineus reeve , 1849 ; od ; n . syn . ]
elegans ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) n . comb .
arcuata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) n . comb .
remarks : tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) included both conasprella delesserti and conasprella arcuata in kohniconus . in our analysis , the two species do not cluster together . the name kohniconus could have been applied to the lineage that includes the species c . delessertii , but because of the closer morphological resemblance of conus emarginatus with c . arcuata , we have applied kohniconus to the lineage that includes c . arcuata .
sagei ( korn & g . raybaudi massilia , 1993 ) n . comb .
[ synonyms : globiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus tornatus g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . jaspidiconus petuch , 2003 ; type species : conus jaspideus gmelin , 1791 ; od ; n . syn . perplexiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus perplexus g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ; od ; n . syn . ]
arawak ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
baccata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1877 ) n . comb .
berschaueri ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
ericmonnieri ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
herndli ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
ogum ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
perplexa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ) n . comb .
poremskii ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
simonei ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
tornata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) n . comb .
[ synonyms : cucullus röding , 1798 ; type species : conus marmoreus linnaeus , 1758 ; sd , winckworth ( 1945 : 139 ) . coronaxis swainson , 1840 ; type species : conus bandanus hwass , 1792 ; m ]
type species : conus asper lamarck , 1810 , by typification of replaced name . asprella was established as a substitute name for cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( see below ) . conus asper was not among the 11 species included in asprella by schaufuss ( 1869 : 43–44 ) , and wenz ( 1940 ) cited conus sulcatus bruguière , 1792 ( a species originally included by schaufuss ) as the type species ; conus sulcatus and c . asper are subjective synonyms .
[ synonyms : cylindrella swainson , 1840 ; type species : conus asper lamarck , 1810 ; subjective synonym of conus sulcatus hwass , 1792 ; m . cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( conidae ) , is a homonym of cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( urocoptidae ) and has been placed on the official index of rejected and invalid names by iczn , 1999 : opinion 1030 . sulciconus bielz , 1869 ; type species ( here designated ) : conus sulcatus hwass in bruguière , 1792 , n . syn . the names asprella and sulciconus were both published in 1869 and their exact dates of publication are not known in order to establish priority . under iczn ( 1999 ) : art . 24 . 2 , we act here as first revisers and give precedence to the name asprella over sulciconus . ]
[ possible senior synonym : mamiconus cotton & godfrey , 1932 ; type species : conus superstes hedley , 1911 ; od . the identity of c . superstes is uncertain ; it is listed as a nomen dubium by tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) ]
[ synonym : thalassiconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus thalassiarchus g . b . sowerby i , 1834 , n . syn . ; od ]
type species : conus textile linnaeus , 1758 ; od . dubois & bour ( 2010 ) revived the name cylindrus as from batsch , 1789 and designated conus textile as its type species . this has the consequence of destabilizing the pulmonate genus name cylindrus fitzinger , 1833 , which is in current use . the iczn will be petitioned to maintain usage of cylinder montfort , 1810 , and cylindrus fitzinger , 1833 , in their accustomed sense . ]
remarks : tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) described two ‘body plans’ in their genus cylinder , citing conus textile and c . gloriamaris as examples of each group ; they may correspond to the two groups found in the molecular phylogeny . tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) relied on their similar radulae and diets to maintain them in a single genus : we have followed them and place all the species in a single subgenus . among the sequenced species , c . ammiralis , c . canonicus and c . dalli cluster with the type species c . textile ; the other species constitute a separate clade .
[ synonyms : regiconus iredale , 1930 ; type species : conus aulicus linnaeus , 1758 ; od ; the simultaneously published darioconus was given precedence over regiconus by first reviser kira ( 1954 : 75 ) . erythroconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus crocatus lamarck , 1810 ; od ]
remarks : the species c . thomae was placed in the subgenus darioconus ( following tucker & tenorio 2013 ) , even though the corresponding clade was not highly supported .
