{"id": 4, "summary": [{"text": "the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is a species of boa described in may 2016 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is only known from the conception island bank in the bahamas .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is the first known discovery of a west indian boa species in 73 years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is named for its unique silver color . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "conception bank silver boa", "paragraphs": ["the silver boa was discovered on conception island bank , which comprises uninhabited conception island and its satellite islets .\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentums ) . image credit : graham reynolds .\nthe conception bank silver boa . image credit : alberto r . puente - rolon .\na close up of the new conception bank silver boa . photo credit : graham reynolds\nthe bahamian silver boa or conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) . photo by graham reynolds / unc - ashville . | lizards and snakes | pinterest\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is named for its color and the fact it was first found on a silver palm tree .\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is named for its color and the fact it was first found on a silver palm tree .\ndr . reynolds and his colleagues named this new species chilabothrus argentums and gave it the common name conception bank silver boa .\nfortunately for the silver boa , all islands on the conception island bank are national parkland , and visitors to the area are relatively rare .\nit was discovered on conception island bank . photograph : graham reynolds / university of north carolina asheville\nthe scientists named the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) , based on both its color and the fact it was first found on an aptly named silver palm tree . a study on the species appeared in the journal breviora .\nthe silver boa , chilabothrus argentum , is so named because of its distinctive metallic colour and the fact that the first specimen found was climbing a silver palm tree .\nthe conception bank silver boa averages about 37 to 43 inches ( 0 . 95 \u2013 1 . 1 m ) in length from the tip of its snout to the urogenital vent . the tail is about 8 inches ( 20 cm ) long .\nthe snake is threatened by natural disasters , the illegal pet trade and feral cats , of which many can be found on conception island bank . the good news for this species is all islands on the conception island bank are national parkland , and visitors to the islands is rare .\n\u201cthe beautiful bahamian silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made . \u201d\nits latin name is chilabothrus argentum , argentum being latin for ' silver . ' graham reynolds says it ' s a beautiful new species of silver boa and he told voa that\nfinding a new boa is extremely rare , especially in a well - studied region like the caribbean .\nr . graham reynolds et al . 2016 . discovery of a remarkable new boa from the conception island bank , bahamas . breviora 549 : 1 - 19 ; doi : 10 . 3099 / brvo - 549 - 00 - 1 - 19 . 1\na team of researchers led by dr . graham reynolds from the university of north carolina asheville has discovered a new species of non - venomous boid snake on the conception island bank , bahamas .\nthe three other bahamian boa species look different from the newfound species , with dark splotches and stripes . the silver boa is not only paler , it also\u2014unlike the others\u2014lives in trees , where it feeds mostly on birds .\nthus , the entire silver boa population , which the team estimates to be fewer than a thousand animals , is found only in one small patch of earth .\ncaptured silver boas were electronically tagged by the scientists before being freed back into their forest home .\nthis makes the species vulnerable to extinction , and reynolds and his colleagues believe the silver boa should be designated as critically endangered by the international union for conservation of nature .\n\u201cthis new species occurs on a group of islands that have never been connected to any of the other islands in the bahamas , \u201d says reynolds . \u201cas far as we know , they only occur on conception island bank and nowhere else . \u201d\n\u201cthis new species occurs on a group of islands that have never been connected to any of the other islands in the bahamas , \u201d says reynolds . \u201cas far as we know , they only occur on conception island bank and nowhere else . \u201d ( see\nwhy we were totally wrong about how boa constrictors kill .\n)\nthis snake is considered critically endangered and is one of the most endangered boa species globally .\na new species of boa constrictor has been discovered on a remote island in the bahamas .\nr . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez and nicholas c . herrmann . 2016 . discovery of a remarkable new boa from the conception island bank , bahamas . breviora . 549 ; 1 - 19 . doi : 10 . 3099 / brvo - 549 - 00 - 1 - 19 . 1\nanother silver boa had come down from the forest and crawled right over him as he slept . they ' d located their sixth specimen , and dna analyses back at the lab confirmed the snake was a new species .\n\u201cgraham reynolds and his co - authors have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy , \u201d said robert henderson , a boa expert with the milwaukee museum of natural history . \u201cthe beautiful bahamian silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made . \u201d\n\u201cthe beautiful silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made , and it provides the people of the bahamas another reason to be proud of the natural wonders of their island nation . \u201d\nthe proof came when genetic tests came back from a harvard lab , confirming that the silver boa was in fact a different species that - just like darwin ' s finches on the gal\u00e1pagos islands - had been evolving in isolation for several million years .\nthis new boa is just one of the hundreds , perhaps thousands of new species that are discovered every year .\nray agrees that despite living in a refuge , the boa is still in danger\u2014in particular from feral cats and dogs .\naccording to the scientists , the description of this new snake brings the total number of west indian boa species to 12 .\nthe slithery addition to the boidae ( boa ) family is described in this week ' s edition of the journal breviora .\n) , based on both its color and the fact it was first found on an aptly named silver palm tree . a study on the species appeared in the journal breviora .\n\u201cthis study represents the first new in situ discovery of a west indian boa species in 73 years , \u201d the scientists said .\nexpedition member alberto puente - rol\u00f3n , an expert on caribbean boas , agreed that the animal appeared unlike any species of known boa .\nexpedition member alberto puente - rol\u00f3n , an expert on caribbean boas , agreed that the animal appeared unlike any species of known boa .\nit has unique color among bahamian boa species . the upper ( or dorsal ) surface of the body is silver gray to very light tan , occasionally with a very faint gray dorsal stripe extending the length of the spine with jagged edges and occasional interruption . the lower ( ventral ) surface is pure cream white with no markings or other coloration .\n\u201cas dr reynolds slept , a boa crawled down from the forest , across the beach , and directly onto his head , \u201d the report revealed .\nso the team went searching for more boas , finding four more snakes before settling down to sleep on the beach at conception island . but it turns out the boas weren ' t ready to call it a night .\nthe reptile faces threats such as natural disasters ( which could wipe out the entire population ) ; poaching for the pet trade ; and feral cats , which exist on conception island and are known to prey on boas elsewhere in the bahamas .\nlike other constricting snakes , the boa wraps its body around prey and causes death by suffocation . the staple diet of boas in the bahamas consists of frogs , birds and rats .\nso the team went searching for more boas , finding four more snakes before settling down to sleep on the beach at conception island . but it turns out the boas weren ' t ready to call it a night . ( see\nextremely rare fishing snakes discovered .\n)\n\u201cgraham reynolds and his co - authors have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy .\n\u201creynolds et al . have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy , \u201d he said .\nthe reptile faces threats such as natural disasters ( which could wipe out the entire population ) ; poaching for the pet trade ; and feral cats , which exist on conception island and are known to prey on boas elsewhere in the bahamas . ( also see\nisland ' s feral cats kill surprisingly few birds , video shows .\n)\ncommenting on the find , boa constrictor expert robert henderson , from the milwaukee museum of natural history , said : \u201cworldwide , new species of frogs and lizards are being discovered and described with some regularity . new species of snakes , however , are much rarer .\nresearch describing the new snake is published in the may 2016 issue of the journal breviora .\n\u201cit has been at least 58 years since the in situ discovery of new populations of taxonomically distinct boas in the region , the last being the report in 1957 of boas on margaret cay , ragged islands , bahamas . \u201d\n\u201cworldwide , new species of frogs and lizards are being discovered and described with some regularity . new species of snakes , however , are much rarer , \u201d said dr . robert henderson from the milwaukee museum of natural history , one of the world\u2019s experts on boas .\n\u201cwe found this species on its way to extinction , and now we have the opportunity to intervene on their behalf so that doesn\u2019t happen , \u201d dr . reynolds added .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\nthe shiny reptile likely numbers only a thousand individuals in its remote bahamas habitat , experts say .\non an uninhabited island in the southern bahamas , a scientist noticed a snake that shined like metal as it climbed a tree .\n\u201cwe all came to take a look at it , and it was instantly clear that this was something different , \u201d says biologist r . graham reynolds , part of the scientific team exploring the remote islands .\n\u201csometime around 3 : 30 in the morning , i woke up to something crawling across my face , \u201d says reynolds , now a biologist at the university of north carolina , asheville .\n\u201cthis discovery is significant because of how well - studied many parts of the bahamas are , especially in terms of herpetology , \u201d says julie ray , director of the conservation group team snake panama .\nevery year , thousands of snakes gather at the narcisse snake dens in manitoba , canada .\nreynolds and his colleagues are working with the bahamas national trust , which administers the national parks , on strategies to protect the species .\n\u201call efforts should be made to restrict the number of dogs on the island and how freely they are allowed to roam , \u201d says ray .\n\u201cmore importantly , an attempt should be made to remove the feral cats from this protected natural area because they are not native predators . \u201d\nscientists identified 20 of the snakes during two expeditions to the caribbean . photograph : graham reynolds / pa\nscientists identified 20 of the metre - long snakes during two expeditions to the caribbean islands , the second made in october last year .\none of the creatures made a dramatic appearance by slithering on to the head of the expedition leader as he slept .\nthe us team led by dr graham reynolds , from harvard university , confirmed the snake was a previously unknown species after conducting a genetic analysis of tissue samples .\nthe snake is said to be critically endangered . photograph : graham reynolds / university of north carolina asheville\na report from harvard university described how , during the first expedition , one of the snakes introduced itself to dr reynolds while he and his colleagues were sleeping on a beach .\n\u201cthis caused him to awake with a start , and upon realising what had happened , he awoke the others . \u201d\nthe creature is said to be critically endangered according to the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s \u201cred list\u201d criteria , and threatened by feral cats that roam the island .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\na group of university biologists surveying a remote island in the bahamas have stumbled upon a new and possibly extremely rare new snake species .\nthe university of north carolina biologist also told voa the snake is likely to be highly endangered and efforts are already being made to ensure its survival in the wild .\nas soon as we saw the first specimen ,\nreynolds says ,\nwe knew it was something different - we just didn ' t know how different .\nhis team , which included biologists from harvard , massachusetts , and puerto rico , was instantly struck by\nthe coloration , body shape , head shape , and body size [ which ] were all different - looking than the hundreds of other boas of the other species we have seen .\nbut the snakes aren ' t alone on the island . it ' s also full of non - native feral cats , and reynolds told voa he ' s\nconfident\nthey ' re eating his new species .\nright now his team is doing more research ,\ntrying to document the presence of cats using camera traps and identify ways to remove them from the island .\nreynolds and his team are also providing data to the bahamas national trust in the hopes that they can quickly establish a conservation program .\nreynolds confirmed that the snake is indeed a new species based on a genetic analysis of tissue samples from the reptile .\nchilabothrus argentum lives in trees and feeds primarily on birds . reynolds believes the snake should be considered critically endangered and should appear on the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s \u201cred list . \u201d\nusfws will render a decision on the narrow headed garter snake and the northern mexican garter snake in fiscal year 2014 .\nopheodrys vernalis were hatched as part of breeding program in conjunction with lake county forest preserve district .\nthis page requires javascript . it seems that your browser does not have javascript enabled . please enable javascript and press the reload / refresh button on your browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou ' re currently viewing our forum as a guest . this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can ' t use . if you join our community , you ' ll be able to access member - only sections , and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls . registration is simple , fast , and completely free .\non an uninhabited island in the southern bahamas , a scientist noticed a snake that shined like metal as it climbed a tree .\n\u201cwe all came to take a look at it , and it was instantly clear that this was something different , \u201d says biologist r . graham reynolds , part of the scientific team exploring the remote islands .\n\u201cthis discovery is significant because of how well - studied many parts of the bahamas are , especially in terms of herpetology , \u201d says julie ray , director of the conservation group team snake panama .\nreynolds and his colleagues are working with the bahamas national trust , which administers the national parks , on strategies to protect the species .\nr . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez and nicholas c . herrmann . 2016 .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreynolds , r . graham , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\nreynolds , puente - rol\u00f3n , geneva , aviles - rodriguez & herrmann . 2016\nreynolds , r . g . , m . l . niemiller , s . b . hedges , a . dornburg , a . r . puente - rol\u00f3n , and l . j . revell . 2013 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of west indian boid snakes ( chilabothrus ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 68 : 461\u2013470 .\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2013 ] vanda perplexa \u2022 a new species ( or . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2016 ] thismia tectipora \u2022 a new , unusual . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2014 ] four new species of nepenthes l . ( . . .\n[ crustacea \u2022 2016 ] thalassina pratas \u2022 a new mud l . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2014 ] aerides phongii \u2022 a new species of . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2016 ] nepenthes aenigma & n . justinae \u2022 . . .\n[ entomology \u2022 2016 ] six , not two , species of aciso . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa ."]}
{"id": 36, "summary": [{"text": "the manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to the admiralty islands of papua new guinea .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "manus monarch", "paragraphs": ["the manus monarch was originally placed in the genus monarcha until moved to symposiachrus in 2009 . alternate names include the admiralty islands monarch , admiralty monarch , admiralty pied monarch , somber monarch and unhappy monarch .\nmanus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the monarchidae family .\nthe manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae . it is endemic to the admiralty islands of papua new guinea .\nfile : black - naped monarch ( hypothymis puella puella ) female on nest . jpg\nfemale pale - blue monarch on a nest constructed on a fork in a tree .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near - threatened . restricted - range species : present in admiralty islands eba . scarce or locally common . fairly common on manus , . . .\neiao monarch , pomarea fluxa \u2013 extinct ( late 1970s ) . formerly included in p . mendozae\nnuku hiva monarch , pomarea nukuhivae \u2013 extinct ( 20th century ) . formerly included in p . iphis\nua pou monarch , pomarea mira \u2013 extinct ( c . 1986 ) . formerly included in p . mendozae\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe monarch flycatchers ( monarchidae ) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills , shrikebills , paradise flycatchers , and magpie - larks .\nthe monarch flycatchers ( monarchidae ) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills , shrikebills , paradise - flycatchers , and magpie - larks .\nall monarch - flycatchers are arboreal and insectivorous . they forage by gleaning and snatching arthropods from vegetation or , in true flycatcher fashion , they sally after flying insects . monarchids are typically . . .\n14\u00b75\u201315 cm . a small to medium - sized pied monarch with white tail , thin and narrow bill . nominate race has black face , forehead and forecrown to side of neck , bluish - . . .\nthe nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is an open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nthe nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is a open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nmonarch - flycatchers may be uncommon or abundant , depending on the species and its requirements , and on environmental factors . near armidale , in south - eastern australia , the population density of leaden flycatchers . . .\nmonarch - flycatchers are predominantly birds of the old world tropics , where they are found in sub - saharan africa , madagascar , southern asia , wallacea and australasia and on islands in the indian and pacific . . .\nlist of species of the monarch - flycatchers ( monarchidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .\nthe monarch - flycatcher family , as presently defined , is a diverse group of small , slim - bodied , generally active arboreal birds , many of which are handsomely plumaged . its members range in size from the warbler - like . . .\nmore recently , the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic . the narrower ' core corvine ' group now comprises the crows and ravens , shrikes , birds of paradise , fantails , monarch flycatchers , drongos and mudnest builders .\nmore recently , the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic . the narrower ' core corvine ' group now comprises the crows and ravens , shrikes , birds of paradise , fantails , monarch flycatchers , drongos and mudnest builders . [ 8 ]\nthe majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats . species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but , in denser forest , live in the middle and lower levels . other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves , and the terrestrial magpie - lark occurs in most australian habitats except the driest deserts .\nthe majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats . species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but , in denser forest , live in the middle and lower levels . other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves , and the terrestrial magpie - lark occurs in most australian habitats except the driest deserts .\nwhile the majority of monarch flycatchers are resident , a few species are partially migratory and one , the satin flycatcher , is fully migratory , although the japanese paradise flycatcher is almost entirely migratory . the asian paradise flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics , and the african paradise flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra - african migratory movements .\nthe monarch - flycatchers are generally monogamous , with the pair bonds ranging from just a single season ( as in the african paradise - flycatcher ) to life ( the elepaio ) . only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding ; but many species are as yet unstudied . they are generally territorial , defending territories that are around 2 ha in size , but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together . nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species , for example leaden flycatchers nests may be located near the nests of the aggressive noisy friarbird . [ 4 ] the nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is an open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nwhile the majority of monarch - flycatchers are resident , a few species are partially migratory and one , the satin flycatcher , is fully migratory , although the japanese paradise - flycatcher is almost entirely migratory . the asian paradise - flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics , and the african paradise - flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra - african migratory movements .\ncoates , b . , dutson , g . & filardi , c . ( 2018 ) . monarch - flycatchers ( monarchidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe monarch flycatchers have a mostly old world distribution . in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa , madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean . they also occur in south and southeastern asia , north to japan , down to new guinea and most of australia . the family has managed to reach many pacific islands , and several endemic genera occur across micronesia , melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\nthe monarch flycatchers have an mostly old world distribution . in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa , madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean . they also occur in south and southeastern asia , north to japan , down to new guinea and most of australia . the family has managed to reach many pacific islands , and several endemic genera occur across micronesia , melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .\nthe ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .\nioc world bird list 8 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1\nioc world bird list 8 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 1\nioc world bird list 7 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 4\nioc world bird list 6 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nioc world bird list 6 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 1\nioc world bird list 5 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 4\nioc world bird list 5 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 3\nioc world bird list 5 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 2\nioc world bird list 5 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 1\nioc world bird list 4 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 4\nioc world bird list 4 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 3\nioc world bird list 4 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 2\nioc world bird list 4 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 1\nioc world bird list 3 . 5 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 5\nioc world bird list 3 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 4\nioc world bird list 3 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 3\nioc world bird list 3 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 2\nioc world bird list 3 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 1\ngill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nrace coultasi distinctive , with white rump and most of uppertail ( 3 ) , reduced white on wing - coverts ( 1 ) and tendency to form complete white collar ( 1 ) ; further study needed . two subspecies recognized .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\nsong a series of high - pitched whistles ; long , low whistle and harsh chattering or grating scolding . . .\nno information on diet . usually solitary or in pairs . forages at lower to middle levels in forest trees . forages with tumbling flycatching . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in monarcha , but genetic studies # r # r indicate that such treatment renders monarcha polyphyletic , so separate genera required # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species is classified as near threatened because it is thought to have a moderately small population which is likely to be declining owing to ongoing logging activities .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : symposiachrus infelix . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 585 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nenglish french online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\naccording to some authors , all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized , for example , black - crowned night heron .\nmonarque triste : nom fran\u00e7ais uniformis\u00e9 par la commission internationale des noms fran\u00e7ais des oiseaux .\nselon certains auteurs , les noms des esp\u00e8ces d ' oiseaux acqui\u00e8rent une valeur de nom propre ; tous les substantifs g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de m\u00eame que tous les qualificatifs sp\u00e9cifiques qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent le substantif g\u00e9n\u00e9rique doivent prendre la majuscule , par exemple : p\u00e9trel minime , petit butor .\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nfollowing the taxonomy applied to hbw alive , derived from the recently published hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , this family now contains species that were formerly considered to comprise the family mudlarks ( grallinidae ) . see link for information on this group .\nonly subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsmall to medium - sized passerines with broad - based , often deeply compressed bill , usually slender legs with strongly curved claws , some species with greatly elongated central rectrices ; plumage variable , from modest to brightly coloured , often with rufous , grey , white or black , some species glossy blue .\nthe broad flat bill , the stiff bristles around the nares , and a general similarity in hunting behaviour led early ornithologists to group the world\u2019s numerous \u201cflycatcher\u201d radiations together . with more detailed morphological studies and , later , molecular analyses , these gross similarities . . .\nonly members are able to see the rest of the text . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now .\nmonarchids of both sexes are vocal birds , although , in the case of many sexually dimorphic species , songs are given only by the male . generally , the songs are whistled and the calls are harsh or raspy , . . .\nthe diet of all monarchids that have been sufficiently well studied consists predominantly of insects and small spiders ( araneae ) . this is likely to be true for the family as a whole , although the food . . .\nthe breeding habits of about one third of the species in the family are well known or moderately well known . for the remainder , however , little or , in some cases , no information is available . the nests and / or eggs of some 30 of the family\u2019s 97 species are still undescribed .\nthe majority of the monarchidae are residents or sedentary tropical species , but eight species are migratory or partly migratory . typically , migratory species , including the japanese paradise - flycatcher and the . . .\nlargely as a result of their small size , their forest habitats and their unremarkable calls , monarchs have a very limited relationship with humans . the paradise - flycatchers are visually the most spectacular members . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to access to a lot of extra features !\na detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .\nyou don ' t have any subscription to the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nmonarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails . they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa , south - east asia , australasia and a number of pacific islands . only a few species migrate . many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen . [ 1 ]\nmany of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups , largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour . the magpie - lark , for example , was assigned to the same family as the white - winged chough , since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter . the australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere ( they have a similar diet and behaviour ) , and so on .\nwith the new insights generated by the dna - dna hybridisation studies of sibley and his co - workers toward the end of the 20th century , however , it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor : the same crow - like ancestor that gave rise to the drongos . [ 5 ] on that basis they have been included as a subfamily of the dicruridae , along with the fantails , [ 6 ] although christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae . [ 7 ]\nthe monarchs are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines , many of which hunt by flycatching .\nfile : asian paradise flycatcher ( terpsiphone paradisi ) - male w img 9283 . jpg\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) .\nontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in madagascar paradise flycatchers\nmarchant , s ( 1983 ) .\nsuggested nesting association between leaden flycatchers and noisy friarbirds\n.\nsibley , charles gald & ahlquist , jon edward ( 1990 ) : phylogeny and classification of birds . yale university press , new haven , conn .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; christie , d . , eds . ( 2006 ) .\nthis article is part of project bird families , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird family , including made - up families .\nthis article is part of project bird taxonomy , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on every order , family and other taxonomic rank related to birds .\nthis page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ) . please help by writing it in the style of all birds wiki !\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nsongbirds with long tails . they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa , south - east asia , australasia and a number of pacific islands . only a few species migrate . many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen .\n) . only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding ; but many species are as yet unstudied . they are generally\nmany of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups , largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour . the magpie - lark , for example , was assigned to the same family as the white - winged chough , since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter . the australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere ( they have a similar diet and behaviour ) , and so on .\nalthough christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae .\nthe monarchs are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines , many of which hunt by flycatching .\ngarnett , stephen ( 1991 ) . forshaw , joseph , ed . encyclopaedia of animals : birds . london : merehurst press . pp . 200\u2013201 . isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\nduston , guy ( 2006 ) .\nthe pacific shrikebills ( clytorhynchus ) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis\n( pdf ) . bulletin of the british ornithological club 126 ( 4 ) : 299\u2013308 .\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) .\nontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in madagascar paradise flycatchers terpsiphone mutata\n. journal of avian biology 33 ( 4 ) : 342\u2013348 . doi : 10 . 1034 / j . 1600 - 048x . 2002 . 02888 . x .\nmarchant , s ( 1983 ) .\nsuggested nesting association between leaden flycatchers and noisy friarbirds\n. emu 83 ( 2 ) : 119\u2013122 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mu9830119 .\nchristidis , l . ; boles , w . e . ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : raou .\nchristidis , l . ; boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . canberra : csiro publishing . p . 174 . isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 06511 - 6 .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj . assembling the tree of life . new york : oxford univ . press . pp . 468\u201389 . isbn 0 - 19 - 517234 - 5 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; christie , d . , eds . ( 2006 ) . handbook of the birds of the world , volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . barcelona : lynx edicions . isbn 84 - 96553 - 06 - x .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe satin flycatcher is fully migratory , breeding in southern australia and migrating to northern australia and new guinea .\n, defending territories that are around 2 ha in size , but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together . nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species , for example\nasian paradise flycatcher terpsiphone paradisi male at ananthagiri hills , in rangareddy district of andhra pradesh , india .\ngarnett , stephen ( 1991 ) . forshaw , joseph . ed . encyclopaedia of animals : birds . london : merehurst press . pp . 200\u2013201 . isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\nduston , guy ( 2006 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >\nthe pacific shrikebills ( clytorhynchus ) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis\n] ( pdf ) . bulletin of the british ornithological club 126 ( 4 ) : 299\u2013308 .\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) . [\n^ sibley , charles gald & ahlquist , jon edward ( 1990 ) : phylogeny and classification of birds . yale university press , new haven , conn .\nchristidis l , boles we ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : raou .\nchristidis l , boles we ( 2008 ) . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . canberra : csiro publishing . pp . 174 . isbn 9780643065116 .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj . assembling the tree of life . new york : oxford univ . press . pp . 468\u201389 . isbn 0195172345 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . & christie d . ( editors ) . ( 2006 ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions . isbn 849655306x .\nune fen\u00eatre ( pop - into ) d ' information ( contenu principal de sensagent ) est invoqu\u00e9e un double - clic sur n ' importe quel mot de votre page web . la fen\u00eatre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles , c ' est - \u00e0 - dire sans obliger votre visiteur \u00e0 quitter votre page web !\nles jeux de lettre fran\u00e7ais sont : \u25cb anagrammes \u25cb jokers , mots - crois\u00e9s \u25cb lettris \u25cb boggle .\nlettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de tetris . chaque lettre qui appara\u00eet descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle mani\u00e8re que des mots se forment ( gauche , droit , haut et bas ) et que de la place soit lib\u00e9r\u00e9e .\nil s ' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres . il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases . les lettres doivent \u00eatre adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs . participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! jouer\nla plupart des d\u00e9finitions du fran\u00e7ais sont propos\u00e9es par sensegates et comportent un approfondissement avec littr\u00e9 et plusieurs auteurs techniques sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s . le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout d\u00e9riv\u00e9 du dictionnaire int\u00e9gral ( tid ) . l ' encyclop\u00e9die fran\u00e7aise b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie de la licence wikipedia ( gnu ) .\nles jeux de lettres anagramme , mot - crois\u00e9 , joker , lettris et boggle sont propos\u00e9s par memodata . le service web alexandria est motoris\u00e9 par memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur ebay .\nchanger la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions . astuce : parcourir les champs s\u00e9mantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2016 sensagent : encyclop\u00e9die en ligne , thesaurus , dictionnaire de d\u00e9finitions et plus . tous droits r\u00e9serv\u00e9s .\nles cookies nous aident \u00e0 fournir les services . en poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l ' utilisation de ces cookies . en savoir plus\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 907 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 695 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\nthis application is created by interactive maps . you can also have your visited countries map on your site . if you see this message , you need to upgrade your flash player ."]}
{"id": 63, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris gleba is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hodges in 1986 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , arkansas , missouri , texas , colorado and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to august and in november . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "dichomeris gleba", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 , n . sp . , mona fascicle 7 . 1\ndichomeris gleba hodges , r . w . , 1986 | butterflies and moths of north america\nthe forest had three areas when created : gleba balata with , gleba tufari with and gleba jacar\u00e9 with .\ndichomeris gleba is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by hodges in 1986 . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , arkansas , missouri , texas , colorado and new mexico .\nits boundaries are : north to the cologne gral . diaz , south establishing livestock loma por\u00e1 , the cologne to the east and west pikyry colonies gleba 2 and gleba 3 .\ngleba is the fleshy spore - bearing inner mass of certain fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn .\nthe gleba is a solid mass of spores , generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp . the continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away . the gleba may be sticky or it may be enclosed in a case ( peridiole ) .\ngleba cordata is a species of sea butterfly , a floating and swimming sea snail or sea slug , a pelagic marine gastropod mollusk in the family cymbuliidae .\nit is a tissue usually found in an angiocarpous fruit - body , especially gasteromycetes . angiocarpous fruit - bodies usually consist of fruit enclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself ; such as the filbert covered by its husk , or the acorn seated in its cupule . the presence of gleba can be found in earthballs and puffballs . the gleba consists of mycelium , and basidia and may also contain capillitium threads .\ngleba is a village in the administrative district of gmina kadzid\u0142o , within ostro\u0142\u0119ka county , masovian voivodeship , in east - central poland . it lies approximately south - west of kadzid\u0142o , north - west of ostro\u0142\u0119ka , and north of warsaw .\ngleba found on the fruit body of species in the family phallaceae is typically gelatinous , often fetid - smelling , and deliquescent ( becoming liquid from the absorption of water ) . it is formed on the exterior face of the cap or the upper part of the fruit body . the foul smell helps to attract insects that help disperse the spores . chemicals that contribute to the odor include methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1986 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 1 , p . 87 ; pl . 2 . 18 - 20 . order\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nthe wingspan is about 16 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from june to august and in november .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 69, "summary": [{"text": "lycodon cavernicolus , also known as gua wang burma wolf snake , is a species of colubrid snake found in peninsular malaysia .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was first described in 2014 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "lycodon cavernicolus", "paragraphs": ["a\u00ednda ningu\u00e9n contribu\u00edu con rexistros de datos para lycodon cavernicolus . aprende a contribu\u00edr .\ntop : jaw of lycodon aulicus from jackson & fritts 2004 middle : lycodon zoosvictoriae from neang et al . 2014 bottom : lycodon cavernicolus from grismer et al . 2014\nlycodon cavernicolus grismer , quah , anuar m . s . , muin , wood & nor 2014\nlycodon cavernicolus grismer , quah , anuar m . s . , muin , wood & nor , 2014\nlycodon cavernicolus grismer , quah , anuar , muin , wood & nor , 2014 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank\nregions according to the tdwg standard , where < em > lycodon cavernicolus < / em > occurs , not a & nbsp ; precise distribution map .\nnote that this is not a & nbsp ; precise distribution map , but region standardised by tdwg world geographical schema , where < em > lycodon cavernicolus < / em > occurs .\nfigure 4 . left : ventral pattern of the holotype of lycodon cavernicolus sp . nov . lsuhc 9985 . right : ventral pattern of the paratype lsuhc 10500 . photos by l . l . grismer\nlycodon cavernicolus , grismer , l . lee , quah , evan s . h . , anuar , shahrul , muin , mohd abdul , wood , perry l . & nor , siti azizah mohd , 2014\nlycodon\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nlycodon zawi\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nthe specific epithet \u201ccavernicolus\u201d is an adjective derived from the latin caverna meaning \u201ccave\u201d and the latin cola meaning \u201cdweller of\u201d and refers to this species being a cave - dweller .\nnota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than lycodon .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nmountain wolf snake\nto\nlycodon ruhstrati fischer 1886\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nberg - wolfszahnnatter\nto\nlycodon ruhstrati fischer 1886\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nwhite plum blossom snake\nto\nlycodon ruhstrati fischer 1886\n.\nsiler et al . ( 2013 ) concluded that dinodon species are nested within the lycodon tree and noted that dinodon ( the more recently described genus ) should therefore be treated as a junior synonym of lycodon . based on their own molecular phylogenetic studies , guo et al . ( 2013 ) also suggested that dinodon should be synonymized with lycodon . lei et al . ( 2014 ) also found that dinodon species are nested within lycodon . based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses , lei et al . further concluded that oligodon multizonatum ( an endemic species known from sichuan and possibly gansu provinces in china ) actually falls within lycodon as well .\nlanza , b . ( 1999 ) a new species of lycodon from the philippines , with a key to the genus . tropical zoology , 12 , 89\u2013104 .\ngaulke , m . 2002 . a new species of lycodon from panay island , philippines ( reptilia , serpentes , colubridae ) . spixiana , 25 , 85\u201392 .\nlanza , b . 1999 . a new species of lycodon from the philippines , with a key to the genus ( reptilia serpentes colubridae ) . tropical zoology , 12 , 89\u2013104 .\njackson , k . and t . h . fritts . 2004 . dentitional specialisations for durophagy in the common wolf snake , lycodon aulicus capucinus . amphibia - reptilia 25 : 247 - 254 < link >\nvogel , g . & luo , j . ( 2011 ) a new species of the genus lycodon ( boie , 1826 ) from the southwestern china ( squamata : colubridae ) . zootaxa , 2807 , 29\u201340 .\nlei , j . , x . sun , k . jiang , et al . 2014 . multilocus phylogeny of lycodon and the taxonomic revision of oligodon multizonatum . asian herpetological research 5 ( 1 ) : 26\u201337 .\nvogel , g . & david , p . ( 2010 ) a new species of the genus lycodon ( boie , 1826 ) from yunnan province , china ( serpentes : colubridae ) . bonn zoological bulletin , 57 , 289\u2013296 .\nguo , p . , l . zhang , q . liu , et al . 2013 . lycodon and dinodon : one genus or two ? evidence from molecular phylogenetics and morphological comparisons . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 68 : 144\u2013149 .\na new species of the genus lycodon fitzinger , 1826 is described from the cardamom mountains of southwest cambodia . lycodon zoosvictoriae distinctly differs from all other species of lycodon in southeast asia by a combination of its morphometric characters and unique coloration . the new species has 17 dorsal scales at midbody ; 2 + 2 temporals ; 8 supralabials ; 10 infralabials ; loreal separated from internasal and orbit ; 213 ventrals ; 85 subcaudals ; pale tan brown ground color ; irregular dark brown blotches on anterior part , 31 transverse blotches on posterior part of body and 26 blotches on tail . given its submontane type locality , the new species could prove to be endemic to the cardamom mountains of southwestern cambodia and probably southeast thailand .\nfigure 3 . dorsal ( upper ) and lateral ( lower ) head views of the holotype of lycodon cavernicolus sp . nov . lsuhc 9985 showing the location of head scales . f = frontal ; if = infralabial ; in = internasal ; l = loreal ; lat = lower anterior temporal ; lpt = lower posterior temporal ; m = mental ; mpt = middle posterior temporal ; n = nasal ; p = parietal ; pf = prefrontal ; po = postocular ; pp = postparietal ; pro = preocular ; r = rostral ; sl = supralabial ; so = suprocular ; uat = upper anterior temporal ; and upt = upper posterior temporal .\nzhang , j . , jiang , k . , vogel , g . & rao , d . ( 2011 ) a new species of the genus lycodon ( squamata : colubridae ) from sichuan province , china . zootaxa , 2982 , 59\u201368 .\nsiler , c . d . , c . h . oliveros , a . santanen , and r . m . brown . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta , 42 : 262\u2013277 .\nsiler , c . d . , oliveros , c . h . , santanen , a . & brown , r . m . ( 2013 ) multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta , 42 , 262\u2013277 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . , c . h . oliveros , a . santanen , and r . m . brown . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta 42 ( 3 ) : 262 - 277 .\nvogel , g . , nguyen , t . q . , kingsada , p . & ziegler , t . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus lycodon boie , 1826 from laos ( squamata : colubridae ) . north - western journal of zoology , 8 , 344\u2013352 .\nregarding inferences about the historical biogeography of lycodon , siler et al . ( 2013 ) note that with few exceptions , the results observed in their study are consistent with many of the biogeographic expectations for vertebrates in asia and the philippines ( see siler et al . 2013 for details and discussion ) .\nneang , t . , t . hartmann , s . hun , n . j . souter , and n . m . furey . 2014 . a new species of wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary , cardamom mountains , southwest cambodia . zootaxa 3814 : 68 - 80 < link >\ngrismer , l . lee ; evan s . h . quah , shahrul anuar m . s , , mohd abdul muin , perry l . wood , jr & siti azizah mohd nor 2014 . a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon boie , 1826 ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 3815 ( 1 ) : 051\u2013067\nfitzinger li . 1826 . neue classification der reptilien nach ihren nat\u00fcrlichen verwandtschaften . nebst einer verwandtschafts - tafel und einem verzeichnisse der reptilien - sammlung des k . k . zoologischen museums zu wien . vienna : j . g . heubner , five unnumbered + 67 pp . + one plate . ( lycodon , new genus , p . 57 ) . ( in german and latin ) .\ngrismer , l . lee , quah , evan s . h . , anuar , shahrul , muin , mohd abdul , wood , perry l . & nor , siti azizah mohd , 2014 , a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon boie , 1826 ) from peninsular malaysia , zootaxa 3815 ( 1 ) , pp . 51 - 67 : 56 - 61\ngrismer , l . l . , e . s . h . quah , s . anuar , m . a . muin , p . l . wood jr , and s . a . m . nor . 2014 . a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon boie , 1826 ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 3815 : 51 - 67 < link >\nboulenger ga . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) , volume i . , containing the families . . . colubrid\u00e6 aglyph\u00e6 , part . . london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . xiii + 448 pp . + plates i - xxviii . ( genus lycodon , p . 348 , figure 23 ) .\nvogel , g . , david , p . , pauwels , o . s . g . , sumontha m . , norval g . , hendrix , r . , vu , n . t . & ziegler , t . ( 2009 ) a revision of lycodon ruhstrati ( fischer 1886 ) auctorum ( squamata colubridae ) , with the description of a new species from thailand and a new subspecies from the asian mainland . tropical zoology , 22 , 131\u2013182 .\ntype locality : gua wang burma , perlis state park , perlis , peninsular malaysia ( 6\u00b041 . 594n 100\u00b011 . 400e at 175 m elevation ) .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : lsuhc 9985 , adult female , collected on 12 march 2011 by evan s . h . quah and shahrul anuar m . s . paratype . juvenile male ( lsuhc 10500 ) has the same data as the holotype except for being collected on 23 may 2010 .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\n, named for large teeth in both jaws . asian wolf snakes are placed in the genera\n, is a small , drab species with a metallic sheen and lives chiefly on lizards . it can grow to lengths of about 50 cm ( 20 inches ) . the\nsnake , ( suborder serpentes ) , any of more than 3 , 400 species of reptiles distinguished by their limbless condition and greatly elongated body and tail . classified with lizards in the order squamata , snakes represent a lizard that , over the course of evolution , has undergone structural reduction , \u2026\nreptile , any member of the class reptilia , the group of air - breathing vertebrates that have internal fertilization , amniotic development , and epidermal scales covering part or all of their body . the major groups of living reptiles\u2014the turtles ( order testudines ) , tuatara ( order rhynchocephalia\u2026\nvertebrate , any animal of the subphylum vertebrata , the predominant subphylum of the phylum chordata . they have backbones , from which they derive their name . the vertebrates are also characterized by a muscular system consisting pimarily of bilaterally paired masses and a central nervous system\u2026\nchordate , any member of the phylum chordata , which includes the vertebrates , the most highly evolved animals , as well as two other subphyla\u2014the tunicates and cephalochordates . some classifications also include the phylum hemichordata with the chordates . as the name implies , at some time in the life\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\ngrismer , l . l . , evan s . h . quah , shahrul a . m . s . , mohd . a . muin , perry j . l . wood & siti a . m . nor . 2014 . a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae :\n\u0e1b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e01\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a : 2014 , asia , author : l . l . grismer , author : quah , conservation , herpetology - frog ; reptile snake , karst - limestone , peninsular malaysia , peninsular thailand , serpentes - snake , southeast asia , zootaxa\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nl . lee grismer department of biology , la sierra university , 4500 riverwalk parkway , riverside , california 92515 usa .\nevan s . h . quah school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia .\nshahrul anuar m . s school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia . center for marine and coastal studies , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 minden , pulau pinang , malaysia\nmohd abdul muin school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia .\nperry jr l . wood department of biology , brigham young university , 150 east bulldog boulevard , provo , utah 84602 usa .\nsiti azizah mohd nor school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia .\nl . lee grismer , evan s . h . quah , shahrul anuar m . s , mohd abdul muin , perry jr l . wood , siti azizah mohd nor\nalstr\u00f6m , p . , davidson , p . , duckworth , j . w . , eames , j . c . , trai , t . l . , nguyen , c . , ollson , u . , robinson , c . & timmins , r . ( 2010 ) description of a new species of phylloscopus warbler from vietnam and laos . ibis , 152 , 145\u2013168 .\nburbrink , f . t . , lawson , r . & slowinski , j . b . ( 2000 ) mitochondrial dna phylogeography of the polytypic north american rat snake ( elaphe obsoleta ) : a critique of the subspecies concept . evolution , 54 , 2107\u20132118 . urltoken\nchan , k . o . , van rooijen , j . , grismer , l . l . , belabut , d . , akil , m . a . m . m . , jamaludin , h . , gregory , r . & norhayati a . ( 2010 ) first report on the herpetofauna of pulau pangkor , perak , malaysia . russian journal of herpetology , 17 , 139\u2013146 .\nclements , r . , sodhi , n . s . , schilthuizen , m . & ng , p . k . l . ( 2006 ) limestone karsts of southeast asia : imperiled arks of biodiversity . bioscience , 56 , 733\u2013742 . h urltoken ; 2\ndowling , h . g . ( 1951 ) a proposed standard system of counting ventral in snakes . journal of herpetology , 1 , 97\u201399 .\ndrummond , a . j . , ashton , b . , buxton , s . , cheung , m . , cooper , a . , duran , c . , field , m . , heled , j . , kearse , m . , markowitz , s . , moir , r . , stones - havas , s . , sturrock , s . , thierer , t . & wilson , a . ( 2011 ) geneious v5 . 4 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 3 june 2014 )\ngrismer , l . l . ( 2011a ) lizards of peninsular malaysia , singapore and their adjacent archipelagos . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 728 pp .\ngrismer , l . l . ( 2011b ) field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the seribuat archipelago , peninsular malaysia . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 258 pp .\ngrismer , l . l . , anuar , s . , muin , m . a . , quah , e . s . h . & wood , p . l . jr . ( 2013 ) phylogenetic relationships and description of a new upland species of bent - toed gecko ( cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ) of the c . sworderi complex from northeastern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3616 ( 3 ) , 239\u2013252 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l , , belabut , d . m , quah , e . s . h . , chan , k . o . , wood , p . l . jr . & hasim , r . ( 2014c ) a new species of karst forest - adapted bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ) belonging to the c . sworderi complex from a threatened karst forest in perak , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3755 ( 5 ) , 434\u2013446 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , chan , k . o . , nurolhuda , n . & sumontha , m . ( 2008a ) a new species of karst dwelling gecko ( genus cnemaspis strauch 1887 ) from the border region of thailand and peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 1875 , 51\u201368 .\ngrismer , l . l . , grismer , j . l . , wood , p . l . jr . & chan , k . o . ( 2008b ) the distribution , taxonomy , and redescription of the geckos cnemaspis affinis ( stoliczka 1887 ) and c . flavolineata ( nicholls 1949 ) with descriptions of a new montane species and two new lowland , karst - dwelling species from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 1931 , 1\u201324 .\ngrismer , l . l . , grismer , j . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , ngo , v . t . & chan , k . o . ( 2011 ) herpetology on the fringes of the sunda shelf : a discussion of discovery , taxonomy , and biogeography . bonner zoologische monographien , bonn , 57 , 57\u201397 .\ngrismer , l . l . , norhayai , a . , chan , k . o . , belabut , d . , muin , m . a . , wood , p . w . jr . & grismer , j . l . ( 2009 ) two new diminutive species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 2019 , 40\u201356 .\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , anuar , s . , quah , e . s . h . , muin , m . a . , maketab , m . , chan , k . o . , heinz , h . m . , sumarli , a . s . - i . , loredo , a . i . & heinz , h . ( 2014b ) the phylogenetic relationships of three new species of the cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from poorly explored regions in northeastern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3786 ( 3 ) , 359\u2013381 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , chan , k . o . , anuar , s . & muin , m . a . ( 2014a ) cyrts in the city : a new bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus ) is the only endemic species of vertebrate from batu caves , selangor , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3774 ( 4 ) , 381\u2013394 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , maketab , m . , chan , k . o . , heinz , h . m . , sumarli , a . s . - i . , chan , j . a . & loredo , a . i . ( 2013 ) a new species of karst - adapted cnemaspis strauch , 1887 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from a threatened karst region in pahang , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3746 ( 3 ) , 463\u2013472 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , quah , e . s . h . , shahrul , a . , muin , m . a . , sumontha , m . , norhayati , a . , bauer , a . m . , wangkulangkul , s . , grismer , j . l . & pauwels , o . s . g . ( 2012 ) a phylogeny and taxonomy of the thai - malay peninsula bent - toed geckos of the cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex ( squamata : gekkonidae ) : combined morphological and molecular analyses with descriptions of seven new species . zootaxa , 3520 , 1\u201355 .\nhuelsenbeck , j . p . , ronquist , f . , nielsen , r . & bollback , j . p . ( 2001 ) bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology . science , 294 , 2310\u20132314 . [ washington d . c . ]\njenkins , p . d . , kilpatrick , c . , william , c . , robinson , m . f . & timmins , r . j . ( 2004 ) morphological and molecular investigations of a new family , genus and species of rodent ( mammalia : rodentia : hystricognatha ) from lao pdr . systematics and biodiversity , 2 , 419\u2013454 . urltoken\nkiew , r . ( 1998 ) limestone , quartzite and ultramafic vegetation . in : soepadmo , e . ( ed . ) , the encyclopedia of malaysia : plants . editions didier miller , singapore , pp . 26\u201327 .\nloredo , a . i . , wood , p . l . , jr . , quah , e . s . h . , anuar , s . h . , greer , l . , norhayati , a . & grismer , l . l . ( 2013 ) cryptic speciation within asthenodipsas vertebralis ( boulenger , 1900 ) ( squamata : pareatidae ) , the description of a new species from peninsular malaysia , and the resurrection of a . tropidonotus ( lidth de jude , 1923 ) from sumatra : an integrative taxonomic analysis . zootaxa , 3664 ( 4 ) , 505\u2013524 . urltoken\nmaddison , d . r . & maddison , w . p . ( 2005 ) macclade 4 : analysis of phylogeny and character evolution . version 4 . 08a . available from : urltoken ( accessed 3 june 2014 )\nprice , l . ( 2001 ) caves and karst of peninsular malaysia . gua publications , malaysia , pp . 3\u201398 .\nronquist , f . , teslenko , m . , van der mark , p . , ayres , d . l . , darling , a . , h\u00f6hna , s . , larget , b . , liu , l . , suchard , m . a . & huelsenbeck , j . p . ( 2012 ) mrbayes 3 . 2 : efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space . systematic biology , 61 , 539\u2013542 . urltoken\nstamatakis , a . ( 2006 ) raxml - vi - hpc : maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models . bioinformatics , 22 , 2688\u20132690 . urltoken\nstamatakis , a . , hoover , p . & rougemont , j . ( 2008 ) a rapid bootstrap algorithm for the raxml web servers . systematic biology , 57 , 758\u2013771 . urltoken\ntamura , k . , peterson , d . , peterson , n . , stecher , g . , nei , m . & kumar , s . ( 2011 ) mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony methods . molecular biology and evolution , 28 , 2731\u20132739 . urltoken\ntweedie , m . w . f . ( 1983 ) the snakes of malaya . 3rd edition . singapore national printers , singapore , pp . 167 , pls . 1\u201312 .\nvermeulen , j . & whitten , t . ( 1999 ) biodiversity and cultural property in the management of limestone resources \u2013 lessons from east asia . world bank , washington , d . c . , 120 pp .\nwilcox , t . p . , zwickl , d . j . , heath , t . a . & hillis , d . m . ( 2002 ) phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 25 , 361\u2013371 . h urltoken\nwood , p . l . jr . , quah , e . s . h . , anuar , s . & muin , m . a . ( 2013 ) a new species of lowland karst dwelling cnemaspis strauch 1887 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from northwestern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3691 ( 5 ) , 538\u2013558 . urltoken\nwoodruff , d . s . ( 2010 ) biogeography and conservation in southeast asia : how 2 . 7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect today ' s patterns and the future of the remaining refugial - phase biodiversity . biodiversity conservation , 19 , 919\u2013941 . urltoken\nwoxvold , i . a . , duckworth , j . w . & timmins , r . j . ( 2009 ) an unusual new bulbul ( passeriformes : pycnotidae ) from the limestone karst of lao pdr . forktail , 25 , 1\u201312 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n9985 ) collected on 12 march 2011 by evan s . h . quah and shahrul anuar m . s . from gua wang burma , perlis state park , perlis , peninsular malaysia ( 6 \u00b0 41 . 594 n 100 \u00b0 11 . 400 e at 175 m in elevation ) .\n10500 ) has the same data as the holotype except for being collected on 23 may 2010 .\ngroups by having the combination of an elongate loreal scale that enters the orbit ; 245 ( male ) and 232 ( female ) ventral scales ; 113 ( male ) and 92 ( female ) paired subcaudal scales ; a single precloacal plate ; nine or 10 supralabials ; 10 or 11 infralabials ; a maximum total length of 508 mm for the single female ; relative tail length 0 . 25\u20130 . 27 ; venter immaculate as juveniles and with dark edging on the posterior margins of the ventral scales in adults ; and bands in juveniles that are white ( tables 2 , 3 ) .\n\u20135 ) . head flattened anteriorly , distinct from the neck ; snout elongate ; nostril oval , large , in the middle of the nasal ; eye large , with a vertically elliptic pupil ; rostral triangular , hardly visible from above ; nasal vertically divided by a furrow along posterior margin of nostril ; two square internasals , in wide , medial contact , and in contact with two large , subrectangular prefrontals posteriorly ; single , azygous , subpentagonal frontal , longer than wide ; two large , elongate parietals , contacted laterally by upper anteriror and posterior temporals and a larger paraparietal ; 1 / 1 wide , triangular supraocular ; 1 / 1 small preocular , located above the posterior portion of loreal ; 2 / 2 postoculars of similar size ; 1 / 1 narrow , elongate loreal entering orbit , in contact with second , third , and fourth supralabials ventrally , the prefrontal and preocular dorsally , the nasal anteriorly ; 9 / 10 supralabials all higher than wide except last scale in the series ; first and second supralabials in contact with nasal ; fourth , fifth , and sixth supralabials entering orbit ; seventh supralabial largest ; upper row of two ( long anterior and short posterior ) temporals ; lower row of three ( two anterior and one posterior ) temporals ; a middle posterior temporal ventral to upper posterior temporal and dorsal to lower posterior temporal ; posterior temporals smaller than anterior temporals ; 11 / 11 infralabials ; first pair of infralabials separated medially by deep , medial groove ; first five infralabials in contact with first pair of chinshields ; anterior and posterior pair of chinshields elongate , generally same size and shape , and bearing a deep , medial groove that is confluent with groove separating first pair of infralabials .\nbody elongate , somewhat laterally compressed ; svl 406 mm ; tal 102 mm ; tl 508 mm . 232 ventrals ( plus two preventrals ) , 92 paired , subcaudals ; anal single ; dorsal scales in 17 \u2013 17 \u2013 15 rows , the eight medial rows weakly keeled ; vertebral row not enlarged ; no apical pits .\n, 5 ) . body and tail nearly uniformly light - brown ; body bearing 36 faint , lighter colored bands ; tail bearing 29 similarly colored bands ; head coloration same as that of the faint bands ; venter ground color beige ; posterior edges of ventral scales edged in light - brown , generally beginning with ventral scale 40 ; subcaudals mottled with light - brown .\nfrom throughout its range are listed in table 3 . the paratype is a hatchling and bears a bold , contrasting , dorsal color pattern similar to that of juvenile\n( fig . 5 ) . its venter however , is nearly immaculate unlike the holotype whose ventrals are edged posteriorly with dark - brown ( fig . 4\n) . it also has 45 irregularly shaped , whitish bands with darkened centers on the body and 41 similarly colored caudal bands . a wide , white band covers the occipital and posterior temporal regions . the anterior 11 bands on the body are more widely separated and distinct than the posterior body and caudal bands . presumably , the banding pattern fades considerably with maturity as in\n\u201d is an adjective derived from the latin caverna meaning \u201ccave\u201d and the latin cola meaning \u201cdweller of\u201d and refers to this species being a cave - dweller .\nnatural history . both the holotype and paratype were found deep within gua wang burma cave approximately 200 m from the cave entrance ( fig . 6\n) . both specimens were found at approximately 1100 hrs . the holotype was observed scaling a vertical wall approximately 2 m above the ground while exploring nooks and crevices . she was gravid but expelled two eggs soon after capture . the paratype was found crawling over a slanting cave wall approximately 3 m above the ground in a more exposed area . other species of amphibians and reptiles observed in the cave or near the cave entrance were the bufonid\nsp . nov . extends through march . the only potential food source we found deep within cave is\n( juvelies ) which are also known to occur on the cave walls ( grismer et al . 2012 ) .\ngroup by having a single loreal scale that enters the orbit as opposed to the loreal scale not entering the orbit . from the species of the\ngroup it differs by having more ventral scales ( 232\u2013245 vs . 182\u2013227 collectively ) ; more subcaudal scales in the male ( 113 vs . 65\u201392 collectively ) ; a much smaller adult female total length ( 508 vs . 615\u2013762 collectively ) ; more caudal bands ( 29\u201341 vs . 7\u201323 collectively ) ; and a belly pattern that lacks wide , dark bands or dark spots ( table 2 ) .\nby the loreal and internasals being separat as opposed to contacting and having an uncorrected p - distance of 9 . 3 % ( table 4 ) .\nfigure 6 . microhabitat inside the gua wang burma cave at the type locality in perlis state park , perlis . photos by l . l . grismer .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .\n? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\n\u00a9 2002\u20132012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . \u00a9 2012\u20132018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe phylogenetic results of siler et al . ( 2013 ) provide evidence of deeply divergent lineages within some taxa ( l . effraensis , l . subcinctus ) that may represent cryptic species . some of the lineage diversity revealed appears to correspond to taxonomic entities previously identified ( currently recognized as subspecies or synonyms ) and some does not . on the other hand , as noted above , genetic results suggest that species diversity within several clades may be overestimated , rather than underestimated , by current taxonomic treatments . between these two extremes lie species with moderate genetic structure observed among populations ( l . muelleri , l . aulicus complex ) .\n( guo et al . 2013 and references therein ; siler et al . 2013 and references therein )\npyron , r . a . , h . k . dushantha kandambi , c . r . hendry , et al . 2013 . genus - level phylogeny of snakes reveals the origins of species richness in sri lanka . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 : 969\u2013978 .\nmish fc ( editor in chief ) . 2004 . merriam - webster ' s collegiate dictionary , eleventh edition . springfield , massachusetts : merriam - webster , incorporated . 40a + 1 , 623 pp . isbn 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 . (\nlycopodium\n, p . 742 ;\nodonate\np . 860 ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a72cb320 - 8375 - 4854 - 942f - a025734f852e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : beb61503 - f9a1 - 4ef9 - 9f01 - 7ea999f95966\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e5cdd7ed - 6fcf - 491e - 92a8 - d1955d939986\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c54c823c - 2131 - 48c0 - 8875 - b4af04a48cb6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 246472\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nneang thy , timo hartmann , seiha hun , nicholas j . souter , neil m . furey . 2014 . a new species of wolf snake ( colubridae :\nfor professional , respectful , and non - lethal snake removal and consultation services in your town , try wildlife removal usa .\nalthough cyrtodactylus vilaphongi was the 10 , 000th reptile species for a while , the order and position of entries in the reptile database is constantly changing . although new species get added to the end of the list , it ' s common for two or more existing species to get synonymized or merged , which moves the position of all subsequent species up . furthermore , sometimes species that were described long ago and subsequently synonymized are revalidated , leading to ' new ' species that aren ' t really new in the sense that they have existed before . finally , often existing species get split up , leading to additions that aren ' t as dramatic as legitimate new discoveries . this last complication is on the rise now that molecular systematics has enabled us to describe the cryptic diversity of some lineages , which are not all that morphologically distinct but may contain considerable genetic diversity .\nat the time of my email to peter last month , c . vilaphongi was the 9988th species , and ( happily ) , a new snake , siphlophis ayauma , was # 10 , 000 . although this has probably changed again by now , i ' m going to operate under the assumption that , since we can ' t really say with certainty that any particular species was # 10 , 000 , if it was a snake , it was probably one of the 11 brand new snake species that have been described so far this year . you can read about many of these on the blog ' species new to science ' , but i ' m going to highlight them in a little more detail here .\neutrachelophis bassleri and its weird penis from myers & mcdowell 2014 a color photo of e . bassleri was published in echevarr\u00eda & venegas 2015\nharvey bassler , a petroleum geologist , explored many of the amazon ' s upper tributaries for his work during the 1920s and 30s , during which time he collected over 4 , 200 snakes on the side . bassler deposited his magnificent collection in the american museum of natural history in 1934 , and on march 6th this year\nhas extremely unusual heimpenes tipped with a dome - like structure so strange ( at least within the world of snake hemipenes ) that the authors wrote\nwe have seen nothing quite like [ it ] .\nhemipenes were traditionally considered one of the most taxonomically - important structures in snakes\nbecause they were considered to be evolutionarily neutral ( that is , unlikely to change in response to selection ) , but a growing awareness that evolution by both natural and especially sexual selection can influence the morphology of male genitalia led these authors to recognize that these two snakes were in fact close relatives . although we await molecular confirmation , the authors propose a mechanism by which differential expression of\non january 12th , 2008 , a group of american and ecuadorian herpetologists stopped for lunch at a grilled - chicken restaurant in paute , azuay province , ecuador . they noticed a peculiar sun - faded snake on display in a jar of alcohol that they couldn ' t quite put a name to . following negotiation with the restaurant owner , the specimen was acquired and determined to belong to the genus\n, but could not be identified to any known species . a few months later , another specimen was found alive about 100 miles to the north , and two more were discovered in 2011 about the same distance to the south . a fifth individual is now recognized to have been hiding out unnoticed in the collection of the museo de zoolog\u00eda , pontificia universidad cat\u00f3lica del ecuador . because of its red - banded head and its occurrence in the mountains near cold ( achachay ) streams , the new species was named\nafter the kichwa spirit aya uma , a good spirit devil who derives strength from nature , particularly from cold mountain pacchas ( cascades ) and is represented in kichwa folklore as having a colorful red - banded head . this is the seventh species in the genus , the third species known from ecuador , and the first new species of\n.\namaru\nmeans\nsnake\nin kichwa , and is also the name of a snake deity who influences water and the economy . this diurnal snake lays clutches of 9 - 13 eggs underground in galleries and under decaying logs , and probably eats frogs and lizards . it is a close relative of the\n) are a small and unusual group of vipers found in sub - saharan africa . they were once thought to be the most primitive vipers and were placed in their own subfamily , but they are now grouped with the\nafter the late jens rasmussen , a dutch expert on african snakes who died in 2005 . this species is found only in the watershed between the congo and zambezi basins , where it co - occurs with three other species of\nfrom northwestern zambia with black markings and low ventral scale counts . in 2013 , someone sent him a picture of one eating a toad ( another unusual adaptation that night adders share with\n) , which prompted him to look again at the unusual specimens and describe them as a new species . few molecular data are available for\nbrazil is graced with nearly 400 species of snakes , including 30 of the world ' s ~ 80 species of coralsnakes . the morphology of coralsnakes is highly variable , and there are many misidentified specimens in museum collections , so it is often difficult to recognize new species . a group of brazilian herpetologists working on the tri - colored coralsnakes from the endangered northeastern coastal forests discovered a new species , which they described in the june 5th issue of\n( if any of these dates are your birthday , then you share a birthday with that of a new species of snake ! ) .\n) are named for their fearsome - looking fang - like anterior maxillary teeth . unlike\n, wolfsnake teeth are not grooved or hollow and they have no venom . instead , their strongly arched upper jaw helps them feed on skinks , whose hard , cylindrical bodies fit snugly into their diastema , or the gap between their anterior and posterior teeth . the wolf - like anterior teeth keep the skink from being squeezed out of the mouth , while the posterior teeth slice through the skink ' s cycloid scales . at least 16 of the nearly 60 species of\nfrom a limestone cave in peninsular malaysia . the latter is a cave - adapted species , both specimens of which were found climbing several feet above the cave floor , in total darkness . it ' s likely that they eat a cave - adapted gecko . many of the caves in this region are in immediate danger of being quarried for cement before their endemic fauna and flora can be fully documented . both of these species were also described in\n, with the stated goal of aiding conservation efforts by circumventing the lengthy delays normally associated with publication of new science . since its inception in 2001 ,\ncloudogram\nof crotalus triseriatus species group showing the new nine - species arrangement from bryson et al . 2014\nspecies group , which contains small montane rattlesnakes found in mexico and the southwestern usa . although five species were historically recognized within the group , an analysis of seven nuclear genes revealed that there are at least nine species , including two that were previously recognized as subspecies and two more that have not heretofore been formally recognized . the paper described the two new species :\n. the authors of this paper suggest that these rattlesnakes speciated rapidly from a single common ancestor during the uplifting of the trans - mexican volcanic belt near the end of the neogene period 2 . 6 million years ago , which makes sense because they are not very mobile and populations of their common ancestor likely would have become isolated from one another on various\nsky islands\nof suitable habitat during the genesis of this new mountain range . many species are endemic to the high - altitude pine - oak forests and grasslands of this region , which has become famous\n( 10 or 12 ) , the central pair of which are strongly keeled , giving the snake a distinctly flat - backed appearance . this species is found in riparian forests along rocky streams in coastal brazil , not too far south of the new coralsnake ( above ) .\n, from near the border of china , india , and burma . which is relatively closely related to the\n) . more new species from both of these groups will likely follow , given the taxonomic untidiness of their genera .\nthanks to peter uetz at the reptile database for sharing with me some inside information , and to the authors of these papers for their photos .\nnewspaper clipping from 10 january 1960 showing broadley with his amputated finger . you can see more at the finger ' s facebook page or listen to broadley describe the experience here .\nangarita - sierra , t . 2014 . hemipenial morphology in the semifossorial snakes of the genus ninia and a new species from trinidad , west indies ( serpentes : dipsadidae ) . south american journal of herpetology 9 : 114 - 130 < link >\nbroadley , d . g . 2014 . a new species of causus lichtenstein from the congo / zambezi watershed in north - western zambia ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) . arnoldia zimbabwe 10 : 341 - 350 < link >\nbryson , r . j . , c . w . linkem , m . e . dorcas , a . lathrop , j . m . jones , j . alvarado - diaz , c . i . grunwald , and r . w . murphy . 2014 . multilocus species delimitation in the crotalus triseriatus species group ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) , with the description of two new species . zootaxa 3826 : 475 - 496 < link >\ncope , e . d . 1895 . the classification of the ophidia . transactions of the american philosophical society 18 : 186 - 219 < link >\ndowling , h . g . 1967 . hemipenes and other characters in colubrid classification . herpetologica 23 : 138\u2013142 < link >\nguo , p . , q . liu , l . zhang , j . x . li , y . huang , and r . a . pyron . 2014 . a taxonomic revision of the asian keelback snakes , genus amphiesma ( serpentes : colubridae : natricinae ) , with description of a new species . zootaxa 3873 : 425 - 440 < link >\nfernandes , d . and b . hamdan . 2014 . a new species of chironius fitzinger , 1826 from the state of bahia , northeastern brazil ( serpentes : colubridae ) . zootaxa 3881 : 563 - 575 < link >\nk\u00f6hler , g . and m . kieckbusch . 2014 . two new species of atractus from colombia ( reptilia , squamata , dipsadidae ) . zootaxa 3872 : 291 - 300 < link >\nlinnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . [ 10th ed . ] . laurentii salvii , holmiae , stockholm , sweden < link >\nmyers , c . w . and s . b . mcdowell . 2014 . new taxa and cryptic species of neotropical snakes ( xenodontinae ) , with commentary on hemipenes as generic and specific characters . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 385 : 1 - 112 < link >\npires , m . g . , n . j . da silva jr . , d . t . feitosa , a . l . d . c . prudente , g . a . p . filho , and h . zaher . 2014 . a new species of triadal coral snake of the genus micrurus wagler , 1824 ( serpentes : elapidae ) from northeastern brazil . zootaxa 3811 : 569 - 585 < link >\nsalazar - valenzuela , d . , o . torres - carvajal , and p . passos . 2014 . a new species of atractus ( serpentes : dipsadidae ) from the andes of ecuador . herpetologica 70 : 350 - 363 < link >\nschneider , n . , t . q . nguyen , m . d . le , l . nophaseud , m . bonkowski , and t . ziegler . 2014 . a new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from the karst forest of northern laos . zootaxa 3835 : 80 - 97 < link >\nsheehy , c . m . , m . h . y\u00e1nez - mu\u00f1oz , j . h . valencia , and e . n . smith . 2014 . a new species of siphlophis ( serpentes : dipsadidae : xenodontinae ) from the eastern andean slopes of ecuador . south american journal of herpetology 9 : 30 - 45 < link >\nteyni\u00e9 , a . , a . lottier , p . david , t . q . nguyen , and g . vogel . 2014 . a new species of the genus opisthotropis g\u00fcnther , 1872 from northern laos ( squamata : natricidae ) . zootaxa 3774 : 165 - 183 < link >\nuetz , p . 2010 . the original descriptions of reptiles . zootaxa 2334 : 59 - 68 < link >\nvogel , g . , p . david , and i . sidik . 2014 . on trimeresurus sumatranus ( raffles , 1822 ) , with the designation of a neotype and the description of a new species of pitviper from sumatra ( squamata : viperidae : crotalinae ) . amphibian and reptile conservation 8 : 1\u201329 < link >\nzaher , h . , j . c . arredondo , j . h . valencia , e . arbel\u00e1ez , m . t . rodrigues , and m . altamirano - benavides . 2014 . a new andean species of philodryas ( dipsadidae , xenodontinae ) from ecuador . zootaxa 3785 : 469\u2013480 < link >\nzhu , g . - x . , y . - y . wang , h . takeuchi , and e . - m . zhao . 2014 . a new species of the genus rhabdophis fitzinger , 1843 ( squamata : colubridae ) from guangdong province , southern china . zootaxa 3765 : 469 - 481 < link >\nanother fascinating post . changing taxonomy plays havoc with people who try to keep a tally of the reptiles that they have encountered . i try to maintain a bird list and keep track of it all on , ebird . they drive me nuts by constantly informing me that i need to update my records to reflect changes in bird taxonomy . i do not even try to remember all the new names of old bird species . i have no idea what my real life list is .\nthanks john ! i agree , it is quite complicated . i use ebird as well , and i have to admit that i ' ve found the way they handle taxonomy to be quite painless . i ' ve heard that this is not the case on other bird life - listing websites , however .\ni am a phd student at utah state university , where i study the physiology and ecology of lizards and snakes . my research is quite narrow compared to the fascinating field of snake ecology , which i write about here to indulge my broader interests . my work brings me into frequent contact with the need for snake conservation , which requires holistic conservation of ecosystem structure and function , on which human society depends . i believe that we can only accomplish this goal through education , and that is partly why i decided to publish this blog . the title is a quote by david quammen , one of the best science writers around , and the mudsnake in the logo is from dum\u00e9ril , bibron , & dum\u00e9ril ' s nine - volume early 19th century opus , erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale .\nclick here to read this post in spanish ! haga clic aqu\u00ed para leer este blog en espa\u00f1ol ! figure from laszlo 1975 recently somebod . . .\nif you have found a snake shed that you wish to identify in the usa or canada , click here for a guide . click here to view the spanish . . .\nclick here to view this post in spanish ! haga clic aqu\u00ed para ver este blog en espa\u00f1ol ! i noticed that a huge proportion of the hits on . . .\nclick here to read this post in spanish ! haga clic aqu\u00ed para leer este blog en espa\u00f1ol ! solenoglyphous fangs of a gaboon viper snake . . .\nclick here to read this post in spanish haga clic aqu\u00ed para leer este blog en espa\u00f1ol global distribution of all snake species combin . . .\ncontinent : asia distribution : taiwan , china ( jiangxi , fujian , guangdong , northward to anhui and west to sichuan [ elevation 800 - 1850 m ] and se gansu ) , n vietnam ( elevation 500 - 1500 m ) ruhstrati : taiwan ( endemic ) abditus : type locality : u bo region , phong nha \u2013 ke bang np , quang binh province , vietnam . type locality : s\u00fcd - formosa [ = south taiwan ] , china ."]}
{"id": 105, "summary": [{"text": "auzata semilucida is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by chu and wang in 1988 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( sichuan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 9-10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have a large translucent patch on the hindwings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "auzata semilucida", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for semilucida definition . you find here semilucida meaning , synonyms of semilucida and images for semilucida copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhave a fact about auzata semilucida ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for auzata semilucida ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nauzata semilucida is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by chu and wang in 1988 . it is found in china ( sichuan ) .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word semilucida . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word semilucida and , of course , semilucida synonyms and on the right images related to the word semilucida .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe length of the forewings is 9 - 10 mm . adults have a large translucent patch on the hindwings .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncajviewer7 . 0 supports all the cnki file formats ; adobereader only supports the pdf format .\nbhou io xiang henordokcidenia kolegio de agrikulturo la shaanxi - a ir . stltuto de zoologio ; studo drepanedoj el shaanxi provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1982 - 04\nchou io xiang he nordokcidenta kolegio de agrikulturo , wugong , shaanxi . la shaanxi - a instituto de zoologio , xi ' an , shaanxi . ; studo de drepanedoj el yunnan provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1984 - z1\nguo zheng - fu ~ 1 , ding dong - sun ~ 2 ( 1 . jiangxi provincial academy of forestry , nanchang , jiangxi 330046 , china ; 2 . jiangxi provincial station of forest disease and pest control , nanchang , jiangxi 330077 , china ) ; butterfly fauna analysis of the natural reservation of guanshan , jiangxi province [ j ] ; entomological journal of east china ; 2005 - 02\nxie xiao - jian1 , ren ze - jun1 , ding dong - sun1 , lin yu - jian2 ( 1 . forest pest control station of jiangxi province , nanchang , 330077 ; 2 . college of agronomy , jiangxi agriculture university , nanchang 330045 ) ; the species of lymantriidae insects from jiangxi province [ j ] ; jiangxi plant protection ; 2007 - 01\nding dongsun1 , zhu xianchao2 , huang xianlin3 , qiu ningfang1 ( 1 . jiangxi forest pest control station , nanchang jiangxi 330077 , china ; 2 . leqing city yandang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325614 , china ; 3 . leqing city xiangyang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325619 , china ) ; tettigonioidae and geographical distributions of insect from jiangxi lushan nature reserve [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 03\nzhen benguang1 , chen chunquang1 , zhuo chuansen1 , cheng yong1 , jia fenghai2 ( 1 . jinggang mountain national reserve management bureau , ji ' an jiangxi 343600 , china ; 2 . nanchang university , nanchan jiangxi 330031 , china ) ; lepidoptera lycaenidae new records in jiangxi [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 04\nsong hong - min1 , 2 , zhang qing - fen1 , han xue - mei1 , xu yan1 , 3 , xu ru - mei 1 * * ( 1 ministry of education laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , china ; 2 ministry of laboratory for biological - active substances and functional food , beijing union university , beijing 100083 , china ; 3 institute of animal and plant quarantine , administry of quality supervise and inspection and quarantine , beijing 100029 , china ) ; climex : professional biological software for predicting potential distribution of species . [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2004 - 04\nliu yuanfu , associate professor ( the research institute of tropical forestry , caf guangzhou 510520 ) . ; the insect fauna of the jianfengling forest area , hainan island - - thyrididae [ j ] ; forest research ; 1993 - 03\nding dong - sun1 , zeng zhi - jie1 , chen chun - fa1 , lin yu - jian2 , wu he - ping3 , xu xiang - rong3 , yu ze - ping3 ( 1 . forest pest control and quarantine bureau of jiangxi , nanchang 330077 , jiangxi , china ; 2 . jiangxi agricultural university , nanchang 330045 , jiangxi , china ; 3 . guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi , yifeng 336300 , jiangxi , china ) ; insect fauna analysis of guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi [ j ] ; forest research ; 2009 - 03\n\u00a92006 tsinghua tongfang knowledge network technology co . , ltd . ( beijing ) ( ttkn ) all rights reserved\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nby hong - fu chu and lin - yao wang in 1988 . it is"]}
{"id": 125, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia sibylla is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the regions of los gatos ( osomo province ) , antofagasta ( antofagasta province ) , atacama ( chanaral and huasco provinces ) , coquimbo ( el qui , limari , and choapa provinces ) , valparaiso ( petorca and los andes provinces ) , santiago ( santiago province ) , o'higgins ( cachapoal province ) , maule ( curico , talca , and linares provinces ) and biobio ( nuble province ) in chile .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of the northern desert , northern coast , intermediate desert , coquimban desert , central andean cordillera , central valley , valdivian forest and the northern valdivian forest biotic provinces .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 7 \u2013 8.5 mm for males and 7 \u2013 10.5 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale grey , with darker scales indicating cross lines and with a variable amount of reddish brown scaling opposite the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale greyish white , but slightly darker distally , and with grey and greyish black scales along the anal margin . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia sibylla", "paragraphs": ["sibylla rubens studied voice ( concert and opera ) at the staatliche musikhochschule in trossingen and at the hochschule f\u00fcr musik in frankfurt and in master classes with edith mathis .\nsibylla schwarz , also known as sibylle schwartz [ in ] ( 14 february 1621 in greifswald \u2013 31 july 1638 in greifswald ) was a german poet of the baroque era .\nvargas , h . a . ; l . e . parra ; h . e . vargas & d . e . bobadilla . 2002 . aspectos biol\u00f3gicos de eupithecia sibylla buttler 1882 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . gayana 66 : 103 _ 106 . [ links ]\n168 sibylla is a large main - belt asteroid , discovered by canadian - american astronomer j . c . watson on september 28 , 1876 . based upon its spectrum this object is classified as a c - type asteroid , which indicates it is very dark and composed of primitive carbonaceous materials . 168 sibylla is a cybele asteroid , orbiting beyond most of the main - belt asteroids .\nherbulot , c . 2001 . on neotropical eupithecia . spixiana 24 : 196 . [ links ]\nthe eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) of chile . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 186 , article 3\netymology . eupithecia landryi is named in honor of dr . bernard landry by his outstanding contributions on lepidoptera of the galapagos islands , ecuador .\nrindge , f . h . 1991 . the eupithecia of chile ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) ii . american museum novitates 3020 : 1 _ 14 . [ links ]\neupithecia yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 was until recently the only species of this genus known for the coastal valleys of the arica province , northern chile . in march 2009 , male and female of an undescribed species of eupithecia were collected at light . thus , the purpose of this work is to present a description of the adults of this new species .\nrindge , f . h . 1987 . the eupithecia of chile ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 186 : 269 _ 363 . [ links ]\numa nova esp\u00e9cie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) do vale de azapa , norte do chile . macho e f\u00eamea de uma nova esp\u00e9cie de eupithecia curtis da prov\u00edncia de arica , chile s\u00e3o descritos e ilustrados . a esp\u00e9cie \u00e9 comparada com e . yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 , da mesma localidade , e e . galapagosata landry & rindge 1995 , das ilhas gal\u00e1pagos , equador .\nlarvae of eupithecia are generally phytophagous . however , many endemic species may be ambush predators in the hawaiian islands ( montgomery 1982 ) . host plants have been mentioned for only six chilean eupithecia , including the families chenopodiaceae , fabaceae and gunneraceae ( ibarra - vidal & parra 1993 ; parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ; vargas & parra 2002 , 2004 , 2005 ; vargas et al . 2002 ) .\na new species of eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) from the azapa valley , northern chile . male and female adults of a new species of eupithecia curtis from the arica province , chile are described and illustrated . the species is compared with e . yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 , from the same locality , and e . galapagosata landry & rindge 1995 , from the galapagos islands , ecuador .\nvargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2002 . notas sobre eupithecia atacama ( vojnits ) ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . idesia 20 : 27 _ 33 . [ links ]\nthe eupithecia species of the coastal desert of southern peru and northern chile are still poorly known and it is possible that other undescribed species may occur in this area . eupithecia landryi is known only from the type locality , the azapa valley . additional fieldwork along the coastal desert of southern peru and northern chile is necessary for a better knowledge of the geographic distribution of the geometrid moths of this very interesting ecosystem .\neupithecia sibylla is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in the regions of los gatos ( osomo province ) , antofagasta ( antofagasta province ) , atacama ( chanaral and huasco provinces ) , coquimbo ( el qui , limari , and choapa provinces ) , valparaiso ( petorca and los andes provinces ) , santiago ( santiago province ) , o ' higgins ( cachapoal province ) , maule ( curico , talca , and linares provinces ) and biobio ( nuble province ) in chile . the habitat consists of the northern desert , northern coast , intermediate desert , coquimban desert , central andean cordillera , central valley , valdivian forest and the northern valdivian forest biotic provinces .\nmontgomery , s . l . 1982 . biogeography of the moth genus eupithecia in oceania and the evolution of the ambush predation in hawaiian caterpillars ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . entomologia generalis 8 : 27 _ 34 . [ links ]\neupithecia curtis , 1825 is a diverse and widespread genus of geometridae with more than 1300 described species ( scoble 1999 ; herbulot 2001 ) . more than 60 species have been reported for the chilean fauna ( herbulot 2001 ) , but only four occur in the northernmost desert ( rindge 1987 , 1991 ; vargas & parra 2004 , 2005 ) . vojnits ( 1985 ) proposed three chilean genera , which were subsequently synonymised with eupithecia by rindge ( 1987 ) . rindge ( 1987 , 1991 ) divided the chilean species into two sections mostly based on the morphology of the sclerites of the male eighth segment . however , additional efforts are required to obtain a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of eupithecia .\none of the main scenes of the play is the visit of nero at the oracle of delphi to take the oracle by sibylla , priestess of the oracle , and the reactions of the latter . this work , unlike his first one , the\ndithyramb of rose\n, is a complete tragedy , in terms of genre and structure : with distinct and complete parts both in the dialogue and chorus parts as well as in the plot and characters . the messages of the time for resistance against the oncoming storm and the pursuit of freedom and human dignity through struggle that the work depicts are portrayed through a dense dramaturgical and finely processed storyline of symbolic relations , influences and elements of ancient drama . a vast number of structures and textual ( vocative or expressive ) sequences can be found in\nsibylla\nall of which can be attributed to ancient tragedy ( for instance the way that the landscape of delphi is depicted is similar to certain tragedies on the same topic ) .\nlandry , b . & f . h . rindge . 1995 . additions to the geometridae ( lepidoptera ) of the galapagos islands , ecuador , including a new species of eupithecia . american museum novitates 3118 : 1 _ 10 . [ links ]\nparra , l . e . & h . ibarra - vidal . 2002 . a new species of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) of juan fern\u00e1ndez islands . annals of the entomological society of america 95 : 9 _ 15 . [ links ]\nvargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2004 . una nueva especie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) del extremo norte de chile . revista chilena de historia natural 77 : 485 _ 490 . [ links ]\nvargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2005 . descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) de la pampa del tamarugal , chile . neotropical entomology 34 : 215 _ 219 . [ links ]\nsibylla sambetha ( or simply portrait of a young woman ) is a small oil on oak panel painting by hans memling , completed in 1480 and still in its original frame . it is now in the hans memling museum at the old st . john ' s hospital in bruges and shows a young woman who is not pretty , but nonetheless elegant and well dressed . she is set against a black background and looks out of the picture as if she is at a window . her hands are folded and rest on the lower border of the brown marbled frame , in an early and effective example of trompe - l ' \u0153il .\nibarra - vidal , h . & l . e . parra . 1993 . descripci\u00f3n de los estados preimaginales y aspectos de la historia natural de eupithecia horismoides rindge 1987 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) , perforados del pec\u00edolo del pangue ( gunnera tinctoria ) . revista chilena de entomolog\u00eda 20 : 35 _ 41 . [ links ]\neupithecia robinsoni sp . nov . is described from the juan fern\u00e1ndez islands . this species is associated with gunnera peltata phil . the egg , larva , pupa , adult , and genitalia are described and illustrated . preliminary results of the natural history of this species are given and compared with biology of e . horismoides rindge , 1987 .\nthe play expresses personal ideas of sikelianos , similar to the ideas of his time , expressed through the theatrical garb of ancient tragedy and the elements that are traditionally used in tragedies ( religious , psychological and other ) . what is important for the understanding of the play are the concepts of the\nmantosyni\n( the art of oracle as an inner power , spiritually superior to the other inner powers of every man ) a property that sibylla has as a mythical figure and symbol and also the concept of the combination of the apollonian and the dionysian element ( the individual , logic - wise , prophetic , cult of apollo in connection with the collective , bacchic - frenzied , ecstatic , joyful worship of dionysus , cults that were in stark contrast before the advent of dionysus in delphi ) .\n. . . actualmente se han registrado 64 especies para la fauna chilena ( herbolut 2001 ) , muchas de las cuales son end\u00e9micas , ya sea del territorio continental o de las islas de juan fern\u00e1ndez ( rindge 1987 ) . por otro lado , la informaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica de las diferentes especies chilenas es escasa , solamente se tienen antecedentes sobre cuatro de ellas : e . horismoides rindge y e . robinsoni parra & ibarra - vidal , ambas asociadas a gunneraceae , e . atacama ( vojnits ) , asociada a especies de chenopodiaceae , y e . sibylla , cuyas larvas son ant\u00f3fagas sobre fabaceae ( ibarra - vidal & parra 1993 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 , vargas & parra 2002 ) . mediante muestreos tendientes a determinar la diversidad de lepid\u00f3pteros asociados a yaro , acacia macracantha humb . . . .\n. . . en chile esta familia se encuentra representada por m\u00e1s de 450 especies distribuidas en las subfamilias archierinae , ennominae , geometrinae y larentiinae ( parra 1995 ) . eupithecia curtis es uno de los g\u00e9neros m\u00e1s diversos de la subfamilia larentiinae con m\u00e1s de 1 . 300 especies descritas ( scoble 1999 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ) , y es probablemente el g\u00e9nero m\u00e1s ampliamente distribuido . se encuentra bien representado en el neotr\u00f3pico por 352 especies ; sin embargo , es escaso en australia con solo dos especies y est\u00e1 ausente de nueva zelandia ( herbulot 2001 ) . . . .\n. . . sin embargo , a pesar de estas caracter\u00edsticas externas de los imagos , las armaduras genitales de ambos sexos entregan caracteres espec\u00edficos que permiten discriminar claramente una especie de otra ( rindge 1987 , bolte 1990 ) . las especies de eupithecia de chile fueron revisadas por rindge ( 1987 ) , y posteriormente se han efectuado algunas adiciones ( rindge 1991 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ) . actualmente se han registrado 64 especies para la fauna chilena ( herbolut 2001 ) , muchas de las cuales son end\u00e9micas , ya sea del territorio continental o de las islas de juan fern\u00e1ndez ( rindge 1987 ) . . . .\nremarks . eupithecia landryi is the second species of eupithecia described from the coastal valleys of the northern desert of chile . morphology of the male genitalia of e . landryi is strikingly similar to that of e . yubitzae , the other species of the genus recorded in the area , and e . galapagosata landry & rindge , 1995 , from the galapagos islands , ecuador ( landry & rindge 1995 ) . this morphological pattern , characterized by a short and pointed uncus , valvae narrowing distally , long and digitiform papillae , and vesica with at least one cornutus longer than the half of the aedeagus , may indicate a possible phylogenetic relationship among these species . however , some morphological features of the male genitalia allow to separate e landryi from e . galapagosata and e . yubitzae : a reduced number of cornuti , and the shape of the larger cornutus . on the other hand , morphology of the female genitalia of e . landryi is also similar to that of e . yubitzae and e . galapagosata . however , in e . landryi the corpus bursae and the appendix bursae are membranous , and the appendix bursae arises from the lateroposterior area of the corpus bursae , while in e . yubitzae and e . galapagosata the corpus bursae is sclerotized basally , and the appendix bursae , which is sclerotized , arises distally in the corpus bursae .\nthe native tree schinus molle ( anacardiacae ) is reported for the first time as a host plant for larvae of the little known geometrid moth eupithecia yubitzae vargas & parra ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) in the atacama desert of northern chile , based on morphology and dna barcodes . this discovery importantly expands the host range of e . yubitzae , as previous records were restricted to fabaceae trees . larvae were previously known as florivorous , while these were found to be folivorous on s . molle . furthermore , host - associated cryptic larval polychromatism was detected , as larvae collected on s . molle were found to be mostly pale green , contrasting with the dark yellow ground color of the larvae typically collected on fabaceous host plants .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepartamento de recursos ambientales , facultad de ciencias agron\u00f3micas , universidad de tarapac\u00e1 , casilla 6 - d , arica , chile . havargas @ urltoken\ntype material will be deposited in the museo nacional de historia natural de santiago ( mnnc ) , santiago , chile .\ntype material . holotype male . chile , arica : azapa , arica , chile ; march 2009 ; h . a . vargas coll . ( mnnc ) . paratype : one female , same data as holotype ( mnnc ) .\ndiagnosis . small geometrid moth ( 5 . 9 mm forewing length in the holotype ) with filiform antennae , male with a tuft of elongated , white scales on the ventral surface of the forewing arising near the wing base , among the discal cell and anal veins ; sternite viii composed by two longitudinal sclerotized stripes , each stripe with lateral and median margins broadly concave , anterior and posterior margins round ; male genitalia with vesica bearing two cornuti , the largest cornutus elongated , slightly curved , with a short distal projection ; female genitalia characterized by the presence of two groups of the spine - like signa : one proximal with bigger spine - like signa and another distal with shorter signa .\nmale ( fig . 1 ) . head . front , vertex and occiput light reddish brown ; labial palpi pale brown with scattered dark brown scales , long around 1 . 5 times eye diameter ; antennae filiform , dorsal surface with transversal stripes of scales pale brown and dark brown alternate , ventral surface ciliate ; chaetosema a narrow transverse stripe between vertex and occiput . thorax light reddish brown dorsally with dark brown scales scattered , pale brown laterally . legs yellowish brown with dark brown scales mostly concentrated on the tibia and tarsus , tibiae of middle and hindlegs with one and two pairs of yellowish brown spines , respectively . forewing ( 5 . 9 mm length in the holotype ) : dorsal surface reddish brown with dark brown scales scattered ; ventral surface pale brown with dark brown and light reddish brown scales , a tuft of elongated , white scales arising near the wing base , among the discal cell and the anal veins . hindwing : dorsal color pattern similar to forewing , with a marked basal depression near costal margin for receiving the tuft of the forewing ; ventral color pattern as that of the forewing . abdomen mostly light reddish brown with pale brown and dark brown scales scattered ; tergite viii ( fig . 4 ) with lateral margins broadly concave , posterior margin round ; sternite viii ( fig . 5 ) composed of two longitudinal sclerotized stripes , each stripe with lateral and median margins broadly concave , anterior and posterior margins round .\nmale genitalia ( figs . 3 , 4 ) . uncus short , pointed apex ; tegumen and saccus straight ; juxta ellipsoid basally , with striking lateral constrictions , distal margin broadly concave ; transtilla well developed ; papillae digitiform , elongated , with small setae distally ; valva broad basally , straight toward the apex ; costa not reaching the distal end of the valva , saccular area with a fold at base . aedeagus cylindrical , about 2 / 3 the length of the valva ; vesica with two cornuti , one of them with approximately 3 / 4 the length of the aedeagus , elongated , slightly curved , with a short distal projection ; the other cornutus with approximately 1 / 4 the length of the aedeagus , cylindrical and straight .\nfemale . similar to male . forewing without tuft of scales on the ventral surface . hindwing without a marked basal depression near costal margin on the dorsal surface .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 6 ) . antrum broad , membranous ; ductus bursae straight , membranous , about 1 / 3 the length of the antrum ; corpus bursae elongated , membranous , with two groups of spine - like signa , one proximal with large signa , and the other distal with smaller signa ; appendix bursae membranous , cylindrical , twice the length of the ductus bursae , arising from the right lateroposterior area ; ductus seminalis arising at apex of the appendix bursae ; sterigma not differentiated ; anterior apophyses straight and long , with a posterior projection at base ; posterior apophyses straight and elongated , reaching the anterior margin of tergite viii .\nscoble , m . j . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . victoria , csiro publishing , xxv + 1016 p . [ links ]\ncaixa postal 19030 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : + 55 41 3266 - 0502 sbe @ urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nphotometric observations of this asteroid made at the torino observatory in italy during 1990\u20131991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 23 . 82 \u00b1 0 . 004 hours .\nthe length of the forewings is about 7\u20138 . 5 mm for males and 7\u201310 . 5 mm for females . the forewings are pale grey , with darker scales indicating cross lines and with a variable amount of reddish brown scaling opposite the end of the cell . the hindwings are pale greyish white , but slightly darker distally , and with grey and greyish black scales along the anal margin .\nthe woman ' s identity is lost . there have been a number of attempts to associate her with a historical person , including in the 19th century , as willem moreel ' s daughter mary . willem moreel was a magistrate of bruges who commissioned from memling a portrait diptych and , later , a triptych for the church of saint james at bruges which he had founded . but any identities have in turn been rejected ; in the case of mary moreel , she would have been too young in 1480 to be the woman portrayed .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nconstrucci\u00f3n de riesgo de incendios forestales en la interfaz urbana - forestal de las comunas del \u00e1rea metropolitana de concepci\u00f3n ( amc ) . proyecto vrid\nthe genus psilaspilates butler , 1893 is redefined and its species are taxonomically revised and described . the species are as follows : p . catillata ( felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) comb . nov . , p . cautinaria sp . nov . , p . ceres ( butler , 1882 ) , p . concepcionenesis parra sp . nov . , p . obscura parra sp . nov . , p . signistriata ( butler , 1882 ) , and p . stygiana ( butler , 1882 ) comb . nov . keys and distribution . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe genus ennada blanchard , 1852 is reviewed and redefined . a coniform signum in the genitalia of the female and androconium in the basal third of the costa of the valvae in the male genitalia constitute diagnostic characters for the genus . the genera phyllia blanchard 1852 and anchiphyllia butler 1893 are junior synonyms of ennada . the following species are included : e . flavaria blanchard . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntaxonomy and biological antecedents of microdulia mirabilis ( rothschild 1895 ) ( lepidoptera : saturnii . . .\nthe egg , larvae , pupae , and imago of microdulia mirabilis ( rothschild ) , an insect that defoliates native nothofagus obliqua mirb . ( oerst . ) , are described . m . mirabilis distributes between 35\u00b0 and 47\u00b0s in chile and neuqu\u00e9n , argentina . aspects of the life cycle associated with the duration of different stages of development are given . immature stages , the imago , and the genitalia are illustrated ."]}