[ synonyms : gradiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus gradatus w . wood , 1828 ; od ; n . syn . ; magelliconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus magellanicus hwass in bruguière , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ; purpuriconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus cardinalis hwass in bruguière , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ; cariboconus petuch , 2003 ; type species : conus amphiurgus dall , 1889 ; od ; conasprelloides tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus cancellatus hwass in bruguière , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ; poremskiconus petuch , 2013 ; type species : conus ziczac mühlfeld , 1816 ; od ; n . syn . ; tuckericonus petuch 2013 ; type species : conus flavescens g . b . sowerby i , 1834 ; od ; n . syn . ]
honkerorum ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
coltrorum ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
remarks : the species c . medoci was placed in the subgenus dendroconus ( following tucker and tenorio 2013 ) , even if the corresponding clade was not highly supported
[ synonym : arubaconus petuch , 2013 ; type species : conus hieroglyphus duclos , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonym : ketyconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus tinianus hwass in bruguière , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonyms : genuanoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus genuanus linnaeus , 1758 ; od ; n . syn . trovaoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus venulatus hwass in bruguière , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonym : continuconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus plinthis richard & moolenbeek , 1988 ; od ; n . syn . ]
patriceae ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .
[ synonyms : africonus petuch , 1975 ; type species : conus cuneolus reeve , 1843 ; od ; n . syn . varioconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus variegatus kiener , 1848 od ; n . syn . ]
fiadeiroi ( tenorio , afonso , cunha & rolán , 2014 ) n . comb .
swinneni ( tenorio , afonso , cunha & rolán , 2014 ) n . comb .
[ synonym : nataliconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus natalis g . b . sowerby ii , 1858 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonym : calamiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus lischkeanus weinkauff , 1875 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonym : gladioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus gladiator broderip , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonyms : fulgiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus moluccensis küster , 1838 ; od ; n . syn . ; graphiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus inscriptus reeve , 1843 ; od ; n . syn . ; thoraconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus exiguus lamarck , 1810 ; od ; n . syn . nimboconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus nimbosus hwass in bruguière , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonyms : heroconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus poehlianus g . b . sowerby iii , 1887 [ synonym of conus consors g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ] ; od . strioconus thiele , 1929 ; type species : conus striatus linnaeus , 1758 ; od . socioconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus consors g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ; od ]
type species : conus carnalis g . b . sowerby iii , 1879 ; od
remarks : even though the two species are not in the same group in the molecular phylogeny , and to avoid the creation of a new subgeneric name , we have followed tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) , who placed c . fergusoni and c . patricius in the same genus , pyruconus ( here ranked as subgenus ) , based on radula and shell characters .
type species : conus melvilli g . b . sowerby iii , 1879 ; od
type species : conus algoensis g . b . sowerby i , 1834 ; od
[ synonyms : kioconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus recluzianus bernardi , 1853 ; od ; n . syn . ongoconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus voluminalis reeve , 1843 ; od ; precedence of splinoconus ( established at the rank of genus ) over simultaneously established kioconus and ongoconus ( established at the rank of subgenus ) determined by iczn ( 1999 ) art . 24 . 1 . stellaconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus malacanus hwass in bruguière , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . isoconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus corallinus kiener , 1847 ; od ; n . syn . nitidoconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus boeticus reeve , 1844 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonyms : rhombus montfort , 1810 ( invalid ; junior homonym of rhombus walbaum , 1792 ) ; type species : conus imperialis linnaeus , 1758 ; od . cornutoconus suzuki , 1972 ; type species : cornutoconus lamellatus suzuki , 1972 ( = conus chiangi ( azuma , 1972 ) ) ; od . taranteconus azuma , 1972 ; type species : conus chiangi ( azuma , 1972 ) ; od ; n . syn . protoconus da motta , 1991 ( invalid ; junior homonym of protoconus yu , 1979 and protoconus stinchcomb , 1986 ) ; type species : conus cedonulli linnaeus , 1767 ; od . seminoleconus petuch , 2003 ; type species : † conus violetae petuch 1988 ( pliocene ) ; od . rhombiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus imperialis linnaeus , 1758 ; od ; n . syn . tenorioconus petuch & drohlshagen , 2011 ; type species : conus cedonulli linnaeus , 1767 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonyms : vituliconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus vitulinus hwass in bruguière , 1792 ( = conus planorbis born , 1778 ) ; od ; n . syn . rolaniconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus varius linnaeus , 1758 ; od ; n . syn . ]
type species : turriconus nakayasui shikama & habe , 1968 [ synonym of conus excelsus g . b . sowerby iii , 1908 ] ; od
[ synonyms : kurodaconus shikama & habe , 1968 ; type species : embrikena stupa kuroda , 1956 ; od ; n . syn . mitraconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus mitratus hwass in bruguière , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonym : pseudohermes tucker & tenorio 2013 ; type species : conus austroviola röckel & korn , 1992 ; od ; n . syn . ]
[ synonyms : dyraspis iredale , 1949 ; type species : conus dorreensis péron , 1807 ; od , n . syn . miliariconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus miliaris hwass in bruguière , 1792 ; od , n . syn . ]
the authors thank manuel j . tenorio for helpful comments . some of the specimens analysed by bmo for this work were obtained using grant support provided by the national institutes of health (
) . this work was partly supported by the conotax project , funded by the french ‘agence nationale de la recherche’ ( grant number anr - 13 - jsv7 - 0013 - 01 ) .
nominal genus - group names of recent conidae and their current status in the present classification .
avise j . c . , liu j . - x . on the temporal inconsistencies of linnean taxonomic ranks .
biggs j . s . , watkins m . , puillandre n . , ownby j . p . , lopez - vera e . , christensen s . , moreno k . j . , bernaldez j . , licea - navarro a . , showers corneli p . , olivera b . m . evolution of
castelin m . , lorion j . , brisset j . , cruaud c . , maestrati p . , utge j . , samadi s . speciation patterns in gastropods with long - lived larvae from deep - sea seamounts .
claremont m . , vermeij g . j . , williams s . t . , reid d . g . global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores .
cotton b . c . a catalogue of the cone snails ( conidae ) in the south australian museum .
de queiroz k . the general lineage concept of species , species criteria , and the process of speciation : a conceptual unification and terminological recommendations . in : howard d . j . , berlocher s . h . , editors .
dubois a . , bour r . the distinction between family - series and class - series nomina in zoological nomenclature , with emphasis on the nomina created by batsch ( 1788 , 1789 ) and on the higher nomenclature of turtles .
espiritu d . j . d . , watkins m . , dia - monje v . , cartier g . e . , cruz l . e . , olivera b . m . venomous cone snails : molecular phylogeny and the generation of toxin diversity .
jimenez e . c . , olivera b . m . , teichert r . w . αc - conotoxin prxa : a new family of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists .
kantor y . i . , puillandre n . evolution of the radular apparatus in conoidea ( gastropoda : neogastropoda ) as inferred from a molecular phylogeny .
kraus n . j . , showers corneli p . , watkins m . , bandyopadhyay p . k . , seger j . , olivera b . m . against expectation : a short sequence with high signal elucidates cone snail phylogeny .
kraus n . j . , watkins m . , bandyopadhyay p . k . , seger j . , olivera b . m . , showers corneli p . a very short , functionally constrained sequence diagnoses cone snails in several
puillandre n . , holford m . the terebridae and teretoxins : combining phylogeny and anatomy for concerted discovery of bioactive compounds .
samadi s . , barberousse a . the tree , the network , and the species .
wenz w . teil 1 : allgemeiner teil und prosobranchia . in : schindewolf o . h . , editor .
conus vidua
cuyoensis
( linnaeus , 1758 )
nice pattern
( 52 . 0mm )
a beautiful
variant
of conus marmoreus . grade : f3 / gem .
lindaconus spurius atlanticus clench , w . j . , 1942 . off key biscayne , florida . rick californiashells . • images are for condition of shell only – colors may vary depending on your monitor – i will describe any unusual color forms above .
darioconus leviteni elisae tucker , j . k . , m . j . tenorio & h . w . chaney , 2011 . kekaha , kauai , hi . rick californiashells .
textilia stercusmuscarum linnaeus , c . , 1758 . marau sound , guadalcanal , solomons . rick californiashells .
very nice double banded pattern , one dark and one light . neat shell . collected in the 90 ' s . location : mozombique , africa . no personal checks or mo ' s accepted , no exceptions !
off moorea , french polynesia . rick californiashells . cylinder textile linnaeus , c . , 1758 . 61 . 30mm f .
the cypraea and conus collections are nearly complete ! i will include what data i have on each shell . i literally have 1000 ' s of shells .
darioconus episcopatus motta , a . j . da , 1982 . rick californiashells .
conus janus hwass , 1792
bright - orange
( 63 . 1mm )
conus litoglyphus : unusual hawaiian cone w / no mid banding @ 31 . 64mm !
this item is from my personal hawaiiana collection of exceptional hawaiian shells ! notes : lacking most of the mid body white pattern . from the mcdowall collection of kauai . good luck !
conus leviteni ( tucker , tenorio & chaney , 2011
swollen - variant !