{"id": 292, "summary": [{"text": "chamaita barnardi is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia ( including queensland ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults have off-white forewings with a faint brown pattern . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "chamaita barnardi", "paragraphs": ["chamaita barnardi ( t . p . lucas , 1894 ) ( previously known as nudaria barnardi ) lithosiinae , arctiidae , noctuoidea\nlithosiinae chamaita barnardi female view full size photographer : d . britton \u00a9 australian museum\nchamaita barnardi is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in australia ( including queensland ) . [ 1 ]\nchamaita barnardi ; [ nhm card ] ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 804 , pl . 41 , f . 30 ; [ aucl ]\nnudaria barnardi lucas , 1894 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) : 135 ; tl : geraldton , johnson river , queensland\nchamaita celebensis roepke , 1946 ; tijdschr . ent . 87 : 87 ; tl : todjambu\nchamaita fasciata rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .\nchamaita nubifera hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 107 ; tl : philippines , luzon , los ba\u00f1os\nchamaita semifasciata rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .\nthis species has two distinct black spots on the forewing , with one near the base of the forewing cell , and one at the tip of the cell . the other species in the genus is s . obducta , which has more brown markings on the forewings , and does not have the distinct black spots . psilopepla mollis is similar , but is smaller , with more transparent wings , and has only one rather indistinct black marking in the forewing cell . chamaita barnardi is smaller , has fewer scales on the wings , and has only a few indistinct pale brown markings on the forewings . males of c . barnardi have highly modified antennal scapes ( base of the antenna )\nchamaita fascioterminata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 219 ; tl : milne bay , british new guinea\nchamaita niveata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 219 ; tl : mt goliath , dutch new guinea\nchamaita nympha ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 530 , f . 384 ; [ nhm card ]\nchamaita edelburga schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 28 ; tl : mt makiling , luzon , philippines\nchamaita hirta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 804 , f . 267 ; [ nhm card ]\nchamaita neuropteroides ; [ mob7 ] , 381 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 27\nchamaita metamelaena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 565 , pl . 35 , f . 15 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay\nchamaita sundanympha holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 381 , pl . 8 , f . 280 - 281 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nchamaita niveata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 805 , pl . 41 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ]\nchamaita ( nudariini ) ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257 ; [ mob7 ] : 380\nchamaita fascioterminata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 803 , f . 266 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] , 382 ( note )\nchamaita trichopteroides ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 530 , f . 383 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 381 , pl . 8 , f . 278 , 283\nchamaita hamata dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 288 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum , 14\u00b045 ' - 15\u00b015 ' n ; 107\u00b021 ' - 108\u00b020 ' e\nthe adult moths of this species have off - white forewings with a faint brown pattern . the wingspan is up to 1 . 5 cms .\nseries 2 , volume 8 ( 1894 ) , pp . 135 - 136 ,\nqld : base cableway mt bellenden - ker 80m 17\u00ba16\u2019s 145\u00ba54\u2019e 19 oct 1981 e . d . edwards\nthe majority of images of lithosiinae presented on these pages were taken from specimens housed in the australian national insect collection ( anic ) ( csiro , canberra ) . i would like to thank the staff and researchers at anic for their generous assistance in providing me access to this collection , and i acknowledge the depth of effort and the investment of staff time that has gone into building and curating this splendid resource . in particular , i would like to thank ted edwards and marianne horak for their assistance .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nadults have off - white forewings with a faint brown pattern . [ 2 ]\nthis page was last edited on 20 february 2018 , at 04 : 55 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257\nhomopsyche nympha moore , [ 1887 ] ; lepid . ceylon 3 ( 4 ) : 536 , pl . 211 , f . 11 ; tl : ceylon\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nlithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships . i . - definition of new or resurrected tribes ( lepidoptera : arctiidae )\nthe lithosiids , collected by dr . l . j . toxopeus in central celebes , with remarsk on some allied species\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n( walker ) . they were so numerous they appeared as snowflakes . the tiny moths seemed to be everywhere in the kuranda area even on the busy kennedy highway leading to cairns . as far as i can tell , the larvae are unknown . the following night , there were not so many .\nthese moths measure only 5 - 6 mm so there must have been millions of them emerging at approximately the same time . what triggered such an emergence and where where the larvae ?\nthis little moth seems to be seasonal . it is not always found at lights as are the two below .\nall belong to the tiger moth family , the arctiidae , and are placed in the subfamily lithosiinae . i have dealt with these moths\nthere is so much in this article that i would never thought of on my own . your content gives readers things to think about in an interesting way . thank you for your clear information . pest control san antonio\ndavid and family moved to kuranda , queensland in 2002 , following retirement from csiro canberra , australia . david , barbara and an assortment of wildlife live in a rainforest setting . it is their first experience living in the tropics . david ' s major interest is entomology . he continues research in the orthopteroid insects and is keenly interested in the biology of the rainforest . this blog is a narrative of observations made in and around kuranda . and remember to see more insects go to : urltoken and proceed to the\nalbums\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license .\nborneo ! ! why borneo of all places . well it a place that i have visited about a half dozen times in the last 15 years and it is an interestin . . .\nan interesting dilemma a situation has arisen recently that is worthy of note here . a large stick insect , the giant spiny stick ins . . .\nmeet the green tree snake i\u2019ve been waiting for that spectacular snake shot to introduce the snake fauna of our rainforest , but nothing very . . .\nnothing has been said to date on the lizard fauna in this blog . kuranda has a nice selection of lizards ranging from some very small speci . . .\nwell as a tropical low develops over the city of cairns , the titan arum in the cairns botanic gardens continues to develop . it is a wet time . . .\nlast week during the height of the deluge , i had a look at the light and the tree adjacent to it , a quandong , elaeocarpus sp . , was actually . . .\ncoremata , including hair pencils , is a phenomenon associated with lepidoptera . they are signalling structures produced by males that are see . . .\na few interesting beetles each morning there is an array of beetles of many species at the light sheet . the species component varies with . . .\nthe recent aquisition of a truly giant stick insect has prompted this bit of\ncrowing\n. australia ' s largest insects are to be . . .\nthere are only a few grasshopper species that could be considered as true rainforest inhabitants in northern australia . reasons for this are . . .\nthese small white moths have only a thin layer of scales so that the wings are almost transparent . they are common at light in regions north of brisbane in queensland .\nlithosiinae schistophleps albida female view full size photographer : d . britton \u00a9 australian museum\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 300, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia staurophragma is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to maui and hawaii .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it has an unusual shape of the hind wings .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is highly variable in color pattern . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "eupithecia staurophragma", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia staurophragma is a moth of the geometridae family . it is endemic to maui and hawaii .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnishida , g . m . ( editor ) . 2002 . hawaiian terrestrial arthropod checklist , fourth edition . hawaii biological survey bishop museum , bishop museum technical report no . 22 online . available : urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nhowarth , f . g . and w . p . mull . 1992 . hawaiian insects and their kin . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 160 pp .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) , m . s . parsons , m . r . honey , l . m . pitkin , and b . r . pitkin . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue . volumes 1 and 2 : 1016 pp . + index 129 pp . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , australia .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nit has an unusual shape of the hind wings . it is highly variable in color pattern .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg central are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 329, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia luctuosa is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern china ( fujian ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are mid brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia luctuosa", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia luctuosa is a moth in the geometridae family . it is found in south - eastern china ( fujian ) .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nvespa luctuosa is a species of hornet which is endemic to the philippines . the main subspecies is\nvespa luctuosa luctuosa\n( primarily native to luzon island ) . other known subspecies include\nvespa luctuosa luzonensis\n( primarily native to the visayas , including leyte island and samar island ) and\nvespa luctuosa negrosensis\n( native to negros island ) .\nvespa luctuosa\nis best known for its potent venom .\nthe species name refers to the colouration of the species and is derived from latin\nluctuosa\n( meaning sad ) .\nepiscepsis luctuosa is a moth of the family erebidae . it was described by m\u00f6schler in 1877 . it is found in venezuela , surinam and northern brazil .\nquatiara luctuosa is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the only species in the genus quatiara . it was described by les\u00e9leuc in 1844 .\nnyctemera luctuosa is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in papua new guinea , australia and the philippines . the habitat consists of mountainous areas .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nthe wingspan is about 17 mm . the fore - and hindwings are mid brown .\nit is reddish to chocolate brown , bordered by a narrow cream dorsolateral line on each side , beginning at the tip of the snout to above the vent .\nthe height of the shell attains 35 mm , its diameter 44 mm . the solid , heavy shell is depressed , broadly umbilicate , and has a conoidal shape . it is black or purplish . the spire is more or less depressed . the sutures are linear . the shell contains 5 to 6 whorls . the upper ones have a strong carina midway between the sutures . the body whorl is carinated at the periphery and above , generally showing a less prominent carina on the base near the periphery . the aperture is oblique . the arcuate columella is oblique . the umbilicus is broad and deep , with a spiral rib within . this species is characterized by its wide umbilicus and strongly keeled whorls .\nthe forewings are black with a broad irregular diagonal white band and a small white spot near the base . the hindwings are white with broad black margins . adults are variable in both pattern and ground colour . this is a day - flying species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 203 records from 104 sites . first recorded in 1940 .\n: a very local species in yorkshire but now recorded from all five vice - counties . it is widely distributed in spruce plantations all over northumberland and durham and still increasing its range ( dunn & parrack , 1986 ) , so it may well also turn out to be more widespread in yorkshire .\n: locally common in spruce plantations but not often wandering to other areas . distinctive when fresh ."]}
{"id": 349, "summary": [{"text": "mohammed ben aarafa , or ben arafa ( 1889 \u2013 17 july 1976 ) was a distant relative of sultan mohammed v of morocco ( arabic : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f ) ; he was put in mohammed v 's place by the french after they exiled mohammed v to madagascar .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "installed in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the reign of this \" mohammed vi \" was not recognized in the spanish protected part of morocco .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "protests against ben aarafa helped lead to moroccan independence , which was agreed to between france and mohammed v in 1955 .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "he died in 1976 in france .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "mohammed v 's grandson now reigns in morocco as mohammed vi , ignoring the reign of ben aarafa by using the same regnal number . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "mohammed ben aarafa", "paragraphs": ["assassination attempt on mohammed ben aarafa sultan of . . . assassination attempt on mohammed ben aarafa sultan of . . .\nmohammed ben aarafa , or ben arafa ( 1889 - 1976 ) was a distant relative of sultan mohammed v of morocco ( arabic : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u200e ) , was put in mohammed v \\ s place by the french after they exiled mohammed v to madagascar . ben aarafa was installed in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile . protests against ben aarafa helped lead to moroccan independence , which was agreed to between france and mohammed v in 1955 . he died in 1976 in france .\nin 1953 , france exiled the highly respected sultan mohammed v and replaced him with the unpopular mohammed ben aarafa . ben aarafa ' s reign was widely perceived as illegitimate , and sparked active opposition to french rule . france allowed mohammed v to return in 1955 , and by 1956 , morocco had regained its independence .\nprotests against ben aarafa helped lead to moroccan independence , which was agreed to between france and mohammed v in 1955 . he died in 1976 in france .\nactually , any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\ncan be shipped to any place in ireland , including leinster , ulster , munster , and connacht .\nactually , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\ncan be shipped to any place in the uk , including england , scotland , wales , and northern ireland .\nmohammed ben aarafa - the complete information and online sale with free shipping . order and buy now for the lowest price in the best online store ! discounts & coupons .\ninstalled in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile . the reign of this\nmohammed vi\nwas not recognized in the spanish protected part of morocco . protests against ben aarafa helped lead to moroccan independence , which was agreed to between france and mohammed v in 1955 . he died in 1976 in france . mohammed v ' s grandson now reigns in morocco as mohammed vi , ignoring the reign of ben aarafa by using the same regnal number .\ninstalled in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile . the reign of this\nmohammed vi\nwas not recognized in the spanish protected part of morocco . protests against ben aarafa helped lead to moroccan independence , which was agreed to between france and mohammed v in 1955 . he died in 1976 in france . mohammed v ' s grandson now reigns in morocco as mohammed vi , ignoring the reign of ben aarafa by using the same regnal number .\n\u200e\u200e ) ; he was put in mohammed v ' s place by the french after they exiled mohammed v to madagascar .\nand mohammed v in 1955 . he died in 1976 in france . mohammed v ' s grandson now reigns in morocco as\ntoday the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin south dakota can be shipped to sioux falls , rapid city , aberdeen , brookings , watertown , mitchell , yankton , pierre , huron , spearfish , vermillion and smaller towns .\nit goes without saying that the found goods by query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin vermont can be delivered to burlington , south burlington , rutland , barre , montpelier , winooski , st . albans , newport , vergennes , and other cities .\nin other words , any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\ncan be shipped to any place in australia , including new south wales , victoria , queensland , western australia , south australia , tasmania , australian capital territory , and northern territory .\nchipolopolo arrive at the mohammed v stadiumthe chipolopolo boys have arrived at the mohammed v stadium in casablanca for their group b match against namibia .\nrelated products in the best online stores . for your convenience the search term is already added to the search box . you can either make a search right now or modify the query somehow ( for example ,\nmohammed ben aarafa 2018\n) .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nmohammed ben aarafa\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nin other words , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\ncan be shipped to any place in canada , including ontario , quebec , british columbia , alberta , manitoba , saskatchewan , nova scotia , new brunswick , newfoundland and labrador , and prince edward island .\non 20 august 1953 , the french who were occupying morocco at the time forced mohammed v and his family into exile on corsica . his uncle , mohammed ben aarafa , was placed on the throne . mohammed v and his family were then transferred to madagascar in january 1954 . mohammed v returned from exile on 16 november 1955 , and was again recognized as sultan after active opposition to the french protectorate . in february 1956 he successfully negotiated with france for the independence of morocco , and in 1957 took the title of king .\nmohamed ben arafa was a moroccan alaouite royal of the early 20th century . ben arafa is best known for being the subject of a plot by thami el glaoui , pasha of marrakech to dethrone his cousin mohammed ben youssef . he ruled for a brief period between 1953 and 1955 , when he was enthroned by the french as a replacement of mohammed v . this move was seen by the moroccan public as humiliation and resulted in widespread violence until mohammed v was resorted to his throne . mohamed ben arafa was a nephew of hassan i , after his abdication he retired in tangiers then settled in nice , france where he lived until his death in 1976 .\non 20 august 1953 , the french who were occupying morocco at the time forced mohammed v and his family into exile on corsica . his uncle , mohammed ben aarafa , was placed on the throne . mohammed v and his family were then transferred to madagascar in january 1954 . mohammed v returned from exile on 16 november 1955 , and was again recognized as sultan after active opposition to the french protectorate . in february 1956 he successfully negotiated with france and spain for the independence of morocco , and in 1957 took the title of king .\nusually , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin wyoming can be bought in cheyenne , casper , laramie , gillette , rock springs , sheridan , green river , evanston , riverton , jackson , cody , rawlins , lander , torrington , powell , douglas , worland , and other cities .\ninstalled in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile . the reign of this\nmohammed vi\nwas not recognized in the\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article mohammed ben aarafa ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\nit goes without saying that the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin montana can be purchased if you live in billings , missoula , great falls , bozeman , butte , helena , kalispell , havre , anaconda , miles city , belgrade , livingston , laurel , whitefish , lewistown , sidney and smaller towns .\nin other words , the found goods by query\nmohammed ben aarafa\ncan be shipped to any place in new zealand , including north island , south island , waiheke island , and smaller islands . usually , any things related withcan be delivered to the following cities : you can also buy these goods in . . .\nit goes without saying that any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin west virginia can be delivered to the following cities : charleston , huntington , morgantown , parkersburg , wheeling , weirton , fairmont , martinsburg , beckley , clarksburg , south charleston , st . albans , vienna , bluefield , and other cities and towns .\ntoday the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin connecticut can be delivered to bridgeport , new haven , hartford , stamford , waterbury , norwalk , danbury , new britain , bristol , meriden , milford , west haven , middletown , norwich , shelton , torrington , new london , ansonia , derby , groton , etc .\nno need to say , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin nebraska can be purchased if you live in omaha , lincoln , bellevue , grand island , kearney , fremont , hastings , norfolk , north platte , papillion , columbus , la vista , scottsbluff , south sioux city , beatrice , lexington . . .\nno doubt , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin nevada can be received in such cities as las vegas , henderson , reno , north las vegas , sparks , carson city , fernley , elko , mesquite , boulder city , fallon , winnemucca , west wendover , ely , yerington , carlin , lovelock , wells , caliente .\nof course , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin delaware can be delivered to the following cities : wilmington , dover , newark , middletown , smyrna , milford , seaford , georgetown , elsmere , new castle , millsboro , laurel , harrington , camden , clayton , lewes , milton , selbyville , bridgeville , townsend , etc .\nfile : inside mohammed v mausoleum . jpg : image : mohammed v morocco 1957 . lowres . jpegmohammed v ( 10 august 1909 \u2013 26 february 1961 ) ( ) was sultan of morocco of morocco from 1927 to 1953 ; he was recognized as sultan again upon his return from exile in 1955 , and as king of morocco from 1957 to 1961 . his full name was sidi mohammed ben yusef , or son of ( sultan ) yusef of morocco , upon whose death he succeeded to the throne . he was a member of the alaouite dynasty . on 20 august 1953 , the french people who were occupying morocco at the time forced mohammed v and his family into exile on corsica . his uncle , mohammed ben aarafa , was placed on the throne . mohammed v and his family were then transferred to madagascar in january 1954 . mohammed v returned from exile on 16 november 1955 , and was again recognized as sultan after active opposition to the french protectorate . in february 1956 he successfully negotiated with france and spain for the independence of morocco , and in 1957 took the title of king .\ninstalled in august 1953 , he abdicated in october 1955 , while mohammed v was still in exile .\nit goes without saying that the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin maine can be delivered to portland , lewiston , bangor , south portland , auburn , biddeford , sanford , saco , augusta , westbrook , waterville , presque isle , brewer , bath , caribou , ellsworth , old town , rockland , belfast , gardiner , calais , hallowell , eastport .\nnormally , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin the united kingdom can be delivered to london , birmingham , leeds , glasgow , sheffield , bradford , edinburgh , liverpool , manchester , bristol , wakefield , cardiff , coventry , nottingham , leicester , sunderland , belfast , newcastle upon tyne , brighton , hull , plymouth , stoke - on - trent .\nundoubtedly , any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin australia can be shipped to such cities as sydney , melbourne , brisbane , perth , adelaide , gold coast , tweed heads , newcastle , maitland , canberra , queanbeyan , sunshine coast , wollongong , hobart , geelong , townsville , cairns , darwin , toowoomba , ballarat , bendigo , albury , wodonga , launceston , mackay .\nas usual , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin north dakota can be received in fargo , bismarck , grand forks , minot , west fargo , williston , dickinson , mandan , jamestown , wahpeton , devils lake , watford city , valley city , grafton , lincoln , beulah , rugby , stanley , horace , casselton , new town , hazen , bottineau , lisbon , carrington .\nas you know , any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin canada can be shipped to such cities as toronto , montreal , calgary , ottawa , edmonton , mississauga , winnipeg , vancouver , brampton , hamilton , quebec city , surrey , laval , halifax , london , markham , vaughan , gatineau , longueuil , burnaby , saskatoon , kitchener , windsor , regina , richmond , richmond hill .\nundoubtedly , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin new zealand can be bought in auckland , wellington , christchurch , hamilton , tauranga , napier - hastings , dunedin , lower hutt , palmerston north , nelson , rotorua , new plymouth , whangarei , invercargill , whanganui , gisborne , porirua , invercargill , nelson , upper hutt , gisborne , blenheim , pukekohe , timaru , taupo . . .\nof course , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin alaska can be purchased if you live in anchorage , fairbanks , juneau , sitka , ketchikan , wasilla , kenai , kodiak , bethel , palmer , homer , unalaska , barrow , soldotna , valdez , nome , kotzebue , seward , wrangell , dillingham , cordova , north pole , houston , craig , hooper bay , akutan and smaller towns .\nking mohammed v died today after a minor operation . he was 51 years old and had occupied the throne since 1927\nand of course , any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin idaho can be purchased if you live in boise , meridian , nampa , idaho falls , pocatello , caldwell , coeur d ' alene , twin falls , lewiston , post falls , rexburg , moscow , eagle , kuna , ammon , chubbuck , hayden , mountain home , blackfoot , garden city , jerome , burley , and other cities and towns .\nit goes without saying that any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin maryland can be delivered to the following cities : baltimore , frederick , rockville , gaithersburg , bowie , hagerstown , annapolis , college park , salisbury , laurel , greenbelt , cumberland , westminster , hyattsville , takoma park , easton , elkton , aberdeen , havre de grace , cambridge , new carrollton , bel air , and other cities and towns .\nfrance ' s exile of sultan mohammed v in 1953 to madagascar and his replacement by the unpopular mohammed ben aarafa , whose reign was perceived as illegitimate , sparked active opposition to the french protectorate all over the country . the most notable occurred in oujda , where moroccans attacked french and other european residents in the streets . operations by the newly created\narmy of liberation\nwere launched in 1955 . the\narmy of liberation\nwas created by the arab maghreb liberation committee in cairo , egypt , to constitute a resistance movement against occupation , like the national liberation front in algeria . its goal was the return of king mohammed v and the liberation of algeria and tunisia as well . france allowed mohammed v to return in 1955 , and the negotiations that led to moroccan independence began the following year .\n\u2014 for those of a similar name , see mohamed v ( disambiguation ) . mohammed v of morocco king of morocco sultan of morocco ( 1957\u201358 ) sultan mohammed v of morocco visiting lawrence livermore lab , united states , in 1957 reign 19 \u2026\nas you know , the goods by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin new hampshire can be shipped to manchester , nashua , concord , derry , dover , rochester , salem , merrimack , hudson , londonderry , keene , bedford , portsmouth , goffstown , laconia , hampton , milford , durham , exeter , windham , hooksett , claremont , lebanon , pelham , somersworth , hanover , amherst , raymond , conway , berlin , and so on .\nas you know , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin new mexico can be shipped to albuquerque , las cruces , rio rancho , santa fe , roswell , farmington , south valley , clovis , hobbs , alamogordo , carlsbad , gallup , deming , los lunas , chaparral , sunland park , las vegas , portales , los alamos , north valley , artesia , lovington , silver city , espa\u00f1ola , and so on .\nand the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin tennessee can be shipped to memphis , nashville , knoxville , chattanooga , clarksville , murfreesboro , franklin , jackson , johnson city , bartlett , hendersonville , kingsport , collierville , smyrna , cleveland , brentwood , germantown , columbia , spring hill , la vergne , gallatin , cookeville , mount juliet , lebanon , morristown , oak ridge , maryville , bristol , farragut , shelbyville , east ridge , tullahoma .\nthe mohammed v international airport and stade mohamed v of casablanca are named after him , as well as numerous universities and various public spaces across morocco . there is an avenue mohammed v in nearly every moroccan city and a major one in tunis , tunisia .\n\u2191 morocco ' s king mohammed unveils constitutional reforms bbc news ( june 18 , 2011 ) . retrieved february 1 , 2017 .\nand today the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin louisiana can be sent to new orleans , baton rouge , shreveport , metairie , lafayette , lake charles , kenner , bossier city , monroe , alexandria , houma , marrero , new iberia , laplace , slidell , prairieville , central , terrytown , ruston , sulphur , harvey , hammond , bayou cane , shenandoah , natchitoches , gretna , chalmette , opelousas , estelle , zachary , and other cities .\nno doubt , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin virginia can be shipped to virginia beach , norfolk , chesapeake , richmond , newport news , alexandria , hampton , roanoke , portsmouth , suffolk , lynchburg , harrisonburg , charlottesville , danville , manassas , petersburg , fredericksburg , winchester , salem , staunton , fairfax , hopewell , waynesboro , colonial heights , radford , bristol , manassas park , williamsburg , falls church , martinsville , poquoson , and so on .\nusually , any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin rhode island can be purchased if you live in providence , warwick , cranston , pawtucket , east providence , woonsocket , coventry , cumberland , north providence , south kingstown , west warwick , johnston , north kingstown , newport , bristol , westerly , smithfield , lincoln , central falls , portsmouth , barrington , middletown , burrillville , narragansett , tiverton , east greenwich , north smithfield , warren , scituate , etc .\nas usual , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin hawaii can be shipped to such cities as honolulu , east honolulu , pearl city , hilo , kailua , waipahu , kaneohe , mililani town , kahului , ewa gentry , mililani mauka , kihei , makakilo , wahiawa , schofield barracks , wailuku , kapolei , ewa beach , royal kunia , halawa , waimalu , waianae , nanakuli , kailua , lahaina , waipio , hawaiian paradise park , kapaa and smaller towns .\nas usual , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin iowa can be purchased if you live in des moines , cedar rapids , davenport , sioux city , iowa city , waterloo , council bluffs , ames , west des moines , dubuque , ankeny , urbandale , cedar falls , marion , bettendorf , marshalltown , mason city , clinton , burlington , ottumwa , fort dodge , muscatine , coralville , johnston , north liberty , altoona , newton , indianola . . .\nnormally , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin pennsylvania can be purchased if you live in philadelphia , pittsburgh , allentown , erie , reading , scranton , bethlehem , lancaster , harrisburg , altoona , york , wilkes - barre , chester , williamsport , easton , lebanon , hazleton , new castle , johnstown , mckeesport , hermitage , greensburg , pottsville , sharon , butler , washington , meadville , new kensington , coatesville , st . marys , lower burrell , oil city , nanticoke , uniontown and smaller towns .\nin 1944 , moroccan nationalists formed an independence party seeking an end to colonialism , and became known as the istiqlals . in response , the french government arrested all the leaders of the group . following riots in casablanca in 1952 , istiqlal was banned . king mohammad v was exiled to madagascar , and ben aarafa took over , but he was not well - liked by moroccans .\nundoubtedly , the goods by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin kentucky can be purchased if you live in louisville , lexington , bowling green , owensboro , covington , hopkinsville , richmond , florence , georgetown , henderson , elizabethtown , nicholasville , jeffersontown , frankfort , paducah , independence , radcliff , ashland , madisonville , winchester , erlanger , murray , st . matthews , fort thomas , danville , newport , shively , shelbyville , glasgow , berea , bardstown , shepherdsville , somerset , lyndon , lawrenceburg , middlesboro , mayfield . . .\nwikimedia commons has media related to [ [ commons : category : { { # property : p373 } } | mohammed v of morocco ] ] .\nthe mohammed v international airport and stade mohamed v of casablanca are named after him , as well as numerous universities and various public spaces across morocco . there is an avenue mohammed v in nearly every moroccan city and a major one in tunis , tunisia . in december 2007 , the jewish daily forward reported on a secret diplomatic initiative by the moroccan government to have mohammed v admitted to the righteous among the nations . . the forward , 12 december 2007\nno need to say , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin indiana can be delivered to the following cities : indianapolis , fort wayne , evansville , south bend , carmel , fishers , bloomington , hammond , gary , lafayette , muncie , terre haute , kokomo , noblesville , anderson , greenwood , elkhart , mishawaka , lawrence , jeffersonville , columbus , portage , new albany , richmond , westfield , valparaiso , goshen , michigan city , west lafayette , marion , east chicago , hobart , crown point , franklin , la porte , greenfield , etc .\nas usual , the found goods by query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin kansas can be purchased if you live in wichita , overland park , kansas city , olathe , topeka , lawrence , shawnee , manhattan , lenexa , salina , hutchinson , leavenworth , leawood , dodge city , garden city , junction city , emporia , derby , prairie village , hays , liberal , gardner , pittsburg , newton , great bend , mcpherson , el dorado , ottawa , winfield , arkansas city , andover , lansing , merriam , haysville , atchison , parsons , and so on .\nnaturally , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin georgia can be delivered to the following cities : atlanta , columbus , augusta , macon , savannah , athens , sandy springs , roswell , johns creek , albany , warner robins , alpharetta , marietta , valdosta , smyrna , dunwoody , rome , east point , milton , gainesville , hinesville , peachtree city , newnan , dalton , douglasville , kennesaw , lagrange , statesboro , lawrenceville , duluth , stockbridge , woodstock , carrollton , canton , griffin , mcdonough , acworth , pooler , union city , and other cities and towns .\nusually , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin wisconsin can be sent to milwaukee , madison , green bay , kenosha , racine , appleton , waukesha , oshkosh , eau claire , janesville , west allis , la crosse , sheboygan , wauwatosa , fond du lac , new berlin , wausau . the shipping is also available in brookfield , beloit , greenfield , franklin , oak creek , manitowoc , west bend , sun prairie , superior , stevens point , neenah , fitchburg , muskego , watertown , de pere , mequon , south milwaukee , marshfield , and other cities .\nand today the goods by your query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin missouri can be shipped to such cities as kansas city , st . louis , springfield , independence , columbia , lee\u2019s summit , o\u2019fallon , st . joseph , st . charles , blue springs , st . peters , florissant , joplin , chesterfield , jefferson city , cape girardeau , oakville , wildwood , university city , ballwin , raytown , liberty , wentzville , mehlville , kirkwood , maryland heights , hazelwood , gladstone , grandview , belton , webster groves , sedalia , ferguson , arnold , affton , and so on .\nduring the 1950s and 1960s , morocco was an artistic center and attracted writers such as paul bowles , tennessee williams , and william s . burroughs . moroccan literature flourished , with novelists such as mohamed choukri , who wrote in arabic , and driss chra\u00efbi , who wrote in french . other important moroccan authors include tahar ben jelloun , fouad laroui , mohammed berrada , and leila abouzeid .\nno need to say , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin mississippi can be received in such cities as jackson , gulfport , southaven , hattiesburg , biloxi , meridian , tupelo , greenville , olive branch , horn lake , clinton , pearl , ridgeland , starkville , columbus , vicksburg , pascagoula , clarksdale , oxford , laurel , gautier , ocean springs , madison , brandon , greenwood , cleveland , natchez , long beach , corinth , hernando , moss point , mccomb , canton , carriere , grenada , brookhaven , indianola , yazoo city , west point , picayune , petal .\nof course , the goods by your query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin south carolina can be shipped to columbia , charleston , north charleston , mount pleasant , rock hill , greenville , summerville , sumter , hilton head island , spartanburg , florence , goose creek , aiken , myrtle beach , anderson , greer , mauldin , greenwood , north augusta , easley , simpsonville , hanahan , lexington , conway , west columbia , north myrtle beach , clemson , orangeburg , cayce , bluffton , beaufort , gaffney , irmo , fort mill , port royal , forest acres , newberry , and other cities and towns .\nin december 2007 , the jewish daily forward reported on a secret diplomatic initiative by the moroccan government to have mohammed v admitted to the righteous among the nations . [ 10 ]\nin december 2007 , the jewish daily forward reported on a secret diplomatic initiative by the moroccan government to have mohammed v admitted to the righteous among the nations . [ 6 ]\nas you know , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin oklahoma can be delivered to oklahoma city , tulsa , norman , broken arrow , lawton , edmond , moore , midwest city , enid , stillwater , muskogee , bartlesville , owasso , shawnee , yukon , ardmore , ponca city , bixby , duncan , del city , jenks , sapulpa , mustang , sand springs , bethany , altus , claremore , el reno , mcalester , ada , durant , tahlequah , chickasha , miami , glenpool , elk city , woodward , okmulgee , choctaw , weatherford , guymon , guthrie , warr acres , and other cities and towns .\nnevertheless , mohammed is highly esteemed by moroccan jews who credit him for protecting their community from the nazi and vichy french government , [ 1 ] and mohammed v has been honored by jewish organizations for his role in protecting his jewish subjects during the holocaust . [ 5 ] some historians maintain that mohammed ' s anti - nazi role has been exaggerated ; historian michel abitol writes that while mohammed v was compelled by vichy officials to sign the anti - jewish dahirs ,\nhe was more passive than moncef bay ( ruler of tunisia during the second world war ) in that he did not take any side and did not engage in any public act that could be interpreted as a rejection of vichy ' s policy .\n[ 4 ]\nnormally , the goods named\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin arkansas can be received in such cities as little rock , fort smith , fayetteville , springdale , jonesboro , north little rock , conway , rogers , pine bluff , bentonville , hot springs , benton , texarkana , sherwood , jacksonville , russellville , bella vista , west memphis , paragould , cabot . delivery is also carried out in searcy , van buren , el dorado , maumelle , blytheville , forrest city , siloam springs , bryant , harrison , hot springs village , mountain home , marion , helena - west helena , camden , magnolia , arkadelphia , malvern , batesville , hope , and other cities .\nusually , the goods by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin massachusetts can be delivered to the following cities : boston , worcester , springfield , lowell , cambridge , new bedford , brockton , quincy , lynn , fall river , newton , lawrence , somerville , framingham , haverhill , waltham , malden , brookline , plymouth , medford , taunton , chicopee , weymouth , revere , peabody , methuen , barnstable , pittsfield , attleboro , arlington , everett , salem , westfield , leominster , fitchburg , billerica , holyoke , beverly , marlborough , woburn , amherst , braintree , shrewsbury , chelsea , dartmouth , chelmsford , andover , natick , randolph , watertown , etc .\nno need to say , the goods by your query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin ireland can be purchased if you live in dublin , cork , limerick , galway , waterford , drogheda , dundalk , swords , bray , navan , ennis , kilkenny , tralee , carlow , newbridge , naas , athlone , portlaoise , mullingar , wexford , balbriggan , letterkenny , celbridge , sligo . and also in clonmel , greystones , malahide , leixlip , carrigaline , tullamore , killarney , arklow , maynooth , cobh , castlebar , midleton , mallow , ashbourne , ballina , laytown - bettystown - mornington , enniscorthy , wicklow , tramore , cavan , and other cities and towns .\nmohammed v was one of the sons of sultan yusef , who was enthroned by the french in september 1912 and his wife lalla yaqut , who was of turkish origin . [ 6 ]\nmohammed v was one of the sons of sultan yusef , who was enthroned by the french in september 1912 and his wife lalla yaqut , who was of turkish origin . [ 2 ]\nand the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin arizona can be delivered to phoenix , tucson , mesa , chandler , glendale , scottsdale , gilbert , tempe , peoria , surprise , yuma , avondale , flagstaff , goodyear , lake havasu city , buckeye , casa grande , sierra vista , maricopa , oro valley , prescott , bullhead city , prescott valley . as well as in apache junction , marana , el mirage , kingman , queen creek , florence , san luis , sahuarita , fountain hills , nogales , douglas , eloy , payson , somerton , paradise valley , coolidge , cottonwood , camp verde , chino valley , show low , sedona . . .\nundoubtedly , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin north carolina can be shipped to charlotte , raleigh , greensboro , durham , winston - salem , fayetteville , cary , wilmington , high point , greenville , asheville , concord , gastonia , jacksonville , chapel hill , rocky mount , huntersville , burlington , wilson , kannapolis , apex , hickory , wake forest , indian trail , mooresville , goldsboro , monroe , salisbury , holly springs , matthews , new bern , sanford , cornelius , garner , thomasville , statesville , asheboro , mint hill , fuquay - varina , morrisville , kernersville , lumberton , kinston , carrboro , havelock , shelby , clemmons , lexington , clayton , boone , etc .\nand today any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin colorado can be delivered to denver , colorado springs , aurora , fort collins , lakewood , thornton , arvada , westminster , pueblo , centennial , boulder , greeley , longmont , loveland , broomfield , grand junction , castle rock , commerce city , parker , littleton , northglenn , brighton , englewood . you can also buy these goods in wheat ridge , fountain , lafayette , windsor , erie , evans , golden , louisville , montrose , durango , ca\u00f1on city , greenwood village , sterling , lone tree , johnstown , superior , fruita , steamboat springs , federal heights , firestone , fort morgan , frederick , castle pines , and so on .\nusually , the products related to the term\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin oregon can be purchased if you live in portland , salem , eugene , gresham , hillsboro , beaverton , bend , medford , springfield , corvallis , albany , tigard , lake oswego , keizer , grants pass , oregon city , mcminnville , redmond , tualatin , west linn , woodburn , forest grove , newberg , wilsonville , roseburg , klamath falls , ashland , milwaukie , sherwood , happy valley , central point , canby , hermiston , pendleton , troutdale , lebanon , coos bay , the dalles , dallas , st . helens , la grande , cornelius , gladstone , ontario , sandy , newport , monmouth , and other cities .\nthere are competing accounts of exactly what mohammed v did or did not do for the moroccan jewish community\nduring the holocaust . [ 1 ] however ,\nthough a subject of debate , most scholars stress the benevolence of mohammed v toward the jews\nduring the vichy era . [ 2 ] mohammed blocked efforts by vichy officials to impose anti - jewish legislation upon morocco and deport the country ' s 250 , 000 jews to their deaths in nazi concentration camps and extermination camps in europe . [ 3 ] the sultan ' s stand was\nbased as much on the insult the vichy diktats posed to his claim of sovereignty over all his subjects , including the jews , as on his humanitarian instincts .\n[ 3 ] partial nazi race measures were enacted in morocco over mohammed ' s objection , [ 3 ] and mohammed did sign , under the instructions of vichy officials , two dahirs ( decrees ) that barred jews from certain schools and positions . [ 4 ]\nof course , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin alabama can be bought in birmingham , montgomery , mobile , huntsville , tuscaloosa , hoover , dothan , decatur , auburn , madison , florence , gadsden , vestavia hills , prattville , phenix city , alabaster , bessemer , enterprise , opelika , homewood , northport , anniston , prichard , athens . as well as in daphne , pelham , oxford , albertville , selma , mountain brook , trussville , troy , center point , helena , hueytown , talladega , fairhope , ozark , alexander city , cullman , scottsboro , millbrook , foley , hartselle , fort payne , gardendale , jasper , saraland , muscle shoals , eufaula , and other cities and towns .\nno need to say , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin ohio can be received in such cities as columbus , cleveland , cincinnati , toledo , akron , dayton , parma , canton , youngstown , lorain , hamilton , springfield , kettering , elyria , lakewood , cuyahoga falls , euclid , middletown , mansfield , newark , mentor , cleveland heights , beavercreek , strongsville , fairfield , dublin , warren , findlay , lancaster , lima , huber heights , marion , westerville , reynoldsburg , grove city , stow , delaware , brunswick , upper arlington , gahanna , westlake , north olmsted , fairborn , massillon , mason , north royalton , bowling green , north ridgeville , kent , garfield heights and smaller towns .\nnaturally , any things related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin new jersey can be bought in newark , jersey city , paterson , elizabeth , edison , woodbridge , lakewood , toms river , hamilton , trenton , clifton , camden , brick , cherry hill , passaic , middletown , union city , old bridge , gloucester township , east orange , bayonne , franklin , north bergen , vineland , union , piscataway , new brunswick , jackson , wayne , irvington , parsippany - troy hills , howell , perth amboy , hoboken , plainfield , west new york , washington township , east brunswick , bloomfield , west orange , evesham , bridgewater , south brunswick , egg harbor , manchester , hackensack , sayreville , mount laurel , berkeley , north brunswick .\nand today any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin illinois can be delivered to the following cities : chicago , aurora , rockford , joliet , naperville , springfield , peoria , elgin , waukegan , champaign , bloomington , decatur , evanston , des plaines , berwyn , wheaton , belleville , elmhurst , dekalb , moline , urbana , crystal lake , quincy , rock island , park ridge , calumet city , pekin , danville , st . charles , north chicago , galesburg , chicago heights , granite city , highland park , burbank , o ' fallon , oak forest , alton , kankakee , west chicago , east st . louis , mchenry , batavia , carbondale , freeport , belvidere , collinsville , harvey , lockport , woodstock . . .\nno need to say , any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin washington can be sent to seattle , spokane , tacoma , vancouver , bellevue , kent , everett , renton , federal way , yakima , spokane valley , kirkland , bellingham , kennewick , auburn , pasco , marysville , lakewood , redmond , shoreline , richland , sammamish , burien , olympia , lacey . the shipping is also available in edmonds , puyallup , bremerton , lynnwood , bothell , longview , issaquah , wenatchee , mount vernon , university place , walla walla , pullman , des moines , lake stevens , seatac , maple valley , mercer island , bainbridge island , oak harbor , kenmore , moses lake , camas , mukilteo , mountlake terrace , tukwila , etc .\nas usual , the goods by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin minnesota can be received in minneapolis , saint paul , rochester , bloomington , duluth , brooklyn park , plymouth , maple grove , woodbury , st . cloud , eagan , eden prairie , coon rapids , blaine , burnsville , lakeville , minnetonka , apple valley , edina , st . louis park , moorhead , mankato , maplewood , shakopee , richfield , cottage grove , roseville , inver grove heights , andover , brooklyn center , savage , oakdale , fridley , winona , shoreview , ramsey , owatonna , chanhassen , prior lake , white bear lake , chaska , austin , elk river , champlin , faribault , rosemount , crystal , farmington , hastings , new brighton , and so on .\nas always , the goods by your query\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin new york can be purchased if you live in new york , buffalo , rochester , yonkers , syracuse , albany , new rochelle , mount vernon , schenectady , utica , white plains , troy , niagara falls , binghamton , rome , long beach , poughkeepsie , north tonawanda , jamestown , ithaca , elmira , newburgh , middletown , auburn , watertown , glen cove , saratoga springs , kingston , peekskill , lockport , plattsburgh , cortland , amsterdam , oswego , lackawanna , cohoes , rye , gloversville , beacon , batavia , tonawanda , glens falls , olean , oneonta , geneva , dunkirk , fulton , oneida , corning , ogdensburg , canandaigua , watervliet , and other cities and towns .\nno need to say , any products related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin michigan can be shipped to detroit , grand rapids , warren , sterling heights , lansing , ann arbor , flint , dearborn , livonia , clinton , canton , westland , troy , farmington hills , macomb township , kalamazoo , shelby , wyoming , southfield , waterford , rochester hills , west bloomfield , taylor , saint clair shores , pontiac , dearborn heights , royal oak , novi , ypsilanti , battle creek , saginaw , kentwood , east lansing , redford , roseville , georgetown , portage , chesterfield township , midland , bloomfield charter township , oakland county , saginaw , commerce , meridian , muskegon , lincoln park , grand blanc , holland , orion , bay city , independence charter township , and other cities .\nand the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin utah can be delivered to salt lake city , west valley city , provo , west jordan , orem , sandy , ogden , st . george , layton , taylorsville , south jordan , logan , lehi , murray , bountiful , draper , riverton , roy , spanish fork , pleasant grove , cottonwood heights , tooele , springville , cedar city , midvale . the shipping is also available in kaysville , holladay , american fork , clearfield , syracuse , south salt lake , herriman , eagle mountain , clinton , washington , payson , farmington , brigham city , saratoga springs , north ogden , south ogden , north salt lake , highland , centerville , hurricane , heber city , west haven , lindon , and other cities and towns .\nand the goods by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin florida can be shipped to such cities as jacksonville , miami , tampa , orlando , st . petersburg , hialeah , tallahassee , fort lauderdale , port st . lucie , cape coral , pembroke pines , hollywood , miramar , gainesville , coral springs , miami gardens , clearwater , palm bay , pompano beach , west palm beach , lakeland , davie , miami beach , boca raton . the shipping is also available in deltona , plantation , sunrise , palm coast , largo , deerfield beach , melbourne , boynton beach , lauderhill , fort myers , weston , kissimmee , homestead , delray beach , tamarac , daytona beach , wellington , north miami , jupiter , north port , coconut creek , port orange , sanford , margate , ocala , sarasota , pensacola , and other cities .\ndespite improvements under mohammed vi , international organizations have continued to criticize the human rights situation in morocco in general ( arrests of suspected islamist extremists during 2004 and 2005 related to the 2003 casablanca bombings ) , and in western sahara in particular .\nthere are competing accounts of exactly what mohammed v did or did not do for the moroccan jewish community\nduring the holocaust . jessica m . marglin , across legal lines : jews and muslims in modern morocco ( yale university press , 2016 ) , p . 201 . however ,\nthough a subject of debate , most scholars stress the benevolence of mohammed v toward the jews\nduring the vichy french era . orit bashkin & daniel j . schroeter ,\nhistorical themes : muslim - jewish relations in the modern modern middle east and north africa\nin the routledge handbook of muslim - jewish relations ( routledge , 2016 ) , p . 54 . mohammed blocked efforts by vichy officials to impose vichy anti - jewish legislation upon morocco and deport the country ' s 250 , 000 jews to their deaths in nazi concentration camps and extermination camps in europe . susan gilson miller , a history of modern morocco ( cambridge university press , 2013 ) , pp . 142 - 43 . the sultan ' s stand was\nbased as much on the insult the vichy diktats posed to his claim of sovereignty over all his subjects , including the jews , as on his humanitarian instincts .\npartial nazi race measures were enacted in morocco over mohammed ' s objection , and mohammed did sign , under the instructions of vichy officials , two moroccan dahir ( decrees ) that barred jews from certain schools and positions . abdelilah bouasria ,\nthe second coming of morocco ' s ' commander of the faithful ' : mohammed vi and morocco ' s religious policy\nin contemporary morocco : state , politics and society under mohammmed vi ( eds . bruce maddy - weitzman & daniel zisenwine , 2013 ) , p . 42 . nevertheless , mohammed is highly esteemed by moroccan jews who credit him for protecting their community from the nazi germany and vichy french government , and mohammed v has been honored by jewish organizations for his role in protecting his jewish subjects during the holocaust . some historians maintain that mohammed ' s anti - nazi role has been exaggerated ; historian michel abitol writes that while mohammed v was compelled by vichy officials to sign the anti - jewish dahirs ,\nhe was more passive than muhammad vii al - munsif ( list of beys of tunis during the second world war ) in that he did not take any side and did not engage in any public act that could be interpreted as a rejection of vichy ' s policy .\nlater on , in response to anti - jewish rhetoric in the wake of the creation of the state of israel , mohammed v warned muslims not to hurt moroccan jews , reminding them that jews had always been protected in morocco . [ 1 ]\nduring the 1990s , king hassan made great strides toward economic and political liberalization . king hassan died on july 23 , 1999 , and was succeeded by his son , mohammed vi , who pledged to continue these reforms . under mohammed vi , the moroccan government has undertaken a number of economic , political , and social reforms , including the 2003 moudawana , a reform of the family status code , and the 2006 equity and reconciliation commission , which investigated allegations of human rights abuse from 1956 to 1999 .\nimage : mohammed v 1954 , madagascar . jpg : mohammed v was one of the sons of sultan yusef of morocco , who was enthroned by the french in september 1912 and his wife lalla yaqut , who was of turkey origin . his first wife was lalla hanila bint mamoun . she was the mother of his first daughter lalla fatima zohra . his second wife was his first cousin lalla abla bint tahar ( ) ( born 5 september 1909 \u2013 died 1 march 1992 ) . she was the daughter of moulay mohammed tahar bin hassan , son of hassan i of morocco . she married mohammed v in 1929 and died in rabat on 1 march 1992 . she gave birth to five children : the future king hassan ii of morocco , princess lalla aicha of morocco , princess lalla malika of morocco , prince moulay abdallah of morocco and princess lalla nuzha of morocco . international business publications , morocco foreign policy and government guide p . 84his third wife was lalla bahia , mother of his last daughter princess lalla amina of morocco .\nnaturally , the products by request\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin texas can be bought in houston , san antonio , dallas , austin , fort worth , el paso , arlington , corpus christi , plano , laredo , lubbock , garland , irving , amarillo , grand prairie , brownsville , mckinney , frisco , pasadena , mesquite , killeen , mcallen , carrollton , midland , waco , denton , abilene , odessa , beaumont , round rock , the woodlands , richardson , pearland , college station , wichita falls , lewisville , tyler , san angelo , league city , allen , sugar land , edinburg , mission , longview , bryan , pharr , baytown , missouri city , temple , flower mound , new braunfels , north richland hills , conroe , victoria , cedar park , harlingen , atascocita , mansfield , georgetown , san marcos , rowlett , pflugerville , port arthur , spring , euless , desoto , grapevine , galveston , and other cities and towns .\nnovember 18th in morocco is known as eid al istiqulal ( independence day ) , and honours the return of king mohammed v to morocco from exile in madagascar . on this day the king proclaimed the freedom of morocco from france and spain who had colonised the country for 44 years\nparliamentary elections were held in november 2002 and were considered largely free , fair , and transparent . at that time , king mohammed vi formed a government appointing then - interior minister driss jettou as prime minister . cabinet level positions were drawn from most major parties in the coalition .\nallait devenir la petite - fille pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e de hassan ii , le roi s\u2019est \u00e9merveill\u00e9 sans aucune g\u00eane des yeux bleus de la nouveau - n\u00e9e . \u00ab elle tient \u00e7a de son arri\u00e8re - grand - m\u00e8re turque \u00bb , faisait - il remarquer en rappelant les yeux azur de la m\u00e8re de mohammed v\nabdelilah bouasria ,\nthe second coming of morocco ' s ' commander of the faithful ' : mohammed vi and morocco ' s religious policy\nin contemporary morocco : state , politics and society under mohammmed vi ( eds . bruce maddy - weitzman & daniel zisenwine , 2013 ) , p . 42 .\nallait devenir la petite - fille pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e de hassan ii , le roi s ' est \u00e9merveill\u00e9 sans aucune g\u00eane des yeux bleus de la nouveau - n\u00e9e . \u00ab elle tient \u00e7a de son arri\u00e8re - grand - m\u00e8re turque \u00bb , faisait - il remarquer en rappelant les yeux azur de la m\u00e8re de mohammed v\nfollowing the 2002 elections , king mohammed vi highlighted several goals toward which the new government should work : expanded employment opportunities , economic development , meaningful education , and increased housing availability . to meet the king ' s objectives , the jettou government embarked on a series of initiatives and reforms , which jettou laid out in his early days as prime minister .\nmorocco has about 230 , 000 students enrolled in fourteen public universities . the most prestigious are mohammed v university in rabat and al akhawayn university in ifrane ( private ) . al - akhawayn , founded in 1993 by king hassan ii and king fahd of saudi arabia , is an english - medium , american - style university comprising about one thousand students . university of al karaouine , in fez , is the oldest university in the world and has been a center for knowledge for more than a thousand years .\nmorocco is home to 14 public universities . mohammed v university in rabat is one of the country ' s most famous schools , with faculties of law , sciences , liberal arts , and medicine . karaouine university , in fes , is a longstanding center for islamic studies and is the oldest university in the maghreb . morocco has one private , english language university , al - akhawayn , in ifrane , founded in 1993 by king hassan ii and king fahd of saudi arabia . the curriculum is based on an american model .\nhowever , under the reign of mohammed vi , and with the launch of the equity and reconciliation commission ( ier ) to investigate the atrocities , morocco is trying to reconcile with the victims . many new laws and codes concerning all aspects of life are being launched . the most notable event was the creation of the mudawana \u2014a family code that was the first unique initiative of its kind in the arab and muslim world . the code gives women more rights . other issues , such as the abolition of capital punishment , are being considered .\nmorocco is a moderate arab state which maintains close relations with europe and the united states . it is a member of the un and belongs to the arab league , arab maghreb union ( uma ) , organization of the islamic conference ( oic ) , and the non - aligned movement . king mohammed vi is the chairman of the oic ' s al - quds jerusalem committee . although not a member of the african union ( formerly the organization of african unity\u2014oau ) , morocco remains involved in african diplomacy . it contributes consistently to un peacekeeping efforts on the continent .\nmohammed v told jewish leaders that in his opinion vichy laws singling out the jews were inconsistent with moroccan law . he believed that jews should be treated equally with muslims . he emphasized that the property and lives of the moroccan jews remained under his protection . \u201cthere are no jews in morocco . there are only subjects , \u201d the king was reported to have said . in a blatant show of defiance the king insisted on inviting all the rabbis of morocco to the 1941 throne celebrations . due to his strong stance , vichy administrators were unable to implement their discriminatory laws and the jewish community was saved .\nas you know , the goods related with\nmohammed ben aarafa\nin california can be received in los angeles , san diego , san jose , san francisco , fresno , sacramento , long beach , oakland , bakersfield , anaheim , santa ana , riverside , stockton , chula vista , fremont , irvine , san bernardino , modesto , oxnard , fontana , moreno valley , glendale , huntington beach , santa clarita , garden grove . it ' s also available for those who live in santa rosa , oceanside , rancho cucamonga , ontario , lancaster , elk grove , palmdale , corona , salinas , pomona , torrance , hayward , escondido , sunnyvale , pasadena , fullerton , orange , thousand oaks , visalia , simi valley , concord , roseville , santa clara , vallejo , victorville . delivery is also carried out in el monte , berkeley , downey , costa mesa , inglewood , ventura , west covina , norwalk , carlsbad , fairfield , richmond , murrieta , burbank , antioch , daly city , temecula , santa maria , el cajon , rialto , san mateo , compton , clovis , jurupa valley , south gate , vista , mission viejo . delivery is also carried out in vacaville , carson , hesperia , redding , santa monica , westminster , santa barbara , chico , whittier , newport beach , san leandro , hawthorne , san marcos , citrus heights , alhambra , tracy , livermore , buena park , lakewood , merced , hemet , chino , menifee , lake forest , napa . as well as in redwood city , bellflower , indio , tustin , baldwin park , chino hills , mountain view , alameda , upland , folsom , san ramon , pleasanton , lynwood , union city , apple valley , redlands , turlock , perris , manteca , milpitas , redondo beach , davis , camarillo , yuba city . and , of course , rancho cordova , palo alto , yorba linda , walnut creek , south san francisco , san clemente , pittsburg , laguna niguel , pico rivera , montebello , lodi , madera , monterey park , la habra , santa cruz , encinitas , tulare , gardena , national city , cupertino . and also in huntington park , petaluma , san rafael , la mesa , rocklin , arcadia , diamond bar , woodland , fountain valley , porterville , paramount , hanford , rosemead , eastvale , santee , highland , delano , colton , novato , lake elsinore , brentwood , yucaipa , cathedral city , watsonville , placentia .\nrabat , morocco cu . new sultan of morocco sidi mohammed ben moulay arafa ( aug . 1953 - sep . 1955 ) . sv . scu . pan , sultan walking towards , preparing to leave for mosque . gv . rabat . lv . sultan leaving palace with procession . scu . sultan leaving palace on horseback . back view of procession towards the mosque . scu . pan , sultan on horseback . cu . car breaking through crowd . lv . assassin attempting to stab sultan , a french officer jumps aboard assassin ' s car , assassin draws knife , officer and assassin wrestling , officer knocks assassin off car , guards pounce on assassin as he falls on the ground . scu . assassin laying on ground , he lifts his head . scu . sergeant major king holding assassin ' s knife looking at his wound . pan down to assassin laying on ground . sv . dead horse laying by assassin ' s car . scu . sultan being helped away from scene . cu . guard . sv . & scu . pan , sultan leaving mosque in carriage escorted by guards . lv . & sv . procession . sv . towards , procession with sultan entering palace . ( f . g . ) ( orig . l . ) film id : 116 . 16 a video from british path\u00e9 . explore our online channel , british path\u00e9 tv . it ' s full of great documentaries , fascinating interviews , and classic movies . urltoken for licensing enquiries visit urltoken british path\u00e9 also represents the reuters historical collection , which includes more than 120 , 000 items from the news agencies gaumont graphic ( 1910 - 1932 ) , empire news bulletin ( 1926 - 1930 ) , british paramount ( 1931 - 1957 ) , and gaumont british ( 1934 - 1959 ) , as well as visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1979 . all footage can be viewed on the british path\u00e9 website . urltoken\nthe constitution grants the king extensive powers ; he is both the political leader and the\ndefender of the faith .\nhe presides over the council of ministers ; appoints the prime minister following legislative elections , and on recommendations from the latter , appoints the members of the government . while the constitution theoretically allows the king to terminate the tenure of any minister and , after consultation with the heads of the higher and lower assemblies , to dissolve the parliament , suspend the constitution , call for new elections , or rule by decree , the only time this happened was in 1965 . the king is formally the chief of the military . upon the death of his father mohammed v , king hassan ii succeeded to the throne in 1961 . he ruled morocco for the next 38 years , until he died in 1999 . his son , king mohamed vi , assumed the throne in july 1999 ."]}
{"id": 397, "summary": [{"text": "cryptolechia micracma is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1910 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are deep ochreous-yellow , sprinkled with dark fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is dark fuscous and there is a dark fuscous spot on the costa at two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a terminal fascia of dark fuscous suffusion or irroration .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of the males are pale yellowish , while those of the females are light grey . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "cryptolechia micracma", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for micracma definition . you find here micracma meaning , synonyms of micracma and images for micracma copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word micracma . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word micracma and , of course , micracma synonyms and on the right images related to the word micracma .\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon ; khasis\ncryptolechia micracma is a moth in the depressariidae family . it was described by edward meyrick in 1910 . [ 1 ] it is found in sri lanka . [ 2 ]\ncryptolechia castella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gei ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 39\ncryptolechia stictifascia ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 232\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\n( cryptolechia luteotactella , walk . 750 ; c . cognatella , ib . 751 . )\ncryptolechia epistemon strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 84 a ( 12 ) : 194 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : queensland\ncryptolechia argometra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia centroleuca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : sikkim , darjiling\ncryptolechia chlorozyga ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia coriata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia epistemon ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia fenerata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia isomichla ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia metacentra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia mitis ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 159 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia vespertina ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia zeloxantha ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 316 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ncryptolechia ? eningiella pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 7 - 9 ) : 306 ; tl : eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : french guiana , r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 456 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : s . india , ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 757 ; tl : australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : brazil , obidos , r . trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 546 ; tl : s . india , palnis , 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick , 1923 ; trans . proc . n . z . inst . 54 : 166 ; tl : takapuna , auckland\ncryptolechia temperata meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : simla\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 227 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 317 ; tl : colombia , mt . tolima , 12500ft\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : algeria , zebch , near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 173 ; tl : victoria , mt . st . bernard , 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 704 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower , 1923 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 47 : 56 ; tl : dorrigo , new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : quannan ( 24 . 7\u00b0n , 114 . 5\u00b0e ) , jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 204 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 226 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 210 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : kangxian ( 33 . 4\u00b0n , 105 . 5\u00b0e ) , gansu , 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : chishui co . ( 23 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 211 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 19\u00b0n , 106 . 12\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 219 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 209 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 199 , 198 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 207 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 208 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 294 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 67 ; tl : rubas , derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 202 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : yushan co . ( 28 . 6\u00b0n , 118 . 2\u00b0e ) , jiangxi , 1120m\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 206 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 201 , 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : huguo temple , mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\nwalk . ( cryptolechia luteotactella , walk . , 750 ; c . cognatella , ib . , 751 ; xylorycta luteotactella , meyr . , tr . roy . soc . s . a . , 61 , 1889 ) .\nwalk . ( cryptolechia luteotactella walker , 750 ; c . cognatella , ib . 751 xylorycta luteotactella , meyrick , 61 . ) brisbane : mr . illidge finds the larvae usually between spun - together leaves of banksia integrifolia , occasionally tunnelling the smaller stems . also from ballandean ( 2 , 500 feet ) near wallangarra . ( turner , 1898 ) .\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\n= ( hysipelon ) ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\naliena diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis\nargometra meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567\napiletria bibundella strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 84 ; tl : bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick , 1888 ; trans . n . z . inst . 20 : 78 ; tl : whangarei ; nelson\nphaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : pundaly - oya , ceylon\ncoelocrossa meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 172 ; tl : hamilton\nconata strand , 1917 ; arch . naturgesch . 82 a ( 3 ) : 152\neucharistis meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nglischrodes meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler , 1883 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1883 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate ; clarke , 1978 , smithson . contrl . zool . 273 : 38 , f . 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick , 1891 ; trans . n . z . inst . 23 : 98 ; tl : new zealand\nleptosaces mataea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 156 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\nmellispersa diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\nbrazil ( rio de janeiro , . . . ) . see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 742 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 157 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 111 , f . 27 ; tl : uschuaia\nassam , china ( fujian , sichuan , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 83 ; tl : alen\naustralia ( queensland , new south vales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 156 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; glen innes ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach s\u00fcd kamerun und spanisch guinea . lepidoptera . iv\nh . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nactr\u00e4ge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe wingspan is 12\u201313 mm . the forewings are deep ochreous - yellow , sprinkled with dark fuscous . the stigmata is dark fuscous and there is a dark fuscous spot on the costa at two - thirds . there is also a terminal fascia of dark fuscous suffusion or irroration . the hindwings of the males are pale yellowish , while those of the females are light grey . [ 3 ]\nthis page was last edited on 18 may 2018 , at 00 : 15 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nedit your maps . learn and tell what a subject is about by adding or removing correlations between topics .\nknowledge gamification . play and test knowledge discovery between two topics - ( alpha version ) .\nengage your friends to explore how world knowledge is interconnected . start a map and share it with # chainletterknowledge hastag : get your friends to take the call and extend your discovery , and see where your kick - start will lead !\nengage your friends to extend your story : follow where your kick - start leads .\nenter the forbidden forest : take the challenge to find a fastest path through world knowledge .\n- melameucae turner , 1898 x . melanias lower , 1899 x . melanula ( meyrick , 1890 ) x .\n( meyrick , 1890 ) x . moligera ( meyrick , 1914 ) x . molybdina turner , 1898 x . . .\nxylorycta luteotactella , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland , collected by david rentz .\n( walker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 750 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 751 ] . holotype bmnh \u2642 , sydney , nsw .\nwalk . meyrick , 1890 . descriptions of australian lepidoptera . part i . xyloryctidae . transactions of the royal society of south australia 13 : 23\u201381 [ 61 ] .\n. illidge , 1895 : xylorycts , or timber moths . queensland natural history society transactions , 1 , 29 - 34 [ 30 ] .\nwalk . lower , 1896 : a catalogue of victorian heterocera . part xix . the victorian naturalist , 12 : 149 - 152 [ 151 ] .\nwalk . turner , 1898 . the xyloryctidae of queensland . annals of the queensland museum 4 : 1\u201332 [ 24 ] .\nwalk . tillyard , r . j . , insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson , 1926 . 1 - 560 . [ 426 , pl . 33 : 6 ] .\nwalk . philpott , 1927 : the maxillae in the lepidoptera . transactions and proceedings of the royal society of new zealand , 57 , 721 - 745 [ 735 ] .\nfletcher , t . b . , 1929 , a list of generic names used for microlepidoptera . memoirs of the department of agriculture of india , 11 : 1 - 244 [ 175 , 237 ] .\nwallace , c . r . 1936 . the twig girdler moth of australian nut trees . agric . gaz . n . s . w . 47 ( 10 ) : [ 566 - 568 ] .\n( walk . ) . wallace , 1974 : neodrepta luteotactella ( walk . ) ( lepidoptera : xyloryctidae ) in relation to ornamental plants of the family protaceae . j . ent soc . aust . ( n . s . w . ) 8 [ 38 ] .\ncommon , 1990 , moths of australia , melbourne university press . 227 - 230 ( 229 ) .\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 87 , 346 : note # 135 ] . syntype ( s ) bmnh 5\u2642 , sydney , nsw .\n( walker ) . cassis , gerasimos , 1995 , a reclassification and phylogeny of the termatophylini ( heteroptera : miridae : deraeocorinae ) , with a taxonomic revision of the australian species , and a review of the tribal classification of the deraeocorinae . proc . entomol . soc . wash . 97 ( 2 ) , pp . 258 - 330 [ 264 ] .\nbeccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication .\nmas . nivea ; caput antice orhraceum ; palpi apice ochracei ; pedes ochracei , tibiis posticis fimbriatis ; alae anticae latiusculae , costa orhracea .\npure . white , smooth , shining . head in front , palpi , except the third joint , legs and costa of the fore wings ochraceous . palpi smooth , slender , much longer than the breadth of the head ; third joint setiform , shorter than the second . antennae smooth , slender . hind tibiae fringed . wings rather broad . fore wings slightly rounded at the tips ; fringe tipped with ochraceous ; exterior border nearly straight , slightly oblique . length of the body 4 \u00bd - 5 lines [ 9 . 5 \u2013 10 . 6mm ] ; of the wings 13 - 14 lines [ 27 . 5 \u2013 29 . 6mm ] .\na . \u2014 e . sydney . from mr . lambert ' s collection .\nmas . argenteo - alba ; oculi ochraceo marginati ; palpi ochracei , articulo 3o albo ; abdomen vix flavescens ; pedes ochracei ; anticae fimbria apice costaque ochraceis .\n. closely allied to c . placidella . silvery white . head above about the eyes , palpi , antennae , legs and costa of the fore wings ochraceous . third joint of the palpi white , shorter than the second . abdomen very slightly tinged with yellow , cinereous beneath . fore wings dark cinereous beneath , except the fringe , which is slightly tipped with ochraceous . hind wings cinereous beneath along the costa and at the tips . length of the body 5 lines [ 10 . 6mm ] ; of the wings 13 lines [ 27 . 5mm ] .\nboth sexes 17 - 26 mm . head white , sides of face broadly orange . palpi orange , terminal joint white . antennae ochreous - whitish , base orange . thorax and abdomen white , anal tuft ochreous - tinged . legs orange , posterior tibiae white . forewings elongate , moderate , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , hind margin straight , rather oblique ; shining snow - white ; costal edge narrowly orange , sometimes slenderly blackish towards base : cilia white , terminal third orange from below apex to above anal angle . hindwings grey - whitish , posteriorly suffused with light grey ; cilia white .\ni know xylorycta luteotactella occasionally to reside in a tunnel in stems of banksia integrifolia , though usually spinning galleries amongst twigs and leaves , and finally forming a cocoon . ( illidge , 1895 ) .\nof smaller species we may mention neodrepta luteotactella walk . ( pl . 33 , fig . 6 ) with smooth silky white forewings ; ( tillyard , 1926 ) .\nin neodrepta [ luteotactella ] the third segment [ of the maxillary palp ] is elongate , curved and medially constricted , having all the appearance of being the result of the fusion of the third and fourth . ( philpott , 1927 .\nthe larva of n . luteotactella ( walk . ) lives either in a webbing shelter amongst twigs and leaves or in a short tunnel in a twig or the woody fruits of proteaceae , including banksia and hakea , and is a pest of macadamia . ( common , 1970 ) .\nthe smaller species x . luteotactella ( walk . ) ( fig 23 . 10 ) is shining white with the costa of the fore wing yellow . it is found in eastern australia from cooktown to victoria , and is often a pest of native protaceae grown commercially or as ornamentals ( wallace 1974 ) . its larva sometimes lives in a small tunnel it bores in a branch of the food plant , covering the entrance with a web of silk and faecal pellets , but more usually in a silk gallery spun among the foliage associated with webbing and faecal material . the food plants include macadamia , banksia , grevillea , hakea , telopea , lambertia , persoonia , oreocallis , and even the introduced south african leucodendron . ( common , 1990 ) .\nxylorycta luteotactella ( walker , 1864 ) and x . cognatella ( walker , 1864 ) were published simultaneously . priority was given to x . luteotactella ( walker ) by meyrick ( 1890a ) as first reviser . ( common , 1996 ) .\nthere are indications that other termatophylines feed on moth larvae . kundakimuka queenslandica feeds on the xyloryctine moth , xylorycta luteotactella ( walker ) , which feeds on a paperbark species , melaleuca integrifolia . . . .\nthe association of termatophylina indiana with moth larval galleries , suggests that termatophylines may be commonly encountered in sheltered microhabitats . the prey of kundakimuka queenslandica , xylorycta luteotactella , is also known to live in small tunnels , which the moth bores in the branches of their food plant ( common 1990 ) . ( cassis , 1995 ) .\n\u2642 head , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland . collected by david rentz .\n\u2642 genitalia , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland . collected by david rentz .\naedeagus ( not to scale ) , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland . collected by david rentz .\nlarva in habitat , photo macleay museum , sydney ( don herbison - evans ) .\nhakea gibbosa , h . sericea , h . acicularis , banksia marginata , b . integrifolia , b . latifolia , grevillea rosmarinifolia , telopea speciosissima , lambertia formosa , persoonia lanceolata , oreocallis wickhamii , macadamia sp . and the introduced leucospermum cordifolium ( proteaceae ) ."]}
{"id": 399, "summary": [{"text": "fissicrambus quadrinotellus is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by zeller in 1877 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in panama and north america , where it has been recorded from florida and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from april to may , august to september and in december in the southern united states . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "fissicrambus quadrinotellus", "paragraphs": ["fissicrambus quadrinotellus is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by zeller in 1877 . it is found in panama and north america , where it has been recorded from florida and texas .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by david e . reed on 2 april , 2017 - 4 : 13pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\nthe wingspan is about 20 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from april to may , august to september and in december in the southern united states .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ntema fant\u00e1stico , s . a . . im\u00e1genes del tema : molotovcoketail . con la tecnolog\u00eda de blogger .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 462, "summary": [{"text": "antispila aurirubra is a moth of the heliozelidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by braun in 1915 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 7 \u2013 8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the thorax and forewings are lustrous and of varying colour , according to the direction of light ranging from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark gray , but purple toward the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on cornus species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine has the form of a brownish blotch . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "antispila aurirubra", "paragraphs": ["antispila aurirubra is a moth of the heliozelidae family . it was described by braun in 1915 . it is found in california .\nantispila petryi martini , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 10 - 12 ) : 398\nmartini , 1899 antispila petryi nov . spec . stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 10 - 12 ) : 398 - 405\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe wingspan is 7\u20138 mm . the thorax and forewings are lustrous and of varying colour , according to the direction of light ranging from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze . the hindwings are dark gray , but purple toward the apex .\nthe larvae feed on cornus species . they mine the leaves of their host plant . the mine has the form of a brownish blotch .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 470, "summary": [{"text": "asaphocrita sciaphilella is a moth in the blastobasidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , including kentucky , texas and california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are tawny vinous gray with a purplish sheen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish gray . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "asaphocrita sciaphilella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for sciaphilella definition . you find here sciaphilella meaning , synonyms of sciaphilella and images for sciaphilella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sciaphilella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sciaphilella and , of course , sciaphilella synonyms and on the right images related to the word sciaphilella .\nhave a fact about asaphocrita sciaphilella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for asaphocrita sciaphilella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nasaphocrita sciaphilella is a moth in the blastobasidae family . it is found in the united states , including kentucky , texas and california .\nasaphocrita sciaphilella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nasaphocrita protypica meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 178\nasaphocrita obsoletella is a moth in the blastobasidae family which is endemic to finland .\nasaphocrita erae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita reginae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita alogiae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita speie is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita fidei is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita furciferae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita stellae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita umbrae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita gazae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita gerrulae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita viraginis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita laminae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita lucis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita lunae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita vitae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita magae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita maximae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita aulae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita aurae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita opellae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita blattae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita amatricis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita pallae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita catenae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita animulae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita cenae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita arcis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita collyrae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita coronae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita deae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita planetae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita quietis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita rationis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita aphidiella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 709\nasaphocrita estriatella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 710\nasaphocrita fuscopurpurella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nasaphocrita irenica ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nasaphocrita pineae ; adamski , 1999 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 101 ( 3 ) : 695\nasaphocrita busckiella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 710 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nasaphocrita plagiatella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nasaphocrita plummerella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nasaphocrita protypica ; [ nacl ] , # 1170 ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 709\nmissouri , pennsylvania , massachusetts , new hampshire , new york , mayrland , s . ontario , nova scotia . see [ maps ]\n: pensylvania , hazleton , charleroi ; canada , toronto ; maryland , plummers is .\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 710\nholcocera busckiella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 36 , pl . 2 , f . 19 ; tl : maryland , plummers is .\ncatacrypsis irenica walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 208 ; tl : mendocino co . , mouth of albion r . , california ; british columbia , new westminster\nholcocera pineae amsel , 1962 ; z . ang . ent . 49 : 397\nholcocera plagiatella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 40 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : arizona , williams\nblastobasis plummerella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : plummers is . , maryland\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 1212 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1873 beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtf\u00e4lter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe wingspan is about 18 mm . the forewings are tawny vinous gray with a purplish sheen . the hindwings are brownish gray .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 487, "summary": [{"text": "syndemis musculana is a moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe , china ( heilongjiang , jilin , inner mongolia ) , the korean peninsula , japan , russia ( amur ) and north america .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the adults fly from april to july in the temperate parts of their range , such as belgium and the netherlands .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the caterpillars feed on oaks ( quercus ) , birches ( betula ) , spruces ( picea ) , ragworts ( senecio ) and rubus ( brambles and allies ) .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "less usually , they have been recorded to eat plant refuse and dry leaves . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "syndemis musculana", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nharmorullak\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen\nto\nsyndemis musculana h\u00fcbner 1800\n.\nsyndemis musculana ( dark - barred tortrix ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\ndark - barred twist\nto\nsyndemis musculana h\u00fcbner 1800\n.\nkari pihlaviita set\nadult - lateral view - close - up - enlarged\nas an exemplar on\nsyndemis musculana h\u00fcbner 1800\n.\n. . . archips podana \u2022 archips xylosteana \u2022 agapeta hamana \u2022 celypha lacunana \u2022 choristoneura fumiferana \u2022 syndemis musculana \u2022 aethes shakibai \u2022 . . .\nsyndemis musculana is a moth of the family tortricidae . it is found in europe , china ( heilongjiang , jilin , inner mongolia ) , the korean peninsula , japan , russia ( amur ) and north america .\ngenus : syndemis herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1851 . syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 4 : 275 . [ bhl ]\ntype - species : tortrix musculana h\u00fcbner , 1799 . samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 16 fig . 98 . [ bhl ]\ntype - species : tortrix musculana h\u00fcbner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] . samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 16 , fig . 98 . . [ bhl ]\nalthough cited by neave , 1940 , nomencl . zool . 4 : 368 , as a nomenclaturally available name herrich - sch\u00e4ffer attributed the name to h\u00fcbner and was using syndemis h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] .\nthis study was carried out to clarify the fauna of the tribe archipini , which belongs to the family tortricidae in northeast china . in the present study , fifty - four species of the tribe were recognized and enumerated . based on the present study , two species , archips viola falkovitsh and choristoneura evanidana ( kennel ) , are reported for the first time from china . also five species , archips dichotomus falkovitsh , archips similis ( butler ) , argyrotaenia angustilineata ( walsingham ) , choristoneura longicellana ( walsingham ) , and gnorismoneura orientis ( filipjev ) , are newly recorded from northeast china . all available information , including host plant , distributional range , and biological information , are listed .\nfoundation item : this study was support by kosef ( korea science & engineering foundation ) with the program of \u201ckorea and china young scientist exchange program\u201d ( 2002\u20132003 ) .\nbiography : * byun bong - kyu ( 1963 - ) , male , ph . d . , researcher in korea national rrboretum , korea\n( clerk ) in korea [ j ] . korean j . appl . entomol . ,\nbyun , b . k . , bae , y . s . , park , k . t . 1998 . illustrated catalogue of tortricidae in korea ( lepidoptera ) [ r ] . insects of korea , vol . 2 , pp 317 .\nbyun , b . k . , k . t . park and b . y . lee . 1996 . five species of tortricinae new to korea [ j ] . korean j . entomol . ,\nfalkovitsh , m . i . 1965 . new eastern - asiatic species of leaf rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,\njaros j . , spitzer , k . , havelka , j . and park k . t . 1992 . synecological and biogeographical outlines of lepidoptera communities in north korea [ j ] . insects of koreana ,\nkawabe , a . 1982 . tortricidae and cochylidae [ c ] . in : h . inoue , s . sugi , h . kuroko , s . moriuti , a . kawabe ( eds ) moths of japan , vol . 1 : 62\u2013258 , vol . 2 : 158\u2013183 , pls . 14\u201331 , 227 , 279\u2013295 .\nkuznetsov , v . i . 1973 . leaf - rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) of the southern part of the soviet far east and their seasonal cycles [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,\nliu youqiao . 1983a . cochylidae and tortricidae [ c ] . in : animal research institute of chinese academy sciences ( ed ) iconographia heterocerorum sinicorum ( 1 ) beijing : science press , p 28\u201356 , pls . : 6\u20138 . ( in chinese )\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) [ j ] . zool . res . ,\nliu youqiao , bai jiuwei . 1977 . lepidoptera , tortricidae , part 1 [ c ] . in : economic insect fauna of china ( vol . 11 ) . beijing : science press : p 1\u201393 , 24 pls .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with description of two new species [ j ] . acta zool . sinica ,\nliu youqiao , li guangwu . 2002 . insecta , lepidoptera , tortricidae . [ c ] in : editorial committee of fauna sinica , chinese academy sciences ( ed ) fauna sinica ( vol . 27 ) . beijing : science press , pp . 463 , plates . 1\u2013136 , colour plates 1\u20132 .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . acta zool . cracov . ,\nyasuda , t . 1972 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . part i [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,\nyasuda , t . 1975 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . part ii [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,\nbong - kyu , b . , shan - chun , y . & cheng - de , l . journal of forestry research ( 2003 ) 14 : 93 . urltoken\non this moth , both forewings and hindwings are primarily grey . the forewing ranges from whitish grey to brownish grey , with darker markings , which vary in intensity . some , especially worn specimens , lack discernable markings .\nit is common throughout britain and ireland in a variety of habitats , including mountains , moorlands and woodlands . it flies in the late afternoon and evening in may and june , coming to light after dusk .\n) , and many other trees , shrubs , herbs and grasses . it is active from july to october , overwintering as a full - grown larva to pupate in spring .\nseveral other polyphagous species have similar brown larvae ; see detailed description below for help in distinguishing them .\n. feeds from a leaf spinning or folded leaf , from july to september , overwintering as a full - grown larva to pupate in april - may .\n: light burnt ochre mottled with darker burnt ochre . clypeus and base of antenna translucent white . pitchy black posterolateral mark . stemmatal area pitchy black .\n: translucent yellowish brown . divided by thin inconspicuous whitish medial line . very large pitchy black lateral mark .\n: often , but not always , noticeably paler dorsally than abdomen ; brownish yellow , contrasting with dark brown dorsal line .\n: dorsally and laterally down to spiracles greyish brown ( or olive , or yellowish green ; bts ) . broad subspiracular band of brownish cream . ventrally greyish cream .\n. the head colour , and patterns on the thoracic shield and anal plate should be compared carefully .\n( dark venter . pinacula as body . plates black . lobe on posterior of anal plate ) ,\n( pinacula whitish . dark venter . compare thoracic shield and anal plate . frequent on\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 29 10 : 57 : 49 page render time : 0 . 3565s total w / procache : 0 . 4073s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncaracteristic greyish white ground colour and contrasting median fascia . forewing ranges from whitish grey to brownish grey .\nrecorded in 55 ( 80 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 05 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan 15 - 22 mm . on this moth , both forewings and hindwings are primarily grey . the forewing ranges from whitish grey to brownish grey , with darker markings which vary in intensity . some , especially worn specimens , lack discernable markings .\nit flies in the late afternoon and evening in may and june , coming to light after dusk .\nthe larva feeds from a leaf spinning or folded leaf on bramble birch and oak and many other trees , shrubs , herbs and grasses . it is active from july to october , overwintering as a full - grown larva to pupate in the spring .\nit is common throughout britain and ireland . in the butterfly conservation\u2019s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .\nquite common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : common in open woodland , mature hedgerows and high moorland throughout the british isles . widespread and common in hampshire and on the isle of wight . wingspan 15 - 22 mm . the greyish white or white ground colour and the contrasting median fascia are characteristic [ bradley ] . larva feeds on bramble , oak and birch , living within a spun or rolled leaf , and over - wintering in a cocoon .\nhave you photo of moth but don ' t know what it is ? read this page . read this page or you can ask an expert you can forward the photos to us and we may be able to name it\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nwe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nans less often on grasses or herbaceous plants . it hibernates in that tube and pupates in the larval habitation or amongst ground litter .\nthe adults have been observed from late april till the end of july . most specimens have been seen in may . they fly in late afternoon till dark and later occasionally come to light and sugar .\nbelgium , limburg , kinrooi , 21 may 2005 . ( photo \u00a9 maarten jacobs )\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\ntype specimens : syntype ( s ) europe : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nt @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )\nby gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ntype - species designation : by subsequent designation by fernald , 1908 . genera tortricidae types : 11 , 54 .\nthe wingspan is 15\u201322 mm . the adults fly from april to july in the temperate parts of their range , such as belgium and the netherlands .\nthe caterpillars feed on oaks ( quercus ) , birches ( betula ) , spruces ( picea ) , ragworts ( senecio ) and rubus ( brambles and allies ) . less usually , they have been recorded to eat plant refuse and dry leaves .\n. . . wikipedia , l ' encyclop\u00e9die libre . \u2022 olethreutini \u2022 \u2022 celypha lacunana \u2022 classification \u2022 r\u00e8gne \u2022 animalia \u2022 embranchement \u2022 arthropoda . . .\n. . . celypha lacunana ) \u2022 taxonomische indeling \u2022 \u2022 rijk : \u2022 animalia ( dieren ) \u2022 . . .\n. . . ( bladrollers ) \u2022 geslacht : \u2022 celypha \u2022 \u2022 soort \u2022 celypha lacunana denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 \u2022 \u2022 portaal \u2022 biologie . . .\n. . . portaal \u2022 biologie insecten de brandnetelbladroller ( celypha lacunana ) , is een nachtvlinder uit de familie tortricidae , de . . .\n. . . onderwerp horen , zijn te vinden op de pagina celypha lacunana op wikimedia commons . overgenomen van\nhttp : / / nl . . .\n. . . - sch\u00e4ffer \u2022 1851 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 s \u2022 tortricidae \u2022 celypha lacunana \u2022 xxxx xxxx ! xxxx xxxx \u2022 denis & schifferm\u00fcller . . .\na windows ( pop - into ) of information ( full - content of sensagent ) triggered by double - clicking any word on your webpage . give contextual explanation and translation from your sites !\nwith a sensagentbox , visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by sensagent . com . choose the design that fits your site .\nthe english word games are : \u25cb anagrams \u25cb wildcard , crossword \u25cb lettris \u25cb boggle .\nlettris is a curious tetris - clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content . each square carries a letter . to make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble english words ( left , right , up , down ) from the falling squares .\nboggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words ( 3 letters or more ) as you can in a grid of 16 letters . you can also try the grid of 16 letters . letters must be adjacent and longer words score better . see if you can get into the grid hall of fame !\nmost english definitions are provided by wordnet . english thesaurus is mainly derived from the integral dictionary ( tid ) . english encyclopedia is licensed by wikipedia ( gnu ) .\nthe wordgames anagrams , crossword , lettris and boggle are provided by memodata . the web service alexandria is granted from memodata for the ebay search .\nchange the target language to find translations . tips : browse the semantic fields ( see from ideas to words ) in two languages to learn more .\ncopyright \u00a9 2012 sensagent corporation : online encyclopedia , thesaurus , dictionary definitions and more . all rights reserved .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies . find out more\nwe believe that this request has either come from an unwelcome search engine , from a data grabber , or that an attempt is being made to hack the site . as a result your request has been refused . please email us if you believe that our decision is incorrect .\nwir glauben , dass dieser antrag que entweder von einer unwillkommenen suchmaschine gekommen ist , ab dem zeitpunkt grabber , oder que versuch wird gemacht , die website zu hacken . als ergebnis hat ihre anfrage abgelehnt . bitte mailen sie uns , wenn sie que unsere entscheidung glauben , ist falsch .\ncreemos que esta solicitud ha provenir de un motor de b\u00fasqueda no deseado , desde el capturador de fecha , o que un intento que se est\u00e1 haciendo para hackear el sitio . como resultado de su solicitud ha sido rechazada . por favor , correo electr\u00f3nico si usted cree que nuestra decisi\u00f3n es incorrecta .\nnous croyons que cette demande a soit provenir d ' un moteur de recherche importune , de la date grabber , ou que une tentative est fait pour pirater le site . en cons\u00e9quence votre demande a \u00e9t\u00e9 refus\u00e9e . s ' il vous pla\u00eet nous contacter si vous croyez que notre d\u00e9cision est incorrecte .\ncrediamo que questa richiesta \u00e8 sia venuto da un motore di ricerca sgradita , a partire dalla data grabber , o que un tentativo \u00e8 stato fatto per hackerare il sito . di conseguenza la richiesta \u00e8 stata rifiutata . vi preghiamo di inviarci se si ritiene que la nostra decisione non \u00e8 corretta .\nwij geloven que dit verzoek is ofwel afkomstig uit een onwelkome zoekmachine , vanaf de datum grabber , of que een poging wordt gedaan om de site te hacken . als gevolg van uw verzoek is geweigerd . stuur ons een email als u denkt que onze beslissing onjuist is .\nque acreditamos que este pedido tem ou vir de um motor de busca desejados , a partir de uma data grabber , ou que uma tentativa est\u00e1 sendo feita para invadir o local . como resultado o seu pedido foi recusado . por favor envie - nos se voc\u00ea acredita que nossa decis\u00e3o est\u00e1 incorreta .\nws : 14 - 18mm ; bivoltine jul , oct and overwinters ; silver / downy birch ( betula pendula / pubsecens ) ; common in woodland throughout gb . synonym : peronea ferrugana ( pierce & metcalfe ) , acleris tripunctana ( btm )\nground colour pale to reddish ochreous , sometimes with darker strigulation and a few scattered black scales .\nassuming that the illustrations in mbgbi 5 . 1 are incorrectly labelled * : in\nthe aedeagus has a simple apex and 3 short spiniform cornuti . there are also differences in the shape of the sacculus , that of\nthe anterior border of the sterigma has a notch on each side with short lateral projections and shorter medial projections . in\nthe introitus is strongly sclerotised , broader posteriorly and broader than the ductus bursae .\nin razowski ( 1984 , 2001 , 2002 ) are reversed\n- in both sexes . i have not seen these references , but either [ mbgbi5 . 1 has repeated this error ] or [ all other references are incorrect and the synonyms given in mbgbi5 . 1 are reversed ] . images and illustrations showing the preapical aedeagal spine in the male and a notched anterior border to the sterigma with a broad introitus in the female are labelled as\n\u00a71 strumpshaw fen , norfolk ; 01 / 11 / 204 ; fw 7 . 9mm ; female \u00a72 winterton , norfolk ; 09 / 07 / 2015 ; fw 7 . 0mm ; male ; to light \u200b\u00a73 strumpshaw fen , norfolk ; 07 / 08 / 2015 ; male ; fw 7 . 7mm ; to light all images \u00a9 chris lewis"]}