( 38 . 3mm )
conus miles linnaeus , 1758
nice colors !
( 78 . 3mm )
rust , brown , white and black
colors . grade : f3 ( f ) .
conus muriculatus f . sugillatus ( reeve , 1844 )
variant
( 38 . 5mm )
a color variant
. grade : f3 ( f ) . size : 38 . 5mm .
the lipped is naturally filed by the sand from dredging and the tip is worn . shell has a naturally healed reef break / growth line on one side and one on the bottom . still a nice shell . this is the typical condition of this species .
conus ratus : mated pair from the e . r . cross coll @ 37 & 39mm !
notes : from the er cross collection of hawaii . found in 1970 ' s . mated pair from cross collection . this item is from my personal hawaiiana collection ( shells from the ellis r cross collection ) ! good luck !
notes : self - collected endemic . the one on the right is free .
conus lividus : hawaiian form @ 63 . 08mm - huge size rarely seen !
this item is from my personal hawaiiana collection of exceptional hawaiian shells ! notes : from 1974 off honolulu . huge size . good luck ! grade : fine / fine .
good luck ! grade : gem . notes : from my last asian trip . great pattern & size .
conus pohlianus : very rare white albino form @ 41 . 7mm - currently only one on ebay !
notes : from my last asian trip . has a few worn areas . good luck ! grade : fine .
conus thalassiarchus depriesteri ( wils , 1972 )
variant
( 37 . 5mm )
dark - coffee
tones . grade : f3 . size : 37 . 5mm .
good luck ! notes : from my last asian trip . lip was lightly smoothed . great size & pattern .
is a venomous species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the conidae family . like all species within the genus conus , these snails are predatory & venomous . they are capable of stinging humans , therefore , live ones should be handled carefully or not at all .
conus ferrugineus ( hwass , 1792 )
an exceptional representative !
( 44 . 4mm )
an exceptional representative !
. grade : f3 / gem . size : 44 . 4mm .
lindaconus spurius atlanticus clench , w . j . , 1942 . off marathon , florida keys . rick californiashells .
sciteconus algoensis simplex sowerby , g . b . ii , 1858 . rick californiashells . south africa .
very nice pink coloring and pattern . collected in the 80 ' s . no personal checks or mo ' s accepted , no exceptions !
conus textile linnaeus , 1758
a classic collectable !
( 62 . 4mm )
a classic collectable !
. size : 62 . 4mm . grade : good .
jaspidiconus mindanus hwass , c . h . in bruguière , j . g . , 1792 . off pompano bech , florida . rick californiashells . dredged at 10 fathoms .
conus varius ( linnaeus , 1758 )
a classic collectable !
( 37 . 0mm )
gradiconus garciai motta , a . j . da , 1982 . north coast of honduras 1999 . rick californiashells . • images are for condition of shell only – colors may vary depending on your monitor – i will describe any unusual color forms above .
very nice dark orange coloring and pattern . shell is from my personal collection . collected in the 70 ' s . no personal checks or mo ' s accepted , no exceptions !
golden cone conus betulinus shell seashell 3 . 25
82 mm see what you will get ! # 3
conus betulinus . 1 natural seashell for your collection . we do our best to pick out the best shells to send to you . each seashell and starfish is unique ! 1 golden cone . ©the shell hut 2018 . any duplication of the shell hut designs without written permission is prohibited .
conus pulicarius hwass , 1792
a hawaiian waters representative !
( 25 . 9mm )
grade : freak . ( from my personal collection ) . notes : from my last asian trip . good luck !
presented above
variant
from mozambique . grade : f3 ( f ) . size : 67 . 4mm .
species : c . inscriptus . conus inscriptus . dredged at 30 fathoms . kingdom : animalia . superfamily : conoidea . reeve , 1843 . clade : caenogastropoda .
nice color and pattern . what a cutie ! collected in the 80 ' s . no personal checks or mo ' s accepted , no exceptions !
conus betulinus ( linne , 1758 ) : 68mm no specific collection information east africa . any major delays will be communicated . gem = perfect . no grading : poor quality as described ( beach worn , large holes , spire missing ) .
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conus is a genus of predatory sea snails , or cone snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family conidae . [ 1 ] prior to 2009 , cone snail species had all traditionally been grouped into the single genus conus . however , conus is now more precisely defined , and there are several other accepted genera of cone snails . for a list of the currently accepted genera , see conidae .
for a list of the currently accepted species within the genus conus , based on the information in the world register of marine species ( worms ) list , see : list of conus species .
species in the genus conus sensu stricto can be found in the tropical and subtropical seas of the world , at depths ranging from the sublittoral to 1 , 000 m . they are very variable in some of their characters , such as the tuberculation of the spire and body whorl , striae , colors and the pattern of coloring . many fossil species have been described ; they are extensively distributed , and first appear in cretaceous strata .
the thick shell of species in the genus conus sensu stricto , is obconic , with the whorls enrolled upon themselves . the spire is short , smooth or tuberculated . the narrow aperture is elongated with parallel margins parallel and is truncated at the base . the operculum is very small relative to the size of the shell . it is corneous , narrowly elongated , with an apical nucleus , and the impression of the muscular attachment varies from one - half to two - thirds of the inner surface . the outer lip shows a slight sutural sinus . [ 2 ]
as this list shows , many genera that were formerly recognized within the family conidae , have become subgenera of conus , and they can also be represented by that subgeneric name as an
alternate representation
.
g . w . tryon ( 1884 ) manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species , vol . vi ; philadelphia , academy of natural sciences
röckel , d . , korn , w . & kohn , a . j . 1995 . manual of the living conidae . volume 1 : indo - pacific region . wiesbaden : hemmen 517 pp .
filmer r . m . ( 2001 ) . a catalogue of nomenclature and taxonomy in the living conidae 1758 - 1998 . backhuys publishers , leiden . 388pp .
tucker j . k . ( 2009 ) . recent cone species database . september 4 , 2009 edition
tucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods . hackenheim : conchbooks . 296 pp
puillandre n . , duda t . f . , meyer c . , olivera b . m . & bouchet p . ( 2015 ) . one , four or 100 genera ? a new classification of the cone snails . journal of molluscan studies . 81 : 1 - 23
kohn a . a . ( 1992 ) . chronological taxonomy of conus , 1758 - 1840 . smithsonian institution press , washington and london .
this page was last modified on 4 may 2016 , at 12 : 10 .
this article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .


the eugeneodontida are an extinct and poorly known order of bizarre cartilaginous fishes .

they possessed a unique " tooth-whorl " on the symphysis of the lower jaw and pectoral fins supported by long radials .

now determined to be within the holocephali , their closest living relatives are ratfish .

the meaning of the name eugeneodont correlates to " true origin teeth " , and comes from the greek eu ( good/true ) , geneos ( race , kind , origin ) , and odon ( tooth ) .

members of the eugeneodontida are further classified into different families , the most well-preserved members that have been discovered are commonly placed within the families helicoprionidae ( " spiral saws " ) , and edestidae ( " those which devour " ) , the former containing the genera helicoprion , sarcoprion , and parahelicoprion , and the latter containing the genera edestus , listracanthus , and metaxyacanthus .

all eugeneodonts are thought to be obligate carnivores , with each genus having specialized feeding behaviors , territory ranges , and specific prey .

eugeneodontida

no one has contributed data records for eugeneodontida yet . learn how to contribute .
before we talk about eugeneodontida as a whole , let’s talk about their most famous member .
helicoprion belonged to an order of cartilaginous fish called eugeneodontida . while originally thought of as sharks , more recent anatomical discoveries place them closer to chimeridae , commonly known as chimeras , rabbitfish , or ratfish , a more obscure family of cartilaginous fish .
eugeneodontida is an extinct and poorly known order of bizarre sharks . they possessed a unique
tooth - whorl
on the symphysis of the lower jaw as well as pectoral fins supported by long radials . the palatoquadrate was either fused to the skull or reduced . it is possible that they may belong to holocephali .
eugeneodontida is an extinct and poorly known order of bizarre sharks . they possessed a unique
tooth - worl
on the symphysis of the lower jaw as well as pectoral fins supported by long radials . the palatoquadrate was either fused to the skull or reduced . it is possible that they may belong to holocephali .