{"id": 574, "summary": [{"text": "causus defilippii is a venomous viper species found in east africa .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "its common name is snouted night adder . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "causus defilippii", "paragraphs": ["heterodon de filippi jan 1863 : 225 heterodon de - filippii \u2014 jan 1865 causus defilippii \u2014 auerbach 1987 : 205 causus defilippii \u2014 welch 1994 : 41 causus defilippii \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 231 causus defilippii \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007 causus defilippii \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 150 causus defilippii \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 570\nrelationship between maternal body size and total clutch size in six species of night adders . cama , causus maculatus ; care , causus resimus ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; casp , causus sp .\nreproductive frequencies in causus species . the upper graph shows the proportion of adult female snakes with vitellogenic follicles or oviductal eggs , whereas the lower graph shows the proportions of adult male snakes with convoluted epididymial ducts . grey bars indicate taxa with small sample sizes . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp . ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus .\nsnouted night adder causus defilippii comments : occurs in the lowveld and lubombo regions , absent from the highveld and middleveld .\nrelationship between prey size and snake jaw size ( upper graph ) or snake body diameter ( lower graph ) . the dotted line indicates equality , where the prey dimension equals the snake dimension . cama , causus maculatus ; care , causus resimus ; cade , causus defilippii ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; casp , causus sp .\nproportion of snakes found with an indication of a recent meal ( combined information from frog , insects , or faeces ) and proportion of snakes with a frog in the stomach ( black bars ) . numbers provide sample sizes . grey bars indicate small sample sizes . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp . ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus .\npredators of this species in kruger national park include the snouted night adder causus defilippii and herald snake crotaphopeltis hotamboeia ( pienaar et al . 1976 ) .\nseasonal patterns of reproduction in causus species . females were classified as vitellogenic if they contained vitellogenic ( > 10 mm diameter ) . \u2018o\u2019 refers to females with oviductal eggs . males with convoluted epididymial ducts were considered as potentially sexually active . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp .\nverspreiding en biometrische studie van causus maculatus ( hallowell ) en causus rhombeatus ( lichtenstein ) uit c . africa ( serpentes , viperidae ) .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ca\u30a4\u30c8\u30a2\u30c0\u30fc\u5c5e\nto\ncausus\n.\nbotha , a . s . 1984 . hatching of snouted night adder , causus defilippii . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 30 ) : 21 - 21 - get paper here\nhaagner , g . v . 1986 . life history note : causus defilippii : reproduction . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 38 - 38 - get paper here\ncreighton , d . ; haagner , g . 1986 . venoms and snakebite : causus defilippii : envenomation . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 31 - 31 - get paper here\ncausus rhombeatus is a venomous viper species endemic to subsaharan africa . no subspecies are currently recognized .\nthe only prey remains found in causus guts were anurans and insect fragments ( table 7 ) . several of the prey taxa that we found had not previously been recorded from these snakes ( table 7 ) .\nthe ecological distribution of causus wagler 1830 ( viperidae ) in nigeria , with special reference to c . resimus ( peters 1862 ) and c . lichtensteini ( jan 1859 ) , two species rarely recorded from this country\nrecent phylogenetic reconstructions agree that causus should be included within the viperidae ( cadle , 1992 ; underwood , 1999 ; lenk et al . , 2001 ; parkinson , campbell & chippindale , 2003 ; nagy et al . , 2005 ) . the genus causus , as presently considered , comprises six recognized species and at least one undescribed species ( pitman , 1974 ; audiens , 1978 ; branch , 1998 ; de massary , 1993 ; chippaux , 2001 ) :\nthe causinae , commonly known as the\nnight adders\n, are a monotypic subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub - saharan africa . this group was made for the genus\ncausus\n. there are currently six species found .\nin all of these respects , night adders differ significantly from the cool - climate ( european and north american ) viperid species that have been the focus of previous study . below , we compare our data on causus with previously published data on other viperid taxa .\npreferred prey are frogs or toads , and thus night adders are confined to mesic habitats ( not rainforest areas ) . c . lichtensteini often found in wooded swamps . c . rhombeatus not seen in primary forests . c . resimus is best adapted to drier habitats and is therefore found in separate environments to c . defilippii in east africa .\nwith an average total length ( body + tail ) of 60 cm ( 24 in ) , this is the largest member of the genus causus . the longest individual ever recorded was a male , 93 cm ( 37 in ) in total length , collected in eastern zimbabwe .\nrelative short , triangular to oval head , covered in large shields . with a length of 2\u20133 mm , the fangs are very short . in contrast , the venom glands are very large , and may even extend into the first third of the body as far as the level of the heart . from a side view , the tip of the snout is pointed , protruding over the lower jaw . in c . defilippii the snout is slightly upturned . round pupils . short , sturdy body , slightly flattened .\nthe longest species of the genus reaches 83 cm svl ( branch , 1998 ) and occupies mesic savannas . it appaers to be found only in the eastern regions of southern africa but its northern limit is unclear . reports from western , central , and eastern africa correspond to another species that , here , we call causus sp . , which is easily distinguished from c . rhombeatus by its higher number of ventral scales .\nthis species is clearly related to causus rhombeatus and , until recently , was considered as one of its subspecies . its limited distribution includes the democratic republic of congo , rwanda , angola , and zambia ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . growing to 65 cm in snout\u2013vent length ( svl ) , this taxon appears to be restricted to moist savannah habitats at elevations from 800 to 1800 m asl ( spawls et al . , 2001 ) .\ncausus often contained large prey . in many cases , the diameter of a prey item ( n = 63 ) exceeded the jaw length and / or body diameter of the snake that had ingested it ( fig . 6 ) . for 11 frogs for which we could confidently measure or estimate prey mass prior to ingestion , the ratio of prey mass to predator mass was in the range 7\u2013150 % ( mean = 51 % , sd = 44 % ) .\nthe degree of sexual size dimorphism ( ssd ) varied among species [ analysis of variance ( anova ) with sex and species as the factors and svl as the dependent variable ; interaction between species and sex : f 5 , 481 = 4 . 16 , p < 0 . 0001 ; table 5 ] . three of the species ( c . lichtensteinii , c . resimus , c . sp . ) displayed similar mean adult body sizes in males and females ; one species ( c . maculatus ) had females larger than males , and two ( c . defilippii , c . rhombeatus ) had males growing significantly larger than females ( table 5 ) .\n\u2018others\u2019 represents localities where less than ten specimens were collected ( kenya : eight c . sp . ; republic of south africa : seven c . rhombeatus ; gaboon : six c . lichtensteinii ; mali : five c . maculatus ; tanganyika : five c . defilippii ; ethiopa : four c . sp . ; east africa : three c . defilippi ; mozambique : three c . defilippi ; burkina : two c . maculatus ; guinea : one c . lichtensteinii and one c . sp . ; liberia : two c . lichtensteinii ; benin : one c . maculatus ; chad : one c . maculatus ; great lakes : one c . defilippi ; mauritania : one c . maculatus ; togo : one c . maculatus ; zambezi : one c . defilippi ; zanzibar : one c . defilippi ) .\nprey items found in the digestive tract of six species of causus . on the x - axis , each number corresponds to one of three stages in digestion : 1 , snakes that contained recently ingested ( hence undigested ) anuran prey in the stomach rarely also had insect fragments in the stomach , but a few had small quantities of faeces in the hindgut ; 2 , of the snakes without identifiable anurans in the stomach , many had many insects fragments that presumably had been part of the stomach contents of digested anurans ; 3 , snakes that abundant faecal material in the hindgut often lacked any identifiable prey items in the stomach .\ncausus also display significant sexual divergence in body proportions ; males of all species have longer tails and smaller heads than females of the same svl , although the magnitude of this sex disparity varies among species ( table 3 ) . increased tail length in male snakes relative to females has been attributed to several selective forces , including sexual selection on males and fecundity selection on females ( king , 1989 ; shine & shetty , 2001 ) . the sex - based divergence in head sizes is more likely to involve food habits , especially prey size : a larger head enables these gape - limited predators to ingest larger prey ( shine , 1991 ; pearson et al . , 2002a , 2002b ) . in some intensively studied species of snakes from other lineages , the sex with the larger relative head size ( generally the female ) does indeed consume larger prey ( houston & shine , 1993 ) .\nmales tended to have longer tails than same - sized females in all species ( sex f 1 , 473 = 54 . 52 , p < 0 . 0001 ; table 5 ) , although the degree of this sex divergence varied interspecifically ( interaction between sex and species ; f 5 , 473 = 4 . 42 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . at the same body length , female causus resimus had wider heads than did conspecific males ( sex effect : f 1 , 420 = 19 . 08 , p < 0 . 0001 , see table 5 ) and in three species ( c . maculatus , c . lichtensteinii , c . sp . , table 5 ) , females had longer jaws than did conspecific males at the same svl . however , the degree of sexual dimorphism in this latter trait also varied among species ( interaction between sex and species ; f 5 , 420 = 2 . 60 , p < 0 . 02 ) . no significant sexual dimorphism was apparent for any of the other traits ( all p > 0 . 05 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\nmcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . tour\u00e9\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nauerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .\nbates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nboycott , r . c . 1992 . an annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of swaziland . the conservation trust of swaziland - get paper here\nbranch , w . r . ; r\u00f6del , m . - o . & marais , j . 2005 . herpetological survey of the niassa game reserve , northern mozambique - part i : reptiles . salamandra 41 ( 4 ) : 195 - 214 - get paper here\nbranch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .\nbroadley , d . & blaylock 2013 . the snakes of zimbabwe and botswana . chimaira , frankfurt , 387 pp . [ book review in sauria 35 ( 2 ) : 59 and copeia 2014 : 388 ] - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1959 . the herpetology of southern rhodesia . part i - - the snakes . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 120 ( 1 ) : 1 - 100 [ reprint 1972 ] - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1962 . on some reptile collections from the north - western and north - eastern districts of southern rhodesia 1958 - 1961 , with descriptions of four new lizards . occ . pap . nat . mus . south . rhodesia 26 ( b ) : 787 - 843\nbroadley , d . g . ; doria , c . t . & wigge , j . 2003 . snakes of zambia . an atlas and field guide . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 280 pp . [ review in sauria 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ]\nchifundera , k . 1990 . snakes of zaire and their bites . afr . stud . monogr . ( kyoto ) 10 ( 3 ) : 137 - 157 .\nconradie , werner ; gabriela b . bittencourt - silva , hanlie m . engelbrecht , simon p . loader , michele menegon , crist\u00f3v\u00e3o nanvonamuquitxo , michael scott , krystal a . tolley , 2016 . exploration into the hidden world of mozambique\u2019s sky island forests : new discoveries of reptiles and amphibians . zoosyst . evol . 92 ( 2 ) : 163\u2013180 , doi 10 . 3897 / zse . 92 . 9948 - get paper here\ndobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here\njan , g . 1863 . enumerazione sistematica degli ofidi appartenenti al gruppo coronellidae . arch . zool . anat . fisiol . 2 ( 2 ) : 213 - 330 [ 1862 ] - get paper here\njan , g . 1865 . iconographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des ophidiens . 11 . livraison . j . b . baili\u00e8re et fils , paris - get paper here\nloveridge , arthur 1929 . east african reptiles and amphibians in the united states national museum . bull . us natl . mus . ( 151 ) : 1 - 135 - get paper here\nlyakurwa , john valentine 2017 . the reptiles of the uzungwa scarp forest reserve ( usfr ) : an updated checklist with notes on dagger - tooth vine snake xyelodontophis uluguruensis . journal of east african natural history 106 ( 2 ) : 57 - 65 . - get paper here\nmallow , d . ludwig , d . & nilson , g . 2003 . true vipers : natural history and toxinology of old world vipers . krieger , malabar , florida , 410 pp . [ review in hr 35 : 200 , reptilia 35 : 74 ]\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nphelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]\nphelps , tony 2002 . a study of the black mamba ( dendroaspis polylepis ) in kwazulu - natal , south africa , with particular reference to long - term - refugia . herpetological bulletin ( 80 ) : 7 - 19 - get paper here\nspawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here\nspawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nour herptile collection of 3 , 200 amphibians and reptiles is an internationally important research collection .\nolive - grey to pinkish - brown coloured viper with series of pale - edged blotches along the back , invariably has a dark v - shaped mark on the head . length up to 1 m .\ntony parker , curator of vertebrate zoology , reveals the weird and wonderful collection of reptiles and amphibians\u2026 in jars ! \u201cone of the things i find compelling about our collection of reptiles and amphibians is that they are stored in glass jars with strange - looking fluids , as if they are museum specimens straight out of the victorian era .\nwe use cookies to allow you to use parts of the site , to provide extra services such as page translation , to help us analyse how our visitors use the site , and for marketing and advertising purposes . the site includes content and tools provided by third parties , such as social media platforms , who may also use cookies to track your use of this site .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsmall , stout terrestrial vipers , never growing larger than 1 m in length . they are made distinct from other adders due to their round pupils and large scales on the top of their heads ( most vipers have small scales ) .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\ndiploprora championii ( lindl . ) hook . f . ( 1890 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\northoceras novae - zeelandiae ( a . rich . ) m . a . clem . , d . l . jones & molloy ( 1989 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\nophrys omegaifera ( c . alibertis , a . alibertis & h . r . reinhard ) faurh . ( 2002 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\nhalleorchis szlach . & olszewski ( 1998 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nsmall snakes , less than 1 metre , small head , thick neck , quite stout . dark pattern on paler background or an unmarked velvety green . may be found under logs by firewood collectors who may be bitten on hand , otherwise bites to the foot or ankle .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nmany major biological radiations have resulted in numerous species that are now distributed widely across the planet . however , for historical reasons , universities and research centres have been based in a highly nonrandom subset of countries , notably in relatively cool - climate northern lands in europe and north america . accordingly , intensive ecological research has been conducted primarily in those countries . an inevitable result has been that , for many biological lineages , our knowledge is based upon a small and potentially nonrepresentative sample of taxa . this limitation of available information severely compromises our ability to make valid generalizations about major adaptive radiations .\nwith an average svl of approximately 40 cm ( branch , 1998 , spawls et al . , 2001 ) , this small species occupies moist and dry savannas from sea level to approximately 1800 m in eastern and southern africa from tanzania and kenya to the republic of south africa .\nthis medium - sized ( up to 70 cm svl ) species occurs in forest habitats from guinea through cameroon , gaboon , the democratic republic of congo and east to uganda , kenya , zambia , and angola ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . the species lives in dense evergreen forests as well as mosaic forest - savannas ( recently deforested areas ) from sea level to approximately 2100 m asl .\nwith a mean svl of approximately 40 cm , this is the most widespread and abundant species within the genus . it is present in most of subtropical africa from mauritania in the west through ethiopia and as far south as the democratic republic of congo , angola , and uganda ( hughes , 1977 ; david & ineich , 1999 ) . the species lives in forested areas and agricultural areas as well as in savannas , and from around sea level to nearly 2000 m asl .\nthis taxon ( approximately 50 cm in mean adult length ) occurs in two disjunct populations , which our unpublished data ( i . ineich , x . bonnet , r . shine , t . shine , f . brischoux , m . lebreton & l . chirio , unpubl . data ) suggest may belong to two different species . the eastern populations live in humid mountains of east africa ( uganda , rwanda , burundi , democratic republic of congo , and ethiopia ) and their coloration in life is light green ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . the western populations inhabit savanna regions of western and central africa from nigeria and cameroon through the central african republic ( car ) , chad , and sudan ; their coloration in life is light brown . they are found at elevations of 150\u2013500 m asl .\nthis as yet undescribed taxon ( i . ineich , x . bonnet , r . shine , t . shine , f . brischoux , m . lebreton & l . chirio , unpubl . data ) is endemic to high - elevation savannas of central cameroon and the western car . another population related to this species occurs in the kerouane area of south - eastern guinea . although eastern african populations clearly do not belong to the \u2018true\u2019 c . rhombeatus , whether or not they are conspecific with the western and central african populations has yet to be assessed . for the present study , we treat all those populations ( except \u2018true\u2019 c . rhombeatus from southern africa ) as conspecific . this species is found in humid lowlands and small rivers , at elevations of 700\u20131950 m asl in cameroon .\nour sample sizes are highest for four taxa from cameroon ; one of these species ( c . maculatus ) was obtained in reasonable numbers in the central african republic as well ( table 1 ) . although we had very small samples for two taxa , we report these data because they are among the first for these poorly - known animals . because some specimens were damaged during collection , our data sets are incomplete for some variables for some animals .\ndata are the mean values with the associated standard errors , and sample size in parentheses . statistical results are derived from one - way analysis of variance with species as the factor . d . f . , degrees of freedom .\ndata for snakes of all age classes were included in these calculations . data are adjusted means [\nrelative to head width ] with standard errors and sample size . statistical analysis : results are derived from analysis of variance with species as the factor , the trait under focus as the dependent variable , and svl ( * ) or head width as a covariate . d . f . , degrees of freedom .\nsex ratios were similar among species ( \u03c7 2 = 5 . 52 , d . f . = 5 , p = 0 . 36 ; table 4 ) . approximately two - thirds of the collected snakes were adults , but the exact proportions differed among species ( comparing the species : \u03c7 2 = 27 . 9 , d . f . = 5 , p < 0 . 001 ; table 4 ) .\nrelative to head width . data are means with standard errors ( n ) . data for the larger sex are indicated by an asterisk ( * ) if the difference in mean values between the sexes was statistically significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) . f , female ; m , male .\nvitellogenesis was observed all year round ( comparing among months , \u03c7 2 = 49 . 5 , d . f . = 55 , p = 0 . 68 ) , and ovulation was not limited to a single period ( fig . 2 ) . similarly , males with convoluted ducts were observed at most times of the year ( \u03c7 2 = 69 . 6 , d . f . = 55 , p = 0 . 09 ) . overall , no clear seasonal pattern was apparent for either male or female reproductive cycles ( fig . 2 ) . one female c . maculatus ( 545 cm svl ) contained both oviductal eggs ( n = 12 , mean diameter 13 mm ) and enlarged vitellogenic ovarian follicles ( n = 8 , mean diameter 4 mm ) , indicating rapid production of successive clutches .\nmean clutch size and relative clutch size ( adjusted to snout\u2013vent length using analysis of covariance ) in the six species are shown . data are means with standard errors ( n ) .\nwe found prey or evidence of a recent meal ( frogs , insect fragments or faeces ) in most of the snakes that we examined ( fig . 4 ) . the proportion of snakes containing prey varied from 67\u201386 % ( comparing among species , \u03c7 2 = 14 . 0 , d . f . = 5 , p = 0 . 016 ) . even if the analysis is restricted to freshly ingested prey ( relatively undigested anuran remains ) , the proportion of recently fed snakes averaged 34 % ( fig . 4 ) . females containing oviductal eggs also frequently contained prey ( 79 of 108 specimens ; 68 % ) ; thus , analysis did not reveal any significant decrease in feeding rate associated with reproduction ( \u03c7 2 = 0 . 45 , d . f . = 2 , p = 0 . 80 ) . we rarely found undigested frogs and insect fragments in the gut simultaneously , and snakes with insect fragments in the stomach rarely contained faeces in the hindgut . however , intact prey items were often found in the stomachs of snakes whose hindguts contained faeces ( \u03c7 2 = 27 . 00 , d . f . = 1 , p < 0 . 001 ; fig . 5 ) . these patterns suggest frequent feeding and rapid passage of prey items through the digestive tract .\nlarger snakes consumed larger prey items ( ancova with prey diameter as the dependent variable , species as the factor and jaw length as the covariate ; effect of jaw size : f 1 , 52 = 24 . 1 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 6 ) . larger snakes not only took larger prey , but also ceased feeding upon small prey ( note the absence of records of small prey items in large snakes in fig . 6 ) . prey sizes relative to predator size differed significantly among species ( ancovas with prey diameter as the dependent variable , species as the factor : f 4 , 57 = 5 . 83 , p < 0 . 001 with svl as the covariate ; f 4 , 52 = 2 . 73 , p = 0 . 04 with jaw length as the covariate ; and f 4 , 57 = 2 . 38 , p = 0 . 06 with body diameter as the covariate ) .\nwe thank sara forniasero , jean marie balouard , lo\u00efc chaigneau , and mac and ben shine for help with dissections , and all the anonymous collectors , especially in rca and cameroon . p . golay provided useful comments . we warmly thank rex cambag for livening up the atmosphere during dissections . the australian research council , and the european community ( programme marie curie ) supported the work financially .\nle cycle sexuel chez vipera aspis ( l . ) dans l ' ouest de la . france\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nthe head has a snout that is relatively blunt ( i . e . , more rounded than in other members of this genus ) , on the sides of which the nostrils are positioned . the circumorbital ring consists of 2 - 3 preoculars , 1 - 2 postoculars , and 1 - 2 suboculars that separate the eye from the supralabials . the temporal scales usually number 2 + 3 , sometimes 2 + 4 , but very rarely 2 + 2 or 3 + 3 . there are 6 supralabial scales , very rarely 7 . the sublabial scales usually number 7 or 10 , rarely 8 , and very rarely 11 , 12 or 13 . the first 3 - 4 sublabials are in contact with the anterior chin shields . the posterior chin shields are small and often indistinguishable from the gulars .\nat midbody there are 15 - 21 rows of dorsal scales that are moderately keeled and have a satiny texture . the ventral scales number 120 - 166 , the subcaudals , most of which are divided , 15 - 36 .\nthe color pattern consists of a ground color that is usually some shade of brown ( possibly pinkish or grayish - brown ) , but occasionally olive green . this is overlaid with a pattern of 20 - 30 rhombic blotches that have pale edges , as well as a sprinkling of black scales and oblique black bars on the sides . each oblique black bar is topped by one or two black spots , each with a pale centre , and strongly resembling an eye . northern populations may be patternless , making them difficult to identify , while in others the pale edges may be missing , the rhombic blotches may be a darker color , or there may even be a dark brown vertebral stripe . the head has a characteristic v - shaped mark that may be solid black , or brown with a black outline .\nrhombic night adder , demon night adder , cape night adder , african night adder , cape viper .\nsavannas of subsaharan africa from nigeria east to sudan , ethiopia , somalia and kenya , south through tanzania , uganda , rwanda , burundi , dr congo , angola , zambia , malawi , zimbabwe , northern botswana , mozambique , swaziland , and eastern south africa to riverdale in the western cape province . no type locality is listed .\nthis is an active species that can often move relatively quickly\u2014up to an estimated speed of 92 cm per second ( 3 feet per second ) . they are usually found on the ground , but have no trouble climbing or swimming . they are largely nocturnal , but are often seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon . however , harper ( 1963 ) reported collecting a dozen specimens that were all active during the heat of the day .\nmost specimens are docile , seldom attempting to bite unless severely provoked . fitzsimons is quoted in pitman ( 1938 ) as saying that , in captivity , they\nbecome so tame that you may allow them to creep , climb and slither round your neck and inside your garments .\nothers , however , are more temperamental .\nwhen seriously disturbed , they will put on a\nferocious\nthreat display that includes coiling up , inflating the body ( making the dark markings stand out ) , hissing and puffing loudly , flattening the anterior portion of the body , and striking frantically . they may also flatten the neck and move forward with the tongue extended , much like a small cobra . striking is done with such vigor that small specimens may lift themselves off the ground entirely .\nthe diet consists mainly of toads , but it also includes frogs and small mammals .\nfemales produce an average clutch of two dozen eggs that require a lengthy incubation period of approximately four months . the hatchlings are 10 - 12 . 5 cm ( 4 - 5 inches ) in total length and feed on tiny frogs and toads .\nrhombic night adder bites can be very serious and in at least one bite a child had to have a fasciotomy . we see a number of small dogs dying and having limbs amputated . a bite from a large individual on a small child could potentially be fatal - please do not underestimate the venom of this snake .\nthe few documented bites involved pain and minor swelling with minimal necrosis . these symptoms usually disappear within 2\u20133 days . there have been no modern well - documented cases to back up earlier claims of fatalities due to bites from this species . venom yield has varied from 20\u201330 mg to 300 mg , but the venom toxicity is low with ld 50 values of 10 . 8 , 14 . 6 , > 16 . 0 mg / kg iv and 15 mg / kg sc being reported .\nphoto by coetzer a ; m . viljoen ; a . van der merwe , 2014 . url : frogmap : 1722\nb . fenoulheti occurs from zeerust ( 2526ca ) in north west province , eastward through limpopo province and northern gauteng to northern and eastern mpumalanga , and extends southward through the northeastern parts of swaziland and kwazulu - natal to st lucia ( 2832ad ) . it also occurs north of the atlas region in zimbabwe and adjacent parts of eastern botswana , southern zambia and namibia\u2019s caprivi strip , as well as the higher - lying parts of southern mozambique ( channing 2001 ) . a population on the western chimanimani mountains of zimbabwe is treated as a distinct subspecies : b . fenoulheti grindleyi poynton 1963 . b . fenoulheti occurs at altitudes ranging from sea level to about 1700 m .\nb . fenoulheti was treated as a subspecies of b . verte bralis by poynton ( 1964 ) , but was later elevated to full species on the basis of differences in its advertisement call ( poynton and broadley 1988 ) . although previously considered to be allopatric , the ranges of these two species are now known to overlap in the north west and extreme western limpopo provinces ( bates 1995 ; jacobsen 1989 ; this atlas ) . a recent study of the mitochondrial dna of bufonids confirmed the species status of b . fenoulheti ( cunningham and cherry 2000 ) .\nthe atlas data are reliable , but there are large gaps in the coverage of this species\u2019 distribution . it is something of a mystery why this species should have been so poorly recorded in large parts of its range ; further surveys are recommended .\nb . fenoulheti inhabits a variety of bushveld vegetation types in the savanna biome and is occasionally found in adjacent grassland . its distribution lies within the summer - rainfall region .\nalthough occasionally found in sandy areas , these frogs usually occupy rocky outcrops , taking refuge between rocks or on soil under stones . in these situations they occur singly or in small groups of 5\u20136 ( or as many as nine ) individuals , often together with scorpions and lizards ( jacobsen 1989 ) . in zimbabwe , they have also been found sheltering under shallow , loose , matted layers of sand and roots overlying rocks ( lambiris 1989b ) . breeding usually takes place in temporary pools , such as those on flat rocky outcrops or shallow rain ponds , sometimes in barren areas .\nbreeding occurs october\u2013february in the kruger national park , but only after heavy rain ( h . braack pers . obs . ) . during the breeding season , males have bright yellow throats and call from exposed positions near the edges of rain pools or while partly submerged near the edge ( lambiris 1989a ; passmore and carruthers 1995 ) . jacobsen ( 1989 ) noted that several frogs appeared on the day after an afternoon rain shower , and some of them were found in amplexus after being placed in bottles . he observed that strings of eggs were abundant at the edge of rain - filled depressions and hatched after about 24 hours .\nthe following observations refer to a population of b . fenoulheti from lobatse , botswana ( power 1927b ) . the species breeds from late november to late january , at which time the males congregate in shallow rock pools . an axillary clasp is used during amplexus . females produce strings of 2000 eggs that are entwined among stones and vegetation . tadpoles feed on algae on the bottom and sides of the pools and take c . 19 days to complete their development and undergo metamorphosis . according to channing ( 2001 ) , strings of eggs are 200 mm long and one clutch consisted of only 245 eggs .\nadults feed on soft - bodied arthropods taken on largely sand - free rock surfaces . frogs kept in sandy terraria often die after ingesting sand particles which apparently cause internal injury ( lambiris 1989a ) .\nb . fenoulheti occurs in several provincial and private nature reserves in limpopo , mpumalanga and kwazulu - natal provinces , as well as in kruger national park . the species is widespread and common within its range and is not considered to be at risk because its habitat is generally well protected .\nweb : frogmap . 2018 . bufo fenoulheti hewitt and methuen , 1913 . animal demography unit . accessed from urltoken ; on 2018 - 07 - 09 09 : 07 : 17 .\nbook : minter l . r . , burger m . , harrison j . a . , braack h . h . , bishop p . j . & kloepfer d . ( eds ) . 2004 . atlas and red data book of the frogs of south africa , lesotho and swaziland . si / mab series no . 9 . smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . published by the smithsonian institution and the avian demography unit ( now animal demography unit ) .\nfrogmap is a citizen science project which aims to determine the distribution and conservation priorities of frogs on the african continent . frogmap is building the 21st century distribution maps for africa ' s amphibians . it is a partnership between the . . . . . and the animal demography unit at the university of cape town .\nthe purpose of the animal demography unit ( adu ) is to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity , and thus provide input to biodiversity conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .\ncopyright ( c ) 2018 frogmap . adu . org . za , all rights reserved . design by free css templates .\nthe night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters ( 24 to 36 in ) long . they are usually dark gray , light gray , light brown , or black in color with gray or black blotches .\neven though they are called the\nnight adders\n, they are usually active at day , but some are active at night . when they are attacked or disturbed , they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off . some may raise their head and neck off the ground , and with their tongue sticking out , move froward like a the cobra does .\nthey eat mainly toads and frogs , but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food .\nall night adders are oviparous , which means they lay eggs . this is unusual for most vipers , because most vipers are viviparous , they give live birth . they lay around 2 dozen eggs at a time . these eggs take around 4 months to hatch , when they hatch the hatchlings are 4 - 5 inches ( 10 - 12 . 5 cm ) long .\nthe night adders have very big venom glands , which are around 10 centimeters long . but even though the venom glands are very big night adders don ' t always use their venom on their prey . the venom would kill the prey fast enough , but night adders usually seize their prey and swallow it . when someone is bitten by a night adders venom the venom does not spread around the body , and only causes swelling in the place of the bite . there have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom .\nthis page was last changed on 4 february 2014 , at 14 : 29 .\ncontent is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use privacy policy . content of this web page is sourced from wikipedia ( http : / / simple . wikipedia . org ) . some content of the original page may have been edited to make it more suitable for younger readers , unless otherwise noted .\nwell finally i am back\u2026i have been in the field for the last 3 months working on a few projects . filming , collecting dna for mine and some others work and collecting data for a book i am co - writing .\nwe have done over 22000 miles by car . some crazy places , crazy roads , crazy people and some crazy fun . it has been amazing . seen some herps i have always dreamed about\u2026and seen some possibly new species ! also saw my dream find for sa herps , less than 30 ever seen\nmade tons of distribution extensions and documented new behavior on a few species that has never been documented .\nok here are some pics\u2026a very small preview , an extremely small taste of whet we saw and what happened . busy working on the footage , video should be premiered soon ( about a month )\nvery happy devon . thanks for posting . i just have to remember to shrinkwrap my keyboard to protect it from the drool , when you post pics . wow some amazing species you saw . that ' s a sign you don ' t want to see when you ' re walking or cycling - - beware of lions\ni would give a kidney to shoot the stuff that you see on a regular basis .\njust make sure it is on ice . . . i ' ll pm shipping address , please make sure it is not damaged . lol but seriously . . . . this stuff doesn ' t just get found on a regular basis ! work my but off ! ! ! but ah it is fun\nif i ' m giving you a kidney i ' m going to come with it , once i get my shots then you get the kidney .\nthose are absolutely stunning ! i don ' t mind saying that i ' m more than a little bit jealous that you get to be out there doing that - and i don ' t .\noh , and funny . . . even though you posted\nthese are frogs\nvery clearly , i started out by staring at the first frog photo wondering what kind of snake that was .\nawesome pics , , beware of lions ? ? ? lol . i dont think i would be walking on the road , lol\nthose are fabulous photos devon ! if angie and i decide to come to africa for our honeymoon , you gonna be our tour guide ? ( so i can see some of what you were seeing .\n\u201cif we save our wild places , we will ultimately save ourselves . \u201d ~ steve irwin\ngeneral shape very small , cylindrical to slightly depressed , relatively stout , thick bodied snake with a very short tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 45 metres . head is moderate in size and distinct from neck . canthus is obtuse . snout is short , pointed and distinctly upturned . eyes are small to medium in size with round pupils . dorsal scales are soft and feebly keeled with apical pits . dorsal scale count usually 17 - 17 - 12 .\nhabitat elevations up to about 1800 metres but mainly lowland dry to moist savanna , coastal thicket and forest but extending into more arid savanna regions .\nhabits terrestrial , slow moving and mainly nocturnal . in spite of the common name , it is often active during the day . when inactive tends to hide in holes , under bush or fallen logs etc . if disturbed and angered will inflate its body with air and hiss and puff . if provoked it will raise the anterior of the body off the ground , into a coil with the head tilted back and strike , tending to lash rather than stab . males are known to engage in combat during the mating season .\ngeneral : dangerousness unknown , but unlikely to cause significant envenoming , most unlikely to be dangerous .\ndescription : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .\ntreatment summary most cases will be minor , requiring observation , symptomatic treatment only . no antivenom available .\ngeneral approach to management it is possible that most cases will be minor , but some cases may be more severe , requiring admission and treatment , so assess carefully before discharge .\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .\n? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nout of the more than 2 , 900 species of snakes in the world about 600 species only are known to be venomous . venomous snakes have highly specialized teeth such as hollow fangs , through which they deliver venom to immobilize prey , or for self - defense . a venomous snake bite quickly affects different organs including the lungs , heart , central nervous system , red blood cells and muscles . venom can be neurotoxic , haemotoxic or myotoxic .\nthough australia is known to be home to the majority of the world ' s most venomous snakes , africa has its share of potentially highly dangerous species : here are the main ones ."]}
{"id": 613, "summary": [{"text": "dysstroma latefasciata , the siberian carpet , is a moth of the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from fennoscandia to eastern siberia and mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 26 \u2013 35 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from the end of june to september .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , rubus chamaemorus , rhododendron tomentosum and fragaria vesca .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "larvae can be found from august to june .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species overwinters in the larval stage . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "dysstroma latefasciata", "paragraphs": ["dysstroma latefasciata , the siberian carpet , is a moth of the geometridae family . it is found from fennoscandia to eastern siberia and mongolia .\ne . siberia , nature reserve \u00abbaikalo - lenskyi\u00bb , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 28 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 16 mm . det . e . beljaev\ne . siberia , nature reserve \u00abbaikalo - lenskyi\u00bb , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 28 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 16 mm . det . j . viidalepp\ne . siberia , nature reserve \u00abbaikalo - lenskyi\u00bb , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 25 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 17 mm . det . e . berlov\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 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2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthe wingspan is 26\u201335 mm . adults are on wing from the end of june to september .\nthe larvae feed on vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , rubus chamaemorus , rhododendron tomentosum and fragaria vesca . larvae can be found from august to june . the species overwinters in the larval stage .\nsources disagree on the authority for this species . while some sources claim the species was described by staudinger in 1889 , others state it was described by staudinger in 1882 , dahl in 1900 or blocker in 1908 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nintroduction this is the second and concluding part of the taxo - nomic revision of the tribe cidariini , a member of the subfamily larentiinae ( choi , 2002 ) . the purpose of\u2026\ndie puppen der spanner mitteleuropas . unterfamilie larentiinae , tribus lythriini , xanthorhoini , larentiini und cidariini ( lepidoptera , geometridae )"]}
{"id": 674, "summary": [{"text": "athrips helicaula is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south africa , where it has been recorded from the northern cape .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , tinged with brownish and irrorated with blackish except on the costa and veins , which form undefined white streaks .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are light grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "athrips helicaula", "paragraphs": ["athrips helicaula is a moth of the gelechiidae family . it is found in south africa , where it has been recorded from the northern cape .\nbidzilya o . v . 2010 . a taxonomic review of the genera parapsectris meyrick , 1911 and athrips billberg , 1820 in africa . - esperiana memoir 5 : 341\u2013408 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncape verde , st . vincent [ s\u00e3o vicente ] , e . l . mimosa sp . vii . 1872 , leg . weyenbergh .\nweyenbergh 1873 . note on the lepidopterous fauna of st . vincente , with description of a new species of gelechia . - entomologist ' s monthly magazine 10 : 121\u2013122 .\nthe wingspan is about 14 mm . the forewings are white , tinged with brownish and irrorated with blackish except on the costa and veins , which form undefined white streaks . the hindwings are light grey .\njanse a . j . t . 1958 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae - \u2014 6 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013144 , pls . 1\u201332 .\nmeyrick e . 1912d . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 10 ( 3 ) : 53\u201374 .\npovoln\u00fd d . 1989 . two new species of the genus pseudathrips and some new records on the tribe gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) fro middle east . - acta universitatis agriculturae brno 37 ( 3\u20134 ) : 153\u2013162 .\nmeyrick e . 1914c . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . v . - annals of the transvaal museum 4 ( 4 ) : 187\u2013205 .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2013336 .\nmeyrick e . 1921b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 2 ) : 49\u2013148 .\nmeyrick e . 1914b . descriptions of south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 10 : 243\u2013257 .\njanse a . j . t . 1950 . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - \u2014 5 ( 2 ) : 61\u2013172 , pls . 33\u201388 .\nzeller p . c . 1852b . lepidoptera microptera , quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit . - \u2014 : 1\u2013120 .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nthis is a list of moths of the family gelechiidae that are found in south africa . it also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full list of moths of south africa .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about athreya ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for athreya ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 678, "summary": [{"text": "parasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the ground colour of the wings is pale grey-brown with fine grey-brown fasciation and black discal spots . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "parasthena", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for parasthena definition . you find here parasthena meaning , synonyms of parasthena and images for parasthena copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word parasthena . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word parasthena and , of course , parasthena synonyms and on the right images related to the word parasthena .\nparsons et al . ( 1999 ) included only 1 species in the genus parasthena .\ngenus : parasthena warren , 1902 . novit . zool . 9 : 361 . [ bhl ]\nparasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae . it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .\nparasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae . it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .\ntype - species : parasthena flexilinea warren , 1902 . novit . zool . 9 : 362 . [ bhl ]\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype specimens : type ( s ) sulawesi ( celebes ) : bonthain , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na related , somewhat more strongly marked , undescribed species occurs in seram and new guinea .\nmost records are from g . kinabalu : 450m at poring hot springs to 1930m on the main ascent . one specimen was taken in a cocoa plantation at tuaran in 1997 .\nschmidt , olga , 2015 , list of primary types of the larentiine moth species ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) described from indonesia - a starting point for biodiversity assessment of the subfamily in the region , biodiversity data journal 3 , pp . 5447 - 5447 : 5447\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 3000 - 7000 ft .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ground colour of the wings is pale grey - brown with fine grey - brown fasciation and black discal spots ."]}
{"id": 771, "summary": [{"text": "the horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) is an auk , similar in appearance to the atlantic puffin .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is a pelagic seabird that feeds primarily by diving for fish .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it nests in colonies , often with other auks . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "horned puffin", "paragraphs": ["description : the horned puffin is very similar to the atlantic puffin , but it has larger bill and size .\nfigure 1 . distribution of the horned puffin in north america and easternmost asia .\n) . the diet of the horned puffin during winter is not well studied . puffin chicks are fed mostly raw fish .\nhorned puffin , adult returning to colony with fish , gambell , ak ; august .\natlantic puffin ( a . k . a . the common puffin ) ( fratercula arctica )\ntufted puffin ( a . k . a . the crested puffin ) ( fratercula cirrhata )\nunlike other puffins , which nest in burrows , the horned puffin typically nests in rock crevices and cliffs .\nthe horned puffin can fly , but it spends more time in the water as it is a better swimmer .\n. nevertheless , predation does not substantially affect horned puffin populations because of their hard - to - reach nesting sites .\nthe horned puffin uses its large bill to catch fish and marine invertebrates . it can dive up to depths of 80 feet to catch its prey . the horned puffin can carry more than one fish in its mouth at a time .\nthe puffin can fly , but it is a better swimmer . in order to get airborne , the puffin must run on the surface of the water for a long distance . the horned puffin also dives off cliffs to take flight .\nthe puffin can fly , but it is a better swimmers . in order to get airborne , the puffin must run on the surface of the water for a long distance . the horned puffin will also will dive off cliffs to take flight .\ngolubova , e . , m . nazarkin . 2009 . feeding ecology of the tufted puffin ( lunda cirrhata ) and the horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) in the northern sea of okhotsk .\na ) atlantic puffin : the atlantic puffin ( formerly common puffin ) lives in the north atlantic . it is the smallest of the puffins and is readily separated from the similar horned puffin by the steel - blue triangle at the base of its beak . range : see answer to question # 3 , below .\nthe horned puffin is currently rated as least concern . this bird species has a range and population that are sufficient and stable enough at this point for there to be no concern regarding possible decline . the horned puffin is native to japan , canada , russia and the united states . the range of the horned puffin is estimated to be as much as 1 million square kilometers while the population of this bird species is around 800 , 000 individuals . the prior rating for the horned puffin was lower risk , which was downgraded to least concern in 2004 .\nrhinoceros auklet ( a . k . a . rhino auklet , horn - billed puffin , unicorn puffin ) ( cerorhinca monocerata )\nthe horned puffin carries small fish crosswise in its bill and delivers them to its nestlings . one individual was observed carrying 65 fish at once .\nhorned puffins take advantage of the sea ' s bounty . while nesting and raising their chicks , horned puffins eat mostly fish , bringing back beakfuls of sand lance and capelin to their young . horned puffins can dive up to 80 feet to catch prey .\nhorned puffins are nomadic and move from breeding grounds when they are too iced over .\nthe horned puffin uses its large bill to catch fish and marine invertebrates . it can dive up to depths of 80 feet to catch its prey . the puffin can carry more than one fish in its mouth at a time .\nhorned puffin : tufted puffin has dark underparts and in breeding plumage has pale yellow plumes on head . common and thick - billed murres have entirely dark head , small , dark bill , and white trailing margin on inner wing .\nthe horned puffin is pelagic . a pelagic animal lives on the open sea . in breeding season , it is found on sea cliffs or on rocky islets .\nwehle , d . h . s . 1980 . the breeding biology of the puffins : tufted puffin ( lunda cirrhata ) , horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) , common puffin ( f . arctica ) , and rhinoceros auklet ( cerorhinca monocerata ) . phd thesis , univ . of alaska , fairbanks . close\nthe densities of horned puffin colonies are determined by nest site availability . the higher the breeding site above the water , the less favorable it is considered to be .\nthe tufted puffin is the largest puffin and is characterized by long , straw - colored feathers that extend back from its crown during the mating season .\nthe greatest natural predator of the puffin is the great black - backed gull . this gull can catch adult puffins in mid - air . the great black - backed gull will circle high above a puffin colony and pick out a solitary puffin and catch it from behind by dive bombing the unwary puffin .\na striking seabird , the horned puffin nests in colonies on islands and coastlines of alaska . it spends most of the year on the high seas of the northern pacific .\nprotection / threats / status : the horned puffin has large populations , although some declines or fluctuations can be reported . but currently , the species is not globally threatened .\nhatch , s . 2002 . activity patterns and monitoring numbers of horned puffins and parakeet auklets .\ntocidlowski , m . , t . cornish , m . loomis , m . stoskopf . 1997 . mortality in captive wild - caught horned puffin chicks ( fratercula corniculata ) .\ntufted puffin \u2013 north pacific . winters as far south as california or honshu .\nand is useful because the colony is very crowded and a puffin is often crossing another puffin\u2019s territory as it walks . the puffins that are guarding burrows usually assume a\ndiet : the horned puffin feeds primarily on numerous fish species . it also takes squid , crustaceans and marine worms . it performs pursuit - diving and can reach about 40 metres depth .\nhorned puffin : eats small fish and invertebrates . forages by diving from the surface and swimming underwater ; spines on tongue and in mouth act as hooks , better enabling capture of fish .\nhorned puffin : one white egg with small dark spots is laid in a crevice or deep hole among boulders . incubation ranges from 40 to 42 days and is carried out by both parents .\nin captivity the horned puffin does not do well , especially when taken as a chick . a chick ' s diet must be supplemented with vitamins or it dies quickly due to malnourishment and bacterial infections .\namaral , m . j . 1977 . a comparative breeding biology of the tufted and horned puffin in the barren islands , alaska . master ' s thesis , univ . of washington , seattle . close\nthe flight of the horned puffin is characterized by a quick take - off . after taking flight these birds beat their wings in a rapid yet shallow pattern . they fly at least thirty meters above the sea .\nthe horned puffin breeds from northern alaska to british columbia in canada . it winters in the ocean off the coast from alaska to washington . occasionally , stragglers make their way down as far south as southern california .\nthe horned puffin breeds from northern alaska to british columbia in canada . it winters in the ocean off the coast from alaska to washington . occasionally , stragglers will make their way down as far south as southern california .\nthe horned puffin ' s legs are set well back on their bodies and it is not very graceful on land , but it is a very good swimmer . it uses its wings to propel themselves and its legs to maneuver .\na puffin can fly 48 to 55 mph ( 77 to 88 km / hr ) . the puffin beats its wings rapidly to achieve this speed reaching up to 400 beats a minute . the wings can move so fast that they become a blur , giving a flying puffin the appearance of a black and white football .\natlantic puffin \u2013 north atlantic shorelines , moves as far south as morocco and new york in the winter .\na puffin also communicates information in its manner of walking . if the puffin is walking rapidly with its head lowered it is saying ,\ni am just passing through and don\u2019t mean any trouble .\nthis is called a\npuffins live for about 20 years in the wild . the oldest known puffin lived to be 36 years old .\nthe horned puffin ' s legs are set well back on its body , and it is not very graceful on land , but it is a very good swimmer . it uses its wings to propel itself in the water and its legs to maneuver .\nresponsible stewardship of puffin colonies also benefits other seabirds such as terns and storm - petrels , which nest compatibly on the same islands . techniques developed to restore the puffin are also useful in managing endangered seabirds such as roseate terns .\nsealy , s . g . 1973b . breeding biology of the horned puffin on st . lawrence island , bering sea , with zoogeographical notes on the north pacific puffins . pac . sci . no . 27 ( 2 ) : 99 - 119 . close\nmore than 40 seabird species in at least 12 countries have benefitted from the seabird restoration techniques developed by project puffin .\nhorned puffins are migratory seabirds of open ocean waters in the winter and coastal islands and rocky cliffs in the summer breeding season . the \u2018horned\u2019 part of their common name is derived from the small , dark , fleshy , horn - like projection above the eye that is present in breeding season .\nflight : the horned puffin can fly but it is better swimmer than flier . it runs briefly over the water surface while beating its wings before to take off . the flight is rather laboured but strong , with rapid wingbeats . it flies high above the water .\nthat has the puffin stand stiffly erect with its beak next to its body and using slow exaggerated foot movements . this makes the puffin look like a soldier on guard duty , which is just what it is doing by guarding the burrow .\npredators of puffins depend on the puffins as food to feed their own young . although the sight of gulls eating a puffin is not pleasant , predation at large colonies does not hurt the puffin colony because the majority of the puffins survive .\nwhile there is little information on the life span of this species , there have been reports that some horned puffins have lived as long as twenty years .\npiatt , john f . and alexander s . kitaysky . 2002 . horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\n) conducted graduate studies on horned and tufted puffins , adding a wealth of new information on breeding biology , behavior , chick growth , diets , and habitat use in the gulf of alaska and the aleutians islands . since then , only a few studies have added substantially to our knowledge of horned puffins ( hatch and hatch\nhabitat : the horned puffin spends the winter at sea , mainly offshore , within the open water areas of the breeding range to the edge of the continental shelf . during the breeding season , it breeds on rocky offshore islands , rocky cliffs , boulder areas and slopes , rarely in burrows .\nrange : the horned puffin breeds off the coasts of siberia , alaska and british columbia . it winters at sea but infrequently in open ocean and rarely beyond the northern half of the boreal zone . its winter range is closely related to sea surface temperatures and food availability , mainly pelagic fish .\na puffin can dive for up to a minute but most dives usually last 20 to 30 seconds . while underwater , the puffin swims by using its wings to push it along under the water almost as if it were flying , while using its feet as a rudder .\nthe horned puffin winters offshore in adjacent areas to breeding grounds , in open waters . dispersions occur after the breeding season in september - october . the northern populations from bering sea move southwards at least to aleutians . the southern populations appear more sedentary with some s movements , even to oregon and california .\nhorned puffin : found along the pacific coast of north america . breeds from northern alaska south to the british columbia border . spends winters at sea south to washington and oregon ; rarely to california . preferred habitats include cold ocean waters , sea cliffs , and rocky or grass - covered islets and rocks .\nharding , a . m . a . 2001 . the breeding ecology of horned puffins fratercula corniculata in alaska . master ' s thesis , univ . of durham , england . close\ndonations and puffin adoptions are tax - deductible . your tax - deductible donation will help us protect important nesting islands for puffins and other rare seabirds in maine .\nhorned puffins live primarily on the open ocean , but return to coastal nesting grounds in summer , where they mate and raise their chicks . they nest in crevices on cliffs and rocky islands , often in dense , large , mixed colonies with other puffins and auks . unlike tufted puffins that nest in burrows , horned puffins seek our rocky crevices and outcroppings for their nests , though some nest in burrows .\nthe puffin\u2019s scientific name , fratercula arctica dates back to the last half of the 1800 ' s . this name means\nlittle brother of the north\nin latin . little brother alludes to ' little friar ' referring to the puffin ' s black and white plumage which is reminiscent of a friar ' s robes . a second connotation of little friar may be drawn from the puffin ' s sometime habit of holding it ' s feet together when taking off , suggestive of hands clasped together in prayer .\nthe open ocean is the winter habitat for horned puffins . in the breeding season , they seek out coastal islands and rocky cliffs . juveniles spend one to two years at sea before coming to land to molt\n. this involves a puffin puffing up their body to look bigger and opening their wings and beak slightly . the wider the beak is opened the more upset the puffin . the puffin may also stomp its foot in place to show its displeasure . the bright colors of the feet and beak help illustrate these motions . if the aggressive encounter escalates into a full - scale brawl the puffins will lock beaks . they will then attempt to topple each other in a wrestling match by using their feet and wings in a flurry of action . a fight may gather a crowd of 10 or more puffin spectators . the combatants may become so involved in the fight they end up rolling off their rocky perch .\nadopt now and receive : a certificate of adoption , a biography of\nyour\npuffin , and the book how we brought puffins back to egg rock by stephen kress .\nhorned puffins nest in bluffs of fractured rock or crevices in cliff faces near the shoreline . they may also create burrows in upland areas . in the semidi islands , they occur in the same habitat as parakeet auklets (\nthe estimated breeding population for horned puffins today is 1 . 2 million birds , with most breeding on islands off the coast of alaska . the largest breeding populations are in the semidi islands with 350 , 000 breeders .\nwehle , d . h . s . 1976 . summer food and feeding ecology of tufted and horned puffins on buldir island , alaska - 1975 . master ' s thesis , univ . of alaska , fairbanks . close\nrange : this species of puffin breeds from northwestern alaska south along coast to central california , and winters at sea throughout the north pacific . also , on northern coast of asia .\npuffins can carry several fish back to their nest at a time . the average catch is around 10 fish per trip but the record in britain is a whopping 62 fish at once ! the puffin\u2019s beak is specialized to hold all these fish . the puffin\u2019s raspy tongue holds fish against spines on the palate , while it opens its beak to catch more fish .\npetersen , m . r . 1983a .\nhorned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) .\nin the breeding biology and feeding ecology of marine birds in the gulf of alaska . , edited by p . a . baird and p . j . gould , 401 - 426 . natl . ocean . atmos . admin . , ocseap final rep . 45 : u . s . dep . commer . close\nin the summer breeding season , horned puffins have characteristic white\ncheeks .\n\u009d during winter , the white patch becomes darker and the\nhorn\n\u009d above each eye disappears . the bill becomes smaller and duller .\nhorned puffins prey on fish , squid , and marine worms , but the overall impact of this predation on prey populations is unknown . they have little impact on other auks because of the isolated nesting grounds this species prefers .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto the horned puffin appears mostly silent outside the breeding season . however , it can become more vocal at the breeding colony , performing some vocal displays associated with threat and defence behaviour , but also as part of courtship and communication between parents and chicks . during the disputes between two males , we can hear some growling \u201carrr\u201d . but usually , puffins are less vocal than other alcidae species .\npuffins are usually 10 inches tall ( 18 cm ) , which is about the height of a quart jug of milk . the puffin weighs about 500 grams , similar to a can of soda\nreproduction : the horned puffin usually reoccupies the colonies between mid - may and early june . the peak of laying occurs from mid - june to mid - july . fledging takes place in september . this species breeds in small to large colonies . the nest is placed in rock crevice or crack in rock substrate , on cliff face , in cavities under boulders or talus slopes . it nests less commonly in burrows excavated in grassy island slopes .\na mating pair produces one egg , which is oval in shape . if the egg is lost it is replaced in 10 to 21 days . the egg itself is gray with purple dots , a type of spotting that suggests an ancestral habit of laying eggs out in the open . horned puffin eggs quickly become covered in guano and other debris . they incubate for around 41 days , and both males and females participate in caring for and incubating eggs .\nthe horned puffin is a small , pigeon - sized bird with black uppersides and a white chest and undersides . it has a white face and cheeks with a small black\nhorn\nabove its eyes and a thin , dark line that runs from its eyes to the nape of its neck . it has a large , triangular orange bill with a red tip . it has bright orange legs and webbed feet with claws on the ends of them .\nthe horned puffin is a small , pigeon - sized bird with black uppersides and a white chest and undersides . it has a white face and cheeks with a small black\nhorn\nabove its eyes and a thin , dark line that runs from from its eyes to the nape of its neck . it has a large , triangular orange bill with a red tip . it has bright orange legs and webbed feet with claws on the ends of them .\nalaskan natives used horned puffins as food and clothing . parkas are made from the tough skin of this auk and the feathers provide the natives with further insulation . the eggs are still collected as food in the bering straight region with minimal effect on the populations .\npuffins make loud growling calls usually from underground which sounds like a muffled chainsaw . the chicks\npeep\nfor food from parents . choose a call from the list below to hear what a puffin sounds like .\npuffins can also help tourism . communities benefit from having a healthy puffin colony to share with tourists who contribute to the local economy when paying to see the birds , stay in hotels , and dine in restaurants .\nnettleship , d . n . , garcia , e . f . j . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncleptoparasites are birds that steal a puffin\u2019s food . herring gulls often wait for puffins returning from sea with a beakload of fish , pursue them and steal the fish . they also will pull puffin eggs or chicks from their nest . puffins avoid cleptoparasites by dashing for the safety of the burrow entrance to deliver fish and to avoid gulls . puffins often circle past their burrow a dozen times or more waiting for a chance to safely deliver food .\n, horned puffins , is widespread in the pacific and low arctic . it breeds along the coast of british columbia , on some islands and peninsulas around alaska , and along the bering sea coast of russia . it winters off shore , mainly in the north pacific . the species is commonly found on russian islands but can also be seen off the coast of japan and british columbia , rarely as far south as southern california . horned puffins tend to stay in their breeding grounds during the winter as long as the grounds are not iced over .\nthe horned puffin can be found in the northern pacific ocean , from the coast of japan and south - west canada in the south , up to and including the chukchi sea in the north . it breeds on most of the islands and coasts in this area , up to the north of its range on wrangel island , russia , but can only be found breeding as far south as the queen charlotte islands ( canada ) and sakhalinsk ( russia ) ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) .\nhorned puffins forage off shore close to their breeding colonies , spending most of the year in coastal waters . they show no preference with respect to water temperature or salinity . they winter off - shore , preferring open water areas with large populations of the pelagic fish on which they feed .\nwhile humans have hurt puffin numbers in the past , we also have the ability to restore and protect colonies . we need to reduce pollution of our coasts and do a much better job managing our fisheries . this benefits seabirds and people .\nthe fact that horned puffins are crevice nesting birds has made studying them and monitoring their populations quite difficult . the nesting sites are hard to locate and it may be impractical to count all individuals . instead , counting of individuals must be done by monitoring bird counts at peak season or by counting birds that have been rafted offshore .\nthe most common time for mating is either morning or evening . birds indicate readiness by head flicking , which may be done either on land or in water . during this display , the bill may be open or closed . members of a pair may mutually bow or put their bills side by side . horned puffins form monogamous pairs .\nthe word puffin is thought to be derived from the word \u2018puff\u2019 which refers to swollen . and it is the puffin chick that contributes best to this name because of its round , puffed look resulting from its dense cover of down feathers - an adaptation for retaining body heat while the parent is off fishing . indeed , they resemble little puff balls with beak and feet . puffins have also been called\nclown of the ocean\nand\nsea parrot\nbecause of their clown - like facial markings and colorful beak ( more like that of toucans ) .\nmembers of the alcidae are known for their penguin - like appearance despite being unrelated to the penguin family . alcids are also known for their habit of nesting in dense colonies . to the people of iceland and the faroe islands , the atlantic puffin and their eggs are also known as food .\nmost puffins do not breed until they are 5 years old . the earliest a puffin may breed is at age 3 but this is only known from zoos . puffins live a long time and use their pre - breeding years to learn about feeding places , choosing a mate and nest sites .\noil spilled by tankers and drilling operations can destroy the waterproofing on puffin\u2019s feathers causing them to die of exposure to cold temperatures . also , they become sick when they swallow oil while attempting to clean their feathers . chemicals from farming that flow from farm to river to ocean can also make puffins sick .\npuffins can carry more than one fish at a time in their beaks . the average is about 10 fish per catch , but one was recorded with 62 fish in its mouth ! a puffin ' s raspy tongue holds fish against spines on the palate , while it opens its beak to catch more fish .\nthe great black - backed gull is the greatest predator puffins face in the natural world . the gulls are big enough to pick puffins out of the air or their burrows . fox and rats are further threats from nature . herring gulls don\u2019t hurt the adult puffins themselves , but will often steal their food , sometimes right out of their beaks . humans have had a great impact on various puffin colonies through the years . puffins were ( and still are ) a source of food , and their skins , with feathers intact , were traditionally sewn together to make a waterproof cloak or coat . overfishing and pollution have also taken their toll on puffin colonies .\nuncontrolled tourism can be harmful to puffin colonies because they need solitude to breed . people who get too close may scare off parents from their duties of feeding their chick . as long as tourists stay on boats at a safe distance and do not disturb the puffins , they can easily enjoy watching a colony during the nesting season .\nfights take place frequently , even on rocky slopes , usually when another puffin is perceived to be invading the occupant\u2019s territory . the intruder is threatened with an open bill that exposes the brightly colored mouth lining , head shaking and flicking ( head jerked upward and bent toward the back ) , and side - to - side body rocking .\nhumans have had a very negative effect on puffins in the past . today , there are threats on land and at sea . for example , over - fishing has caused a disaster for the colony on rost island in norway . in recent years puffin parents have not caught enough fish to feed their chicks . thousands of chicks have starved . this happened because people drastically depleted the herring stocks .\npuffins often live 20 years or more . the oldest known puffin lived to be 36 years . maximum age is difficult to determine because while researchers are able to band birds , puffins abrade these bands by nesting among boulders as well as spending the majority of their lives in the open ocean , which causes leg bands to corrode over time . both these mechanisms cause bands to become too worn to read .\nduring winter , the bills and feet of puffins fade to dull shades of their summer colors . every spring their beaks and feet turn a colorful orange in preparation for the breeding season . the beaks and feet of puffins become brightly colored and the beak increases in size as the bird matures . the size and color of puffin beaks may serve as badges of experience and help birds assess the \u2018quality\u2019 of potential mates .\nafter the egg is hatched , parental care continues for 6 days . feeding of a chick is done during the day by both parents . the chick becomes able to manage its own body temperature between 5 and 6 days after hatching . after this and for the next 35 days , the chick is left alone in the nest while both parents bring it food . there is no evidence of post - fledging care and the chicks depart at night by themselves . horned puffins reach reproductive maturity between 3 and 5 years of age .\nfemale horned puffins lay a single egg in the spring , which is incubated by both parents for 41 days . after the egg hatches , the parents tend the chick closely for the next week . the chick is born altricial , but is able to thermoregulate a little over a week after hatching . after that , the chick is left alone in the nest for the next 37 to 46 days while being attended by the parents only for feeding . pairs defend their nests and males defend their mates . males show a threat display and fight if provoked .\nboth parents incubate the egg . they place the egg under a wing and then lean their body against the egg . the egg hatches in about 40 days and both parents feed and protect the chick . when the chick fledges in 40 days , the parents leave the chick and return to the open ocean . the chick then goes out to the open ocean waters and remains there for at least two years . puffins breed in large colonies with the tufted puffin .\nhorned puffins nest in rock cervices in fragments of rocks at the base of a cliff ( talus or scree ) , among beach boulders , and in cracks and crevices in cliff faces . on a few alaskan islands , they also nest in earthen burrows . they excavate and clean their burrows or crevices using their feet , and occasionally the bill . nesting materials include grass , twigs , feathers , and even materials picked up at sea such as floating algae and plastic fishing line and nets . it is not known whether the male , female , or both prepare the nest .\nthese medium sized sea birds have a stout body , short wings , and feet placed far back on the body . breeding ( alternate ) : . adult horned puffins are black with a large white patch on each side of the face and white underparts from the breast to under the tail feathers . they have a large , parrot - like , oversized bright yellow to reddish - orange bill , the end third of which is red . their legs are yellowish - orange to reddish . their eyelids are red . there is a small leathery \u2018horn\u2019 extending upward from above each eye .\nadult puffins mostly eat small fish , such as sand eels , herring , hake and capelin . puffin diets vary from colony to colony because of the variety of fish around the breeding islands . during winter puffins may also eat crustaceans , but their preferred food is fish . the young puffins are usually fed fish by their parents . parents carry fish in their bills and either drop them on the burrow floor or pass them to the chick . parents usually feed the chick several times each day .\npuffins can serve as food for people . locals of the faroe islands , norway and iceland have hunted puffins for centuries . the lofoten people ( norway ) use special puffin dogs to dig birds from burrows among narrow rocks . the iceland and faroe island locals use a fleyg , which looks like a 4 - meter long lacrosse pole , to catch puffins in flight . hunters who do this require great skill and take pride in only taking puffins that are not bringing back food to their young . this reduces the take of breeders , if successful .\npuffins preen on land and in the water . they rub the side of the bill repeatedly on their oil gland and then smear the secretion over the body feathers to waterproof them . wing - flapping is a common behavior in which the puffin lies to one side on the water so that one wing is under - water while the other is held in the air vertical to the water and flapped three to four times in the air . satisfied that one side is clean ; the bird turns onto its other side and repeats the wing - flapping . these behaviors can be watched at the aquarium\u2019s diving bird habitat in the northern pacific gallery .\npuffin chicks leave a colony when they fledge and head off to the ocean without their parents . they remain in the open ocean until they are 2 - 3 years old . then they return to the vicinity of the colony where they hatched and may nest near the burrow where they hatched . scientists are unsure how puffins find their way home and are still learning how birds migrate . the puffins may make a mental map of their birthplace and use this to return later . they may use stars , the earth\u2019s magnetic field , sounds , smells and the visual cues of the ocean to help them make this map . while the ocean appears uniform to us , to seabirds it holds vast amounts of information we can\u2019t sense . we still have much to learn from the migrations of seabirds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nthe global population is estimated to number > c . 1 , 200 , 000 individuals ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) , while the population in russia has been estimated at c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs and c . 50 - 10 , 000 wintering individuals ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to predation by invasive species and ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nstill abundant in alaska , but undoubtedly has declined on some islands where foxes or rats have been introduced . puffins are considered especially vulnerable to effects of oil spills .\nocean , nesting colonially in burrows or crevices on sea cliffs . during summer usually on ocean waters fairly close to shore of nesting islands ; at other seasons may be very far offshore . nests mainly on rocky islands .\nforages while swimming underwater . swims rapidly through schools of small fish , catching them in bill .\none . dull white , usually with faint spots of gray , lavender , brown . incubation is by both sexes , 38 - 43 days . young : both parents feed nestling , carrying fish in bill and dropping them in nest or near entrance . adults generally forage in waters close to colony , may make more frequent feeding visits than tufted puffins . young depart from nest at about 38 - 44 days ; unable to fly well at departure , they flutter or tumble down to water and swim out to sea , apparently independent from then on .\nboth parents feed nestling , carrying fish in bill and dropping them in nest or near entrance . adults generally forage in waters close to colony , may make more frequent feeding visits than tufted puffins . young depart from nest at about 38 - 44 days ; unable to fly well at departure , they flutter or tumble down to water and swim out to sea , apparently independent from then on .\nmostly fish . favors small fish , especially sand lance and capelin , also sticklebacks , smelt , and others . food brought to young almost entirely fish . adults also eat many squid , marine worms , and crustaceans .\nbreeds in colonies on islands , usually with other species of auks . nest site is in burrow in ground , 1 - 3 ' or longer , perhaps sometimes with two entrances ; also in natural crevice in cliff or among boulders . burrow ( apparently excavated by both sexes ) may be re - used in following years . nest chamber may by lined with grasses or may be bare .\npoorly known . departs from vicinity of northern colonies in winter ( when surrounding waters frozen solid ) . some reportedly winter near aleutians , others may be far out at sea . in some years , numbers found off california in spring , suggesting that they may have wintered very far offshore ( perhaps hundreds of miles ) and come closer to coast on northward migration . an\ninvasion\nonce reached the northwestern hawaiian islands .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nas temperatures rise and sea ice melts , our intrepid correspondent heads north to watch scientists test technologies to better understand the arctic .\njoel sartore wants a close - up of every captive species on earth\u2014as many as 12 , 000 animals\u2014before it ' s too late .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na pelagic animal lives on the open sea . in breeding season it can be found on sea cliffs or on rocky islets .\nin the summer , puffins come in from the open ocean to mate . puffins form pairs that mate for life . a pair usually builds a nest in a crevice in a cliff or in a hole between boulders . the female lays only one egg a year .\nif you find the information on birdweb useful , please consider supporting seattle audubon . donate\nthis is a large and highly varied group of birds that do not have many outward similarities . most are water birds that feed on invertebrates or small aquatic creatures . the order is well represented in washington , with seven families :\nwrangel i , heard i and coasts of chukotskiy peninsula s through kamchatka and commander is to sea of okhotsk , sakhalin and n kuril is , and n & w alaska ( near barrow ; cape lisburne and diomede is ) s through bering sea to aleutians and e through gulf of alaska s to british columbia ( queen charlotte is ) . chiefly pelagic in winter , dispersing over a large area of the central north pacific .\n36\u201341 cm ; 612 g ; wingspan 56\u201358 cm . large , triangular red - tipped yellow bill , laterally compressed , with orangy rictal rosette at gape , yellowish mouth and tongue . . .\ngenerally silent at sea . at breeding colonies , a low - pitched mooing growl usually comprising a few . . .\nmarine , occurring along sea coasts on rocky cliffs and offshore islands . breeds mainly on rocky . . .\npredominantly an inshore feeder during the breeding season , usually within 1\u20132 km from shore , but sometimes 16 km or more out . . . .\nspring arrival and start of breeding variable , with major movement through bering sea during may and reoccupation of colonies usually mid - . . .\nwinters over a broad area of the central north pacific , generally over deep oceanic waters . it is . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . the global population is not known precisely , in part because many of the colonies are remote and the birds nest in rock crevices , . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthe lights in our diving birds habitat are operated by a computer program that changes the amount of light in the exhibit to match that in their far north natural environment where the summer days of the breeding season are long and the winter at sea days very short . during the winter the habitat becomes dark at about 4 pm .\nsummer : gulf of alaska , aleutian islands , bering and chukchi seas , sea of okhotak , kuril islands , rarely british columbia . winter offshore in the central and north pacific ocean . rarely in southern california in late spring .\nnon - breeding ( basic ) : the white face patches become a smoky grayish - brown in front and silver gray in back . the bill is smaller , duller , and the plate that makes up the outer bill covering is lost . the horn is also absent and feet become a pale fleshy color . body plumage becomes blackish - gray above and brownish - gray below .\njuveniles have coloration similar to that of adults in basic plumage ; however , their face patch is smoky black , their bill is shorter , narrower , and entirely grayish - brown , and their upper body plumage is a dull blackish - brown with the underparts dirty white washed with a brownish - gray color .\nadults are 35 . 6 to 38 . 1 cm ( 14 to 15 in ) long and weigh 400 to 600 g ( 14 . 1 to 21 . 1 oz ) .\npuffins breed in colonies . socially monogamous , they form pair bonds that often last for many years . they arrive at the breeding grounds either in pairs or form pairs shortly after arrival . courtship usually takes place on the water and begins with the male lifting his bill straight up , opening and closing his mouth , and jerking his head while the female hutches over low to the water keeping her head and neck close to her body . these actions are followed by billing in which the two birds face each other , waggle their heads , and touch bills repeatedly while opening and closing their mouths .\nthey walk on rocky surfaces in an upright poison clinging to the uneven path with the clawed feet that they also use in nest preparation .\npuffins are well - suited to life at sea . their feathers are waterproof to keep out the cold water in which they dive to feed . their short , stiff wings help them to \u201cfly\u201d underwater in search of prey . their bones are very strong to withstand the pressure underwater . they can store oxygen in their body tissues and also use anaerobic respiration to enable them to make long dives .\nhistorically , puffins were used for food and clothing by some alaskan and canadian native people such as the aleuts and the inuits . reversible parkas made from the skins of about forty - five puffins were worn feathers outside in rainy weather and feathers inside in cold dry weather . bills were used as ornaments on clothing , in children\u2019s rattles , and on mittens worn in ceremonial dances .\nour puffins eat capelin , squid , krill and silversides , and like to be hand - fed . most come right over for their three daily feedings .\nthey know i ' m the guy with the food ,\n\u009d says aviculturist eric miller .\nmost are quite polite .\n\u009d\nhand - feeding is a form of\nenrichment\n\u009d that keeps our birds happy and stimulated , but it also has practical benefits . by using food as reinforcement , eric hopes to be able to train the birds to step on a scale or undergo medical exams .\ntoday tons of plastic trash swirls on ocean currents and seabirds looking for flashing fishes frequently mistake shiny plastic debris for food . with their stomachs full of plastic instead of fish , many oceanic birds risk starvation . you can help : less plastic on land means less plastic in the sea .\nwhile puffins do fly , they mostly swim while at sea . their legs are set far back on their bodies , which means they ' re not very graceful on land , but they ' re very good swimmers .\npuffins use counter - shading to hide from hungry predators . a dark color on top makes it hard for predators above to see they blend with the dark water . the light color on the underside helps them hide from predators swimming below .\nthe mission of the nonprofit monterey bay aquarium is to inspire conservation of the ocean .\nin alaska , 50 % percent of all individuals live ninety kilometers from the mainland of the west coast , on the semidi islands .\n( freethy , 1987 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 ; harrison , 1983 ; hatch , 1983a )\n( freethy , 1987 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 ; hatch , 1983a )\n( gatson , et al . , 1998 ; hoyo , et al . , 1996 )\nmales may perform a swim display in which they raise themselves from the water and extend their necks upwards . then they flick their heads , and at this time mounting is often observed . mating takes place mostly in water with some rare cases on land .\n(\nalaska seabird information series\n, 2006 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 )\nnot much is known about the molting process besides that it takes place in autumn to winter , and bill ornaments are dropped at the end of caring for the chick .\nlike some other marine birds , females have sperm storage glands . it is not known if they are functional .\n( freethy , 1987 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 ; hatch , 1983b )\nis not well studied . some estimates are that it can survive 20 years or more .\nthese birds are usually not vocal but become so when they are threatened . they are diurnal , and peak time for them to be on land is between 8am and 12pm . they do not interact with other auks in their colonies .\nwinters close to the breeding grounds and individuals are interspersed at low densities . over - wintering locations and patterns , however , are poorly known ."]}
{"id": 814, "summary": [{"text": "calliotropis oros is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliotropidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "subspecies calliotropis oros marquisensis vilvens , 2007 calliotropis oros oros vilvens , 2007", "topic": 27}], "title": "calliotropis oros", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define calliotropis oros in a sentence and how is the word calliotropis oros used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528calliotropis oros\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528calliotropis oros\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528calliotropis oros\u9020\u53e5 , calliotropis oros meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\ncalliotropis oros vivens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\n\n' calliotropis oros\n' is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliotropidae .\nnew records of 25 calliotropis species from the indo - pacific area are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . 30 new species and 1 new subspecies are described and compared with similar calliotropis species : calliotropis conoeides n . sp . , calliotropis helixn . sp . , calliotropis cynee n . sp . , calliotropis chalkeie n . sp . , calliotropis ptykte n . sp . , calliotropis solomonensis n . sp . , calliotropis pistis n . sp . , calliotropis echinoides n . sp . , calliotropis cycloeides n . sp . , calliotropis pyramoeides n . sp . , calliotropis coopertorium n . sp . , calliotropis asphales n . sp . , calliotropis nux n . sp . , calliotropis oros n . sp . , calliotropis oros marquisensis n . ssp . , calliotropis zone n . sp . , calliotropis hysterea n . sp . , calliotropis stegos n . sp . , calliotropis oregmene n . sp . , calliotropis cooperculum n . sp . , calliotropis keras n . sp . , calliotropis denticulus n . sp . , calliotropis dicrous n . sp . , calliotropis rostrum n . sp . , calliotropis pheidole n . sp . , calliotropis siphaios n . sp . , calliotropis nomisma n . sp . , calliotropis nomismasimilis n . sp . , calliotropis elephas n . sp . , calliotropis ostrideslithos n . sp . , calliotropis trieres n . sp .\ncalliotropis ( solaricida ) dall , 1919 represented as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903\nsubgenus calliotropis ( adamsenida ) habe , 1952 represented as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903\nsubgenus calliotropis ( solaricida ) dall , 1919 accepted as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903 ( synonym )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) acherontis b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis acherontis b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) blacki b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis blacki b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) delli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis delli b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) eucheloides b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis eucheloides b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) powelli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis powelli b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\nsubgenus calliotropis ( schepmanotropis ) poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 represented as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903\n2004 . calliotropis micraulax n . sp . , calliotropis derbiosa n . sp . , calliotropis basileus n . sp . and calliotropis excelsior n . sp . are described and compared with similar eicyclinid spcies . recent indo - pacific species belonging to the genus calliotropis are also listed . 13 pp . , 30 figs , 4 .\nspecies calliotropis ammonaformis [ sic ] accepted as calliotropis annonaformis y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001 ( misspelling )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( solaricida ) infundibulum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as calliotropis infundibulum ( r . b . watson , 1879 )\nspecies calliotropis crystalophorus b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as calliotropis crystalophora b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination ; incorrect gender ending )\ncalliotropis granolirata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) [ 47 ]\ncalliotropis persculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) [ 78 ]\nspecies calliotropis arenosa helwerda , wesselingh & s . t . williams , 2014 \u2020\nspecies calliotropis scabriusculus ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as calliotropis tiara ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies calliotropis annonaformis y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001\nspecies calliotropis regalis ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 )\nspecies calliotropis scalaris y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001\nspecies calliotropis stellaris y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001\ncalliotropis annonaformis lee y . c . & wu w . l . , 2001 [ 9 ]\ncalliotropis seguenza , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 february 2011 .\nspecies calliotropis yapensis s . - q . zhang & s . - p . zhang , 2018\ncalliotropis is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family calliotropidae . [ 1 ]\ncalliotropis acherontis marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis antarctica dell , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis asphales vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis babylonia vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis basileus vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis blacki marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis bucina vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis canaliculata jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis carinata jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis chalkeie vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis chenoderma barnard , 1963 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis conoeides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis cooperculum vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis coopertorium vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis crystalophora marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis cycloeides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis cynee vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis delli marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis denticulus vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis derbiosa vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis dicrous vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis echidna jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis echidnoides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis elephas vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis eltanini dell , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ericius vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis eucheloides marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis excelsior vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis grata thiele , 1925 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis helix vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis hysterea vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis keras vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis lamellifera jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis lateumbilicata dell , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis micraulax vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis niasensis thiele , 1925 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis nomisma vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis nomismasimilis vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis nux vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis oregmene vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ostrideslithos vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pataxo absalao , 2009 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pelseneeri cernohorsky , 1977 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pheidole vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pistis vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pompe barnard , 1963 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis powelli marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ptykte vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pulvinaris vilvens , 2005 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pyramoeides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis rostrum vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis siphaios vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis solariellaformis vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis solomonensis vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis stegos vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis trieres vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis velata vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis zone vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nspecies calliotropis pataxo absal\u00e3o , 2009 accepted as carenzia trispinosa ( r . b . watson , 1879 )\n, new species and new records of calliotropis ( gastropoda : chilodontidae : calliotropinae ) from indo - pacific .\ncalliotropis abyssicola rehder & ladd , 1973 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis actinophora ( dall , 1890 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis aeglees ( watson , 1879 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis bicarinata ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis calatha ( dall , 1927 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis calcarata ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis chuni ( martens , 1904 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis concavospira ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis galea ( habe , 1953 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis glypta ( watson , 1879 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis hataii rehder & ladd , 1973 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis hondoensis ( dall , 1919 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis infundibulum ( watson , 1879 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis limbifera ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis lissocona ( dall , 1881 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis midwayensis ( lan , 1990 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis multisquamosa ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis muricata ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ottoi ( philippi , 1844 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pagodiformis ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis patula ( martens , 1904 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pulchra ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis reticulina ( dall , 1895 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis rhina ( watson , 1886 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis scalaris lee & wu , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis spinulosa ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis stellaris lee & wu , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nnew records of 25 calliotropis species from the indo - pacific area are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . 30 new species and 1 new subspecies are described and compared with similar calliotropis species : c . conoeides n . sp . ; c . helix n . sp . ; c . cynee n . sp . ; c . chalkeie n . sp . ; c . ptykte n . sp . ; c . solomonensis n . sp . ; c . pistis n . sp . ; c . echidnoides n . sp . ; c . cycloeides n . sp . ; c . pyramoeides n . sp . ; c . coopertorium n . sp . ; c . asphales n . sp . ; c . nux n . sp . ; c . oros n . sp . ; c . oros marquisensis n . ssp . ; c . zone n . sp . ; c . hysterea n . sp . ; c . stegos n . sp . ; c . oregmene n . sp . ; c . cooperculum n . sp . ; c . keras n . sp . ; c . denticulus n . sp . ; c . dicrous n . sp . ; c . rostrum n . sp . ; c . pheidole n . sp . ; c . siphaios n . sp . ; c . nomisma n . sp . ; c . nomismasimilis n . sp . ; c . elephas n . sp . ; c . ostrideslithos n . sp . ; c . trieres n . sp .\ncalliotropis boucheti poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis francocacii poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis gemmulosa ( a . adams , 1860 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis malapascuensis poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis minorusaitoi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis philippei poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis sagarinoi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis stanyii poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 8 february 2011 .\ncalliotropis vilvensi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis virginiae poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis wilsi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis yukikoae poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis spinosa poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis metallica ( wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nspecies calliotropis rhina ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as solariella rhina ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\ncalliotropis granolirata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis persculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\naccording to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) the genus calliotropis is placed in the subfamily calliotropinae within the family chilodontidae .\ncalliotropis annonaformis lee y . c . & wu w . l . , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nvilvens c . ( 2007 ) new records and new species of calliotropis from indo - pacific . novapex 8 ( hors s\u00e9rie 5 ) : 1 - 72 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nnew species and new records of calliotropis ( gastropoda : chilodontidae : calliotropinae ) from indo - pacific . 72 p . , 1 map , 251 figs , 34 tables , 4to , paperbound ( novapex vol . 8 sp\ndescription of calliotropis ceciliae new species ( gastropoda : chilodontidae : calliotropinae ) from off chile . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 5 with 16 figs . ( 15 in color ) . offprint from the nautilus 124 ( 2 )\n( of calliotropis ( solaricida ) dall , 1919 ) marshall b . a . ( 1979 ) . the trochidae and turbinidae of the kermadec ridge ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . new zealand journal of zoology 6 : 521 - 552 page ( s ) : 530 [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] [ details ]\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnovapex hors serie no . 5 \u00ab conchological megadatabase iconographic overview on mollusks | conchbooks\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n2000 . new taxa : calliostoma poppei n . sp . , calliostoma emmanueli n . sp . , calliostoma houarti n . sp . 3 pp . + 2 col . pls , 4 .\ndescription of a new species of calliostoma ( trochidae ) from the philippine ilsands . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 8 with 2 pls . offprint from novapex 1 ( 3 - 4 )\ndescription of a new species of cantrainea ( turbinidae ) from guadeloupe . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 4 with 1 pl . offprint from novapex 2 ( 4 )\ndescription of a new species of clanculus ( trochidae ) from the new caledonia . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 6 with 2 pls . ( 1 in colo ) i . offprint from novapex 1 ( 3 - 4 )\ndescription of spectamen rikae n sp ( trochidae : solariellinae ) from the philippine islands . in 4to , offp . , pp . 4 with 1 pl . offprint from novapex vol . 4\ndescription of a new species of drupa ( muricidae : rapaninae ) from the western indian ocean . in 4to , offp . , pp . 8 with 10 figs . offprint from apex 12 ( 4 )\ndescription of three new species of calliostoma ( trochidae ) from the philippine islands . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 6 with 2 color pls . offprint from novapex 1 ( 1 )\nthree new calliostoma from the philippines . in 4to , offp . , pp . 8 with 2 pls . and 3 figs . offprint from visaya 4 ( 2 )\n2014 . new records of 4 known calliostomatidae species from madagascar area are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . 9 new species are described and compared with similar species : calliostoma madatechnema n . sp . , calliostoma textor n . sp . , calliostoma parvajuba n . sp . , calliostoma hematomenon n . sp . , calliostoma subalboroseum n . sp . , calliostoma tumidosolidum n . sp . , calliostoma pyrron n . sp . , calliostoma herberti n . sp . and calliostoma wareni n . sp . 29 pp . , 123 figs , stapled 4 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome iii : nord de la france , \u00eeles britanniques , pays - bas , ouest de l ' allemagne et suisse\n2014 [ 2018 ] , 2014 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 60 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 72 pp . , 20 pls , br . 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome ii : sud de l ' italie , malte , sud de l ' espagne et portugal\n2012 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 48 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 56 pp . , 16 color pls , stapled 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome i : sud de la france , nord de l ' italie et nord de l ' espagne\n2012 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 48 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 72 pp . , 20 color pls , stapled 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome iv : c\u00f4te dalmate , gr\u00e8ce continentale et cr\u00e8te\n2015 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 48 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 80 pp . , 24 pls , stapled 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome v : iles grecques , chypre et c\u00f4te occidentale de la turquie\n2018 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 60 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 60 pp . , 7 color pls , stapled 8 .\nnew species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from madagascar . in 4to , original wrappers , pp . 29 with 1 color pl . and 153 figs . novapex hors serie n . 9\nnew species and new records of chilodontidae ( gastropoda : vetigastropoda : seguenzioidea ) from the pacific ocean . in 4to , original wrappers , pp . 67 with 21 color pls . and 18 tables . published in novapex hors serie no . 11\n2008 . 271 pp . , 31 col . pls , 6 vols br . 8 .\ntell us what you ' re looking for and once a match is found , we ' ll inform you by e - mail .\ncan ' t remember the title or the author of a book ? our booksleuth is specially designed for you .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nnew insights into the taxonomy of the seguenzioidea were provided by kano ( 2007 ) . [ 3 ]\nthe size of the shell of species in this genus is small to moderate . the iridescent shell is thin and contains a conspicuous umbilicus . its sculpture shows spiral rows with many tubercles .\nthe shells resemble solariella , but differ in the radula , which is longer , with a larger number of uncini . the teeth of the median part are less denticulated . [ 4 ]\nseguenza l . ( 1903 ) . molluschi poco noti dei terreni terziari di messina . bollettino della societ\u00e0 geologica italiana 21 : 455 - 464 page ( s ) : 462\nkano y . ( 2007 ) .\nvetigastropod phylogeny and a new concept of seguenzioidea : independent evolution of copulatory organs in the deep - sea habitats\n. zoologica scripta 37 ( 1 ) : 1 - 21 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2007 . 00316 . x\nschepman 1908 - 1913 , the prosobranchia of the siboga expedition ; leyden , e . j . brill , 1908 - 13 ( described as the new genus solariellopsis )\nmarshall b . a . ( 1979 ) . the trochidae and turbinidae of the kermadec ridge ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . new zealand journal of zoology 6 : 521 - 552 page ( s ) : 530\nvilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 4\nthis page was last edited on 24 february 2018 , at 04 : 56 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npage 25 and 26 : personidae gray , 1854 . a . g . beu ( pe\npage 47 and 48 : mathildidae dall , 1889 ( 2 m . add . )\npage 59 and 60 : buck , p . h . 1953 . explorers of the p\natoll research bulletin no * 267 avifauna of the southwest islands of . . .\natoll research bulletin no . 361 batiri kei baravi : the ethnobotany of . . .\natoll research bulletin no . 392 the flora of - smithsonian institution . . .\natoll research bulletin no . xxx - database of crustacea ( decapoda . . .\natoll research bulletin no . xxx - decapoda , stomatopoda - ecole . . .\natoll research bulletin no . 517 susan e . richardson - smithsonian . . .\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nseguenza l . ( 1903 ) . molluschi poco noti dei terreni terziari di messina . bollettino della societ\u00e0 geologica italiana 21 : 455 - 464 page ( s ) : 462 [ details ]\ngrammatical gender feminine , as terminating with the feminine classical greek ( and latin ) noun \u201ctropis\u201d , a keel ( iczn art . 30 . 1 . 1 ) . [ details ]\nforgotten the title or the author of a book ? our booksleuth is specially designed for you .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . & abebooks europe gmbh . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n, stylotelline , a new sesquiterpene isocyanide from the sponge stylotella sp . application of zd - nmr in structure determination\nthe sesquiterpene isocyanide stylotelline isolated from the marine sponge stylotella sp . was asigned the structure 1a ( absolute stereochemietry ) on the basis of spectral - essentially 2d - nmr - and chemical data .\nalcithoe aillaudorum n . sp . is the first alcithoe known outside new zealand waters ; it is however not consider ed a gondwanian vicariant relict but is probably a recent ' immigrant that dispersed from new zealand to new caledonia via the norfolk ridge . lyria exorata n . sp . is known from capel and kelso banks , two submerged flat plateaus surrounded by abyssal depths in the coral sea . l . habei okutani , 1979 is a new record for new caledonia . records of other lyria are reviewed and summarized . although the distribution of lyria in the western pacific corresponds rather well with the limits of the pacific plate , this distribution appears to be a result of constraints in larval biology rather than a reflection of the plate tectonic history of the area .\ngouiff\u00e8s , dani\u00e8le , juge , m . , grimaud , n . , welin , l . , sauviat , p . , barbin , y . , laurent , dominique , roussakis , c . , henichart , j . p . , verbist , j . f .\ntwo cases of human intoxication causes by the lyophilized powder of lissoclinum bistratum sluiter . a new caledonian ascidian are reported . the symptoms observed were caused by a substance designated bistramide a ( c40h68n2o8 ) of hitherto unknown chemical structure . preliminary toxocological investigations indicate that bistramide a may effect the central nervous system leading to paresthesia ans loss of muscle ton . a progressive decrease in cardiac rythm was also observed in animal . bistramide a ( 1 , 4x10m ) did not alter the resting potential of frog heart and skeletal muscle but reduced the amplitude and duration of cardiac action potential ans prolonged the interval between actions potentials , bistramide a also has a marked cytotoxic effect on cancer cells kb and on normal endothelial cells . howewer , it has not , been possible to relate the cytotoxic property to the symptoms of intoxication . bistramidea may originate from the urochordate itself or from symbiotic algae\ngouiff\u00e8s , dani\u00e8le , moreau , s , helbeque , n . , bernier , j . l . , h\u00e9nichard , jean - pierre , barbin , yann , laurent , dominique , verbist , jean - fran\u00e7ois\nmodern two - dimensional nmr techniques have been used here in order to study the structure of a recently isolated cytotoxic drug , bistramide a . mass spectroscopy indicated a mr of 704 corresponding to an apparent molecular formula of c40h68n2o8 . all structural information was obtained from 1h and 13c nmr . 1h - 1h and 1h - 13c cosy in combination with relayed 1h - 1h - 13c cosy and 1h - 13c coloc were used for obtaining all crucial connectivies required for determing the partial structure of this natural product .\nfour new species and one subspecies are described from deep water in the new caledonian region : amalda fuscolingua , a . aureomarginata , a . coriolis , a . bellonarum and a . hilgendorfi richeri . a . montrouzieri ( souverbie , 1860 ) is redescribed and discussed . sem photographs of radulae are included .\nrecent dredgings in waters around new caledonia revealed two new conus species which are described as conus richeri , n . sp . and conus plinthis , n . sp . both new species are compared to closely related species and their variability is enumerated .\n, corallistin a , a second example of a free porphyrin from a living organism . isolation from the demosponge corallistes sp . of the coral see and inhibition of abnormal cells\nit is shown that the demosponge corallistes sp . ( tetractinomorpha , lithistida , corallistidae ) collected in the coral sea , contains corallistin a ( 1 ) , the second example , of a free porphyrin from a living organism . the compound proved to be active against the kb cell line . in contrast with the geoporphyrins which do not bear any o - atom corallistin a ( 1 ) carries two carboxylic groups .\n, corallistine , a new polynitrogen compound from the sponge corallistes fulvodesmus l . & l .\ntwo polynitrogen compounds 1 - methyl - pteridine - 2 , 4 - dione 1b and corallistine 2 were isolated from new - caledonian sponge corallistes fulvodesmus l . & l . the structure of corallistine was determinated by x - ray single cristal analysis of its 6 ' - isobutyloxycarbonyl derivative 3 .\nthe status of the genera isidella , acanella ans lepidisis in the subfamily keratoisidinae is discussed and the new species isidella trichotoma and acanella dispar are described and illustrated . new records of acanella sibogae nutting are presented and description of the species amplified and supported by new illustrations of colony , polyps , and sclerites . ortomisis crosnieri , a new genus and species of keratoisidinae , is described and illustrated . a new key to genera of isidinae and keratoisidinae\nthree novel polyhydroxylated steroids , ( 25s ) - 5a - cholestane - 3\u00df , 5a , 61\u00df5 , a , 1 6\u00df , 26 - hexol 15 - sulphate ( l ) , ( 25s ) - 5a - cholestane - 3\u00df , 6\u00df , 7a , 8 , 15a , 16\u00df , 26 - hept ( 4o ) l and ( 25s ) - 5a - cholestane - 3\u00df , 4\u00df , 6\u00df , 7a , s , - 15a , 16\u00df , 26 - octol ( 5 ) , have been isolated from a pacific deep - water starfish of the genus rosaster . they cooccurr with two known polyhydroxysteroids ( 2 and 3 ) . the novel compound 5 showed antifungal activity .\ndermomurex ( takia ) wareni n . sp . the third pacific ocean species of takia , is characterized by the structure of its intritacalx ; ponderia elephantina n . sp . is nearest to the southeastern australian p . abies houart , 1986 ; pygmaepterys menoui n . sp . , named from a single specimen , is characterized by having 3 varices on the last whorl , distinctive spiral sculpture and broad protoconch ; trophon multigradus n . sp . , has numerous frilled axial lamellae .\nnew caledonia is an island situated in the south west pacific on the edge of the indo - australian plate ( fig . 1 ) . the morphology of the sea - bed in this r\u00e9gion is extremely complex and very varied structures occur . thus the principal island of new caledonia ( the mainland , or ' grande - terre ' ) , and adjacent islands ( the isle of pines and the belep islands ) are an emerged portion of the norfolk ridge , a geosyncline dating from the mesozoic , which extends to new zealand .\n, aulohalaelurus kanakorum n . sp . , a new species of catshark ( carcharhiniformes , scyliorhinidae , atelomycterinae ) from new caledonia\na new catshark , aulohahaelurus kanakorum n . sp . , is described from an adult male collected from off south - western new caledonia . it is the second species in the genus aulohalaelurus , previously restricted to western australia . the new species is distinct from its allopatric congener , aulohalaelurus labiosus ( waite , 1905 ) , mainly by colour pattern , longer interdorsal space , pelvic - anal distance , shorter prepelvic length , morphology of dermal denticles and higher number of diplospondylous vertebrae . a neotype is also designated for a . labiosus ( waite , 1905 ) .\ntwo 3 beta - methoxy secosteriods , named jereisterol a and b were isolated from the pacific sponge jereicopsis graphidiophora levi & levi . their structures , which combine rare 3 beta - methoxy and seco features , were determined as ( 24 r ) 24 - methyl - 3 - beta - methoxy - 8 - alpha , 9 - alpha - oxido - 8 , 9 - secocholesta - 7 , 9 ( 11 ) - diene ( 1 ) and ( 24r ) 24 - methyl - 3 - beta - methoxy - 8 , 14 - secocholesta - 8 , 14 - dione ( 2 ) .\nthe sponge neosiphonia supertes contains 24 ( 28 ) - dehydroaplysterol [ 1 ] and the new steroid ( 25s ) - 26 - methyl - 24 - methylenecholest - 4 - en - 3 - one [ 2 ] .\nroussakis , c . , robillard , n . , riou , d . , biard , j . f . , pradal , p . , piloquet , p . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , verbist , j . f . , 1991 , effects of bistramide a on a non - small - cell bronchial carcinoma line , cancer chemother pharmacol , 28 , 283 - 292\nthe isolation acd characterization of two novel triterpene glycosides from a sponge of the genus eryhs , collected at a depth of 500 m in the south of new caledonia , are described . the structures are characterized by the presence of a branched oligosaccharide chain , compose\u00ed1 of three ( 1 ) and four ( 2 ) d - galactopyranose units , respectively . analysis of the oligosaccaride structures was achieved by { ' h , ' h } correlation spectroscopy , two - dimensional homonuclear hartmann - hahn , and ' h - detected ( ' h , i3c } one bond ( hmqc ) and multiple - bond ( hmi3c ) shift correlation nmr experiments . the novel lanostane derived aglycone features a mre 14 - carboxyl grdup and a 24 - methylene , 25 - methyl side chain .\nmalochet - grivois , c . , roussakis , christos , robillard , n . , biard , j . f . , riou , d . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , verbist , jean - fran\u00e7ois\nthe antiproliferative activity of two nitrogenous labdane cytotoxic substances from lissoclinum voeltzkowi michaelson ( urochordata ) , dichlorolissoclimide ( p2 ) and chlorolissoclimide ( p1 ) , was studied in vitro on a continuous human non small - cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma line ( nsclc - n6 ) at the cell cycle level . this antiproliferative effect resulted from a blockade of g1 phase cells . mortality occurred , regardless of the degree of cell ploidy , with cell transition to an out - of - cycle situation characteristic of a g1d terminal maturation state .\nmarshall , bruce a . , 1992 , a revision of the recent species of eudolium dall , 1889 ( gastropoda : tonnoidea ) , nautilus , 106 , 1 , 24 - 38\nthe complete absolute stereochemistry of two new cytotoxic marine polypropionaies isolated from the saponified extract of the pulmonate mollusc onchidium sp . , onchitriol i and ii ( 4 , 5 ) was established using mosher - trost ' s methodology .\n, 96 . on the novel free porphyrins corallistin b , c , d , and e : isolation from the demosponge corallistes sp . of the coral sea and reactivity of their nickel ( ii ) complexes toward formylating reagents\nreported here are the novel free porphyrins corallistin b , c , d , and e , isolated as methyl esters 2a , 3a , da , and 5a , respectively , from the sponge corallistes sp . ( lithistida ) collected at the basis of the south new caledonian coral reef . a protocol is also established for formylation of their ni\ncomplexes , which show a different reactivity pattern toward dmf / poci , from metal complexes of deuteroporphyrins . together with corallistin a , previously isolated as the methyl ester la , and the known deuteroporphyrin ix ( isolated as 6a ) also present in the sponge , the new corallistins , which may be thought to derive from protoporphyrin viu heme , account for an amazing 60 % of the etoh extract from the sponge .\nde riccardis , francesco , minale , luigi , iorizzi , maria , debitus , c\u00e9cile , l\u00e9vi , claude , 1993 , marine sterols . side - chain - oxygenated sterols , possibly of abiotic origin , from the new caledonian sponge stelodoryx chlorophylla , journal of natural products , 56 , 2 , 282 - 287\nespada , alfonso , jim\u00e9nez , carlos , debitus , c\u00e9cile , riguera , ricardo , 1993 , villagorgin a and b . new type of indole alkaloids with acetylcholine antagonist activity from the gorgonian villagorgia rubra , tetrahedron letters , 34 , 48 , 7773 - 7776\nmoretti , christian , debitus , c\u00e9cile , fournet , a . , sauvain , m . , bourdy , g . , laurent , d . , 1993 , diversite biologique tropicale et innovation therapeutique . les recherches menees par l\u2019orstom , ann . soc . belge m\u00e9d . trop . , 73 , 169 - 178\nbewley , carole a . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , faulkner , d . john , 1994 , microsclerodermin - a and b - antifungal cyclic - peptides from the lithistid sponge microscleroderma sp , journal of the american chemical society , 116 , 17 , 7631 - 7636\nbouquet - kondracki , m . l . , martin , m . t . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , guyot , m . , 1994 , 12 - epi - heteronemin new sesterterpene from the marine from the marine sponge hyrtios erecta , tetrahedron letters , 35 , 1 , 109 - 110\nkourany - lefoll , elly , lapr\u00e9vote , olivier , s\u00e9venet , thierry , montagnac , alain , pa\u00efs , mary , 1994 , phloeodictines al - a7 and cl - c2 , antibiotic and cytotoxic guanidine alkaloids from the new caledonian sponge , phloeodictyon sp . , tetrahedron letters , 50 , 11 , 3415 - 3426\na large collection of species of the genus munida has been examined and found to contain 56 undescribed species . the specimens examined were caught mainly off new caledonia , chesterfield islands , loyalty islands , matthew and hunter islands . several samples from kiribati , the philippines and indonesia have also been included . the specimens were collected between 6 and 2 049 m . some species previously known in the area ( af . gracilis , m . haswelli , m . microps , m . spinicordata and m . tubercidata ) have been illustrated . these results point up the high diversity of this genus in the region and the importance of several characters in species identification ( e . g . , size and number of lateral spines on the carapace , ornamentation of the thoracic sternites , size of antennular and antennal spines , colour pattern ) .\n, fasciospongides a , b , and c , new manoalide derivatives from the sponge fasciospongia sp .\nthree new manoalide - related sesrerrerpenes . fasciospongides a [ 1 ] , b [ 2 ] , and c [ 3 ] , have been isolated from the sponge fasciospongia sp . and their structures elucidated by spectral methods .\n, deep - water cones ( gastropoda : conidae ) from the new caledonia region .\nbiologically active sesterterpenes of the manoalide family , thorectolide monoacetate ( 1 ) co - occurring with thorectolide ( 2 ) , were isolated from a marine sponge hyrtios sp . collected in new caledonia .\nd ' auria , valeria , zampella , angela , paloma , luigi gomez , minale , luigi , debitus , c\u00e9cile , roussakis , christos , le bert , val\u00e9rie , 1996 , callipeltins b and c ; bioactive peptides from a marine lithistida sponge callipelta sp . , tetrahedron letters , 52 , 48 , 9589 - 9596\n, from inactive nortopsentin d , a novel bis ( indole ) alkaloid isolated from the axinellid sponge dragmacidon sp . from deep waters south of new caledonia , to a strongly cytotoxic derivative\nnortopsentin d ( s ) , a bis ( indo1e ) alkaloid unique for bearing a 2 - amino - methylimidazole appendage at the central lh - imidazol - 5 ( 4h ) - one nucleus , was isolated in abundance , besides the putative biogenetic precursor 6 of its appendage , from the deep - water axinellid sponge dragmacidon sp . structural elucidation of 5 by nmr and ms methods heavily relied on its n - methyl derivatives 8 - 11 . unusually for topsentin - type structures , natural 5 and semisynthetic methyl derivatives 8 and 10 proved inactive on kb tumoural cells , while introduction of the last three methyl groups , amazingly led to highly cytotoxic 11 .\nmontagnac , alain , martin , m . - t . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , pa\u00efs , mary\none known drimane sesquiterpene ( 1 ) and five new ones ( 2 - 6 ) have been isolated from the sponge dysidea fusca . their structures were elucidated mainly by 2d nmr . the relative stereochemistry at c - 11 of 1 has been corrected to h - 11 beta .\nvassas , a . , bourdy , g . , paillard , j . j . , lavayre , j . , pa\u00efs , mary , quirion , j . c . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , 1996 , naturally occurring somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibitors . isolation of haloids from two marine sponges , planta medica , 62 , 28 - 30\n, callipeltoside a : a cytotoxic aminodeoxy sugar - containing macrolide of a new type from the marine lithistida sponge call\u00ecpelta sp .\na cytotoxic glycoside macrolide , callipeltoside a , has been isolated from the marine lithistid sponge callipelta sp . , collected off new caledonia . structural assignent was accomplished through extensive 2d nmr spectroscopy . the complete relative stereochemistry is proposed from the analysis of roesy and noe difference experiments . callipeltoside a ( 1 ) represents the first member of a new class of marine - derived macrolides , containing unusual structural features including a 4 - amino - 4 , 6 - dideoxy - 2 - 0 , 3 - c - dimethyl - & talopyranosyl - 3 , 4 - urethane unit .\n, lutoside : an acyl - l - ( acyl - 6 ' . mannobiosyl ) - 3 - glycerol isolated from the sponge - associated bacterium micrococcus luteus\nlutoside , an unusual acyl - l - ( acyl - 6 ' - mannobiosyl ) - 3 - glycerol 1 was isolated from the sponge - associated bacterial strain microccocus luteus . sructure elucidation was performed by sprectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations .\nan examination of extensive collections made in new caledonia and nearby islands by the orstom center in noum\u00e9a , new caledonia , of collections kept at various museums , and collections of live material made by the author in new caledonia and in queensland , australia , has revealed that a total of 20 species belonging to five genera of trapeziid crabs inhabit the coral sea region . two of the species belonging to the genus trapezia are described as new . the taxonomic status of several species , particularly trapezia cymhce ( herbst , 1801 ) , is also revised .\ndavie , peter j . f . , crosnier , alain , 1997 , crustacea decapoda : deep water xanthoidea from the south - western pacific and western indian ocean , r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , 18 , 176 , 337 - 387\nalong with two known cheilanthane sesterterpene lactones , 1 and 2 , eight new related sesterterpenes ( 3 - 10 ) and two new nor - sesterterpenes ( 11 and 12 ) have been isolated from the new caledonian marine sponge petrosuspongia nigra bergquist 1995 ( new genus , new species ) . their structures were determined from 1d and 2d nmr studies and mass spectral data . they exhibited cytoxicity against the nsclc - n6 human bronchopulmunary non - small - cell - lung carcinoma cell lines .\n, callipeitosides b and c , two novel cytotoxic glycoside macrolides from a marine lithistida sponge callipelta sp .\nfollowing the characterization of callipeltoside a ( 1 ) , the first member of a novel class of marine glycoside macrolides , two more bioactive constituents , callipeltoside b ( 2 ) and c ( 3 ) , were isolated from callipelta sp . in very low amounts . the structures , assigned on the basis of spectral analysis , include the same 14 - membered macrolide as in callipeltoside a ( 1 ) but differed in the saccharide moieties .\n, indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa - r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom\n, azt\u00e9quynol a , the first clearly defined , c - branched polyacetylene and the analogue azt\u00e9quynol b . isolation from the tropical marine sponge petrosia sp .\naztequynol a ( 1 ) , isolated from the nepheliospongid sponge , petrosia sp . , from the banc azteque off new caledonia , represents the first case of a structurally defined c - branched polyacetylene based on high - energy collisionally - activated decomposition tandem mass spectrometry of lithium adducts which may have wide application in natural product structural analysis .\nmetabolites isolated from marine inverte - brates , callipeltin a 1 , crambescidin 2 , ptilomycalin a 3 , celeromycalin 4 , gymnochrome b 5 , gymnochrome d 6 and isogymnochrome d 7 previously shown bioactive on either herpes simplex virus 1 ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) or human immunodeficiency virus ( 1 , 5 , 6 , 7 ) , were tested on a new in vitro bioassay using the dengue virus 1 . only gymnochrome d and isogymnochrome d isolated from the living fossil crinoid gymnocrinus richeri are highly potent dengue antiviral agents .\nschubot , florina d . , bilayet hossain , m . , van der helm , dick , pa\u00efs , mary , debitus , c\u00e9cile\nthe structure and absolute configuration ( 3r , 17r ) of the indole alkaloid arborescidine c were determined by x - ray diffraction . the six - membered ring assumes a half - chair conformation and the seven - membered ring has a twist - like conformation . the crystal packing is characterized by intermolecular hydrogen - bonding between the hydroxyl group and nitrogen atom n4 which leads to the formation of infinite chains of molecules along the a - axis of the crystal . the absolute configurations of two related indole alkaloids , arborescidine b and arborescidine d are inferred from the experimentally determined configuration of arborescidin c molecule . a comparison of the present structure with that of a related indole alkaloid akagerine showed significant conformational and configurational differences . crystal data : c16h19n2obr , orthorhombic , p21212 , a = 10 . 3376 ( 8 ) , b = 15 . 461 ( 4 ) , c = 9 . 2094 ( 9 ) a , v = 1471 . 9 ( 6 ) a3 , z = 4 , dcalc = 1 . 510 g cm - 3 , a = 1 . 54178a .\nthe genera cantharus r\u00f6ding , 1798 , pollia gray in sowerby , 1834 , and cancellopollia n . g . ( type species : c . gracilis n . sp . ) are pisaniine buccinids having a small tooth ( labral spine ) at the edge of the crenulated outer lip . as defined and restricted here , these genera have a mainly indo - west pacific distribution . cantharus septemcostatus n . sp . , pollia pellita n . sp . , cancellopollia gracilis n . sp . , and c . ustulata n . sp . , are reported from deep water in the new caledonia region , and cantharus leucotaeniatus kosuge , 1985 and pollia vicdani ( kosuge , 1984 ) n . comb . are from the vanuatu . despite a narrow bathymetric ( 4154 - 560 m ) and horizontal ( northernmost norfolk ridge ) distribution , cancellopollia gracilis exhibits remarkable variation , with highly localised morphs .\ngarcia , angel , lenis , luis a . , jim\u00e9nez , carlos , debitus , cecile , qui\u00f1o\u00e1 , emilio , riguera , ricardo\nsysoev , alexander v . , bouchet , philippe , marshall , bruce a .\none species of gibberula , three species of dentimargo , and one species of protoginella are described as new from bathyal levels south from new caledonia . dentimargo caledonicus ( cossignani , 2001 ) is redescribed and a new type locality is proposed . some elements are given about the apparent distribution of the six species .\nserratifusus darragh , 1969 comprises five r\u00e9cent species , ail from new caledonia , of which three are described as new : serratifusus excelens sp . nov . , s . harasewychi sp . nov . and 5 . sitanius sp . nov . formerly known from new caledonia by only one species , the genus euthria m . e . gray , 1850 is enriched with three new species : euthria cumulata sp . nov . , e . scepta sp . nov . and e . solifer sp . nov .\nsiphonofusus\nvicdani kosuge , 1992 , a species with uncertain generic placement , and previously only known from the philippine islands and australia , is now recorded from off new caledonia ."]}
{"id": 847, "summary": [{"text": "the pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali ) is a species of lizard in the family lacertidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to the pyrenees where it occurs at high altitudes and is only active in summer . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "pyrenean rock lizard", "paragraphs": ["pyrenean rock lizard on wikipedia ( just a ' stub ' when linked ) .\npyrenean rock lizard close - up : note the pale throat and long toes ( cd ) .\npyrenean rock lizard , col de tentes , september 2015 ( jean dunn ) . note the long toes .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe peak of thermoregulation effectiveness : thermal biology of the pyrenean rock lizard , iberolacerta bonnali ( squamata , lacertidae ) .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is endemic to the central pyrenees mountains of france and spain ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe peak of thermoregulation effectiveness : thermal biology of the pyrenean rock lizard , iberolacerta bonnali ( squamata , lacertidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - pyrenean rock lizard on moss\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - pyrenean rock lizard on moss\ntitle =\narkive photo - pyrenean rock lizard on moss\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe rather uniform grey back of the pyrenean rock lizard is the best identification feature . it is darker on the flanks and has a pale throat .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali )\ntitle =\narkive species - pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\niberolacerta bonnali differs from other pyrenean rock lizard species by the following characters : iberolacerta aranica has the three characteristic big masseteric scales . iberolacerta aurelioi frequently has a yellow underside .\nthe carpetane rock lizard is a small lizard with an exceptionally long tail almost twice the length of its body ! while young . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe pyrenean rock lizard iberolacerta bonnali is found in a restricted area in the central pyrenees , in both france and spain , that area being in the high pyrenees ( 1700 to 3000m ) just south of our french pyrenees base in g\u00e8dre ( see map here ) . it\u2019s closely related to the iberian rock lizard and there are two further recently separated species , aran rock lizard iberolacerta aranica and aurelio ' s rock lizard iberolacerta aurelioi confined ( on present knowledge ) to mountain blocks a little farther east , towards andorra .\nhoneyguide has found the pyrenean rock lizard at col de tentes , where these photos were taken , and troumouse . as you might expect , a sunny day while soaking up heat on a rock is the best time to see this species .\nlike other west indian rock iguanas ( cyclura spp . ) , the northern bahamian rock iguana is a large and robust ' dinosaur - like ' lizard . . . more 6 images 0 videos\non this day , we went looking for the first out of three pyrenean endemic lizards . we walked from the ordesa car park towards the circo de cotatuero . along the river on some rocks , i was able to spot the first pyrenean rock lizard (\ncirque de troumouse , september 2012 : pyrenean brook newt habitat ( cd ) .\nmore photos of pyrenean brook newts on www . euro . herp . com .\nbelonging to the lacertidae family , sometimes called the true lizards , the iberian rock lizard has a robust , flattened body with . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nat the ibero - pyrenean suture zone reveals lowland barriers and high - elevation introgression .\nthe saint croix ground lizard is a small lizard characterised by a distinctive pattern of longitudinal stripes down its back and . . . more 8 images 0 videos\nbahamas rock iguanas are part of a group of large , ' dinosaur - like ' lizards known as the west indian rock iguanas ( cyclora . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nthis species\u2019 diet usually consists of grasshoppers , ladybirds , bees and spiders , which it catches by actively searching on the ground . the pyrenean rock lizard typically hunts around rocky ledges near to meadows and streams where its invertebrate prey is most abundant ( 2 ) .\nfound in only one tiny area in spain , the pe\u00f1a de francia rock lizard is probably one of the most threatened vertebrates in europe . . . . more 4 images 0 videos\ndescribed to science as recently as 1993 , the aran rock lizard is known only from a tiny area on the border of france and spain . . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe gila monster is the largest lizard in the united states , and one of only two species of venomous lizard in the world . it has . . . more 12 images 14 videos\nmouret v , guillaumet a , cheylan m , pottier g , ferchaud al , et al . ( 2011 ) the legacy of ice ages in mountain species : post - glacial colonization of mountain tops rather than current range fragmentation determines mitochondrial genetic diversity in an endemic pyrenean rock lizard . j biogeogr 38 : 1717\u20131731 .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is a large lizard growing to a snout - to - vent length of 6 cm ( 2 . 4 in ) with a tail about double its body - length . its dorsal colour is greyish - brown , sometimes finely flecked with dark markings but without significant striping . the flanks are dark , sometimes with slight pale flecking . the underparts are white , greyish or greenish . [ 4 ]\n) that was found on the road . we drove on to france and visited another site for pyrenean rock lizard , near the lac de cap de long . it started to rain a bit . just as the rain stopped and the first sun beams came through , i caught an asp viper near lac d ' oredon .\n) . we went from bagergue towards the estany de liat . from cabana des calhaus upwards , we could find a lot of aran rock lizards . another asp viper was caught and also common frog , palmate newt , fire salamander , common wall lizard and viviparous lizard were seen . of the latter , also eggs where found , as pyrenean populations are oviparous . on the road between salardu and bagergue , stefanie found a dead western whip snake (\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is assessed by the international union for conservation of nature as being\nnear threatened\n. this is because , although the population seems to be stable and the lizard is present in a number of national parks and protected areas , it is vulnerable to disturbance to its habitat from skiing developments , the building of tracks and the overgrazing of cattle . it may also be affected in the future by climate change . [ 1 ]\nvences , miguel ; rey , jorge ; puente , marta ; miramontes , calia ; dominguez , manuel . 1998 . high altitude record of the pyrenean lizard , lacerta bonnali . zeitschrift f\u00fcr feldherpetologie 5 : 249 - 251 .\nabronia fuscolabialis ( mount zempoaltepec alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nabronia graminea ( terrestrial arboreal alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\n) . afterwards , we continued our walk towards faja rac\u00f3n and then back down to the car park . along this walk , we saw some chamois and at a stream , we found again some pyrenean stream frog and pyrenean brook newt .\njuvenile pyrenean rock lizards are usually uniform grey or greyish - brown on the back and tail , occasionally with some darker markings , while the belly is white with dark spots . on rare occasions the tail may have a bluish colouration ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nabronia chiszari ( chiszar ' s arboreal alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nabronia matudai ( matuda ' s arboreal alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\npyrenean brook newts . top , head and tail if you look carefully , september 2012 . bottom , june 2012 ( cd ) .\nmayer w , arribas o ( 1996 ) allozyme differentiation and relationship among the iberian - pyrenean mountain lizards . herpetozoa 9 : 57\u201361 .\nmil\u00e1 b , surget - groba y , heulin b , gos\u00e1 a , fitze ps . multilocus phylogeography of the common lizard\ninformation on the lizard buzzard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nacanthodactylus blanci ( blanc ' s fringe - toed lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nmouret v , guillaumet a , cheylan m , pottier g , ferchaud al , crochet pa : the legacy of ice ages in mountain species : post - glacial colonization of mountain tops rather than current range fragmentation determines mitochondrial genetic diversity in an endemic pyrenean rock lizard . j biogeogr . 2011 , 38 : 1717 - 1731 . 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2699 . 2011 . 02514 . x .\nwe moved on to our next stay , at the pn ordesa in spain . we stopped near urdos and found green lizard (\nthis species is found in rocky alpine habitats , such as stony meadows , rock outcrops and gravelly slopes . it is an egg - laying species .\ninformation on the bronzeback snake - lizard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 2 images 0 videos\ninformation on the african large - grain lizard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 13 images 0 videos\ninformation on the african spiny - tailed lizard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 8 images 0 videos\nrestricted to theharsh , rocky mountain climate of the pyrenees , the pyrenean rock lizard inhabits alpine and subalpine habitats , including rocky slopes , outcrops and scree ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . it is usually found in fairly sheltered habitats ( 3 ) , and may often be found close to alpine meadows , especially near lakes and mountain streams . it occurs between elevations of 1 , 580 and 3 , 060 metres ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is found in france and spain in the pyrenees mountains at altitudes of between 1 , 700 and 3 , 000 metres ( 5 , 600 and 9 , 800 ft ) . its natural habitats are rocky crags and screes in limestone , slate and schist areas . it is frequently found on rocks close to alpine meadows and near torrents and glacial lakes . it is only active for a short period of the year in summer . [ 4 ]\nthe clanwilliam rock - catfish , found only in a few streams in south africa , belongs to the family of austroglanididae catfishes . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe specific name , bonnali , is in honor of the count of bonnal who collected amphibians and reptiles while living at montgaillard , hautes - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es . [ 3 ] the aran rock lizard was initially included here as a subspecies , iberolacerta bonnali aranica , but is now considered a distinct species , iberolacerta aranica .\nprotected areas have long been considered one of the most effective tools to conserve biodiversity , but their effectiveness in securing species under rapid climate change is uncertain ( 6 ) . in total , around three - quarters of the pyrenean rock lizards range is afforded some level of protection by inclusion in a park , reserve or protected area ( 2 ) .\nat lower altitudes in the french pyrenees , the more strongly marked common wall lizard podarcis muralis is , indeed , common . these were photographed in g\u00e8dre .\nthe san salvador iguana is a strikingly handsome lizard , exhibiting an impressive crest of spiny scales down its back and . . . more 7 images 0 videos\nthis medium - sized rodent was believed to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1996 . these stocky rock - rats are yellowish - brown . . . more 5 images 1 video\nthe pyrenean rock lizard in listed on appendix iii of the bern convention , which aims to conserve the wild flora and fauna of europe and their natural habitats ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . this species is found in a number of national parks , reserves and other protected areas , including ordesa - monte perdido and aig\u00fcestortes - estany de sant maurici national parks , the biosphere reserve of ordesa - vi\u00f1amala and the the natural park of posets - maladeta in spain ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nnamed after the place of its home , the pyrenean desman is a small aquatic insectivore closely related to moles , also known as the . . . more 6 images 1 video\nthe collared iguana is the most common lizard species in the western forests of madagascar and the largest species in the opluridae . . . more 8 images 0 videos\nacanthodactylus schreiberi ( schreiber ' s fringe - fingered lizard ) - status : endangered a2c ; b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1\nthe chinese crocodile lizard is so named for the appearance of its tail , which has an enlarged pair of scales running in two . . . more 9 images 1 video\nthe fiji banded iguana is a spectacularly beautiful , large , emerald - green lizard named for the highly distinctive , broad , vertical . . . more 13 images 0 videos\nthe fiji crested iguana is a large stocky lizard , which was first discovered in 1979 . dr john gibbons found the iguana whilst . . . more 5 images 3 videos\nthe spineless forest lizard is one of four calotes species endemic to sri lanka , which all share a common set of characteristics . . . . more 2 images 0 videos\narribas oj : morphological variability of the cantabro - pyrenean populations of zootoca vivipara ( jaquin , 1787 ) with description of a new subspecies . herpetozoa . 2009 , 21 : 123 - 146 .\nthis species ' alternative names , the barbary ape or rock ape are misleading ; for though it lacks a tail , as do apes , it is in fact . . . more 20 images 19 videos\nthe bermuda skink is a small robust lizard . the skin is shiny with conspicuous scales and adults are a dark brown / black colour . . . more 2 images 1 video\nthe chevron skink is new zealand ' s largest living endemic lizard and one of its rarest , and is named after its very distinctive . . . more 5 images 0 videos\nwhile this peculiar reptile may look like a snake , it is actually a lizard . it lacks forelimbs but it does have tiny hindlimbs . . . more 1 image 0 videos\ntennent ' s leaf - nosed lizard is one of five ceratophora species endemic to sri lanka , commonly known as ' horn - nosed . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nstaying in vicdessos , we went towards the port del rat . a first try didn ' t give exactly what we wanted ( though a lot of viviparous lizard , some common frog and a pyrenean brook newt ) . after a phone call to an omniscient informant , we realised that we had been looking in the wrong place and the next day , we went up the mountain once more - this time without the hyla people , as they went home already . this second time was a better try , as now we were able to spot a lot of aurelio ' s rock lizards (\nthis small lizard , from the harsh , rocky environment of the pyrenees , has grey - brown skin on its back , generally patterned with . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe brothers island tuatara is one of the oldest animals in the world today . it may look like a lizard but it belongs to the order . . . more 11 images 0 videos\nthe hierro giant lizard is a stocky reptile with a broad head and pronounced jowls ( flesh under the lower jaw ) . it is dark grey . . . more 1 image 0 videos\nthe pygmy lizard is one of 14 agamid species endemic to sri lanka . one of the slowest - moving reptiles in the country , the pygmy . . . more 1 image 0 videos\nthe sail - fin lizard is notable not only for its impressive size of up to a metre in length , but also for its rather spectacular . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nthis plump lizard can grow up to 60 centimetres , making it by far the largest of the chuckwallas ( sauromalus ) , and similar in size . . . more 9 images 0 videos\nmetallinou m , \u010dervenka j , crochet p - a , kratochv\u00edl l , wilms t , geniez p , shobrak my , brito jc , carranza s . species on the rocks : systematics and biogeography of the rock - dwelling\nmayer , werner ; arribas , oscar j . 1996 . allozyme differentiation and relationship among the iberian - pyrenean mountain lizards ( squamata : sauria : lacertidae ) . herpetozoa 9 ( 1 / 2 ) : 57\u00a161 .\ntwo specimens of pyrenean brook newt from berga ( locality 8 in fig . 1 ) and one specimen of the new species from locality b1 from el montseny were stained with alizarin red and cleared in koh and glycerine .\n) . at some ponds near delfia , we found plenty of spanish terrapin , the same amphibians plus larvae of western spadefoot . near the river of rabos , we saw a subadult ocellated lizard (\nmonasterio c , salvador a , iraeta p , d\u00edaz ja ( 2009 ) the effects of thermal biology and refuge availability on the restricted distribution of an alpine lizard . j biogeogr 36 : 1673\u20131684 .\nthe pyrenean brook newt euproctus asper ( or calotriton asper ) , also known as the pyrenean brook salamander , is found only in the pyrenees \u2013 in france , spain and andorra . it lives in cold mountain streams with stony beds , in lakes and sometimes in caves . here , at 700 to 2 , 500 metres ( 2 , 300 to 8 , 200 ft ) , it feeds on insects and other invertebrates and can itself be taken by trout .\nodierna , gaetano ; aprea , gennaro ; arribas , oscar j . ; capriglione , teresa ; caputo , vincenzo ; olmo , ettore . 1996 . the karyology of the iberian rock lizards . herpetologica 52 ( 4 ) : 542 - 550 .\narnold en , arribas o , carranza s ( 2007 ) systematics of the palaearctic and oriental lizard tribe lacertini ( squamata : lacertidae : lacertinae ) , with descriptions of eight new genera . zootaxa 1430 : 1\u201386 .\nthe first seoane ' s viper ( vipera seoanei ) another one jan ( vdv , again the hyla gang leader ) shooting the viper a black one animal showing the so - called bilineata pattern the habitat . . . pyrenean stream frog ( rana pyrenaica )\n) in the ibero - pyrenean region . the species has a broad eurasian distribution composed largely of viviparous lineages , yet individuals in this region belong to an oviparous lineage isolated from the nearest viviparous populations in the french massif central by a gap of unsuitable habitat [\ncitation : rem\u00f3n n , gal\u00e1n p , vila m , arribas o , naveira h ( 2013 ) causes and evolutionary consequences of population subdivision of an iberian mountain lizard , iberolacerta monticola . plos one 8 ( 6 ) : e66034 . urltoken\nthe molecular identity of all pyrenean populations of e . asper contrasts with the relatively high degree of morphological variation in body size , colour pattern , skin granulation and ecology that exists among them ( thorn , 1968 ; clergue - gazeau & mart\u00ednez - rica , 1978 ; clergue - gazeau & bonnet , 1980 ; serra - cobo et al . , 2000a ) . as a result of these differences , many species , subspecies and forms of pyrenean brook newt have been described in the past , all of which are now considered synonyms of e . asper .\ngodinho r , mendon\u00e7a b , crespo eg , ferrand n ( 2006 ) genealogy of the nuclear beta - fibrinogen locus in a highly structured lizard species : comparison with mtdna and evidence for intragenic recombination in the hybrid zone . heredity 96 : 454\u2013463 .\nzamudio kr , sinervo b ( 2003 ) ecological and social contexts for the evolution of alternative mating strategies . in : fox sf , mccoy jk , baird ta , editors . lizard social behavior . baltimore : the johns hopkins university press . 83\u2013106 .\narnold , e . n . ; arribas , o . & carranza , s . 2007 . systematics of the palaearctic and oriental lizard tribe lacertini ( squamata : lacertidae : lacertinae ) , with descriptions of eight new genera . zootaxa 1430 : 1 - 86 .\narribas o and gal\u00e1n p . 2005 . reproductive characteristics of the pyrenean high - mountain lizards : iberolacerta aranica ( arribas , 1993 ) , i . aurelioi ( arribas , 1994 ) and i . bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) . animal biology 55 ( 2 ) : 163 - 190 .\ncrochet , p . - a . ; o . chaline , y . surget - groba , c . debain and m . cheylan . 2004 . speciation in mountains : phylogeography and phylogeny of the rock lizards genus iberolacerta ( reptilia : lacertidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 30 ( 3 ) : 860 - 866 .\npalanca , antonio ; rey , jorge ; riob\u2264 , antonio ; vences , miguel . 1997 . parapatry of two lizard species ( podarcis muralis , lacerta bonnali ) at circo de piedrafita ( alto arag\u00f3n , pyrenees , spain ) . zeitschrift f\u00fcr feldherpetologie 4 : 208 - 210 .\nin july 2004 , i went to the mountains in between france and spain , looking for several pyrenean herpetological endemics and some ( to me new ) species that live in the surrounding area . the first week of the trip , we joined the people from hyla , doing pretty much the same trip at the same time . during the second week , it was just the four of us - jan ( vdb ) , mieke , stefanie and myself . we found 35 species of amphibians ( 15 ) and reptiles ( 20 ) . all pyrenean endemics , known at the time , were observed and a high number of\narribas , o . j . and gal\u00e1n , p . ( 2005 ) reproductive characteristics of the pyrenean high - mountain lizards : iberolacerta aranica ( arribas , 1993 ) , i . aurelioi ( arribas , 1994 ) and i . bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) . animal biology , 55 : 163 - 190 .\npinho c , harris dj , ferrand n : contrasting patterns of population subdivision and historical demography in three western mediterranean lizard species inferred from mitochondrial dna variation . mol ecol . 2007 , 16 : 1191 - 1205 . 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2007 . 03230 . x .\npaulo os , dias c , bruford mw , jordan wc , nichols ra : the persistence of pliocene populations through the pleistocene climatic cycles : evidence from the phylogeography of an iberian lizard . proc r soc lond b . 2001 , 268 : 1625 - 1630 . 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2001 . 1706 .\nthe main genetic split in mtdna corresponds generally to the french and spanish sides of the pyrenees as previously reported , in contrast to genome - wide aflp data , which show a major division between nw spain and the rest . both types of markers support the existence of four distinct and geographically congruent genetic groups , which are consistent with major topographic barriers . both datasets reveal the presence of three independent contact zones between lineages in the pyrenean region , one in the basque lowlands , one in the low - elevation mountains of the western pyrenees , and one in the french side of the central pyrenees . the latter shows genetic evidence of a recent , high - altitude trans - pyrenean incursion from spain into france .\nthis species is found in the central pyrenean mountains of france and spain . it was previously thought to be restricted to an area of about 25 km 2 of the mauberme massif , between the ar\u00e1n and ari\u00e9ge valleys , but in 2006 a new population was discovered in mont valier ( france ) . it occurs from 1 , 640 to 2 , 668 m asl .\ntaking an integrative approach , we have uncovered a very old diversification event that has resulted in a case of microendemicity in an arid mountain range . three morphologically and ecologically similar medium sized lizard species were shown to coexist in a very short and narrow mountain stretch of the northern tip of the hajar mountain range of approximately 140 km from north to south and 40 km from east to west ( 4 , 350 km\nthe distribution and age of major lineages is consistent with a pleistocene origin and a role for both the pyrenees and the cantabrian mountains in driving isolation and differentiation of z . vivipara lineages at large geographic scales . however , mountain ranges are not always effective barriers to dispersal , and have not prevented a recent high - elevation trans - pyrenean incursion that has led to asymmetrical introgression among divergent lineages . cytonuclear discordance in patterns of genetic structure and introgression at contact zones suggests selection may be involved at various scales . suture zones are important areas for the study of lineage formation and speciation , and our results show that biogeographic barriers can yield markedly different phylogeographic patterns in different vertebrate and invertebrate taxa .\nadditional fine - scale sampling at contact zones among lineages will also be needed to understand introgression dynamics at other areas , such as the beret site , where all individuals carry french mtdna and spanish ndna , or the contact zone in the western pyrenees between the blue and red clades detected at the iba\u00f1eta site , where individuals show blue central - pyrenean ndna , yet half of them carry red mtdna haplotypes . patterns at these individual sites are similar to those found at some sites in southern france , and a more thorough geographic context provided by finer - scale sampling will be needed to help determine whether they belong to active contact zones with ongoing introgression or instead represent populations left in the genetic wake of a contact zone that shifted away .\n) . the pattern of haplotype frequency and distribution of the ne spain ( blue ) clade reflects higher haplotype diversity on the spanish side of the pyrenees than on the french side , where the relative frequency of haplotype \u201caa\u201d is more pronounced . this pattern , together with the evidence for a recent population expansion in this lineage , suggests that the presence of spanish haplotypes on the french side is the result of a trans - pyrenean colonization of the french side . we estimated time since the population expansion from the distribution of pairwise differences among blue - clade haplotypes , which yielded a value of \u03c4 = 3 . 00 ( 95 % ci : 0 . 00 - 3 . 83 ) . applying a mutation rate of 0 . 01 s / s / myr per lineage , this value corresponds to a time since the expansion of 54 , 744 years , with confidence intervals between the present and 69 , 890 years ago .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species was formerly included in the genus lacerta , but is now included in iberolacerta , following carranza et al . ( 2004 ) , and based on evidence from arribas ( 1998 , 1999 ) , carranza et al . ( 2004 ) , harris et al . ( 1998 ) and mayer and arribas ( 2003 ) .\ncox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global reptile assessment )\njustification : listed as near threatened since although its area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km\u00b2 , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable , its population is probably reasonably stable .\nthis species is present in the central pyrenees mountains of france and spain . it ranges from 1 , 580 to 3 , 060 m asl .\nit may be locally common in suitable habitat , being more abundant in subalpine habitats . the populations are fragmented by unsuitable habitat , but are probably stable .\nthis species is found in subalpine and alpine habitats and is most commonly found in rocky slopes , outcrops and similar areas , sometimes close to alpine meadows . it is an egg - laying species .\nthis species is possibly threatened by overgrazing of habitat by cattle , and is inferred to be threatened by future habitat loss through the development of ski resorts , lodges and hotels , the construction of roads and tracks , and the use of all terrain vehicles . it is additionally threatened by the possible development of hydroelectric projects and mining . it is also possible that this species will be significantly impacted by climate change .\nthis species is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention . in spain it is present in the national parks of ordesa - monte perdido and aig\u00fcestortes - estany de sant maurici , the biosphere reserve of ordesa - vi\u00f1amala , the natural park of posets - maladeta and a number of other protected areas .\nvalentin p\u00e9rez - mellado , marc cheylan , i\u00f1igo mart\u00ednez - solano . 2009 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is also potentially threatened by overgrazing of its habitat by livestock , and by the destruction and fragmentation of its habitat due to human developments , including tourist resorts , road construction , hydroelectric projects and mining ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . ovoviviparous ovovivipary is a method of reproduction whereby the egg shell is weakly formed and young hatch inside the female ; they are nourished by their yolk sac and then \u2018born\u2019 live .\narribas , o . ( 2009 ) lagartija pirenaica - iberolacerta bonnali . in : salvador , a . , marco , a . ( eds . ) enciclopedia virtual de los vertebrados espa\u00f1oles . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , madrid .\nlosange . ( 2008 ) amphibiens et reptiles . editions art\u00e9mis . chamali\u00e8res , france .\ncarvalho , s . b . , brito , j . c . , crespo , e . j . and possingham , h . p . ( 2010 ) from climate change predictions to actions \u2013 conserving vulnerable animal groups in hotspots at a regional scale . global change biology , 16 ( 12 ) : 3257 - 3270 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change and has been profiled with the support of bank of america merrill lynch . to learn more visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .\narribas amo , oscar j . 1993 . estatus espec\u00edfico para lacerta ( archaeolacerta ) monticola bonnali lantz , 1927 ( reptilia , lacertidae ) . bol . r . soc . esp . hist . nat . ( sec . biol . ) 90 ( 1 - 4 ) : 101 - 112 .\narribas , o . j . 1997 . morfologia , filogenia y bibliografia de las lagartijas de alta montana de los pirineos [ microforma ] . tesis doctoral - universitat aut\u00f2noma de barcelona . publicaciones de la universitat aut\u00f2noma de barcelona , 08193 bellaterra ( barcelona ) , 353 pp . isbn 84 - 490 - 0830 - 1 .\narribas , o . j . 1999 . phylogeny and relationships of the mountain lizards of europe and near east ( archaeolacerta mertens , 1921 , sensu lato ) and their relationships among the eurasian lacertid radiation . russ . j . herpetol . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 22 .\narribas , oscar j . 2000 . taxonomic revision of the iberian ' archaeolacertae ' iii : diagnosis , morphology , and geographic variation of iberolacerta bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) ( squamata : sauria : lacertidae ) . herpetozoa 13 ( 3 / 4 ) : 99 - 131 .\narribas , o . j . 1993 . intraspecific variability of lacerta ( archaeolacerta ) bonnali lantz , 1927 ( squamata : sauria : lacertidae ) . herpetozoa 6 ( 3 / 4 ) : 129 - 140 .\nbensettiti , f . & gaudillat , v . 2004 . cahiers d ' habitats natura 2000 . connaissance et gestion des habitats et des esp\u00e8ces d ' int\u00e9r\u00eat communautaire . tome 7 . esp\u00e8ces animales . la documentation fran\u00e7aise . 353 pp .\nberroneau , m . et al . 2010 . guide des amphibiens et reptiles d\u2019aquitaine . association cistude nature , 180 pp .\ncarranza , s . ; e . n . arnold & f . amat . 2004 . dna phylogeny of lacerta ( iberolacerta ) and other lacertine lizards ( reptilia : lacertidae ) : did competition cause long - term mountain restriction ? . systematics and biodiversity 2 ( 1 ) : 57 - 77 .\nengelmann , w . e . et al . 1993 . lurche und kriechtiere europas . neumann verlag ( radebeul , germany ) , 440 pp .\nlantz , l . a . 1927 . quelques observations nouvelles sur l\u00b4herp\u00e9tologie des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es centrales . extrait de la revue d\u00b4histoire naturelle appliqu\u00e9e premi\u00e8re partie , no . e et 2 : 1 - 14 . ( 13 - 11 )\nlantz , l . a . 1927 . quelques observations nouvelles sur l\u00b4herp\u00e9tologie des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es centrales . extrait de la revue d\u00b4histoire naturelle appliqu\u00e9e premi\u00e8re partie , no . e et 2 : 1 - 14 . ( 13 - 11 ) .\nmontori , albert ; gustavo a . llorente , miguel \u00e1ngel alonso - zarazaga , \u00f3scar arribas , enrique ayll\u00f3n , jaime bosch , salvador carranza , miguel \u00e1ngel carretero , pedro gal\u00e1n , mario garc\u00eda - par\u00eds , david james harris , javier lluch , rafael m\u00e1rquez , jos\u00e9 antonio mateo , pilar navarro , manuel ortiz , valent\u00edn p\u00e9rez mellado , juan manuel pleguezuelos , vicente roca , xavier santos , miguel tejedo . 2005 . lista patr\u00f3n actualizada de la herpetofauna espa\u00f1ola . asociaci\u00f3n herpetol\u00f3gica espa\u00f1ola , 45 pp .\npottier g . , paumier j . - m . , tessier m . , barascud y . , talho\u00ebt s . , liozon r . , d\u2019andurain p . , vacher j . - p . , barthe l . , heaulm\u00e9 v . , esslinger m . , arthur c . - p . , calvet a . , maurel c . & redon h . 2008 . atlas de r\u00e9partition des reptiles et amphibiens de midi - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es . les atlas naturalistes de midi - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es . nature midi - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es , toulouse , 126 pp .\npottier , g . 2001 . nouvelle donn\u00e9e sur la limite occidentale de r\u00e9partition du l\u00e9zard des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es iberolacerta bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) ( sauria , lacertidae ) . bull . soc . herp . fr . 98 : 5 - 9 .\nsindaco , r . & jeremcenko , v . k . 2008 . the reptiles of the western palearctic . edizioni belvedere , latina ( italy ) , 579 pp .\napart from mieke , jan and stefanie ( who put up with me for 2 weeks of massive madness ) and the hyla crew , i would like to thank some people who shared their knowledge on where to find one or several species : on\u00e9sime prud ' homme , gilles pottier , marcus schmitt , pedro janssen , ferran bergall\u00f3 , richard gonzalez , mario garcia - par\u00eds , hellin de wavrin , oscar j . arribas , javier blasco - zumeta , lasse bergendorf , anders selmer , jan van der voort , pascal dubois , henk strijbosch and especially pierre - andr\u00e9 crochet . helping with many localities and information , these people made our trip a true success .\nstefanie and i picked up jan and mieke and we drove from gent ( belgium ) to mimizan ( france ) in the landes area . no real herping on this day , except for some marsh frogs (\n) in a pond on one of the\naires\nwhere we stopped .\n) were present . we drove on , towards iraty forest , and started exploring some streams . soon several species where encountered : common frog (\n) . just next to the campers , in some low shrub , peter found , thanks to the excellent weather conditions , 8 ( eight ! ) individuals of the species . we also found our first slow worms (\n) near puyarruego , without any luck . we did - however - see the first large psammodromus (\nwe drove south and stopped near la granja d ' escarpe . it was really hot and there were no reptiles to be seen . some dragonflies and birds eased that pain . after picking a spot at a camp site in mequinenza , we drove towards a pond near ballobar , where we found viperine snake , iberian water frog and the large tadpoles of western spadefoot (\nwe met with javier blasco - zumeta in pina de ebro . he showed us the los monegros area and we learned a lot about all aspects of flora and fauna of the landscape ( for an impressive species database and much more on his enormous work please visit javier ' s\nwe went back north , to the area around rosas . we found spanish terrapin (\n) , which turned out to be the only really missed species on this trip . apparently , conditions were too dry and a search at night near els estanys did not help , although it did bring a dead marbled newt (\nwe moved back into france . at the lac du salagou , we spent several hours trying to trap the shy water frogs and in the end we were 99 % sure ( intervomeral space etc . ) that we were dealing with graf ' s hybrid frog (\n) . the photomodel - to - be sadly escaped my ( somewhat tired ) grasp , so no decent picture of the beast was made . we gave up , and after a divine meal in st - paul - trois - ch\u00e2teaux , we slept well . the next day , we drove home and , though it was very hot , we were lucky to encounter few traffic jams .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of animal biology , university of salamanca , campus miguel de unamuno , 37007 salamanca , spain . electronic address : zaidaortega @ usal . es .\ndepartment of animal biology , university of salamanca , campus miguel de unamuno , 37007 salamanca , spain .\nwithin its distribution range , it co - occurs with zootoca vivipara and podarcis muralis . zootoca vivipara frequently shows a dark vertebral line which lacks in iberolacerta bonnali . furthermore , iberolacerta bonnali has a characteristic pointed snout . moreover , zootoca vivipara seems to prefer well - vegetated habits ( heathland ) instead of rocky areas \u2013 real syntopy should be rare .\npodarcis muralis frequently shows a dark vertebral line which lacks in iberolacerta bonnali . furthermore , it has dark - spotted , frequently orange throat , whereas iberolacerta bonnali has an unspotted whitish throat . it seems that during the recent years , podarcis muralis has been occupying increasingly high altitudes . presumably , this leads to some crowding out of iberolacerta bonnali .\nthe air holidays shown are atol protected by the civil aviation authority . our atol number is atol 3253 . atol protection extends primarily to customers who book and pay in the united kingdom . click on the atol logo if you want to know more .\nit has a flattened appearance with rough - looking grey or brown skin , which has many granular nodules . the most distinctive feature \u2013 on most of those we\u2019ve seen \u2013 is a bold yellow stripe along the back and tail , sometimes as a broken line , but there\u2019s also a stripeless form .\nwe have been lucky enough to see them several times in the shallow streams in the french pyrenees at the cirque de troumouse . sometimes they swim in the open but they will hide under stones , which may mean a view of just a head or tail , as the photos on the right show .\njust a hint of the lateral stripe on this newt , on the tail , june 2006 ( cg ) .\npurple form of the large marsh grasshopper stethophyma grossum , also at troumouse , sept 2012 ( cd ) .\nalso see our nature notes on welsh poppies in the french pyrenees and elsewhere .\nphotographs on this page by honeyguide leaders ivan nethercoat ( in ) , chris gibson ( cg ) and chris durdin ( cd ) or as credited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\np\u00e9rez - mellado , valentin ; cheylan , marc ; mart\u00ednez - solano , i\u00f1igo ( 2009 ) .\niberolacerta bonalli\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nbeolens , bo ; watkins , michael ; grayson , michael ( 2011 ) . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( iberolacerta bonnali , p . 31 ) .\narribas oj , carranza s ( 2012 ) .\nthe type specimen of iberolacerta bonnali is stored in the natural history museum , london\n. bull . soc . cat . d ' herp . ( butlett\u00ed de la societat catalana d ' herpetologia ) 20 : 124 - 125 .\nlantz al ( 1927 ) .\nquelques observations nouvelles sur l ' herp\u00e9tologie des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es centrales\n. rev . hist . nat . appl . , paris 8 : 54 - 61 . ( lacerta monticola bonnali , new subspecies , p . 58 ) . ( in french ) .\nthis page was last edited on 23 april 2018 , at 05 : 39 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartament de biologia animal , universitat de barcelona , av . diagonal 645 , e - 08028 barcelona , spain\nmap showing the distribution range of the thyrrenian brook newts and the western brook newts ( shadowed areas ) . numbers refer to the following localities : 1 , el montseny . 2 , irati . 3 , vidr\u00e0 . 4 , xixarella . 5 , vall d ' en bac . 6 , collada de tosses . 7 , font de l ' \u00fas . 8 , berga . 9 , ordesa . 10 , monrepos . 11 , susqueda . 12 , vilanova de mei\u00e0 , 13 corsica . 14 , sardinia . additional data are given in table 1 .\nin this paper , we use 1208 bp of mtdna , external morphology and osteology to assess the taxonomic status , biogeography and evolution of the european brook newts .\ndetails of material and sequences used in the present study . numbers under locality code refer to geographical localities given in fig . 1 .\ndna sequences were aligned using clustalx ( thompson et al . , 1997 ) with default parameters ( gap opening = 10 ; gap extension = 0 . 2 ) . all the cytb sequences had the same length and therefore no gaps were postulated . these sequences were translated into amino acids using the vertebrate mitochondrial code and no stop codons were observed , suggesting they were probably all functional . although some gaps were postulated in order to resolve length differences in the 12s rrna and 16s rrna gene fragments , all positions could be unambiguously aligned and were therefore included in the analyses .\nthree methods of phylogenetic analysis were employed for all three independent partitions and the combined dataset and their results compared . these were : maximum likelihood ( ml ) , bayesian analysis and maximum parsimony ( mp ) . modeltest v . 3 . 06 ( posada & crandall , 1998 ) was used to select the most appropriate model of sequence evolution for the ml and bayesian analyses of the independent partitions and the combined dataset , under the akaike information criterion . this was , in all four cases , the general time reversible model ( gtr ) taking into account the proportion of invariable sites ( i ) and the shape parameter alpha of the gamma distribution ( g ) . for the mp analyses , apart from an unweighted analysis ( ts = 1 , tv = 1 ) , independent analyses were also carried out for each dataset taking into account the observed transitions ( ts ) / transversions ( tv ) ratios and the presence of saturation in the cytb 3rd codon ts . these were : cytb ( ts = 1 , tv = 4 ) ; cytb ( 3rd codon ts = 0 , tv = 1 ) , 16s rrna ( ts = 1 , tv = 2 ) ; 12s rrna ( ts = 1 , tv = 2 ) ; combined analysis ( ts = 1 , tv = 4 and cytb 3rd codon ts = 0 ) .\nboth ml and mp analyses were performed in paup * v . 4 . 0b10 ( swofford , 1998 ) and included heuristic searches involving tree bisection and reconnection ( tbr ) branch swapping with 10 and 100 random stepwise additions of taxa , respectively . in the mp analyses gaps were included as a fifth state . reliability of the mp and ml trees was assessed by bootstrap analysis ( felsenstein , 1985 ) , involving 1000 replications for the mp analyses and 100 replications for the ml analyses .\ntopological incongruence among partitions was tested using the incongruence length difference ( ild ) test ( mickevich & farris , 1981 ; farris et al . , 1994 ) . in this test , 10 000 heuristic searches were performed after removing all invariable characters from the dataset ( cunningham , 1997 ) . to test for incongruence among datasets we also used a reciprocal 70 % bootstrap proportion ( mason - gamer & kellogg , 1996 ) or a 95 % posterior - probability threshold . topological conflicts were considered significant if two different relationships for the same set of taxa were both supported with bootstrap values \u2265 70 % or posterior - probability values \u2265 95 % .\ntopological constrains to test alternative topologies were constructed using macclade v . 4 . 0 ( maddison & maddison , 1992 ) and compared with optimal topologies using the shimodaira - hassegawa ( sh ) ( shimodaira & hasegawa , 1999 ) test implemented in paup * 4 . 0b10 ( swofford , 1998 ) .\nml estimates of divergence times for the combined dataset were obtained after discovery of lineage rate constancy across the tree using the likelihood ratio test ( huelsenbeck & crandall , 1997 ) . the error associated with finite sampling of nucleotides for reconstructing branch lengths was calculated by a three - step non - parametric bootstrap procedure ( efron & tibshirani , 1993 ) : ( 1 ) 100 data matrices were generated using the seqboot program in phylip 3 . 57 , ( 2 ) the matrices were imported into paup * 4 . 0b10 and 100 trees with branch lengths were obtained using the gtr + i + g model of sequence evolution ( see above ) and the tree of figure 2 as a constraint , and ( 3 ) trees with branch lengths were transformed into trees with node times using treeedit v . 1 . 0 . the different values across the 100 trees were used to calculate the average and the standard deviation for the relevant nodes .\nx - rays images used in the osteological comparisons were taken in a dedicated facility of the natural history museum , london following specific protocols optimized for urodeles . in total , 69 specimens belonging to the salamandridae and covering the whole geographical distribution of the western brook newts were x - rayed ( see appendix 2 ) .\nto calibrate the phylogenetic trees , we used the methods described above ( see material and methods ) and an internal calibration point based on the assumption that divergence between pleurodeles waltl michahelles , 1830 and the ancestor of both north african p . poireti ( gervais , 1835 ) and p . nebulosus ( guichenot , 1850 ) was initiated by a vicariance event at the end of the messinian salinity crisis , approximately 5 . 3 mya , when the opening of the strait of gibraltar separated european and african populations of pleurodeles ( carranza & arnold , 2004 ; carranza & wade , 2004 ) .\nthe results of the combined analyses for the combined dataset are presented in figure 2 and all the different methods employed clearly indicate that euproctus is polyphyletic . to test this result , the log likelihood of the ml tree presented in figure 2 ( \u22126882 . 664 ) was compared with the log likelihood of an ml tree constrained so that euproctus was monophyletic ( \u22126954 . 332 ) . the results of the sh test showed that the constrained tree is significantly different , having a significantly worse log likelihood value than the unconstrained solution ( diff - ln l = 71 . 66744 ; p < 0 . 001 ) , and hence the tree in figure 2 , where euproctus is polyphyletic , is consequently preferred .\nby contrast , the tyrrhenian brook newts form a highly supported monophyletic group ( 100 % in all analyses ) with unresolved affinities to mesotriton and lissotriton . our data support e . montanus and e . platycephalus having diverged from each other approximately 5 . 5 mya , a date that coincides with the end of the messinian salinity crisis and the refilling of the mediterranean sea ( see carranza & arnold , 2004 ) ."]}
{"id": 875, "summary": [{"text": "the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) , also known as striped chorus frog , or midland chorus frog is a species of frog found in canada and the united states . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "western chorus frog", "paragraphs": ["boreal chorus frog looks like the western chorus frog , but they can be differentiated by looking at the legs .\nwestern chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population )\ngeneral description : the western chorus frog is among minnesota ' s smallest frogs .\nthis is only about the western chorus frog found in many states around missouri .\nthe western chorus frog is one of the first species to call in the spring .\nthe boreal chorus frog is a relatively small frog , adults reaching 30mm in length .\nthe western chorus frog is minnesota ' s smallest frog . the world ' s largest frog , the giant frog of africa , can grow to be almost 12 inches long .\nmillburn , naomi .\nwestern chorus frog diet\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nkramer , d . 1974 . home range of the western chorus frog pseudacris - triseriata - triseriata .\nmillburn , naomi .\nwestern chorus frog diet .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / western - chorus - frog - diet - 4090 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nthe boreal chorus frog is also known as the striped chorus frog because of the three dark , sometimes broken , stripes on its back .\nmillburn , naomi . ( n . d . ) . western chorus frog diet . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / western - chorus - frog - diet - 4090 . html\nthe western chorus frog and boreal chorus frog are described as two individual species in some references , and as subspecies in others . their individual ranges in the state are not clearly known .\nprotecting the western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ( 2016 - 07 - 15 )\nin spring 2000 , the western chorus frog was officially designated a vulnerable species under the act respecting endangered and vulnerable species .\nthe boreal chorus frog has the widest distribution of any amphibian in the province .\nresponse statement - western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( 2008 - 11 - 26 )\nsounds : the call of the western chorus frog is a rising creeee that sounds like a fingernail being dragged across a comb .\nin ontario , aside from the 10 % of its habitat that is located in protected wildlife areas , the western chorus frog is not protected by any legislation ( cosewic , 2008 ) . protection of habitat is critical to the survival of the western chorus frog .\ndistribution map of the boreal chorus frog . image by stephen burton , \u00a91999 . .\nconfusing species : confusing species the western chorus frog is almost identical to the boreal chorus frog . it has longer hind legs but is best distinguished by its call or location . in canada their distributions do not overlap .\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\nthe ecomuseum zoo is proud to be associated with each of its partners , working actively in the protection of the western chorus frog .\ncosewic assessment - western chorus frog , carolinian & great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield populations ( 2008 - 08 - 28 )\nboreal chorus frog .\nwikipedia . 2006 . 3 oct 2008 < urltoken > .\nidaho distribution map of the boreal chorus frog . image by stephen burton , \u00a91999 . .\na new species of myxidium ( myxosporea : myxidiidae ) , from the western chorus frog , pseudacris triseriata triseriata , and blanchard ' s cricket frog , a . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ndiet : the western chorus frog feeds upon a number of small invertebrates , such as flies , springtails , spiders , snails , and ants .\nemergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ) ( 2016 - 07 - 15 )\nemergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence \u2014 canadian shield population ) ( 2016 - 07 - 13 )\nthe call of the western chorus frog , may be heard in spring or after a rainfall in many parts of minnesota . if you track it to its source you will find a small , dark frog .\noutside alberta , the boreal chorus frog is found all across the prairies and into the northwest territories .\nhtml version of\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\nboreal chorus frog \u2014 pseudacris maculata . montana field guide . retrieved on october 3 , 2008 , from urltoken\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada - species at risk public registry\nsummary \u2013 emergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ) ( 2016 - 07 - 05 )\ndespite being a member of the tree frog family , the boreal chorus frog is a poor climber and is rarely found higher than the branches of a low shrub .\nname recovery strategy for the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population , in canada status final posting on sar registry\nrecovery strategy for the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population , in canada ( 2015 - 12 - 01 )\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada ( 2016 - 07 - 18 )\nlandreth , h . , d . ferguson . 1966 . behavioral adaptations in the chorus frog , pseudacris triseriata .\nstatewide , except in southeastern missouri , where it hybridizes with and also is replaced by the upland chorus frog .\nplatz , j . e . 1989 . speciation within the chorus frog pseudacris triseriata : morphometric and mating call analyses of the boreal and western subspecies . copeia 1989 : 704 - 712 .\ncosewic assessment & update status report on the western chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) carolinian population and great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population in canada ( 2015 - 11 - 30 )\nthis document assesses the threats to the western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ( western chorus frog ( glslcs ) ) , using the best available information , with the aim of informing an opinion as to whether or not this wildlife species faces imminent threats to its survival or recovery in canada , as per section 80 of the species at risk act ( sara ) .\na new species of myxidium ( myxosporea : myxidiidae ) , from the western chorus frog , pseudacris triseriata triseriata , and blanchard ' s cricket frog , acris crepitans blanchardi ( hylidae ) , from eastern nebraska : morphology , phylogeny , and critical comments on amphibian myxidium taxonomy .\nin contrast to true frogs , the boreal chorus frog lacks dorsolateral folds and has little webbing between its toes on the hind feet .\ndescription of critical habitat for the western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence\u2013canadian shield population , in wellers bay national wildlife area and thousand islands national park of canada ( 2016 - 01 - 09 )\nwestern chorus frogs utilize a variety of habitats where dense thickets are available . these include marshes , swamps , open forests , and fields .\nfrogs - care sheets information about western chorus frogs aquatic / land frogs , characteristics and sexing , description of diet , diet - omnivorous , supplements , nutrition and usage - calcium and vitamins , lighting and uvb , tempatures and humidity , caging , substrate and water needs , this is only about the western chorus frog found in many states around missouri . , maintenance\nwestern chorus frogs also have an array of predatory animals to worry about , such as striped skunks , great blue herons , raccoons , snakes and shrews . since western chorus frogs are so diminutive , bigger varieties of frogs also go after them as prey - - especially when they are juveniles .\n[ westech ] western technology and engineering incorporated . 1998 . wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area 1997 . western technology and engineering , inc . , helena , mt .\ndescription of residence for the western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes , st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( pseudacris triseriata ) in canada\n( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) ( pdf format , 136 . 08 kb )\ndistributions : in canada , the western chorus frog is found only in southern ontario and along the ottawa and upper st . lawrence river valleys in quebec . it is also found through much of the eastern united states and overlaps with the boreal chorus frog in the central united states . it was introduced to corner brook newfoundland in the 1960\u2019s but apparently is now extirpated from there .\nwood frog the wood frog also has a stripe through the eye , but it is larger and has prominent dorsolateral folds ( ridges ) on its back .\nthis frog is very reclusive . it is very rarely seen outside of the breeding season . average life span for those that live to adulthood is 5 years . these frogs live and hibernate beneath logs , rocks , leaves , loose soil , and animal burrows . the western chorus frog is nocturnal and solitary .\nalberta ' s smallest amphibian , the boreal chorus frog grows to only 20 to 40 millimetres ( 0 . 8 to 1 . 6 inches ) long .\nrate this care sheet please keep all comments constructive to western chorus frogs husbandry methods and care . any degrading , sarcastic , or disrespectful comments will be removed .\nthe government of canada has made an emergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ( glslcs ) in the bois de la commune in la prairie , quebec . the objective of the emergency order is to provide protection to the western chorus frog ( glslcs ) by addressing the imminent threat to its recovery , including by protecting the habitat identified in the order to stabilize the metapopulation and help the recovery of the species .\n\u201cthe symbiocit\u00e9 project threatens the metapopulation ( of western chorus frogs ) of la prairie and this metapopulation is necessary for the recovery of the species , \u201d dionne explained .\nalthough there are many types of reproduction in frogs , the boreal chorus frog is rather typical in that it reproduces via external fertilization through amplexus . mating usually occurs during the spring and is initiated by the males calling for females . the boreal chorus frog has a characteristic call ,\nreeeek\n( wikipedia ) . the boreal chorus frogs lay their eggs in clusters that range from 20 - 100 eggs .\nconservation concerns : there is no evidence for decline in ontario populations of the western chorus frog , however , it has declined throughout the st . lawrence valley in quebec as a result of habitat loss . a population introduced to newfoundland is apparently now extirpated .\nwestern chorus frogs thrive on a diet made up of small arthropods such as sowbugs , and also earth\u223cworms , beetles , grubs , ants , crickets , and even spiders .\nthe many names of this species can also be confusing . the common name\nstriped chorus frogs\ncomes from the characteristic 3 stripes down its back . until recently , this species was called western chorus frogs . due to the restricted range east of the mississippi , though , the proper common name is now midland chorus frogs .\npresently , boreal chorus frogs are excluded from areas where pesticides are heavily used .\nwestern chorus frog \u2013 carolinian population the species was considered a single unit and designated not at risk in may 2001 . split into two populations in april 2008 . the carolinian population was designated not at risk in april 2008 . western chorus frog \u2013 great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population the species was considered a single unit and designated not at risk in may 2001 . split into two populations in april 2008 . the great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population was designated threatened in april 2008 .\nrange includes portions of southeastern canada and the northeastern united states , from michigan ( lower peninsula ) , southern ontario , and western new york through indiana , ohio , and western pennsylvania to southern illinois , western kentucky , and northwestern tennessee ( lemmon et al . 2007 ) .\nencyclopedia of life , 2016 .\npseudacris triseriata , striped chorus frog\n( on - line ) . encyclopedia of life . accessed november 10 , 2017 at urltoken .\n[ wesco ] western ecological services company . 1983a . wildlife inventory of the knowlton known recoverable coal resource area , montana . western ecological services company , novato , ca . 107 p .\nthe great lakes / st . lawrence and canadian shield population of western chorus frog is present in parts of southern ontario and southwestern quebec . it breeds in temporary wetlands in the spring , and when these areas dry up in summer , it moves to nearby land .\n[ wesco ] western ecological services company . 1983b . wildlife inventory of the southwest circle known recoverable coal resource area , montana . western ecological services company , novato , ca . 131 p .\nhabitat : the western chorus frog\u2019s preferred habitat is forest openings around woodland ponds . they will breed in almost any fishless pond with at least 10 cm of water , including roadside ditches , gravel pits , flooded fields , beaver ponds , marshes , swamps or shallow lakes .\namphibian monitoring in alberta the boreal chorus frog is being monitored under the alberta volunteer amphibian monitoring program ( avamp ) and the researching amphibian numbers in alberta ( rana ) program .\nbreeding interval midland chorus frogs breed once yearly , during a narrow early spring season .\n[ westech ] western technology and engineering incorporated . 1991 . update on the wildlife resources of the little rocky mountains environmental study area . western technology and engineering , inc . , helena , mt .\nthe western chorus frog , great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population , is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .\nthey also think that a major factor in producing the frog\u2019s cryoprotectant is high hepatic glycogen stores .\nbecause this frog is a psedacris , you can find more help reading the pseudacris crucifer caresheet .\nwaage , b . c . 1998 . western energy company rosebud mine 1997 annual wildlife monitoring report december 1 , 1996 to november 30 , 1997 survey period . western energy company , colstrip , mt .\ncook , f . r . 1964a . additional records and a correction of the type locality for the boreal chorus frog in northwestern ontario . canadian field naturalist 78 : 186 - 192 .\nspencer , a . w . 1964 . the relationship of dispersal and migration to gene flow in the boreal chorus frog . phd dissertation . colorado state university , fort collins , co .\nthe purpose of this order is to address the imminent threat to the recovery of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence \u2013 canadian shield population ( glslcs ) ) by providing protection for the la prairie metapopulation through measures that include protection of the habitat identified in the order .\nsmith , p . w . 1956 . the status , correct name , and geographic range of the boreal chorus frog . proceedings of the biological society of washington 69 : 169 - 176 .\nsmith , d . c . 1983 . factors controlling tadpole populations of the chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) on isle royale , michigan . ecology 64 ( 3 ) : 501 - 510 .\ncall : the breeding call is very similar to the boreal chorus frog but is shorter and faster in pulse rate . it resembles the sound of drawing your finger down the teeth of a comb .\nmidland chorus frog home ranges average 2116 square meters , including the breeding pond . they migrate long distances in order to breed ( kramer et al . , 1974 ; landreth and ferguson , 1966 )\nin an unprecedented move , canada\u2019s minister of environment and climate change catherine mckenna issued an emergency protection order wednesday that will shrink the size of an approved housing development already under construction in the south shore community of la prairie in order to protect the habitat of a species at risk : the western chorus frog .\nwestern chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata ) calling in illinois beach state park . there are thousands of this small but very vocal frogs but i had to spend a lot of time to actually see one of them . to record them the secret is to just leave the camera running and move away for 10 minutes .\nfrogs find out about the common traits of frogs , and about the different frog species found in alberta .\nthe biod\u00f4me , sainte - anne - de - bellevue ecomuseum and the minist\u00e8re des ressources naturelles ( mrn ) are currently working with the western chorus frog restoration team . the aim of this collaboration is to develop expertise in keeping them in captivity , hibernation , reproduction and maintaining a captive population . such knowledge is necessary in case a survival population is needed in the event of a massive population loss in the frog\u2019s natural habitat .\nan excellent off\u223csite link to see the tadpoles and read more about the development of the boreal chorus frog would be to visit the home page of greg sievert . after clicking , scroll down to near page bottom and click on the link to development of boreal chorus frog embryos . the photography is as beautiful as the additional information you will read . he also has some . aiff sound files so you can hear him sing ! : )\nturner , f . b . 1960 . population structure and dynamics of the western spotted frog , rana pretiosa pretiosa baird & girard , in yellowstone park , wyoming . ecol . monogr . 30 ( 3 ) : 251 - 278 .\nmacarthur , d . l . and j . w . t . dandy . 1982 . physiological aspects of overwintering in the boreal chorus frog ( pseudacris triseriata maculata ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology 72a : 137 - 141 .\nwestern chorus frogs begin breeding in march and april . females attach clumps of up to 100 eggs to vegetation . the eggs hatch within 18 days , depending on water temperature . the tadpoles turn into frogs within 90 days after hatching .\nmackessy , s . p . , r . donoho , j . hobert , c . montgomery and k . waldron . 1996 . pseudacris triseriata maculata ( boreal chorus frog ) . herpetological review 27 ( 1 ) : 30 .\nwestern chorus frogs consume carnivorous diets - - with an emphasis on insects . some of these amphibians ' favorite bugs to eat are thrips , leafhoppers , beetles , flies and ants . they also frequently eat spiders , worms and tiny snails .\nplatz , j . e . and d . c . forester . 1988 . geographic variation in mating call among the four subspecies of the chorus frog : pseudacris triseriata ( wied ) . copeia 1988 ( 4 ) : 1062 - 1066 .\ndescription : the western chorus frog is a small , smooth skinned treefrog . colour varies from green - gray to brown . there is a dark stripe through the eye and a white stripe along the upper lip . it is distinguished from most other treefrogs by the three dark stripes down the back . in some individuals the stripes are broken . maximum adult size about 4 cm .\ni have had fun with this frog and raising tadpoles . always let the older frogs go just collect some eggs to raise .\non july 12 and 14 , 2016 , environment and climate change canada will host information sessions on the species at risk act emergency order for the protection of the western chorus frog ( great lakes / st . lawrence - canadian shield population ) . the order is intended to address the imminent threat to the species\u2019 recovery in the municipalities of la prairie , candiac and saint - philippe .\nboreal chorus frogs inhabit sloughs , woodlands , and even open meadows if there is sufficient vegetation to provide cover and moisture .\na 3rd grey tree frog pic shared with us . tomorrow we will be promoting # toadtuesday , maybe we should think about a\u2026 urltoken\nboreal chorus frog tadpoles are quite small when hatched , about four to seven millimetres ( 0 . 16 to 0 . 28 inches ) , but grow to about 30 millimetres ( 1 . 18 inches ) before transforming into juvenile frogs in about two months time .\ntimken , r . no date . amphibians and reptiles of the beaverhead national forest . western montana college , dillon , mt . 16 p .\nquebec\u2019s environment minister noted that the province had already identified and protected 83 per cent of the land covered by the federal order as important habitat for the western chorus frog , and had worked out a plan with the developer to conserve it . as part of that compliance plan , the developer has already built three of four planned reproduction ponds , moved a stream and built a tunnel under a road for the frogs .\nwestern chorus frogs are found throughout minnesota . they like open habitats such as wetlands and fields near trees , but they can also live in cities . these frogs breed in shallow water such as temporary wetlands and ditches . they overwinter under rocks and logs near their breeding ponds .\ngive the frog a glass or plastic bowl of water that is large enough for him to soak his entire body in , but not so deep that he can ' t easily climb out of . remember , they are terrestrial , so too deep and the frog could actually drown !\nreproduction : western chorus frogs breed very early in the spring and may begin as early as march although most calling is in april . they may chorus during the day as well as at night . a series of small egg masses are laid and attached to vegetation . eggs hatch within a few weeks and tadpoles finish transforming by early summer . they are usually mature in one year and rarely live beyond three .\nstebbins , r . c . 2003 . western reptiles and amphibians . 3rd ed . houghton mifflin co , new york , new york . 219 pp .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1993 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : annual wildlife monitoring report ; 1993 field season . april 1993 .\nboreal chorus frogs are at their highest densities during the breeding season . in the spring , adults will congregate at breeding ponds and begin calling .\nbergeron , d . j . 1978a . terrestrial wildlife survey divide mine area , montana 1977 - 1978 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nbutts , t . w . 1997 . mountain inc . wildlife monitoring bull mountains mine no . 1 , 1996 . western technology and engineering . helena , mt .\nscow , k . l . 1980 . terrestrial wildlife survey american colloid study area phillips county , montana . western technology and engineering , inc . , helena , mt .\nstebbins , r . c . 2003 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians . 3rd edition . houghton mifflin company , boston and new york . 533 p .\naccount compiled by : staci amburgey reviewed by : lauren livo and brad lambert last updated : 20 march . 2014 by s . amburgey suggested citation colorado partners in amphibian and reptile conservation . 2014 . species account for boreal chorus frog ( pseudacris maculata ) . compiled by staci amburgey . urltoken [ accessed date here ] .\nboreal chorus frogs are not toxic and lack defenses , instead relying on predator avoidance . adults are primarily active at night when detection is more difficult , and coloration and patterning allows for camouflaging in the boreal chorus frog\u2019s grassy habitats ( matthews , 1971 ) . males will cease calling when disturbed . tadpoles may use sudden bursts of speed in order to flee predators . both adults and tadpoles will dive to the bottom of ponds to hide under decaying vegetation and mud when startled .\nbergeron , d . j . 1978b . terrestrial wildlife survey p - m mine area , montana 1977 - 1978 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nbergeron , d . j . 1979 . terrestrial wildlife survey , coal creek mine area , montana 1977 - 1978 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nfarmer , p . 1980 . terrestrial wildlife monitoring study , pearl area , montana june , 1978 - may , 1980 . western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1999 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1998 . smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . april 1999 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 2000 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1999 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . february 2000 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 2001 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 2000 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . february 2001 .\nhoppe , d . m . and d . pettus . 1984 . developmental features influencing color polymorphism in chorus frogs . journal of herpetology 18 : 113 - 120 .\nthe best way to survey for boreal chorus frogs is to listen for breeding calls from adult males during the breeding season . in the spring , adults will congregate at breeding ponds and begin calling as soon as most of the snow has melted . although boreal chorus frogs on isle royale can breed and lay eggs from may through early july , the best time for conducting frog call surveys appears to be in may . call surveys can be conducted in the evening or at night but also during the day . visual encounter surveys also can be conducted for adult boreal chorus frogs and their tadpoles at breeding sites in the spring and summer from may until mid - july to mid - august .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1997 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1996 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007d . mar . 1997 .\ntordoff , w . , iii . 1969 . gene frequency differences among semi - isolated proximate populations of chorus forgs ( pseudacris ) . journal of herpetology 3 : 194 .\nsmith , d . c . 1987 . adult recruitment in chorus frogs : effects of size and date at metamorphosis . ecology 68 ( 2 ) : 344 - 350 .\nsince chorus frogs are terrestrial , they require a longer than taller habitat in captivity . a vivarium that is 18 x 18 inches ( and larger ) . a height of 1 foot and up is necessary for the tank plantings . be sure to place several of the plants close enough together to create a good hiding place for your frog ( s ) .\nwaage , bruce c . , 2000 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1999 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1998 - november 30 , 1999 . february 2000 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . 1994 . wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1993 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007c . mar . 12 , 1994 .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1996 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 1995 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007d . febr . 23 , 1996 .\nmcdonald , m . 1982 . terrestrial wildlife inventory , dominy project area , july , 1979 - june , 1981 . draft tech . rep . for western energy co . by westech , helena , mt .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1995 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1994 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1993 - november 30 , 1994 . february 27 , 1995 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1996 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1995 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1994 - november 30 , 1995 . february 28 , 1996 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 2001 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 2000 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1999 - november 30 , 2000 . march 30 , 2001 .\nmaxim technologies , inc . , 2002 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 2002 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 2001 - november 30 , 2002 . febr . 24 , 2002 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 2002 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana . 2001 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 2000 - november 30 , 2001 . febr . 26 , 2002 .\nplatz , j . e . and a . lathrop . 1993 . body size and age assessment among advertising male chorus frogs . journal of herpetology 27 ( 1 ) : 109 - 111 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1998 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1997 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1996 - november 30 , 1997 survey period . march 23 , 1998 .\nwaage , bruce c . , 1999 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1998 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1997 - november 30 , 1998 survey period . february 24 , 1999 .\nthese frogs will eat insects from rolly poly\u2019s to anything small enough to fit in there mouth . no ants . they do prefer live food . dead food can get rotten and will not attract the frog .\nas with other amphibians , midland chorus frogs can act as a critical indicator of environmental health . their permeable skin makes them susceptible to many contaminants , external stimuli and toxins that they are exposed to in both aquatic and terrestrial portions of their life cycle . since their larval and adult forms occupy very different habitats , a decline in frog numbers or population health could signify problems in either environment or both .\ntordoff , w . , iii . 1980 . selective predation of gray jays ( perisoreus canadensis ) upon boreal chorus frogs ( pseudacris triseriata ) . evolution 34 ( 5 ) : 1004 - 1008 .\nthe data they found suggests that the chorus frogs store up liver glycogen to prepare for hibernation and body size and liver glycogen levels must reach a threshold for the animal to survive winter / freezing conditions .\nmidland chorus frogs serve as a food source for their predators and help keep prey populations under control . both adult and larval forms ( tadpoles ) have different but important ecological roles . in both environments these frogs and their larvae serve as predator and prey and do not compete with their parents or offspring . water - breeding amphibians such as midland chorus frogs can channel nutrients from the aquatic to the terrestrial environment .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1991 , wildlife monitoring and additional baseline inventory : absaloka mine area annual report , 1991 . montana smp 85005 r1 . osmp montana 0007b . febr . 25 , 1991 .\nboreal chorus frogs can be found throughout much of the state . occurrence becomes patchier to the southeast corner of the state ( after hammerson 1999 , shipley & reading 2006 , and colorado parks & wildlife ) .\nhoppe , d . m . and d . pettus . 1974 . selection factors affcting dorsal color polymorphism in boreal chorus frogs . journal of the colorado - wyoming academy of science 12 ( 5 ) : 73 .\nlemmon , e . , a . lemmon , j . collins , j . lee - yaw , d . cannatella . 2007 . phylogeny - based delimitation of species boundaries and contact zones in the trilling chorus frogs (\nongoing losses of habitat and breeding sites for this small frog due to suburban expansion and alteration in farming practices have resulted in losses of populations and isolation of remaining habitat patches . populations in quebec are documented to have declined at a rate of 37 % over 10 years and are expected to continue to decline . despite there being some areas where chorus frogs remain evident , surveys of populations in ontario indicate a significant decline in abundance of 30 % over the past decade .\nlynch , catherine . 2000 . north american amphibian monitoring program ' s montana frog - call survey , a report on a pilot program in south - central montana started april , 2000 and completed in june 2000 . 36 pp ( unnumbered ) .\nthis frog is most abundant in prairies but also occurs on agricultural lands , in large river floodplains , and on the grassy edges of marshes . after breeding season , they take shelter in animals burrows ; under boards , logs , or rocks ; in clumps of grass ; or in loose soil . breeding sites are usually in flooded fields , ditches , woodland ponds , marshes , and river sloughs as well as farm ponds . this is often the first frog to become active in the spring .\nbehavior : migrations of adults from overwintering sites to breeding locations , and of metamorphs from breeding sites to nearby uplands have been documented , but not in arizona . the location and habitats of this frog outside of the breeding season are unknown in arizona .\nday , d . , p . j . farmer , and c . e . farmer . 1989 . montco terrestrial wildlife monitoring report december , 1987 - july , 1989 . montco , billings , mt , and western technology and engineering , inc . helena , mt .\njenkins j . l . , swanson d . l . liver glycogen , glucose mobilization and freezing survival in chorus frogs , pseudacris triseriata . ( 2005 ) journal of thermal biology , 30 ( 6 ) , pp . 485 - 494 .\nwestern technology & engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 1991 , 1991 bull mountains mine no . 1 terrestrial wildlife monitoring study . in meridian minerals company bull mountains mine no . 1 permit application , musselshell county , montana . vol . 7 of 14 : section 26\nnatural history : chorus frogs hibernate beneath logs or underground and are freeze - tolerant . they are among the first frogs to emerge in the spring . they feed on small insects and other invertebrates and are eaten by a wide variety of predators .\nlynch , c . 2000 . north american amphibian monitoring program ' s montana frog - call survey : a report on a pilot program in south - central montana started april 2000 and completed in june 2000 . zoo montana conservation through education program , billings mt . 39 p .\nlynch , c . 2001 . north american amphibian monitoring program ' s montana frog - call survey : report on year two of a program in south - central montana started april 2001 and completed in june 2001 . zoo montana conservation through education program , billings mt . 12 p .\ndescription : the green frog is a large , true frog with large , distinct tympanum and prominent dorsolateral ridges . it may be green , bronze or brown , or a combination but is typically green on the upper lip . the belly is white with darker lines or spots . there may be some irregular spotting on the back . it is distinguished from other frogs in that the dorsolateral ridges run only partway down the back and do not reach the groin . the hind legs have dark bars . males have a bright yellow throat . maximum adult size is 10 cm .\nthe call of midland chorus frogs is a short , rising , squeaky trill which sounds like \u201ccree - ee - ee - ee - eek .\nit can be roughly imitated by strumming the teeth of a small , stiff pocket comb from middle to end with a thumbnail ( harding and holman , 1992 ) . their calls are used mainly to attract females to breeding sites during their breeding season . they create a chorus of their calls during their breeding congresses . they also use visual and auditory cues for migration and breeding and rely on their keen vision for capturing prey .\nmuths , e . , d . h . campbell , and p . s . corn . 2003 . hatching success in salamanders and chorus frogs at two sites in colordao , usa : effects of acidic deposition and climate . amphibia - reptilia 24 ( 1 ) : 27 - 36 .\nlemmon , e . m . , lemmon , a . r . , collins , j . t . , lee - yaw , j . a . , and d . c . cannatella . 2007 . phylogeny - based delimitation of species boundaries and contact zones in trilling chorus frogs (\nkeep the temperature of the vivarium comfortable , but not too hot . this frog naturally comes from a temperate climate , hibernating in winter digging into moist soil alongside the banks of water - ways . this makes him used to mild weather . usually , the temperature of your home will also be right for this species .\nlike most small frogs , the diet of midland chorus frogs includes a variety of small invertebrates , such as spiders , ants , flies , and moths . younger , smaller frogs will feed on smaller prey : mites , midges and springtails . tadpoles are herbivorous feeding mostly on algae ( harding and holman , 1992 ) .\nhabitat : this species is typically found on the ground or in low shrubs or grass at or near breeding ponds , which include often shallow and temporary ponds , cattle tanks , lake margins , wet meadows , and roadside ditches . sites without fish are preferred for breeding . the species sometimes breeds in permanent water . this frog is rarely encountered outside of the breeding season .\nmake sure to use a secure , vented lid on the top of the vivarium . if you live in a temperate zone yourself , and use heating in winter , make sure to partially cover up to 1 / 2 of the lid in winters to help hold in humidity . your frog will not hibernate in winters ( it will be too warm in the house to trigger this ) and will need humidity that the heating unit in your house may ' sap ' out of his home without the cover . a measured - cut sheet of acrylic or glass will do . if humidity in the room the frog is in goes below 40 percent , use a humidifier filled with only water in the room to raise it up to a level between 45 and 50 percent .\ntypical predators on adult midland chorus frogs would include birds ( herons , grackles , etc . ) , small mammals ( raccoons , mink , skunks ) , snakes , and larger frogs . young metamorphs and tadpoles are eaten by salamander larvae , crayfish , fish ( if present ) , turtles , and aquatic insects such as water scorpions , diving beetles , and dragonfly larvae .\nbasic frogcare ( choosing healthy frogs , species mixing , feeding , etc . ) vivariums ( to establish and maintain , lighting , substrate ideas , etc . ) vivarium disease - free , how to set up quarantine tank ) water 101 ( how to establish & maintain high quality water ) raising insects ( info about raising your own insects , including fruit flies ) frog breeding ( temperate style setup information )\nthe frog was listed as threatened under canada\u2019s species at risk act in 2010 , by which time over 90 per cent of the species\u2019 historical range in the mont\u00e9r\u00e9gie region had already been lost to development . the metapopulation in la prairie \u2014 a metapopulation is a local population of a species that is linked to other local populations through the movement of individuals \u2014 has lost 60 per cent of its habitat between 1992 and 2013 .\nadults are sexually dimorphic , with females lacking a vocal sac for calling and being generally larger ( 3 - 5 cm ) than males ( 2 . 5 - 4 cm ) in snout to vent length ( svl ) . tadpoles are 1 - 5 cm from snout to tail tip . chorus frogs metamorphose at about 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 cm svl , with no sexually distinguishing characteristics until 1 to 2 years of age ( amburgey ,\nonce a month carefully locate the frog ( s ) inside the tank , then gently place a glass container over them . this will allow you to thoroughly clean the entire tank without having to remove them . spray quat antifungal throughout now . remove any dying moss or other plants and replace . if you have used a sponge filter , then instead of daily water changes , you can change 1 / 2 the water every few days , scrubbing the pool with clean brush to remove scum . replace water with treated water only .\nbreeding begins in late february or early march and peaks in april . males chorus in temporary bodies of water and in fishless farm ponds . the male fertilizes the eggs as the female lays and attaches them to submerged grasses just below the surface , in clusters of 5\u2013300 . these hatch within a week , depending on water temperature . metamorphosis occurs in 6\u20138 weeks . this species overwinters in the ground and does not burrow very deep . a natural antifreeze in their blood keeps them from freezing .\nmidland chorus frogs breed , sometimes in small to large congresses , in shallow pools and temporary waters in or adjacent to marshes , swamps , and swales . during axillary amplexus , males externally fertilize the eggs as they are laid by the female in a pattern typical of most hylids ( halliday and adler , 2002 ) . over most of the range , amplexus and egg laying takes place from late march to early april , but breeding occasionally extends into may in the north ( harding and holman , 1992 ) .\nmale chorus frogs are between 0 . 8 inches long , and females are anywehere between 1 . 2 and 1 . 5 inches from snout to vent . the skin on the dorsum is slightly tubercular , and on the venter it is granular , which is typical of many frogs . the snout is acutely rounded . the toes are only about one - third webbed . the dorsusm is a grayish tan , with brown mid - dorsal and dorsolateral stripes or rows of spots . there is a broad dark brown to black colored stripe from the snout through the eye and the ear ( tympanum ) to the groin . the venter is white .\nrecovery planning environment and climate change canada 15th floor , place vincent massey 351 st . joseph blvd . gatineau , qc k1a 0h3 send e - mail\nto know if this species is protected by provincial or territorial laws , consult the provinces ' and territories ' websites .\nplease note : not all cosewic reports are currently available on the sara public registry . most of the reports not yet available are status reports for species assessed by cosewic prior to may 2002 . other cosewic reports not yet available may include those species assessed as extinct , data deficient or not at risk . in the meantime , they are available on request from the cosewic secretariat .\ncritical habitat descriptions in the canada gazette ( 1 record ( s ) found . )\nher excellency the governor general in council , on the recommendation of the minister of the environment , acknowledges receipt , on the making of this order , of the assessments conducted pursuant to subsection 23 ( 1 ) of the species at risk act by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) with respect to the species set out in the annexed schedule .\nher excellency the governor general in council , on the recommendation of the minister of the environment , pursuant to section 27 of the species at risk act , hereby makes the annexed order amending schedules 1 to 3 to the species at risk act .\n2008 annual report to the the minister of the environment and the canadian endangered species conservation council ( cescc ) from the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada .\nas part of its strategy for protecting wildlife species at risk , the government of canada proclaimed the species at risk act ( sara ) on june 5 , 2003 . attached to the act is schedule 1 , the list of the species that receive protection under sara , also called the list of wildlife species at risk . please submit your comments by march 20 , 2009 for species undergoing normal consultations and by march 19 , 2010 for species undergoing extended consultations .\npublic registry notice for s . 83 exceptions - former camp ipperwash ( 2015 - 03 - 06 )\nas per the memorandum of understanding between dnd , environment canada , and the parks canada agency : 6 . 1 c ) activities occurring on defence establishments that are considered necessary for public safety in accordance with paragraph a ) and authorized under the national defence act and the explosives act are : remediation of contaminated sites ; and securing , handling , destruction or disposal of unsafe munitions , including unexploded explosive ordnance .\nenvironment and climate change canada\u2019s three - year recovery document posting plan identifies the species for which recovery documents will be posted each fiscal year starting in 2014 - 2015 . posting this three year plan on the species at risk public registry is intended to provide transparency to partners , stakeholders , and the public about environment and climate change canada\u2019s plan to develop and post these proposed recovery strategies and management plans . however , both the number of documents and the particular species that are posted in a given year may change slightly due to a variety of circumstances . last update april 18 , 2018\nif you are already a registered naturewatch user , you will be prompted to create a new password for the new website . your existing data / observations are still on file .\nis a community that engages \u0003all canadians in collecting scientific information \u0003on nature to understand our changing environment .\nlost your password ? get a new one . not registered ? create an account now .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nreproduction and calls : breeding begins in the spring , often when ice and snow are still present . probably breeds primarily from march to early june in arizona . the male has a surprisingly loud call that sounds like\npprreeep\nor someone running a finger down the teeth of a comb . during peak breeding periods , males call during the day as well as at night . each female lays up to 1 , 500 eggs , which are deposited in small packets of 20 - 100 , and are attached to submerged sticks , leaves , or grass . tadpoles hatch in a few days to a week or more , and metamorphosis occurs in 6 - 13 weeks .\nwe request that if you make use of the textual contents of this site in reports , publications , etc . that you cite and credit the author ( s ) and photographer ( s ) . all photos on this website are copyrighted . however , those found in the species account and habitat sections may be used for any noncommercial scientific , educational , or conservation purposes provided that photographs are not altered and continue to bear the copyright symbol and name of the photographer . please contact the photographer regarding commercial use of copyrighted photographs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of some forms of habitat alteration and presumed large population size , despite potential population declines .\nthese frogs are tolerant of some forms of habitat alteration ( e . g . clearing of forest ) , but loss of wetlands , and unknown factors ( possibly including agricultural chemicals , drought , and chytrid fungus ) have caused declines in some areas ( gibbs\nconservation actions many occurrences are in protected areas . research needed in view of reported declines and taxonomic changes affecting the scope of the species , determination of current taxonomic and population status is appropriate .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n( green , et al . , 2013 ; lemmon , et al . , 2007 ; powell , et al . , 2016 )\n( green , et al . , 2013 ; harding and holman , 1992 ; powell , et al . , 2016 )\n( encyclopedia of life , 2016 ; harding and holman , 1992 ; powell , et al . , 2016 )\nbreeding season egg laying occurs mostly in april , but can extend into may .\ntypical for frogs that lay a large number of eggs , most of the offspring will die before reaching adulthood , though the exact numbers are unknown . however , once these frogs reach maturity , they may live for 2 to 5 years .\n( harding and holman , 1992 ; kramer , 1974 ; pough , et al . , 2004 )\n( encyclopedia of life , 2016 ; harding and holman , 1992 ; pough , et al . , 2004 )\n( encyclopedia of life , 2016 ; pough , et al . , 2004 )\nthis species is considered to be mostly stable . although listed as\nvulnerable\nin quebec ( green et al . , 2013 ) , it has no special status in the united states . it is common in much of its large range . the iucn indicates there has been a decline but the degree is uncertain . like other frogs , they are very susceptible to agricultural chemicals and to baitfish and gamefish introduction into breeding wetlands . their breeding habitat is also vulnerable to destruction due to urban and suburban development ( green et al . , 2013 ) ."]}
{"id": 1045, "summary": [{"text": "herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its name means \" herrera 's lizard \" , after the rancher who discovered the first specimen .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "all known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of carnian age ( late triassic according to the ics , dated to 231.4 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonyms .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "for many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear because it was known from very fragmentary remains .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all but another type of archosaur .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , with the discovery of an almost complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution , with many researchers treating it at least tentatively as the most primitive member of theropoda .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a member of the herrerasauridae , a family of similar genera that were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "herrerasaurus", "paragraphs": ["herrerasaurus | description herrerasaurus img 9435 . jpg | dinosauria 1 : herrerasaurus | pinterest\nschleich world of history herrerasaurus dinosaur figure . . . schleich world of history herrerasaurus dinosaur figure . . .\nherrerasaurus was in the jurassic park brochure , as an attraction for phase i .\nimage - juvi herrerasaurus . png | the isle wikia | fandom powered by wikia\non the video of herrerasaurus seen on the tour the island website there is a scene comparing the herrerasaurus seen in jurassic park : the game to the actual size of herrerasaurus and it is stated that they can reach 20 ft in length like the real dinosaur .\nbefore 1988 , herrerasaurus \u2014like many prehistoric creatures\u2014was exclusively known from a smattering of very incomplete specimens . thankfully , an american team dug up a reasonably complete herrerasaurus skeleton that year .\nread about herrerasaurus and the triassic world in lecture notes by paul olsen at columbia university .\nthe isle - herrerasaurus gameplay ( 0 . 1 . 0 . 1343 ; dev branch )\nthe herrerasaurus was bigger . he could grow to be about 20 feet long , and weighed over 700 pounds . the herrerasaurus was a hunter\u2026 so watch out if you ever see one !\nthe first herrerasaurus fossil was found in 1958 by don victorino herrera , a local rancher . three partial skeletons have been found . the first herrerasaurus skull wasn ' t found until 1988 .\nthe model used for the herrerasaurus is one of vlad ' s ( swordlord3d ) older models .\nherrerasaurus was one of the top predators of its age \u2013 surpassed only by large rauisuchians such as saurosuchus and prestosuchus . a recently discovered herrerasaurus skull had puncture wounds thought to be from saurosuchus .\nhelpful joints allowed herrerasaurus\u2019 lower jawbones to flex about considerably for added leverage while ensnaring its quarrelsome prey .\nherrerasaurus is listed on the isla sorna map seen in the game , but does not physically appear .\ngerry harding claims the cloned herrerasaurus are classed as early theropods . however , a study by barron , norman and barrett has found that herrerasaurus was more closely related to sauropodomorphs like brachiosaurus . [ 10 ]\nthe computer screens in the film don ' t show a\nherrerasaurus paddock\n( see image ) .\nwhen herrerasaurus lived , dinosaurs were actually quite rare . they had yet to become dominant creatures . close relatives of herrerasaurus lived in north america during the late triassic , but these primitive dinosaurs went extinct by the jurassic .\nthe lower jaw was lined with large , inwardly curving teeth so that herrerasaurus could hold its prey more efficiently .\none specimen of herrerasaurus exhibits unusual pitting in the skull bones . this has been attributed to an infected head injury that later healed . it is likely that these injuries were obtained during a fight with another herrerasaurus . [ 11 ]\nherrerasaurus was bipedal and carnivorous . it would have been one of the very first dinosaurs ever to walk the planet .\na herrerasaurus figure will be featured in a toy - line for jurassic world : fallen kingdom . this has been the first time herrerasaurus has ever physically appeared in a toy set . the toy varsity resemblance to the jp : tg version .\nherrerasaurus was a carnivore , and likely preyed on smaller animals . coprolites found in the ischigualasto formation have been assigned as belonging to herrerasaurus , and if this identification is correct it is evidence that the dinosaur could digest bone . [ 10 ]\naccording to the dinosaur protection group , herrerasaurus is one of the 12 dinosaur species extinct by the setting of the film .\nherrerasaurus ' forelimbs were less than half the length of its hindlimbs but were much longer than those of t . rex .\nherrerasaurus , from the triassic era . now that we ' ve bred them we can easily classify them as early theropod .\nbizarrely , the herrerasaurus sounds in jurassic park : the game seem to be a slowed - down version of the velociraptor calls .\nat the time of the isla nublar incident of 1993 , the herrerasaurus living in jurassic park were not fully grown . [ 8 ]\nthe valley of the moon in argentina , where herrerasaurus was found , is one of the world ' s richest triassic fossil sites .\nthe next significant discovery of herrerasaurus fossils was in 1988 , when a complete skull was discovered by paul sereno and colleagues . [ 7 ]\nherrerasaurus had very little involvement in the incident and farthest they were known to go outside of their paddock was the nearby bone shaker roller coaster .\nchildren become independent from their mothers at about 3 years old ( 0 . 6 ) . most creatures should disregard herrerasaurus unless they lack food . herrerasaurus are extremely vocal , unless they feel they are in immediate danger , in which they will flee . this dinosaur is classified as a scavenger .\nherrerasaurus is one of the best known early dinosaurs . this ferocious predator was named after the farmer who discovered it , victorino herrera , in argentina .\nherrerasaurus was a carnivore . it lived in the triassic period and inhabited south america . its fossils have been found in places such as argentina and argentina .\nherrerasaurus is the oldest and one of the most primitive dinosaurs ever discovered . herrerasaurus was probably not the actual ancestor of all other dinosaurian species , but it is the closest candidate yet discovered to an ancestor , so it gives us a glimpse of what the ancestral dinosaur may have looked like . this makes herrerasaurus one of the most exciting dinosaurs yet discovered . among researchers , there is controversy over how herrerasaurus is related to other dinosaurs . by running this skull through ut\u2019s high - resolution x - ray ct scanner , they can now study internal structures such as its braincase and reconstruct what its brain looked like . with this new information , researchers may now have the evidence they need to solve the problem of where herrerasaurus fits on the family tree of dinosaurs . from the shape of the cavity that once held its brain , they are also forming a picture of its intelligence and behavior . see a full description of the herrerasaurus scan project .\nyou probably think of dinosaurs as giants , but the first dinos were pretty small . some of the earliest ones we know about were called herrerasaurus and eoraptor .\nherrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . it walked on two long legs and had sharp teeth . the arms were short and the fingers had sharp claws .\nwhen dennis nedry disabled jurassic park ' s security , herrerasaurus , along with many other dinosaurs , were able to freely go outside of their paddocks . [ 9 ]\nherrerasaurus ( meaning\nherrera ' s lizard\n, after the name of the rancher who discovered the first fossil of the animal ) was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known specimens of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of early carnian age ( late triassic , around 228 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus . the names ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonymous with herrerasaurus .\nherrerasaurus is a genus of basal theropod from the carnian age of the late triassic period , around 231 million years ago . it contains one species , h . ischigulastensis .\nreig believed herrerasaurus was an early example of a carnosaur , but this was the subject of much debate over the next 30 years , and the genus was variously classified during that time . in 1970 , steel classified herrerasaurus as a prosauropod . in 1972 , peter galton classified the genus as not diagnosable beyond saurischia . later , using cladistic analysis , some researchers put herrerasaurus and staurikosaurus at the base of the dinosaur tree before the separation between ornithischians and saurischians . several researchers classified the remains as non - dinosaurian .\nherrerasaurus likely preyed on small - to - medium sized animals , such as the small ornithschian pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . it was likely preyed upon by saurosuchus ; puncture wounds matching the large crocodylomorph were found in a herrerasaurus skull . a pit in a skull bone of a specimen was attributed to intraspecific fighting .\nherrerasaurus ( meaning\nherrera ' s lizard\n, after the name of the rancher who discovered the first fossil of the animal ) was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known specimens of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of early carnian age ( late triassic , around 228 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 [ 1 ] and is the only species assigned to the genus . the names ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonymous with herrerasaurus .\nheight : 1m ( 3 . 28ft ) length : 4m ( 13 . 12ft ) weight : 210 . 01kg ( 463lbs ) top speed : 40kph ( 24 . 85mph ) vision : as a predator , herrerasaurus would have had binocular vision so that it could judge distances and time to attack . skin : there is a possibility that herrerasaurus sported simple feathers , because so many other theropods did . brain : herrerasaurus had a simple , tubular brain , which would have been at the other end of the spectrum from the enlarged and complex brain of the birds . herrerasaurus was no bird brain \u2013 it was much dumber ! prey : herrerasaurus ' forelimbs were equipped with three large , recurved claws for grasping and raking . it even had a semi - opposable thumb to help capture prey . it fed on small and medium - sized herbivores such as pisanosaurus , rhyncosaurs and synapsids . bite : herrerasaurus had a dual - hinged jaw so that it could hold prey more tightly . once a victim had been caught , there would have been no escape .\nmeaning - herrerasaurus means\nherrera ' s lizard\nnamed for don victorino herrera pronounced - her - air - a - sawr - us named by - osvaldo a . reig\nthe upper cladogram presented here follows one proposed analysis by m . d . ezcurra in 2010 . in this review , herrerasaurus is a primitive saurischian , but not a theropod . [ 13 ] the lower cladogram is based on an analysis by m . j . benton , in 2004 . this review indicated herrerasaurus was a basal theropod . [ 14 ]\nherrerasaurus was a dinosaur which lived approximately 231 million years ago\u2014making it one of the earliest dinosaurs to have ever walked the earth that have been found so far . it was first discovered in 1959 by a goat herder named victorino herrera who happened on it by accident . it would be named herrerasaurus in his honor in 1963 . its name literally means \u201c\u201dherrera\u2019s lizard\u201d .\nthe unearthing of a complete skull and skeleton of the early dinosaur herrerasaurus ischigualastensis sheds light on the early evolution of dinosaurs . discovered in the upper triassic ischigualasto formation of argentina , the fossils show that herrerasaurus , a primitive theropod , was an agile , bipedal predator with a short forelimb specialized for grasping and raking . the fossils clarify anatomical features of the common ancestor of all dinosaurs . herrerasaurus and younger dinosaurs from upper triassic beds in argentina suggest that the dinosaurian radiation was well under way before dinosaurs dominated terrestrial vertebrate communities in taxonomic diversity and abundance .\nthe teeth of herrerasaurus indicate that it was a carnivore ; its size indicates it would have preyed upon small and medium - sized plant eaters . these might have included other dinosaurs , such as pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . herrerasaurus itself may have been preyed upon by giant rauisuchids like saurosuchus ; puncture wounds were found in one skull .\nthe environment herrerasaurus lived in was a volcanically active floodplain , which was covered by forests and had strong seasonal rainfall . the climate was moist and warm , although subject to seasonal variation .\nherrerasaurus was first discovered in 1958 by victorino herrera , a local andean farmer , after whom the animal is named . that skeleton was incomplete , but the discovery of a complete skull in 1988 by palaeontologist paul sereno provided enough information to make a complete reconstruction . herrerasaurus is important because it shows palaeontologists what dinosaurs were like just after or at the time they first evolved .\nalso in the middle to late triassic of south america , other dinosaur relatives have been found which may be closely related to herrerasaurus . these include the incompletely known staurikosaurus pricei from southern brazil and northwestern argentina and ischisaurus cattoi , which is very similar to herrerasaurus and may even be the same species . the north american chindesaurus briansmalli , from the chinle formation , may also be related .\nsouth america may very well be the place where dinosaurs made their grand debut . herrerasaurus , eoraptor , and panphagia \u2014which rank among the earliest dinos yet unearthed\u2014emerged there roughly 231 million years ago .\nit is believed that herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . its body shape suggests that this dinosaur was a very fast hunter , and that it could turn quickly from side to side .\nnotes : found in northwest argentina , herrerasaurus is one of the earliest known dinosaurs , a primitive carnivore . herrerasaurus had four - toed feet and hip bones with both saurischian and ornithischian features . its jaws were double - hinged to allow it to scoop large chunks of meat from its prey . its skeleton was discovered headless and it was 30 years before a skull specimen was found .\ndinosaurs are often said to have \u201cruled\u201d the earth throughout their tenure upon it . yet , as we\u2019ll see , the boxy - headed herrerasaurus hailed from a time in which dinos were hardly dominant .\nfor several years , scientists couldn\u2019t agree about how to classify this odd - looking critter . some felt that herrerasaurus was closely akin to the gigantic , long - necked herbivores known as sauropods . others felt the animal couldn\u2019t even be considered a proper dinosaur at all , but was instead a humble precursor . today\u2019s general consensus , however , cites herrerasaurus as a basal theropod ( or \u201cmeat - eating\u201d dino ) .\nherrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in upper triassic strata dated to 231 . 4 million years ago ( mya ) in northwestern argentina . [ 1 ]\nincomplete remains of herrerasaurus were discovered in the ischigualasto formation of argentina , and named in 1963 by paleontologist osvaldo reig after the rancher who first noticed the fossils . [ 5 ] it was first believed that the remains were from an early type of carnosaur , but over the following years herrerasaurus was classified on separate occasions as a theropod , a prosauropod , an indeterminate saurischian , and non - dinosaurian . [ 6 ]\nherrerasaurus \u2019 wrist and lower arm look fairly unusual for a reptile from its period , yet they do crudely resemble those of 21st - century avians . herrerasaurus forelimbs utilized a similar range of motion , folded up like a modern pigeon\u2019s , and may have even been decorated with lengthy feathers . what we\u2019re almost certainly seeing here , therefore , is an early step down the evolutionary path to bird wings and , eventually , flight .\nat least four herrerasaurus were created was created by ingen inside their compound on isla sorna and shipped to isla nublar where they lived in their own paddock , but the animal was never seen on - screen . [ 1 ] on the map , herrerasaurus \u2018 enclosure is located at the far northwestern end of the island where the tourist route does not connect . this population went extinct between the 1993 incident and the 1994 cleanup .\nsome theropods survived the great flood . few brave ( or foolish ) souls have managed to subdue them into being mounts , though a temporary role , as the herrerasaurus often turns against its master on a whim .\nreig believed herrerasaurus was an early example of a carnosaur , [ 1 ] but this was the subject of much debate over the next 30 years , and the genus was variously classified during that time . in 1970 , steel classified herrerasaurus as a prosauropod . [ 26 ] in 1972 , peter galton classified the genus as not diagnosable beyond saurischia . [ 27 ] later , using cladistic analysis , some researchers put herrerasaurus and staurikosaurus at the base of the dinosaur tree before the separation between ornithischians and saurischians . [ 15 ] [ 21 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] several researchers classified the remains as non - dinosaurian . [ 30 ]\nspecifically , i ' m interested in learning more about the _ herrerasaurus _ skin impressions he mentions . has anyone seen the dinosaur discoveries article ralph tentatively cites ? is it very easy to get a hold of ?\nherrerasaurus was named by paleontologist osvaldo reig after victorino herrera , an andean goatherd who first noticed its fossils in outcrops near the city of san juan in 1959 . these rocks , which later yielded eoraptor , are part of the ischigualasto formation and date from the late ladinian to early carnian stages of the late triassic period . reig named a second dinosaur from these rocks in the same publication as herrerasaurus ; this dinosaur , ischisaurus cattoi , is now considered a junior synonym and a juvenile of herrerasaurus . two other partial skeletons , with skull material , were named frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis by fernando novas in 1986 , but this species too is now thought to be a synonym .\nherrerasaurus was found in the ischigulasto formation of argentina , and was around 6 meters long . it ' s legs were strong , with a short thigh and a rather long foot , indicating it was probably a fairly swift runner .\nseveral of the world ' s most famous dinosaurs are featured attractions of digital morphology . on the following pages you can see the two oldest known dinosaurs , herrerasaurus and eoraptor , along with their younger relatives , syntarsus and allosaurus .\nfragmentary fossil remains of herrerasaurus were first discovered in the early 1960s , but it was not until 1988 , when several skeletons were discovered in the ischigualasto formation of northwestern argentina , that researchers could complete the first picture of the animal .\nsereno , p . c . ( 1993 ) .\nthe pectoral girdle and forelimb of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 : 425\u2013450 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011524 .\nanother archosaur , at one time considered a dinosaur , was herrerasaurus , from the triassic of argentina . this animal marked the transition between the archosaur stem group and the derived dinosaurs . in all but a few characteristics herrerasaurus is a dinosaur , although a smallish one of 3 - 4 meters in length and a body weight estimated at around 300 kg . . eoraptor , from the same age and area , was another archosaur with a mosaic of dinosaurian and nondinosaurian characteristics .\nalthough herrerasaurus shared the basic body design of future rulers of the earth ( like allosaurus , giganotosaurus , and tyrannosaurus ) , it lived during the triassic period - a time when the dinosaurs were not the most powerful animals on earth . herrerasaurus would have had to run away from the much larger saurosuchus , a giant land - dwelling crocodile relative , and the even larger fasolasuchus tenax , which was the largest meat - eater in argentina during the beginning of the mesozoic era .\ndetails : probably the earliest known theropod , herrerasaurus was much more primitive than later predators . the largest of the early meat - eating dinosaurs , it may have weighed about 400 pounds ( 181 kilograms ) . double - hinged jaws allowed herrerasaurus to grip its prey and to swallow huge chunks of meat . serrated teeth helped it slice the flesh from a fresh kill . evidence of its primitive nature includes such anatomical features as the rectangular shape of its nearly complete skull fossil .\nthe study of early dinosaurs such as herrerasaurus and eoraptor therefore has important implications for the concept of dinosaurs as a monophyletic group ( a group descended from a common ancestor ) . the monophyly of dinosaurs was explicitly proposed in the 1970s by galton and robert t . bakker , who compiled a list of cranial and postcranial synapomorphies ( common anatomical traits derived from the common ancestor ) . later authors proposed additional synapomorphies . an extensive study of herrerasaurus by sereno in 1992 suggested that of these proposed synapomorphies , only one cranial and seven postcranial features were actually derived from a common ancestor , and that the others were attributable to convergent evolution . sereno ' s analysis of herrerasaurus also led him to propose several new dinosaurian synapomorphies .\na complete herrerasaurus skull was not found until 1988 , by a team of paleontologists led by paul sereno . based on the new fossils , authors such as thomas holtz and jose bonaparte classified herrerasaurus at the base of the saurischian tree before the divergence between prosauropods and theropods . however , sereno favored classifying herrerasaurus ( and the herrerasauridae ) as primitive theropods . these two classifications have become the most persistent , with rauhut ( 2003 ) and bittencourt and kellner ( 2004 ) favoring the early theropod hypothesis , and max langer ( 2004 ) , langer and benton ( 2006 ) , and randall irmis and his coauthors ( 2007 ) favoring the basal saurischian hypothesis . if herrerasaurus were indeed a theropod , it would indicate that theropods , sauropodomorphs , and ornithischians diverged even earlier than herrerasaurids , before the middle carnian , and that\nall three lineages independently evolved several dinosaurian features , such as a more advanced ankle joint or an open acetabulum\n. this view is further supported by ichnological records showing large tridactyl ( three - toed ) footprints that can be attributed only to a theropod dinosaur . these footprints date from the ladinian ( middle triassic ) of the los rastros formation in argentina and predate herrerasaurus by 3 to 5 million years .\ncoprolites ( fossilized dung ) containing small bones but no trace of plant fragments , discovered in the ischigualasto formation , have been assigned to herrerasaurus based on fossil abundance . mineralogical and chemical analysis of these coprolites indicates that this carnivore could digest bone .\n[ 7 ] [ 8 ] an artist ' s impression ; feeding on a small synapsid the teeth of herrerasaurus indicate that it was a carnivore ; its size indicates it would have preyed upon small and medium - sized plant eaters . these might have included other dinosaurs , such as pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . [ 50 ] herrerasaurus itself may have been preyed upon by giant rauisuchids like saurosuchus ; puncture wounds were found in one skull . [ 8 ]\nalso due to this basal status , herrerasaurus ' placement in the dinosaur tree has been rather variable , due to it ' s combination of basal and derived traits . initially described as an early carnosaur , it was then hypothesized to be a prosauropod , a basal saurischian , a basal dinosaur and even outside of dinosauria . currently , there are two hypothesis on the placement of herrerasaurus ; some believe it to be a basal member of saurischia , others believe it to be a basal member of theropoda .\nherrerasaurus ( meaning\nherrera ' s lizard\n, after the rancher who discovered the first specimen ) , was one of the oldest and most primitive theropod . all known fossils of this dinosaur have been discovered in rocks of carnian age ( late triassic according to the ics , dated to 231 . 4 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus . ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonyms .\nherrerasaurus is estimated to have measured 3 meters or more in length and up to 350 kilograms in weight . [ 1 ] it had a fairly typical theropod body plan , but its skull more resembled those of earlier and more primitive archosaurs . [ 2 ]\nherrerasaurus was named by paleontologist osvaldo reig after victorino herrera , an andean goatherd who first noticed its fossils in outcrops near the city of san juan in 1959 . [ 1 ] these rocks , which later yielded eoraptor , [ 23 ] are part of the ischigualasto formation and date from the late ladinian to early carnian stages of the late triassic period . [ 24 ] reig named a second dinosaur from these rocks in the same publication as herrerasaurus ; [ 1 ] this dinosaur , ischisaurus cattoi , is now considered a junior synonym and a juvenile of herrerasaurus . [ 11 ] two other partial skeletons , with skull material , were named frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis by fernando novas in 1986 , [ 25 ] but this species too is now thought to be a synonym . [ 11 ]\nthere is no evidence that mosquitoes existed during the triassic period . however , scientists have found amber from that period , meaning that herrerasaurus must have been created using dna from drops of blood or pieces of flesh preserved in amber ( see dna in amber ) .