members of eugeneodontida are further classified into different families , the most well - preserved members that have been discovered are commonly placed within the families helicoprionidae (
spiral saws
) , and edestidae (
those which devour
) , the former containing the genera helicoprion , sarcoprion and parahelicoprion , and the latter containing the genera edestus , listracanthus and metaxyacanthus . all eugeneodonts are thought to be obligate carnivores , with each genera having specialized feeding behaviors , territory ranges and specific prey .
the chondrichthyes are characterized by a special type of hard tissue lining the cartilages of the endoskeleton : the prismatic calcified cartilage . another chondrichthyan characteristic is the pelvic clasper , as special copulatory organ derived from the metapterygium , i . e . the posterior part of the pelvic fin . a pelvic clasper may , however , be present in the fossil placodermi . chondrichthyans include two major extant clades , the elasmobranchii and the holocephali , and a number of fossil clades ( cladoselachidae , symmoriida , xenacanthiformes , iniopterygia , eugeneodontida ) which may fall outside these two clades .
eugeneodontida is an extinct and poorly known order of bizarre cartilaginous fishes . they possessed a unique
tooth - whorl
on the symphysis of the lower jaw as well as pectoral fins supported by long radials . the palatoquadrate was either fused to the skull or reduced . now determined to be within holocephali , their closest living relatives are ratfish . the meaning of the name eugeneodont correlates to
true origin teeth
, and comes from the greek words eu ( good / true ) , geneos ( race , kind , origin ) and odon ( tooth . )
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full reference : r . zangerl . 1981 . chondrichthyes i : paleozoic elasmobranchii . handbook of paleoichthyology 3a
see also cappetta 1987 , ginter et al . 2010 , goto and okura 2004 , nelson 2006 , sepkoski 2002 and zangerl 1981
catherine sutera added the english common name
shark
to
helicoprion karpinsky 1899
.
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of the lower jaw as well as pectoral fins supported by long radials . the
were discovered . the first specimen suggests an animal that reached 10 meters in length , while the second specimen , nicknamed
bois
, suggests an animal that exceed 12 meters . this suggests that this species of
tapanila l . ; pruitt j . ; pradel a . ; wilga c . ; ramsay j . ; schlader r . ; didier d . ( 2013 ) .
jaws for a spiral - tooth whorl : ct images reveal novel adaptation and phylogeny in fossil helicoprion
.
jstor : journal of paleontology vol . 70 , no . 1 ( jan . , 1996 ) , pp . 162 - 165
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jstor : journal of paleontologyvol . 70 , no . 1 ( jan . , 1996 ) , pp . 162 - 165
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the tooth system of the eugeneodontids varies widely , however , most have a parasymphysial tooth whorl . the upper maxillary teeth are displaced to the lower surface of the jaw . the body is spindle - shaped , with the sufficiently long tail section .
lateral teeth usually pressing , polyconic , in the form transverse numbers , different size for the elongation of jaw ( for example , caseodus and fadenia have the largest according to the sizes teeth they are located approximately in the middle the branch of lower jaw ) . sometimes , apparently , lateral teeth can be lost , as evidenced by the presence of individual fossil teeth being recovered .
the position of the spiral tooth - whorl on symphysis is disputed by some scientists ( there is , for example , the opinion that the spiral was fastened by some means in the region of throat , being the derivative of throaty teeth - it is more accurate , the kinks of the mucous membrane of throat , similar structures exist in bony fishes and primitive sharks ) . at the same time , fossilized skulls are known with the symphysial teeth clearly preserved in the same position that they would be when the creature was still alive . in some forms , probably , there are large symphysial arcs in both jaws .
gill arcs are located behind the cerebral box , as in sharks , but their number is relatively small , five . probably , in life , there were separate gill slots , however the presence of gill covers is not proven .
the postcranial skeleton is known mostly by fossilized remains of fadenia ( permian of greenland ) , the exterior view of other representatives of group could be different . the free part of the metapterigiya goes all the way back to the limits of fin ( structure as in many paleozoic sharks ) .
there is one dorsal fin , located directly above the shoulder girdle . there are no abdominal and anal fins . the skeleton of caseodus , a more poorly understood genus , is very similar in structure .
caseodontoidea : caseodontoidea includes the families of eugeneodontidae and caseodontidae . they are characterized by the transverse - comb - like or inflated symphyseal teeth . a well - preserved fossil specimen , fadenia from the carboniferous and permian of greenland and north america , was a relatively middle - sized ( about 1 . 5 meters in length ) fish .