\ncoprolites ( fossilized dung ) containing small bones but no trace of plant fragments , discovered in the ischigualasto formation , have been assigned to herrerasaurus based on fossil abundance . mineralogical and chemical analysis of these coprolites indicates that this carnivore could digest bone . [ 51 ]\nherrerasaurus (\n[ victorino ] herrera ' s lizard\n) was one of the oldest and most primitive theropods , or meat - eating dinosaurs , though in its day it was relatively hyper - advanced . its body displayed many of the same features of the later theropods . it walked on its hind legs and its arms ended in powerful clawed hands for grasping prey . its teeth - like those of most theropods - were shaped like blades and had knife - like serrations running up the front and down the back . its lower jaw had a special hinge about halfway along its length . this joint would have helped herrerasaurus to better hold on to struggling victims . many later theropods also had this hinge . some scientists consider the herrerasaurus to be more carnivorous primitive member of the prosauropoda family .\nthe study of early dinosaurs such as herrerasaurus and eoraptor therefore has important implications for the concept of dinosaurs as a monophyletic group ( a group descended from a common ancestor ) . the monophyly of dinosaurs was explicitly proposed in the 1970s by galton and robert t . bakker , [ 40 ] [ 41 ] who compiled a list of cranial and postcranial synapomorphies ( common anatomical traits derived from the common ancestor ) . later authors proposed additional synapomorphies . [ 15 ] [ 21 ] an extensive study of herrerasaurus by sereno in 1992 suggested that of these proposed synapomorphies , only one cranial and seven postcranial features were actually derived from a common ancestor , and that the others were attributable to convergent evolution . sereno ' s analysis of herrerasaurus also led him to propose several new dinosaurian synapomorphies . [ 3 ]\nan interesting fact about herrerasaurus is that paleontologists have concluded that this dinosaur was a carnivore , but it was probably not the apex predator of its ecosystem . in fact , while it may have lived off of animals such as hyperodapedon and ischigualastia , it may have indeed been hunted itself by some of the top predators of that era\u2014reptiles ! ! yes , reptiles during the triassic were the top predator and there were many that were large enough to give herrerasaurus a hard time . these included postosuchus and saurosuchus , as well as many others .\nthe herrerasaurus was small compared with the giganotosaurus and spinosaurus , who lived much later on . it was only 10 - 13 feet long , however its legs were very strong , and it could sprint about as fast as a 100 - meter runner . for a dinosaur , the herrerasaurus had an unusual flexible - jointed lower jaw which it could slide back and forth . this allowed it to better grasp its prey . it was named after the argentinian goatherd victorino herrera who chanced upon its skeleton in 1959 . hand painted and highly detailed .\nsereno , p . c . ; and novas , f . e . ( 1993 ) .\nthe skull and neck of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 : 451\u2013476 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011525 .\nfor many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear because it was known from very fragmentary remains . it was hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all but another type of archosaur . however , with the discovery of an almost complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution , with many researchers treating it at least tentatively as the most primitive member of theropoda .\nduring the late fifties , when very little was known about this animal , a partial herrerasaurus skull and skeleton were found by harvard paleontologist alfred romer . unfortunately , these remains were confiscated by the local authorities and held in their custody for two years until romer\u2019s institution finally claimed them .\neoraptor is only slightly younger than herrerasaurus , yet it already shows specialized features indicating that it lies several branches up from the base of the dinosaurian family tree . it is one of the most primitive members of the great lineage theropoda - the theropod dinosaurs - which includes such celebrities as tyrannosaurus rex , allosaurus , deinonychus , and velociraptor . some of these became huge , although most remained small , like eoraptor and herrerasaurus . and it is among these small theropod dinosaurs that we can now trace the ancestry of living birds . see a full description of the eoraptor scan project .\nsereno , p . c . ; and novas , f . e . ( 1993 ) .\nthe skull and neck of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 ( 4 ) : 451\u2013476 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011525 .\nfor many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear , as the animal was initially known from very fragmentary remains ; it has been hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all . however , with the discovery of a mostly complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution . it was a member of the herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation .\nherrerasaurus lived in these jungles alongside a smaller dinosaur , the one metre long eoraptor , as well as saurosuchus , [ 9 ] a huge quadrupedal archosaur . there were also a number of therapsid and reptilian herbivores . the dinosaurs had not yet taken control of the land environments as they did later .\nthis is a history of herrerasaurus before the mankind era and just to give some historical theories and historical description of the small mighty dinosaurs ! support the groovy and subscribe i hope you all have enjoyed stay groovy . my channel : urltoken follow me : urltoken check out my groovy historical blog : urltoken\nherrerasaurus and its closest relatives form the family herrerasauridae . however , where the herrerasaurs fit in the early evolutionary tree of dinosaurs is unclear . most studies have found them to be basal theropods , although it is possible that they are basal saurischians or even non - dinosaurian archosaurs . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\nbut them being posted elsewhere in great quantity will divert people from going to paleofile in the first place , this forum is fairly popular , search\nherrerasaurus ischigualastensis\non google images and the 21th result is hartman ' s skeletal posted here , the quantity of carnivoraforum post appearing only increases if you have visited the site before , people that do not know about paleofile will probably find the images here first and never go to paleofile , specially if you don ' t mention that they come from there , at least update your post to say from where they come from and a link to the herrerasaurus profile on paleofile .\nget ready to meet some distant relatives , folks ! mammals are the last surviving members of a larger group known as the \u201ctherapsids . \u201d though non - mammalian species were largely on the decline when herrerasaurus came along , fossils from a few varieties have been found in the same deposits as this south american dino .\nfound in the late triassic of the ischigualasto formation of northwestern argentina , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis is an early archosaur and on the verge of being a dinosaur proper . the first specimen was found in 1958 by victorino herrera , for whom the fossil was named . this skeleton was incomplete , but the discovery of a complete skull in 1988 and additional fragments have provided enough information to make a complete reconstruction ; this has also permitted paul sereno at the university of chicago to redescribe herrerasaurus properly in a series of papers published in the journal of vertebrate paleontology . material found thus far suggests that it was a large carnivore about three to four meters long .\nlike all of ingen ' s cloned theropods herrerasaur clones had pronated hands . the herrerasaurus clones had a bright red body with dark red stripes , and white underbelly and some yellow patches . they roamed in packs [ 6 ] and their willingness to pursue their prey over long distances made them highly dangerous . [ 5 ]\nfor many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear , as the animal was initially known from very fragmentary remains ; it has been hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all . however , with the discovery of a mostly complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution . it was a member of the herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]\nthe forelimbs of herrerasaurus were less than half the length of its hind limbs . the upper arm and forearm were rather short , while the manus ( hand ) was elongated . the first two fingers and the thumb ended in curved , sharp claws for grasping prey . its fourth and fifth digits were small stubs without claws .\nherrerasaurus was somewhere in the ballpark of 12 feet long , yet it would\u2019ve been dwarfed by such non - dinosaurian predators as the 20 - foot quadruped saurosuchus , which also inhabited its territory . carnivorous dinos wouldn\u2019t start topping food chains until the stage was set by a mass extinction that wiped out these competitors 201 million years ago .\nnovas , f . e . ( 1994 ) .\nnew information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of herrerasaurus ischigualastensis ( theropoda : herrerasauridae ) from the ischigualasto formation ( upper triassic ) of argentina\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 ( 4 ) : 400\u2013423 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011523 .\nherrerasaurus pronunciation : her - rare - uh - sawr - us translation : herrera lizard also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : ceratosauria family : herrerasauridae height : 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) length : 15 feet ( 4 . 6 meters ) weight : period : late triassic\nherrerasaurus has all but a few of the characters which define the dinosaurs , lacking only certain features of the hip and leg bones . the pelvic structure is similar to saurichian dinosaurs , which had previously led to herrerasuarus being classified in that group . this arrangement of hip bones , however , is ancestral in the archosaurs and not uniquely derived .\nthe holotype of herrerasaurus ( pvl 2566 ) was discovered in the cancha de bochas member of the ischigualasto formation in san juan , argentina . it was collected in 1961 by victorino herrera , in sediments that were deposited in the carnian stage of the triassic period , approximately 235 to 221 million years ago . herrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head . adults had skulls up to 56 cm ( 22 in ) long and were up to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) in total length and roughly 350 kg ( 770 lb ) in weight . smaller specimens were half the size , with skulls only about 30 cm ( 12 in ) long .\nherrerasaurus and eoraptor both date back some 232 million years , to the middle of the triassic . herrerasaurus is the older of the two , but eoraptor is younger by only a split geological second . by comparison , fossils of our own species date back only about 400 , 000 years , so these oldest dinosaurs are more than a thousand times older than the oldest human fossils . while this may seem almost unbelievably ancient by human standards , from a geological perspective dinosaurs are comparatively young . current evidence indicates that the earth is about 4 . 7 billion years old , and that life itself originated more than 4 billion years ago . dinosaurs thus originated after more than 90 % of life ' s history had already passed .\nsystematic relationships of herrerasaurus and its relatives are far from certain . while some analyses suggest they are sister to the dinosaurs , others consider them saurischian or even theropods . the importance of this group is that they give us some idea of the time at which dinosaurs evolved ( towards the end of the triassic ) and what the earliest dinosaurs would have looked like .\nherrerasaurus possesses a long , narrow skull that lacked nearly all the specializations that characterized later dinosaurs , and more closely resembled those of more primitive archosaurs such as euparkeria ( a primitive dinosaurian predecessor from the earlier triassic ) . it had five pairs of fenestrae ( skull openings ) in its skull , two pairs of which were for the eyes and nostrils . between the eyes and the nostrils were two antorbital fenestrae and a pair of tiny , 1 - centimeter - long ( 0 . 4 in ) slit - like holes called promaxillary fenestrae . marked supratemporal depressions for jaw adductor musculature on the skull roof and a well - developed , sliding intra - mandibular joint suggest that herrerasaurus ischigualastensis was an a active predator within its habitat .\nherrerasaurus was a bipedal carnivore that was approximately 20 feet long , 3 feet high at the hip and probably weighed around 700 pounds . it also had an elongated narrow skull that was filled with dozens of serrated teeth for cutting and tearing the flesh of its prey . this dinosaur also had a small front arms that were about half the length of its back legs .\ndue to it ' s basal status , herrerasaurus ' skull was more similar to more basal archosaurs like euparkeria then to more derived theropods ; it had five pairs of fenestrae in it ' s skull , two of which were for the eyes and nostrils . between them was two pairs of antorbital fenestrae and a pair of tiny , slit - like holes called promaxillary fenestrae .\nhumeral robustness as a function of humeral length . select taxa labeled in gray . cera . = cerasinops , gypo . = \u201dgyposaurus\u201d , herr . = herrerasaurus , igua . = iguanodon , mono . = mononykus , post . = postosuchus , psit . = psittacosaurus , scut . = scutellosaurus , stego . = stegosaurus , thec . = thecodontosaurus , tric . = triceratops .\nherrerasaurus had a flexible joint in the lower jaw , allowing it to slide back and forth to deliver a grasping bite . this cranial specialization is unusual among the dinosaurs but has evolved independently in some lizards . the rear of the lower jaw also had fenestrae . the jaws were equipped with large serrated teeth for biting and eating flesh , and the neck was slender and flexible .\nherrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head . its length is estimated at 3 to 6 meters ( 10 to 20 ft ) , [ 4 ] and its hip height at more than 1 . 1 meters ( 3 . 3 ft ) . [ 5 ] it may have weighed around 210\u2013350 kilograms ( 463\u2013772 lb ) . [ 5 ]\nherrerasaurus was created by ingen inside their compound on isla sorna [ 3 ] where they were taken care of by the workers there at a young age . [ 4 ] dr . laura sorkin believed that they were created to be a\nsafe\nalternative to velociraptor , since the raptors proved to be too difficult to handle and were said not to be as intelligent . [ 5 ]\nherrerasaurus gives its name to its family , herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals from the late triassic which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . where it and its close relatives lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree is unclear . they are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians but may in fact predate the saurischian - ornithischian split . some analyses , such as nesbitt et al . 2009 , have found herrerasaurus and its relatives in herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods , while others ( such as ezcurra 2010 ) have found them to be basal to the clade eusaurischia , that is , closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs , but not true members of either . the situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late triassic beds bearing land animals .\nherrerasaurus fossils have been found in the ischigualasto formation of north - western argentina . today this landscape is known as the valley of the moon because of its eerie , moon - like geology . here , palaeontologists have also found eoraptor , another early dinosaur . the ischigualasto landscape was a floodplain dominated by rivers and studded with volcanic activity 230 million years ago . today , it is an arid , barren landscape .\nit is believed that the ischigualasto formation was a volcanically active floodplain during the middle and late triassic period when herrerasaurus lived . the climate was typically warm and moist , although the area experienced seasons throughout the year . [ 8 ] ferns and conifers were likely the dominant vegetation , forming high - altitude forests . [ 9 ] it coexisted with the early dinosaur eoraptor , which was also found in the ischigualasto formation .\nherrerasaurus ' small size means it is easy for it to hide from potential predators or prey in bushes and tall grass . it ' s vocalizations are loud and deep , similar to those of a crocodile . one good strategy to survive is to follow some carnivore / herbivore packs and wait that they kill someone or that someone dies , then go and eat the corpse . just make sure that no one sees you .\nother members of the clade may include eoraptor from the same ischigualasto formation of argentina as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus from the santa maria formation of southern brazil , [ 16 ] chindesaurus from the upper petrified forest ( chinle formation ) of arizona , and possibly caseosaurus from the dockum formation of texas , although the relationships of these animals are not fully understood , and not all paleontologists agree . other possible basal theropods , alwalkeria from the late triassic maleri formation of india , and teyuwasu , known from very fragmentary remains from the late triassic of brazil , might be related . novas ( 1992 ) defined herrerasauridae as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus , and their most recent common ancestor . sereno ( 1998 ) defined the group as the most inclusive clade including h . ischigualastensis but not passer domesticus . langer ( 2004 ) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher level taxon , infraorder herrerasauria .\nherrerasaurus gives its name to its family , herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals from the late triassic which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . where it and its close relatives lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree is unclear . they are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians but may in fact predate the saurischian - ornithischian split . [ 15 ] some analyses , such as nesbitt et al . 2009 , have found herrerasaurus and its relatives in herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods , [ 4 ] while others ( such as ezcurra 2010 ) have found them to be basal to the clade eusaurischia , that is , closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs , but not true members of either . [ 13 ] the situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late triassic beds bearing land animals . [ 7 ]\nboth of these precious specimens were collected from middle triassic rocks in the ischigualasto basin of argentina . very slightly younger ( late triassic ) dinosaurs have been found in texas , arizona , and new mexico . the ischigualasto region , set aside as a natural preserve , is an area rich in natural beauty and fossils . dr . oscar alcober of the museo de ciencias naturales , san juan , argentina brought herrerasaurus and eoraptor to utct for scanning .\nherrerasaurus had a flexible joint in the lower jaw , allowing it to slide back and forth to deliver a grasping bite . [ 8 ] this cranial specialization is unusual among the dinosaurs but has evolved independently in some lizards . [ 10 ] the rear of the lower jaw also had fenestrae . the jaws were equipped with large serrated teeth for biting and eating flesh , and the neck was slender and flexible . [ 8 ] [ 11 ]\nherrerasaurus is a small animal that can be easily killed by larger creatures , and so it is recommended that you use stealth to ambush prey similar in size to or smaller than you , such as dryosaurus and psittacosaurus . hunting these animals involves taking as many bites as possible and building up the prey animal ' s bleeding level ; eventually forcing them to either sit and heal , leaving themselves open to even more bites , or keep moving and die from blood loss .\nthe paleoenvironment of the ischigualasto formation ( where it was found ) was a volcanically active floodplain covered by forests with strong seasonal rainfall . the climate was moist and warm , [ 7 ] with seasonal variations . [ 8 ] vegetation consisted of ferns ( cladophlebis ) , horsetails , and giant conifers ( protojuniperoxylon ) . these plants formed lowland forests along the banks of rivers . [ 4 ] herrerasaurus remains appear to have been the most common among the carnivores of the ischigualasto formation .\nother members of the clade may include eoraptor from the same ischigualasto formation of argentina as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus from the santa maria formation of southern brazil , [ 16 ] chindesaurus from the upper petrified forest ( chinle formation ) of arizona , [ 17 ] and possibly caseosaurus from the dockum formation of texas , [ 18 ] although the relationships of these animals are not fully understood , and not all paleontologists agree . other possible basal theropods , alwalkeria from the late triassic maleri formation of india , [ 19 ] and teyuwasu , known from very fragmentary remains from the late triassic of brazil , might be related . [ 20 ] novas ( 1992 ) defined herrerasauridae as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus , and their most recent common ancestor . [ 21 ] sereno ( 1998 ) defined the group as the most inclusive clade including h . ischigualastensis but not passer domesticus . [ 22 ] langer ( 2004 ) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher level taxon , infraorder herrerasauria . [ 7 ]\n[ 3 ] [ 4 ] skeleton cast shown alongside the smaller skeleton of eoraptor and a plateosaurus skull , north american museum of ancient life the forelimbs of herrerasaurus were less than half the length of its hind limbs . the upper arm and forearm were rather short , while the manus ( hand ) was elongated . the first two fingers and the thumb ended in curved , sharp claws for grasping prey . its fourth and fifth digits were small stubs without claws . [ 3 ] [ 12 ]"]}
{"id": 1063, "summary": [{"text": "procometis limitata is a moth in the family autostichidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1911 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 32 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale fuscous irrorated with whitish , with scattered dark fuscous scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal edge is white from near the base to beyond the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a fine median streak of white suffusion from the base to two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey-whitish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "procometis limitata", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about procometis limitata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for procometis limitata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nprocometis limitata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : waterberg\nprocometis limitata is a moth in the family autostichidae . it was described by meyrick in 1911 . it is found in south africa . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]\nprocometis melanthes turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 29\nprocometis phloeodes turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 29\nprocometis periscia lower , 1903 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 27 ( 2 ) : 200\nprocometis milvina meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 199 ; tl : white river\nprocometis ( hyostoma ) acharma meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 731 ; tl : natal\nprocometis ( hyostola ) oxypora meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 730 ; tl : natal\nprocometis ochricilia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 106 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nprocometis coniochersa meyrick , 1922 ; ark . zool . 14 ( 15 ) : 10 ; tl : nw . australia , derby\nprocometis genialis meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 73 ; tl : duaringa , queensland\nprocometis trochala meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nprocometis bisulcata meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 71 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nprocometis monocalama meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 72 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nprocometis stenarga turner , 1902 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 199 ; tl : gisborne , victoria\nprocometis oxypora ; meyrick , 1909 , ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nprocometis aplegiopa turner , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 245 ; tl : q . , stradbroke is .\nprocometis ( hyostola ) terrena meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 731 ; tl : nyassaland , mpeta , on loangwa river\nprocometis lipara meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 72 ; tl : sydney , blackheath , 3500ft ; bathurst , 2500ft\napiletria acutipennis walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 106 ; tl : bathurst ( gambia )\ncorcyra brunnea west , 1931 ; novit . zool . 36 : 206 ; tl : formosa , kanshirei\nodites mistharma meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 634 ; tl : puttalam ; trincomali , ceylon\nodites sphendonistis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 634 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon\nodites spoliatrix meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 509 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nresults of dr . e . mj\u00f6berg ' s swedish scientific expedition to australia 1910 - 1913 . microlepidoptera\nwest , 1931 descriptions of new species of japanese , formosan , and philippine pyralidae novit . zool . 36 : 206 - 219\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbutler a . g . 1880b . on a collection of lepidoptera from madagascar with descriptions of new genera and species . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 5 ) 5 ( 28 ) : 333\u2013344 ; ( 29 ) : 384\u2013395 .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe wingspan is about 32 mm . the forewings are pale fuscous irrorated with whitish , with scattered dark fuscous scales . the costal edge is white from near the base to beyond the middle . there is a fine median streak of white suffusion from the base to two - thirds . the hindwings are grey - whitish . [ 3 ]\nann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 75 archived 2015 - 05 - 18 at the wayback machine .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nspinitibia hodgesi ( s . m . lee & r . l . brown , 2010 )\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1104, "summary": [{"text": "phyllonorycter genistella is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from the iberian peninsula .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the larvae feed on genista florida .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "they create an upper-surface tentiform mine . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "phyllonorycter genistella", "paragraphs": ["phyllonorycter genistella is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from the iberian peninsula .\nlastuvka , a . & z . lastuvka - the european phyllonorycter species feeding on the plants of the tribe genisteae ( fabaceae ) , with descriptions of twelve new species ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) . in acta universitatis agriculturae et silviculturae mendelianae brunensis 54 ( 5 ) : 65 - 84 . 2006\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nthe larvae feed on genista florida . they mine the leaves of their host plant . they create an upper - surface tentiform mine . [ 2 ]\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncitation title :\nfossil - calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf - mining moths radiated several million years after their host plants\n.\nthis study was previously identified under the legacy study id s1423 ( status : published ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by prof . jaroslaw buszko\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\na local species that is restricted to the south - east of england where it has a predominantly coastal distribution .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 07 08 : 52 : 39 page render time : 0 . 3382s total w / procache : 0 . 4109s\nbuggallery v . 1 . 3 \u00a9 2007 - 2018 by boris loboda . php v . 5 . 3 . 3 - 7 + squeeze19 . mysql v . 5 . 5 . 44 - 0 + deb7u1 ."]}
{"id": 1197, "summary": [{"text": "the scorpion mud turtle ( kinosternon scorpioides ) is a species of mud turtle in the kinosternidae family .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it is found in mexico , central america and south america . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scorpion mud turtle", "paragraphs": ["rodrigues , jo\u00e4o fabr\u00eccio mota . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) sexual behavior . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 72 - 73\nmagnusson , e . e . 1998 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) . brazil : roraima . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - get paper here\nthe scorpion mud turtles in dade county , florida , were intentionally released by an animal importer ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .\nberry , james f . and john b . iverson 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus ) scorpion mud turtle . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 - get paper here\nhern\u00e0ndez - ruz , emil jos\u00e8 , roberto portella de andrade , elciomar araujo do oliveira and jamille karina coleho correa . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) diet . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 286\nthe scorpion mud turtle is a highly aquatic , adaptable kinosternid that inhabits almost any body of water ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nthe reference to\nscorpion\nin this turtle ' s name is apparently based upon the spine on the tip of the tail ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\niverson , j . b . 1998 . molecules , morphology , and mud turtle phylogenetics ( family kinosternidae ) . chelonian conservation and biology 3 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117 .\nthe scorpion mud turtle is illustrated by a variety of authors ( pritchard , 1979 ; smith and smith , 1979 ; freiberg , 1981 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; murphy , 1997 ; campbell , 1998 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\niverson , john b . ; minh le , colleen ingram 2013 . molecular phylogenetics of the mud and musk turtle family kinosternidae . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 69 ( 3 ) : 929\u2013939 - get paper here\nthe scorpion mud turtle can be immediately identified by its unusual shell , furrowed along the centre . they are aquatic , but during the dry season when ponds dry up they undertake migrations and may be found in dry areas . when threatened they withdraw into the shell , the uniquely - hinged plastron closing behind them like a trapdoor .\niverson , j . b . , & berry , j . f . 1979 . the mud turtle genus kinosternon in northeastern mexico . herpetologica 35 ( 4 ) : 318 - 324 . - get paper here\nacu\u00f1a , r . a . & merch\u00e1n , m . 2003 . biology and taxonomic revision of the red - cheeked mud turtle in costa rica . reptilia ( gb ) ( 26 ) : 30 - 34 - get paper here\nmy female kinosternon scorpioides . she gives me already 5 hatchlings . an aesy turtle to keep . because of the small size .\nis a medium to large kinosternid ( mud turtle ) with a variably domed , oval carapace ( upper shell ) having a length of 92 - 270 mm ( 3 . 6 - 10 . 6 in ) ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nschmidt , k . p . 1947 . a new kinosternid turtle from colombia . fieldiana : zoology 31 : 109 - 112 . - get paper here\nturtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]\nvinke , t . & vinke , s . 2001 . the turtle and tortoise fauna of the central chaco of paraguay . radiata 10 ( 3 ) : 3 - 19\nadditionally , a wide array of regional vernacular names have been applied to this turtle and compiled by several authors ( mittermeier et al . , 1980 ; liner , 1994 ) .\nsince this highly adaptable turtle has ecological similarities to indigenous kinosternids and is a successful generalist , k . scorpioides has a great potential to impact indigenous ecosystems if it ever becomes established .\nthis turtle is primarily omnicarnivorous , voraciously feeding on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates , including carrion ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .\nlegler , j . m . 1965 . a new species of turtle , genus kinosternon , from central america . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 615 - 625 - get paper here\ncabrera , m . r . & colantonia , s . e . 1997 . taxonomic revision of the south american subspecies of the turtle kinosternon scorpioides . journal of herpetology 31 ( 4 ) : 507 - 513 - get paper here\nberry , j . f . , and j . m . legler . 1980 . a new turtle ( genus kinosternon ) from sonora , mexico . contributions in science . natural history museum of los angeles county 325 : 1 - 12 . - get paper here\nthe name kinosternon was derived from the greek words kinetos , meaning\nmovable\nand sternon , meaning\nchest ,\nin reference to the plastral hinges . the specific name scorpioides is derived from the latin word\nscorpio ,\nprobably in reference to the horny spine on the tip of the tail . together with the latin ending\noides ,\nthe full meaning translates to\nsimilar to a scorpion\n( lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ) .\niverson , j . [ b . ] 1989 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus 1766 ) . p . 65 . in : f . w . king and r . l . burke ( editors ) . crocodilian , tuatara , and turtle species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference . the association of systematics collections , washington , dc . 216 pp .\nttwg ; rhodin , a . g . j . ; van dijk , p . p . ; iverson , j . b . & shaffer , h . b . [ turtle taxonomy working group ] 2010 . turtles of the world , 2010 update : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution , and conservation status . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v3 . 2010 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nthe carapace can have three keels ( ridges ) in many individuals ( savage and villa , 1986 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .\nthe plastron ( lower shell ) has two hinges and little or no anal notch on the posterior lobe ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nthe first vertebral scute ( shield or lamina ) of the carapace is wider than it is long , and vertebral scutes 1 - 4 have distinct posterior notches ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nthe color of the carapace varies from light brown , to olive , or black ; the head can be brown , gray , or black with a reticulated or spotted pattern of cream , orange , red , pink , or yellow ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nin most individuals the tip of the tail has a horny spine ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nshould be compared with the anatomical features of other similar - looking north american kinosterids described in other works ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; ernst et al . , 1994 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . the individual subspecies ( geographic races ) are defined and described by berry and iverson ( 2001 ) ; they are :\nis indigenous to south - southeastern mexico including isla cozumel ) , southward to belize , and caribbean drainages in honduras , nicaragua , and on isla de san andres , colombia .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of kinosternon scorpioides are found here .\nthese turtles are not established in florida because they have not been seen since their release ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .\nhas been reviewed or summarized by smith and smith ( 1979 ) , iverson ( 1989 , 1991 , 1998 ) , and berry and iverson ( 2001 ) .\nhas been summarized a variety of authors ( smith and smith , 1973 , 1976 , 1979 , 1993 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; iverson , 1992 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\ncan be cannibalistic , biting off the toes and limbs of conspecifics ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .\nfemales probably lay 1 - 6 hard - shelled eggs ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .\nlike many kinosternids they probably construct a shallow terrestrial nest with little cover ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .\nalvarez del toro , m . 1982 . los reptiles de chiapas . tercera edici\u00f3n , corregida y aumentada . instituto de historia natural , tuxtla gutierrez , chiapas , mexico . 248 pp .\nberry , j . f . , and j . b . iverson . 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides . catologue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 .\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . university of oklahoma press , norman , oklahoma . 380 pp .\nconant , r . , and j . t . collins . 1998 . a field guide to reptiles & amphibians . eastern and central north america . third edition , expanded . houghton mifflin company , boston . 616 pp .\ncrother , b . i . 1999 . evolutionary relationships . pp . 269 - 334 . in : b . i . crother ( editor ) . caribbean amphibians and reptiles . academic press , san diego . 495 pp .\nernst , c . h . , and r . w . barbour . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . and london . 313 pp .\nernst , c . h . , j . e . lovich , and r . w . barbour . 1994 . turtles of the united states and canada . smithsonian institution press , washington and london . 578 pp .\nflores - villela , o . 1993 . herpetofauna mexicana . carnegie museum of natural history special publication ( 17 ) : i - iv , 1 - 73 .\nfreiberg , m . 1981 . turtles of south america . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 125 pp .\niverson , j . b . 1991 . phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of modern kinosternine turtles . herpetological monographs 5 : 1 - 27 .\niverson , j . b . 1992 . a revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world . john b . iverson , richmond , indiana . 363 pp .\nking , [ f . ] w . , and t . krakauer . 1966 . the exotic herpetofauna of southeast florida . quarterly journal of the florida academy of sciences 29 ( 2 ) : 144 - 154 .\nliner , e . a . 1994 . scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of mexico in english and spanish . nombres cient\u00edficos y comunes en ingles y espa\u00f1ole de los anfibios y los reptiles de m\u00e9xico . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 23 ) : i - vi , 1 - 113 .\nmittermeier , r . a . , f . medem , and a . g . j . rhodin . 1980 . vernacular names of south american turtles . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 9 ) : 1 - 44 .\nmurphy , j . c . 1997 . amphibians and reptiles of trinidad and tobago . krieger publishing company , malabar , florida . 245 pp . + 172 plates .\npritchard , p . c . h . 1979 . encyclopedia of turtles . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 895 pp .\npritchard , p . c . h . , and p . trebbau . 1984 . the turtles of venezuela . contributions to herpetology 2 . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca . 403 pp . , 47 plates , 16 maps .\nsavage , j . m . , and j . villa r . 1986 . introduction to the herpetofauna of costa rica . introducci\u00f3n a la herptofauna de costa rica . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles contributions to herpetology ( 3 ) : i - viii , 1 - 207 .\nschwartz , a . , and r . w . henderson . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies : descriptions , distributions , and natural history . university of florida press , gainesville . 720 pp .\nsmith , h . m . , and a . j . kohler . 1978 . a survey of herpetological introductions in the united states and canada . transactions of the kansas academy of science 1977 80 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 24 .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1973 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume ii . analysis of the literature exclusive of the mexican axolotl . john johnson natural history books , north bennington , vermont . 367 pp .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1976 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume iii . source analysis and index for mexican reptiles . john johnson , north bennington , vermont . 23 pp . , am - t , app - 102 , cor - 4 .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1979 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vi . guide to mexican turtles . bibliographic addendum iii . 1044 pp .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1993 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vii . bibliographic addendum iv and index , bibliographic addenda ii - iv , 1979 - 1991 . university press of colorado , niwot , colorado . 1082 pp .\nsomma , l . a . , 2018 , kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 2 / 2002 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndesigned by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith and alberto esquivel and is used with their permission .\nfigure 1 - ( fprep29ph ) lateral view of adult , plot 21 , rio pilcomayo area , note puncture marks in the shell probably from the teeth of a big cat ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 2 - ( fprep30ph ) defensive posture of same specimen ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 3 - ( fprep31ph ) adult submerging , location unknown ( alberto esquivel undated ) . figure 4 - ( fprep32ph ) adult head detail , ruta trans - chaco km500 , departamento boquer\u00f3n ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 5 - ( fprep33ph ) same individual shell dorsal ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 6 - ( fprep34ph ) same individual shell ventral , showing hinge ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 7 - ( fprep35ph ) same individual posterior shell view showing keel ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 8 - ( fprep36ph ) same individual hind foot ( paul smith october 2008 ) . video a - ( fprep657vi ) adult , laguna capit\u00e1n , deparamento boquer\u00f3n ( paul smith february 2012 ) . video b - ( fprep475vi ) submerged adult , fort\u00edn boquer\u00f3n , deparamento boquer\u00f3n ( paul smith november 2010 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nalbogulare : nicaragua , el salvador , honduras , costa rica , panama , isla ca\u00f1as , colombia ( isla san andr\u00e9s ) .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : apparently lost ( smith and smith \u201c1979\u201d 1980 ) , berry & iverson 2001 ) . holotype : usnm 7518 , adult male [ abaxillare ] syntypes : mnhn 1760 , mnhn 4349 ; the holotype is lost , but berry & iverson 2001 have examined usnm 7519 - 29 , the paratypes [ albogulare ] holotype : mnhn 1759 , a subadult female [ cruentatum ] holotype : ansp 90 [ mexicanum ]\nacosta , jos\u00e9 luis ; calamante , cinthia ; palomas , yanina soledad 2013 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . primer registro para la provincia del chaco ( rep\u00fablica argentina ) . cuadernos de herpetolog\u00eda 27 ( 2 ) : - get paper here\nar\u00e9chaga - ocampo , samuel ; carlos a . montalb\u00e1n huidobro & rub\u00e9n castro - franco 2008 . nuevos registros y ampliacion de la distribucion de anfibios y reptiles en el estado de morelos , m\u00e9xico . acta zool\u00f3gica mexicana ( n . s . ) 24 ( 2 ) : 231 - 233 - get paper here\nblanco - torres , argelina ; lina b\u00e1ez s . , edgar pati\u00f1o - flores , juan m . renjifo - r . 2013 . herpetofauna from the middle valley of the rancher\u00eda river , la guajira , colombia rev . biodivers . neotrop . 3 ( 2 ) : 113 - 22\nbocourt , f . 1876 . note sur quelques reptiles de l ' isthme de tehuantepec ( mexique ) donn\u00e9s par m . sumichrast au museum . journal de zoologie . paris . 5 ( 5 - 6 ) : 386 - 411 - get paper here\nbonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupr\u00e9 , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .\nbour , r . 2008 . global diversity of turtles ( chelonii ; reptilia ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia 595 : 593\u2013598\ncacciali , pier ; norman j . scott , aida luz aquino ort\u00edz , lee a . fitzgerald , and paul smith 2016 . the reptiles of paraguay : literature , distribution , and an annotated taxonomic checklist special publication of the museum of southwestern biology , number 11 : 1\u2013373 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here\ncasas - andreu , g . , f . r . m\u00e9ndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375\u2013390 , in a . j . m . garc\u00eda - mendoza , j . ordo\u00f1ez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biolog\u00eda , unam - fondo oaxaque\u00f1o para la conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , m\u00e9xico , d . f .\ncatenazzi , a . , lehr , e . & von may , r . 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of manu national park and its buffer zone , amazon basin and eastern slopes of the andes , peru . biota neotrop . 13 ( 4 ) : 269 - 283\ncisneros - heredia , d . f . 2006 . turtles of the tiputini biodiversity station with remarks on the diversity and distribution of the testudines from ecuador . biota neotrop . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 - get paper here\ncunha , o . r . da 1970 . uma nova subesp\u00e9cies de quelonio , kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis da serra dos caraj\u00e1s , par\u00e1 ( testudinata - kinosternidae ) . bol . mus . paraense em\u00edlio goeldi , zool . 73 : 1 - 12\ndixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .\nduellman , w . e . 1978 . the biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in amazonian ecuador . misc . publ . univ . kans . mus . nat . hist . 65 : 1 - 352 - get paper here\nduellman , w . e . 2005 . cusco amazo\u0301nico : the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an amazonian rainforest . comstock pub assoc .\nduellman , w . e . , & salas , a . w . 1991 . annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of cuzco amazonico , peru . occas . papers mus . of natur . hist . , univ . of kansas , lawrence ( 143 ) : 13 pp . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . & a . h . a . dum\u00e9ril 1851 . catalogue m\u00e9thodique de la collection des reptiles du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle de paris . gide et baudry / roret , paris , 224 pp .\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . , and g . bibron . 1835 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles , vol . 2 . librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris , iv + 680 p . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , m . a . ; m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard 1870 . etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv , 1 - 1012 . in : recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' am\u00e9rique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' am\u00e9rique centrale , recherches zoologiques . imprimerie imper . , paris ( published in parts1870 - 1909 ) - get paper here\ndunn , e . r . , and l . h . saxe . 1950 . results of the catherwood - chaplin west indies expedition , 1948 . part . 5 . amphibians and reptiles of san andr\u00e9s and providencia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 102 : 141 - 165 - get paper here\nernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london\ngorzula , stefan & senaris , j . celsa 1999 . in : contribution to the herpetofauna of the venezuelan guayana . i : a data base . scientia guaianae , caracas , no . 8 [ 1998 ] , 269 + pp . ; isbn 980 - 6020 - 48 - 0\ngray , j . e . 1873 . notes on the tortoises of the \u2018zoology of mexico\u2019 of mm . a . dum\u00e9ril and bocourt . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 12 : 109 - 114 - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - am\u00e9ricana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here\nh\u00f6bel , g . 2008 . the amphibians and reptiles of the golfo dulce region - los anfibios y reptiles de la regi\u00f3n del golfo dulce . stapfia 88 , neue serie 80 ( 2008 ) : 305 - 328\niverson , j . b . 1976 . the genus kinosternon in belize ( testudines : kinosternidae ) . herpetologica 32 : 258 - 262 - get paper here\njohnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272\u2013329 . - get paper here\nkacoliris f . p . ; berkunsky i . & williams j . 2006 . herpetofauna of impenetrable , argentinean great chaco . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 149 - 158 - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkr\u00f6ten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nlee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlegler , j . m . & vogt , r . c . 2013 . the turtles of mexico : land and freshwater forms . university of california press , 416 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potos\u00ed . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here\nlinn\u00e9 , c . von [ = linnaeus , c . ] 1766 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae . 1 - 532 pp . - get paper here\nmagnusson , william e . ; lima , albertina p . ; ara\u2022jo , maria carmozina de 1998 . geographic distribution . kinosternon scorpioides . herpetological review 29 ( 4 ) : 247 - get paper here\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6\u201362 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013386 - get paper here\nmcnish , t . 2011 . la fauna del archipi\u00e9lago de san andr\u00e9s , providencia y santa catalina , colombia , sudam\u00e9rica . colomba andina de impresos , isbn 978 - 958 - 99518 - 1 - 1\nmedina - rangel , guido fabia\u0301n 2013 . cambio estacional en el uso de los recursos de la comunidad de reptiles en el complejo cenagoso de zapatosa , departamento del cesar ( colombia ) . caldasia 35 ( 1 ) : 103 - 122\nmelo , \u00edris virg\u00ednea ; geraldo jorge barbosa de moura , marco antonio de freitas , edson victor euclides de andrade , cl\u00e1udio casal , arthur diesel abegg , marcelo nogueira de carvalho kakubum 2018 . new additions to herpetofauna of the parque estadual dois irm\u00e3os , an urban atlantic rainforest fragment , recife municipality , pernambuco state , northeastern brazil . herpetology notes 11 : 245 - 254 - get paper here\nmendoza - paz , c . a . and l . fern\u00e1ndez - badillo . 2017 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . mexico , hidalgo . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 971\u2013972 - get paper here\nmertens , r . 1952 . die amphibien und reptilien von el salvador . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) ( no . 487 ) : 120 pp .\nmesen , r . a . a . ; cruz , b . m . 1993 . sexual dimorphism of kinosternon scorpioides ( testudines , kinostermidae ) in palo - verde , costa - rica . revista de biologia tropical 41 ( 2 ) : 261 - 265 - get paper here\nmethner , k . 1989 . die schildkr\u00f6ten des unteren rio magdalena ( kolumbien ) . sauria 11 ( 4 ) : 9 - 11 - get paper here\nmontalvo , victor hugo , luis diego alfaro , carolina saenz and eduardo carrillo . 2015 . the jaguar as a potential predator of kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . herpetozoa 27 ( 3 / 4 ) : 205 - 207 [ 2014 ]\nnemuras , k . 1967 . notes on the herpetology of panama : part 3 . bull . maryland herp . soc . 3 ( 2 ) : 31 - 40 - get paper here\nribeiro , s . c . , i . j . roberto , d . l . sales , r . w . \u00e1vila & w . o . almeida 2012 . amphibians and reptiles from the araripe bioregion , northeastern brazil . salamandra 48 ( 3 ) : 133 - 146 - get paper here\nrivas , gilson a . ; ce\u0301sar r . molina , gabriel n . ugueto , tito r . barros , ce\u0301sar l . bar - rio - amoro\u0301s & philippe j . r . kok 2012 . reptiles of venezuela : an updated and commented checklist . zootaxa 3211 : 1\u201364 - get paper here\nrodrigues , jo\u00e3o fabr\u00edcio mota and diva maria borges - nojosa . 2013 . does kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ( testudines : kinosternidae ) prefer to reproduce in clean water ? herpetology notes 6 : 519 - 521 . - get paper here\nrodrigues , m . t . 2003 . herpetofauna da caatinga . in : i . r . leal , m . tabarelli & j . m . c . silva ( eds . ) . ecologia e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da caatinga , pp . 181 - 236 . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil .\nschilde , m . 2001 . schlammschildkr\u00f6ten : kinosternon , sternotherus , claudius , staurotypus . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 136 pp . - get paper here\nschwartz , a . & henderson , r . w . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies . university of florida press , gainesville , 720 pp .\nsmith , hobart m . & taylor , edward h . 1950 . type localities of mexican reptiles and amphibians . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 8 ) : 313 - 380 - get paper here\nsoli\u0301s , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123\u2013144 - get paper here\nstejneger , l . h . 1925 . new species and subspecies of american turtles . j . washington acad . sci . 15 ( 20 ) : 462 - 463 - get paper here\nstejneger , l 1941 . notes on mexican turltes of the genus kinosternon . proc . us natl . mus . 90 : 457 - 459 - get paper here\nstejneger , l . 1902 . some generic names of turtles . proc . biol . soc , washington 15 : 235 - 238 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here\nsunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186\u2013202 . - get paper here\ntaylor , edward h . 1952 . third contribution of the herpetology of the mexican state of san luis potos\u00ed . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 13 ) : 793 - 815 - get paper here\nter\u00e1n - ju\u00e1rez , sergio a . , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson and larry david wilson . 2016 . the herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 43\u2013113 - get paper here\ntomas , walfrido moraes , rafael morais chiaravalotti , andr\u00e9 restel camilo , gabriel oliveira de freitas 2015 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides linnaeus , 1766 : range extension and first records in the upper paraguay river basin and mato grosso do sul , brazil . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1631 - get paper here\nttwg [ peter paul van dijk , john b . iverson , anders g . j . rhodin , h . bradley shaffer , and roger bour ] 2014 . turtles of the world , 7th edition : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution with maps , and conservation status . 000 . v7 . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v7 . 2014 - get paper here\nvaldivieso , d . & j . r . tamsitt 1963 . a check list and key to the amphibian and reptiles of providencia and san andres . carib . j . sci . 3 ( 2 / 3 ) : 77 - 79\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nargentina , belize , bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , french guiana , guatemala , guyana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad , venezuela . northeast and eastern mexico through central america and across northern and central south america to northern argentina .\ncontinent : middle - america south - america caribbean distribution : mexico ( yucatan , chiapas ) , guatemala , belize , el salvador , honduras , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia , ecuador , venezuela , brazil ( roraima ) , argentina , paraguay , bolivia , n peru , trinidad type locality : surinam . abaxillare : mexico ( chiapas ) albogulare : honduras , costa rica , panama , isla ca\u00f1as , isla san andr\u00e9s . cruentatum : honduras , ne nicaragua north to mexico ( veracruz , tamaulipas ) , guatemala ; type locality : san mateo del mar , oaxaca ( designated by smith & taylor 1950 )\niucn 2011 red list : not listed ( least concern , lr / lc ) ( assessed 1996 , needs updating ) ; cites : not listed ; colombia red book of endangered reptiles : vulnerable ( d2 ) .\nlinnaeus , 1766 : systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae , p . 1 - 532 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1212, "summary": [{"text": "chrysonoma fascialis is a moth of the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from australia and papua new guinea .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have yellow forewings , each with three dark brown stripes .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on the green leaves of eucalyptus and lophostemon species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they live in flattened portable cases , made from silk and bits of leaf . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "chrysonoma fascialis", "paragraphs": ["chrysonoma fascialis is a moth of the oecophoridae family . it is known from australia and papua new guinea .\nthe banded concealer moth ( chrysonoma fascialis ) is a common and attractive member of the family oecophoridae . this photograph was taken on willans hill , in wagga wagga , nsw .\nthese caterpillars live in flat cases , made from two bits of leaf joined with silk , which they carry around with them . the caterpillars feed on :\nband 2 , abtheilung 2 ( 5 ) ( 1875 ) , plate cxxxviii fig . 48 ,\nthe adult moths have yellow forewings , each with three dark purplish - brown stripes . the hindwings are rusty - brown . the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nthis species was the first of the oecophorinae from australia to be named ( in 1775 ) .\nmelbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 4 . 19 , p . 223 .\ncsiro publishing , melbourne 1994 , pp . xi , 16 , 24 , 31 , 36 , 281 , 286 - 290 .\nissue 78 ( september 2015 ) , pp . 11 - 15 , fig . 3 ,\ncharacters of a few australian lepidoptera , collected by mr . thomas r . oxley\nnew series , volume iii , number 8 ( 1856 ) , p . 295 ,\nthis page contains information and pictures about purple - banded concealer moths that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .\ni . f . b . common , melbourne university press , 1990 , p 223 , plate 4 . 19 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 613f2a51 - 6513 - 4ee9 - 9437 - 2dbf7857763c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7cb44343 - 2b7f - 44b4 - a791 - 3b890434cd66\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6b6c9a14 - 8eb5 - 4a1a - 8a24 - 31dd13eff412\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 258992\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthe wingspan is about 20 mm . adults have yellow forewings , each with three dark brown stripes . the hindwings are brown .\nthe larvae feed on the green leaves of\neucalyptus\nand\nlophostemon\nspecies . they live in flattened portable cases , made from silk and bits of leaf .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nif you have any queries or any sightings to report , email me at davidorchard0 @ urltoken .\nthis earlier post listed a few of the insect species found in the area . the present post is a continuation of that one .\na common and widespread mantid , orthodera ministralis is often found ( as its common name suggests ) in suburban gardens . this individual was photographed on the south american potato vine solanum jasminoides .\nbreeding pairs of the tricolor soldier beetle were commonly seen in late summer and early autumn . other species of soldier beetle , c . lugubris and c . pulchellus , routinely form enormous breeding colonies , and so are often called plague soldier beetles . see the brisbane insects website for more information .\nthe circulionidae ( true weevils ) is among the largest and most diverse of the insect families . it is often very difficult to identify particular species . this particular individual bears a very strong resemblance to the elephant weevil orthorhinus cylindrirostris and may belong to the same subfamily ( the molytinae ) .\nthis individual was photographed on a kurrajong ( brachychiton populneus ) , which seems to be a favourite foodsource of a couple of weevil species .\nthis is another weevil species , this time photographed in a suburban garden . the relatively short , broad rostrum ( snout ) suggests that this individual belongs to the subfamily entiminae ( broad - nosed weevils ) .\nthis species of leaf beetle ( chrysomelidae ) is common in vegetable gardens , particularly as a pest of cucurbits ( in this case zucchini ) . they can be extremely destructive . this article from the department of primary industries ( now industry & investment and formerly nsw agriculture ) has some information on pests of cucurbits , including this species .\nchrysodeixis spp . are quite conspicuous \u2013 at least as caterpillars . the adults are not nearly as noticeable . as a leaf - eater with a taste for cultivated vegetables ( this one was photographed on a bean plant ) they can be quite destructive .\nthe banded ( or purple - banded ) concealer moth belongs to the family oecophoridae ( concealer moths ) , which is particularly well - represented around wagga . several other species are known from the area \u2013 some entirely white , some entirely yellow , some yellow with brownish or purplish markings . they are often found clinging to the underside of plant stems and leaves .\nthese are the nymphs of the two - lined gum treehopper . the adults can be seen at the brisbane insects website . the young are attended by ants ( in this case probably a species of golden - tailed sugar ant camponotus sp . ) who collect from them a sugar secretion called honeydew . the ants essentially \u2018farm\u2019 the nymphs .\nanother species of hopper , also in the family cicadellidae , though belonging to a different subfamily ( tartessinae , not eurymelinae ) . leafhoppers are plant - feeders , using their piercing mouthparts to extract sap from trees . these individuals were seen on a young eucalypt ( possibly the river red gum eucalyptus camaldulensis ) near lake albert .\nthat\u2019s all for now . in bird - related news , the black - chinned honeyeater ( a vulnerable species ) was recorded at mates gully rd . tsr and has been added to the lists for mates gully and for wagga wagga . also added to the wagga list was the swift parrot , an endangered species , which was recorded ( by call only ) at red hill reserve , near pomingalarna . it is also known to overwinter in mates gully rd . and kyeamba tsrs .\nin less encouraging news , the scarlet robin has recently been declared a vulnerable species ( see here ) . its numbers are apparently in decline . in the wagga area it is known from livingstone national park and mates gully rd . tsr .\nnest hill nature reserve , formerly pulletop state forest , was gazetted in january 2001 . it is located roughly 35km south of wagga wagga and 25km north of holbrook . it is accessible only via management trails . the management plan can be found here , but is sadly rather light on details .\nsurveys carried out by the national parks and wildlife service recorded only 20 bird species in the park . the following is a list of more than thirty recorded by me in the space of a single visit ( the discrepancy is hard to explain ) : 1 . australian magpie 2 . australian raven 3 . + australian wood - duck 4 . + black swan 5 . black - faced cuckoo - shrike 6 . brown falcon 7 . brown treecreeper 8 . common bronzewing 9 . crested pigeon 10 . eastern rosella 11 . eastern yellow robin 12 . flame robin 13 . galah 14 . grey fantail 15 . grey shrike - thrush 16 . laughing kookaburra 17 . magpie - lark 18 . + masked lapwing 19 . pied currawong 20 . red wattlebird 21 . red - rumped parrot 22 . restless flycatcher 23 . rufous whistler 24 . striated pardalote 25 . sulphur - crested cockatoo 26 . superb fairy - wren 27 . weebill 28 . welcome swallow 29 . white - plumed honeyeater 30 . white - throated treecreeper 31 . white - winged chough 32 . willie wagtail 33 . yellow thornbill\n( those species marked with a + were recorded on a farm dam immediately adjacent to the reserve ) . of particular note is the brown treecreeper , the eastern subspecies of which ( climacteris picumnus victoriae ) is classed as vulnerable . ( though there is some debate as to whether the local subspecies is c . p . victoriae or c . p . picumnus ) . the fantail cuckoo and cockatiel were recorded in the surrounding area in spring .\nthe reserve is dominated by three vegetation communities : 1 . rough - barked red box ( eucalyptus polyanthemos ) / white box ( e . albens ) 2 . inland scribbly gum ( e . rossii ) / norton\u2019s box ( e . nortonii ) 3 . red stringybark ( e . macrorhyncha ; pictured above ) / inland scribbly gum / rough - barked red box\nnest hill nr contains what is probably the largest stand of red box in the wagga area ( it is found in smaller quantities in livingstone np and mates gully rd tsr ) . the presence of red stringybark is also noteworthy for similar reasons .\nthe understorey is sparse and generally lacking in diversity , owing to extensive grazing prior to the reserve\u2019s gazettal . weeds ( including * sonchus asper , * galium aparine and * trifolium spp . ) are encroaching on the reserve\u2019s boundaries .\namong the species recorded were the heaths melichrus urceolatus ( urn heath ; pictured above ) and lissanthe strigosa ( peach heath ) ; the orchids pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( tiny greenhood ; see here and here ) and pterostylis falcata ( autumn or sickle greenhood ) ; and the small herbs goodenia hederacea ( ivy goodenia ; pictured below ) , cymbonotus preissianus ( austral bear\u2019s - ear ; pictured below ) , geranium solanderi ( native geranium ) , hydrocotyle laxiflora ( stinking pennywort ) and dauchus glochidiatus ( austral carrot ) .\nalso recorded were the grasses austrostipa scabra ( rough speargrass ) , microlaena stipoides ( weeping or meadow rice - grass ; uncommon ) and a species of poa ( tussock grass ) . grass trees ( xanthorrhoea sp . ) were also present .\nthere was also a substantial fungus population , including several large colonies of phylloporus clelandii ( pictured above ) , limacella spp . , pisolithus tinctorius ( horse dropping fungus ) and a small , woolly bracket fungus ( possibly a species of stereum ; pictured below ) .\nthis information comes from a single visit to the reserve . future visits are likely to yield much more .\nlivingstone national park has been logged , mined for gold , tin and wolframite , and used as a bombing range . and yet it is almost certainly the best - preserved area of remnant vegetation in the vicinity of wagga . it was finally gazetted ( as livingstone national park and nature reserve ) in 2001 . in 2006 , the southern end ( adjacent to the locality of burrandana ) was declared a state conservation area .\nthe park is apparently home to 20 or more species of orchid . nine spring - flowering species were documented in this earlier post . plantnet lists four further spring - flowering species ( caladenia dimorpha , c . phaeoclavia , pterostylis mutica and thelymitra ixioides ) in the park . the management plan lists another four species : the greenhoods pterostylis curta and pterostylis longifolia , the ruddyhood pterostylis pusilla and the tiny finger orchid caladenia mentiens . additionally , four species of autumn - flowering orchid are known from the park . these are profiled here .\neriochilus cucullatus is a tiny , delicate and inconspicuous species . each plant may carry up to five flowers , though most have only one or two . it has been recorded from the both the northern and southern sections of the park , and also from murraguldrie flora reserve .\nthis identification is tentative . genoplesium is a large genus , but g . rufum is the only species listed by plantnet for the nsw south - west slopes bioregion . this species is extremely variable . its colouration runs the gamut from deep purple - black to mostly green with reddish or brownish tips to the lateral sepals ( as in this case ) . some debate exists as to whether genoplesium rufum constitutes a single species or a complex of related varieties . the flowers on this particular specimen have closed for the year .\nthe pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora complex accounts for almost a dozen species , subspecies or varieties of orchid . the variety found at livingstone ( assuming there is only one ) may be the one referred to in bishop\u2019s 1996 field guide ( currently out of print ) as pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( large red - brown ) . complicating this identification is the fact that many plants were found to have seven or eight flowers , whereas bishop claims that pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( large red - brown ) only rarely has more than six . another variety it resembles commonly has up to eight flowers , but is known only from the melbourne , victoria area ( designated by bishop as pterostylis sp . aff . parviflora ( eastern melbourne ) ) .\ntthe genus speculantha has been proposed to distinguish the tiny greenhoods from the larger species , like the one below .\nis not recognised by bishop and does not have an entry in plantnet\u2019s flora of new south wales . nevertheless it is the only autumn - flowering greenhood that comes up in a\nthis species is extremely common in livingstone national park , often occuring in colonies of up to thirty plants . these colonies are composed of plants at varying stages of maturity . younger and older flowers often take on unusual shapes :\ncoming soon : posts on nest hill nature reserve and plum pudding hill tsr and a series of posts on common urban and suburban birds of wagga .\ni\u2019ve produced three wallpaper versions ( 1024\u00d7768 , 1280\u00d71024 and 1600\u00d71200 ) of the resupinatus cinerascens shot from the previous post , if anybody is interested .\ni may do this with other photographs ( flowers , birds , and so on ) if there is any interest .\nthe rains in december , february and march brought out a large crop of fungi of various kinds , and now , with the temperature dropping and dew beginning to form , there seems to be a constant supply of unusual and interesting fungus species . a few of the more interesting are shown below .\nis a tiny fungus \u2013 the largest fruiting body being around 1cm in diameter \u2013 found on the underside of rotting logs . this particular specimen was found in wallacetown .\nis a common but inconspicuous fungus of lawns and gardens . the fruit has an extremely short life , sometimes lasting only a few hours before\ncontains a number of very similar \u2018jelly\u2019 fungi . this specimen was photographed on the side of a rotting log in ganmain state forest .\nis larger and more attractive than most of the earth stars found in the area . it seems to occur in colonies in very wet leaf litter .\nthis particular colony was found in a wet gully on the northern end of livingstone national park .\n, one of a group of large , fleshy fungi sometimes referred to as gilled boletes ( true boletes have pores rather than gills on the undersurface of the cap ) . this fungus is , according to bruce fuhrer\u2019s field guide , generally uncommon . this particular specimen was again photographed on the northern end of livingstone national park .\nspecies are very large ( around 20cm , in this case ) and are found in a variety of locations . the specimens seen here were part of a very large colony found in the grounds of the wagga wagga botanic gardens . despite their size the young fruiting bodies grew very close together :\n. this particular species \u2013 found as it was in a lawn composed of exotic grasses \u2013 may not be native to australia .\n. this extraordinary species is usually found on herbivore dung \u2013 in this case cow . the small \u2018seeds\u2019 or \u2018eggs\u2019 are called peridioles . these contain the spores and are dispersed by raindrops . this cluster of fruiting bodies was spotted at the kyeamba tsr ( which may recieve a full profile at a later date ) .\ni hope soon to add a post on the autumn - flowering orchids recorded in the area . the bird count remains unchanged .\nan earlier post ( willans hill in summer , january 5 ) listed a number of insect species found in the wagga area . the present post can be considered a continuation of that one . where possible the insects illustrated have been identified to the level of species , but identification is not always straightforward . of the many resources i have used , the brisbane insects website is probably the most useful ( i take the blame for any incorrect identifications , of course ) .\nthis is likely to be the first of many posts on the insect fauna of the area .\nthe tailed emperor is a large and beautiful butterfly in the family nymphalidae . it is probably not a permanent resident here , but vagrants have been known to reach southern victoria and south - eastern south australia . the larva is pictured here on a kurrajong ( brachychiton populneus ) , one of the species\u2019 many larval foodsources , on willans hill . the \u201chorns\u201d are purely for intimidation : the caterpillar is completely harmless .\nthe larva of the privet hawk moth is a large , robust and strikingly patterned caterpillar that \u2013 despite its name \u2013 is equally at home on a variety of introduced garden plants . the individual photographed was seen in a suburban garden , apparently feeding on the leaves of the purple trumpet vine ( podranea ricasoliana ) , a south african import . privet ( ligustrum spp . ) is a significant garden escapee . two species , l . sinense and l . vulgare , are declared noxious weeds in nsw .\nwasp moths belong to the ctenuchinae , a subfamily of the arctiidae ( tiger moths ) . there are a number of similar amata species , which cannot be easily distinguished . a number of individuals were seen recently in livingstone national park .\nthe tiger lichen moth is also a member of the arctiidae , this time of the subfamily lithosiinae ( lichen moths ) . once again , several individuals were seen in livingstone .\nthis stocky , distinctive moth was seen on willans hill and at mundwaddery cemetery . it belongs to the family notodontidae . its face is obscured by a dense mane of fibrous hairs :\nthe diamond beetle , also known as the botany bay diamond weevil , was the first australian insect to be formally described . it is apparently very common around sydney but is less so here .\nmost ladybird species are considered to be important control agents of crop and garden pests . the twentyeightspotted ladybird ( also referred to as epilachna 28 - punctata and epilachna cucurbitae ) , on the other hand , is a leaf - eater , and is also highly prolific . the larva is bizarre :\nparopsis variolosa resembles a large ladybird . it feeds exclusively on the leaves of eucalyptus species . this individual was photographed on willans hill .\nthis longicorn ( \u201clong - horned\u201d ) beetle was photographed on a kangaroo thorn ( acacia paradoxa ) shrub in livingstone national park . the precise identity of the beetle is uncertain , but it may be a species of platyomopsis .\nthe green potato bug is \u2013 like the twentyeightspotted ladybird \u2013 a common resident of suburban gardens . it feeds on tomatoes , potatoes and other cultivated plants .\ni have added the black - faced woodswallow ( artamus cinereus ) to the birdlist for wagga wagga . this brings the total number of species recorded over the past twelve months to 157 , exactly 150 of which are native .\n\u201ctorrential\u201d screamed the front page of the daily advertiser , following wagga\u2019s wettest march day on record . the lake has filled for the first time in a very long time . this is the lake as of march 11 . by way of contrast , the photograph below shows the lake as it looked on january 21 .\nvery few shorebirds remain at the lake , of course , as there is no longer a very distinct shoreline . the water will most likely recede before long . \u2014 apologies for the lack of posts lately . i have two in the works : one on fungi and one on insects .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 1306, "summary": [{"text": "hyles hippophaes ( seathorn hawk-moth ) is a species of moth in the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in afghanistan , armenia , azerbaijan , china , france , georgia , germany , greece , iran , iraq , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , mongolia , pakistan , romania , serbia and montenegro , spain , switzerland , syria , tajikistan , turkey , turkmenistan , and uzbekistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 65 \u2013 80 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "subspecies bienerti is paler and browner than related subspecies .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwing patches are more orange than red .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "larvae of subspecies bienerti have been recorded on elaeagnus angustifolia and hippophae rhamnoides in china and tajikistan . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "hyles hippophaes", "paragraphs": ["hyles hippophaes hippophaes , male , upperside . france , basses alpes , st . andrer\nhyles hippophaes hippophaes , male , underside . france , basses alpes , st . andrer\novum : as subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes , with up to 500 being laid by each female .\nsynonym . hyles hippophaes miatleuskii eitschberger & saldaitis , 2000 , atalanta 31 : 213 .\nhabitat : in europe , hyles hippophaes settles hot , dry , stony habitats up to about 1300m above sea level , and preferably at the edge of wild floodplains close to or in the alps , where hippophaes grows in an early succession stage . hyles hippophaes inhabits also rocky slopes in these regions .\nhyles hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) = sphinx hippophaes esper , 1789 = crocea ( rebel , 1910 ) = flava ( denso , 1913 ) = obscurata ( dannehl , 1929 ) = teriolensis ( dannehl , 1929 ) = expallidata ( dannehl , 1933 ) = celerio hippophaes kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 .\nas subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) , northern spain , southern france , southern switzerland and northern italy to slovenia . then , as a separate population , romania , bulgaria , moldova , northern greece , the aegean islands and western turkey .\nthe early stages are very similar to subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes . fully grown , usually also very similar to those of subsp . hippophaes ; however , some are dark green with a dorsal lilac tint on the anterior segments and a broken , white ventro - lateral streak . in others , the basic body colour may even be dark grey / black .\npupa : similar to subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes ; during the summer months it remains in this stage for no more than 20 days . formed in a chamber in the soil , often up to 10cm deep ( chu & wang , 1980b ) . overwinters as a pupa .\ncelerio hippophaes kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 , annls mus . goulandris 2 : 99 - - 103 .\nremarks : hyles hippophaes does not occur north of the alps . in europe , the moth is very rare in the alpine region , more frequently , for example , in the southwestern french alps , particularly in the valley of the durance . there i found , for example , caterpillars in mid - july 2005 and 2012 at xerothermic places . hyles hippophaes is distributed from the pyrenees locally across southern france , the southern alps , parts of italy ( apennines ) and obviously also of the balkans to the black sea . additionally , hyles hippophaes occurs from asia minor to central asia .\n( ii ) there is some contact between subsp . hyles hippophaes hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) and subsp . bienerti in the crimea and in western and southern turkey . this produces intermediate hybrids , such as f . malatiatus gehlen , 1934a , and f . kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 . the aegean population is most certainly subsp . hippophaes , but with a trace of subsp . bienerti visible in many examples . some adults of the crimean population are intermediate in coloration and pattern between subsp . hippophaes and subsp . bienerti . )\nendangerment factors : hyles hippophaes is strongly threatened by river regulation , gravel and electricity industry , construction of roads , housing developments , agricultural intensivication ( creation of vineyarrds on rocky slopes in floodplains ) and by succession . most once mile - wide floodplains have been destroyed , the river forced into a straitjacket . this proved fatal for many specialist insects ( and other living beings ) such as many grasshoppers like bryodemella tuberculata . hyles hippophaes can be preserved only if the habitats are protected extensively . in southern central europe , hyles hippophaes is largely eradicated . last outpost is a residual presence in the rhone valley , valais , where it could also possibly be gone already .\nfrom central turkey and the southern ukraine eastwards to liaoning ( china ) and mongolia , extending south to kashmir and north - west india and north to lake baikal and the tuva a . s . s . r . in russia as subsp . hyles hippophaes biernerti .\n( taxonomic note . there is some contact between subsp . hippophaes and subsp . bienerti ( staudinger , 1874 ) in the crimea and in western and southern turkey . this produces intermediate hybrids , such as f . malatiatus gehlen , 1934a , and f . kiortsii koutsaftikis , 1974 . the aegean population is most certainly subsp . hippophaes , but with a trace of subsp . bienerti visible in many examples . some adults of the crimean population are intermediate in coloration and pattern between subsp . hippophaes and subsp . bienerti , but can be assigned to the latter . )\nhyles hippophaes ( seathorn hawk - moth ) is a species of moth in the family sphingidae . it is found in afghanistan , armenia , azerbaijan , china , france , georgia , germany , greece , iran , iraq , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , mongolia , pakistan , romania , serbia and montenegro , spain , switzerland , syria , tajikistan , turkey , turkmenistan , and uzbekistan .\nlife cycle : hyles hippophaes forms one or two generations , but the second one is only partial . the moths fly from may to july and separated again in august / september . the larval time is from june to october , but by far the most caterpillars are observed in late june and july . the pupa hibernates as with all european sphingids ( except the migrant butterfly taubenschw\u00e4nzchen ) .\ntransferred to hyles by h\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] , verz . bekannter schmett . : 137 . transferred to celerio by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 714 ( key ) , 729 ; then back to hyles by pittaway , 1983 , entomologist ' s gaz . 34 : 80 . implicitly transferred to celerio by zhu & wang , 1997 , fauna sinica insecta 11 : 342 ( key ) , 344 . implicitly transferred back to hyles by danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 , herbipoliana 4 ( 1 ) : 202 .\nit should be noted that in the french alps larvae of natural hybrids between this species and hyles vespertilio ( esper , 1780 ) are regularly found on epilobium dodonaei , with many being of the pink form ( j . - m . bompar , pers . comm . ) .\nwithin its range , populations can be somewhat isolated . however , as this species is prone to wander , individuals may turn up at great distances from known breeding grounds , leading to confusing records . frequents river valleys in mountainous areas ( up to 500m in spain and switzerland ) , mountainous steppe and sand - dunes . river islands overgrown with hippophae rhamnoides are a favoured haunt in central europe . in some western european localities , as a result of river flood - control measures , hyles hippophaes is becoming increasingly rare as its hostplant cannot compete with riverine shrubs and trees which take over stabilized riverbanks .\nafter a very long period of inactivity on this blog , i\u2019m finally posting some new shots . not \u201castro\u201d ones , but nature - related ones . the following shots are of a hawk moth ( fam . sphingidae ) , hyles hippophaes ( esper , 1789 ) . this species is threatened by human activity , as many other insect species . in romania it occurs mainly in dobrogea , but can occasionally be found further to the west . the larva was found in august 2016 , and the adult emerged in may 2017 . the moth is active at night , and is attracted to artificial light .\nsynonymized with celerio euphorbiae as a subspecies by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 720 ; then with hyles centralasiae as a subspecies by pittaway , 1983 , entomologist ' s gaz . 34 : 78 . reinstated as a species by danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 , herbipoliana 4 ( 1 ) : 205 , 280 .\nwingspan : 60 - - 80mm . very unlikely to be confused with other hyles species . most individuals from the aegean population have more extensive black markings than those from central europe ; however , there is sufficient overlap in colour variation not to split the two groups into separate taxa . the original description and illustrations by esper ( [ 1789 ] ) clearly indicate that the romanian population is indistinguishable from that in the aegean . where multiple climatic conditions are present , such as along mountain chains , adults of this species are very variable in wingspan , markings and colour intensity . in fact , adult coloration is very much dependent on the temperature developing pupae are exposed to . heat produces more reddish and paler individuals , while low temperatures give rise to darker and greyer adults .\ndeilephila bienerti staudinger , 1874 , stettin . ent . ztg 35 : 91 . type locality : northeast persia [ iran ] , schahrud [ emamrud ] .\nnote . this subspecies can be very variable in both coloration and size where numerous climatic conditions occur in close proximity to each other , such as in mountainous areas . many of these forms were described as distinct subspecies but this is not warranted . subspecies ornatus , transcaucasica , anatolica , bucharana , shugnana , malatiatus , caucasica and baltistana were therefore synonymized with subsp . bienerti by pittaway ( 1993 ) and should be regarded as forms .\nwingspan : 65 - - 80mm . considerably paler and browner than related subspecies . a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing ; hindwing patches more orange than red . some large specimens found above 2000m in north - west iran and kashmir tend to f . caucasica in coloration .\noften common in mountainous , arid steppe , especially along rivers overgrown with hippophae or elaeagnus . although found at any altitude from 400 - - 3000m , most populations occur from 1000 - - 2000m where hippophae rhamnoides often forms discrete thickets away from rivers .\nchina : 29 . iv - 5 . v ( shihezi ) ; urltoken ( shihezi ) ; urltoken ( shaanxi ) ; 1 . vii ( zada ) ; vii ( yining / gulja , 1000m ) ; 5 - 31 . vii ( shihezi ) ; 28 . ix ( dingbian ) . mongolia : urltoken ( hovd prov . ) ; 19 . vii ( hovd prov . ) . russia : 19 - urltoken ( karasuk , novosibirsk area ) ; 14 . vii ( tuva ) ; 18 - 21 . vii ( altai ) ; 30 . viii ( karasuk , novosibirsk area ) .\nthere are two generations a year in northeastern and central china , with adults flying in may and july / august ( yang , 1978 ; chu & wang , 1982 ) . in xinjiang , the first brood emerges between late april and mid june , depending upon the weather .\novum : pale greenish - grey , almost spherical ( 1 . 0 x 1 . 1mm ) . deposited on both the upper and under surface of leaves , usually near the edge , on the lower branches of the hostplant . thicket - edge or isolated shrubs are preferred , with up to 500 being laid by each female .\nlarva : full - fed 75 - - 80mm . dichromatic : unstriped or striped .\non hatching , the eggshell is ignored , the 3 - - 4mm - long larva proceeding to find a resting place below a leaf , a site to which it returns after each spell of feeding . at this stage it is dark green , thickly speckled with white and dark grey . the final instar has two colour forms . one is dark green ( in some cases suffused with pink ) , thickly speckled with white and grey ; superimposed on this are an off - white dorso - lateral line , often with orange eye - spots , and a broader , white , ventro - lateral stripe running just above the legs . horn long , thin , orange below , black above , with two elongated orange spots at its base ; head green , with two brown lines . the other colour form is silvery grey , with a black , broken dorso - lateral line from which emanate black , equally broken oblique lateral stripes with white , red , or yellow patches often present in between . head brown and grey ; horn as above . in a very rare colour form , all green coloration is replaced by pinkish brown .\nlarvae frequently sun themselves openly on the upper branches , amongst those they have already stripped of leaves . there is a very heavy mortality due to parasitoids . those that survive eventually become light brown before descending to find a pupation site , often after hours of perambulation on the ground .\nthis stage lasts as little as 28 days , during which the larva basks quite openly on the topmost branches of its hostplant .\npupa : 40 - - 50mm . pale yellowish brown , or light grey - brown , with dark brown striations . more elongated than others of the genus . enclosed in a flimsy cocoon amongst roots or under stones . the overwintering stage .\nin the summer months it remains in this stage for no more than 20 days . formed in a chamber in the soil , often up to 10cm deep ( chu & wang , 1980b ) .\nlarval hostplants . recorded in china on elaeagnus angustifolia ( sensu lato ) and hippophae rhamnoides ( wang , 1978 ; pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , which are also the hostplants in tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) .\nchina : xinjiang ( shihezi ; \u00fcr\u00fcmqi ; yining / gulja ) ; nei mongol ( alxa zuoqi ; alxa youqi ) ; liaoning ; shaanxi ( dingbian ) ; ningxia ( yinchuan ; lingwu ; pingluo ) ; gansu ; xizang / tibet ( zada , 2950m ) .\nmongolia hovd prov . ( bodonchijn river valley , elkhony - ekhen - tal , 30km s altai village , 1200m ( 45\u00b043 ' n 92\u00b005 ' e ) ; dzun - dzhargalant - khairkhan , ar - shatyn - gol ( river ) valley , 2100m ( 47\u00b044 ' n 92\u00b027 ' e ) ; bulgan river basin , bayan river valley , ulyastayn - sala river , 1900m ( 46\u00b021 ' n 91\u00b008 ' e ) ; bulgan river valley , 45km n bulgan , 1500m ; dzhungarian gobi , 45km sw bulgan , uvhod - ula mts . , 1350m ) .\nrussia : western siberia ( karasuk , novosibirsk area ) ; altai ( cherga ; 5km sww mikhailovskoe ) ; tuva ( khovu - aksy ) ; transbaikalia .\ncentral ( rebel , 1933 ) , south - eastern and eastern turkey ( daniel , 1932 ; daniel , 1939 ; de freina , 2012 ) , southern ukraine ( efetov & budashkin , 1990 ; zolotuhin , pers . comm . ; vasilyuk & inozemtseva , 2003 ) , the caucasus and southern russia ( zolotuhin , pers . comm ; poltavsky , pers . comm 2003 ; anikin , 2004 ) , northern and central iran ( bienert , 1870 ; barou , 1967 ; kalali , 1976 ; ghassemi , alemansoor & alehossein , 2009 ) , turkmenistan ( danov & pereladov , 1985 ) and uzbekistan ( derzhavets , 1984 ) , the southern urals ( nupponen & fibiger , 2002 ; dubatolov , 2012 ) , eastern kazakhstan ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ) , western xinjiang province , china ( pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) , afghanistan ( ebert , 1969 ; daniel , 1971 ) , northern pakistan / azad kashmir ( karakoram mountains , juglot valley , 2550m , 26 . vii . 2011 ( leg . bal\u00e1zs benedek ) ) ( rafi et al . , 2014 ) , and north - west india / kashmir ( o . bang - haas , 1939 ) to the western tian shan .\nalso , china , from xinjiang province ( china ) north to the altai mountains ( izerskiy , 1999 ) and eastwards across the provinces of ningxia , gansu , shaanxi and nei mongol ( inner mongolia ) to liaoning ( chu & wang , 1980b ; pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , and also mongolia ( derzhavets , 1977 ; yakovlev , gus ' kova , doroshkin & titov , 2015 ; yakovlev & doroshkin , 2017 ) . from these areas north to karasuk ( dubatolov , 2012 ) , the tuva a . s . s . r . ( viidalepp , 1979 ; izerskiy , 1999 ) , the altai kray ( yakovlev , dubatolov & titov , 2013 ) and lake baikal ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ) in russia .\nholarctic ; palaearctic ( both eastern and western subregions ) . pleistocene refuge : polycentric - - caspian , iranian , turanoeremic , turkestan and mongoloeremic refugia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the caterpillar lives on sea buckthorn ( hippophae rhamnoides ) , in the southeast ( turkey ) also on other eleagnaceae ( eleagnus ) .\ngb : seabuckthorn hawkmoth ; seathorn hawkmoth , f : sphinx de l ' argousier , d : sanddornschw\u00e4rmer , ru : oblepikhovyi brazhnik ; yuzhnyi brazhnik , h : d\u00e9li szender , e : esfinge del espino amarillo , fi : tyrnikiit\u00e4j\u00e4 , it : sfinge dell ' olivella spinosa .\ntype locality : wallachei , milkowfluss bei foran [ wallachia region , southern romania ] .\nholarctic ; western palaearctic region . pleistocene refuge : poly / monocentric - - adriatomediterranean and pontomediterranean subsections of the mediterranean refuge .\nas with nearly all members of this genus , pairing is a short affair lasting not more than three hours , generally before midnight . afterwards , most females spend a few hours every night feeding , mainly before 23 . 00 hours and before dawn . oddly , this species does not fly very much and spends much of the night resting .\nlate april to early july , with a peak in mid - june . a partial second brood in august often occurs . it is not unusual for only three weeks to elapse between the two broods .\novum : almost spherical ( 1 . 1 x 1 . 0mm ) , pale greenish grey . deposited on both the upper and under surface of leaves , usually near the edge , on the lower branches of the hostplant . thicket - edge or isolated shrubs are preferred , most eggs being laid in late june .\nlarva : full - fed , 75 - - 80mm . polymorphic : unstriped or striped .\non hatching , the eggshell is ignored , the 3 - - 4mm - long larva proceeding to find a resting place below a leaf , a site to which it returns after each spell of feeding . at first only the cells on the leaf upperside are eaten , leaving clear ' windows ' in the leaf ; in the second instar leaves are consumed in the normal fashion . initially pale grey with a white dorso - lateral line and grey horn , it gradually becomes dark green , thickly speckled with white and dark grey .\nthe final instar has several colour forms . the main one is dark green ( in some cases suffused with pink ) , thickly speckled with white and grey ; superimposed on this are an off - white dorso - lateral line , often with orange eye - spots , and a broader , white , ventro - lateral stripe running just above the legs . horn long , thin , orange below , black above , with two elongated orange spots at its base ; head green , with two brown lines .\na less common form is silvery grey , with a black , broken dorso - lateral line from which emanate black , equally broken oblique lateral stripes with white , red , or yellow patches often present in between . head brown and grey ; horn as above .\nthere are also two very rare colour forms in which all green coloration is replaced by either pinkish brown or dark grey / black . the latter appears more readily under cold conditions .\nlarvae frequently sun themselves openly on the upper branches , amongst those they have already stripped of leaves . there is a very heavy mortality due to parasitoids . those that survive eventually become light purple - brown before descending to find a pupation site , often after hours of perambulation on the ground .\nmost common during late june and july ; in some areas also during early september .\nminor hostplants . elaeagnus angustifolia , an introduced oleaster from central and eastern turkey now established over much of southern europe . this is the main hostplant of the aegean population ( pittaway , 1982a ) . [ in captivity , the larvae will thrive on many species of ornamental elaeagnus , and will also accept epilobium angustifolium when larger . ]\npupa : 40 - - 50mm . pale yellowish brown , or light grey - brown , with dark brown striations . more elongated than others of the genus . enclosed in a flimsy yellowish cocoon amongst roots or under stones . the overwintering stage .\ntachinidae : exorista fasciata ( fall\u00e9n ) , exorista larvarum ( linnaeus ) , exorista grandis ( zetterstedt ) , masicera sphingivora ( robineau - desvoidy ) .\nseparated into two main areas which seem to be the remnants of a much larger , post - glacial range . from northeastern spain ( portbou , catalonia ( pittaway , 1983b ) ) across southern france ( frionnet , 1910 ; chanselme , 1997 ) , southern switzerland ( schweizerischer bund f\u00fcr naturschutz , 1997 ) and northern italy to slovenia . then , as a separate population , romania ( esper , [ 1793 ] ; sz\u00e9kely & szab\u00f3 , 1995 ; vlad dinca , pers . comm . 2007 ) , bulgaria ( beshkov , 1998 ; danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 ) , moldova ( derzhavets , 1984 ) , northern greece ( koutsaftikis , 1970 ; 1973 ; 1974 ) , the aegean islands ( de freina & piatkowski , 1999 ) and western turkey ( pittaway , 1982a ) .\nthis species will very probably also be found in more areas of northern spain , hungary and romania , countries with large areas of hostplant . it has been recorded as a vagrant in england ( gilchrist , 1979 ) , northwestern spain ( basque country ( g\u00f3mez bustillo & fern\u00e1ndez - rubio , 1976 ) ) , southern spain ( malaga ( ribbe , 1909 - 1912 ) ) , southern portugal ( near faro ) and slovakia ( danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 ) . recently recorded from the apennine mountains east of florenz , italy ( dapporto , fiorini , fiumi & flamigni , 2005 ) .\nrecorded in the past from germany ( bavaria ) ( heinemann , 1859 ; forster & wohlfahrt , 1960 ) , but no longer resident in that country ( danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 ) .\nthis species appears on the british list as a result of a supposed vagrant record from devon in approximately 1857 .\n, and fly between april and june , sometimes with a second generation in august .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 16 : 47 : 21 page render time : 0 . 2454s total w / procache : 0 . 3098s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . fortsetzung der europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge 6\nlectotype \u2640 [ romania : ] wallechei [ wallachia region ] , near foxan , milkowfluss [ milkov river ] [ wmhg ] ; designated by hacker , 1999 , esperiana 7 : 453 . the lectotype is the largest female (\ndas gr\u00f6\u00dfere weibchen\n) in\nkasten 20\n.\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience . by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\n( taxonomic notes . ( i ) this subspecies can be very variable in both coloration and size where numerous climatic conditions occur in close proximity to each other , such as in mountainous areas . many of these forms were described as distinct subspecies but this is not warranted . subspecies ornatus , transcaucasica , anatolica , bucharana , shugnana , malatiatus , caucasica and baltistana have been synonymized with subsp . bienerti and should be regarded as forms .\nwingspan : 65 - - 80mm . can be considerably paler and browner than related subspecies . a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing ; hindwing patches more orange than red . some large specimens found above 2000m in north - west iran and kashmir tend to f . caucasica in coloration .\noften common in mountainous , arid steppe , especially along rivers overgrown with hippophae or elaeagnus . although found at any altitude from 400 - - 3000m , most populations occur from 1000 - - 2000m where hippophae rhamnoides often forms discrete thickets away from rivers . attracted to the flowers of cistanche at dusk ( shchetkin , 1956 ) .\nlarva : full - fed , 75 - - 85mm . dimorphic : unstriped or striped .\nmajor hostplants . hippophae rhamnoides and elaeagnus spp . , especially elaeagnus angustifolia and elaeagnus hortensis in tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) . in the crimea it is found on elaeagnus argentea ( efetov & budashkin , 1990 ) .\ncentral ( rebel , 1933 ) , south - eastern and eastern turkey ( daniel , 1932 ; daniel , 1939 ; de freina , 2012 ) , southern ukraine ( efetov & budashkin , 1990 ; zolotuhin , pers . comm . ; vasilyuk & inozemtseva , 2003 ) , the caucasus and southern european russia ( zolotuhin , pers . comm ; poltavsky , pers . comm . 2003 ; anikin , 2004 ) , the republic of georgia ( didmanidze , petrov & zolotuhin , 2013 ) , armenia ( w\u0105sala & zamorski , 2015 ) and azerbaijan ( didmanidze , petrov & zolotuhin , 2013 ) , northern and central iran ( bienert , 1870 ; barou , 1967 ; kalali , 1976 ; ghassemi , alemansoor & alehossein , 2009 ; lehmann & zahiri , 2011 ) , turkmenistan ( danov & pereladov , 1985 ) and uzbekistan ( derzhavets , 1984 ) , the southern urals ( nupponen & fibiger , 2002 ; dubatolov , 2012 ) , eastern kazakhstan ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ; shovkoon , 2015 ) , western xinjiang province , china ( pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , tajikistan ( shchetkin , 1956 ) , afghanistan ( ebert , 1969 ; daniel , 1971 ) , northern pakistan / azad kashmir ( karakoram mountains , juglot valley , 2550m , 26 . vii . 2011 ( leg . bal\u00e1zs benedek ) ( rafi et al . , 2014 ) ) , and north - west india / kashmir ( o . bang - haas , 1939 ) to the western tian shan .\nas elaeagnus angustifolia is widely planted as a hedge and windbreak throughout eastern europe and central asia , this moth has not only expanded its range northwards ( dubatolov , 2012 ) but may turn up as a vagrant far from its resident range , e . g . the northern ukraine ( plyushch & sheshurak , 1997 ) .\nthe anatolian plateau forms the western resident limit of this subspecies , although individuals can penetrate as far west as istanbul .\nextra - limital range . in china , from xinjiang province ( china ) north to the altai mountains ( izerskiy , 1999 ) and eastwards across the provinces of ningxia , gansu , shaanxi and nei mongol ( inner mongolia ) to liaoning ( chu & wang , 1980b ; pittaway & kitching , 2000 ) , and also mongolia ( derzhavets , 1977 ; yakovlev & doroshkin , 2017 ) . from these areas north into russia to karasuk ( dubatolov , 2012 ) , the tuva a . s . s . r . ( viidalepp , 1979 ; izerskiy , 1999 ) , the altai kray ( yakovlev , dubatolov & titov , 2013 ) and lake baikal ( kondratiev coll . , nhmuk ) .\nlectotype \u2642 [ turkey : toros mountains , ] bulghar dagh [ bolkar da\u011flari ] , lydia , [ bred ex larvae ( w . siehe ) ] [ mnhu ] ; implicitly designated by danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 , herbipoliana 4 ( 2 ) : 74 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ian kitching\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , bulgaria , germany , greece , spain , italy , corsica , romania , the soviet union - the european part of turkey - european part of france , switzerland , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , western caucasus , lower volga , tuva , southern urals .\nbulgaria , the british isles , hungary ? , germany , greece ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) ? , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , moldova , russia , romania , north aegean , slovenia , ukraine , france ( mainland ) croatia , switzerland .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\n[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthe wingspan is 65\u201380 mm . subspecies bienerti is paler and browner than related subspecies . a pale , oblique median line is noticeable on the underside of the forewing . the hindwing patches are more orange than red .\nlarvae of subspecies bienerti have been recorded on elaeagnus angustifolia and hippophae rhamnoides in china and tajikistan ."]}
{"id": 1695, "summary": [{"text": "the capsalidae is a family of monopisthocotylean monogeneans , which includes about 200 species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the monophyly of the capsalidae is supported by possession of accessory sclerites in the haptor ( the posterior attachment organ ) , and was confirmed by molecular phylogeny .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "capsalids are parasite on various organs of marine fish ( teleosts and elasmobranchs ) , including skin , fins and gills .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "several capsalid species , such a neobenedenia spp. are pathogenic , especially on maricultured fish . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "capsalidae", "paragraphs": ["the capsalidae is a family of monopisthocotylean monogeneans , which includes about 200 species .\nfamily ties : molecular phylogenetics , evolution and radiation of flatworm parasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) .\nprice , e . w . ( 1939 ) north american monogenetic trematodes iii . the family capsalidae ( capsaloidea ) .\nthe capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes .\nadelaide research & scholarship : family ties : molecular phylogenetics , evolution and radiation of flatworm parasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) .\nbychowsky , b . & nagibina , l . ( 1967 ) new capsalidae ( mono - genoidea ) from pacific fishes .\negorova , t . p . ( 1994b ) a taxonomic review of the subfamily trocho - podinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) .\negorova , t . p . ( 1997 ) a taxonomic review of the subfamily bene - deniinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) .\niwata , k . ( 1990 ) ectoparasitic trematodes from marine fishes of kyusyu , japan . i . the family capsalidae ( monogenea ) .\nthe capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . - pubmed - ncbi\na revision of neobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) including a redescription of n . melleni ( maccallum , 1927 ) yamaguti , 1963\nvelasquez c . c . 1982 : monogenea ( capsalidae ) from philippine marine fishes . proc . helminthol . soc . wash . 49 : 176 - 184\nthe monophyly of the capsalidae is supported by possession of accessory sclerites in the haptor ( the posterior attachment organ ) , and was confirmed by molecular phylogeny .\nthe subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp\negorova t . p . 1999 : systematics of the subfamily entobdellinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 33 : 420 - 425 . ( in russian . )\nthe subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp .\negorova t . p . 1994b : about a new genus , megalobenedenia ( capsalidae : trochopodinae ) . parazitologiya 28 : 76 - 78 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 2000c : new monogeneans of the genus dionchus ( capsalidae : dionchinae ) . parazitologiya 34 : 252 - 258 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 2000d : recent composition of the subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 34 : 295 - 301 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 1994a : a taxonomic review of the subfamily trochopodinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 28 : 81 - 91 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 1997 : a taxonomic review of the subfamily benedeniinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 31 : 438 - 451 . ( in russian . )\nthe subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp . | springerlink\na revision of entobdella blainville ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with particular reference to e . hippoglossi and e . squamula : the use of ratios in taxonomy and key to species\nwhittington , i . d . ( 2004 ) the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopistho - cotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes .\negorova t . p . 2000b : occurrence of monogeneans of the subfamily capsalinae ( capsalidae ) - parasites of marine fishes . parazitologiya 34 : 111 - 117 . ( in russian . )\nmonogenea of arabian gulf fishes : 1 . descriptions of three capsala spp . ( capsalidae ) including capsala naffari n . sp . infecting mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis from coasts of emirates - sciencedirect\nrevision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea\na revision of benedenia diesing , 1858 including a redescription of b . sciaenae ( van beneden , 1856 ) odhner , 1905 and recognition of menziesia gibson , 1976 ( monogenea : capsalidae )\nrevision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea | springerlink\nbravo - hollis , m . ( 1958 ) trematodos de peces marinos de aguas mexicanas . xiv . cuatro monogeneos de la familia capsalidae baird , 1853 , de las costas del pacifico , incluyendo una especie nueva .\ncolorni a . 1994 : hyperparasitism of amyloodinium ocellatum ( dinoflagellida : oodinidae ) on neobenedenia melleni ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . dis . aquat . org . 19 : 157 - 159 go to original source . . .\nbravo - hollis , h . m . ( 1958 ) trematodes de peces marinos de aguas mexicanas . xiv . cuarto monogeneos de la familia capsalidae baird , 1853 , de las costas del pacifico , incluyendo una especie nueva .\nogawa , k . shirakashi , s . and ishitani , h . 2014 . insemination of the monogenean neobenedenia girellae ( capsalidae , benedeniinae ) . parasitology international , vol . 63 , issue . 2 , p . 473 .\negorova t . p . 2000a : entobdella hippoglossi ( monogenoidea , capsalidae ) from a perch - like fish from the pacific ocean and new data on sessilorbis limopharynx . parazitologiya 34 : 70 - 74 . ( in russian . )\nwhittington , ian d . 2004 . the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . folia parasitologica , vol . 51 , issue . 2 , p . 109 .\nbuhrnheim , u . , gomes , d . c . & varela , m . c . ( 1973 ) alguns tremat\u00f3deos monogen\u00e9ticos da fam\u00edlia capsalidae baird , 1853 , em peixes do oceano atl\u00e2ntico \u2013 costa continental portuguesa e costa do norte da \u00e1frica .\ntimofeeva t . a . 1995 : new species of the genera pseudallobenedenia yamaguti , 1966 and lagenivaginopseudobenedenia yamaguti , 1966 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) in the indo - pacific . syst . parasitol . 32 : 71 - 77 go to original source . . .\njustine j . - l . , mattei x . 1987 : phylogenetic relationships between the families capsalidae and dionchidae ( platyhelminthes , monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) indicated by the comparative ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis . zool . scr . 16 : 111 - 116 go to original source . . .\ngusev a . v . , timofeeva t . a . 1986 : the ciliary cells and chaetotaxy of the larvae of nitzschia sturionis ( abildgaard , 1794 ) . ( monogenea , capsalidae ) . tr . zool . inst . 155 : 55 - 61 . ( in russian . )\njustine j . - l . , mattei x . , euzet l . 1991 : ultrastructure of spermatozoa in two monopisthocotylean monogeneans : encotyllabe sp . ( capsalidae ) and tetraonchoides sp . ( tetraonchoididae ) . ann . parasitol . hum . comp . 66 : 173 - 178 go to original source . . .\nsep\u00falveda , f . a . and gonz\u00e1lez , m . t . 2014 . molecular and morphological analyses reveal that the pathogen benedenia seriolae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) is a complex species : implications for yellowtail seriola spp . aquaculture . aquaculture , vol . 418 - 419 , issue . , p . 94 .\ndeveney m . r . , chisholm l . a . , whittington i . d . 2001 : first published record of the pathogenic monogenean parasite neobenedenia melleni ( capsalidae ) from australia . dis . aquat . org . 46 : 79 - 82 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwheeler t . a . , beverley - burton m . 1987 : nasicola hogansi n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from bluefin tuna , thunnus thynnus ( osteichthyes : scombridae ) , in the northwest atlantic . can . j . zool . 65 : 1947 - 1950 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , horton m . a . 1996 : a revision of neobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) including a redescription of n . melleni ( maccallum , 1927 ) yamaguti , 1963 . j . nat . hist . 30 : 1113 - 1156 go to original source . . .\nwhittington , i . d . ( 2004 ) . the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . folia parasitologica , 51 ( 2 - 3 ) , 109 - 122 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2004 . 016 .\ningram , abigail l . and parker , andrew r . 2005 . the anatomy and attachment mechanism of the haptor of acapsalasp . ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : capsalidae ) on the blue marlin , makaira nigricans ( istiophoridae ) . journal of natural history , vol . 39 , issue . 42 , p . 3633 .\nwhittington i . d . , ernst i . 2002 : migration , site - specificity and development of benedenia lutjani ( monogenea : capsalidae ) on the surface of its host , lutjanus carponotatus ( pisces : lutjanidae ) . parasitology 124 : 423 - 434 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\negorova t . p . 1989 : a taxonomic analysis of the subfamily capsalinae ( monogenoidea ; capsalidae ) . in : b . i . lebedev ( ed . ) , parazitologicheskie issledovaniya : sbornik nauchnykh trudov . dal ' nevostochnoe otdelenie . akademiya nauk sssr , vladivostok , pp . 46 - 54 . ( in russian . )\nwhittington , i . d . , deveney , m . r . , morgan , j . a . t . , chisholm , l . a . & adlard , r . d . ( 2004 ) a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the capsalidae ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : monopisthocoty - lea ) inferred from large subunit rdna sequences .\nbullard s . a . , benz g . w . , overstreet r . m . , williams e . h . jr . , hemdal j . 2000b : six new host records and an updated list of wild hosts for neobenedenia melleni ( maccallum ) ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . comp . parasitol . 67 : 190 - 196\nkardousha m . m . 2002 : monogenea of arabian gulf fishes . 1 . descriptions of three capsala spp . ( capsalidae ) including capsala naffari n . sp . infecting mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis from coasts of emirates . parasitol . int . 51 : 327 - 335 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nogawa k . , bondad - reantaso m . , fukudome m . , wakabayashi h . 1995a : neobenedenia girellae ( hargis , 1955 ) yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from cultured marine fishes of japan . j . parasitol . 81 : 223 - 227 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nbarse , ann m . and bullard , stephen a . 2012 . redescription and new host record of capsala laevis ( monogenoidea : capsalidae : capsalinae ) from gill of roundscale spearfish , tetrapturus georgii ( perciformes : istiophoridae ) in the northwestern atlantic ocean . journal of parasitology , vol . 98 , issue . 4 , p . 735 .\ndyer w . g . , poly w . j . 2002 : trimusculotrema schwartzi n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from the skin of the stingray dasyatis zugei ( elasmobranchii : dasyatidae ) off hong kong , china . syst . parasitol . 51 : 217 - 225 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\ngarcia r . g . g . f . , pradi - garcia m . m . , del valle m . t . , rodriguez - diego j . g . 2000 : nuevas especies de hospederos y localizacion para pseudobenedenia nototheniae y pseudobenedenoides shorti ( monogenea : capsalidae ) en peces antarticos . rev . salud anim . 22 : 61 - 63\nogawa k . , bondad - reantaso m . g . , wakabayashi h . 1995b : redescription of benedenia epinepheli ( yamaguti , 1937 ) meserve , 1938 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from cultured and aquarium marine fishes of japan . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 52 : 62 - 70 go to original source . . .\ntingbao , yang kritsky , delane c . and yuan , sun 2004 . revision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea . systematic parasitology , vol . 59 , issue . 3 , p . 223 .\nperez ponce de leon g . p . , mendoza - garfias b . 2000 : a new species of sprostoniella bychowsky and nagibina , 1967 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from chaetodipterus zonatus ( osteichthyes : ephippidae ) in chamela bay , mexico . j . parasitol . 86 : 811 - 814 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nperkins , elizabeth m . donnellan , steve c . bertozzi , terry chisholm , leslie a . and whittington , ian d . 2009 . looks can deceive : molecular phylogeny of a family of flatworm ectoparasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) does not reflect current morphological classification . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 52 , issue . 3 , p . 705 .\nklassen g . j . , beverley - burton m . , locke a . 1989 : a revision of entobdella blainville ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with particular reference to e . hippoglossi and e . squamula : the use of ratios in taxonomy and key to species . can . j . zool . 67 : 1869 - 1876 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , barton d . p . 1990 : a new genus of monogenean parasites ( capsalidae : benedeniinae ) from stingrays ( rajiformes : dasyatidae ) with a description of a new species from the long - tailed stingray himantura uarnak forsskal from queensland , australia . j . nat . hist . 24 : 327 - 340 go to original source . . .\nkritsky d . c . , fennessy c . j . 1999 : calicobenedenia polyprioni n . gen . , n . sp . ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) from the external surfaces of wreckfish , polyprion americanus ( teleostei : polyprionidae ) , in the north atlantic . j . parasitol . 85 : 192 - 195 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , deveney m . r . , morgan j . a . t . , chisholm l . a . , adlard r . d . 2004 : a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the capsalidae ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) inferred from large subunit rdna sequences . parasitology 128 : 511 - 519 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , deveney m . r . , wyborn s . j . 2001a : a revision of benedenia diesing , 1858 including a redescription of b . sciaenae ( van beneden , 1856 ) odhner , 1905 and recognition of menziesia gibson , 1976 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . j . nat . hist . 35 : 663 - 777 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . , beverley - burton m . 1994 : benedenia rohdei n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from the gills of lutjanus carponotatus ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) from the great barrier reef , queensland , australia , with a description of the oncomiracidium . syst . parasitol . 28 : 5 - 13 go to original source . . .\n, currently in the benedeniinae , should perhaps be placed in a separate subfamily . an additional analysis was made which omitted 3 capsalid taxa ( for which only short sequences were available ) and all outgroup taxa because of alignment difficulties . sequence length increased to 693 bases and good branch support was achieved . the benedeniinae was again paraphyletic . higher - level classification of the capsalidae , evolution of the entobdellinae and issues of species identity in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : plos one publisher : san francisco , ca : public library of science . isbn / issn : 1932 - 6203 oclc : 969745500\npublic library of science . ; national institutes of health ( u . s . ) . pubmed central .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\n# national institutes of health ( u . s . ) . pubmed central .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nmolecular phylogenetics and evolution ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : molecular phylogenetics and evolution publisher : orlando , fla . : academic press isbn / issn : 1055 - 7903 oclc : 231794612\nseries : translation series ( virginia institute of marine science ) ; no . 1 .\nwashington , d . c . : american institute of biological sciences , c1961 .\ntranslation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series\n- - cover .\n@ book { bhl31704 , title = { monogenetic trematodes : their systematics and phylogeny / } , copyright = { no known copyright restrictions as determined by scanning institution } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - - translation of : monogeneficheskie sosalshchiki , ikh systema i filogeniia . - - - includes facsim . of original t . p . - - -\ntranslation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series\n- - cover . - - - series statement from p . v . - - - includes indexes . } , publisher = { washington , d . c . : american institute of biological sciences , } , author = { bykhovskii , b . e . ( boris evseevich ) , } , year = { 1961 } , pages = { 656 } , keywords = { classification | platyhelminthes | trematoda | } , }\nty - book ti - monogenetic trematodes : their systematics and phylogeny / ur - urltoken pb - american institute of biological sciences , cy - washington , d . c . : py - 1961 n1 - translation of : monogeneficheskie sosalshchiki , ikh systema i filogeniia . - - - includes facsim . of original t . p . - - -\ntranslation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series\n- - cover . - - - series statement from p . v . - - - includes indexes . au - bykhovskii , b . e . ( boris evseevich ) , kw - classification kw - platyhelminthes kw - trematoda er -\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfolia parasitol ( praha ) . 2004 jun ; 51 ( 2 - 3 ) : 109 - 22 .\nmonogenean research laboratory , parasitology section , the south australian museum , north terrace , adelaide , south australia 5000 , australia . whittington . ian @ urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbray , r . a . ( 2001 ) . monogenea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 142 - 146 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ninternational journal that covers all branches of parasitology , including morphology , taxonomy , molecular biology , host - parasite relationships , parasite evolution , biochemistry , physiology and immunology .\nabildgaard p . c . 1794 : beskrivelse af en nye snylte - orm , funden paa horn - fiskens gieller ( axine belones ) . skr . naturh . - selsk . , kiobenhavn . 3 : 59 - 60\nal - mathal e . m . 2002 : identification of some monogenetic trematodes from some arabian gulf fish in saudi arabia . j . egypt . soc . parasitol . 32 : 959 - 967\nboeger w . a . , kritsky d . c . 1997 : coevolution of the monogenoidea ( platyhelminthes ) based on a revised hypothesis of parasite phylogeny . int . j . parasitol . 27 : 1495 - 1511 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nboeger w . a . , kritsky d . c . 2001 : phylogenetic relationships of the monogenoidea . in : d . t . j . littlewood and r . a . bray ( eds . ) , interrelationships of the platyhelminthes . taylor and francis , london and new york , pp . 92 - 102\nbullard s . a . , benz g . w . , braswell j . s . 2000a : dionchus postoncomiracidia ( monogenea : dionchidae ) from the skin of blacktip sharks , carcharhinus limbatus ( carcharhinidae ) . j . parasitol . 86 : 245 - 250 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nbychowsky b . e . 1957 : monogenetic trematodes , their systematics and phylogeny . izdatel ' stvo akademii nauk sssr , moscow . ( in russian : english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . , 1961 ) , 627 pp\nchisholm l . a . 1998 : ciliated cells and chaetotaxy of the larvae of seven species of monocotylid monogeneans ( platyhelminthes ) from heron island , great barrier reef , australia . parasitol . res . 84 : 828 - 834 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nchisholm l . a . , wheeler t . a . , beverley - burton m . 1995 : a phylogenetic analysis and revised classification of the monocotylidae taschenberg , 1879 ( monogenea ) . syst . parasitol . 32 : 159 - 191 go to original source . . .\nchisholm l . a . , whittington i . d . 1998 : morphology and development of the haptors among the monocotylidae ( monogenea ) . hydrobiologia 383 : 251 - 261 go to original source . . .\nchisholm l . a . , whittington i . d . , fischer a . b . p . 2004 : a review of dendromonocotyle ( monogenea : monocotylidae ) from the skin of stingrays and their control in public aquaria . folia parasitol . 51 : 123 - 130 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\ncribb b . w . , chisholm l . a . , gould r . , whittington i . d . 2003 : morphology , ultrastructure and implied function of ciliated sensory structures on the developmental stages of merizocotyle icopae ( monogenea : monocotylidae ) . microsc . res . techniq . 62 : 267 - 276 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nernst i . , whittington i . , corneillie s . , talbot c . 2002 : monogenean parasites in sea - cage aquaculture . austasia aquacult . february / march 2002 : 46 - 48\nfroese r . , pauly d . ( eds . ) 2003 : fishbase . world wide web electronic publication , www . fishbase . org , 06 december 2003\ngibson d . i . 1976 : monogenea and digenea from fishes . discovery rep . 36 : 179 - 266\njahn t . l . , kuhn l . r . 1932 : the life history of epibdella melleni maccallum , 1927 , a monogenetic trematode parasitic on marine fishes . biol . bull . 62 : 89 - 111 go to original source . . .\njustine j . - l . 1991 : cladistic study in the monogenea ( platyhelminthes ) , based upon a parsimony analysis of spermiogenetic and spermatozoal ultrastructural characters . int . j . parasitol . 21 : 821 - 838 go to original source . . .\njustine j . - l . , lambert a . , mattei x . 1985 : spermatazoon ultrastructure and phylogenetic relationships in the monogeneans ( platyhelminthes ) . int . j . parasitol . 15 : 601 - 608 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nkaneko j . j . , yamada r . , brock j . a . , nakamura r . m . 1988 : infection of tilapia , oreochromis mossambicus ( trewavas ) , by a marine monogenean , neobenedenia melleni ( maccallum , 1927 ) yamaguti , 1963 in kaneohe bay , hawaii , usa , and its treatment . j . fish dis . 11 : 295 - 300 go to original source . . .\nkearn g . c . 1963 : the egg , oncomiracidium and larval development of entobdella soleae , a monogenean skin parasite of the common sole . parasitology 53 : 435 - 447 go to original source . . .\nkearn g . c . 1964 : the attachment of the monogenean entobdella soleae to the skin of the common sole . parasitology 54 : 327 - 335 go to original source . . .\nkearn g . c . 1978 : entobdella australis , sp . nov . , a skinparasitic monogenean from the queensland stingrays taeniura lymma and amphotistius kuhlii . aust . j . zool . 26 : 207 - 214 go to original source . . .\nkearn g . c . 1994 : evolutionary expansion of the monogenea . int . j . parasitol . 24 : 1227 - 1271 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nkearn g . c . 1998 : parasitism and the platyhelminths . chapman and hall , london , 544 pp go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nkearn g . c . , whittington i . d . 1992 : a response to light in an adult encotyllabine ( capsalid ) monogenean from the pharyngeal tooth pads of some marine teleost fishes . int . j . parasitol . 22 : 119 - 121 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nkoesharyani i . , zafran , yuasa y . , hatai k . 1999 : two species of capsalid monogeneans infecting cultured humpback grouper cromileptes altivelis in indonesia . fish pathol . 34 : 165 - 166 go to original source . . .\nlamothe - argumedo r . 1997 : nuevo arreglo taxonomico de la subfamilia capsalinae ( monogenea : capsalinae ) , clave para los generos y dos combinaciones nuevas . an . inst . biol . univ . nac . auton . mex . ( zool . ) 68 : 207 - 223\nlawler a . r . 1981 : zoogeography and host - specificity of the superfamily capsaloidea price , 1936 ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) . an evaluation of the host - parasite locality records of the superfamily capsaloidea price , 1936 , and their utility in determinations of host - specificity and zoogeography . special papers in marine science no . 6 , 650 pp . gloucester point , virginia , usa : virginia institute of marine science and school of marine science , college of william and mary\nleong t . s . 1997 : control of parasites in cultured marine finfishes in southeast asia - an overview . int . j . parasitol . 27 : 1177 - 1184 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nllewellyn j . 1982 : host - specificity and corresponding evolution in monogenean flatworms and vertebrates . mem . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , nouv . ser . , ser . a ( zool . ) 123 : 289 - 293\nmaccallum g . a . 1927 : a new ectoparasitic trematode , epibdella melleni , sp . nov . zoopathology 1 : 291 - 300\nmollaret i . , jamieson b . g . m . , justine j . - l . 2000 : phylogeny of the monopisthocotylea and polyopisthocotylea ( platyhelminthes ) inferred from 28s rdna sequences . int . j . parasitol . 30 : 171 - 185 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nmueller o . f . 1776 : zoologiae danicae prodromus , seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigernarum characteres , nomina , et synonyma imprimis popularium . havniae , 282 pp\nnigrelli r . f . 1935 : studies on the acquired immunity of the pompano , trachinotus carolinus , to epibdella melleni . j . parasitol . 21 : 438 - 439\nnigrelli r . f . 1937 : further studies on the susceptibility and acquired immunity of marine fishes to epibdella melleni , a monogenetic trematode . zoologica , n . y . 22 : 185 - 192\nnigrelli r . f . 1940 : mortality statistics for specimens in the new york aquarium , 1939 . zoologica , n . y . 25 : 525 - 552\nnigrelli r . f . 1943 : causes of diseases and death of fishes in captivity . zoologica , n . y . 28 : 203 - 216\nnigrelli r . f . 1947 : susceptibility and immunity of marine fishes to benedenia ( = epibdella ) melleni ( maccallum ) , a monogenetic trematode . iii . natural hosts in the west indies . j . parasitol . 33 : 25\nnigrelli r . f . , breder c . m . 1934 : the susceptibility and immunity of certain marine fishes to epibdella melleni , a monogenetic trematode . j . parasitol . 20 : 259 - 269 go to original source . . .\nogawa k . , yokoyama h . 1998 : parasitic diseases of cultured marine fish in japan . fish pathol . 33 : 303 - 309 . go to original source . . .\noliva m . e . , luque j . l . 1995 : monogeneans parasitic on marine fishes from peru and chile : three new species and two new combinations . mem . inst . oswaldo cruz 90 : 569 - 574 go to original source . . .\nolson p . d . , littlewood d . t . j . 2002 : phylogenetics of the monogenea - evidence from a medley of molecules . int . j . parasitol . 32 : 233 - 244 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nroberts l . s . , janovy j . jr . 2000 : gerald d . schmidt & larry s . roberts ' foundations of parasitology . sixth edition . mcgraw - hill international editions , boston , 670 pp\ntimofeeva t . a . 1988 : structure of the genital system of the monogenean genus dionchus ( monogenea , dionchidae ) . tr . zool . inst . 177 : 26 - 34 . ( in russian . )\ntimofeeva t . a . 1990 : phylogenetic relationships of capsalids and dionchids and the position of the latter in the system of monogeneans ( monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) . tr . zool . inst . 221 : 3 - 16 . ( in russian . )\ntimofeeva t . a . , gaevskaya a . v . , kovaleva a . a . 1987 : capsalids ( monogenea ) of the notothenioid fishes from the atlantic region of antarctica and subantarctica . tr . zool . inst . 161 : 78 - 93 . ( in russian . )\nvan beneden p . j . 1856 : note sur un trematode nouveau de maigre d ' europe . bull . acad . r . belg . , classes sci . 23 : 502 - 508\nvan beneden p . j . 1858 : memoire sur les vers intestinaux . j . - b . bailtiere et fils , paris , 376 pp\nwhittington i . d . 1994 : graham c . kearn . an appreciation . int . j . parasitol . 24 : 481 - 486 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . 1996 : benedeniine ( capsalid ) monogeneans from australian fishes : pathogenic species , sitespecificity and camouflage . j . helminthol . 70 : 177 - 184 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , chisholm l . a . 2003 : diversity of monogenea from chondrichthyes : do monogeneans fear sharks ? in : c . combes and j . jourdane ( eds . ) , taxonomie , ecologie et evolution des metazoaires parasites . ( livre hommage a louis euzet ) . tome 2 . pup perpignan , france , pp . 339 - 363\nwhittington i . d . , corneillie s . , talbot c . , morgan j . a . t . , adlard r . d . 2001b : infections of seriola quinqueradiata temminck & schlegel and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis . j . fish dis . 24 : 421 - 425 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , cribb b . w . , hamwood t . e . , halliday j . a . 2000 : host - specificity of monogenean ( platyhelminth ) parasites : a role for anterior adhesive areas ? int . j . parasitol . 30 : 305 - 320 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1991 : the adhesive attitudes of some gill - parasitic capsalid monogeneans . j . helminthol . 65 : 280 - 285 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1992 : the eggs and oncomiracidia of encotyllabe spp . and the relationship between encotyllabines and other capsalid monogeneans . parasitology 104 : 253 - 261 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1993 : a new species of skin - parasitic benedeniine monogenean with a preference for the pelvic fins of its host , lutjanus carponotatus ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) from the great barrier reef . j . nat . hist . 27 : 1 - 14 go to original source . . .\nyamaguti s . 1963 : systema helminthum . volume iv . monogenea and aspidocotylea . interscience publishers , new york , 699 pp\nyamaguti s . 1965 : new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , i . pac . sci . 19 : 55 - 95\nyamaguti s . 1966 : new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , ii . pac . sci . 20 : 419 - 434\nyamaguti s . 1968 : monogenetic trematodes of hawaiian fishes . university of hawaii press , honolulu , 287 pp\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nthree species of the genus capsala including capsala naffari n . sp . , c . neothunni ( yamaguti , 1968 ) and c . nozawae ( goto , 1894 ) are recorded and described from the buccal cavity of mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis caught from emirate coasts . capsala naffari can be differentiated by its lateral spiniform teeth , which extend posteriorly , small measurements compared with the closely resembled c . gotoi and relatively large testes . this is the first record of the genus capsala from arabian gulf fishes and e . affinis is a new host record .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncopyright material removed from digital thesis . see print copy in university of adelaide library for full text .\nitems in dspace are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\ncapsalids are parasite on various organs of marine fish ( teleosts and elasmobranchs ) , including skin , fins and gills . several capsalid species , such a neobenedenia spp . are pathogenic , especially on maricultured fish .\ngenera as recognized in worms are listed below . recent molecular analyses have shown that several genera , which were defined on morphological characters , are not monophyletic .\nmenziesia and nitzschia have their equivalent in the botanical nomenclature : menziesia ( a flowering plant ) and nitzschia ( a diatom ) .\nal - mathal , e . m . ( 2002 ) identification of some monogenetic tream - atodes ( sic ) from some arabian gulf fish in saudi arabia .\nevdokimova , e . b . ( 1969 ) new species of monogeneans from bony fishes of patagon shelf .\n. world wide web electronic publication . www . fishbase . org , 18 march 2004 .\ngoto , s . ( 1894 ) studies on the ectoparasitic trematodes of japan .\n( perciformes : haemulidae ) from the great barrier reef , australia with a revision of the genus .\nhussey , c . g . ( 1986 ) some monogenean parasites of marine perci - form fishes of kuwait .\njohnston , t . h . ( 1929 ) remarks on the synonymy of certain tristo - matid trematode genera .\njohnston , t . h . ( 1931 ) new trematodes from the subantarctic and antarctic .\nklassen , g . j . , beverley - burton , m . & locke , a . ( 1989 ) a revision of\nlawler , a . r . & hargis , w . j . , jr ( 1968 ) monogenetic trematodes from the southern pacific ocean . part v . monopisthocotyleids from australian fishes , the subfamily trochopodinae .\nlester , r . j . g . & sewell , k . b . ( 1989 ) checklist of parasites from heron island , great barrier reef .\npaperna , i . & kohn , a . ( 1964 ) report on monogenetic tremat - odes collected from east mediterranean .\nsuriano , d . m . & beverley - burton , m . ( 1979 )\ntimofeeva , t . a . ( 1990 ) phylogenetic relationships between the capsalids and the dionchids and the position of the latter in the monogenea ( monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) .\nn : mamkaev , yu . v . & joffe , b . i . ( eds )\nwu j . , lu j . & woo n . y . s . ( 2002 ) a new species and a new chinese record of monogeneans from marine fishes in the south china sea ( trematoda : monogenea ) .\nyamaguti , s . ( 1965 ) new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , i .\nalloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . is found in groups of 9\u201315 specimens attached close together to the lower pharyngeal plate of caranx sp . it is characterized by having an elongate body , a prohaptor with large spines , an armed penis which lies in a pouch and a vaginal pouch guarded by two sets of glands . encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp . is attached individually to the lower pharyngeal plate of caranx sp . it is characterized by having an elongate body and tandem testes . e . spari is reported from the lower pharyngeal tooth plate of plectorhynchus cinctus , p . pictus and p . schotaf . all fish hosts were caught in kuwaiti waters in the arabian gulf . the subfamily encotyllabinae is reviewed and the genus neoencotyllabe is regarded as a genus inquirendum . the new genus is attached to the subfamily encotyllabinae .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nbikhovskii ( bychowsky ) b . e . ( 1957 ) [ monogenetic trematodes , their systematics and phylogeny . ] moscow : akademiya nauk ssr , 509 pp . [ english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . ( 1961 ) washington , dc : american institute of biological sciences , 627 pp .\ng . n . , sp . n . ( monogenea ) from marine fishes .\nlawler , a . r . ( 1971 ) zoogeography and host - specificity of the superfamily capsaloidea price , 1936 ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) .\nmeserve , f . g . ( 1938 ) some monogenetic trematodes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific .\nsproston , n . g . ( 1946 ) a synopsis of the monogenetic trematodes .\nyamaguti , s . ( 1934 ) studies on the helminth fauna of japan . part 2 . trematodes of fishes . i .\nyamaguti , s . ( 1963 ) systema helminthum , vol . iv . monogenea and aspidocotylea . new york : interscience publishers , 699 pp .\nkhalil , l . f . & abdul - salam , j . b . syst parasitol ( 1988 ) 11 : 139 . urltoken\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nbrazenor , alexander k . bertozzi , terry miller , terrence l . whittington , ian d . and hutson , kate s . 2018 . dna profiling reveals neobenedenia girellae as the primary culprit in global fisheries and aquaculture . molecular phylogenetics and evolution ,\nogawa , kazuo and shirakashi , sho 2017 . skin fluke infection of cultured marine fish . fish pathology , vol . 52 , issue . 4 , p . 186 .\njin , woo jun 2015 . phylogenetic study on microcotyle sp . ( monogenea ) from common dentex ( dentex dentex ) in the mediterranean sea , greece . african journal of biotechnology , vol . 14 , issue . 33 , p . 2532 .\nzhang , juan wu , xiangyun li , yanwei zhao , mengwei xie , mingquan and li , anxing 2014 . the complete mitochondrial genome of neobenedenia melleni ( platyhelminthes : monogenea ) : mitochondrial gene content , arrangement and composition compared with two benedenia species . molecular biology reports , vol . 41 , issue . 10 , p . 6583 .\nchaudhary , a . and singh , h . s . 2013 . description of two new species of the genus thaparocleidus jain , 1952 ( monogenea , dactylogyridae ) from freshwater fish in india : morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence . journal of helminthology , vol . 87 , issue . 02 , p . 160 .\nwu , x . y . zhu , x . q . xie , m . q . and li , a . x . 2006 . the radiation of haliotrema ( monogenea : dactylogyridae : ancyrocephalinae ) : molecular evidence and explanation inferred from lsu rdna sequences . parasitology , vol . 132 , issue . 05 ,\nolson , peter d . and tkach , vasyl v . 2005 . vol . 60 , issue . , p . 165 .\npulido - flores , griselda and monks , scott 2005 . monogenean parasites of some elasmobranchs ( chondrichthyes ) from the yucat\u00e1n peninsula , mexico . comparative parasitology , vol . 72 , issue . 1 , p . 69 .\npresent address : department of plant and microbial biology , university of california berkeley , ca 94720 - 3102 , usa .\n( udonellidae ) . trees were constructed using maximum likelihood , minimum evolution and maximum parsimony algorithms . an initial tree , generated from sequences 315 bases long , suggests that capsalinae , encotyllabinae , entobdellinae and trochopodinae are monophyletic , but that benedeniinae is paraphyletic . analyses indicate that\nmonogenean research laboratory , parasitology section , the south australian museum , adelaide , south australia 5000 , australia . tel : + 61 8 8207 7463 . fax : + 61 8 8207 7222 . e - mail : whittington . ian @ urltoken\n[ in russian : english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . , 1961 . ]\nthe complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 28s rrna gene . implications for the process of size increase of the large subunit rrna in higher eukaryotes\npaup * phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b8 ( ppc )\ninfections of seriola quinqueradiata temminck & schlegel and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours ."]}
{"id": 1760, "summary": [{"text": "neduba extincta , commonly known as the antioch dunes shieldback katydid , is an extinct species of katydid ( family tettigoniidae ) that was endemic to california , united states .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it was not discovered until after its extinction . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "neduba extincta", "paragraphs": ["rentz , d . c . f . 1977 . entomol . news 88 : 242 > > neduba extincta urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 3889\noriginal scientific description : rentz , dave c . f . ( 1977 ) . a new and apparently extinct katydid from antioch sand dunes . entomological news 88 : 241 - 245 . species bibliography : world conservation monitoring centre . ( 1996 ) . neduba extincta . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . ( urltoken ) . downloaded on 26 december 2011 .\ntelling which species is a bit more tricky , but location would narrow it down to probably two or three - n . carinata , n . diabolica , or perhaps n . extincta ; most likely the first . moved from id request .\nas is the case with most invertebrate taxa , there is little information about individual species and population sizes of the orthoptera on which to precisely assess their conservation status . as of 2002 , the iucn red list included 74 species of the orthoptera . two of these species , the central valley grasshopper ( conozoa hyalina ) and antioch dunes shieldback ( neduba extincta ) , are listed as extinct , and the oahu deceptor bush cricket ( leptogryllus deceptor ) is listed as extinct in the wild . eight species are listed as critically endangered , eight as endangered , and 50 as vulnerable .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\northoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ntype locality : northern america , southwestern u . s . a . , california\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nonly known from the holotype : cas 12 , 987 ( catalogue number as reported in the original description . may have changed accession number or institution since then ) . can be seen here : urltoken\nyou must first create a username and login before you can post a comment about this entry . .\na database of\nmissing\nand recently extinct species of plants and animals .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nholotypic male , from orthoptera species file online ( naskrecki & otte 1997 + ) , downloaded 17 sep 2003 ; photographed by piotr naskrecki , used by permission .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe xerces blue butterfly , antioch katydid , tobias\u2019 caddis - fly , roberts\u2019s alloperlan stonefly , colorado burrowing mayfly , and rocky mountain grasshopper all were driven extinct by humans , and all foreshadow the fate of the world\u2019s endangered insects . with almost 1 million described species , insects eclipse all other forms of animal life on earth , not only in sheer numbers , diversity , and biomass , but also in their importance to functioning ecosystems . however , human - induced changes to the natural environment endanger vast numbers of these organisms , threatening them and the vital services they provide with extinction .\na report by the world commission on environment and development noted , \u201cthere is a growing consensus that species are disappearing at rates never before witnessed on the planet\u201d but that \u201cwe have no accurate figures on current rates of extinctions , as most of the species vanishing are the least documented , such as insects in tropical forests . \u201d scientists and conservationists agree that insect species are going extinct . but how many have been lost and how many more are at risk remains unclear .\nalthough overcollecting has not been shown to harm healthy populations of insects , it may be an important threat to insect species with very small populations and is included in the list of threats to many of the federally protected insect species in the united states . the endangered species act expressly forbids the collection of endangered or threatened species , and most insect conservationists feel that collecting from small populations should be done only for well - designed , hypothesis - driven , scientific studies .\npesticides and other pollutants are implicated in the decline of many native bees and some aquatic insects , although the degree of impact is not conclusive . lights along streets and highways also have been implicated in losses of nocturnal insects , particularly large moths .\nconservationists have concluded that the current , widespread destruction of the earth\u2019s biodiversity must be matched by a conservation response an order of magnitude greater than currently exists .\nbefore we can work to protect insects and other invertebrates we need to know , at least , what species are present , if populations are stable or declining , and the habitat needs of these populations . in the long run , more emphasis needs to be placed on invertebrate survey , systematics , taxonomy , and population ecology so that these species can be identified and cataloged and their life histories understood . research needs to go hand in hand with conservation , for a catalog of extinct species is of little use .\nto conserve insects successfully , the general public , scientists , land managers , and conservationists need to understand the extraordinary value that these organisms provide . it is unlikely that all people will develop an affinity for these animals , but it is plausible that a more compelling depiction of the contributions insects make to human welfare and survival will improve the public\u2019s attitude toward these organisms . an ambitious public education program would enhance recognition of the positive values of invertebrates and , indeed , all biological diversity .\nthe number of endangered insects is large and growing . the rate of destruction and degradation of natural habitats currently is so great that there are not nearly enough biologists to even catalog , much less study , the species that are suddenly on the edge of extinction . each day approximately 80 , 000 acres ( 32 , 300ha ) of the world\u2019s forest are cut . in california alone , over 200 million pounds of pesticides are used each year . in the united states , imported red fire ants have infested over 320 million acres in the southeast . these examples of threats to endangered insects continue to mount across the world . the time is now for agencies , scientists , conservationists , and land managers to promote the conservation of imperiled insects .\n- home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback -\nastraptes audax , a . augeas , a . fruticibus , a . inflatio , a . procrastinator , a . synecdoche brower 2010 ( skipper butterflies ) dna barcoding is a controversial method for distinguishing otherwise similar species solely on the basis of their dna . these names reflect aspects of dna barcoding for species recognition : augeas for the resultant labor implied by the barcoding ; fruticibus (\nfrom the bushes\n) refers to the fact that resulting species do not form distinct tree - like groups ; inflatio for the large number of resulting species ; procrastinator for the time elapsed between discovery and description ; synecdoche for a part standing for the whole ; audax means ' bold ' ; its relevance is left to the reader . the author of these names ( and four others ) , though skeptical of their biological reality , notes that the distinctions exist in the literature , and the names are given for\ntaxonomic housekeeping .\n[ syst . biodivers . 8 : 485 ]\ncatch22 ( chromosome 22q11 . 2 microdeletion ) this name , from\ncardiac anomaly , t - cell deficit , clefting and hypocalcaemia ,\nwas abandoned due to its no - win connotations . [ j . med . genet . 36 : 737 - 738 ( 1999 ) ; cited in nature 439 : 266 ( 2006 ) . ]\ncentropyge narcosis pyle & randall ( narc angelfish ) dr . richard pyle was diving deep while breathing air . this causes nitrogen narcosis , a state similar to alcohol intoxication or nitrous oxide inhalation . back at the dive boat , he was asked if he collected anything , and he said\nno , nothing .\nbut when he looked into his collecting bucket , he noticed that he had indeed collected several specimens of this new species . since his narcosis level was so high that he did not remember collecting them , the fish was named c . narcosis .\nchionoecetes oiliqo ( saatuaq crab ) in 1993 , greenland issued a 7 . 25 - krone stamp showing a picture of a crab and this scientific name . however , the crab ' s correct species name is c . opilio ; the stamp was printed with a mirror reversal of the specific epithet . a corrected stamp was printed soon after .\ncoelopleurus exquisitus coppard & schultz , 2006 ( sea urchin ) this species first came to notice after being listed for auction on ebay . marine biologist simon coppard was directed to the site , did not recognize the species , and investigated further . immediately after publication of the description [ zootaxa 7 ] , the value of specimens on ebay jumped from $ 8 to $ 138 .\nedithinella doliarius janssen 2006 ( fossil gastropod ) arie janssen wanted to dedicate a new mollusc species to pisidium ( freshwater clam ) expert hans kuiper . not having a classical education , he relied on a dutch - latin dictionary to find a latin equivalent of\nkuiper\n(\ncooper\nin english ) , and named the species edithinella calumniator . to improve his english writing , he then sent the manuscript to a colleague , who commented ,\nbut why do you call him an intriguer ?\nkuiper\nhas two meanings in dutch , and janssen had unwittingly chosen the latin term for the wrong one . fortunately , he discovered it before publication , and revised to the name to e . doliarius , which is the correct latin for the cooper profession . [ basteria , suppl . 3 , 45 - 48 . ]\nfuria infernalis l . ( worm ) linnaeus once received a painful bite on the arm by an unidentified creature . his arm swelled up , and he became seriously ill for some time . a few years later , linnaeus decided that the cause was a tiny worm described by his student daniel solander , and he named the worm furia infernalis , the fury from hell . he wrote that it fell from the air , penetrated the bodies of animals , and caused excruciating pain . incidents involving this worm were reported for nearly 100 years after that . but no one ever found a specimen . now it is generally agreed that the worm never existed , and that linnaeus had been bitten by a horsefly .\nhippotragus niger rooseveltien ( roosevelt ' s sable antelope ; extremely rare , last legally shot in 1912 ) on the 21 april 1909 , teddy roosevelt ' s safari set off from mombasa , kenya . by the time the entourage arrived in khartoum 8 months later , they had slaughtered 5 , 013 mammals , 4 , 453 birds , 2 , 322 reptiles and amphibians and similar numbers of fish , invertebrates , shells , and plants . the skins , etc . were sent to the smithsonian ; among these were roosevelt ' s gazelle and roosevelt ' s sable .\nhectocotylus some male cephalopods have a long coiled arm which carries a spermatophore and breaks off inside the female during copulation . when first discovered , it was thought that this arm was a type of parasitic worm , and it was described as such ( delle chiaje , 1825 ) , complete with drawings of the imagined internal anatomy . the author later admitted his mistake . this name continues to be used today for the modified reproductive arm of male cephalopods .\nheikea japonica von siebold , 1824 ( crab ) the carapace of these crabs looks like the scowling face of a samurai warrior , and it is locally believed that the crabs are reincarnations of the spirits of the heike warriors who , defeated in battle , threw themselves into the sea , as told in the tale of the heike . some scientific folklore gives these crabs as an example of natural selection , as japanese fishermen supposedly released the crabs with the most human - looking faces , allowing them to pass their genes to the next generation . this story , however , is almost certainly urban legend . the crabs are too small to interest fishermen , and other crabs far from fisheries also have human - looking faces . the pattern on the crab is instead an example of pareidolia , the tendency for the human brain to see faces in many abstract patterns .\nhildoceras hyatt , 1876 ( jurassic ammonoid ) according to legend , saint hilda was told to found an abbey on the plains of whitby , england , but she found the place infested with snakes . after her prayers , the snakes coiled up and turned to stones , becoming the ammonoid fossils , sometimes called snakestones , that are common to the area . victorian fossil dealers would often carve a snake ' s heads on the fossils .\nhomo floresiensis brown et al . , 2004 (\nhobbit\nfossil hominin ) the name submitted in the original paper was sundanthropus floresianus ,\nman from sunda region from flores\n. the referees , though , said it should be genus homo , and one of them said floresianus actually means\nflowery anus\n, so that had to change , too .\njumala friele , 1882 ( whelk ) friele proposed this name thinking it was the name of an old lapp deity . he discovered about ten years later that it was instead the lapp name for the christian god and proposed that ukko ( the finnish god of winds ) be substituted . jumala , however , had priority . joshua baily and myra keen , in 1955 , appealed to the iczn to suppress jumala , as the name is\ncalculated to give offense on religious grounds .\nthe commission suppressed it by 13 to 11 vote . [ ng , 1994 , raffles bull . zool . 42 : 511 . ]\nlaniarius liberatus ( bulo burti boubou ) this is the first bird whose type specimen is a dna sample . the bird was released to the wild after capture , hence the name . it turns out to be a very rare color morph of l . erlangeri .\nleptocephalus\nleptocephalus\nis a term originally applied to a group of small , flattened , semitransparent fishes , often with small heads . they were classified as a distinct group , usually in the genus leptocephalus , until the mid - 19th century . then the idea took hold that leptocephali were larvae of something else . in 1864 , theodore gill suggested that they were larval eels , and specifically that leptocephalus morrisii was the young of conger conger , the conger eel . other leptocephali raised in an aquarium metamorphosed into eels ; leptocehalus brevirostris became anguilla anguilla , the freshwater eel .\nlimodorum boehm . ( orchid ) thought to derive from a transcription error . originally named haimodorum ( from haemos , blood ) for its red color , somebody forgot the bar in the greek letter \u03b1 , leaving \u03bb , lambda .\nlycosa tarentula ( european wolf spider ) tarantism was a form of hysteria that appeared in italy in the 15th - 17th centuries and took the form of frenzied dancing . in folk belief , the bite of a spider could only be cured by such dancing . the name derives from the italian province taranto , as does the tarantella , a folk dance , and the tarantula , the common name given to the european wolf spider and later to the distantly related large , hairy spiders of the family theraphosidae .\nlymantria dispar leopold trouvelto , looking for a better silkworm ( bombyx mori ) , looked for a close relative and imported bombyx dispar into the united states . but it turned out that the moths were not very closely related ; b . dispar is classified as lymantria dispar today .\nlymantria\nmeans\ndestroyer .\ntrouvelto ' s moths , commonly known as gypsy moths , escaped and have been causing untold damage to eastern forests ever since .\npapaipema pterisii bird , 1907 ( moth ) the moth lives on bracken fern , in the genus pteris at the time , so people assumed bird named the moth after the fern . a personal letter he wrote later , though , revealed that it was named after pterisius , his pet cat .\nphoenicophorium borsigianum koch 1855 ( thief palm ) . the original plant was stolen from london ' s kew gardens ( hence the common name ) and turned up in the private palm - house of amateur horticulturist august borsig of berlin . ( he owned an ironworks factory and used the heat produced to keep his glasshouses warm . ) david l . jones , in palms throughout the world ( 1995 ) confuses the story by calling borsig by the name\nlantanier feuille borsig\n; lantanier feuille is actually one of the palm ' s common names !\nphragmipedium kovachii atwood , dalstrom , & fernandez , 2002 ( orchid ) named after james michael kovach , who brought the orchid to scientists to identify . but kovach allegedly imported it from peru in violation of the endangered species act . in 2004 he was sentenced to two years probation and a $ 1000 fine . taxonomists hope to change the orchid ' s name .\npithecanthropus perhaps the only name given to an animal before it was discovered . in the nineteenth century , it was believed that an upright stance evolved in humans before a large brain . with no physical evidence , german evolutionist ernst haeckel reconstructed an upright , speechless , small - brained ' missing - link ' and dubbed it pithecanthropus alalus . when eugene du bois discovered java man in the 1890 ' s , he adopted haeckel ' s generic name but he gave it the new specific designation pithecanthropus erectus . p . erectus is now included under our own genus as homo erectus .\nplethodon welleri walker , 1931 ( weller ' s salamander ) in 1930 worth hamilton weller discovered the salamander which would be named after him , on grandfather mountain , north carolina . on a collecting trip to collect more specimens , just one week after he graduated with honors from high school , he left the others to collect on his own , and he never returned . his body was found four days later at the base of a cliff ; with it was a collecting bag with specimens of the new species .\nrosa ' whitfield ' ( rose cultivar ) comedy actress june whitfield commented ,\nthere is a rose named after me . the catalogue describes it as ' superb for bedding , best up against a wall .\nsturnella neglecta ( western meadowlark ) the specific epithet reflects the fact that the lewis and clark expedition overlooked this bird , confusing it with the eastern meadowlark .\ntillandsia l . ( bromeliad ) elias tilliander was a student of linnaeus who was once so\nharassed by neptune\non a trip across the gulf of bothnia that he returned home by land ( a journey of 2000 miles instead of 200 ) and changed his name to tillandz ,\nby land .\nthe plant cannot tolerate a damp climate .\nvenus flytrap sea anemone ( actinoscyphia aurelia ) a sea animal whose common name comes from two different terrertrial plants .\nzyzyxia ( h . robinson ) strother , 1991 ( shrub ) in the later stages of revising north american ecliptinae ( a subtribe of the sunflowers , heliantheae ) , john strother realized that one species placed in the genus wedelia differed enough to merit considering it a separate genus . by that time , however , the monograph had already been written and was being proofed for publication . the editor agreed to accept the new genus only if came after all the other genera , so as to minimize the number of pages which would need to be altered . the genera were ordered alphabetically , so strother created a name which would come after the previously last genus , zexmenia . ( in the monograph itself , strother says only that the name was arbitrarily formed . )\n< < - home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback - > >\nweevils also known as snout beetles for their long \u201cnoses . \u201d the antioch weevil ( dysticheus rotundicollis ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , although it is unknown whether this species is still present today .\nanthicid beetles these ant - like flower beetles devour anything they find , scavenging at night for insects and spiders , flower pollen , and soil fungi . the antioch dunes anthicid beetle ( anthicus antiochensis ) is rusty - colored except for a dark smudge on its wing casings , and is covered with shaggy hairs . it has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .\ntiger beetles many tiger beetles were once seen prowling the antioch dunes , including the wetsalts tiger beetle ( cicindela haemorrhagica ) , the oregon tiger beetle ( cicindela oregona ) , and senile tiger beetle ( cicindela senilis ) . these tiger beetles are not restricted to the antioch dunes , and can be recognized by their bulging eyes and metallic colors . in their larval form , tiger beetles anchor themselves with specialized hooks to tunnels in the sandy soil . when vibrations in the ground announce a passing insect , the larvae lunge from the tunnel and snag their prey with fierce - looking jaws .\ndune beetle the san joaquin dune ( darkling ) beetle ( coelus gracilis ) \u2013 the smallest of california\u2019s dune beetles \u2013 looks much like a plump , black ladybug with a stubble of golden hairs . most darkling beetles have black elytra , the hardened wing casings that protect the fragile forewings necessary for flight . dune beetles inhabit the sandy soils and leaf litter of california\u2019s coastal dunes . the san joaquin dune beetle has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .\nscarab beetle scarab beetles like the delta june beetle ( polyphylla stellata ) can be found in dune systems , oak woodlands , and grasslands near creeks and streams . the delta june beetle is found elsewhere in california , and appears to have grown increasingly abundant at the antioch dunes .\nrobberflies california\u2019s robberflies are the peregrine falcons of the insect world , known for tackling their insect prey in midair . robberflies eat wasps , bees , beetles , flies , quickly stabbing them with their needle - like proboscis . of the robberflies known from the antioch dunes , the widespread antioch efferian robberfly ( efferia antiochi ) and hurd\u2019s metapogon robberfly ( metapogon hurdi ) are still thought to hunt the dunes . the antioch robber fly ( cophura hurdi ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , but presumed extinct .\ngiant flower - loving fly it is a rare occasion when an animal\u2019s name tells as much about a species as with the giant flower - loving fly ( rhaphiomidas trochilus ) . otherwise known as a valley mydas fly , this large rust - colored fly that visits flowers for their nectar , hovering like a hummingbird . some rhaphiomidas flies are suspected of seeking out ant nests to deposit their eggs and provide a food source for their developing larvae . the giant flower - loving fly has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .\nplasterer bee plasterer bees are named for their habit of lining the cell walls of their underground nests with saliva and other materials to create a polyester lining . some plasterer bees are solitary nesters , others nest in groups . plasterer bees feed on the nectar of flowers and collect pollen , which they store in their nests for developing larvae . one unnamed plasterer bee ( colletes turgiventris ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , although it is unknown whether this species is still present today .\ndespite its name , the velvet ant is a wasp with an ant - like body covered in dense hair like crushed velvet . females are wingless and can deliver a painful sting . velvet ants eat nectar , and the females invade the nests of ground nesting wasps and bees to lay their eggs . their hairy bodies can vary in color from white - to - faint - buttery - yellow (\n) , searches the soil for scarab or tiger beetle larvae on which they lay their eggs . the larger of these velvet ants ( dasymutilla sackenii and dasymutilla flammifera ) and the antioch mutillid wasp have been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but have been found elsewhere in california ; the smaller velvet ants ( dasymutilla coccineohirta ) are still present at the antioch dunes today .\npotter wasp potter wasps are named for their habit of constructing mud nests that resemble pots or jugs . before the nest is complete , the female collects and paralyzes insects and deposits them in the chamber as food for her larva when they hatch . because the female wasp seals the opening of each nest with a thick plug of mud , the emerging wasp instead makes a hole through the thin wall of the nest chamber to escape . adult potter wasps are black marked with butter - yellow stripes . potter wasps are solitary and feed on nectar . the antioch potter wasp ( microdynerus arenicolus ) is found elsewhere in california and is still present at the antioch dunes today .\nandrenid bees the yellow - banded andrenid bee ( perdita hirticeps luteocincta ) and the antioch andrenid bee ( perdita scitula antiochensis ) are ground nesters that show a preference for pollen . at the antioch dunes , for example , the antioch andrenid bee collects pollen from the antioch dunes buckwheat ( eriogonum nudum psychicola ) , california matchweed ( gutierrezia californica ) , telegraphweed ( heterotheca grandiflora ) , and valley lessingia ( lessingia glandulifera ) . while both of these andrenid bees are endemic to the antioch dunes , only the antioch andrenid bee survives today ; the yellow - banded andrenid bee is presumed extinct .\nhalictid bees because these small bees are often attracted to perspiration , halictid bees are also known as sweat bees . the antioch dunes halictid bee ( lasioglossum antiochense ) constructs burrows in the sand where it lives by day ; the tunnel shaft is plugged by a mound of sand to protect against predators . eggs are laid in cells off the main tunnel shaft . this bee\u2019s activity matches the early morning / late evening bloom period of its primary hostplant , the antioch dunes evening primrose ( oenothera deltoides howellii ) , and other flowers like the contra costa wallflower ( erysimum capitatum angustatum ) . the antioch dunes halictid bee is an antioch dunes endemic that still flies today .\nsphinx moth clark\u2019s sphinx moth ( proserpinus clarkiae ) is a small moth with a wingspan of under two inches . this moth is active during the daytime , nectaring at the flowers of clarkias ( clarkia spp . ) , bluedicks ( dichelostemma capitatum ) , vetches ( vicia spp . ) , and thistles ( cirsium spp . ) in oak and pine - oak woodlands . caterpillars feed on clarkias and primroses ( onagraceae spp . ) until winter , when they retreat to burrows under rocks or other objects . adult coloration consists of striped green - to - grey forewings , and orange - yellow hindwings bordered in black . the clark\u2019s sphinx moth is a common moth along the pacific coast , and can still be found at the antioch dunes .\nant lion also known as \u201cdoodlebugs , \u201d ant lions are perhaps best known for their behavior in the larval stage , in which the immature insects burrow backwards into sandy soils to lay in wait for passing insect prey , waiting for them to tumble into their sand traps and the ant lion\u2019s formidable jaws . in their adult form , the dragonfly - like ant lions are otherwise weak night - time fliers in the pursuit of insects , pollen , or nectar . the unnamed ant lion ( brachynemurus infuscatus ) is common in california and still inhabits the antioch dunes today .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\na preview for ' b c nh th ng ' could not be found .\nof these , three species are extinct , the status of two are unknown , and three are thought or known to still survive at the dunes today . but it was the dwindling numbers of the eighth\u2014lange\u2019s metalmark butterfly\u2014that helped bring the refuge into existence .\nthe lange\u2019s metalmark butterfly was first listed as a federally endangered species in 1976 . that same year , the antioch dunes were designated as \u201ccritical habitat\u201d for the species . in 1986 , service personnel and volunteers counted a total of 187 lange\u2019s at their population\u2019s annual peak . by 1999 , the peak population count hit 2 , 342 butterflies , the highest count recorded to date . but in 1999 , a trespasser\u2019s campfire along the riverfront burned 10 acres of prime lange\u2019s habitat in the stamm . in the wildfire\u2019s wake , peak lange\u2019s counts have steadily declined from 1 , 185 in 2000 to 521 in 2003 , 452 butterflies in the fall of 2004 , 232 butterflies in 2005 , 45 butterflies in 2006 , and an alarming 28 in 2010 .\nthe dune\u2019s curiosities include the oft overlooked california legless lizard and california horned lizard ( familiarly , the \u201chorned toad\u201d ) , both of which bury themselves in the sandy soils . other amphibians and reptiles seen over the years include western toads , fence and side - blotched lizards , western yellow - bellied racers , gopher snakes , and northern pacific rattlesnakes . common inhabitants among the other taxa include belted kingfishers , northern harriers , a suite of waterfowl , beavers and muskrats along the water\u2019s edge , and resident skunks , raccoons , ground squirrels , and gray and red foxes .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\northoptera species and assemblages vary enormously in biology , abundance , population variability and geographic range . this means that some are major pests but others are threatened with extinction or are extinct through human agency . most pest species are in the acrididae , yet proportionately more threatened species are in the less speciose families . pest orthoptera species are unusual on islands , which nevertheless support several threatened non - acridid species . in contrast , continental species of acrididae and tettigoniidae are the ones principally threatened . many of the threatened orthoptera species are confined to a small geographical area and are highly threatened by anthropogenic impacts that coincide with their small ranges . yet some formerly widespread pest taxa have become extinct . genetic polymorphism to a solitary phase appears to be an extinction - avoidance mechanism . while classically threatened point endemics can receive conservation action , not much can be done for the periodically at risk abundant species . preservation of orthopteran biodiversity is a complex and paradoxical task .\northoptera species and assemblages vary enormously in biology , abundance , population variability and geographic range .\non islands , which nevertheless support several threatened non - acridid species . in contrast , continental species of\ne the ones principally threatened . many of the threatened orthoptera species are con\ufb01ned to a small geographical\ntaxa have become extinct . genetic polymorphism to a solitary phase appears to be an extinction - a\nbiased , but it is a good start . first of all , there is the\nbut for others ( e . g . some of the wetas ) the primary\nlecoq , m . ( 1995 ) forecasting systems for migrant pests . iii .\n. , connell , c . e . and davenport , l . b . ( 1962 ) popula -\n, m . d . and samways , m . j . ( 1996 ) faunal diversity and\n, g . b . , mccomie , l . d . and launois - luong , m . h . ( 1994 )\n( r . g . h . bunce , l . ryszkowski and m . g . paoletti ,\ngangwere , m . c . muralirangan and m . muralirangan , eds ) ,\nsamways , m . j . and harz , k . ( 1982 ) biogeograph\n( s . k . gangwere , m . c . muralirangan and m .\n. m . , andersen , h . and loope , l . l . ( 1995 ) intro -\n. a . drake and a . g . gatehouse , eds ) , pp .\n. . . they are potentially useful ecological indicators ( bazelet & samways , 2011 ; fartmann et al . , 2012 ) . nonetheless , grasshoppers and relatives also have a\nlove - hate relationship\nwith humans ( lockwood , 1998 ; samways & lockwood , 1998 ) . locusts , which are migratory grasshoppers , have historically plagued agricultural civilizations and a few species are still considered pests in some countries . . . .\n. . . si on arrive difficilement \u00e0 mettre en place des mesures pour la protection de grandes esp\u00e8ces charismatiques comme le caribou , la situation est encore pire pour de plus humbles animaux , tels les insectes . globalement m\u00e9connus et souvent mal aim\u00e9s ( lawton , 2001 ) , les insectes sont fr\u00e9quemment per\u00e7us soit comme des esp\u00e8ces nuisibles ( samways et lockwood , 1998 ) , soit comme des esp\u00e8ces strictement utilitaires en mati\u00e8re de contr\u00f4le biologique ( lawton , 2001 ) . une majorit\u00e9 d ' insectes , \u00e0 l ' exception notable des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res , ne peuvent pas compter sur la \u00ab cote d ' amour \u00bb dont b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d ' autres classes animales comme les mammif\u00e8res ou les oiseaux ( leboeuf , 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . m . k . t . found numerous incidences of different orthopteran species visiting flowers ( at least four species visiting whiteweed flowers ) . it is probable that flower - visiting orthopterans are more common than previously thought especially as orthopterans are among the most abundant terrestrial insects ( samways & lockwood , 1998 ; bazelet & samways , 2011 ) . the katydid , p . brevis , belongs to the subfamily of flower - visiting katydids , phaneropterinae . . . .\n. . . swarm of locusta migratoria causes huge losses throughout the world ( vickery and kevan , 1983 ) . species of genus gastrimargus and oedaleus are considered as major pest of agriculture ( samways and lockwood , 1998 causing damage to green grass in range lands where the farmers use the grasses as hay during winter season for cattle feeding . similarly , in azad jammu and kashmir hieroglyphus species out breaks were frequently found in last ten years in the areas situated below 5000ft from sea level causing considerable damage to maize , millet and rice crops ( personal observation ) . the crop loss done for such out breaks have not been yet documented but significant material resources have been applied by farmers for control strategies . . . .\n. . . compared with the quite detailed conservation data available for some central european countries like germany ( maas et al . 2002 ) , we have still rather restricted data from the mediterranean area . even if we become aware of mediterranean orthopteran species with high conservation needs ( e . g . kati et al . 2006kati et al . , 2012schultner et al . 2012 ) , orthoptera in general are more known for their potential as pests , threats to farmland , and for posing a conflict between pest management programs and conservation ( lockwood 1997 ; samways and lockwood 1998 ) . consequently , the majority of orthopteran data from greece , including descriptions of new species , are a result of private research initiatives from central european specialists ( see summary in willemse and willemse 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . however , almost all species exhibit specific soil - based habitat associations , with the majority occurring in calcareous soils developed from karst limestone bedrock . as local - scale mosaics of soil types are a ubiquitous feature in karst regions of china , most species are ' point endemics ' ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) found only in single or microareal location . many species pairs can successfully interbreed through artificial experiments ( wen 2008 ) , suggesting that primulina is probably a genus under recent or ongoing speciation and differentiation . . . .\n. . . even if we become aware of mediterranean orthopteran species with high conservation needs ( e . g . kati et al . 2006 kati et al . , 2012 schultner et al . 2012 ) , orthoptera in general are more known for their potential as pests , threats to farmland , and for posing a conflict between pest management programs and conservation ( lockwood 1997 ; samways and lockwood 1998 ) . consequently , the majority of orthopteran data from greece , including descriptions of new species , are a result of private research initiatives from central european specialists ( see summary in willemse and willemse 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . the genus occurs in a wide latitudinal range ( 18\u00b0n - 31\u00b0n ) and is adapted to remarkably diverse habitats and niches from steep cliffs and cave entrances to lowland sandstone . however , most species are ' point endemics ' ( samways & lockwood , 1998 ) found only in a single or microareal location . nutrient constraints in calcareous soils , particularly for nitrogen ( n ) and phosphorus ( p ) , nutrients that are essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids , might have selectively favored smaller genome sizes ( hessen et al . , 2010 ) . . . .\n. . . o conhecimento da ortopterofauna da am\u00e9rica do sul est\u00e1 muito aqu\u00e9m do que se tem relatado , especialmente em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a alguns grupos como , por exemplo , aos grylloidea e tettigonioidea . ainda , da maioria das esp\u00e9cies descritas n\u00e3o se conhecem as necessidades ecol\u00f3gicas , as caracter\u00edsticas comportamentais ou a din\u00e2mica populacional ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) . relativamente poucas esp\u00e9cies vivem em regi\u00f5es temperadas . . . .\n. . . a ocorr\u00eancia de apenas quatro g\u00eaneros interferiu no valor da diversidade no local . a aus\u00eancia dos g\u00eaneros pteronemobius , odontogryllus e anurogryllus pode indicar que estes g\u00eaneros possuem mais sensibilidade a locais degradados , apesar da literatura afirmar que anurogryllus \u00e9 uma esp\u00e9cie de locais mais abertos ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) . . . .\ninvestigating biodiversity patterns of arthropods and fungi and their response to changing natural and agricultural environments . at present most of this research focuses on afromontane forest tree\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe mondi ecological network programme ( menp ) is a research group in the department of conservation ecology and entomology at stellenbosch university , south africa . its aim is to undertake sound sc\u2026\n[ more ]\nthere are at least 70 species of mole crickets ( orthoptera : gryllotalpidae ) . some are rare , others are innocuous , and a few are important pests . these soil - dwelling pests damage underground parts of a long list of cultivated plants . although tillage and flooding are used successfully in some situations to bring these pests to the soil surface and expose them to vertebrate and other predators , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhabitats and habits of platycleis spp . ( orthoptera , tettigoniidae ) in southern france\nfive species of tettigoniid of the decticine genus , platycleis ( sensu stricto ) , are found in the environs of montpellier , h\u00e9rault , s . france . p . intermedia , p . sabulosa and p . albopunctata are essentially early - evening singers . there is a nycthemeral cycle of vertical migration in these three species\u2014they sing from a greater height than that at which they rest during the daytime . p . affinis . . . [ show full abstract ]\ninterspecific song interactions between heterospecific pairs of male bush crickets in southern france were tape - recorded , probably the first time that song modifications have been recorded under natural conditions . platycleis intermedia ( serv . ) , the principal insect under study , showed types of song modification that were the same in the field as in the laboratory . within each type , the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\narnold , r . a . ( 1983 ) ecological studies of six endangered butterflies ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) : island biogeography , patch dynamics , and design of habitat preserves .\nassociation of bay area governments ( abag ) ( 2001 ) bay area census . urltoken htm , april 25 , 2002 .\nassociation of bay area governments ( abag ) ( 2002 ) abag projections 2002 . urltoken regional . html , may 8 , 2002 .\n( haswell , 1879 ) in san francisco , 96 pp . masters thesis , san francisco state university .\nbay area open space council ( 2002 ) bay area open space map . http : / / urltoken may 5 , 2002 .\nblair , r . b . and launer , a . e . ( 1997 ) butterfly diversity and human land use : species assemblages along an urban gradient .\nbossard , c . c . , randall , j . m . and hoshovsky , m . c . ( 2000 )\nbossart , j . l . and carlton , c . e . ( 2002 ) insect conservation in america : status and perspectives .\ncappiella , k . ( 2001 ) land use / impervious cover relationships in the chesapeake bay .\ncohen , a . n . and carlton , j . t . ( 1995 ) biological report . nonindigenous aquatic species in a united states estuary : a case study of the biological invasions of the san francisco bay and delta . u . s . fish & wildlife service , washington dc .\nconnor , e . f . and mccoy , e . d . ( 1979 ) the statistics and biology of the species - area relationship .\nconnor , e . f . and mccoy , e . d . ( 2000 ) species - area relationships . in\n, vol . 5 , ( s . a . levin , ed . ) , pp . 397\u2013412 . new york : academic press .\n. ( t . r . new , ed . ) , pp . 139\u201340 . occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission , no . 8 . gland , switzerland .\ndobson , a . p . , rodriguez , j . p . , roberts , w . m . and wilcove , d . s . ( 1997 ) geographic distribution of endangered species in the united states .\ndowell , r . v . and gill , r . ( 1989 ) exotic invertebrates and their effects on california .\ndreistadt , s . h . , dahlsten , d . l . and frankie , g . w . ( 1990 ) urban forests and insect ecology .\nehrlich , p . r . , white , r . r . , singer , m . c . , mckechnie , s . w . and gilbert , l . w . ( 1975 ) checkerspot butterflies : a historical perspective .\nehrlich , p . r . and murphy , d . d . ( 1987 ) conservation lessons from long - term studies of checkerspot butterflies .\nessig museum ( 2001 ) california ' s endangered insects . university of california , berkeley , urltoken april 29 , 2002 .\nforstall , r . l . ( 1996 ) population of states and counties of the united states : 1790 to 1990 . u . s . department of commerce , bureau of the census .\nfrankie , g . w . , thorp , r . w . , schindler , m . h . , ertter , b . and przybylski , m . ( 2002 ) bees in berkeley . submitted to\ngarrison , r . w . and hafernik , j . e . ( 1981 ) population structure of the rare damselfly\nhafernik , j . e . and garrison , r . w . ( 1986 ) mating success and survival rate in a population of damselflies : results at variance with theory ?\nhafernik , j . e . ( 1992 ) threats to invertebrate biodiversity : implications for conservation strategies . in\n, ( p . l . fiedler and s . k . jain , eds . ) , pp . 172\u201395 . new york : chapman and hall .\nhafernik , j . e . and reinhard , h . ( 1995 ) butterflies of the bay : winners and losers in san francisco ' s urban jungle .\n( odonata : coenagrionidae ) into glen canyon park , san francisco . masters thesis , san francisco state university , san francisco .\nhardy , p . b . and dennis , r . l . h . ( 1999 ) the impact of urban development on butterflies within a city region .\nharrison , s . , murphy , d . d . and ehrlich , p . r . ( 1988 ) distribution of the bay checkerspot butterfly ,\nholway , d . ( 1998 ) effect of argentine ant invasions on grounddwelling arthropods in northern california riparian woodlands .\nhoward , a . q . and arnold , r . a . ( 1980 ) the antioch dunes - safe at last ?\nhuman , k . g . and gordon , d . m . ( 1997 ) effects of argentine ants on invertebrate biodiversity in northern california .\niucn ( 2000 ) redlist of threatened species . urltoken search / details . php ? species = 39308 )\nkareiva , p . , andelman , s . , doak , d . , elderd , b . , groom , m . , hoekstra , j . , hood , l . , james , f . , lamoreux , j . , lebuhn , g . , mcculloch , c . , regetz , j . , savage , l . , ruckelshaus , m . , skelly , d . , wilbur , h . , zamudio , k . and nceas hcp working group ( 1999 ) using science in habitat conservation plans . national center for ecological analysis and synthesis and the american institute of biological sciences . urltoken projects / 97karei2 / hcp - 1999 - 01 - 14 . pdf , may 13 , 2002 .\nkinzig , a . p . and harte , j . ( 2000 ) implications of endemics - area relationships for estimates of species extinctions .\nkozlov , m . ( 1996 ) patterns of forest insect distribution within a large city : lepidoptera in st . petersburg , russia .\nlauner , a . e . , murphy , d . d . , hoekstra , j . m . and sparrow , h . r . ( 1992 ) the endangered myrtle ' s silverspot butterfly : present status and initial conservation planning .\nleong , j . m . and hafernik , j . e . ( 1992 ) hybridization between two damselfly species ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) morphometric and genitalic differentiation .\nlevy , j . m . and connor , e . f . ( 2003 ) gardens - a haven or hindrance in butterfly conservation . submitted to\n( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on two species of native thistles in a prairie .\nluck , r . f . and dahlsten , d . l . ( 1975 ) natural decline of a pine needle scale [\n( fitch ) ] outbreak at south lake tahoe , california , following cessation of adult mosquito control with malathion .\nmclaughlin , j . f . , hellmann , j . j . , boggs , c . l . and ehrlich , p . r . ( 2002 ) climate change hastens population extinction . in\nmcpherson , b . a . , wood , d . l . , storer , a . j . , svihra , p . , rizzo , d . m . , kelly , n . m . and standiford , r . ( 2000 ) oak mortality syndrome : sudden death of oaks and tanoaks . tree notes number 26 , california department of forestry and fire protection .\nmurphy , d . d . ( 1988 ) the kirby canyon conservation agreement : a model for the resolution of land - use conflicts involving threatened invertebrates .\nmurphy , d . d . , freas , k . e . and weiss , s . b . ( 1990 ) an environmentmetapopulation approach to population viability analysis for a threatened invertebrate .\nmyers , n . , mittermeier , r . a . , mittermeier , c . g . , da fonseca , g . and kent , j . ( 2000 ) biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities .\nnatural resource projects inventory ( 2002 ) antioch dunes national wildlife refuge project - weed control . http : / / www . ice . ucdavis . edu / nrpi / nrpidescription . asp ? projectpk = 4524 , april 29 , 2002 .\nnuckols , m . s . and connor , e . f . ( 1995 ) do trees in urban or ornamental plantings receive more damage by insects than trees in natural forests ?\noksanen , j . , holopainen , j . k . , nerg , a . and holopainen , t . ( 1996 ) levels of damage to scots pine and norway spruce caused by needle miners along a so2 gradient .\nopler , p . a . ( 1979 ) insects of american chestnut : possible importance and conservation concern . in\n, ( w . l . macdonald , f . c . cech , j . luchok , and c . smith eds ) , pp . 83\u20135 . morgantown , wv , usa : west virginia university press .\nopler , p . a . and robinson , l . ( 1986 ) lange ' s metalmark butter - fly . in\nperkins , j . ( 1996 ) existing land use in 1995 : data for bay area counties and cities . oakland , ca : association of bay area governments .\npowell , j . a . ( 1992 ) recent colonization of the san francisco bay area , california , by exotic moths ( lepidoptera : tineoidea , gelechioidea , torticoidea , pyraloidea ) .\npowell , j . a . and parker , m . w . ( 1993 ) lange ' s metalmark :\n, ( t . r . new , ed . ) , pp . 116\u201319 . occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission , no . 8 . gland , switzerland .\npyle , r . m . , benzien , m . and opler , p . ( 1981 ) insect conservation .\nrandall , j . m . , rejmanek , m . and hunter , j . c . ( 1998 ) characteristics of the exotic flora of california .\nrentz , d . c . ( 1977 ) a new and apparently extinct katydid from antioch sand dunes .\nrickman , j . k . and connor , e . f . ( 2003 ) the effect of urbanization on the quality of remnant habitats for leaf - mining lepidoptera of\nrizzo d . m . , garbelotto , m . , davidson , j . m . , slaughter , g . w . and koike , s . t . ( 2002 )\nsanders , n . j . , barton , k . e . and gordon , d . m . ( 2001 ) long - term dynamics of the distribution of the invasive argentine ant ,\nshapiro , a . ( 2002 ) the californian urban butterfly fauna is dependent on alien plants .\nspeight , m . r . , hails , r . s . , gilbert , m . and foggo , a . ( 1998 ) horse chestnut scale ("]}
{"id": 1764, "summary": [{"text": "compsoctena ostracitis is a moth in the eriocottidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1913 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous-whitish with the costal edge blackish at the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are light grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "compsoctena ostracitis", "paragraphs": ["compsoctena ostracitis is a moth in the eriocottidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1913 . [ 1 ] it is found in south africa . [ 2 ]\ncompsoctena primella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 87\nmelasina ostracitis meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 334 ; tl : noordkaap\ncompsoctena - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ south africa , cape province ] , noordkaap , i , leg . jeffrey .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2014336 .\nmelasina cyclatma meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 746 ; tl : transvaal , ne . pretoria district\nalavona indecorella walker , 1863 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 28 : 515\nmelasina aedifica meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 744 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nmelasina aethalea meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 159 ; tl : khasi hills\nmelasina brachyctenis meyrick , 1909 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 ( 7 ) : 364 ; tl : cape colony , vryburg\nmelasina fossoria meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 310 ; tl : transvaal , junction of crocodile and marico rivers\nmelasina microctenis meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo\nmelasina dermatodes meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo\nmelasina autoderma meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo\nmelasina byrseis meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 518 ; tl : belgian congo , elisabethville\nmelasina agria meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 27 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : pretoria\nniphocosma ( meyrick , 1934 ) ( melasina ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 483\nmelasina susurrans meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 82 ; tl : woodbush village\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe wingspan is about 16 mm . the forewings are ochreous - whitish with the costal edge blackish at the base . the hindwings are light grey . [ 3 ]\nmeyrick , e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 334 archived march 15 , 2016 , at the wayback machine .\nthis page was last edited on 20 may 2018 , at 05 : 27 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nthe granular ringlet ( ypthima granulosa ) is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .\nzenonia zeno , the orange - spotted skipper , orange - spotted bellboy or common bellboy , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .\ncometaster pyrula , commonly known as the faint owl moth or ying - yang moth , is a species of moth of the erebidae family .\npontia helice , the meadow white , is a butterfly in the family pieridae .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1800, "summary": [{"text": "the eastern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) is also known as the east african black rhinoceros .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it is a subspecies of the black rhinoceros .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "its numbers are very low due to poaching for its horn and it is listed as critically endangered . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "eastern black rhinoceros", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb diceros bicornis ssp . michaeli ( eastern black rhino , eastern black rhinoceros )\nthere are now three remaining recognized subspecies of black rhinoceros occupying different areas of africa . these subspecies are found in the eastern and southern african countries .\nsubspecies : southwestern black rhinoceros ( d . b . bicornis ) classified as vulnerable ( vu ) ; eastern black rhinoceros ( d . b . michaeli ) and south - central black rhinoceros ( d . b . minor ) are both classified as critically endangered ( cr ) ; western black rhinoceros ( d . b . longipes ) classified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\neastern black rhinoceroses have returned to rwanda . it ' s been 10 years since they were last seen in the country .\nblack rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) . an orphan whose mother was killed by poachers in zimbabwe\nsome black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) are under 24 hour armed guard due to risk of poaching africa .\nndeereh d , okita - ouma b , gaymer j , mutinda m , gakuya f ( 2012 ) unusual mortalities of eastern black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornismichaeli ) due to clostridial enterotoxaemia in oljogi pyramid sanctuary , kenya . pachyderm 51 : 45 - 51 .\nthe black rhinoceros has brachydont and lophodont teeth , with a thin layer of cement . the white rhinoceros is more specialized , for the cheek teeth are hypselodont and have a thick cement layer . \u2026\ngarnier , j . , m . bruford , b . goossens . 2001 . mating system and reproductive skew in the black rhinoceros .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the black rhinoceros article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nmorgan - davies m ( 1996 ) status of the black rhinoceros in masai mara national reserve , kenya . pachyderm21 : 38 - 45 .\nthe black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) , is sometimes called the \u2018hooked - lip rhino\u2019 . the rhinoceros is a mammal in the order perissodactyla and is native to the eastern and central areas of africa including kenya , tanzania , cameroon , south africa , namibia and zimbabwe . although the rhino is referred to as black , it is actually more of a grey - white colour in appearance . it will sometimes take on the colour of the soil that it lives around .\nof rhinoceros . the black rhinoceros typically weighs between 700 and 1 , 300 kg ( 1 , 500 and 2 , 900 pounds ) ; males are the same size as females . it stands 1 . 5 metres ( 5 feet ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 5 metres ( 11 . 5 feet ) long . the black rhinoceros occupies a variety of habitats , including open\n\u2026species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage .\nmassicot , p . 2006 .\nblack rhinoceros\n( on - line ) . animal info . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nthe park has hired anti - poaching units and rhino - tracking teams to keep its new residents safe . and every little bit helps : experts estimate there are only about 1 , 000 eastern black rhinos left in the wild .\n\u2026species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage . \u2026\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\ntitle =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere are 3 subspecies of black rhino , the south - central rhino ( diceros bicornis minor ) , which is the most numerous and once ranged from central tanzania south through zambia , zimbabwe and mozambique to northern and eastern south africa .\nthe black rhinoceros inhabits a variety of habitats , ranging from the deserts of namibia through wooded grasslands to broadleaved woodlands and acacia savannahs ( 4 ) .\ngrzimek , b . 2005 .\nblack rhinoceros\n( on - line ) . answers . com . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nlandman m , kerley gi ( 2014 ) elephant both increase and decrease availability of browse resources for black rhinoceros . biotropica 46 : 42 - 49 .\nmajor habitat type tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands ; deserts and xeric shrublands biogeographic realm afrotropical range states kenya , namibia , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zimbabwe , zambia ( re - introduced ) , botswana ( re - introduced ) . geographical location eastern and southern africa ecological region east african acacia savannas , central and eastern miombo woodlands , namib - karoo - kaokoveld deserts , sudanian savannas\nbrooks , m . 2002 .\nblack rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\n( on - line ) . arkive . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nthe black rhinoceros is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .\nworld wildlife fund , 2004 .\nwwf factsheet : black rhinoceros - diceros bicornis\n( on - line pdf ) . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nmorgan , s . , r . mackey , r . slotow . 2009 . a priori valuation of land use for the conservation of black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) .\nthe population of the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) fell to about 2 , 400 individuals in 1995 , down from a likely number of several hundred thousand at the start of the 20th century , when it ranged over most of southern africa . the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) historically had a smaller geographic\u2026\nthe white and the black ( diceros bicornis ) rhinoceros live in africa , while the indian , the javan ( r . sondaicus ) , and the sumatran ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) rhinoceros live in asia . the precarious state of the surviving species ( all but one are endangered ) is in direct contrast to the\u2026\nthe west african rhino ( diceros bicornis longipes ) , the world conservation union ( iucn ) announced on 7 july 2006 that the west african black rhinoceros has been tentatively declared as extinct .\nfigure 1 : the performance of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and with environmental variation of 2 % ( scenario 2 ) and 1 % ( scenario 3 ) .\nthe black rhinoceros is a herbivore that eats leafy plants , branches , shoots , thorny wood bushes and fruit . the black rhinos diet helps to reduce the amount of woody plants which results in more grasses growing for the benefit of other animals .\nhutchins m , kreger md ( 2006 ) rhinoceros behaviour : implications for captive management and conservation . international zoo yearbook40 : 150 - 173 .\nlaw pr , fike b , lent pc ( 2013 ) mortality and female fecundity in an expanding black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornis minor ) population . european journal of wildlife research 59 : 477 - 485 .\ndollinger , p . , s . geser . 2008 .\nblack rhinoceros\n( on - line ) . world association of zoos and aquariums - virtual zoo . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\ngarnier , j . , w . holt , p . watson . 2002 . non - invasive assessment of oestrous cycles and evaluation of reproductive seasonality in the female wild black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis minor ) .\nblack rhinoceros have been poached to the brink of extinction due to the demand for their horn , both for use in chinese traditional medicine and for traditional dagger handles in yemen , the demand for which exploded in the 1970s due to the increased income of oil - rich gulf states ( 7 ) . it is estimated that between 1970 and 1992 , around 96 percent of the black rhinoceros population was lost ( 8 ) .\nmills ja ( 1997 ) rhinoceros horn and tiger bone in china : and investigation of trade since the 1993 ban . traffic international , cambridge , usa .\ntable 3 : environmental variation ( % ev ) in adult females breeding and mortality rates across various age classes used in the simulation models for the black rhinoceros population , harvest was allowed yearly starting at the age of eight .\nwith less than 5 , 000 black rhino left globally , it is claimed that there are only about 1 , 000 eastern black rhino left apparently . the return of rhinos in rwanda\u2019s akagera national park comes after the re - introduction of lions in 2015 . the rwanda lion conservation efforts has also shown great success over the few years with the population of big cats already doubled and besides , the park has 15 lions at the moment .\nblack rhinos have been on appendix i of cites since 1977 . additionally , black rhinos have been listed since 1980 under the united states endangered species act . black rhinos are listed as critically endangered by the iucn red list . currently , there are four subspecies of black rhinos :\nwalpole mj , morgan - davies m , milledge m , bett p , leader - williams n ( 2001 ) population dynamics and future conservation of a free - ranging black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornis ) population in kenya . biological conservation 99 : 237 - 243 .\nblack rhinos are browsers that feed on items such as twigs , woody shrubs , small trees , legumes , and grass . black rhinos show a preference for\nthere are three subspecies of black rhino , although they all look very similar .\nthe black rhinos habitats are mostly bushy plains , rugged hills and scrub lands .\nfigure 4 : the expected heterozygosity of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and 1 % environmental variation with harvest of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , and 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) .\nfreeman ew , meyer jm , bird j , adendorff j , schulte ba , etal . ( 2014 ) impacts of environmental pressures on the reproductive physiology of subpopulations of black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornisbicornis ) in addo elephant national park , south africa . conservation physiology 2 : 1 - 13 .\ncitation : soka ge , rija aa and owino a ( 2014 ) modeling black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) population performance in east africa : the case of lake nakuru national park , kenya . j biodivers endanger species 2 : 126 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2332 - 2543 . 1000126\nfigure 3 : the probabilities of survival of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and 1 % environmental variation with the harvest of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , and 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) .\nare used in ancient medicine and many black rhinos have been illegally poached for them .\nfemale black rhinos will use their horns to protect their young from predators such as lions and hyenas . although they are fierce , black rhinos do have a softer side .\nthe black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and is more agile in movement . black rhinos can still show considerable bouts of aggression , even though they are mainly shy and solitary animals . black rhinos tend to live alone , except when breeding and raising offspring .\nfigure 2 : the performance of black rhinoceros population with environmental variation of 1 % and harvesting of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) , and 1 male and 1 female every four years ( scenario 6 ) .\nblack rhinoceros are mainly solitary creatures , occupying overlapping home ranges ( 5 ) . in this long - lived species females reach sexual maturity at around five to seven years old and give birth to a single calf every two to four years ( 6 ) . births can occur throughout the year and each calf tends to remain with its mother until the birth of her next offspring . rhinoceros have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell and hearing ( 5 ) . they are inquisitive and often aggressive towards humans and other animals ( 4 ) .\nwe computed the reproductive , survival , and mortality rates by age classes ( table 2 ) which were used in the simulation models . we performed six simulations under different scenarios to assess the performance of black rhinoceros population , and with respect to the best case scenario of no environmental variation and harvesting / translocation ( table 3 ) .\nrhino horn can sell for up to $ 65 , 000 per kilogram on the black market .\nin 1993 , only 2 , 475 black rhinos were recorded . but thanks to successful conservation and anti - poaching efforts , the total number of black rhinos has grown to around 5 , 000 .\n. the first subspecies is listed as vulnerable on the iucn 2008 red list , and the latter three are all listed as critically endangered . conservation efforts to preserve black rhinos include establishing a ban against the horn trade , creating fenced sanctuaries for black rhinos to better protect them from poachers , and dehorning black rhinos to decrease incentive for poaching . with these efforts , the total population of 2 , 400 black rhinos towards the end of the twentieth century increased to 3 , 100 black rhinos by 2001 .\nblack rhinos can go for up to five days without drinking water by obtaining moisture from succulent plants .\nsaid to be on the brink of extinction in the wild . there are only a handful of black\ntable 1 : parameters used in the simulation models for the black rhino population in the study area .\ntable 2 : reproductive , survival and mortality rates for the black rhino population in the study area .\nblack rhinos have a \u2018prehensile\u2019 lip \u2013 \u2018prehensile\u2019 meaning \u2013 adapted for grasping and holding . the black rhinos prehensile lip is used much like a finger to select and pick the twigs and leaves that they prefer .\nbreeding season black rhinos mate throughout the year , with peak breeding seasons depending on the location of the population .\nin the 1970s , more than 50 black rhinos lived in the park , but their population shrank due to poaching .\nto protect black rhinos from poaching and habitat loss , wwf is taking action in three african rhino range countries : namibia , kenya , and south africa . together , these nations hold about 87 % of the total black rhino population .\nmills ja , morkel p , runyoro v , amiyo a , muruthi p , binamungu t , borner m , thirgood s ( 2003 ) management of black rhino in the ngorongoro crater . a report on the ngorongoro black rhino workshop .\nusing their prehensile lip , black rhinoceros feed on the leaves and twigs of a variety of woody plants and herbs ( 4 ) . foraging often occurs in the cool of dawn and dusk ; they spend much of the rest of the day resting in the shade or wallowing in shallow water holes , coating their skin in mud to protect it from the harsh sun and to deter biting flies ( 2 ) .\neffective conservation efforts have seen black rhino numbers inch upwards in recent years after a long and devastating period of hunting and poaching . even so , black rhinos remain critically endangered , with poaching for their horns posing a constant threat to their survival .\nblack rhinos use communal dung heaps , sometimes scraping their feet in the heaps and so leaving a scent as they travel .\neast african black rhino ( d . b . michaeli ) : current stronghold is kenya , with smaller numbers in northern tanzania .\nblack rhinoceroses live in various habitats that range from deserts to grasslands , both tropical and subtropical . they are also present in african forests , especially in areas where grasslands and forests phase into one another . black rhinos generally stay within 25 kilometers of water .\nwambwa e ( 2003 ) disease and health concerns of black rhino in east africa . kenya wildlife service , nairobi , kenya .\nhas relatively poor eyesight , relying more on hearing and smell to detect what is going on around them . the ears of the black\n\u2026white rhinoceroses , as well as black rhinoceroses , assorted species of antelope , wildebeests , zebras , giraffes , and numerous birds . \u2026\nwwf launched an international effort to save wildlife in 1961 , rescuing black rhinos\u2014among many other species\u2014from the brink of extinction . thanks to persistent conservation efforts across africa , the total number of black rhinos grew from 2 , 410 in 1995 to more than 5 , 000 today .\nblack rhinos are the smaller of the two african rhino species . the most notable difference between white and black rhinos are their hooked upper lip . this distinguishes them from the white rhino , which has a square lip . black rhinos are browsers rather than grazers , and their pointed lip helps them feed on leaves from bushes and trees . they have two horns , and occasionally a third , small posterior horn .\nfyumagwa rd , nyahongo jw ( 2010 ) black rhino conservation in tanzania : translocation efforts and further challenges . pachyderm47 : 59 - 65 .\nis the pointed , prehensile upper lip found in black rhinos , as opposed to the square lips found in white rhinos . this lip is used to pick up food such as twigs . additionally , black rhinos have smaller heads , shorter ears , and shorter horns than white rhinos .\nthe african rhino is divided into two species , the black rhino and the white rhino . white rhinos mainly live in south africa , but they have also been reintroduced to botswana , namibia , swaziland , and zimbabwe . southern white rhinos have been introduced to kenya , zambia , and cote d\u2019ivoire . the majority of the black rhino population\u201498 % \u2014is concentrated in four countries : south africa , namibia , zimbabwe , and kenya . south africa houses 40 % of the total black rhino population . there are some black rhinos in the region spread between cameroon and kenya .\nblack rhino mothers are very affectionate towards their young and will look after them for years , protecting them and teaching them how to survive independently . unlike a white rhino calf , a black rhino calf will run behind its mother . young black rhinos will live with their mother until another sibling is born , they are about 2 years old when this happens and are almost adult size and ready to go off and live independently .\nthe black rhinos skin harbours many external parasites , which are eaten by birds such as the ox peckers and egrets that live with the rhino .\nand then they were hit by a poaching epidemic , which started in the early 1970s - effectively eliminating most black rhinos outside conservation areas as well as severely reducing their numbers within national parks and reserves . about 96 % of black rhinos were lost to large - scale poaching between 1970 and 1992 .\nbreeding interval black rhinos breed every 2 to 2 . 5 years under the most favorable conditions , but interbreeding periods can last up to 4 years .\n. they eat an average of 23 . 6 kg during the course of each day . black rhinos use their characteristic prehensile upper lip to grab plants and guide them into their mouths , where their cheek teeth can do the rest of the work . in addition , black rhinos use their horns to gain access to higher branches by breaking or knocking down plants . scraping bark off of trees is also part of the repertoire of black rhino feeding .\nblack rhinos have a tendency to attack just about anything , this is because of their poor eyesight . black rhinos have been known to attack trees and rocks by mistake . they rely heavily on their strong sense of smell and well developed hearing . if it catches a smell of an unfamiliar presence , then it will instinctively charge mistaking it as a threat . most of their \u2018charges\u2019 are bluffs but because they act in this way , they have been given a bad reputation as being aggressive and dangerous . black rhinos do however , live in harmony with other animals generally . black rhinos will attack other animals though if their territory is threatened , they also fight amongst themselves . black rhinos will fight each other over territory and females \u2013 even courting males and females sometimes fight one another . black rhinos use the larger of their two horns as a weapon when fighting . sometimes it can break off , however , this regenerates and grows back eventually .\nthe black rhino is smaller than the white rhino , although adults can still reach 1 . 5 metres in height and weigh in at 1 . 4 tonnes .\nsouth - western black rhino ( d . b . bicornis ) : more adapted to arid and semi - arid savannahs . now live in namibia and south africa .\nthe black rhino once roamed most of sub - saharan africa , but today is on the verge of extinction due to poaching fueled by commercial demand for its horn .\n. black rhinos browse the densely vegetated savanna for leaves , flowers , buds , fruits , berries and roots which they dig up from the ground using their horns .\nthe gestation period of a female black rhino is 16 months . she will give birth to one single calf . the calf will weigh about 100 pounds at birth .\ncromsigt j , hearne j , heitkonig i , prins h ( 2002 ) using models in the management of black rhino populations . ecological modelling149 : 203 - 211 .\nadult black rhinos are mostly solitary . mother and daughters may stay together for long periods of time , while a female without offspring may join up with a neighbouring female .\ncommunity engagement will also play a role in south africa , where we are looking to conserve black rhino through community governance , training , and identification of alternative livelihood opportunities .\nthe black rhino population in kenya\u2019s tsavo ecosystem was estimated at 6 , 000 to 8 , 000 in the 1970s . by 1989 , there were no more . . .\nuncontrolled hunting in the colonial era was historically the major factor in the decline of black rhinos . today , poaching for the illegal trade in their horns is the major threat .\nboth black and white rhinoceroses are actually gray . they are different not in color but in lip shape . the black rhino has a pointed upper lip , while its white relative has a squared lip . the difference in lip shape is related to the animals ' diets . black rhinos are browsers that get most of their sustenance from eating trees and bushes . they use their lips to pluck leaves and fruit from the branches . white rhinos graze on grasses , walking with their enormous heads and squared lips lowered to the ground .\nthe population performance of black rhinoceros in showed varying fluctuating patterns under different scenarios . for the best - case scenario ( scenario 1 ) , the pattern showed a considerable increase in population ( figure 1 ) . the population achieved stable growth ( \u03bb ) of 1 . 04 after 40 years in 100 years of simulation . the generation times for males and females were equal ( 26 . 7 years ) . the mean final population size for successful cases was 70 . 85 \u00b1 2 . 0 , which was close to the carrying capacity used in the simulation . the expected heterozygosity was 0 . 91 \u00b1 0 . 02 .\nblack rhinos have been killed in increasing numbers in recent years as transnational , organised criminal networks have become more involved in the poaching of rhinos and the illegal trade in rhino horn .\nthe overall life span of the black rhino is between 25 \u2013 40 years , in captivity they live a little longer because they are more protected \u2013 usually to about 45 years old .\ntypically , black rhinos are relatively solitary . males remain solitary until it is time to mate ; females reside with their young offspring in a solitary family unit . there are exceptions , as females without young sometimes associate with other females . the largest black rhino group that has been observed so far has been made up of 13 rhinos , but this was a temporary association .\nblack rhinos have the potential to help create awareness for conservation efforts . additionally , they provide educational value both through biology and through art . black rhino horns are also very valuable for their use in various products , such as traditional chinese medicine and traditional yemen dagger handles . the popularity of their horns is a major reason why the species as a whole is in trouble .\nalthough many charges by black rhinos towards humans and their vehicles turn into innocent advances , some may cause injury or death to humans , or damage to vehicles that results in monetary loss .\nhrabar h , du toit jt ( 2005 ) dynamics of a protected black rhino ( dicerosbicornis ) population : pilanesberg national park , south africa . animal conservation 8 : 259 - 267 .\nblack : 1 to 1 . 5 tn . ( 2 , 000 to 3 , 000 lb . ) white : more than 2 tn . ( 4 , 000 + lb . )\nblack rhinos have two horns , one posterior and one anterior , which are made from keratin instead of bone . the anterior horn is normally longer , measuring 42 to 128 cm , while the posterior horn is 20 to 50 cm . in some cases , black rhinos have a third , posterior horn , which is small . females tend to have longer and thinner horns than males .\nsouthern - central black rhino ( d . b . minor ) : most numerous subspecies . found in south africa , zimbabwe , southern tanzania and reintroduced to botswana , malawi , swaziland and zambia .\nblack rhinos are heavy browsers that restrict woody plants from over - growing in their habitat . this is important because it allows grasses to grow which provides food for many other animals on the grassy plains .\nthe black rhino has a wide vocal range and can possibly communicate the same way as an elephant can by frequencies well below the range of human hearing . breathing is also an important part of rhino communication .\nadult black rhinoceroses are solitary in nature , coming together only for mating . mating does not have a seasonal pattern , however , births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in drier environments .\na rhino ' s horn is made of keratin fibers , the same material found in hair and fingernails . rhino ' s are often killed because of the belief that their horns have medicinal uses . in september , 2009 brec ' s baton rouge zoo announced the birth of zuri , a female black rhino . she is the only black rhino born in north america that year and one of only three born in zoos worldwide .\nan adult black rhinoceros stands 140 \u2013 170 centimetres ( 57 . 9 \u2013 63 inches ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 3 \u2013 3 . 6 metres ( 10 . 8 \u2013 11 . 8 feet ) in length . an adult weighs from 800 to 1400 kilograms ( 1 , 760 to 3 , 080 pounds ) , some may weigh 1820 kilograms ( 4 , 000 pounds ) , with the females being smaller than the males . the rhinos two horns on their skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50 centimetres long , some can measure up to 140 centimetres . sometimes , a third smaller horn may develop . these horns are used for defence , intimidation and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding .\nexcept for females and their offspring , black rhinos are solitary . females reproduce only every two and a half to five years . their single calf does not live on its own until it is about three years old .\n) sometimes prey on young rhinos . lions also sometimes attack adults . black rhinos use their size and strength as a defense mechanism by charging at their predators both to threaten predators and actively defend themselves and their offspring .\nblack rhinos were once found throughout sub - saharan africa with the exception of the congo basin . even though they are largely solitary animals , they were once so plentiful that it was not unusual to encounter dozens in a single day .\nsuccesses in black rhino conservation over recent years are heartening , but a lot of work remains to be done to counter the current poaching crisis and eventually bring the population up to more than just a fraction of what it once was .\nhas been distributed throughout africa , south of the sahara , with the exception of the congo basin . the current range of black rhinoceroses is bounded by cameroon , kenya , and south africa but their distribution within those limits is fragmented .\nin order to remain cool during especially hot times of the day or season , black rhinos roll in mud to get it all over their bodies . they also make trips to local salt licks to get needed nutrients necessary for survival .\nokita - ouma b , amin r , van langevelde f , leader - williams n ( 2009 ) density dependence and population dynamics of black rhinos ( dicerosbicornismichaeli ) in kenya\u2019s rhino sanctuaries . african journal of ecology48 : 791 - 799 .\nrhinos live in home ranges that can sometimes overlap with each other , and their feeding grounds , wallows , and water holes may be shared . the black rhino is usually solitary , while the white rhino tends to be more social .\nover time , habitat loss has led to isolated , high - density rhino populations . these populations have slow growth rates , which can cause numbers to stagnate and eventually decline . they also raise the risk of disease transmission . to ensure a healthy and growing black rhino population , rhinos from high - density areas must be moved to low density areas with suitable habitat . wwf is supporting these efforts and partnering with government agencies and other ngos to establish new black rhino populations .\nbreeding occurs throughout the year . the gestation period is between 419 and 478 days , with an average interval of 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 years between calves . black rhino calves begin to wean at about 2 months of age .\nnotably , rhinos were last spotted in rwanda about 10 years ago but we on the verge of phasing out . in the 1970s , reports claimed akagera national park had approximately 50 black rhinos but suddenly declined at a very high pace due to regular poaching .\ncritically endangered black rhino lost an estimated 97 . 6 % of its population since 1960 with numbers bottoming out at 2 , 410 in 1995 . when you support african wildlife foundation , you aid in the conservation and growth of endangered species like the rhino .\nspecies ) are involved in a mutualistic relationship where the oxpeckers eat parasites taken from the rhino\u2019s skin . additionally , oxpeckers are able to warn rhinos of approaching predators because their vision is much better than the rhino\u2019s vision . black rhinos are significant herbivores and influence plant communities .\npoaching is the deadliest and most urgent threat to black rhinos . wwf is working with government agencies and partners in namibia , kenya , and south africa to support law enforcement agencies , develop and build on innovative tech solutions , and equip and train rangers to stop poachers .\nthere is large variation in home range size of black rhinos . depending on region and habitat , home range can range from 2 . 6 km ^ 2 to 133 km ^ 2 . habitats with better conditions generally result in smaller home ranges , while poorer conditions result in larger home ranges , presumably because rhinos have to travel further to acquire food and water . black rhinos are not excessively territorial within their home ranges , but dominant males are more likely to express territorial behavior against other dominant males than females and males lower down in the hierarchical system .\ntypical lifespan in the wild is between 30 and 35 years , with little expectation of exceeding 35 years . in captivity , black rhinos can live over 45 years , with the record being 49 years . factors that limit lifespan in the wild include poaching for horns and habitat fragmentation .\nblack rhinos boast two horns , the foremost more prominent than the other . rhino horns grow as much as three inches a year , and have been known to grow up to five feet long . females use their horns to protect their young , while males use them to battle attackers .\nblack rhinos have a sedentary lifestyle and remain in one general area . they are less active during the middle of the day , using mornings and evenings to eat , drink , and move around . when they are startled , they tend to run away from the source . while fleeing , rhinos issue a series of snorts and curl their tails until they calm down . once the initial scare has passed , the rhino\u2019s curiosity kicks in , and it will examine the source with inquisitive charges . even though there is severe danger associated with black rhino charges , the charge normally does not end with serious consequences .\ndo not be fooled by a rhinos lumbering size a black rhino can thunder along at 40 miles per hour ( 64 kilometres per hour ) ! a group of rhinos is sometimes called a ' crash ' an appropriate term for a large and ponderous animal that can crash through just about anything in its way .\nblack rhinos are brownish gray , have two horns , a broad chest , thick skin , poor eyesight , excellent hearing , and a fondness for rolling in the mud . their thick skin acts like protective plating but is sensitive , as the blood vessels are close to the skin\u2019s surface and can easily be scarred .\nblack rhinos feed at night and during the gloaming hours of dawn and dusk . under the hot african sun , they take cover by lying in the shade . rhinos are also wallowers . they often find a suitable water hole and roll in its mud , coating their skin with a natural bug repellent and sun block .\nalthough females reach sexual maturity at 4 - 5 years , they do not have their first calf until they are 6 . 5 - 7 years old . males need to wait until they are 10 - 12 years old before they can claim a territory and mate . black rhinos may reach 40 - 50 years of age .\nconservation status : critically endangered . people of some cultures believe that rhino horn contains medicinal properties . this is most likely not true , however , this is one of the main reasons rhinos are poached . there are fewer than 2 , 550 black rhinos alive today . all five species of rhino are in danger of extinction .\nrhinos are one of the oldest groups of mammals , virtually living fossils . they play an important role in their habitats and in countries like namibia , rhinos are an important source of income from ecotourism . the protection of black rhinos creates large blocks of land for conservation purposes . this benefits many other species , including elephants .\nalthough the color of black rhinoceroses can vary from yellow - brown to dark - brown , the general color is grey . specific skin color depends on the soil conditions within the habitat of each individual . the skin is naked or hairless , with the exception of short , fringe - like hair on the short and rounded ears . on average , black rhinos have a shoulder height between 1 . 4 and 1 . 8 m , a head and body length between 3 and 3 . 75 m , and a weight between 800 and 1400 kg . tail length is generally around 0 . 7 m . although similar in size , males are normally a little larger than females .\nalthough black rhinos use vision , acoustic , and smell senses , their sense of smell is what they rely on most . they have poor vision , with the ability to see only 25 to 30 m away . their sense of hearing is good , but not up to the level of their sense of smell . black rhinos use the pheromones and scents from their feces and urine to mark territories . additionally , they engage in calls to one another that can take the form of the pant - squeal interaction seen in mothers and their infants to loud roars that signify aggression . when a subordinate male enters the territory of a more dominant male , the combination of calls and territorial scents causes the subordinate male to retreat .\ncommunity support and engagement is a cornerstone of wwf\u2019s work , particularly in namibia . hand - in - hand with our namibia partners , we assist communities to set up conservancies and help to foster the knowledge , skills , and capacity required to successfully govern their conservancies and manage their wildlife resources . these communal lands are now home to africa\u2019s largest remaining free roaming black rhino population .\nfor the first week after birth the offspring is hidden by the mother . after that , the mother and calf use specific vocalizations to find one another : the mother pants and the calf squeals . black rhino mothers are very protective of their calves , which is why calves walk behind their mothers . this differs from white rhino females , who have their young walk in front of them . calves are able to browse on their own after one month and able to drink water after 4 to 5 months . black rhino offspring aren\u2019t weaned until 18 months ; after that , the calf remains dependent on its mother for up to 4 years . the basic social unit for females is typically a female and her young offspring , until the offspring is forced into independence by a sibling .\ntoday , black rhinos remain critically endangered because of rising demand for rhino horn , from some asian consumers , particularly in vietnam and china , who use them in folk remedies . a recent increase in poaching in south africa threatens to erase our conservation success , reaching an apex in 2014 when 1 , 215 rhinos were poached . poaching numbers are slowly decreasing\u20141 , 054 were poached in 2016\u2014but poaching continues unabated with numbers remaining unsustainably high .\nthe black rhino is a browser . its triangular - shaped upper lip , which ends in a grasping point , is used to eat a large variety of vegetation\u2014including leaves ; buds ; and shoots of plants , bushes , and trees . it can be found in various habitats that have dense , woody vegetation . the white rhino lives in savannas , which have water holes , mud wallows , shade trees , and the grasses they graze on .\n, thickets , and dry forests , as well as mountain forests and moorlands at high altitudes . it is a selective browser , and grass plays a minor role in its diet . where succulent plants , such as euphorbias , are abundant in dry habitats , it can survive without flowing water . where water is available , drinking is regular and frequent ; black rhinoceroses also dig for water in dry riverbeds . they are normally ill - tempered and unpredictable and may charge any unfamiliar sound or smell . four subspecies are recognized , including one from\nin the wild , the adult black or white rhino has no predators except for humans . rhinos are hunted and killed for their horns . the major demand for rhino horn is in asia , where it is used in ornamental carvings and traditional medicine . rhino horn is touted as a cure for hangovers , cancer , and impotence . their horns are not true horns ; they are actually made of keratin\u2014the same material that makes up our hair and nails . truly , rhino horn is as effective at curing cancer as chewing on your fingernails .\noops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\nrwanda officially joins the list of african countries with the big five game animals following the recent addition of 10 rhinos to akagera national park with 10 more expected in the country in the next one or two weeks . the rhinos arrived at kigali international airport on tuesday morning from south africa on tuesday morning at around 3 : 30am ( eat ) aboard an etihad airways cargo plane .\nthe rhinos were offloaded under the prompt supervision of a team of veterinary doctors and loaded onto respective trucks as they made their journey to akagera national park .\nthe chief tourism officer ( cto ) of rwanda development board ( rdb ) , belise kariza , south africa\u2019s ambassador to rwanda , george twala and akagera national park manager , jes gruner we among the people who were at hand to receive the rhinos .\nthis major development in rwanda\u2019s tourism industry was partially pushed by african parks , an african non - profit organization that manages national parks on the government\u2019s behalf , the rwanda development board and the howard g . buffett foundation ( main source of the fund ) .\nbefore receiving the 10 beasts , akagera national park \u2013 a savannah protected habitat had since undergone major transformation since african parks took over its management in 2010 .\namong the efforts for the transformation was the establishment of rhino tracking protection team , an anti - poaching unit and the deployment of a helicopter for regular air surveillance . all these efforts are aimed at conserving the rhinos and keeping them away from poaching .\nrwanda development board\u2019s chief executive officer , clare akamanzi says the animals will definitely go a very long way in boosting the rwanda tourism industry .\nseveral wildlife experts have come out to say that the return of rhinos is a true testimony to the country\u2019s endless progress in conservation effort s . peter fearnhead , the chief executive officer of african parks claims the existence of rhinos has greatly been threatened by the illegal rhino horn trade in asia despite the species being a huge symbol of the continent .\nchairman and ceo of the howard g . buffett foundation , howard g . buffett referred to the development a huge another milestone in rwanda\u2019s conservation , and eco - tourism efforts .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe wwf is run at a local level by the following offices . . .\nby a prehensile upper lip ( hence the alternative name of hook - lipped rhino ) , which it uses to feed on twigs of woody plants and a variety of herbaceous plants . they have a particular liking for acacias .\nthe front horn is the longer of the two horns , averaging 50cm in length .\nduring courtship , conflicts over a female may result in the death of one of the competing males .\nhowever , relentless hunting by european settlers saw their numbers quickly decline . by the end of the 1960s , they had disappeared or mostly disappeared from a number of countries , with an estimated 70 , 000 surviving on the continent .\nthe species is currently found in patchy distribution from kenya down to south africa . however , almost 98 % of the total population is found in just 4 countries : south africa , namibia , zimbabwe and kenya .\npowdered horn is used in traditional asian medicine as a supposed cure for a range of illnesses \u2013 from hangovers to fevers and even cancer .\nthe recent surge has been primarily driven by the demand for horn by upper - middle class citizens in vietnam . as well as its use in medicine , rhino horn is bought and consumed purely as a symbol of wealth .\nmake a donation towards much - needed anti - poaching equipment and support for rangers across africa .\npromoting well managed wildlife - based tourism experiences that will also provide additional funding for conservation efforts .\nthe wwf wildlife crime scorecard report selects 23 range , transit and consumer countries from asia and africa facing the highest levels of illegal trade in elephant ivory , rhino horn and tiger parts .\ntraffic is a joint programme of wwf and the world conservation union ( iucn ) that monitors the global wildlife trade . traffic also works in close co - operation with cites .\nfight the destructive harvesting and unregulated trade of one of the most attractive inhabitants of our tropical oceans .\nthis is a place where gorillas , hippos and elephants can be found walking , playing and resting along pristine sandy beaches . . .\nwhen you work with wwf to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature , you give your child , and all children around the world , a chance to get to discover our earth as we know it today .\nyour support will help us build a future where humans live in harmony with nature . $ 5 $ 15 $ 25 $ 50\nrhinos have sharp hearing and a keen sense of smell . they may find one another by following the trail of scent each enormous animal leaves behind it on the landscape .\nthe prominent horn for which rhinos are so well known has also been their downfall . many animals have been killed for the hard , hairlike growth , which is revered for medicinal uses in china , taiwan , hong kong , and singapore . the horn is also valued in north africa and the middle east as an ornamental dagger handle .\n4 . 5 \u2013 6 . 0 ft tall at shoulder ; 10 - 12 . 5 ft long from head to tail\ncome visit kianga and timu mbano in the charles and jennifer johnson land of the giants .\nrhinos soak in mud or roll in dust as protection against sunburn and insect bites .\nall rhinos spend the majority of the morning late afternoon and nighttime eating . during the hottest part of the day , they rest .\nhorns are used to dig up roots and break branches for better access to food .\nthe effort to relocate the animals was sponsored by african parks , a conservation nonprofit that manages national parks on behalf of the government .\neighteen of the endangered species were moved about 2 , 500 miles by cargo plane from south africa to their new home at akagera national park .\nbut akagera seems to be a promising place for savanna dwellers . seven lions were introduced there in 2015 , and their population doubled by 2016 .\npompeo says north korea should follow vietnam ' s example and trust u . s .\nto help conserve this species by working in the field with earthwatch , click here .\nauthenticated ( 27 / 8 / 02 ) by martin brooks . chair , african rhino specialist group . urltoken\nprehensile capable of grasping . subspecies a different race of a species , which is geographically separated from other populations of that species .\nmacdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , uk .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction ."]}