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…a species of eugenodontid holocephalid cartilaginous fish that lived in what would be greenland during the permian period . like other agassizodontids sarcoprion had a unique “tooth - whorl” on its lower jaw , the function of this whorl is still largely unknown .
has there been any
discourse
on the identification of eugenodonts ? because , i mean - they just look so impractical .
in 1899 , the above fossil was discovered in the ural mountains of russia , depicting a spiral - shaped whorl of teeth resembling a circular saw . the teeth resembled those of a shark , but paleontologists were uncertain of how this tooth - whorl would operate , or how it would fit into the animal’s anatomy . they named it helicoprion ( ”spiral saw” ) , and began working on a century - long puzzle as to its true shape .
the animal had an extended lower jaw shaped like a pizza cutter , used to “saw” flesh off of much larger prey .
the animal’s lower jaw was a coiled - up tentacle - like structure , capable of lashing out at prey like a whip .
the animal was actually more ray - like than shark - like , with a spiral - shaped tooth - lined throat used to grind up small prey .
it wasn’t until the discovery of a more completely preserved specimen of one of helicoprion ’s relatives that the true nature of the animal was revealed . the “tooth - whorl” was actually a preserved growth ring ; the large , exterior teeth would gradually be worn down and replaced by the smaller , still - growing inner teeth . the top of this ring protruded at the front of the lower jaw .
the purpose of the “tooth - whorl” is still not entirely known . it’s possible that it was used to snag soft - bodied animals , like jellyfish or cephalopods . it might also have been used to slice small bits of flesh off of larger , slow - moving prey .
the eugeneodonts had a near - global distribution from the early carboniferous to the late triassic periods , with fossils known from russia , greenland , china , and the americas . they were united by the presence of “tooth - whorls” , but these whorls looked quite different from species to species .
parahelicoprion had sharp - edged , protruding teeth that may have been used to wound fast - moving prey .
sarcoprion had a row of teeth on its snout running parallel to its tooth - whorl , said to have been used to snatch up small prey and grind them to death - something that strikes me as needlessly sensationalist . i personally believe that it “ratcheted” small animals into its mouth with a series of rapid jaw movements , like the modern nemichthydae .
one of the largest eugeneodonts was the late carboniferous species edestus , which grew to the same size as a modern great white shark . it lacked a tooth - whorl , instead possessing twin rows of teeth that have drawn frequent comparisons to pinking shears . like helicoprion , only its teeth have been found , so much of its appearance is unknown ; the shark - like reconstruction above is highly speculative .
the eugeneodonts are believed to have been the dominant marine predators during the early triassic , until the rise and diversification of the ichthyosaurs drove them to extinction . their living relatives have a worldwide distribution , including the deep - sea abyss , but have never been as well - known or popular as the other members of the class chondrichthyes - the sharks , rays , skates , and sawfish .
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taxon name is the
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scientific name ,
the
data
that is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .
taxon term is the data value of either a classification term (
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the gnathostomata , or gnathostomes , are the majority of the middle devonian ( - 380 million years ago ) to recent vertebrates . they differ from all other craniates or vertebrates in having a vertically biting device , the jaws , which consist of an endoskeletal mandibular arch and a variety of exoskeletal grasping , crushing , or shearing organs , i . e . the teeth , and jaw bones . among recent vertebrates , the gnathostomes include sharks , rays , chimaeras , ray - finned fishes , lobe - finned fishes and land vertebrates .
extant gnathostomes fall into two major clades , the chondrichthyes and osteichthyes . in addition , there are two extinct major gnathostome clades , the placodermi ( early silurian - late devonian ) and the acanthodii ( latest ordovician or earliest silurian - early permian ) . there may be other fossil gnathostome taxa which fall outside of these four taxa . this could be the case for the mongolepida , only known from isolated scales from the early silurian , and which are provisionally assigned to the chondrichthyans , yet with great reservations .