{"id": 1804, "summary": [{"text": "oreta carnea is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by butler in 1892 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in malaysia , singapore and on sumatra , java and borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 35 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are sericeous pale brownish flesh-colour , sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the forewings are crossed by two very indistinct oblique darker lines and there is a submarginal series of rosy spots on the veins .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings have two whitish stigmata on the discocellulars .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on uncaria species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "oreta carnea", "paragraphs": ["oreta carnea ( butler , 1892 ) = agnidra carnea butler , 1892 = drepana berenica swinhoe , 1893 = cobanilla hepaticata warren , 1897 = cobanilla cardinalis warren , 1897 = drepana berenica swinhoe , 1893 = oreta hepatica warren 1897 = oreta cardinalis warren 1897 .\noreta carnea is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by butler in 1892 . it is found in malaysia , singapore and on sumatra , java and borneo .\nthis is by far the commonest bornean oreta , occurring from the lowlands to about 1600m , mostly in forest but including secondary forest .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nwarren , cobanilla cardinalis warren , 1897 , novit . zool . , 4 : 13 .\nthis is one of the smallest bornean species , variable , with fasciation diffusely darker on dull medium to dark red forewings . there are usually two blackish submarginal spots at the forewing tornus . the antennae are narrowly bipectinate .\nthe species has been reared from uncaria ( rubiaceae ) in malaysia ( yunus & ho , 1980 ; zhang , 1994 ) .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3250132a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32502161 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33433df2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbeccaloni g . , scoble m . , kitching i . , simonsen t . , robinson g . , pitkin b . , hine a . & lyal c . ( 2018 ) . lepindex : the global lepidoptera names index ( version 12 . 3 , jan 2012 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 49b85d6b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthe wingspan is about 35 mm . adults are sericeous pale brownish flesh - colour , sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms . the forewings are crossed by two very indistinct oblique darker lines and there is a submarginal series of rosy spots on the veins . the hindwings have two whitish stigmata on the discocellulars .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1867, "summary": [{"text": "heliconius demeter , the demeter longwing , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by otto staudinger in 1897 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the amazon basin , from guyana to peru and bolivia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of sand forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae are gregarious and feed on dilkea and mitostemma species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "full-grown larvae have a yellow body with black spots or bands and a black head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they reach a length of about 20 mm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "heliconius demeter", "paragraphs": ["andrew brower marked\nfile : heliconius demeter bouqueti mhnt . jpg\nas trusted on the\nheliconius demeter staudinger , 1896\npage .\nandrew brower marked\nfile : heliconius demeter bouqueti mhnt ventre . jpg\nas trusted on the\nheliconius demeter staudinger , 1896\npage .\nandrew brower marked\nfile : heliconius demeter bouqueti mhnt dos . jpg\nas trusted on the\nheliconius demeter staudinger , 1896\npage .\nheliconius demeter , the demeter longwing , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family . it was described by otto staudinger in 1897 . it is found in the amazon basin , from guyana to peru and bolivia . the habitat consists of sand forests .\nthe helicomans of brazil ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) part vi . aspects of the biology and ecology of heliconius demeter , with description of four new subspecies\nthe heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) . part iv . aspects of the biology and ecology of heliconius demeter , with description of four new subspecies\ndemeter .\nencyclopedia mythica from encyclopedia mythica online . urltoken [ accessed may 22 , 2008 ] .\nhost plant : h . demeter larvae feed primarily on plants from the genera dilkea and mitostemma ( brown , 1981 ) .\netymology : demeter is the greek earth goddess , who brings forth the fruits of the earth , particularly the various grains . she taught mankind the art of sowing and ploughing so they could end their nomadic existence . as such , demeter was also the goddess of planned society . she was very popular with the rural population . as a fertility goddess she is sometimes identified with rhea and gaia ( demeter ) .\nadaptive polymorphism associated with multiple m\u00fcllerian mimicry in heliconius numata ( lepid . nymph . )\nsemispecies relationships between heliconius erato cyrbia godt . and h . himera hew . in southwestern ecuador\nthe heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . part iii . ecology and biology of heliconius nattereri , a key primitive species near extinction , and comments on the evolutionary development of heliconius and\nthe heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . part iii . ecology and biology of heliconius nattereri , a key primitive species near extinction , and comments on the evolutionary development of heliconius and eueides\nheliconius demeter is distributed in the amazon basin . the map below shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species . the original data used to draw these maps is derived from brown ( 1979 ) which is available at keith s . brown jr . ( 1979 ) . ecological geography and evolution in neotropical forests .\nheliconius butterflies with proboscis bearing pollen collected from flowers . the diets of most lepidoptera are very limited in nitrogenous compounds , and pollen feeding is thought to increase longevity and egg production in heliconius butterflies . images \u00a9 mathieu joron\nthe heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera nymphalidae ) . part vii . evolution in modern amazonian non - forest islands : heliconius hermathena\nbrown k . s . 1981 the biology of heliconius and related genera . annual review of entomology 26 , 427 - 456 .\nthe heliconius genome consortium . 2012 . butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species . nature ( 2012 ) vol . 487 .\nheliconius sapho male sitting on a female pupa . mating takes place as the female begins to eclose , and females mate only once . \u00a9 jamie walters\nholzinger , h and holzinger , r , 1994 . heliconius and related genera . sciences nat , venette , pp . 1\u2013328 , pl . 1\u201351 [ 1 ]\nh . demeter occurs from sea level to 1 , 100 m in sand forest . the males sit on female pupae a day before emergence , and mating occurs the next morning , before the female has completely eclosed . adults roost at night in loose groups 2 - 10 m above ground and under leaves ( brown , 1981 ) .\na cryptic species discovered in heliconius ! it is not always the case that mtdna ' barcode ' differences correctly delimit separate species . however , we recently found two cryptic heliconius species that co - occur in sympatry in a narrow zone of overlap in amazonia , initially via barcoding . furthermore , the two taxa are co - mimics , so no mimicry switch led to speciation here , although we had thought that mimicry switches typically accompanied speciation in the genus heliconius . rosser et al . 2018 .\njoel smith and marcus r . kronforst . \u201cdo heliconius butterflies species exchange mimicry alleles ? \u201d bio . lett . 2013 9 , 20130503 , published 17 july 2013 .\ngilbert l . e . 1972 . feeding and reproductive biology of heliconius butterflies . proc . nat . acad . sci . 69 ( 6 ) : 1403 - 1407\nstaudinger o . 1897 . neue heliconius - arten und formen . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift\niris\n9 ( 2 ) : 284 - 317 , pls . 6 - 7 .\na widespread neotropical species . h . sara is a relatively small heliconius , and member of one of the few sister - taxon mimetic pairs ( with h . leucadia ) .\nthe heliconius butterflies are the most speciose genus within the heliconiini , displaying a dramatic diversity of colour patterns at species and sub - species level . they are also famous for m\u00fcllerian mimicry , with many species converging on a common wing pattern where they live together . heliconius communities commonly consist of several \u2018mimicry rings\u2019 , groups of species that share a common pattern .\nmavarez j , c salazar , e bermingham , c salcedo , c jiggins , m linares . 2006 . speciation by hybridization in the heliconius butterflies . nature 441 : 868 - 871\nsourakov , andrei . ( 2008 ) . pupal mating in zebra longwing ( heliconius charithonia ) : photographic evidence . news of the lepidopterists ' society 50 ( 1 ) : 26 - 32 .\nheliconius are recognized by their large eyes , long antennae , characteristic elongate wing - shape , teardrop - shaped hindwing discal cell , and distinctive colour patterns . the hostplants are all passifloreae , and there is some phylogenetic association between species groups of passiflora and the heliconius species that feed on them ( benson et al . , 1976 ; brower , 1997 ) ( see each species for more details ) .\nnahrstedt a , r . h . davis . 1980 . the occurrence of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin , in acraea and heliconius butterflies . comp . biochem . physiol . 68b : 575 - 577 .\nkronforst , m r , young , l g , blume , l m and gilbert , l e , 2006 . multilocus analyses of admixture and introgression among hybridizing heliconius butterflies . evolution , 60 , 1254\u201368 .\nmavarez , j , salazar , c a , bermingham , e , salcedo , c , jiggins , c d and linares , m , 2006 . speciation by hybridization in heliconius butterflies . nature 441 : 868\u201371 .\nbrower a v z ( 2011 ) .\nhybrid speciation in heliconius butterflies ? a review and critique of the evidence\n. genetica 139 ( 2 ) : 589\u2013609 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10709 - 010 - 9530 - 4 .\nrosser n , freitas avl , huertas b , joron m , lamas g , m\u00e9rot c , simpson f , willmott k , mallet j , dasmahapatra kk . a new cryptic species of heliconius ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . submitted . 2018 .\njoron , m , papa , r , beltran , m , chamberlain , n , mavarez , j , baxter , s and abanto , m , 2006 . a conserved supergene locus controls color pattern diversity in heliconius butterflies . plos biology 4 : 1831\u201340\nmallet , j . , gilbert , l . 1994 . why are there so many mimicry rings ? correlations between habitats , behaviour , and mimicry in heliconius butterlies . 1994 . biological journal of the linnean society ( 1995 ) , 55 : 159 - 180 .\nbaxter , s w , papa , r , chamberlain , n , humphray , j s , joron , m , morrison , c and ffrench - constant , r h , 2008 . convergent evolution in the genetic basis of m\u00fcllerian mimicry in heliconius butterflies . genetics 180 : 1567\u201377\nmavarez , j . ; salazar , c . a . ; bermingham , e . ; salcedo , c . ; jiggins , c . d . ; linares , m . ( 2006 ) .\nspeciation by hybridization in heliconius butterflies\n. nature 441 ( 7095 ) : 868\u201371\nfor discussion of the monophyly of the genus as presented here and relationships among heliconiine genera , see the heliconiini page . within heliconius the relationships presented here are based on molecular sequence data for 3 mtdna and 4 nuclear gene regions ( beltran et al . 2007 ) . there is also a highly supported monophyletic \u2018pupal - mating clade\u2019 suggesting that pupal mating behaviour evolved only once in the heliconiina ( see tree above ) . within heliconius , the absence of a signum on the female bursa copulatrix is a morphological character that defines the pupal - mating group ( penz , 1999 ) .\nwe generated a comprehensive gene orthology analyses spanning 23 genomes ( 21 species , but with two sets of genomes / gene - predictions for heliconius erato and plutella xylostella ) . rather than using the ensembl compara pipeline as is , we used current best practices in gene - tree reconstruction such as :\none puzzling thought with mullerian mimicry / convergence is it would be predicted the butterflies would all eventually converge on the same color and pattern for the highest predator education . instead heliconius butterflies are greatly diverse , and even form multiple \u2018mimicry rings\u2019 within the same geographical area . additional evolutionary forces are likely at work .\ncounterman , b a , araujo - perez , f , hines , h m , baxter , s w , morrison , c m , lindstrom , d p and papa , r , 2010 . genomic hotspots for adaptation : the population genetics of m\u00fcllerian mimicry in heliconius erato . plos genetics 6 : - .\ngilbert ( 1991 ) suggested that pupal - mating might play an important role in the radiation of heliconius as well as in the packing of heliconius species into local habitats . pupal - mating might enhance the possibility of intrageneric mimicry because in many cases , mimetic species pairs consist of a pupal - mating and a non pupal - mating species . the strikingly different mating tactics of these groups could allow phenotypically identical species to occupy the same habitats without mate recognition errors . second , this mating tactic may influence host - plant specialisation , as it has been suggested that pupal - mating species may displace other heliconiines from their hosts by interference competition ( gilbert , 1991 ) . males of these species sit on , attempt to mate with , and disrupt eclosion of other heliconius species of both mating types encountered on the host plant . this aggressive behaviour may prevent other heliconiine species from evolving preference for host plants used by pupal - mating species .\na second unusual trait found in some heliconius species is a unique mating behaviour known as pupal - mating . males of certain species search larval food plants for female pupae . the males then sit on the pupae a day before emergence , and mating occurs the next morning , before the female has completely eclosed ( gilbert , 1976 ; deinert et al . 1994 ) . various kinds of pupal - mating occur scattered across several insect orders ( thornhill & alcock , 1993 ) ; in passion - vine butterflies almost half the heliconius species ( 42 % ) are pupal - maters ( gilbert , 1991 , pupal mating clade marked in the cladogram above ) .\nheliconius sara is widespread throughout central america and south america . this map shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species . the original data used to draw these maps are derived from brown ( 1979 ) which is available at keith s . brown jr . ( 1979 ) . ecological geography and evolution in neotropical forests .\nthe heliconius genome consortium has released 24 new heliconiine genome assemblies using the w2 - wrap contigger and a - scaff tools , courtesy jim mallet and bernardo clavijo\u2019s group at earlham institute . some of the samples are species crosses or were contaminated , but we decided to host them as separate genome assemblies to make them easier to search against :\nheliconius female butterflies also disperse their eggs much slower than other species of butterflies . they obtain their nutrients for egg production through pollen in the adult stage rather than the larval stage . due to nutrient collection in the adult rather than larval stage , adult females have an extensively longer life compared to others species which allows them to better disperse their eggs for survival and speciation .\nsupple , m . , hines , h . , dasmahapatra , k . , lewis j . , nielsen d . , lavoie , c . , ray , d . , salavar , c . , mcmillan , o . , counterman , b . 2103 . genomic architecture of adaptive color pattern divergence and convergence in heliconius butterflies . genome research ( 2013 ) : gr - 150615 .\nheliconius comprises a colorful and widespread genus of brush - footed butterfly commonly known as the longwings or heliconians . this genus is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the new world , from south america as far north as the southern united states . the larvae of these butterflies eat passion flower vines ( passifloraceae ) . adults exhibit bright wing color patterns to signal their distastefulness to potential predators .\nbrought to the forefront of scientific attention by victorian naturalists , these butterflies exhibit a striking diversity and mimicry , both amongst themselves and with species in other groups of butterflies and moths . the study of heliconius and other groups of mimetic butterflies allowed the english naturalist henry walter bates , following his return from brazil in 1859 , to lend support to charles darwin , who had found similar diversity amongst the galapagos finches .\nheliconius butterflies have been a subject of many studies , due partly to their abundance and the relative ease of breeding them under laboratory conditions , but also because of the extensive mimicry that occurs in this group . from the nineteenth century to the present - day , their study has helped scientists to understand how new species are formed and why nature is so diverse . in particular , the genus is suitable for the study of both batesian mimicry and m\u00fcllerian mimicry .\neach page contains information about a particular group , e . g . , salamanders , segmented worms , phlox flowers , tyrannosaurs , euglenids , heliconius butterflies , club fungi , or the vampire squid . tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically , in the form of the evolutionary tree of life . starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species , the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .\nheliconius butterflies have two unique , derived ecological traits that may have facilitated rapid adaptive radiation : pollen feeding and pupal - mating behaviour ( gilbert , 1972 ) . adult butterflies systematically collect pollen from flowers , which they masticate on the proboscis to dissolve out amino acids . this allows caterpillars to develop relatively rapidly ( since they do not need to store nutrients for egg and sperm production ) , and allows adults to have a greatly extended lifespan \u2013 up to 8 months \u2013 in the wild .\netymology : heliconius signifies dwellers on mount helicon ( turner , 1976 ) ( see each species for more information ) . helicon is a mountain in southern greece , in boeotia , regarded in ancient greece , as the source of poetry and inspiration . from it flowed the fountains of aganippe and hippocrene , associated with muses . the nine muses are daughters of zeus and mnemosyne , the goddess of memory . the muses sat near the throne of zeus , king of the gods , and sang of his greatness and of the origin of the world and its inhabitants and the glorious deeds of the great heroes . from their name words such as music , museum , mosaic are derived ( muses ) . the nine muses are :\nthe biology of heliconius butterflies has provided a rich source of data to test theories of ecological genetics , coevolution and community ecology . many putatively adaptive characters have been discussed with reference to a phylogenetic hypothesis based on a variety of morphological and life - history traits interpreted from an evolutionary taxonomic perspective . here , alternate interpretations of characters on the traditional tree and a more recent mitochondrial dna cladogram with a substantially different topology are compared and contrasted . it is shown that many characters ostensibly providing support for the traditional phylogenetic hypothesis are almost equally parsimoniously distributed and in some cases more parsimoniously distributed on the mtdna tree than on the tree inferred from those characters . discussion of alternate evolutionary scenarios based on the mdna - based topology is presented for pupal mating , pollen feeding , foodplant coevolution , and other ecologically significant features .\nthe process of adaptive radiation and convergence , usually regarded as a feature of macro - evolution , can be seen in the mimetic colour patterns of the butterflies within the confines of the south american genus heliconius . this can be shown by dividing the genus into subgroups on the basis of adult , pupal and larval morphology : the theory that the mimicry between species results solely from close systematic relationships is thereby refuted , as members of the same morphological group can display widely divergent mimetic patterns , and conversely mutual mimics may belong to several different morphological groups . various forms of parallel and convergent evolution are thought to account for the present pattern of mimicry , the process is known to start even before full speciation has taken place . a new subgenus ( neruda ) is created to contain three atypical members of the genus .\nheliconius butterflies show a continuum of geographic divergence and speciation ; they are unpalatable and exhibit inter - and intraspecific diversification of colour and patterns . bates\u2019 classic paper ( bates , 1862 ) , reflecting observations during his stay in the amazon , showed a geographical pattern for the different colour forms : similar between species within any one area of the amazon basin , but the mimetic colour patterns themselves changed every 100 - 200 miles . beside this geographic divergence , closely related species within an area often belonged to mimicry \u201crings\u201d ( groups of unpalatable species , together with some palatable species , that have converged on the same warning colour pattern ) ( brower et al . , 1964 ; mallet and gilbert , 1995 ) . bates\u2019 system has all the intermediate stages between local varieties , geographic races , and sympatric species that make it an excellent biological model to study selection , hybridization and gene flow at the species boundary . see maps attached to each species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nearly stages : eggs are yellow and approximately 1 . 3 x 0 . 7 mm ( h x w ) . females usually place 1 to 15 eggs on growing shoots of the host plant . mature larvae have a yellow body with black spots or bands , and whit black scoli and head ; length is around 2 cm . caterpillars are gregarious ( brown , 1981 ) .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike license - version 3 . 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 4 of lepbase , the hub for lepidopteran genomes , not only includes several new genome assemblies and annotations , but also showcases a re - engineered infrastructure that will enable other groups to easily set up their own ensembl - based genome hubs in the future .\npreviously , lepbase v3 had hosted ncbi refseq annotations for papilio xuthus and papilio polytes . refseq annotations are independent gene predictions generated by the ncbi , but may include sequence data that are not present in the genome assemblies because they use additional information from independent transcripts . in lepbase v4 we have also included the original gene predictions from the fujiwara lab that sequenced these genomes :\npapilio xuthus pxut 1 . 0 papilio xuthus pxut 1 . 0 refseq papilio polytes ppol 1 . 0 papilio polytes ppol 1 . 0 refseq\ngenome assembly version remains the same ( hmel2 ) , but the annotation has now been updated to include braker 1 . 0\npredictions based on several independently sequenced rnaseq libraries , in collaboration with chris jiggins\u2019 lab . manual annotations and old gene names have been retained where the overlap is unambiguous .\nseveral new assembly - only species were also added to lepbase v4 . although no gene prediction sets are available for these species , you can download the genome fasta files at urltoken and do blast searches against them at urltoken .\nwe are also planning to make these assemblies more useful by running a comparative gene prediction across all the heliconiines . the first step towards this is to compute a whole - genome alignment using progressive cactus\nover 12 , 000 orthofinder clusters were processed into gene trees which can be accessed from their constituent gene pages in the lepbase ensembl browser .\nthe goal of this analysis was to provide a context for each gene . however , as with all automated analyses , it may contain artifacts due to differences in gene prediction methods or due to generic parameters used in the pipeline . if you are interested in a highly accurate reconstruction of a specific gene family , you can download all the sequence and alignment data for a given gene and its homologues , and redo the tree using your preferred phylogenetic pipeline . the specific steps and evaluations for each part of our gene - tree pipeline will be described in forthcoming technical notes .\none of the key features of lepbase is that we provide consistent analyses across all genomes using the same software and database versions and parameters . all genome sequences were masked using repeatmasker 4 . 0 . 6 with the built - in arthropod repeat database . previous lepbase releases used repeatmodeler to generate species - specific repeat libraries . however , we found that repeatmodeler risks masking recently expanded gene families , therefore we took a more conservative approach and did not use repeatmodeler for this v4 release .\nwe also provide functional annotations for protein - coding genes in all species with gene models using blastp against the swissprot database , and using all the tools provided by interproscan .\nurltoken previously ran on linux virtual machines because of the complex dependencies of the various software programs involved . for lepbase release v4 , we have successfully migrated all the services , including the import and annotation pipelines for new genomes , to a docker - based container infrastructure .\nnone of this affects how the service looks to the outside world , but it makes it much easier for us to upgrade the software as new versions of ensembl and other software are released . we will also be able to easily scale up individual services to meet the growing number of users .\nalthough all our code is public already ( see urltoken and urltoken ) , we plan to document it extensively in the coming weeks , so that other groups can rapidly and easily set up their own taxon - specific ensembl - based genome hubs using our docker infrastructure .\nthis entry lacks etymological information . if you are familiar with the origin of this term , please add it to the page per etymology instructions . you can also discuss it at the etymology scriptorium .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2017 , at 00 : 25 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nthe larvae are gregarious and feed on dilkea and mitostemma species . full - grown larvae have a yellow body with black spots or bands and a black head . they reach a length of about 20 mm .\ncolour pattern diversity of h . numata ( top two rows ) , and h . melpomene ( third row ) with its co - mimic h . erato ( bottom row ) .\nmechanitis polymnia ( l . ) , 1758 ( ithomiini ) ( a variant spelling of polyhymnia )\nmembers of the genus are found from the southern united states throughout central and south america and the west indies , with the greatest diversity of species in the amazon basin ( emsley , 1965 ; devries , 1987 ) .\nmany pairs or groups of co - mimetic species such as h . erato ( top ) and h . melpomene ( bottom ) have evolved a diversity of geographic races or subspecies . the two species look identical in any one locality but their patterns change in concert across their geographic range ; localities left to right : zamora , ecuador ; puyo , ecuador ; tarapoto , peru ; guayaquil , ecuador ; yurimaguas , peru . \u00a9 1999 james mallet\ncrenis\nredirects here . for another genus of brush - footed butterfly with the same ( invalid ) name , see sevenia .\ncaterpillars favor and the resulting poisons they store in their tissues , the adult butterflies are usually unpalatable to predators .\n, has revealed that homologous genomic regions in the species are responsible for the convergence in wing patterns .\nhaving no shared single nucleotide polymorphisms ( snps ) , which would be indicative of introgression , and hypothesized the same regulatory genes for color / pattern had comparably changed in response to the same selective forces .\nshares the same patterning homologues , but that these loci are locked into a wing patterning supergene that results in a lack of recombination and a finite set of wing pattern morphs .\n, it was found that gene sequences around mimicry loci were more recently diverged in comparison with the rest of the genome , providing evidence for speciation by hybridization over speciation by ancestral polymorphism .\n. results from supple and his team have revealed showed snp\u2019s being polymorphic mostly around hybrid zones of a genome , and they claimed this supported the mechanism of introgression over ancestral variation for genetic material exchange for certain species .\nselection factors can drive introgression to revolve around genes correlated with wing pattern and color .\nto see its mating habits in regards to preference between other hybrids and its parental species . the results showed\n, while the parental species were highly unlikely to reproduce with the backcrosses . this is significant , because hybrids\u2019 mating behavior would relatively quickly isolate itself from its parental species , and eventually form a species itself , as defined by lack of gene flow . his team also hypothesized that along with a mixed inheritance of color and pattern , the hybrids also obtained a mixed preference for mates from their parental species genes . the\nlikely had a genetic attraction for other hybrids , leading to its reproductive isolation and speciation .\nbutterflies are an example of homoploid hybrid speciation , i . e . hybridization without changing the number of chromosomes .\nin order for the aposematism and mimicry to be successful in the butterflies they must continually evolve their colors to warn predators of their unpalatability . sexual selection is important in maintaining the aposematism as it helps to select for specific shades of colors rather than general colors . a research team used techniques to determine some the color qualities of a set of butterflies . they found that color was more vivid on the dorsal side of the butterflies rather than on the ventral . also , for the comparison of sexes , females appeared to have differing brightness in specific spots .\nit is important to select for specific colors to avoid subtle shades in any of the species involved in the mimicry . if any colors are not successful in their warning it will negatively affect the success of the aposematism because it cannot warn predators as efficiently . in order to select for specific colors , neural receptors in the butterflies\u2019 brains give a disproportionate recognition and selection of those shades .\nin order to test the importance of these neural and visual cues in the butterflies , researchers conducted an experiment where they eliminated colors from butterflies\u2019 wings . when a color was eliminated , the butterfly was less successful in attracting mates and therefore did not reproduce as much as its counterparts\nhas evolved two forms of mating . the main form is general sexual reproduction . some species of\nhowever , have converged evolutionarily in regards to pupal mating . one such species to exhibit this behavior is\nfinds a female pupae and waits until a day before she is moulted before he mates . with this type of mating there is no sexual selection present .\nthis form of egg production is helpful because larva are much more vulnerable than adult stages , although they also utilize aposematism . because many of the nutrients needed to produce eggs are obtained in the adult stage the larval stage is much shorter and less susceptible to predation .\nbutterflies use cyanic characteristics , meaning they produce substances that have a cyanide group attached to them , ultimately making them harmful . research has found that the amino acids needed to make the cyanic compounds come from feeding on pollen .\nalthough feeding on pollen takes longer than nectar feeding , the aposematic characteristics help to warn predators away and give them more time for feeding .\nlarvae feed on the passifloraceae plant , which also has cyanic characteristics , the larvae have evolved the ability to neutralize the cyanic molecules to protect them from the negative effects of the plant .\nspecies . these are listed alphabetically here , according to gerardo lamas ' ( 2004 ) checklist .\nnote that the subspecific nomenclature is incomplete for many species ( there are over 2000 published names associated with the genus , many of which are subjective synonyms or infrasubspecific names ) .\njoron , m , frezal , l , jones , r t , chamberlain , n l ,\net al .\n2011 . chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry .\nnature\n477 : 203\u201308\nnadeau , n . , martin , s . , kozak , k . , salazar , c . , dasmahapatra , k . , davey , j . , baxter , s . , blaxter , m . , mallet , j . , jiggins c . 2012 . genome - wide patterns of divergence and gene flow across a butterfly radiation . molecular ecology ( 2013 ) 22 , 814 - 826 .\nmelo , m . , salazar , c . , jiggins , c . , and linares , m . 2008 . assortative mating preferences among hybrids offer a route to hybrid speciation . evolution 63 . 6 ( 2009 : 1660 - 1665 ) .\nprezeczek k , c . mueller , and s . m . vamosi . 2008 . the evolution of the aposematism is accompanied by increased diversification . integrative zoology . 3 : 149 - 156 .\nllaurens v , m joron , and m . thery . 2014 . cryptic differences in colour among mullerian mimics : how can the visual capacities of predators and prey shape the evolution of wingcolours ? . j . evol . biol . 27 : 531 - 540 .\nvane - wright r . i , p . r . ackery eds . 1984 . the biology of butterflies . symposium of the royal entomological society of london . number 11 . academic press , london , u . k .\nrosser n , phillimore ab , huertas b , willmott kr , & mallet j . 2012 . testing historical explanations for gradients in species richness in heliconiine butterflies of tropical america . biological journal of the linnean society 105 : 479 - 497 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8312 . 2011 . 01814 . x\nprice p . w . , t . m . lewinsohn , g . w . fernandes , w . w . benson eds . 1991 . plant - animal interactions : evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions . john wiley and sons , inc , new . york , united states .\nlamas , g ( ed ) , 2004 . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea \u2013 papiionoidea . gainesville , scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .\nkapan , d d , 2001 . three - butterfly system provides a field test of m\u00fcllerian mimicry . nature , 409 , 338\u201340 .\nmallet , j , beltr\u00e1n , m , neukirchen , w , and linares , m , 2007 . natural hybridization in heliconiine butterflies : the species boundary as a continuum . bmc evol biol , 7 , 28 . abstract\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nj\u00e4hrlich werden tausende tierarten und pflanzenarten , pilze und bakterien neu benannt und man geht davon aus , dass noch millionen auf ihre entdeckung und ihre taxonomische einordnung warten . da es sich bei zoologie , botanik , mykologie und bakteriologie um wissenschaften handelt , geht man davon aus , dass die wissenschaftler ihren entdeckungen immer seri\u00f6se namen geben , die vorwiegend aus dem griechischen oder lateinischen stammen . dies ist auch \u00fcberwiegend der fall . aber bei den vielen tausend benennungen bleibt immer noch genug spielraum , so dass sich einzelne junggebliebende wissenschafter bei der vergabe von kuriosen namen austoben k\u00f6nnen . da findet man namen von personen , g\u00f6ttern , aus der literatur , namen von orten und dingen , anz\u00fcgliches , akronyme , interjektionen , lautmalerische bezeichnungen , wortspiele , eigennamen , anagramme , isogramme , palindrome , reime , tautonyme , oxymorons . und zu den gew\u00e4hlten namen gibt es manchmal auch \u00e4u\u00dferst interessante erkl\u00e4rungen zum grund der namenswahl . manchmal nimmt ein artname bezug auf eine eigenschaft des bezeichneten tieres oder der pflanze . es gibt aber auch f\u00e4lle , da geht es dem namensgeber einzig und allein darum , aufzufallen , oder die aufmerksamkeit auf ein bestimmtes anliegen , wie etwa das artensterben , zu lenken .\nscientific names of organisms are not usually known for their entertainment value . they are indispensable for clarity in communication , but most people skip over them with barely a glance . here i collect those names that are worth a second look .\nsome names are interesting for what they are named after ( for example ,\narthurdactylus conandoylensis\n,\ngodzillius\n) , some are puns (\nla cucaracha\n,\nphthiria relativitae\n) , and some show other kinds of wordplay ( such as the palindromic\norizabus subaziro\n) . some have achieved notability through accident of history , and many show the sense of humor of taxonomists .\nrules\ngives a brief overview of the rules governing biological naming ( and , along the way , includes several curious examples ) .\netymology\nlists names that are notable for what they are named after .\nwordplay\nincludes all unusual features of names other than their meaning and pronunciation .\ngene names\nlists a few of the interesting names which have been given to genes .\nmisc .\nincludes things which do not fit elsewhere , including other curious biological terms , interesting stories about names , and some creative writing .\nreferences\nincludes also links , acknowledgements , and a list of the newest entries .\nfeedback\ngives directions and requests to those who want to contact me .\nthe names which are recent additions to this collection will be shown in a brighter shade of red . ( how recent depends on how often i update . i ' ll try to keep the newest names distinctive for about a month . ) the most recent additions are also listed separately , with links to the page each appears on .\nour knowledge of the many life - forms on earth - of animals , plants , fungi , protists and bacteria - is scattered around the world in books , journals , databases , websites , specimen collections , and in the minds of people everywhere . imagine what it would mean if this information could be gathered together and made available to everyone - anywhere - at a moment\u2019s notice .\nour mission : to increase awareness and understanding of living nature through an encyclopedia of life that gathers , generates , and shares knowledge in an open , freely accessible and trusted digital resource .\ngood managers of natural resources and policy - makers know that their best decisions are based on results from the most accurate scientific analyses . such analyses are based on solid , documentable data that have been recorded directly from the observation of nature . such records are called\nprimary\ndata .\nbiodiversity\nis a handy , one - word name for all the species on the earth , the genetic variety they possess , and the ecological systems in which they participate . another way of thinking about biodiversity is as the\nliving resources\nportion of\nnatural resources\n. a large part of the primary data on biodiversity are the 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 billion specimens held in natural history collections , as well as many geographical and ecological observations recorded by various means and stored in various media .\nin making living resource policy and management choices , decision - makers are often forced to rely on analyses that are not based on primary data . this is because the world ' s store of primary data about biodiversity is not at present readily and easily accessible .\nfuture generations depend on the efforts made today to develop methods for sustainably using biodiversity . one very important part of the solution is rapidly , openly and freely delivering primary data about biodiversity to everyone in the global community , using digital technologies . another part is ensuring that the primary data being collected today are stored in such a way that they will remain accessible to future generations .\nluca\nist so etwas wie\nadam und eva\n. es ist die abk\u00fcrzung f\u00fcr\nlast universal common ancester\n. man vermutet die entstehung dieser urzelle , aus der alle lebensformen abstammen vor etwa 3 mird . jahren .\nthe\ntree of life\nweb project (\ntol\n) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world . on more than 10 , 000 world wide web pages , the project provides information about biodiversity , the characteristics of different groups of organisms , and their evolutionary history ( phylogeny ) .\nthe tree of life currently consists of more than 3000 pages with information about different groups of organisms . this part of the website is too extensive to present a full map here .\nthe tol glossary is still under construction . we expect to greatly expand it over the next few months . the current page contains a listing of all the available tol glossary terms .\nyou can set your preferences for browsing the tol web site so that words contained in the glossary list are highlighted on tol pages , and definitions are displayed when you move the cursor over a highlighted word . if you would like to try this now , click on the turn glossary on button below , and then go to a tol page that features some of the terms in the list below ( the eukaryotes page is a good one ) . note that you can turn the glossary function on and off on any tol branch page , leaf page , other article , note , or treehouse . open the preferences menu and select either show glossary entries or hide glossary entries .\nthese categories are explained in more detail on the structure of the tree of life page .\nchelomophrynus | rhinophrynus | rhinophrynus dorsalis | rhinophrynus sp . | ( i ) | ' pipids ' | cordicephalus | eoxenopoides | saltenia | shomronella | thoraciliacus | palaeobatrachidae | albionbatrachus | lithobatrachus | neusibatrachus | palaeobatrachus | pliobatrachus | pipidae\ncorydoras | corydoras garbei | etc . | brochis | brochis britskii | brochis multiradiatus | brochis splendens\nagaricophagus | allocolenisia | ansibaris | cainosternum | colenis | colenisia | dermatohomoeus | neohydnobius | perkovskius | pseudcolenis | zelodes | scotocryptini | aglyptinus | aglyptinus s . l . | creagrophorus | cyrtusiola | parabystus | popeus | scotocryptodes | scotocryptus | synaristus | termitoglobus | agathidiini | afroagathidium | agathidium | amphicyllis | anisotoma | besuchetionella | cyrtoplastus | decuria | gelae | liodopria | sphaeroliodes | stetholiodes | catopocerinae | catopocerus | glacicavicola\naleocharini | aleocharina | aleochara | aleochara ( heterochara ) | aleochara ( aleochara s . str . ) | aleochara ( aidochara ) | aleochara ( euryodma ) | aleochara ( ceranota ) | aleochara ( emplenota ) | aleochara obscurella | aleochara phycophila | aleochara albopila | aleochara fucicola | aleochara puetzi | aleochara pacifica | aleochara curtidens | aleochara ( triochara ) | aleochara trisulcata | aleochara zerchei | aleochara nubis | aleochara ( maseochara )\naleochara brunneipennis | aleochara ituriensis | aleochara horni | aleochara javana | aleochara argentina | aleochara comorensis | aleochara ( echochara ) | aleochara lobata | aleochara lucifuga | aleochara ocularis | aleochara fenyesi | aleochara ( calochara ) | aleochara ( mesochara ) | aleochara ( xenochara s . l . ) | aleochara ( rheochara ) | aleochara ( polystomota ) | aleochara grisea | aleochara punctatella | aleochara ( coprochara )\nceratoderina | ceratoderus | merismoderus | paussomorphus | leleupaussus | paussina | amphipaussus | apopaussus | bathypaussus | batillopaussus | bicornipaussus | cochliopaussus | crenatopaussus | curtispaussus | edaphopaussus | enneapaussus | falcopaussus | flagellopaussus | hylopaussus | hylotorus | idupaussus | katapaussus | klugipaussus | latipaussus | lineatopaussus | malgasipaussus | manicanopaussus | paussus | scaphipaussus | semipaussus | spinicoxipaussus | squamipaussus | trepopaussus | anapaussus | platyrhopalina | euplatyrhopalus | lebioderus | platyrhopalopsis | platyrhopalus | stenorhopalus | eopaussus baliticus | arthropterites klebesi | protocerapterus | protocerapterus primigenius | protocerapterus incola | succinarthropterus | succinarthropterus andreei | succinarthropterus antiquus | succinarthropterus aterrimus | succinarthropterus balticus | succinarthropterus fritschi | | succinarthropterus hermenaui | succinarthropterus kuntzeni | succinarthropterus schaufussi | succinarthropterus simoni | succinarthropterus skawarrae | succinarthropterus subtilis | protopaussini | protopaussus feae | protopaussus almorensis | protopaussus pristinus | protopaussus walkeri | protopaussus kaszabi | protopaussus jeanneli | protopaussus javanus | protopaussus bakeri | nototylus fryi | nebriitae | notiophilus | notiokasis chaudoiri | pelophilini | pelophila rudis | pelophila borealis | opisthiini | opisthius richardsoni | paropisthius | nebriini | leistus | nippononebria | nebria | etc . | carabitae | carabini | ceroglossus | ceroglossus buqueti | ceroglossus chilensis | ceroglossus darwini | ceroglossus guerini | ceroglossus magellanicus | ceroglossus ochsenii | ceroglossus speciosus | ceroglossus suturalis | pamborini | pamborus | maoripamborus | cychrini | cychrus | sphaeroderus | scaphinotus | cychropsis | cicindelitae | collyridini | megacephalini | ctenostomatini | manticorini | cicindelini | loricerini | loricera wollastoni\nd . chalybeus group | d . heydeni group | d . minutus group | d . bengalensis group | d . hessei group\nd . filiformis group | d . exochus group | d . integer group | dyschiriodes ( paradyschirius ) | aspidoglossa | scaritini | carabidae conjunctae | psydrini | psydrus piceus | nomius | laccocenus ambiguus | melaenus | cymbionotum | broscini\npercolaus | percolaus championi | percolaus guillermo | allotriopus | allotriopus ( s . str . ) | allotriopus ( s . str . ) brachypterus | allotriopus ( s . str . ) ashei | allotriopus ( s . str . ) hallbergi | allotriopus ( s . str . ) hemingi | allotriopus ( s . str . ) oscitans | allotriopus ( s . str . ) serratipes | allotriopus ( s . str . ) shpeleyi | allotriopus ( s . str . ) whiteheadi | allotriopus ( mayaferonia ) | allotriopus ( mayaferonia ) aeniola | allotriopus ( mayaferonia ) triunfo | pterostichus | pterostichus s . str . | hypherpes complex | hypherpes | hypherpes alamedae | hypherpes algidus | hypherpes amethystinus | hypherpes annosus | hypherpes baldwini | hypherpes barbarinus | hypherpes californicus | hypherpes canallatus | hypherpes castaneus | hypherpes castanipes | hypherpes congestus | hypherpes crenicollis | hypherpes cuneatulus | hypherpes diabolus | hypherpes ecarinatus | hypherpes esuriens | hypherpes gliscans | hypherpes gracilior | hypherpes gregalis | hypherpes herculaneus | hypherpes hornii | hypherpes humboldti | hypherpes illustris | hypherpes intectus | hypherpes isabellae | hypherpes jacobinus | hypherpes kansanus | hypherpes laborans | hypherpes lacertus | hypherpes lama | hypherpes lassulus | hypherpes mercedianus | hypherpes neobrunneus | hypherpes nigrocaeruleus | hypherpes obsidianus | hypherpes occultus | hypherpes ordinarius | hypherpes ovalipennis | hypherpes panticulatus | hypherpes parallelus | hypherpes parens | hypherpes pergracilis | hypherpes placerensis | hypherpes planctus | hypherpes plutonicus | hypherpes protensiformis | hypherpes protensipennis | hypherpes protractus | hypherpes restrictus | hypherpes scutellaris | hypherpes sejungendus | hypherpes serripes | hypherpes setosus | hypherpes sierranus | hypherpes sponsor | hypherpes spraguei | hypherpes suffusus | hypherpes tahoensis | hypherpes tarsalis | hypherpes tuberculofemoratus | hypherpes vandykei | hypherpes vicinus | hypherpes zunianus\neripus | eripidius franzi | eripus s . str . | eripus suturalis | eripus subcaecus | eripus microphthalmus | eripus nitidus | eripus scydmaenoides | eripus oaxacanus | eripus globipennis | eripus breedlovei\npelecium | pelecidium | pelecidium sulcatum | pelecidium sulcipenne | pelecidium laevigatum | pelecium s . str . | pelecium violaceum group | pelecium striatipenne | pelecium violaceum | pelecium drakei | pelecium tenellum | pelecium parallelum | pelecium punctatum | pelecium longicolle | pelecium brasiliense | pelecium cyanipes | pelecium renati group | pelecium renati | pelecium striatum | pelecium punctatostriatum group | pelecium bolivianum | pelecium atroviolaceum | pelecium semistriatum | pelecium punctatostriatum | pelecium rotundipenne group | pelecium paulae | pelecium helenae | pelecium purpureum | pelecium rotundipenne | pelecium refulgens group | pelecium refulgens | pelecium fulgidum | pelecium negrei | pelecium faldermanni group | pelecium foveicolle | pelecium obtusum | pelecium bisulcatum | pelecium besckii | pelecium faldermanni | pelecium laeve group | pelecium laeve | pelecium obscurum | pelecium nicki | stricteripus | stricteripus impressus | stricteripus peruvianus | stricteripus banningeri\ndyschiridium | dyschiridium concinnum | dyschiridium ebeninum | dyschiridium lasti | dyschiridium natalicum | dyschiridium subdepressum | disphaericus | disphaericus alluaudi | disphaericus benadirensis | disphaericus carinulatus | disphaericus clavicornis | disphaericus conradti | disphaericus deplanatus | disphaericus gambianus | disphaericus insulanus | disphaericus katangensis | disphaericus kolbei | disphaericus meneghettii | disphaericus multiporus | disphaericus quangoanus | disphaericus rhodesianus | disphaericus silvestrii | disphaericus tarsalis | disphaericus zavattarii | chaetogenyini | oodini | panagaeini | chlaeniini | dercylini | rhysodini | leoglymmius lignarius | sloanoglymmius planatus | medisores abditus | dhysorina | dhysores | dhysores thoreyi | dhysores basilewskyi | dhysores rhodesianus | dhysores quadriimpressus | dhysores pan | dhysores liber | dhysores biimpressus | neodhysores | neodhysores seximpressus | neodhysores schreiberi | tangarona pensus | rhysodina | rhysodes | rhysodes sulcatus | rhysodes comes | kupeus arcuatus | kaveinga | kaveinga ( angekiva ) | kaveinga frontalis | kaveinga stiletto | kaveinga walfordi | kaveinga ( ingevaka ) | kaveinga orbitosa | kaveinga bellorum | kaveinga ( vakeinga ) | kaveinga setosa | kaveinga lusca | kaveinga ( kaveinga s . str . ) | kaveinga abbreviata | kaveinga poggii | kaveinga waai | kaveinga fibulata | kaveinga pignoris | kaveinga kukum | kaveinga nudicornis | kaveinga ulteria | kaveinga parva | kaveinga cylindrica | kaveinga lupata | kaveinga okapa | kaveinga marifuanga | kaveinga occipitalis | kaveinga histrio | kaveinga strigiceps | clinidiina | grouvellina\nrhyzodiastes fairmairei | rhyzodiastes spissicornis | rhyzodiastes alveus | rhyzodiastes fossulatus | rhyzodiastes riedeli | rhyzodiastes mindoro | rhyzodiastes ( rhyzostrix ) | rhyzodiastes quadristriatus | rhyzodiastes davidsoni | rhyzodiastes nitidus | rhyzodiastes menieri | rhyzodiastes maderiensis | rhyzodiastes ( rhyzodiastes s . str . ) | rhyzodiastes pentacyclus | rhyzodiastes parumcostatus | rhyzodiastes liratus | rhyzodiastes costatus | rhyzodiastes suturalis | clinidium | clinidium ( mexiclinidium ) | clinidium mexicanum | clinidium balli | clinidium triplehorni | clinidium blomi | clinidium iviei | clinidium guatemalenum | clinidium newtoni | clinidium championi | clinidium halffteri | clinidium reyesi | clinidium extrarium | clinidium ( tainoa ) | clinidium curvicosta | clinidium chevrolati | clinidium darlingtoni | clinidium xenopodium | clinidium ( arctoclinidium )\nclinidium rosenbergi | clinidium sculptile | clinidium ( clinidium s . str . ) | clinidium impressum | clinidium hammondi | clinidium granatense | clinidium incudis | clinidium dubium | clinidium insigne | clinidium howdenorum | clinidium boroquense | clinidium integrum | clinidium pilosum | clinidium jolyi | clinidium oberthueri | clinidium alleni | clinidium whiteheadi | clinidium humboldti | clinidium trionyx | clinidium haitiense | clinidium corbis | clinidium jamaicense | clinidium chiolinoi | clinidium rossi | clinidium dormans | clinidium penicellatum | clinidium segne | clinidium kochalkai | clinidium guildingii | clinidium microfossatum | clinidium smithsonianum | clinidium planum | clinidium rojasi | clinidium bechyneorum | clinidium excavatum | clinidium pala | clinidium mathani | clinidium humile | clinidium curvatum | clinidium foveolatum | clinidium cavicolle | clinidium crater | clinidium centrale | clinidium validum | clinidium spatulatum | clinidium moldenkei | clinidium sulcigaster | clinidium argus | clinidium beccari | clinidium onorei | clinidium gilloglyi | omoglymmiina | xhosores figuratus | yamatosa | yamatosa kryzhanoskiji | yamatosa longior | yamatosa peninsularis | yamatosa niponensis | yamatosa kabakovi | yamatosa arrowi | yamatosa reitteri | yamatosa draco | yamatosa smetanorum | yamatosa boysi | yamatosa sinensis | shyrodes dohertyi | srimara planicollis | plesioglymmius | plesioglymmius ( plesioglymmius s . str . ) | plesioglymmius elegans | plesioglymmius silus | plesioglymmius compactus | plesioglymmius ( ameroglymmius ) | plesioglymmius meridionalis | plesioglymmius reichardti | plesioglymmius compactus | plesioglymmius ( juxtaglymmius ) | plesioglymmius jugatus | plesioglymmius negara | arrowina | arrowina rostrata | arrowina punctatolineata | arrowina taprobanae | arrowina pygmaea | arrowina nilgiriensis | arrowina anguliceps | omoglymmius | omoglymmius ( hemiglymmius ) | omoglymmius africanus | omoglymmius hemipunctatus | omoglymmius javanicus | omoglymmius germaini | omoglymmius occultus | omoglymmius ineditus | omoglymmius rimatus | omoglymmius inermis | omoglymmius ( boreoglymmius ) | omoglymmius lewisi | omoglymmius hamatus | omoglymmius americanus | omoglymmius ( pyxiglymmius )"]}
{"id": 1889, "summary": [{"text": "phyllonorycter deserticola is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in restricted , mostly arid habitats over a broad portion of the south-western united states and northern mexico from southern utah to durango and west to northern california .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 2.9-3.8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from late july to early october in two generations , with the second generation overwintering .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on populus species , including populus fremontii , populus deltoides wislizeni , populus x parryi ( populus freemontii x populus trichocarpa ) .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "phyllonorycter deserticola", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb ribbed cocoon - maker and leaf blotch miner moths ( gracillarioidea ) \u00bb leaf blotch miner moths ( gracillariidae ) \u00bb lithocolletinae \u00bb phyllonorycter \u00bb salicaceae - feeding species ( phyllonorycter salicaceae - feeding species ) \u00bb phyllonorycter deserticola - hodges # 0748 . 1 ( phyllonorycter deserticola )\nphyllonorycter deserticola davis & deschka , 2001 , n . sp . , smithsonian contributions to zoology , v . 614 , p . 1 - 89 .\nphyllonorycter deserticola is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is found in restricted , mostly arid habitats over a broad portion of the south - western united states and northern mexico from southern utah to durango and west to northern california .\ndavis & deschka , 2001 . biology and systematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae , with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic .\nbiology and systematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae , with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic donald r . davis & gerfried deschka . 2001 . smithsonian contributions to zoology 14 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 3 . 31f ; p . 56 . book review and ordering\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n( dwelling in ) , in reference to the general habitat of this species .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the forewing length as 2 . 8 - 3 . 5 mm .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) description of the adults , including the genitalia , and the immature stages is available in pdf .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the flight period as late july to early october .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the larvae are leaf miners of the following .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) provides a detailed description of the life cycle .\n. university of california press , pl . 3 , fig . 31 ; p . 56 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 25 august , 2013 - 3 : 58pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 12 : 00pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe length of the forewings is 2 . 9 - 3 . 8 mm . adults are on wing from late july to early october in two generations , with the second generation overwintering .\nthe larvae feed on populus species , including populus fremontii , populus deltoides wislizeni , populus x parryi ( populus freemontii x populus trichocarpa ) . they mine the leaves of their host plant .\nthe specific name is derived from the latin desertum ( a waste place ) and cola ( dwelling in ) , in reference to the general habitat of this species .\n1 \u2642 , genitalia slide gd ( no number ) ( j\u00e4ckh 1972 : 552 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 31\u2642 and 86\u2640 , plus 199 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . dimi\u0107 ; genitalia slides gd1978 , gd1989a ( \u2642 ) and gd1964 , gd1982 , gd1987 ( \u2640 ) ; 6 paratypes in eihu ; 40 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nr . usnm30779 , gd1704 , usnm ; paratypes 4\u2642 and 10\u2640 in coll . deschka ( steyr ) , usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd478 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slide gd489 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1881\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 115 specimens \u2642 , \u2640 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . burmann , 4\u2640 in tmlf ( see huemer & erlebach 2003 : 101 ) . 2 paratypes in bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1081 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 20 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , genitalia slides gd1089 , gd1090 , gd1082 , gd1003 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . 7 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1872 , z547 , tlmf ; paratypes 29\u2642 and 35\u2640 , genitalia slides bmnh30491 , gd1852 , 1856 , 1863 , trb249 , 1897 , 1898 , 1911 , 1912 , 1916 , 1985 , 2001 , 2002 , 2165 , 2661 , 2684 , 2714 , 2719 , etc . , bmnh , eihu , sehu , tlmf , zmhb , zmuc , zin , zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide usnm30777 , gd1410 , usnm ; paratypes 86\u2642 and 76\u2640 in coll . d . l . wagner , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , ucb , usnm , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd331 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 4\u2642 and 2\u2640 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . glaser .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1376 , lnk ; paratypes 2\u2642 and 2\u2640 , genitalia slides gd1378 , gd1383 , lnk .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd468 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 36 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) , coll . glaser .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide usnm - 30776 , gd1549 , usnm ; paratypes 25\u2642 and 23\u2640 in coll . d . l . wagner , coll . deschka ( steyr ) and usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd736 , nhmw ; paratypes 1\u2642 and 1\u2640 , plus 2 specimens ( gender not stated ) , nhmw .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd864\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , in nhmw ; paratypes 1\u2642 and 1\u2640 , genitalia slide gd865 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . kasy ( vienna ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nr . usnm30778 , gd1312 , usnm ; paratypes 8\u2642 and 9\u2640 in coll . deschka ( steyr ) , ansp , usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1055\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 555 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) ; 8 paratypes in eihu ; 12 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1894 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 14 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , genitalia slide \u2640 gd1916 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd924 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 140 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . in total 8 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1715 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 2\u2642 and 3\u2640 , genitalia slide gd1757 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1893\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 53 ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , genitalia slide gd1917\u2640 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1483\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 35 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; 2 paratypes , eihu .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd930 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 4\u2640 , genitalia slide gd936 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nin this paper we work with the assumption that items giving synonyms in dictionaries are primarily of assistance in the case of text production problems . we assume furthermore that\ndoes not prevail between lexemes but rather between textual items in concrete texts . accordingly a rich . . . . . . selection of synonyms in text production dictionaries will offer the possibility to select the appropriate item \u00e2\u0080\u0093 but only for mother - tongue speakers . we are not discussing items giving synonyms in learners ' dictionaries and school dictionaries . from a selection of existing dictionaries it shows , as could . . . . . . be expected , that there is no uniform lexicographic practice but also numerous ways of dealing with synonyms that offers very little assistance to the intended target users of a specific dictionary . this could be due to the fact that too often the inclusion and presentation of synonyms are done without taking . . .\nthe researcher also interviewed native speakers of the dialect . the study . . . the word '\n' means sameness of meaning , i . e . , a relationship in which more . . . whether absolute\nexists in owere\u00e2\u0080\u0093igbo or not . . . . . . ' close this book ' .\nexists in owere\u00e2\u0080\u0093igbo , a dialect of the igbo language predominantly spoken by the people of owerri , imo state , nigeria , has become a thorny issue . while some linguistic scholars strive to establish that absolute\nand some coserian disciples\u00e2\u0080\u0099 contributions ( be they direct or indirect concerning this issue . the largest part of this article , however , presents our own contribution to the study of\n, whose starting point was coseriu\u00e2\u0080\u0099s integral linguistics , considered as an epistemological frame of reference . we have tried to apply , within the general study of\n( lexical , phraseological and lexico - phraseological , distinctions such as : language as activity [ en\u00e3\u00a9rgeia ] , competence [ d\u00e3\u00bdnamis ] and product [ \u00e3\u00a9rgon ] to its three levels ( universal , historical and individual ; norm and system ; historical language and functional language , etc . as far as we are concerned , we were interested in pointing out , for each of coseriu\u00e2\u0080\u0099s levels in turn , the difference between\nin potentia ( the virtual or potential one . we also aimed at drawing attention to the importance of competence ( mainly the idiomatic and expressive ones in the analysis of different types of\nthe norm in current canonical translation dictionaries with afrikaans and english as the treated language pair is an undiscriminated grouping of partially synonymous translation equivalents . these are separated by commas as sole markers of\nfull text available the norm in current canonical translation dictionaries with afrikaans and english as the treated language pair is an undiscriminated grouping of partially synonymous translation equivalents . these are separated by commas as sole markers of\n. lexicographers should reject this practice and embrace the view that absolute synonyms are just as rare as absolute equivalents . in most cases members of a target language synonym paradigm will be partial synonyms demanding some form of contextual guidance in order to distinguish them from other equivalents in the paradigm .\n. two particular motivations will be discussed , as well as ways in which equivalent discrimination can be implemented .\nthe first motivation arises from a group of problematic phenomena that effect contextual divergence between the source and target language . stylistic and register divergence should necessitate contextual guidance . lexicographical labels are the most frequently used discriminators , but in south african dictionaries they are applied too sparingly and inconsistently . other possible discriminators will also be discussed .\nis however different equivalents for various usages of a lemma . ways in which equivalent discrimination can be implemented in these cases , will be discussed in detail .\nlastly , it will be shown that without a new , more effective method of indicating and ordering target language synonyms , none of the major changes that are pleaded for , will bear fruit .\nthe type material of six species of anthribidae from chile and one from peru , originally described as stenocerus schoenherr and stenorrhynchus philippi & philippi and later transferred to hylotribus jekel , was reexamined . these species are stenocerus asperatus blanchard , 1851 , stenocerus aspis erichson , 1847 , stenocerus posticalis philippi & philippi , 1864 , stenocerus quadratipennis germain , 1854 , stenorrhynchus quadrinotatus philippi & philippi , 1864 , and stenocerus tuberculosus blanchard , 1851 . lectotype designations were made for hylotribus asperatus , hylotribus quadratipennis , and hylotribus tuberculosus . new synonyms were established as follows : hylotribus signatipes ( blanchard , 1851 ) = h . quadratipennis ( germain , 1854 ) syn . n . , = h . quadrinotatus ( philippi & philippi , 1864 ) syn . n . , hylotribus asperatus ( blanchard , 1851 ) = h . posticalis ( philippi & philippi , 1864 ) syn . n . . while , hylotribus aspis ( erichson , 1847 ) from peru was transferred to piesocorynus dejean , 1834 and a new combination and\nproposed , piesocorynus aspis ( erichson , 1847 ) n . comb . = piesocorynus gracilicornis ( jekel , 1855 ) syn . n . the genus hylotribus is defined with five species from chile and six from brazil , and the chilean species are redescribed with illustrations . a new key to all species is included .\nfull text available the author intends to present a possibility of parametrising legal terminology in order to reveal semantic and systemic relations at the intralingual and interlingual levels . the scope of the research comprises selected legal terminology from the following legal systems : polish , british , american and european union . the research methods used include : ( i the analysis of comparable texts , ( ii the method of parametrisation of the legal linguistic reality , ( iii the concept of adjusting translation to the communicative needs and requirements of the recipient community . the research hypothesis is that parametrisation of legal terminology in respect of semantic and systemic relations may be a useful tool in organising and comparing terminology for the purpose of legal translation . first the relation of\nbinding terms at the intralingual and interlingual levels in the light of systemic and genre - related relations is discussed . the proposal is illustrated with examples of legal terms and the networks of relations binding them in english and polish . the conclusions are that such an approach is systematic and provides a translator with information necessary to render communicatively efficient translations .\ntwo common and problematic leucochrysine species - leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia ( schneider ) and l . ( l . ) pretiosa ( banks ) ( neuroptera , chrysopidae ) : redescriptions and\nwe dedicate this article to the memory of sergio de freitas , fcav - unesp , jaboticabal , s\u00e3\u00a3o paulo , brazil ( deceased , 2012 ) . he was an active and enthusiastic neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of francisco sosa . leucochrysa mclachlan is the largest genus in the chrysopidae , yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention . we treat two problematic and common leucochrysa species - leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia ( schneider , 1851 ) and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa ( banks , 1910 ) . both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized . recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems . we identify new\nfor each of the species - for leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) ampla ( walker , 1853 ) , leucochrysa internata ( walker , 1853 ) , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) walkerina nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 ; for leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) erminea banks , 1946 . the\nof leucochrysa delicata nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1925 with leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype . the following species , which were previously synonymized with leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia or leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa , are reinstated as valid : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) phaeocephala nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1929 , leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) angrandi ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1911 ) , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) variata ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 ) . to help stabilize leucochrysa taxonomy , lectotypes are designated for allochrysa pretiosa and allochrysa variata . finally , leucochrysa vegana nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1917 is considered a nomen dubium .\nthe eye - catching cicada hamza ciliaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) comb . n . in indonesia and the pacific : taxonomie status ,\nthe new combination hamza ciliaris ( linnaeus ) is proposed for a cicada species widely distributed in maluku ( = moluccas ) , timor , banda , kei and banggai islands , the philippines , and the palau group of the caroline islands . the\nis a subject of research in various subfields of linguistics and related disciplines , each of these focussing on particular aspects of this phenomenon . through the use of coseriu ' s theory , it is possible to refine our understanding of ' expressions with the same or similar meaning ' and to provide a coherent description of the causes and the effects arising from the choice between them in texts that may otherwise remain non - transparent and inexplicable . this paper presents a method for analyzing the actual relationships between such expressions in a corpus , a way of exploring their functions in texts , and some possible benefits for understanding the notion of\nfull text available we\u00e2 review the three species currently placed in the genus xylopertha gu\u00e3\u00a9rin - m\u00e3\u00a9neville , 1845 , and describe a new species , xylopertha elegans sp . \u00e2 nov . , from turkey . we\u00e2 propose the following new\n: xylopertha gu\u00e3\u00a9rin - m\u00e3\u00a9neville , 1845 ( = paraxylogenes damoiseau , 1968 ; xylopertha reflexicauda ( lesne , 1937 ( = paraxylogenes pistaciae damoiseau , 1968 . we\u00e2 give details of the sexual dimorphism , and summarise information on the distribution and biology of all species . a key to the species of xylopertha is provided .\nfull text available nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 ( its2 rdna and partial sequences of the cytochrome coxidase subunit i ( coi mtdna and white gene ndna were obtained from specimens of anopheles nuneztovari a collected in macap\u00e3\u00a1 ( state of amap\u00e3\u00a1 , \u00e3\u0093bidos , prainha and almeirim ( state of par\u00e3\u00a1 , itacoatiara and parintins ( state of amazonas , brazil , and compared with previously published sequences of a . nuneztovari s . l . results of the bayesian phylogenetic analyses performed using either coi or combined its2 , coi and white gene sequences suggest that an . nuneztovari b / c is distinct from specimens obtained in the amazonas / solim\u00e3\u00b5es river basin . anopheles goeldii , currently in\nwith an . nuneztovari , was described from individuals collected in belterra ( = fordl\u00e3\u00a2ndia in the tapaj\u00e3\u00b3s river , state of par\u00e3\u00a1 , southern amazonas river . morphological comparisons of the characteristics of the male genitalia indicated that an . nuneztovari a and an . goeldii are similar but distinct from an . nuneztovarib / c by the apex of the aedeagus . in considering the results of the phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons , an . goeldii is resurrected from\nwith an . nuneztovari . additionally , anopheles dunhamiis reported for the first time in parintins . this species can be distinguished from an . goeldiiby characters of the male genitalia and molecular data .\ntwo common and problematic leucochrysine species \u00e2\u0080\u0093 leucochrysa ( leucochrysa varia ( schneider and l . ( l . pretiosa ( banks ( neuroptera , chrysopidae : redescriptions and\nfull text available leucochrysa mclachlan is the largest genus in the chrysopidae , yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention . we treat two problematic and common leucochrysa species \u00e2\u0080\u0093 leucochrysa ( leucochrysa varia ( schneider , 1851 and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa pretiosa ( banks , 1910 . both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized . recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems . we identify new\nfor each of the species \u00e2\u0080\u0093 for l . ( l . varia : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ampla ( walker , 1853 , leucochrysa internata ( walker , 1853 , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa walkerina nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 ; for l . ( l . pretiosa : leucochrysa erminea banks 1946 . the\nof leucochrysa delicata nav\u00e3\u00a1s 1925 with l . ( l . pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype . the following species , which were previously synonymized with l . ( l . varia or l . ( l . pretiosa , are reinstated as valid : leucochrysa phaeocephala nav\u00e3\u00a1s 1929 , leucochrysa ( leucochrysa angrandi ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1911 , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa variata ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 . finally , leucochrysa vegana nav\u00e3\u00a1s 1917 is considered a nomen dubium .\nrelying on her own previous research on runosongs and proverbs demonstrating the mutual dependency of alliteration and parallelism typical to runosong ( sarv 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , the results of syntactic analysis of runosong texts in h . metslang\u00e2\u0080\u0099s dissertation ( 1978 , juhan peegel\u00e2\u0080\u0099s definition of poetical synonyms in runosong ( peegel 2004 , and ewald lang\u00e2\u0080\u0099s concept of quasisynonymy ( lang 1987 , the author proposes the definition of the canonical parallelism of runosong as follows : it is a grammatical verse parallelism where all or some of the syntactic elements of the main verse have corresponding parallels in the successive lines representing the same general notion , and interpreted in the context of the parallelism as semantically equivalent , irrespective of their semantic relations in the colloquial language ( equivalence ,\n, metonymy , metaphor , analogy , antonymy , hyponymy etc . . because of this semantical equivalence , the parallel words can be selected and combined into the parallel verses according to their formal features enabling the metrical alignment and alliteration . the article also points to the problems with the classification of runosong parallelism to the analogous and synonymous by wolfgang steinitz ( 1934 , widely used in the runosong discourse : although analogy and\nprobably represent the most remarkable semantic relations between the parallel lines , it is not easy to make clear distinction between synonymous and analogous lines ( or concepts\u00e2\u0080\u0094even in the colloquial non - poetic language the synonyms are usually not equivalent in all aspects of meaning ; the regular use of poetical synonyms in runosongs makes it impossible at all\u00e2\u0080\u0094the geese , ducks , and grouses as different birds are analogous in the colloquial language , but synonymous in the runosong all denoting the group of maidens .\nthe typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae ; boraginales ) to the\nabstract firensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the\nthe typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae ; boraginales to the\nfull text available firensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the\nthe typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae , boraginales ) to the\nof ocotea aubl . ( lauraceae ) , and the identity of the species of firensia .\nfirensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the\ntripaphylus musteli ( van beneden , 1851 ) ( copepoda , siphonostomatoida , sphyriidae ) is redescribed from an adult female collected from the branchial chamber of a starry smooth - hound , mustelus asterias cloquet ( carcharhiniformes , triakidae ) , captured in the english channel off portland , uk . the new account of t . musteli is the first based on a complete adult female and highlighted the lack of a robust distinction separating tripaphylus richiardi , in anonymous , 1878 and paeon wilson , 1919 prompting us to relegate paeon to a junior subjective synonym of tripaphylus . in the light of this\nthe eight former species of paeon are transferred to tripaphylus as follows : t . ferox ( wilson , 1919 ) new combination , t . elongatus ( wilson , 1932 ) new combination , t . vassierei ( delamare deboutteville & nu\u00e3\u00b1es - ruivo , 1954 ) new combination , t . lobatus ( kirtisinghe , 1964 ) new combination , t . asymboli ( turner , kyne & bennett , 2003 ) new combination , t . versicolor ( wilson , 1919 ) new combination , t . australis ( kabata , 1993 ) new combination , and t . triakis ( castro romero , 2001 ) new combination . comparisons between terminology used in this report and that in the literature indicate that all transformed adult females of tripaphylus probably possess a full complement of cephalic appendages and maxillipeds . all limbs , with the exception of the maxillae share a general morphological similarity to the corresponding appendages of conspecific males . the maxilla of the transformed adult female of tripaphylus is a small digitiform protuberance associated with a swelling in some species .\nfull text available synonyms entitle the same thing , but they connect this with different names and in this way through the name they uncover different features of the same thing . synonyms consider words which identify one unique concept , word which are the same or similar in their meaning , which are , in the some way , interlocked in the language and serve for enhance of details and making difference in fine nuances of concept meaning . different terms for the same concepts in terminology usually come from diffe - rent sources of terms derivation . especially , there is a lot of terms in terminology which developed spontaneously , thereafter in more unorganized terminologies because in the process of organizing of terminology is intend to push out the synonyms . in the time of constitution of each science , actually constituting of concepts related to it , there is no systematical approach in selecting of their denotation , but they are accepting as they come in to the language .\nwith scolopendra alternans leach ( chilopoda , scolopendromorpha , scolopendridae ) : an enigmatic species - group needing phylogeographic analysis , with an overview on the origin and distribution of centipedes in the caribbean region .\nwith scolopendra alternans leach , 1815 , is proposed . a neotype specimen of scolopendra longipes is designated . scolopendra longipes has a restricted range from the dry tortugas up through the florida keys of monroe county into the mainland florida counties of collier and dade southeast to the bahamas , while scolopendra cubensis is endemic to cuba . characters distinguishing s . longipes , and s . cubensis from s . alternans are illustrated and compared using digital photography , micrography and morphometric data . it is suggested that what has been considered scolopendra alternans from southern florida through the caribbean and into northern south america is probably an evolving species - group that has undergone major diversification sometime during the paleocene and early eocene ~ 65 . 5 - 50 million years ago ( ma ) , mainly due to geographic isolation caused by a combination of plate tectonics and 100 , 000 year cycles of glaciation / deglaciation .\nwith aedes ( ochlerotatus scapularis ( rondani . lectotype and paralectotypes are designated larval , pupal and both sexes of adult stages are redescribed and illustrated . bionomics include a picture of a brreding place . diagnostic characters for distinguishing rhyacophilus from other species of the scapularis group are provided . some data about known distribution are presented . aedes ( ochlerotatus rhyacophilus costa lima \u00e3\u00a9 retida da sinon\u00e3\u00admia con aedes ( ochlerotatus scapularis ( rondani . s\u00e3\u00a3o designados lect\u00e3\u00b3tipo e paralect\u00e3\u00b3tipos . as formas larval , pupal e adulta de ambos os sexos s\u00e3\u00a3o redescritas e acompanhadas de ilustra\u00e3\u00a7\u00e3\u00b5es representativas desses est\u00e3\u00a1dios , al\u00e3\u00a9m do aspecto de um criadouro natural . apresentam - se caracteres diagn\u00e3\u00b3sticos que permitem separar rhyacophilus das outras esp\u00e3\u00a9cies do grupo scapularis , e alguns dados sobre a distribui\u00e3\u00a7\u00e3\u00a3o geogr\u00e3\u00a1fica at\u00e3\u00a9 agora conhecida .\nfor a . heteroclyta el g\u00e3\u00a9nero argentino de escarabajos estercoleros anomiopsoides ( scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae : eucraniini : descripcci\u00e3\u00b3n de una especie nueva y nuevas sinonimias para a . heteroclyta\nfull text available the taxonomy of the genus anomiopsoides blackwelder is revised . the species a . catamarcae mart\u00e3\u00adnez and a . aurita ( burmeister are placed in\nwith a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . anomiopsoides fedemariai sp . nov . is described from argentina . the genus anomiopsoides now consists of four species : a . biloba ( burmeister , a . cavifrons ( burmeister , a . fedemariai sp . nov . and a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . a key is presented for the identification of the species of anomiopsoides . se hace una revisi\u00e3\u00b3n de la taxonom\u00e3\u00ada del g\u00e3\u00a9nero anomiopsoides blackwelder . las especies a . catamarcae mart\u00e3\u00adnez y a . aurita ( burmeister son consideradas como sin\u00e3\u00b3nimos de a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . se describe una especie nueva , a . fedemariai sp . nov . , especie nueva de argentina . el g\u00e3\u00a9nero anomioposoides consiste ahora en cuatro especies , a . biloba ( burmeister , a . cavifrons ( burmeister , a . fedemariai sp . nov . y a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . se presenta una clave para la identificaci\u00e3\u00b3n de las especies de anomiopsoides .\nexamination of holotypes of tilloclytus ( coleoptera : cerambycidae : anaglyptini ) in the fernando de zayas collection ( havana , cuba ) and the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university reveals that t . elongatus zayas ( 1975 ) is a new synonym of t . rufipes fisher ( 1942 ) . . . .\nthe romanian medical terminology has been enriched quite a lot lately . this phenomena was not only due to the significant influence of the english language , but also because of the relationships developed between the already existing terms and the new ones . thus , the present study comprises the analysis on romanian medical terms of englsih origin and their native synonymous correspondents in the romanian medical terminology . the dictionnaries used to select the synonymous pairs of medical ter . . .\nsagitta planctonis steinhaus , 1896 and sagitta zetesios fowler , 1905 are compared . the characters in which they differ have no specific value so that the two are considered to belong to one species : sagitta planctonis steinhaus , 1896 .\nexperiments were performed to verify the fact that an excess of either manganese , zinc , copper , cobalt or nickel will induce iron - deficiency chlorosis in plants . other toxic effects such as stunting and lower leaf necrosis may also occur . these effects were reproduced with flax grown in water - cultures without molybdenum . in these experiments , it has been further shown that it is possible to reduce the severity of iron deficiency symptoms , caused by an excess of any one of the above elements , by increasing the supply of molybdenum to the solution . various concentrations of added molybdenum up to 20 ppm have been used .\ntwo studies examined college students ' ability , when presented with two sequential adjectives , to make relatedness judgments and antonym and synonym judgments . the studies found that judgments were fastest for direct antonyms , even when compared to synonyms of similar relatedness . ( contains 17 references . ) ( mdm )\nfull text available the romanian medical terminology has been enriched quite a lot lately . this phenomena was not only due to the significant influence of the english language , but also because of the relationships developed between the already existing terms and the new ones . thus , the present study comprises the analysis on romanian medical terms of englsih origin and their native synonymous correspondents in the romanian medical terminology . the dictionnaries used to select the synonymous pairs of medical terms were the medical dictionary ( 2010 and the great dictionary of neologisms ( 2008\nabstract considerable confusion exists within capsicum ( solanaceae ) regarding the status and typification of several names , in part due to misidentifications . some types were destroyed in berlin during the second world war , some have not been found by modern systematics , while others exhibit uncertain locality data or contain material from more than one species . fourteen lectotypes , synonyms , and a new name , capsicum eshbaughii barboza nom . nov . , are proposed here . pmid : 22171173\ndirectional dictionaries\n. . . . examples from groot woordeboek / major dictionary , . . . examples of such divergence which may require labelling ( or even more . . . . . selection and presentation of ready equivalents in a translation dictionary .\nfull text available abstract background ideally each life science article should get a \u00e2\u0080\u0098structured digital abstract\u00e2\u0080\u0099 . this is a structured summary of the paper\u00e2\u0080\u0099s findings that is both human - verified and machine - readable . but articles can contain a large variety of information types and contextual details that all need to be reconciled with appropriate names , terms and identifiers , which poses a challenge to any curator . current approaches mostly use tagging or limited entry - forms for semantic encoding . findings we implemented a \u00e2\u0080\u0098controlled language\u00e2\u0080\u0099 as a more expressive representation method . we studied how usable this format was for wet - lab - biologists that volunteered as curators . we assessed some issues that arise with the usability of ontologies and other controlled vocabularies , for the encoding of structured information by \u00e2\u0080\u0098untrained\u00e2\u0080\u0099 curators . we take a user - oriented viewpoint , and make recommendations that may prove useful for creating a better curation environment : one that can engage a large community of volunteer curators . conclusions entering information in a biocuration environment could improve in expressiveness and user - friendliness , if curators would be enabled to use synonymous and polysemous terms literally , whereby each term stays linked to an identifier .\nfull text available the genus histioneis ( = parahistioneis contains an excessive number of poorly described species , often based on the observation of a single specimen and ignoring the intraspecific variability . in order to investigate the validity of the species and to suggest synonyms , the original illustrations of all known species of histioneis are reproduced and grouped based on the morphological similarity . the scarce records and the uncertainties on the identification at the species level are responsible of the lack of biogeographical information . large and highly ornamented species tended to appear in tropical waters , whereas smaller and less ornamented species showed a wider distribution and they can also found in temperate waters such as the mediterranean sea . rev . biol . trop . 55 ( 2 : 459 - 477 . epub 2007 june , 29 . el g\u00e3\u00a9nero histioneis ( = parahistioneis tiene una cantidad excesiva de especies , descritas insuficientemente y a menudo a partir de un solo esp\u00e3\u00a9cimen , ignorando la variabilidad intra - espec\u00e3\u00adfica . con el objetivo de investigar la validez de las especies y sugerir sin\u00e3\u00b3nimos , aqu\u00e3\u00ad se presentan las ilustraciones originales de histioneis agrupadas seg\u00e3\u00ban su parecido morfol\u00e3\u00b3gico . las escasas observaciones de histioneis y las dudas en la identificaci\u00e3\u00b3n a nivel de especie son responsables de la falta de informaci\u00e3\u00b3n sobre su distribuci\u00e3\u00b3n geogr\u00e3\u00a1fica . las especies de mayor tama\u00e3\u00b1o y m\u00e3\u00a1s ornamentadas son t\u00e3\u00adpicas de aguas tropicales . las especies m\u00e3\u00a1s peque\u00e3\u00b1as y menos ornamentadas presentan una distribuci\u00e3\u00b3n m\u00e3\u00a1s amplia y pueden encontrarse tambi\u00e3\u00a9n en aguas templadas , como el mar mediterr\u00e3\u00a1neo .\n- , \u00e4\u008d . 3267 ( 2012 ) , s . 65 - 68 issn 1175 - 5326 r & d ; projects : ga mk dc08p02ouk004 institutional research plan : cez : av0z50070508 institutional support : rvo : 60077344 keywords : platyonitis oberthueri subject riv : eg - zoology impact factor : 0 . 974 , year : 2012 urltoken\nin this study , based on a morphological analysis , the resurrection of the name anolis ustus cope 1864 , is proposed for populations from the yucat\u00e3\u00a1n peninsula ( campeche , yucat\u00e3\u00a1n , and quintana roo , mexico , and belize ) , formerly referred as anolis sericeus hallowell , 1856 . anolis ustus differs from anolis sericeus by its mean snout - vent length and number of gorgetal scales in males , in tibia length and head width in females , and dorsal and ventral scales for both sexes . in addition , anolis ustus has a small dewlap of similar size between males and females , whereas in anolis sericeus males have a dewlap much larger than that of the females . these characteristics allow anolis ustus to be identified within the anolis sericeus complex . in this study , a description of the characteristics of the hemipenis is also provided , and its importance in the taxonomy of anolis is discussed .\nof katianna coeruleocephala handschin , 1920 ( collembola : katiannidae ) with bourletiella viridescens ( bourletiellidae ) .\nkatianna coeruleocephala was described by handschin in 1920 from poespo , java . it was collected in december , 1896 by dr . zehntner with the collecting details given as rotten\nlouv\n( leaves ? ) from live orchard . handschin ( 1920 ) labelled his figures of the species ( p . 146 ) as katianna coerulescephala but the first spelling of the species name ( p . 145 ) has priority . katianna coeruleocephala has never been recollected . the only mention of the species in the literature since 1920 has been by suhardjono ( 1989 ) in a check list for indonesia and suhardjono ( 2012 ) who listed it as present on java and provided the main characteristics of the genus katianna b\u00e3\u00b6rner , 1923 . she stated it was a\nnew\n( translate as endemic ? ) species in java with a preferred habitat in cold and damp litter but no comment was made on the taxonomic status of the indonesian species .\nfive new species , and one new genus of cerambycidae are described : drycothaea vulcanica sp . nov . ( calliini ) , from ecuador ( holotype male deposited in amnh : napo , 29 . x . 1988 , j . s . miller leg . ) ; perissomerus machadoi sp . nov . ( neoibidionini ) , from paraguay ( holotype male deposited in mzsp : alto paraguay , 30 . xi . 2002 , di iorio leg . ) ; cacostola carinata sp . nov . ( onciderini ) , from brazil ( holotype female deposited in mzsp : rio grande do norte , ix . 2008 , d . r . r . fernandes et al . leg . ) ; ypomacena gen . nov . ( apomecynini ) from brazil to include y . monnei sp . nov . ( holotype male deposited in mnrj : bahia , xi . 1970 , roppa leg . ) , and y . gibbosa sp . nov . ( holotype female deposited in mnrj : rio de janeiro , 31 . x . 1969 , alvarenga & seabra leg . ) . dorcasta prolongata fisher , 1947 is proposed as a new synonym of bebelis lignea ( bates , 1866 ) . bisaltes ( bisaltes ) fuchsi breuning , 1971 is proposed as a new synonym of bisaltes ( bisaltes ) buquetii thomson , 1868 . additionally , sixteen new states records for brazil , and three country records for bolivia are provided .\nbathygobius fuscus ( r\u00e3\u00bcpp . ) gobius fuscus r\u00e3\u00bcppell , atl . reise n . afr . fische 1828 , p . 137 . gobius punctillatus r\u00e3\u00bcppell , l . c . , p . 138 . gobius soporator cuvier & valenciennes , hist . nat . poissons xii . 1837 , p . 56 . gobius albopunctatus cuvier & valenciennes , l . c . , p . 57 . gobius nebulopunctatus cuvier &\nmolecular and biometric assessment and redescription of myzodium mimulicola ( drew & sampson ) are provided . new host and distributional data for north america are presented , including the first record from alaska . myzodium knowltoni ( smith & robinson ) is found to be a junior subjective synonym of m . . . .\nmolecular and biometric assessment and subsequent redescription of myzodium mimulicola ( drew & sampson ) is provided . new host and distributional data for north america are presented , including the first record from alaska . the current study determined that myzodium knowltoni ( smith & robinson ) is a . . .\nthe author takes in the comprehension of neoplatonism and christianism in dionisio the areopagita in order to demonstrate what this philosopher owes to platonic and christian theology . she considers the work of proclus ( especially his commentary to parmenides and platonic theology ) and its relation with dionisio\u00e2\u0080\u0099s de divinis\neight known species of demidospermus ( dactylogyridae , monogenea ) were collected from siluriform fishes from reservoir of the itaipu hydroelectric power station , paran\u00e3\u00a1 , brazil . four of them are recorded for the first time in brazil , enlarging their geographical distribution : demidospermus armostus , demidospermus anus , demidospermus bidiverticulatum and demidospermus valenciennesi . demidospermus labrosi is synonymized with demidospermus cornicinus and demidospermus mandi with demidospermus leptosynophallus and reported from two new hosts . demidospermus paravalenciennesi and demidospermus uncusvalidus were also collected .\nfull text available in this work , several taxonomic problems affecting the recently erected genus acronymolpus samuelson , 2015 , endemic to new caledonia , are addressed . two of the three new caledonian species described in stethotes baly are transferred to acronymolpus and their priority is recognized over the names proposed in the revision of this genus . moreover , different forms of acronymolpus always found in sympatry , one reddish and larger , and the other black and smaller , were each given species status in that revision , but they are recognized here as the females and males , respectively , of the same species . the taxonomic summary of these discoveries is : ( i a . bertiae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2007 , comb . n . = a . meteorus samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . turbo samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . ; and ( ii a . jourdani ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2013 , comb . n . = a . gressitti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . joliveti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . new distribution data and the male genitalia and the spermatheca of the two valid species of acronymolpus are described for the first time with reference to taxonomically important characters . finally , the last new caledonian species described in stethotes is recognized here as a member of the endemic genus taophila heller : t . mandjeliae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2010 , comb . n .\nand exclusion of stethotes baly from the fauna of new caledonia ( coleoptera , chrysomelidae , eumolpinae ) .\nin this work , several taxonomic problems affecting the recently erected genus acronymolpus samuelson , 2015 , endemic to new caledonia , are addressed . two of the three new caledonian species described in stethotes baly are transferred to acronymolpus and their priority is recognized over the names proposed in the revision of this genus . moreover , different forms of acronymolpus always found in sympatry , one reddish and larger , and the other black and smaller , were each given species status in that revision , but they are recognized here as the females and males , respectively , of the same species . the taxonomic summary of these discoveries is : ( i ) a . bertiae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2007 ) , comb . n . = a . meteorus samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . turbo samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . ; and ( ii ) a . jourdani ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2013 ) , comb . n . = a . gressitti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . joliveti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . new distribution data and the male genitalia and the spermatheca of the two valid species of acronymolpus are described for the first time with reference to taxonomically important characters . finally , the last new caledonian species described in stethotes is recognized here as a member of the endemic genus taophila heller : t . mandjeliae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2010 ) , comb . n .\ntaxonomic revision of the neotropical pirate spiders of the genus gelanor thorell , 1869 ( araneae , mimetidae ) with the description of five new species .\nwe revise the neotropical spider genus gelanor thorell , 1869 ( mimetidae ) . gelanor is distributed from northeast mexico to southern uruguay , from sea level to 1 , 600 m . we describe five new species of gelanor and report eleven new\n) , gelanor consequus o . p . - cambridge , 1902 ( = gelanor depressus chickering , 1956 new\n) , gelanor innominatus chamberlin , 1916 , gelanor latus ( keyserling , 1881 ) ( = gelanor mixtus o . p . - cambridge , 1899 new\n) and gelanor zonatus ( c . l . koch , 1845 ) ( = gelanor distinctus o - p . cambridge , 1899 new\n) . in addition , we describe for the first time the males of g . altithorax and g . consequus . species descriptions are provided for all ten species in the genus , together with a compilation of available data , including type specimens , type localities and morphological diagnoses . light and electron microscope images and updated data on known geographical distributions , are also provided . we also discuss the phylogenetic placement of gelanor in mimetidae .\njuncus planifolius is reported for the first time from north america . bibliographic notes on this species and its\nare given . its distribution , dispersal and relationships within the genus are discussed . . . . . . . juncus planifolius is reported for the first time from north america . bibliographic notes on this species and its\nare given . its distribution , dispersal and relationships within the genus are discussed . . . .\nis undesirable . in this article an attempt is made to show that functional differences in meaning can distinguish two apparently synonymous verbs in modern italian .\niodophanus carneus and i . testaceus ( ascomycota - pezizales : independent taxonomic identity or\n? a study of their morphology and isozymes iodophanus carneus e i . testaceus ( ascomycota - pezizales : \u00e2\u00bfidentidades taxon\u00e3\u00b3micas independientes o sinonimia ? estudio morfol\u00e3\u00b3gico e isoenzim\u00e3\u00a1tico\nfull text available the aim of this study was to delimit two iodophanus species : i . carneus and i . testaceus , based on morphological characteristics and electrophoretic patterns of their intracellular isozymes . twenty monosporic strains were used , including five belonging to i . granulipolaris as a control . fourteen isozyme systems were tested , and the five having the best resolution selected : aspartate aminotransferase , esterases , alkaline phosphatase , glutamate dehydrogenase , and superoxide dismutase . these analyses confirmed the similarity between i . carneus and i . testaceus , since they both produced the same band patterns , which were in turn different from the band pattern of i . granulipolaris . so , as we couldn\u00e2\u00b4t find any character wich permit us to classify the isolated studied during this work in defferent species , we believe that i . testaceus shoul be consider as a synonym of i . carneus . el objetivo del presente trabajo fue la delimitaci\u00e3\u00b3n taxon\u00e3\u00b3mica de dos especies del g\u00e3\u00a9nero iodophanus : i . carneus e i . testaceus a partir de caracteres morfol\u00e3\u00b3gicos y de los patrones electrofor\u00e3\u00a9ticos de isoenzimas intracelulares . para ello se utilizaron veinte cepas monosp\u00e3\u00b3ricas , cinco de las cuales pertenecientes a i . granulipolaris que fueron utilizadas como control . se probaron catorce sistemas isoenzim\u00e3\u00a1ticos y se eligieron los cinco con mejor resoluci\u00e3\u00b3n : aspartato amino transferasa , esterasa , fosfatasa alcalina , glutamato dehidrogenasa y super\u00e3\u00b3xido dismutasa . el an\u00e3\u00a1lisis de los patrones isoenzim\u00e3\u00a1ticos corrobor\u00e3\u00b3 la silimitud existente entre i . carneus e i . testaceus , ya que los patrones de bandas obtenidas para estas dos especies fueron iguales y diferentes de i . granulipolaris . entonces , al no encontrar ning\u00e3\u00ban caracter que nos permita separar a los aislamientos estudiados en este trabajo en dos especies distintas , proponemos a i . testaceus como un sin\u00e3\u00b3nimo de i . carneus .\nfull text available \u00e3\u0089 apresentado um estudo morfol\u00e3\u00b3gico detalhado da cabe\u00e3\u00a7a , do t\u00e3\u00b3rax e do abdome de tr\u00e3\u00aas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies pr\u00e3\u00b3ximas de castn\u00e3\u00adideos neotropicais . o posicionamento taxon\u00e3\u00b4mico dessas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies \u00e3\u00a9 ainda bastante controverso . antes do desenvolvimento do presente estudo , duas dessas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies pertenciam ao g\u00e3\u00aanero telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner , 1825 e uma ao g\u00e3\u00aanero monot\u00e3\u00adpico castniomera houlbert , 1918 ( esp\u00e3\u00a9cie - tipo : castnia atymnius dalman , 1824 . a hip\u00e3\u00b3tese de alguns autores de incluir as tr\u00e3\u00aas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies do complexo t . licus em um \u00e3\u00banico g\u00e3\u00aanero \u00e3\u00a9 aqui sustentada com base em evid\u00e3\u00aancias morfol\u00e3\u00b3gicas de cabe\u00e3\u00a7a , t\u00e3\u00b3rax e abdome . castniomera houlbert torna - se sin\u00e3\u00b4nimo de telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner compreendendo as seguintes esp\u00e3\u00a9cies : telchin licus ( drury , 1773 , telchin syphax ( fabricius , 1775 e telchin atymnius ( dalman combina\u00e3\u00a7\u00e3\u00a3o nova . as tr\u00e3\u00aas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies do complexo t . licus s\u00e3\u00a3o ilustradas com desenhos e fotografias coloridas . a detailed morphological study of head , thorax , and abdomen is provided for three closely related species of neotropical sun - moths . the taxonomic position of these species is controversial . prior to the present study two of these species belonged to the genus telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner , 1825 , and one to the monotypic genus castniomera houlbert , 1918 ( type species : castnia atymnius dalman , 1824 . the hypothesis of some authors of placing the three species in a single genus is here supported on morphological evidences from head , thorax , and abdomen . castniomera houlbert is treated as synonym of telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner comprising the following species : telchin licus ( drury , 1773 , telchin syphax ( fabricius , 1775 , and telchin atymnius ( dalman new combination . the three species of the t . licus complex are illustrated with line drawings and color photographs .\n, and antonymy as cognitive - linguistic factors in children from 3 to 6 years of age ) .\ntests and confirms hypothesis that a four - stage process exists in the understanding and use of synonyms , antonyms , and tautologies in children ages three to six . the results of this study challenge widely held theories on cognitive development . ( 45 references ) ( let )"]}
{"id": 2011, "summary": [{"text": "guyanemorpha is a genus of beetles , the guyane false-form beetles , in the family carabidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false-form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l. erwin in the open access journal zookeys .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was discovered during a survey of the country 's insects by the entomological society antilles-guyane ( seag ) .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "little is known about the species ' behaviour , other than that it lives in lowland rainforest .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "related species cohabit with ants , and it is thought likely that g. spectabilis will do so also .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the holotype is currently held in trust at the national museum of natural history , part of the smithsonian institution , washington , dc , until the planned natural history museum of guyane is established , and at that time , the specimen will be transferred there . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "guyanemorpha", "paragraphs": ["the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , guyanemorpha spectabilis . image credit : karolyn darrow , smithsonian institution .\nthis myrmecophilous genus of carabidae has a single species , guyanemorpha spectabilis . it is an inquiline in the nests of arboreal ants .\nguyanemorpha is a genus of beetle , the guyane false - form beetles , in the family carabidae . it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l .\nthe beetle , scientifically named guyanemorpha spectabilis , belongs to the pseudomorphini tribe , famous for the co - existence of its representatives with various ant species .\nguyanemorpha spectabilis , commonly named the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , stands out among its dull relatives in the western hemisphere , with its great size and beautiful coloration .\nbeetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n .\nebscohost | 93527059 | beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n .\nguyanemorpha is a genus of beetle , the guyane false - form beetles , in the family carabidae . it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l . erwin in the open access journal zookeys . it was discovered during a survey of the country ' s insects by the entomological society antilles - guyane ( seag ) .\nerwin tl . 2013 . beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . zookeys 358 : 11\u201323 ; doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298\nerwin tl ( 2013 ) beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . zookeys 358 : 11\u201323 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298 pdf\nmore information : erwin tl ( 2013 ) beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n , sp . n . . zookeys 358 : 11 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298\nscientists from the smithsonian institution describe the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , or guyanemorpha spectabilis , from guyane ( french guiana ) . as its name suggests , the newly discovered species stands out among its dull relatives in the western hemisphere , with its great size and beautiful coloration . the study was published in the open access journal zookeys .\nabstract : among the extensive collections currently being made in guyane ( french guiana ) , adults of a large and colorful species of pseudomorphine were encountered . the adults present , for the first time in the western hemisphere , elytra with a marked color pattern , and in addition a size considerably beyond that of the rest of the members of all other known genera in the western hemisphere . both of these attributes , however , are well known in the australian pseudomorphine fauna . this new species is described and illustrated and a revised key to the western hemisphere genera is included . the type locality of guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . is guyane , risquetout , pk20 , 4 . 916\u00b0n , 52 . 516\u00b0w , 12m altitude .\nthis surprising large and colorful pseudomorphine came as a shock to me , as all other species of the tribe in the western hemisphere are quite dull brown , dark reddish , or blackish with no , or little , color contrast on the upper surface ,\nexplains the author dr . terry l . erwin .\nin the world of entomology this new species can be only compared in its rare characteristics to the olinguito , a new carnivore species which charmed the world and just recently described by kris helgen in zookeys ,\nhe added .\nthe new species belongs to the pseudomorphini tribe , famous for the co - existence of its representatives with various ant species . members of g . spectabilis occur at lowland rainforest sites in french guiana and are accordingly most likely to live with ants , although at present nothing is known about their way of life .\nthe pseudomorphines are a very interesting evolutionary off - shoot of the normal carabid morphotype in both form and function and are only just now beginning to be understood in north america . the fact that species of related genera in south america are living with arboreal ants will make learning about them far more difficult . insecticidal fogging gets adults of these species , but only tearing apart arboreal azteca ant nests while suspended in a tree will produce their larvae , and that is not for carabidologists faint of heart ,\nexplains the author dr . erwin , and his intern , lauren amundson .\nfamous as the sacred beetles of ancient egypt the scarab beetle group in fact represents much greater diversity around the globe . some of the most vulnerable representatives are contained in the flightless genus gyronotus , . . .\ncosta rica reveals astonishing biodiversity of braconid wasps , with 277 new species of the tribe heterospilini described in the latest special issue of the open access journal zookeys .\ntwo new beautiful wasp species are added to the rare pompilid genus abernessia , which now contains a total of only four known species . the two new species a . prima and a . capixaba are believed to be endemic for brazil alongside . . .\nin guiana , symbiosis between azteca ants and the cecropia tree ( or trumpet tree ) is frequent . however , a surprising discovery has been made : one species of ant ( azteca andreae ) uses the\nvelcro\nprinciple to cling on firmly . . .\narboreal tarantulas are known from a few tropical places in asia , africa , south and central america and the caribbean . these tarantulas generally have a lighter build , thinner bodies and longer legs , better suited for their . . .\nscientists discovered a new enigmatic species of ant coming from the philippines . cardiocondyla pirata or the pirate ant engages the imagination with a bizarre pigmentation pattern that has no equivalent worldwide . the female . . .\nthe co - evolution of plant\u2014pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .\nusing genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .\nfish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .\nmucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution\u2014dating back to our days as a jellyfish .\nby proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .\nour bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .\nplease sign in to add a comment . registration is free , and takes less than a minute . read more\nthis page was last modified on 3 march 2017 , at 21 : 58 .\nlittle is known about the species ' behaviour , other than that it lives in lowland rainforest . related species cohabit with ants , and it is thought likely that g . spectabilis will do so also .\nthe holotype is currently held in trust at the national museum of natural history , part of the smithsonian institution , washington , dc , until the planned natural history museum of guyane is established , and at that time , the specimen will be transferred there .\nwell as 2015 becomes an ever distant memory and we scuttle , creep , scurry , amble and roll ( for this is how beetles move right ? ) into 2016 , let us look back on a very successful year of collection enhancement .\nthe collection here is a big one , and serves to represent the world\u2019s known coleoptera biodiversity as comprehensively as possible but it is an uphill task to curate , much in the same way as a dung beetle may struggle against the desert sands with its dung ball prize .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndr terry erwin of the smithsonian institution has described a new genus and species of beetle from french guiana .\nthe beetle lives in lowland rainforests of french guiana and is most likely to live with ants , although at present nothing is known about their way of life .\n\u201cthis surprising large and colorful pseudomorphine came as a shock to me , as all other species of the tribe in the western hemisphere are quite dull brown , dark reddish , or blackish with no , or little , color contrast on the upper surface , \u201d said dr erwin , who is the author of the paper published in the open - access journal zookeys .\n\u201cin the world of entomology this new species can be only compared in its rare characteristics to the olinguito , a new carnivore species which charmed the world and just recently described by dr kris helgen in zookeys . \u201d\n\u201cthe pseudomorphines are a very interesting evolutionary off - shoot of the normal carabid morphotype in both form and function and are only just now beginning to be understood in north america . \u201d\n\u201cthe fact that species of related genera in south america are living with arboreal ants will make learning about them far more difficult . insecticidal fogging gets adults of these species , but only tearing apart arboreal azteca ant nests while suspended in a tree will produce their larvae , and that is not for carabidologists faint of heart , \u201d dr erwin said .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\ncopyright of zookeys is the property of pensoft publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder ' s express written permission . however , users may print , download , or email articles for individual use . this abstract may be abridged . no warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy . users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract .\nfor access to this entire article and additional high quality information , please check with your college / university library , local public library , or affiliated institution .\nimportant user information : remote access to ebsco ' s databases is permitted to patrons of subscribing institutions accessing from remote locations for personal , non - commercial use . however , remote access to ebsco ' s databases from non - subscribing institutions is not allowed if the purpose of the use is for commercial gain through cost reduction or avoidance for a non - subscribing institution .\nin october , the world wildlife fund ( wwf ) published a list of 441 new species that have been discovered in the amazon in the last four years : 258 plants , 84 fish , 58 amphibians , 22 reptiles , 18 birds , and one mammal . that\u2019s \u201can average of two new species identified every week for the past four years , \u201d read a wwf press release , and \u201c [ t ] his doesn\u2019t even include the countless discoveries of insects and other invertebrates . \u201d\nthe findings are a welcome break from news of impending extinctions , and the new species are a reminder of the importance of continued vigilance and conservation . of course , the amazon is not the only place where new life is popping up . thousands of new species are described each year , hailing from nearly every continent and diverse branches of life . in may , the scientist covered the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university\u2019s annual top 10 , with favorites chosen for their unexpected features or their unique habitats . here are a few of candidates for the 2013 lineup :\n) , which roams the open grasslands and forests of brazil and colombia . though it\u2019s the smallest of the tapirs , it\u2019s one of the largest animals in south america . published in the\nthe new tapir species isn\u2019t so new to local tribes , however , who regularly hunt the \u201clittle black tapir , \u201d as they call it . \u201c [ indigenous people ] traditionally reported seeing what they called \u2018a different kind of anta [ tapir in portuguese ] . \u2019 however , the scientific community has never paid much attention to the fact , stating that it was always the same tapirus terrestris , \u201d lead author and paleontologist mario cozzuol of brazil\u2019s universidade federal de minas gerais belo horizonte told mongabay . com . \u201cthey did not give value to local knowledge and thought the locals were wrong . knowledge of the local community needs to be taken into account and that ' s what we did in our study , which culminated in the discovery of a new species to science . \u201d\nwas this year declared to be a distinct species from its close relative , the onlingo , a member of the raccoon family . the new species was first discovered in a drawer , at chicago\u2019s field museum . kristofer helgen , curator of mammals at the smithsonian institution national museum of natural history , found a collection of skin , skulls , and bones that \u201cstopped me in my tracks , \u201d he told\n. \u201cthe skins were a rich red color and when i looked at the skulls i didn\u2019t recognize the anatomy . . . right away i thought it could be a species new to science . \u201d\non the basis of a grainy video of an olinguito - like animal in the andes , helgen and his colleagues headed to colombia and ecuador to find the mammal in the trees of cloud forests . furry , orange , and weighing less than a kilogram , the olinguito is solitary and nocturnal . it is smaller than the olingo , and the two species have differences in their teeth and tails . helgen\u2019s team published its findings august 15 in zookeys , noting that the olinguito is threatened ; construction and farming and destroyed nearly half of its forest habitat . \u201cthis reminds us that the world is not yet explored and the age of discovery is far from over , \u201d helgen told bbc news .\njournal . belonging to the warbler family , the cambodian tailorbird can be found living in and around the country\u2019s capital city of phnom penh . it resembles other tailorbirds , the researchers report , but its plumage , song , and genes support its reclassification as its own species\u2014something that is rare in urban ecosystems .\n\u201cthe modern discovery of an undescribed bird species within the limits of a large populous city\u2014not to mention 30 minutes from my home\u2014is extraordinary , \u201d study coauthor simon mahood of the wildlife conservation society told bbc news . \u201cthe discovery indicates that new species of birds may still be found in familiar and unexpected locations . \u201d\nonce again , however , as the bird\u2019s small habitat continues to shrink , prompting the researchers to recommend that it be listed as \u201cnear threatened\u201d on the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s red list .\nsleek , eel - like fish known as arapaima have , for some time , been considered to comprise a single species , but new evidence suggests that a classic division of the group into four species is actually more accurate . moreover , researchers claim to have found a distinct fifth species of arapaima , according to a study published by suny college of environmental science and forestry\u2019s donald stewart in the march issue of\n\u201ceverybody for 160 years had been saying there\u2019s only one kind of arapaima , \u201d stewart said in a press release . \u201cbut we know now there are various species , including some not previously recognized . \u201d\na common target of amazonian fisherman , arapaima are commercially important fish . curious about the recognition of four species of arapaima in the mid - 1800s , stewart closely examined original specimens and found that they were indeed four species after all . one specimen , held at the instituto nacional de pesquisas da amaz\u00f4nia in manaus , brazil , even represents a fifth species ( a . leptosoma ) , stewart concluded . the sensory cavities on its head have a unique shape , and the fish has a sheath over part of its dorsal fin that other arapaima don\u2019t have . it also has a distinctive color pattern .\nunfortunately , arapaima have been overfished in the amazon basin for more than a century , bringing their current populations to near zero .\n) , close cousin of the scalloped hammerhead . according to study published in august in the journal\n, the new shark species is genetically distinct , and has about 10 fewer vertebrae that the scalloped hammerhead .\nthe carolina variety was discovered by university of south carolina fish expert joe quattro , who gathered what appeared to be 80 young scalloped hammerheads . genetic and anatomical analyses proved otherwise , however . in the end , 54 of the 80 sharks belonged to the new species .\nquattro expects that , like the dwindling populations of the scalloped shark , the carolina shark is rare . \u201coutside of south carolina , we\u2019ve only seen five tissue samples of the cryptic species , \u201d quattro said in a release . \u201cand that\u2019s out of three or four hundred specimens . \u201d\nyou might think that finding a new species of the largest fish in the ocean is uncommon , and it is , but this year boasts another new shark species : hemiscyllium halmahera , a shark that \u201cwalks\u201d along the sandy bottoms surrounding a remote indonesian island ( see video ) . publishing in july in the journal of ichthyology , marine biologist mark erdmann of conservation international and his colleagues describe the species . the animals can grow up to 70 centimeters ( 27 inches ) in length , and as with other walking\u2014or epaulette\u2014sharks , females lay their eggs under reef ledges .\nwith so many new species populating this year\u2019s scientific literature , there simply isn\u2019t room to cover them all . but suffice it to say that diversity is not what this list is lacking : a new orchid from volcanic islands west of spain , a tiny crustacean found in an offshore reef cave near california\u2019s catalina island , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle of the french guiana rainforests , five species of \u201cslavemaker\u201d ants that steal the young of other ants , a humpback dolphin , two gecko species , and a turkish scorpion . plus many more just waiting to be found ."]}