the osteichthyes are characterized by endochondral (
spongy
) bone in the endoskeleton , dermal fin rays made up by lepidotrichiae ( modified , tile - shaped scales ) , and three pairs of tooth - bearing dermal bones lining the jaws ( dentary , premaxillary and maxillary ) . the osteichthyes include two major clades , the actinopterygii and the sarcopterygii .
the placodermi are characterized by a dermal armor consisting of a head armor and a thoracic armor . in the thoracic armor , the foremost dermal plates form a complete
ring
around the body and always include at least one median dorsal plate .
the acanthodii are characterized by dermal spines inserted in front of all fins but the caudal one . they also possess minute , growing scales which have a special onion - like structure , i . e . the crown consists of overlying layers of dentine or mesodentine .
superclass agnatha ( the jawless fish that excludes the gnathostomata ) class hyperoartia : a group of vertebrates that comprises modern lampreys and close fossil relatives .
( cartilaginous fishes ) , actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) , and sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fishes ) .
( the jawed cartilaginous fishes including subclass elasmobranchii ( sharks , rays and skates ) and subclass holocephali ( chimaeras , sometimes called ghost sharks ) .
superclass osteichthyes : the group of fishes that includes both ray - finned fish ( actinopterygii ) and lobe - finned fish ( sarcopterygii ) .
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hi , i ' m andrew and i’m just a simple zoology student and crustacean researcher from ohio . this blog centers around animal ids so feel free to send me any unknown species ( and its location ) that you have and i will take my best shot at iding it ! i also occasionally post random zoology / animal factoid things . disclamer : none of the pictures are mine unless stated
ideally this will one day go up to order / suborder / superfamily and encompass extinct and extant taxa… . hopefully
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how helicoprion used its whorl has also been another matter of debate with a variety of theories ranging from the whorl being used as a lash against fish ,  to a rasp that cut its way through the shells of ammonites with a sawing motion .  however even a casual look at the fossil tooth whorls reveals that the teeth have a surprising little amount of wear ,  and since helicoprion and relative genera are not thought to have had such a fast replacement of teeth modern day sharks ,  there is now new speculation that helicoprion were predators of soft bodied organisms such as molluscs ,  especially cephalopods such as octopuses . it may now only be a matter of time before more cartilaginous remains of helicoprion are discovered , as other creatures with cartilaginous remains from genera such as cladoselache , fadenia and stethacanthus amongst a growing number of many others are being found .
further reading - ueber die reste von edestiden und die neue gattung helicoprion . - verhandlungen der kaiserlichen russischen mineralogischen gesellschaft zu st . petersburg , zweite series 36 : 1 - 111 - a . karpinsky - 1899 . - a new genus and species of fossil shark related to edestus leidy . - science 26 ( 653 ) : 22 - 24 - o . p . hay - 1907 . - helicoprion ivanovi , n . sp . bulletin de l ' academie des sciences de russie 16 : 369 - 378 - a . karpinsky - 1922 . - helicoprion in the anthracolithic ( late paleozoic ) of nevada and california , and its stratigraphic significance . - journal of paleontology 13 ( 1 ) : 103 - 114 - harry e . wheeler - 1939 . - helicoprion from elko county , nevada . - journal of paleontology 29 ( 5 ) : 918–919 . - e . r . larson & j . b . scott - 1955 . - new investigations on helicoprion from the phosphoria formation of south - east idaho , usa . - kongelige danske videnskabernes selskab , biologiske skrifter 14 ( 5 ) : 1 - 54 - s . e . bendix - almgreen - 1966 . - the first record of helicoprion karpinsky ( helicoprionidae ) from china . - chinese science bulletin 52 ( 16 ) : 2246–2251 . - xiao - hong chen , long cheng , kai - guo yin - 2007 . - the orthodonty of helicoprion . - national museum of natural history . smithsonian institution . p . 1 . - robert w . purdy - 2008 . - a new specimen of helicoprion karpinsky , 1899 from kazakhstanian cisurals and a new reconstruction of its tooth whorl position and function . - acta zoologica 90 : 171–182 . - o . a . lebedev - 2009 . - jaws for a spiral - tooth whorl : ct images reveal novel adaptation and phylogeny in fossil helicoprion . - biology letters 9 ( 2 ) : 20130057 - l . tapanila , j . pruitt , a . pradel , c . d . wilga , j . b . ramsay , r . schlader & d . a . didier - 2013 .
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