{"id": 2129, "summary": [{"text": "the chinese flying frog or chinese gliding frog ( rhacophorus dennysi ) is a species of tree frog in the rhacophoridae family found in china , laos , burma , and vietnam .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "also known as the blanford 's whipping frog , large treefrog , and denny 's whipping frog .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this frog is up to 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , swamps , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes , ponds , irrigated land , and canals , and ditches .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "females lay eggs in foam nests attached to branches and grasses hanging over water .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they create nests by beating a frothy secretion into foam with their hind legs .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is considered least concern by the iucn . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "chinese flying frog", "paragraphs": ["the chinese flying frog or chinese gliding frog ( rhacophorus dennysi ) is a species of tree frog in the rhacophoridaefamily found in china , laos , burma , and vietnam . also known as the blanford ' s whipping frog , large treefrog , and denny ' s whipping frog . [ 2 ]\nthe chinese flying frog is a large species reaching a size of 10cm . they inhabit tropical lowland forests of china , laos , burma and vietnam .\nbeautiful painting of wallace ' s flying frog ( rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) by the unique carel brest van kampen .\n1854 illustration of reinwardt ' s flying frog rhacophorus reinwardtii by jean gabriel pr\u00eatre . image in public domain .\nmating in the bushes - false malabar gliding frog ( rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus ) : building nest .\na moss - textured rhacophorid frog . specimens of vietnamese mossy frog or tonkin bug - eyed frog ( theloderma corticale ) . top photo by steven g . johnson , cc by - sa 3 . 0 . lower image by v\u00e1clav gvo\u017ed\u00edk , cc by - sa 2 . 5 .\nepisode 2 of david attenborough\u2019s conquest of the skies was on tv the other day , and i watched it ( i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) . and hence i have rhacophorid frogs on my mind \u2013 the mostly tropical afro - asian group that includes the famous rhacophorus flying frogs , the best known member of which is wallace\u2019s flying frog r . nigropalmatus from indonesia , thailand and adjacent countries . as usual , flying frog were used by sir david to help illustrate the diversity of animals that have evolved a gliding ability .\nthe overachieving wallace ' s flying frog wasn ' t content to just hop and swim . thousands of years of watching birds navigate the rain forest and avoid predators by taking to the sky appears to have convinced this unique amphibian that air travel is the way to go .\nthe wallace ' s flying frog population is considered stable , and they have special status only in certain localities . however , they are partial to breeding and laying eggs in the fetid wallowing holes of the nearly extinct asian rhinoceros , and further decreases in rhino populations may negatively affect the species .\nalso known as parachute frogs , wallace ' s flying frogs inhabit the dense tropical jungles of malaysia and borneo . they live almost exclusively in the trees , descending only to mate and lay eggs .\nwallace ' s flying frogs are not the only frogs who have developed this ability , but they are among the largest . the black color of their foot webbing helps distinguish them from their similarly aerial cousins .\nholotype specimen of philautus maia , showing eggs preserved in contact with ventral surface . did this frog really carry its eggs around like this ? illustration from g\u00fcnther ( 1876 ) .\ntapley , b . 2009 . aspects of captive husbandry of taylor\u2019s bug - eyed frog , theloderma stellatum ( taylor , 1962 ) . herpetological bulletin 108 , 31 - 33 .\nbyrne , p . g . & whiting , m . j . 2011 . effects of simultaneous polyandry on offspring fitness in an african tree frog . behavioral ecology 22 , 385 - 391 .\nthis frog is up to 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) long . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , swamps , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes , ponds , irrigated land , and canals , and ditches .\nhertwig , s . t . , lilje , k . e . , min , p . y . , haas , a . & das , i . 2012 . molecular evidence for direct development in the rhacophorid frog , philautus acutus ( rhacophoridae , anura ) from borneo . the raffles bulletin of zoology 60 , 559 - 567 .\nwallace\u2019s flying frog and the other gliding rhacophorus species are pretty remarkable . they\u2019re very big compared to most other members of the group , svls being 90 - 100 mm in females and 80 - 90 mm in males . their fully webbed hands and feet are enormous , but they also have flaps of skin \u2013 winglets , if you like \u2013 on the arms and legs , and sometimes on the body . glides of more than 15 m have been recorded . exactly how many rhacophorus species are true gliders is uncertain : the ability is confirmed for just a handful of species but more may have it ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . several smaller ones ( including r . angulirostris , r . cyanopunctatus and r . gauni ) have only partial digital webbing and either lack those skin flaps or only have small versions .\nrhacophorids are sometimes called flying frogs , shrub frogs , bush frogs , moss frogs , old world treefrogs , or afro - asian treefrogs , and occur across sub - saharan africa , china , much of tropical asia , japan , the philippines and sulawesi . about 380 species are recognised as of early 2015 . the last time i wrote about this group \u2013 december 2008 \u2013 this number was more like 290 , so the rate at which new species are discovered and named is pretty impressive .\nthe outsides of these foam nests dry to form a hard crust , thereby protecting the eggs within . however , monkeys , snakes and other predators will break into the nests and eat the eggs if they can . most surprisingly , fornasini\u2019s spiny reed frog afrixalus fornasini ( a member of hyperoliidae ) is a documented foam nest predator , though it can only eat from the nest before the foam has dried ( channing 2001 ) .\nexternal appearance is variable in rhacophorids . for all their fame as \u2018flying frogs\u2019 , it has to be said that the vast majority look \u2013 to those unenlightened in anuran diversity \u2013 like standard \u2018treefrogs\u2019 . they\u2019re generally small ( svls of 40 mm or less ) , wide - headed , big - eyed frogs with expanded digit - tips and a ( normally ) prominent tympanum . many are smooth - skinned but spiny tubercles cover the skin in some taxa , and others are notably warty , with a rough , bumpy skin that aids camouflage .\nthe latter is most developed in the grotesque rough treefrog theloderma horridum of thailand , peninsula malaysia and borneo . indeed , this is one of several species ( most of which belong to theloderma ) that resemble moss or bark in external texture and colour [ adjacent photos of t . corticale by steven g . johnson and v\u00e1clav gvo\u017ed\u00edk ] . t . asperum \u2013 patterned in brownish and pale blotches \u2013 superficially resembles a bird dropping and is sometimes called the bird poop frog . vocal sacs are absent in some taxa ( like nyctixalus ) but big and obvious in others .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\nthis species was included in rhacophorus by inger ( 1966 ) , then placed in polypedates by liem ( 1970 ) , and then returned to rhacophorus by dubois ( 1987 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known historically from northern myanmar and china ( zhao and adler , 1993 ) . it is also known from northern viet nam and central lao people ' s democratic republic . the type locality ' singapore ' is clearly based on a traded specimen ( bourret , 1941 ) . it is known from altitudes up to 900m asl .\nit inhabits forests and riparian forests in hilly areas . it breeds in still waters such as paddy fields , pools , ditches , marshes and ponds . it is mostly restricted to primary forest . the call of this species is exceptionally loud .\nits known areas of occurrence in viet nam continue to suffer from persistent processes degrading the forest , such as non - timber forest products collection , plantations , wildfires and changes to hydrology ( birdlife international 2001 ) . small numbers are also exported for the international pet trade .\nits range includes many protected areas . the rating of \u2018threatened\u2019 for r . nigropalmatus in the 1992 viet nam red data book ( tran et al . , 1992 ) might refer in part to r . dennysii .\npeter paul van dijk , nguyen quang truong , bryan stuart , michael wai neng lau , geng baorong , gu huiqing , yang datong . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwe are currently working on this care sheet . if you have any experience with this species , please contact us with details .\ndo your research before you commit to buying any pet , please do your own independent research .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nits range includes many protected areas . the rating of threatened for r . nigropalmatus in the 1992 viet nam red data book ( tran et al . , 1992 ) might refer in part to r . dennysii .\nfemales lay eggs in foam nests attached to branches and grasses hanging over water . they create nests by beating a frothy secretion into foam with their hind legs .\nvan dijk , p . p . , truong , n . q . , stuart , b . , lau , m . w . n . , baorong , g . , huiqing , g . & datong , y . ( 2004 ) . rhacophorus dennysi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 23 july 2007 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndue to full webbing between fingers and toes , these tree - dwelling frogs are able to achieve gliding flight for short distances between trees . they are one of the largest species of tree frogs . the females grow to twelve centimetres , while the males remain somewhat smaller . their diet comprises mainly of insects and worms .\nwhen threatened or in search of prey , they will leap from a branch and splay their four webbed feet . the membranes between their toes and loose skin flaps on their sides catch the air as they fall , helping them to glide , sometimes 50 feet or more , to a neighboring tree branch or even all the way to the ground . they also have oversized toe pads to help them land softly and stick to tree trunks .\nthey are generally bright green with yellow sides and grow to about 4 inches . they survive mainly on insects .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproducts , services , articles , news and other items appearing on urltoken do not necessarily reflect actual endorsements or positions of world pet association .\nepisode 2 of david attenborough ' s conquest of the skies appeared on tv the other day , and i watched it ( in fact , i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) .\ncladogram from meegaskumbura et al . ( 2002 ) , the sri lankan taxa being shown in blue . note the huge number of species that had not been named when this study was published .\na nice illustration of this is provided by meegaskumbura et al . \u2019s ( 2002 ) documentation of more than 100 new rhacophorid species on sri lanka alone ( just 18 sri lankan rhacophorid species were known prior to their work ) , a discovery that makes sri lanka on par with madagascar , new guinea and borneo in terms of anuran diversity .\nand , yes , more than 100 new species announced in a single paper . if we look at the discovery record of various of the rhacophorid lineages , we see that \u2013 for example \u2013 43 new species of raorchestes , 30 new species of rhacophorus , and 51 new species of pseudophilautus have been named since 2000 . . . 9 new raorchestes species were named in 2014 alone ( frost 2014 ) . as should be well known , the number of recognised amphibian species has sky - rocketed in recent years , and this really is because of newly discovered species , not just the result of splitting , taxonomic elevation of subspecies , or the recognition of cryptic species that can only be distinguished genetically .\nthe most famous illustration of a rhacophorid ever published : a gliding rhacophorus nigropalmatus from alfred russell wallace ' s 1869 the malay archipelago . wallace wrote about this species and illustrated it in his notes ( he didn ' t discover it though - that honour goes to charles hose ) .\nthe great paradox is that amphibians are in chronic global decline at the same time , and many species can no longer be located at all . despite meegaskumbura et al . \u2019s ( 2002 ) 100 + new rhacophorid species , they were unable to find many that had been described in the 19th century , a discovery which implies that the species concerned have gone extinct . as you should also know , amphibian species are currently being \u2018lost\u2019 on a regular and worrying basis \u2013 we don\u2019t talk of a \u2018global amphibian crisis\u2019 for nothing .\nmost rhacophorids are arboreal or semi - arboreal , living in shrubs , trees and bushes from close to ground level to way up in the forest canopy . there\u2019s some uncertainty over how high up in the canopy these frogs actually occur . nature documentaries ( like the aforementioned attenbourough - led projects ) create the impression that they really live tens of metres up in the high canopy but this is hard to confirm and has been doubted on occasion . recently , however , individuals of some species ( like rhacophorus belalongensis on borneo , named in 2008 ) have been recorded from tree - tops 10 m high . members of some groups are associated with primary forests , but others inhabit agricultural fields , roadsides , cleared forest and villages . [ images below by \u03c364 and alpsdake . ]\nit has to be said that some rhacophorids are not really all that remarkable when compared to , say , familiar ranid frogs . this montage shows tadpoles and an adult of rhacophorus arboreus . however , this species is a foam nester , on which see below . tadpole photo at lower left by \u03c364 , other photos by alpsdake . all cc by - sa 3 . 0 .\nspecialised reproductive strategies are widespread across these frogs , and some of the techniques they use mean that they don\u2019t have to come down to the ground to breed . some ( like some philautus species ) stick their eggs to the undersides of leaves above the ground and some philautus species ( like p . mjobergi ) have been reported to be nepenthiphilous \u2013 that is , to lay their eggs inside pitcher plants . while some frogs definitely are nepenthiphilous , the only alleged rhacophorid eggs discovered inside a pitcher plant and subjected to molecular testing turned out to be from the microhylid species microhyla borneensis ( hertwig et al . 2012 ) . [ photo below by katja rembold . ]\nfrogs belonging to several lineages are documented as users of pitcher plants ( this photo shows a heterixalus inside a dead nepenthes madagascariensis . heterixalus is a hyperoliid , not a rhacophorid ) . it has been claimed that rhacophorids of several species use pitchers in this way , but the cases are either controversial or turned out to be erroneous . photo by katja rembold , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .\nthose philautus eggs , by the way , don\u2019t produce free - swimming tadpoles : philautus species are direct developers , which means that the embryos change to froglets within the eggs , a free - living tadpole phase being absent ( the developing embryos are lecithotrophic or endotrophic , meaning that they depend on a yolk store ) . direct development is also the case in pseudophilautus and raorchestes .\nwhile ( as just mentioned ) some of these direct developers stick their eggs to leaves that are alive and well above ground - level , others come down to the ground and lay their eggs beneath dead leaves . meegaskumbara et al . ( 2007 ) said that these ground - breeding species \u201cdeposit their eggs in nests excavated on the forest floor\u201d ( p . 9 ) . waitaminute \u2013 frogs excavating nests ? really ? i have to look into this . . .\nrhacophorid foam nests in asia and africa . at left : nests of rhacophorus arboreus in japan , photo by alpsdake , cc by 3 . 0 . at right : chiromantis rufescens foam nest in gabon , photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0\nthen there are those rhacophorids that manufacture arboreal foam nests [ adjacent nest photos by alpsdake and brian gratwicke ] . the females exude a secretion that they ( and their male partners ) whip up with their legs to form a foam clump that\u2019s attached to leaves , branches or aerial roots . it seems that the production of this secretion is quite costly and that a female needs to take a break and re - hydrate herself by soaking up standing water before she can complete a single nest .\nthis strategy is present in the afro - asian foam - nest frogs chiromantis , most rhacophorus species , and members of polypedates . in some species \u2013 most famously the grey foam nest treefrog c . xerampelina of south - eastern africa \u2013 large numbers of these frogs sometimes choose to nest in the same place , meaning that branches or aerial roots can be festooned with whole lines of dripping foam nests . actually , it isn\u2019t just that the frogs \u2018choose\u2019 to nest in the same place \u2013 males will deliberately get in on the action if they see a pair working to make a nest , and the result is that single egg clutches are invariably fertilised by more than one male . byrne & whiting ( 2011 ) showed that this multiple paternity \u2013 technically , it\u2019s simultaneous polyandry \u2013 assists in the survival of the resulting offspring , so it\u2019s certainly in the interests of females to solicit as much male attention as possible during these breeding events . [ photos below by brian gratwicke , kapenta and chintan sheth . ]\nmontage of chiromantis and kin . at left : c rufescens ( photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0 ) . top right : c . xerampelina ( image by kapenta , cc by - sa 4 . 0 ) . lower right : feihyla vittata ( photo by chintan sheth , in public domain ) . the feihyla species were once included within chiromantis but have since been recovered in several alternative placements in molecular phylogenies .\npolypedates leucomystax pair in amplexus . i think i spot some subtle sexual dimorphism . image taken in java , indonesia , by w . a . djatmiko , cc by - sa 3 . 0\nthe eggs hatch inside the clump , the tadpoles dropping into the stream or pool ( sometimes originally formed by rhinos or pigs ) below after several days . polypedates leucomystax bucks the trend by sometimes making foam nests on the ground ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . [ adjacent photo by w . a . djatmiko ] . it seems that foam - nesting evolved just once within rhacophorids , since all foam - nesters belong to a single clade ( frost et al . 2006 , grosjean et al . 2008 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) .\nfoam - nester tadpoles are ectotrophic : free - swimming and completing development outside the egg , and often with a schooling habit . some live in muddy pools and are of typical , non - specialised morphology . others ( like those of rhacophorus penanorum ) are specialised stream - dwellers with streamlined bodies , sucker - like mouths and elongate , muscular tails . these tadpoles are rheophilous ( associated with fast - flowing streams ) and inhabit rocky pools that are sometimes also home to megophrys / xenophrys spadefoot tadpoles and ansonia toad tadpoles ( haas et al . 2012 ) .\na really interesting thing that\u2019s been noted for rheophilous tadpoles is that their limb development seems to be offset , time - wise , relative to the condition in related , non - rheophilous species . this is presumably an evolutionary response to the fact that developing hindlimbs might affect their streamlining and ability to cling to rocks in fast - flowing water . they also keep sucker - like mouths and other features for longer than do other tadpoles ( nodzenski & inger 1990 ) . accordingly , it can be difficult to say reliable things about their age and estimated metamorphic stage .\namazing ' vampire tadpoles ' of rhacophorus vampyrus . ( a ) schematic view of tadpole as seen from the front , ( b ) photo of the real thing . image from vassilieva et al . ( 2013 ) .\nfinally , there are yet other rhacophorids where egg clumps are laid in arboreal settings , but not in foam nests . in some theloderma species , egg clumps are laid in water - filled tree hollows , and the tadpoles complete their development here . in captivity , these frogs will lay their egg clumps attached to the bark , just above the hollow , the hatching tadpoles then dropping into the water ( tapley 2009 ) . oh , there are also a few foam - nesting rhacophorus species that lay their eggs in tree hollows , the most famous of which is r . vampyrus from vietnam ( after hatching inside a foam nest , the tadpoles drop into a water - filled tree hollow ) . this species saw international stardom a couple of years ago when it was revealed that the tadpoles have black , hooked fangs on the lower jaw that \u2013it ' s presumed \u2013 are used when feeding on unfertilised eggs provided by their mother : these tadpoles , it seems , practise obligate oophagy , eating r . vampyrus eggs and nothing else ( vassilieva et al . 2013 ) .\nfinally finally , the possibility exists that a completely unique reproductive strategy was present in a species that now seems to be extinct . the holotype female specimen of\n, collected on sri lanka prior to 1876 , had a disc - shaped mass of eggs attached to its belly , raising the possibility that members of this species carried their eggs around with them ( g\u00fcnther 1876 ) . alas , meegaskumbura\n. ( 2007 ) discussed how unlikely this proposal was , concluding that a more plausible possibility is that the individual concerned was collected while in the process of laying and positioning her egg clutch on a leaf . alas , only further observations can establish the \u2018truth\u2019 and . . . sadly ,\ncentury discovery and the present . don\u2019t forget : global . amphibian . crisis .\nfinally , where do rhacophorids fit within the anuran radiation ? molecular studies find them to be close to ranidae , the familiar neobatrachian clade that includes european water frogs , brown frogs , the american bullfrog , leopard frogs and so many others ( frost et al . 2006 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) . they\u2019re clearly not at all close to hylid treefrogs ( hylids are part of the same clade as glassfrogs , toads and kin ) . i also need to say that a huge amount of work \u2013 scarcely any of which is cited in the article you\u2019re reading now \u2013 has recently been devoted to the in - group relationships of rhacophoridae , several conventional \u2018genera\u2019 being the subject of substantial disagreement due to proposals that they might be paraphyletic or polyphyletic . at the risk of elaborating further , i must stop here . oh , i seem to have blogged about anurans again .\nchanning , a . 2001 . amphibians of central and southern africa . cornell university press , ithaca and london .\n- . , grant , t . , faivovich , j . , bain , r . h . , haas , a . , haddad , c . f . b . , de s\u00e1 , r . o . , channing , a . , wilkinson , m . , donnellan , s . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , campbell , j . a . , blotto , b . l . , moler , p . , drewes , r . c . , nussbaum , r . a . , lynch , j . d . , green , d . m . & wheeler , w . c . 2006 . the amphibian tree of life . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 297 , 1 - 370 .\ngrosjean , s . , delorme , m . , dubois , a . & ohler , a . 2008 . evolution of reproduction in the rhacophoridae ( amphibia , anura ) . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 462 , 169 - 176 .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1876 . note on the mode of propagation of some ceylonese tree - frogs , with description of two new species . annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 17 , 377 - 380 .\nhaas , a . , hertwig , s . t . , krings , w . , braskamp , e . , dehling , j . m . , min , p . y . , jankowski , a . , schweizer , m . & das , i . 2012 . description of three rhacophorus tadpoles ( lissamphibia : anura : rhacophoridae ) from sarawak , malaysia ( borneo ) . zootaxa 3328 , 1 - 19 .\ninger , r . f . & stuebing , r . b . 2005 . a field guide of the frogs of borneo . natural history publications ( borneo ) , kota kinabalu .\nmeegaskumbura , m . , bossuyt , f . , pethiyagoda , r . , manamendra - arachchi , k . , bahir , m . , milinkovitch , m . c . & schneider , c . j . 2002 . sri lanka : an amphibian hotspot . science 298 , 379 .\n- . , manamendra - arachchi , k . , schneider , c . j . & pethiyagoda , r . 2007 . new species amongst sri lanka\u2019s extinct shrub frogs ( amphibia : rhacophoridae : philautus ) . zootaxa 1397 , 1 - 15 .\nnodzenski , e . & inger , r . f . 1990 . uncoupling of related structural changes in metamorphosing torrent - dwelling tadpoles . copeia 1990 , 1047 - 1054 .\npyron , a . r . & wiens , j . j . 2011 . a large - scale phylogeny of amphibia including over 2800 species , and a revised classification of extant frogs , salamanders , and caecilians . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 61 , 543 - 583 .\nvassilieva , a . , galoyan , e . & poyarkov , n . 2013 . rhacophorus vampyrus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) reproductive biology : a new type of oophagous tadpole in asian treefrogs . journal of herpetology 47 , 607 - 614 .\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\ndarren naish is a science writer , technical editor and palaeozoologist ( affiliated with the university of southampton , uk ) . he mostly works on cretaceous dinosaurs and pterosaurs but has an avid interest in all things tetrapod . his publications can be downloaded at darrennaish . wordpress . com . he has been blogging at tetrapod zoology since 2006 . check out the tet zoo podcast at tetzoo . com !\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic ."]}
{"id": 2144, "summary": [{"text": "the pygmy falcon , or african pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus ) , is a falcon that lives in eastern and southern africa and is the smallest raptor on the continent .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "as a small falcon , only 19 to 20 cm long , it preys on insects , small reptiles , and small mammals . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "pygmy falcon", "paragraphs": ["the pygmy falcon or african pygmy falcon is the smallest raptor in african and one of the only raptors in the world to practice polyandry . 0188\ninformation on the pygmy falcon is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\npygmy falcon , kgalagadi national park , south africa . [ photo callie de wet \u00a9 ]\nberger , a . 1956 . the appendicular mycology of the pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus ) .\nkemp , a . , a . vidhidharm . 1998 . breeding of the white - rumped pygmy falcon .\n\u2022 the african pygmy falcon is 1 of 2 species in the genus polihierax ; the other is the white - rumped falcon , p . insignis . the family falconidae contains 64 species in 10 genera of falcons , falconets , kestrels , caracaras and hobbies . close relatives of the african pygmy falcon include the crested caracara , caracara plancus , the peregrine falcon , falco peregrinus , and the brown falcon , f . berigora .\nhello , your articles here kikuyu escarpment pygmy falcon | muigwithania 2 . 0 to write well , thanks for sharing !\nalso known as african pygmy falcon and scientifically referred to as polihierax semitorquatus , the pygmy falcon is recorded as the africa\u2019s smallest raptor thriving to the south and east of africa where it is explored on africa birding safaris including birding safaris in uganda .\n1 flying a female pygmy falcon flies toward a large nest colony of sociable weavers that the falcon exploits for its own use . 2 hanging . the entrance is located at the bottom of the nest colony ; the falcon hangs upside down in order to enter the nest chamber .\nflight : african pygmy falcon performs undulating flight with bursts of fast wing - beats interspersed with dip and glides , as woodpeckers do .\ndown by our camp on the ewaso nyiro river we discovered yesterday a pygmy falcon nesting inside an abandoned white browed sparrow weaver\u2019s nest .\na treetop a female falcon perches at the top of a tall tree . the african pygmy falcon lives in two distinct and widely separated populations in africa : one in the southwestern part of the continent and the other in the northeast . in either part of the continent , the pygmy falcon inhabits the arid and semiarid savannah and scrubland , which features sparse groundcover and scattered large trees dotting the landscape . the african pygmy falcon typically avoids open forests and forest edges . this falcon also frequents the huge nests of weavers , especially the sociable weaver , philetairus socius , sharing its roosting and nesting site . the pygmy falcon occasionally shares the nests of the white - headed buffalo weaver and those of the sparrow weaver . unlike other falcons , the eggs of the pygmy falcon are pure white , consistent with many birds that lay eggs in concealed nests . the pygmy falcon\u2019s range is dictated by that of the sociable weaver ; it even avoids otherwise suitable savannah habitat that is devoid of weaver nests . in the kalahari region of africa , pygmy falcons occupy about one out of every four sociable weaver colonies .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndespite its small size , the pygmy falcon is a bold predator armed with sharp talons and a strong , hooked beak for catching and killing its prey .\nafrican pygmy falcon is often seen perched on exposed perches , twigs and branches , watching for preys . it is usually alone , in pairs or in family groups .\nspotiswoode , c . , e . herrmann , o . e rasa , c . sapsford . 2004 . co - operative breeding in the pygmy falcon polihierax semitorquatas .\nduring the breeding season , the african pygmy falcon performs some courtship displays such as bobbing the head , bowing and wagging the tail , accompanied by calls . this tiny falcon invariably occupies part of the huge communal nesting structures of sociable weavers . in some regions , such as the kalahari , several pygmy falcons are resident in these nests .\npygmy falcon - polyandry . . . pygmy falcons occasionally engage in polyandrous relationships , where there are more than two adults living together and tending nestlings . . . corroboration for the last is that in winter african pygmy - falcons nest further inside the nest of sociable weavers , where there is better insulation . . .\nafrican pygmy falcons , also known simply as pygmy falcons , have a unique way of nesting . they use empty compartments in large sociable weaver nest structures , or abandoned nests made by other weaver species . pygmy falcons are also known to nest in polyandrous groups , with more adult birds than just the breeding pair caring for nestlings and chicks . the african pygmy falcon was added to birdorable on april 25 , 2012 . if you can ' t get enough of these adorable little raptors , be sure to check out our range of unique pygmy falcon t - shirts and gifts !\nunlike other birds of prey that build a large solitary nest , the african pygmy falcon lives alongside a friendly host , the sociable weaver , and adopts a chamber in the weaver nest .\n( * traditional falconry was practiced by young uncircumcised kikuyu boys as they looked after family cattle and sheep . today the pygmy falcon is a protected bird and traditional falconry is illegal . )\nprotection / threats / status : african pygmy falcon is widespread and common in its range . the species is sometimes considered parasitic according to the location . it is not threatened at this moment .\nthe african pygmy falcons are part of our off - exhibit endangered species breeding program .\nthe mature pygmy falcon is marked by white face and under parts while the top parts are gray with the females marked by a chestnut back . the brown back occur in juveniles duller that the mature females featuring a rufous wash on the breast . the wing flight feathers are marked with white and black spots while the tail is black and white as viewed on uganda birding safaris and tours . the pygmy falcon features a low and undulating flight\nrange : african pygmy falcon has two populations in africa . one in sw africa is associated with the sociable weaver , and the second in e africa , associated with the white - headed buffalo weaver ( dinemellia dinemelli ) .\nthe y - shaped compression strap that maxpedition is so famous for contributes to the bag ' s form and structural integrity . the pygmy falcon - ii has exterior pals webbing for adding on other maxpedition pouches and accessories , using\nthe african pygmy falcon is the smallest bird of prey in africa . females have chestnut brown backs that distinguish them from males , which have grey backs . both sexes have white spots on their backs and tail feathers .\nnest pirates ,\npygmy falcons often use the empty nests of other species to lay their eggs .\ndiet : african pygmy falcon feeds mainly on large insects and lizards . it also takes small birds and rodents , and may sometimes catch weavers and nestlings in the huge nests . it hunts from perch and swoops down onto the prey .\nthe african pygmy falcon is a fairly common resident throughout its range and is not currently endangered . it is listed in appendix ii of cites ( convention in international trade in endangered species ) , which regulates the import and export of animals for the pet trade . since its range is dependent upon weavers for nesting , the pygmy falcon has a very limited distribution . due to its small size , it falls victim to predators , including larger birds of prey found in the same habitat .\nzoo new england participates in the african pygmy falcon species survival plan . by sharing research and knowledge , participating institutions work together to establish guidelines that best ensure the health of captive populations , and with success , the survival of otherwise extinct species .\nafrican pygmy falcon is usually resident in most part of the range . they may perform local movements during the period of great aridity in the driest areas . during winter , it remains confined to the nest - chamber for up to 15 hours per day .\nbreeding season african pygmy falcons breed from june to december in northeastern africa and august to march in southwestern africa .\n, the african pygmy falcon , is native to two separate regions of africa : northeastern africa including sudan , somalia , ethiopia , uganda , and tanzania ; and southwestern africa including namibia , botswana , angola , and cape province . this species is generally non - migratory .\n) or their hatchlings when inhabiting their nests . it is believed that insects alone are insufficient for the dietary needs of young pygmy falcons . lizards , rodents , and birds are crucial for the survival of the young . the falcon catches its prey by swooping quickly from the branch of a tree .\nthe african pygmy falcon\u2019s face , rump and front of body are white . their wings and tails are blackish with white spots . females have a chestnut brown back while males have a grey back . eyes are brown and beaks are blue - grey with a black top . their legs and feet are pinkish orange .\na compact rectangular urban day pack with distinct military styling and 1100 cubic inches ( 18 liters ) of carry capacity . pack for a day out or an overnight and take along plenty of water , as the pygmy falcon - ii is equipped with dual side mesh pouches to accommodate two 32oz / 1l water bottles .\nbehaviour : african pygmy falcon feeds mainly on small lizards and large insects . it also takes some rodents and birds . it hunts from perch , swooping down onto the prey on the ground . it may perform short aerial chases , but rarely . when roosting in the weaver colonies , it may catch sometimes adult weavers and nestlings .\nthe pygmy falcon thrives in dry bush and its subspecies p . s . semitorquatus exists from northern south africa to angola while the p . s . castanonotus exists in uganda , tanzania and from somalia to south sudan . the habitat range is estimated at 2 . 7 million km 2 while their total global population stands between 100 , 000 and 1 million birds .\ndistribution of pygmy falcon in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\ndue to their small size stretching from \u2013 19 to 20cm in length , the pygmy falcons tend to prey on small reptiles , inspects along with small mammals .\na fully grown pygmy falcon is white on the face and the underside , while the females have a chestnut color on the back and they have white spots on the back of their necks . the young ones have brown feathers on their backs which are duller compared to those of the adult females . their flight feathers on their wings are black and white just as their tail feathers .\nafrican pygmy falcons inhabit dry , arid climates with sparse vegetation . these areas may receive as little as 100 mm / year of precipitation , or up to 600 mm / year ( brown , et . al , 1982 ) . with the exception of a few non - breeding members , african pygmy falcons almost exclusively inhabit areas where social weavers (\nafrican pygmy falcons are carnivorous . they prey mainly on large insects and small lizards . occasionally they will eat small rodents and birds , including the weavers with which they live .\nafrican pygmy falcons rely on the social weavers ( philetairus socius ) in the northeast part of their range and white - headed buffalo weavers ( dinemellia dinemelli ) in the southwestern part of their range for nesting . occasionally northeastern birds will occupy the nests of white - browed sparrow weavers ( plocepasser mahali ) and glossy starlings ( lamprotornis nitens ) . approximately one - quarter of all weaver nests in these areas are occupied by african pygmy falcons . thus , this falcon is one of a few species of birds that are\nobligate nest pirates\n( also see south american troupials , icterus icterus ) .\nafrican pygmy falcons are found in pairs or in groups of three to four . all the adults may share in the care of nestlings . they communicate with each other through mutual head - bobbing and tail - wagging displays . as \u201cnest pirates , \u201d pygmy falcons will occupy nests of some members of the weaver family . although the weavers may fall to predation by the african pygmy falcons , they do receive protection from other predators including snakes . falcons are crepuscular , usually hunting in the morning and the evening when temperatures are more moderate .\nin uganda , the pygmy falcons can be explored in the uganda safari destination of kidepo valley national park . and the species are listed as least concern on the iucn red list .\nhabitat : african pygmy falcon frequents arid and semi - arid steppes with sparse vegetation and some large trees or plants . it uses the weaver nests as roost , but also as nest - site , and especially the huge communal nesting structure of sociable weaver ( philetairus socius ) in south africa . they often roost in pairs or family groups in the same nest - chamber or adjacent ones . it also may use other weaver or starling nests .\nafrican pygmy falcons rarely call outside of the mating season . there have been a few different songs observed , including a\nthin , squeaky ' tsip - tsip ' ; ' kiki -\nafrican pygmy falcons , unlike many species of raptors , have different markings to distinguish males and females \u2013 females have a brown patch between their wings , while males have a solid grey back .\nafrican pygmy falcons live primarily in semi - desert and arid areas with limited vegetation such as acacia and thornbush . they are located in two regions of africa , the northeast and the southwest .\nreproduction : breeding season occurs between june and december in ne africa and between august and march in south africa . african pygmy falcon is usually monogamous during one season , but it may be occasionally polyandrous , with two males or more attending the same nest . this behaviour is mainly observed when the nest - site availability is reduced . the pair occupies a nest - chamber in the weaver communal nest . the nest entrance becomes coated with the droppings of the falcons .\nlittle is known concerning the lifespan of african pygmy falcons , though it is likely similar to the six to eight ( with a maximum of about twenty ) year lifespan of other diurnal birds of prey .\nafrican pygmy falcons live in dry bush in parts of eastern and southern africa . these little cuties measure just over seven inches long , making them the smallest bird of prey found in all of africa .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto african pygmy falcon is noisy during the breeding season , uttering high - pitched calls and songs \u201ctwee - twee - twip\u201d or \u201ckiki - kik\u201d used by the male . it also gives thin , squeaky \u201ctsip - tsip\u201d . calls are often high - pitched . the young give sharp \u201cki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki\u201d when alarmed . while uttering these sounds , the bird bobs the head and moves the tail up and down .\nthis tiny species of falcon is the smallest raptor in africa \u2013 adults are less than 8 inches long . although small , they are predators , and hunt large insects , small reptiles , and even small mammals . they often hunt by perching on dead trees and scanning the surrounding area for potential prey . when they spot a target , african pygmy falcons can frequently be seen bobbing their heads and tails before swooping down to catch their prey . they may also hunt insects in flight .\nis rarely preyed on , as it is a fairly powerful predator itself . occasionally immature african pygmy falcons will be attacked in their nests , but the aggression of the parents during breeding season normally prevents this .\nafrican pygmy falcons have a white face , breast , and abdomen . female members have darker , chestnut colored backs , where males have grey backs . white spots decorate the back of the neck and the tail feathers .\nregarding the nesting , the pygmy falcons tend to nest in the nests of white headed buffalo weaver and the dwelling range of these species overlap . they can as well nest with the sociable weavers which tend to have large nests with many chambers . surprisingly , the pygmy falcons tend to leave the nest owners alone even though they are bigger in size and bird \u2013eaters . however , a few cases of catching nestling along with adults occur .\nafrican pygmy falcons are common birds within their range , they are not considered threatened . man made structures have increased the number of potential nesting sites for these animals . it is possible , however , that urbanization could someday threaten\nin the wild , african pygmy falcons often utilize the empty nests of weaver birds as nesting sites . they will also use tree cavities . they typically lay 3 - 4 eggs per clutch and their incubation is 28 - 30 days . both parents help rear the chicks .\nafrican pygmy falcons are social , relying on one or more partners for breeding and raising young . they prefer sparsely vegetated areas with a few trees for perching . open areas are preferred for hunting . they are sedentary animals and will remain in one locale for most or all of their lives . these falcons usually hunt during the morning and evening , when it is cooler , and seek shelter from the midday heat . african pygmy falcons occasionally attack smaller birds in flight , but prefer to hunt small terrestrial animals . in flight these falcons flap their wings rapidly , with a sporadic distinctive downward thrust .\nintroduction : pygmy falcons ( polihierax semitorquatus ) are largely dependent on the mass nest constructions of the sociable weaver found in flat , open areas of dry grassland with scattered camelthorn trees . they usually occur singly , in pairs or in small family groups , perching on the top of a bush , tree or pylon .\nthe pygmy falcons rarely take part in polyandrous relationships ( where a female is involved with more than one male at a time ) , however they are believed to be doing this primarily for four major reasons which include thermo - regulation ( warmth ) , defense , delayed scattering of their offspring as well as co - operative polyandry .\nthese pygmy falcons prefer to stay in the dry bush . they love dry and semi - dry savanna and scrub - land preferably with less ground - cover and a couple of large trees . they are hardly seen around forest edges or in open forests . they can be seen in somalia , south sudan , uganda as well as tanzania .\nfemale pygmy falcons typically lay eggs from october to november , with one to four eggs per nest . both sexes will sit on the eggs for 28 to 30 days . the nestlings remain in the nest for one to two months after hatching , during which time they are fed by both parents . sexual maturity is reached at about one year .\nthe peregrine falcon is a raptor , or bird of prey . adults have blue - gray wings , dark brown backs , a buff colored underside with brown spots , and white faces with a black tear stripe on their cheeks . they have a hooked beaks and strong talons . their name comes from the latin word peregrinus , which means\nto wander .\nthey are commonly referred to as the duck hawk . peregrine falcons are the fastest - flying birds in the world \u2013 they are able to dive at 200 miles per hour .\nthe main communication between members of this species are the songs sung during mating , which are used to attract potential mates . some bodily communication is seen during the courtship ritual , as the female indicates her availability by crouching and raising her tail feathers . the movements made by the male during courtship can also be perceived as a form of communication . african pygmy falcons have a very keen sense of sight , common to most diurnal birds of prey .\nhas brown eyes and light orange legs . the base of the beak is an orange color , and the beak itself is grey . when hatched , african pygmy falcons are white in color and their eyes are shut . the eyes will normally open in two or three days . young have paler feet than their adult counterparts , with a reddish - brown back and neck . the breast , face , and abdomen of juveniles is white . members of the species will mature in approximately one year .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadult male has pale grey upperparts with narrow white collar and white rump . flight feathers and rectrices are black , finely spotted and tipped white . underparts are white . undertail feathers are barred black and white .\non the head , forehead , crown and nape are grey , extending into a point to the neck sides . face shows white eyebrow and cheeks . cere , lores and eye - rings are red - orange . the hooked bill is grey with black tip . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are red - orange .\njuvenile resembles adult of the same sex . upperparts are grey with buff - tipped feathers in young male . underparts are slightly washed rufous . in young female , upperparts are dull chestnut on back , with buff - tipped feathers and buffy tinge on underparts . both have paler orange bare parts than adults .\nfemale lays 3 eggs . incubation lasts about 28 days to one month , and both parents share it , but female incubates more than male which brings food to her while she is on the nest . chicks are covered in white down . the male hunts and brings preys to the female , and she feeds and tends the chicks . they fledge about 27 to 40 days after hatching , but they remain in the parental territory for up to two months after leaving the nest . this species may produce two broods per season , but usually only one . parents defend the nest and are very aggressive towards intruders if they approach the nest .\nthe national aviary is supported through the generosity of donors , members , visitors , and the allegheny regional asset district .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925500 fax : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925550 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nit ' s the perfect everyday backpack with comfortable back padding and ergonomic , supple curvaceous straps and sternum support minimize any stress on the shoulders .\nmaxpedition backpacks are built for hauling gear and ergonomically designed to never drag you down . curvaceous , foam - padded double shoulder straps contour to your chest and a sternum suspension belt helps distribute weight evenly throughout your upper body , so you can carry a load without falling behind .\nmade with high quality nylon stitching , self - repairing ykk\u00ae zippers and a durable water - resistant exterior ; maxpedition backpacks have multiple compartments and pockets and offer plenty of space for mission essentials , camping gear , hydration reservoirs , laptops , textbooks and ccw .\noverall size : 9 . 5\n( l ) x 8\n( w ) x 17 . 5\n( h )\nmain compartment : 9\n( l ) x 4 . 5\n( w ) x 17\n( h )\none ( 1 ) 7\n( l ) x 12\n( h ) x 2 . 5\n( w ) zippered pouch\none ( 1 ) 9\n( l ) x 4 . 5\n( h ) internal slip pocket\nmaxpedition ' s nylon fabric is treated with teflon for superb water and grime resistance .\nto clean , simply wipe down with a damp cloth . allow gear to dry naturally .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 342 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n( sibley and monroe jr . , 1990 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; sibley and monroe jr . , 1990 )\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 )\nbreeding habits in the southern portion of their range , but birds in both areas engage in a relatively quiet display that includes bobbing of the head , wagging of the tail , and calling . the female will squat down and raise her tail feathers to indicate that she is prepared to mate .\nis usually seasonally monogamous , but is occasionally polyandrous , and it is not uncommon for two or more males to attend the same nest . this behavior may be influenced by limited availability of suitable nesting sites .\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; kruger , et al . , 2002 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\nusually will breed once per year , but will sometimes produce two broods in a favorable year . eggs are normally laid about three weeks after copulation . the female lays from two to four eggs which are incubated for 27 to 31 days . females begin incubating with the first egg laid , so hatching is asynchronous . since the young do not hatch at the same time , they may be different sizes . the young will leave their nests from 27 to 40 days after hatching .\nat the beginning of the breeding season , two or more parents choose a nesting chamber and reside there together . after the eggs are laid , the parents share incubation , with the female incubating most of the time and the male incubating while the female feeds . the male will also bring the female food while she is incubating . after hatching the female will tend to the young and the male will hunt for the family . after 21 days , when the chicks have grown feathers , the female will resume hunting . the birds leave the nest at around 27 to 40 days , but may remain with the parents for up to two months , and sporadically return to the nest . both parents are very aggressive near their nest and their young do not usually fall victim to predators .\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; kruger , et al . , 2002 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\n' ( last syllable accented ) , or ' twee - twee - twip ' used by [ the male ] calling [ the female ] from the nest ; a sharp ringing ' ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki - ki ' by young in threat ; in copulation , purring ' kirrrrr - kirrrrr - kirrrrr ' ; negging chicks ' seee - seee - seee '\n( brown , et al . , 1982 ) . the calls are usually high in pitch and soft .\nafrican pygymy falcons are carnivorous , with a diet consisting of mostly insects and lizards . smaller birds and certain rodents are also sometimes preyed on . occasionally these falcons will prey on weavers (\n) , can be considered parasitic or symbiotic , depending on the location . in the southwestern portion of their range , african pygymy falcons may protect social weavers from predators such as snakes , while gaining a safe area to raise young . white - headed buffalo weavers , in the northeastern part of their range , are more powerful than african pygymy falcons and receive no benefits from their presence . african pygymy falcons can be considered parasitic to white - headed buffalo weavers and considered a\nnest pirate\n. african pygymy falcons are major predators of insects and lizards and are a danger to smaller birds and rodents .\n( spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 ; brown , et al . , 1982 ; del hoyo , et al . , 1994 ; spotiswoode , et al . , 2004 )\nrarely intersects with humans due to the harsh climate that it lives in . the only real advantages to humans are ornithological study and birdwatching .\ndaniel davieau ( author ) , university of maryland , baltimore county , kevin omland ( editor , instructor ) , university of maryland , baltimore county .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nin deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nreferring to a mating system in which a female mates with several males during one breeding season ( compare polygynous ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nkruger , o . , r . liversidge , j . lindstrom . 2002 . statistical modelling of the population dynamics of a raptor community in a semi - desert environment .\ndel hoyo , j . , a . elliot , j . sargatal . 1994 .\nto cite this page : davieau , d . 2008 .\npolihierax semitorquatus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndistribution : mainly southern and central namibia including the orange river through to etosha national park .\ndiet : eats sand lizards , skinks and agamas but also takes large beetles and occasionally rodents . weaver nestlings are also taken .\ndescription : often confused with a variety of shrikes , even though they are slimmer with longer tails and a black facial mask .\nbreeding : uses nest chambers of sociable weavers instead of building own nest . females lay between 1 and 4 eggs incubated for around 30 days .\n3 days - two nights in the coastal town of swakopmund , this is the ideal get - away for those living or working in windhoek . includes a catamaran cruise on the walvis lagoon\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nperegrine falcons eat other birds such as songbirds and ducks , as well as bats . they catch their prey in mid - air .\nthere are an estimated 1 , 650 breeding pairs in the united states and canada .\nthis bird is one of the most widely distributed species in the world . it is found on every continent except antarctica . it can survive in a wide variety of habitats including urban cities , the tropics , deserts and the tundra . some migrate long distances from their wintering areas to their summer nesting areas .\nperegrine falcons have adapted to living in many cities and make use of tall buildings that provide suitable ledges for nesting and depend on the large populations of pigeons and starlings in cities for food . they dive and catch their prey in mid - air . peregrines have few natural predators .\nperegrine falcons mate for life and breed in the same territory each year . the male courts the female for about one month , using aerial displays . they make a nest , or scrape , on ledges and in small caves located high on a cliff . some peregrine falcons will use man - made structures such as bridges and skyscrapers to nest .\nmating season : late march through may . gestation : 29 - 32 days for egg incubation . clutch size : 3 - 4 eggs . both the male and female incubate the eggs for about one month . the chicks start to fly in about 42 days , but are still dependent on their parents to learn how to hunt . peregrine falcons are very territorial during breeding season and will vigorously defend their nests .\nlength : 15 - 21 inches ( wingspan of 3 . 5 feet ) . weight : about 2 lbs . ; females are slightly larger than males . lifespan : 7 - 15 years ; some can live as long as 20 years .\nmsg & data rates may apply . text stop to opt out or help for info . no purchase necessary . expect 4 msgs / mo . terms and conditions\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : polihierax semitorquatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\noops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\nit has two separate populations in sub - saharan africa , one extending from somalia through ethiopia and kenya to southern sudan and tanzania and the other in angola and southern africa in namibia , south - western botswana and the northern cape . here it ' s distribution is strongly linked to that of the sociable weaver , as it is uses their communal nests for roosting and nesting ( the northerly population has a similar relationship with buffalo - weavers ) . it generally favours open , arid habitats such as desert , dry savanna and open grassland with scattered camel thorns ( acacia erioloba ) .\nit mainly eats reptiles , insects and occasionally rodents , doing most of it ' s hunting from a high perch , gliding down to the ground and pouncing on its prey . it also hawks small birds aerially and raids the sociable weaver colonies it nests in , taking both adults and chicks . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nusually monogamous and territorial , although multiple breeding pairs may occupy a single colony of weavers .\nit usually uses a chamber of a large social weaver communal structure as a nest , either the sociable weaver or the red - billed bufallo - weaver . about a quarter of all sociable weaver nests have about 3 - 4 chambers which are allocated to the falcons for roosting and nesting . it may also use a stand - alone nest of non - communal bird , such as a white - browed sparrow - weaver , cape glossy or wattled starling .\negg - laying season is from august - march , peaking from october - november .\nit lays 1 - 4 eggs , which are mainly incubated by the female for about 27 - 31 days , while the male provides her with food .\nthe chicks are mainly fed by the female , although after fledging both parents provision them food . the young return to the nest regularly after fledging , making the nestling period difficult to determine ; it is though to be about 27 - 40 days .\nnot threatened , although the destruction of weaver nests might have decreased its numbers in the north - west province and free state , however the spread of utility structures has allowed both it and the sociable weaver to head into otherwise treeless areas , thus counteracting this .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nthe national wildlife federation brings nature to life in the pages of our publications , inspiring people of all ages and reading levels to develop a deeper relationship with our natural world .\nto learn more about receiving magazines from the national wildlife federation , please visit our subscription page .\nour award - winning flagship publication blends spectacular photos with in - depth articles about wildlife .\nbringing the natural world to kids ages 7 to 12 , ranger rick includes exciting animal stories , beautiful photos , and fun puzzles and games .\ndazzling wildlife photos and simple , easy - to - follow text introduce kids ages 4 to 7 to the amazing world of animals .\na smaller size for tiny hands , cub encourages \u201clap time\u201d reading for kids ages 0 to 4 .\nthe national wildlife federation welcomes the news that epa administrator scott pruitt has stepped down from his position to allow new leadership for this critical agency .\nfind out what it means to source wood sustainably , and see how your favorite furniture brands rank based on their wood sourcing policies , goals , and practices .\nclimate change is allowing ticks to survive in greater numbers and expand their range\u2014influencing the survival of their hosts and the bacteria that cause the diseases they carry .\ntell your members of congress to save america ' s vulnerable wildlife by supporting the recovering america ' s wildlife act .\nyou don ' t have to travel far to join us for an event . attend an upcoming event with one of our regional centers or affiliates .\nin 4 seconds , you will be redirected to nwfactionfund . org , the site of the national wildlife action fund , a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nafter a very turbulent early season , there is some wonderful news out of the rochester falconcam today . the . . . read more\ntoday ' s new bird in our 17 - day - long birdorable bonanza is the american harpy eagle , a powerful raptor that can . . . read more\njust two more days - - we ' ve almost reached the end of birdorable bonanza 2011 . today ' s new bird species . . . read more\nif you think our birdorable birds are cute as adults , what about when they are babies ? below are . . . read more\nthe harris hawk is a bird of prey that lives from the southwestern united states to chile and . . . read more\nit is a sure sign of spring , here in florida , when the iconic outline of swallow - tailed kites can . . . read more\nhave questions ? please contact jack at jack @ urltoken or 307 / 699 - 5152 for a personal consultation .\nthe kikuyu escarpment forest lies 30 km north - north - west of nairobi , and covers the eastern slopes of the escarpment from about 2 , 700 m in the north - west ( bordering grassland at the edge of the kinangop plateau , to around 2 , 050 m in the east , where it borders agricultural land . the main block of forest ( sometimes called kieni ) lies either side of the kamae\u2013kieni\u2013thika road , and is bounded to the north by the chania river ; northwards it is continuous with the forest of the southern aberdare mountains . on the south - west , a narrow strip extends along the wall of the rift valley , beyond kijabe , down to c . 1 , 800 m . to the south , the forest has been much fragmented , and there are only scattered remnants towards its limits ( including the gatamaiyu forest , near uplands ) .\nthe human pressure on this forest has been increasing steadily over time . encroachment along the southern and western boundaries is intensifying , and at lower altitudes large parts have been destroyed . tree poaching has become rampant in the forest bordering the main kieni\u2013thika road , and in the southern remnants . it is evident that the forest department is able to exert very little control . the conservation value of the forest must be more widely recognized , and adequate effort put into policing and managing it\u2014preferably as a joint operation between forest department and kenya wildlife service under their memorandum of understanding . closer involvement of the surrounding communities in forest conservation is also needed : some progress has been made in this regard by an active iba site support group , the kijabe environment volunteers . this forest is close to nairobi , easily accessible , scenically attractive , has a wide range of interesting and unusual birds , and is already a favourite site for local and foreign birdwatchers . it has excellent potential for ecotourism .\nmuigwithania2 . 0 by muigwithania is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - no derivative works 3 . 0 united states license . based on a work at urltoken . permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at urltoken .\nerror : twitter did not respond . please wait a few minutes and refresh this page ."]}
{"id": 2168, "summary": [{"text": "ascalenia semnostola is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1897 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it was described from new south wales ( australia ) , but has also been recorded from south africa .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "this species feeds on acacia decurrens forming an elongate three-sided chamber with silk .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the adults have a wingspan of 8-12mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "ascalenia semnostola", "paragraphs": ["ascalenia semnostola - urdu meaning and translation of ascalenia semnostola , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of ascalenia semnostola and more .\nascalenia semnostola is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1897 . it was described from new south wales ( australia ) , but has also been recorded from south africa .\nhave a fact about ascalenia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ascalenia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about ascalenia plumbata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ascalenia plumbata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about ascalenia praediata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ascalenia praediata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzimbabwe , bulawayo , matopo national park , 28\u201330 . xi . 1993 , leg . w . mey & k . ebert .\nbengtsson b . a . 2014 . the afrotropical scythrididae . - esperiana memoir 7 : 1\u2013361 .\nthis species feeds on acacia decurrens forming an elongate three - sided chamber with silk . the adults have a wingspan of 8 - 12mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 2183, "summary": [{"text": "the common river galaxias or canterbury galaxias ( galaxias vulgaris ) is a galaxiid fish of the genus galaxias , found only in canterbury , new zealand . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "common river galaxias", "paragraphs": ["common galaxias , galaxias maculatus . avon river , stratford , gippsland , victoria .\nkeywords : common bullies , ecology , longfin eels , selwyn river , styx river .\ncommon galaxias , galaxias maculatus . source : rudie h . kuiter / aquatic photographics . license : all rights reserved\nthe swan galaxias cannot coexist with introduced fish , particularly brown trout and redfin perch , and the native common jollytail galaxias maculatus .\nspotted galaxias ( galaxias truttaceus ) , common galaxias ( galaxias maculatus ) , freshwater flathead , tupong ( pseudaphritis urvillii ) and southern shortfin eel ( anguilla australis ) in fotheringate creek , flinders island , tasmania .\nbray , d . and gomon , m . ( 2015 ) galaxias maculatus common galaxias in museums victoria collections urltoken accessed 10 july 2018\ncommon galaxias and pygmy perch ( nannoperca ) in darlot creek , western victoria , april 2017 .\nglenelg shire - crawford river , ellengowan wetland - tyrendarra , fitzroy river , glenelg river , kangaroo creek , long swamp , shaw river , wannon river , bridgewater lakes , eumeralla river .\nvideo of common galaxias stranded in pools left by high spring tides in the lower reaches of the thurra river in croajingolong national park , victoria .\nkeywords : aesthetic quality , aesthetic values , aesthetics , canterbury rivers , halswell river , river flow preferences , selwyn river , waimakariri river .\nkeywords : ephemeral river , ephemeral river reach , flow levels , invertebrates , microbes , river flows , selwyn river , solutes , subsurface flowpaths .\nthe common galaxias is very widespread . it is found in australia , new zealand , patagonian south america and the falkland islands .\nkeywords : ecological , hydrologically complex , modelling , relationship , river characteristics , river flow , river recharge , runoff , selwyn river , water resource consent .\nnote : both the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias should be considered nationally endangered ( coleman et al 2015 ) .\nkeywords : avon river , banks peninsula streams , canterbury rivers , catchment map , cultural sites , ecological times , ellesmere area streams , ellesmere system , habitats , halswell river , hawkins , heathcote river , hororata river , irwell , kaituna river , long bay stream , maps , okuti river , rakaia river , selwyn river , significant sites , species , styx river , waianiwaniwa river , waterway threats .\nthe species grows to 19 cm but is more common to about 10 cm in length .\nthe common galaxias is usually found in still or slow - flowing waters like streams rivers and lakes . they feed on aquatic and terrestial insects and crustaceans .\nkeywords : control works , erosion , flood mitigation , flooding , modification , river characteristics , rivers , selwyn river , waimakariri river .\nkeywords : alluvial plain system , groundwater , modelling , selwyn river , selwyn river basin .\nriver flow controls ecological processes and invertebrate assemblages in subsurface flowpaths of an ephemeral river reach .\nwellington shire - bruthen creek deep creek north of yarram , dingo creek , flooding creek , latrobe river , merriman creek , monkey creek , perry river , sale common , long waterhole - longford .\nkeywords : alpine rivers , ashley , avon river , biomass , chlorophyll a concentration , dissolved reactive phosphorus , drp , flows , foothill river , nitrogen , nutrient , periphyton , periphyton biomass , periphyton chlorophyll river flow , rakaia , regulation , selwyn river , spring fed river , waimakariri river .\nkeywords : dolomedes aquaticus , fishing spider , future , impacts , low flows , low river flow , predictions , riparian fishing spider , river drying , river flow , selwyn river , spatial distribution .\nkeywords : ephemeral river , ephemeral waterways , inundation , invertebrate , microbes , responses , selwyn river .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nheavily - infected fish are weak and slow - moving , making them an easy target for predators . galaxiids ( minnows ) , particularly the common galaxias , are often infected by ligula .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at longfin eels and common bullies collected from the selwyn river and styx river in canterbury and a study was carried out determining the different interactions between the two species .\nclearing and plantation practices also posses a threat to the habitat of dwarf galaxias and little galaxias through reduced water yields ( saddlier et al . 2006 ) .\nkeywords : abstraction , alluvial river , benchmark , flow rates , increasing demand , river system , selwyn river , system , undammed , variable flow , water demand .\ngreek , galaxias , ou = a kind of fish ( ref . 45335 )\nimpacts of longfin eels ( anguilla dieffenbachii ) on the behaviour of common bullies ( gobiomorphus cotidianus ) held in captivity .\nplease contribute information regarding the dwarf galaxias - observations , images or projects . contact swifft\nthe known range of the swan galaxias includes headwater streams in eastern tasmania in the swan river and macquarie river catchments , and between upper st pauls river in the north and rocka rivulet in the south ( see distribution map , above ) . the potential range for the swan galaxias may include other as yet un - surveyed streams in the tamar catchment .\nhill and waikakahi streams , awakino river , otekaieke river , maerewhenua river , and welcome creek / whakapapa ariki ) flow into the main stream . collectively these tributaries , which have peak flows in winter , provide two percent of the river flow\u2026\nkeywords : catchment characteristics , geology , glaciation , homogenous , landscape change , landscape evolution , moraine , physiographic history , propositions , river course , river path , selwyn catchment , selwyn river , selwyn river catchment , shingle fans , stream erosion .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this paper uses the selwyn river as a case study of an ephemeral river reach and considers the way different river flows influence ecological processes occurring in the waterway .\nkeywords : benthic invertebrates , flowing permanence , flowing water , river characteristics , selwyn river , suface - subsurface exchange , water present .\nlittle galaxias - galaxiella toourtkoourt . male ( top ) and female . image : michael hammer .\nkeywords : brown trout , canterbury galaxias , fish , persistence , refugia , selwyn river , spatial distribution , spatial patterns , surveys , upland bullies , upland bully .\ndwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla female ( upper ) and male . image : rudie kuiter , aquatic photographics .\ntoxoplasma gondii is a common zoonotic parasite of mammals , including people , and birds . studies have found that toxoplasma is common and widely distributed among native animals in western australia . 1 the parasite is genetically highly variable with many different strains that vary in how much damage they cause to the host .\nlittle galaxias - galaxiella toourtkoourt is now known to occur from the upper barwon river system near barwon downs , victoria , west to the cortina lakes , near the coorong , south australia . the common name little galaxias is based on it being the smallest species in the galaxiidae . the scientific name toourtkoourt is from the australian indigenous language groups tjapwurrung , korn kopan noot , and peekwurrung , meaning \u2018little fish in freshwater\u2019 ( coleman et al . 2015 ) .\nnumbers of selected fish species collected in the four river stretches and their percent occurrence ( in parentheses ) . dominant species for each river stretch are boldfaced .\nnew distribution of little galaxias includes areas west of dotted line . ( based on colman et al . 2015 )\nboth dwarf galaxias and little galaxias occur through a variety of different land tenures e . g . national parks , urban reserves , state forest , heritage rivers and private land / other tenures . these different land / water tenures divide the responsibility of the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias habitat to the corresponding agencies or individual stakeholders which could interfere with the implementation of future management actions . in victoria , 42 locations have been identified as important areas for management actions .\ncharacteristics and substrate type . we surveyed \ue0bfshes in four 1 - km long river\nin a large southeastern brazil river . hydrobiologia , 556 : 69 - 83 .\naquatic invertebrate community structure along an intermittence gradient : selwyn river , new zealand .\nlow river flow alters the biomass and population structure of a riparian predatory invertebrate .\nthe selwyn river of new zealand : a benchmark system for alluvial plain rivers .\n' like a fish out of water ' : life in a disappearing river .\nthe common galaxias can be recognised by a combination of characters that include an elongate body , dorsal and anal fins located opposite each other at the posterior of the body and a forked tail . its colouration ranges from green to amber , with a variable covering of spots and blotches .\nprimarily fed by the the upper waitaki , an additional 2 % of water flow comes from the hakataramea river , elephant hill and waikakahi streams , awakino river , otekaieke river , maerewhenua river , welcome creek / whakapapa ariki , and wainono lagoon and its tributaries including the waihao and hook rivers and the makikihi and otaio rivers .\nkeywords : annual , banks peninsula , biotic health , coes ford , foothill river , habitat health , habitat trend analysis , health , inter - montane basin , lowland river , macroinvertebrate , mountain fed rivers , river classification , trends , wadeable streams .\nin australian waters , common galaxias inhabit temperate coastal flowing streams and rivers east and south of the great dividing range , from brisbane , queensland , to albany , western australia . the species also occurs on flinders island and king island , bass strait , and is widespread at low elevations in tasmania .\nmartin f . gomon & dianne j . bray , galaxias maculatus in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\nkeywords : brown trout , hydrology , management , recreation , selwyn river , trout .\nmclean , f . , s . e . swearer & n . c . barbee . 2007 . the role of olfaction in the avoidance of native versus non - native predators by recruits of the common galaxiid , galaxias maculatus . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 41 : 175 - 184 .\ndwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla is now only known from the mitchell river basin near bairnsdale , west to dandenong creek near melbourne in victoria , flinders island in bass strait and north - eastern and north - western tasmania .\ncontrol of predator / competitor species ; stocking of species such as trout and redfin should be avoided where dwarf galaxias are known to occur and where feasible species such as gambusia and redfin should be reduced from habitats where populations of dwarf galaxias are under threat .\ndwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla - is now only known from the mitchell river basin near bairnsdale , west to dandenong creek near melbourne in victoria , flinders island in bass strait and north - eastern and north - western tasmania .\nfishes in the slovak section of the river danube . j appl ichthyol 21 : 345\u2013349 .\nkeywords : air exposure , leaf litter , selwyn river , submerged , terrestrial leaf litter .\nkeywords : contact recreation , contact recreation guideline , contamination , management , microbial water quality , recreation , recreational use , selwyn river , waimakariri river , water quality , water quality .\nhydrological aspects of brown trout management in the selwyn river system , canterbury , new zealand .\nkeywords : 7dmalf , abstractions , allocation , isohydal map , low flows , naturalising river flows , regression equations , selwyn river , seven - day mean annual low flow , water availability .\nthe dwarf galaxias is considered vulnerable in victoria due to threats which have significantly impacted upon its distribution and abundance and the continuation of threats such as habitat destruction and potential predation from introduced species which are likely to lead to extinction . it was recommended for listing under the flora & fauna guarantee act 1988 in 1991 . coleman et al . 2015 recommend both the dwarf galaxias and little galaxias should be considered nationally \u2018endangered\u2019\nstudy area , guandu river , indicating the four sampled stretches . wtp , water treatment plant .\nthe aesthetic value of river flows : an assessment of flow preferences for large and small rivers .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article looks at the selwyn river and uses it as a \u2018benchmark system\u2019 to exemplify an undammed alluvial river which is under increasing pressure to increase abstraction quantities . the selwyn river system is overviewed , along with the ongoing monitoring programme being implemented .\nkeywords : causes , coes ford , low flows , low flows , selwyn river , trends .\nbeyond the dwarf galaxias\u2019s immediate habitat , damage to streamside vegetation within the catchment can lead to increased run off , sedimentation , flow of chemicals and nutrients from the land into the water which can impact on the dwarf galaxias habitat even though these impacts may be some distance away .\nother critical habitat which is often utilised by the dwarf galaxias , particularly in extended dry conditions are areas which naturally connect wetlands to a river or creek ( saddlier et al . 2006 ) . the dwarf galaxias has a remarkable capacity to travel great distances overland between different pools , provided there is flowing water of no less than 2cm deep connecting these pools ( beck 1985 ) .\nkeywords : benthic , benthic invertebrates , ephemeral waterways , flow duration , flow duration , intermittent flow , invertebrate , location , perennial - losing , perrennial - gaining , river habitat , selwyn river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses the selwyn river as an example of a hydrologically complex river to determine the relationships between runoff , recharge and river flow . understanding the relationships between the different river characteristics is useful for water resource developments and for determining the impact that different hydrological characteristics have on ecological processes . linear and logistic models were used for the purpose of this study .\n) in the rhine river . tagungsband der deutschen gesellschaft f\u00fcr protozoologie und parasitologie 2010 : 244 p .\nnatural variation in immersion and emersion affects breakdown and invertebrate colonization of leaf litter in a temporary river .\nmean annual low flow ( seven day ) and mean flow mapping for the upper selwyn river catchment .\nkeywords : dams , demand , groundwater , irrigation , resource management , selwyn river , surface water .\njung , c . a . , n . c . barbee & s . e . swearer 2009 . post - settlement migratory behaviour and growth - related costs in two diadromous fish species , galaxias maculatus and galaxias brevipinnis . journal of fish biology 75 ( 3 ) : 503 - 515 .\nto avoid increasing the risk of population extinction \u2013 do not carry out any activities which could enable these fish to enter streams supporting the swan galaxias .\nthis species complex has always been assessed as a single species , and therefore no conservation actions specifically target this species . some of the taxa within this complex will benefit from river health monitoring and the planned river rehabilitation programs on the krom and rondegat rivers ( cederberg ) and the krom river ( eastern cape ) .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the selwyn river and the different benthic invertebrates that were witnessed at four different locations along the river . this allowed for the relationship between the various river habitat conditions ( i . e . flow duration ) and the different species present to be commented on .\nto what extent are the fish compositions of a regulated river related to physico - chemical variables . . .\n( p = 93 . 0 % ) in the danube river . nachev et al . ( 2010 )\nriver research and applications . vol . 24 . # 1 . page ( s ) 1 - 21 .\nwhere the lowland section of the river starts to braid . the video above shows how badly the river is affected by introduced weed species including willow and gorse . some islands have been cleared of weeds as part of an\nin order to recognise the species if it occurs on your property , learn to identify the swan galaxias . if in doubt , seek expert assistance with identification .\nkeywords : agriculture , broom , gorse , nitrate , nitrogen , nitrogen fixing , riparian zones , selwyn river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses five new zealand rivers , including the selwyn river to investigate the influence of low river flows on the riparian fishing spider , dolomedes aqauticus . this was undertaken as part of a consideration of the impacts of river drying which is expected to increase in extent and severity in the future .\ninvertebrate and microbial responses to inundation in an ephemeral river reach in new zealand : effects of preceding dry periods .\nto avoid loss of remaining populations \u2013 do not construct dams or other water storages in locations where these may lead to loss of trout barriers to swan galaxias populations .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 ) ; common length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 )\nidentifying cultural service values of a small river in the agricultural landscape of canterbury , new zealand , using combined methods .\nkeywords : ecosystems , fish , fish species , freshwater , habitat , intermittent flow , selwyn river , wetted area .\nlake ellesmere water management plan : age and size of the selwyn river brown trout spawning runs , 1912 - 1987 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this thesis was submitted as part of a master of science at the university of canterbury and looks at brown trout management in the selwyn river as related to hydrological characteristics . it includes a description of the selwyn river characteristics and an overview of recommendations for how to improve the quality of the trout fishery in the river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this niwa powerpoint presentation looks at the selwyn river , new zealand and presents an overview of the selwyn river and catchment . a study was undertaken to gather baseline data on the river and to conduct sampling and experiments to do so . this presentation includes some of the data gathered and depicts the process of doing so .\njowett , i . g . & j . richardson . 1995 . habitat preferences of common , riverine new zealand native fishes and implications for flow management . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 29 : 13 - 23 . [ links ]\ngalaxias maculatu s has one of the world ' s largest natural distributions for a freshwater fish . it is known australia , new zealand and the southern tip of south america .\nmountain , coastal and lowland streams of the cape floristic region from tributaries of the gamtoos and krom river systems in the east to the cederberg mountains ( olifants river system ) in the west ( western and eastern cape provinces of south africa ) .\n( andrusov , 1897 ) in the main river ( germany ) . aquatic invasions 2 , 3 : 261\u2013264 . available :\nkeywords : biofilm quality , biofilms , groundwater , groundwater biofilms , nutrient concentration , nutrient gradient , nutrients , selwyn river .\nkeywords : aquifer structure , artificial aquifer recharge , artificial discharge , geology , groundwater , groundwater abstraction , groundwater recharge , hydrogeological investigations , inter - aquifer recharge , land use change , land use intensification , modelling , piezometric data , rainfall recharge , rakaia catchment , rakaia river , raw data , recharge , river characteristics , river - aquifer interaction , selwyn catchment , selwyn river , selwyn - rakaia groundwater , surface - groundwater interface , transmissivity , water abstraction , water availability , water balance .\nkeywords : baseline , baseline data , cross - section , ephemeral channel , ephemeral river , flow monitoring , flow path , groundwater level , intermittent flow , monitoring , perennial - losing , piezometers , sampling , selwyn river , trends , well monitoring .\nflora & fauna guarantee act 1988 ; action statement no . 258 dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla , 2015 , department of environment , land , water & planning , victoria . view as pdf\nto avoid inundation of habitat , alteration of water flow regimes and breaching of barriers to introduced fish \u2013 avoid construction of water storages in or near known populations of the swan galaxias .\n( pallas , 1814 ) ( gobiidae ) in the longitudinal profile of the danube river . j appl ichthyol 27 : 879\u2013886 .\nkeywords : empirical longitudinal flow model , flow estimation , flow frequencies , flow magnitude , longitudinal study , selwyn river , trends .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this paper outlines a study undertaken to assess flow regime requirements for the lower selwyn river . minimum residual flows , seasonal flow requirements and a flow regime required to maintain and sustain instream values on the river is included .\nbecause riparian vegetation is utilised by the dwarf galaxias as both habitat and a food source it is important to maintain the integrity of wetland and streamside vegetation . damage to this vital resource by clearing or uncontrolled stock access damages habitat and increases the risk of sedimentation and deterioration of water quality . drainage of wetlands that are capable of supporting populations of dwarf galaxias reduces the population viability .\nkeywords : aquifer characteristics , aquifers , aquifers , dairy expansion , farming , farming practices , future management , geology , geomorphology , geomorphology , groundwater , groundwater , groundwater age , groundwater ages , groundwater chemistry , groundwater demand , groundwater flow , groundwater recharge , groundwater recharge , groundwater - surface water interface , hororata river , hororata river , hydrology , hydrology , intensive farming , intensive land use , irrigation , irrigation , land surface activities , land use change , management , nitrate - nitrogen , oxygen - 18 , piezometric contours , recharge , recharge sources , river gaugings , selwyn catchment , selwyn plains , selwyn river , selwyn river , spring - fed , springs , surface water , upper selwyn catchment , upper selwyn plains , waianiwaniwa river , water chemistry , water levels , water quality , water quantity .\nsaddlier s , jackson j , hammer m , 2006 , draft recovery plan for dwarf galaxias , galaxiella pusilla ( mack ) 2005 \u2013 2009 , department of sustainability and environment , heidelberg , victoria .\n) ( cottidae ) from the st . clair river and lake st . clair , michigan , usa . folia parasit 44 : 1\u20136 .\necosystem health monitoring programme november - december 2006 and site specific habitat trend analysis 2000 \u2013 2006 . study of selwyn river at coes ford .\nhale , r . & s . e . swearer . 2008 . otolith microstructural and microchemical changes associated with settlement in the diadromous fish galaxias maculatus . marine ecology progress series 354 : 229 - 234 .\neducation and awareness ; raising community awareness and working with landholders to protect dwarf galaxias habitat through retention of wetlands , protection of riparian zones and control of fertilizer run off assists with conservation of this species .\nlatrobe city - loy yang creek , moe contour drain , morwell river wetlands , wades creek , waterhole creek swamp , triutary of boyds creek .\nsantos , a . b . i . , b . f . terra & f . g . ara\u00fajo . 2010 . fish assemblage in a dammed tropical river an analysis along the longitudinal and temporal gradients from river to reservoir . zoologia , 27 : 732 - 740 . [ links ]\n( guenther , 1861 ) ( osteichthyes , gobiidae ) from the danube river in austria . diploma thesis , university of wien : 47 p .\nstreams supporting the swan galaxias are all protected from trout invasion by some form of barrier ( waterfall , marsh , small channel ) , and maintaining these barriers to trout movements is vital in protecting the populations .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report looks at the selwyn river and investigates the brown trout spawning runs present in the river . data from 1912 to 1987 was analysed and used to determine any changes or trends that have occurred in regards to the age and size ( growth ) of the brown trout in the river . the raw data utilised for the purposes of this report is included in tables at the back of this resource\nkeywords : algal bloom , benthic algae , benthic cyanobacteria , benthic cyanobacteria , benthic taxa , cyanobacteria , health risk , lake ellesmere , lake forsyth , nodularia , phormidium autumnale , sampling , scytonema , selwyn river , surface water quality , taxonomy , the groynes , waimakariri river , water quality .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] focusing on aesthetic value , this paper looks at the various preferences for river flow levels for eight different sized rivers . a survey was carried out to determine what the desired flow level was for each river and the results are presented in this journal article .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article looks at the selwyn river as an example of an ephemeral river in new zealand and investigated the invertebrate and microbial responses to changes in the level of inundation ( where there is a shift from a terrestrial ecosystem to an aquatic ecosystem ) .\nkeywords : base flow , calcium , chemical analysis , dissolved reactive phosphorous , flow rate , median conditions , median flow , new zealand rivers , potassium , raw data , rivers , selwyn river , sodium , surface water , temperature , turbidity , waimakariri river , water chemistry , water quality .\njowett , i . g . 2002 . in - stream habitat suitability criteria for feeding inanga ( galaxias maculatus ) . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 36 : 399 - 407 . [ links ]\nterra , b . f . , a . b . i . santos & f . g . ara\u00fajo . 2010 . fish assemblage in a dammed tropical river : an analysis along the longitudinal and temporal gradients from river to reservoir . neotropical ichthyology , 8 : 599 - 606 . [ links ]\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report presents the mapping of 7 - day mean annual flows for the upper tributaries of the selwyn river .\nto avoid introduction of exotic fish to waters currently free from these species \u2013 do not carry out any activities , including active stocking , which could lead to the establishment of introduced fish in streams supporting the swan galaxias .\nberra , t . m . , l . crowley , w . ivantsoff & p . a . fuerst . 1996 . galaxias maculatus : an explanation of its biogeography . mar . freshw . res . 47 : 845\u2013849 .\npollard , d . a . 1972 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . iv . nutritional cycle . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 23 : 39\u201348 .\nin the murray - darling basin the species is known from lake alexandrina and lake albert near the murray river mouth to about mannum on the lower murray and streams of the mt lofty ranges in south australia . the species is thought to have been introduced into the wimmera , loddon and campaspe river catchments in victoria .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the selwyn river with its intermittent flow which is a difficult habitat for aquatic creatures to reside in . it offers some answers on how fish and other species survive in a river which may only be wetted for as little as 30 % of the year .\nkeywords : agricultural development , border dyke irrigaiton , canterbury groundwater , central plains , geological data , groundwater , groundwater quantity , groundwater recharge , irrigation , irrigation efficiency , irrigation recharge , land use intensification , rainfall recharge , rakaia river , recharge depths , selwyn river , spray irrigation , water infiltration , water table .\nbarbee , n . c . & s . e . swearer . 2007 . characterizing natal source population signatures in the diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus , using embryonic otolith chemistry . marine ecology progress series 343 : 273 - 282 .\nmcdowall , r . m . 1972 . the species problem in freshwater fishes and the taxonomy of diadromous and lacustrine populations of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . j . r . soc . n . z . 2 : 325\u2013367 .\nthe loss of geocherax sp . through predation , change in hydrological flows and habitat loss is a key threatening process to the dwarf galaxias . the reliance of the geocherax sp . burrows for refuge in dry times and for protection from other species consequently means that this species of yabbie and its subsequent requirements such as diet must also be maintained to prevent the extinction of the dwarf galaxias ( beck 1985 , saddlier et al . 2006 , threatened species section 2006 ) .\nkeywords : aesthetic , aesthetic values , agricultural development , agriculture , choice experiment , cultural service , ecosystem service , habitat , intensive agriculture , irrigation , land use change , land use intensification , lower selwyn river , management , q method , recreation , selwyn river , spirit recreational values , spiritual values , value , values .\nchessman , b . c . & williams , w . d . 1975 . salinity tolerance and osmoregulatory ability of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) ( pisces , salmoniformes , galaxiidae ) . freshw . biol . 5 : 135 - 140 .\npollard , d . a . 1971 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . i . life cycle and origin . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 22 : 91\u2013123 .\npollard , d . a . 1971 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . ii . morphology and systematic relationships . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 22 : 125\u2013137 .\npollard , d . a . 1972 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . iii . structure of the gonads . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 23 : 17\u201338 .\npollard , d . a . 1973 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) . v . composition of the diet . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 24 : 281\u2013295 .\n. . . lts of river sounding on mahakam river , especially in the location of fish and shrimp sampling as well as water sampling showed that the water depth ranges between 6 . 0 - 11 . 0 m . the detailed profile of measured river is presented infigure 3and 4 . generally , species of fish can live in various places , but they , specifically , occupy a particular place . costa et al . ( 2013 ) caught 1223 fishes of seven species in four rivers with different depths ( > 8 m ) and wide range of conditions . 70 % of the fishes were caught from river with depth of < 4 m and had a weight of 64 % of overall weight . lakra et al . ( 2010 ) added that the species richness of river fish with hydrology attributes positively correlated to the depth . . .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article presents the chemical analysis results of a survey of 96 rivers across new zealand sampled in 1987 to determine their base flow ( median conditions ) . sampled three times , the rivers included the selwyn river and waimakariri river . appendix one of includes the raw data gathered from this sampling project .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this 1950\u2019s thesis looks at the selwyn river catchment , describing both its nature and origin . the geology of the area is detailed in this thesis and three theories or propositions are justified and explained by the author . these propositions include but are not limited to the proposition that until ice modified the selwyn river valley the whole catchment could have had a homogenous physiographic history and that the selwyn river course has been determined by shingle fans originating from other larger , nearby rivers .\ntypical dwarf galaxias habitat ; shallow wetland connected to a creek . wetland containing species such juncus , persecaria , phragmites , triglochin and typha . melaleuca trees are also a dominant feature of the vegetation community at some sites . image : daniel stoessel .\nthe dwarf galaxias is a generalist carnivore that feeds mainly on zooplankton , where planktonic crustaceans and chironomids can be the main sources of their diets but they have also been observed feeding on filamentous algae ( cadwallader & backhouse 1983 , humphries 1986 ) .\nkeywords : brown trout , fish , fish characteristics , fish stock , patterns , selwyn river , spawning runs , surface water , trends , trout age , trout size .\nwe conducted fish sampling and environmental measurements in four 1 - km long river stretches in two ( winter / dry and summer / wet ) seasons during two years ( 2010 and 2011 ) . seven evenly spaced longitudinal sections were established as the sampling sites along each 1 - km river stretch . each river stretch encompassed different mesohabitats , such as runs , riffles , and pools ( table 1 ) . the sampling design comprised a total of 112 samples ( 2 seasons \u00d7 2 years \u00d7 4 stretches \u00d7 7 sections ) .\npollard , d . a . 1974 . the biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish galaxias maculatus ( jenyns ) vi . effects of cestode and nematode parasites . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 25 : 105 - 120 .\nwaters , j . m . & c . p . burridge . 1999 . extreme intraspecific mitochondrial dna divergence in galaxias maculatus ( osteichthyes : galaxiidae ) , one of the world\u2019s most widespread freshwater fish . mol . phylogenet . evol . 11 : 1\u201312 .\njowett , i . g . 1989 . river hydraulic and habitat simulation , rhyhabsim computer manual . ministry of agriculture and fisheries , new zealand fisheries miscellaneous report 49 . [ links ]\nmaitland , p . s . 1965 . the distribution , life cycle , and predators of ephemerella ignita ( poda ) in the river endrick , scotland . oikos 16 : 48\u201357 .\n, which apparently serve as second intermediate hosts in the river rhine , get infected by oral intake of the first intermediate hosts . specified final hosts are bird species of the family laridae\nchapman , a . , morgan , d . l . & gill , h . s . 2009 . description of the larval development of galaxias maculatus in landlocked lentic and lotic systems in western australia . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 43 : 563\u2013569 .\ncochran , p . a . and d . r . mcconville . 1983 . feeding by trionyx spiniferus in backwaters of the upper mississippi river . j . herpetol . 17 : 82\u201386 .\nsac ( scientific advisory committee ) , 1991 , final recommendation on a nomination for listing : galaxiella pusilla ( mack , 1936 ) \u2013 dwarf galaxias ( nomination no . 141 ) , scientific advisory committee , flora and fauna guarantee , department of conservation and environment , melbourne .\nbernauer d , jansen w ( 2006 ) recent invasions of alien macroinvertebrates and loss of native species in the upper rhine river , germany . aquatic invasions 1 , 2 : 55\u201371 . available :\nparasites of the recently established round goby ( neogobius melanostomus ) and tubenose goby ( proterorhinus marmoratus ) ( cottidae ) from the st . clair river and lake st . clair , michigan , usa\nglova , g . j . , p . m . sagar and i . n\u00e4slund . 1992 . interaction for food and space between populations of galaxias vulgaris stokell and juvenile salmo trutta l . in a new zealand stream . j . fish . biol . 41 : 909\u2013925 .\na review of the dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla in 2015 has resulted in the description of two distinct species across what was previously considered one species . the revised distribution of galaxiella pusilla s . s . has reduced its range by approximately 60 % ( coleman et al . 2015 ) .\nmonitoring ; all critical populations of dwarf galaxias should be monitored and their habitats also monitored for quality ( both water and vegetation ) and habitat quantities ( beck 1985 , koster 2003 , saddlier et al . 2006 ) . this is being carried out through an on - going monitoring program .\ncadwallader , p . l . 1975b . feeding relationships of galaxiids , bullies , eels and trout in a new zealand river . aust . j . mar . freshw . res . 26 : 299\u2013316 .\nsome remarks on parasitic infections of the invasive neogobius spp . ( pisces ) in the hungarian reaches of the danube river , with a description of goussia szekelyi sp . n . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae )\nhicks , a . , n . c . barbee , s . e . swearer & b . j . downes . 2010 . estuarine geomorphology and low salinity requirement for fertilisation influence spawning site location in the diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus . marine and freshwater research 61 : 1252 - 1258 .\nthe dwarf galaxias is thought to be an annual species , where adults die after spawning . therefore it is vital to have successful recruitment each year , or severe declines in populations will occur , potentially leading to the extinction in certain areas ( humphries 1986 , saddlier et al . 2006 ) .\nfuller , r . l . and k . w . stewart . 1977 . the food habits of stoneflies ( plecoptera ) in the upper gunnison river , colorado . environ . ent . 6 : 293\u2013302 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses the lower selwyn river basin as a case study to assess whether a 1 - d model would be suitable to an alluvial plain system in new zealand .\nbecker , a . , laurenson , l . j . b . , jones , p . l . & newman , d . m . 2005 . competitive interactions between the australian native fish galaxias maculatus and the exotic mosquitofish gambusia holbrooki , in a series of laboratory experiments . hydrobiologia 549 : 187\u2013196 .\nhickford , m . j . h . , cagnon , m . & schiel , d . r . 2010 . predation , vegetation and habitat - specific survival of terrestrial eggs of a diadromous fish , galaxias maculatus ( jenyns , 1842 ) . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 385 : 66\u201372 .\nthe recent and remarkable hydrologic changes in the guandu system , with the introduction of an additional water discharge of 160 m 3 s - 1 , the withdrawal of 47 m 3 s - 1 , may have influenced habitat availability , among other physical constraints , most likely affecting fish distributions throughout the river . according to poff ( 1997 ) , each aquatic system has peculiar characteristics that act as filters to determine which species are apt to occupy the habitats , and the patterns of abundance and distribution are a result of the ways in which the species adjust to local environmental conditions . the strong fish - habitat relationship observed in this study suggests that hydraulic and substrate variables are important environmental filters affecting the guandu river . although our findings are specific to the guandu river basin , the patterns of preferences observed may be consistent and transferable to other neotropical river basins .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this journal article uses the selwyn river as a case study for looking at terrestrial leaf litter and how this relates to the proportion of time spent submerged or exposed to air .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report contains information on a number of different rivers in canterbury . for each river a description and overview is given , the important species and habitats are identified , along with important sites . threats to the waterway are also listed , as well as the significant ecological times throughout the year . a map of each river and its catchment , with the identified significant sites is also included .\nchapman , a . , morgan , d . l . , beatty , s . j . & gill , h . s . 2006 . variation in life history of land - locked lacustrine and riverine populations of galaxias maculatus ( jenyns 1842 ) in western australia . environmental biology of fishes 77 : 21\u201337 .\nmayflies are ubiquitous in freshwater environments . as a result , they are a common and important component in the flow of energy through ecosystems , both aquatic and terrestrial . many predators include mayflies on their menu of organisms consumed including invertebrates , vertebrates and at least one plant . this paper examines the diversity of organisms that consume mayflies . some of the more interesting aspects of this predation are discussed . a list of 224 predators is included as a table .\nsubstrate preferences of seven dominant native fish species in the guandu river . type of substrate : 1 , clay ; 2 , mud ; 3 , sand ; 4 , boulder / cobble / gravel ; 5 , bedrock .\ncopp , g . h . 1990 . effect of regulation on 0 + fish recruitment in the great ouse , a lowland river . regulated rivers : research & management , 5 : 251 - 263 . [ links ]\nfuller , r . l . and k . w . stewart . 1979 . stonefly ( plecoptera ) food habits and prey preference in the dolores river , colorado . amer . midl . natural . 101 : 170\u2013181 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this report summarises data from the annual health monitoring programme of canterbury\u2019s wadeable streams and rivers gathered between 2000 and 2006 . it includes a study of the selwyn river at coes ford .\nfuller , r . l . and h . b . n . hynes . 1987 . feeding ecology of three predacious aquatic insects and two fish in a riffle of the speed river , ontario . hydrobiologia 150 : 243\u2013255 .\nlavandier , p . 1982 . larval development , feeding and production of isoperla viridinervis pictet ( plecoptera , perlodidae ) in a cold river in the high mountains . ann . limnol . 18 : 301\u2013318 . ( in french )\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] the selwyn river is used as the basis of the research presented in this journal article which looks at the onsite response of groundwater biofilms positioned in monitoring wells to changes in nutrients levels .\n7 - page pdf file that includes maps , habitat types , and threats relevant to this river . this document was extracted from forest & bird\u2019s 177 - page 20mb file on all rivers , lakes , and coastal areas .\nhabitat for the swan galaxias includes the following elements : streams generally in forested country , with low gradient and range in size from extremely small , spring - fed streams to large rivers . streams occupied by healthy populations are protected from trout invasion and establishment by some form of barrier ( waterfall , marsh , variable flow ) .\nbernauer d , jansen w ( 2006 ) recent invasions of alien macroinvertebrates and loss of native species in the upper rhine river , germany . aquatic invasions 1 , 2 : 55\u201371 . available : urltoken . accessed 05 june 2012 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the proportion of time that flowing water is present in water bodies and how this influences benthic invertebrates . the selwyn river was used as a case study for this research .\na small slender , elongate olive - grey to amber galaxias with irregular darker spots or blotches on the back and sides , a slightly forked tail , and the anal - fin origin directly below the dorsal - fin origin . the eyes , gill covers and belly are silvery - olive to white , and the fins are translucent .\ndenoncourt , c . e . and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1993 . feeding selectivity of the american eel anguilla rostrata ( lesueur ) in the upper delaware river . amer . midl . natural . 129 : 301\u2013308 .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the nitrogen fixing capabilities of different vegetation along riparian areas . the selwyn river is used as a case study with the source of nitrogen into the waterway and surrounding soils examined .\nsarcoptic mange , or scabies , is a well - known threat to the health of endangered or isolated wildlife populations . 51 in southeast australia , common wombats ( vombatus ursinus ) are under threat from sarcoptes scabei var . wombati , a variant of scabies which occurs throughout their home range . 52 this has the potential to severely reduce local wombat numbers , and threaten the survival of small isolated populations . scientists have strong evidence that this variant of scabies came from humans and domestic dogs . 53\nmcdowall , r . m . , m . r . main , d . w . west and g . l . lyon . 1996 . terrestrial and benthic foods in the diet of the shorjawed kokopu , galaxias postvectis clarke ( teleostei : galaxiidae ) . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 30 : 257\u2013269 .\nthe principal method for surveying for freshwater fish including the swan galaxias involves electro - fishing . this technique requires specialist equipment and expertise , where an electric current is passed through the stream water to stun any fish present . when performed correctly , the sampled fish are unharmed . this technique should only performed by trained specialists with the appropriate permits .\nbrookes , a . , k . l . gregory & f . h . dawson . 1983 . an assessment of river channelization in england and wales . the science of the total environment , 27 : 97 - 111 . [ links ]\nleuven rsew , van der velde g , baijens i , snijders j , van der zwart c , et al . ( 2009 ) the river rhine : a global highway for dispersal of aquatic invasive species . biol invasions 11 : 1989\u20132008 .\nvan der velde g , platvoet d ( 2007 ) quagga mussels dreissena rostriformis bugensis ( andrusov , 1897 ) in the main river ( germany ) . aquatic invasions 2 , 3 : 261\u2013264 . available : urltoken . accessed 05 june 2012 .\ngalaxias maculatus inhabits a wide range of environments , usually in still or slow - flowing waters such as streams , rivers and lakes within a short distance of the sea . the species is sometimes found in brackish streams and can tolerate salinities up to 50 ppt . some populations are landlocked and others are diadromous , migrating downstream to the estuaries to spawn .\nrhame , r . e . and k . w . stewart . 1976 . life cycles and food habits of three hydropsychidae ( trichoptera ) species in the brazos river , texas . trans . amer . ent . soc . 102 : 65\u201399 .\nscrimgeour , g . j . and m . j . winterbourn . 1987 . diet , food resource partitioning and feeding periodicity of two riffle - dwelling fish species in a new zealand river . j . fish . biol . 31 : 309\u2013324 .\ncitation : emde s , rueckert s , palm hw , klimpel s ( 2012 ) invasive ponto - caspian amphipods and fish increase the distribution range of the acanthocephalan pomphorhynchus tereticollis in the river rhine . plos one 7 ( 12 ) : e53218 . urltoken\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article looks at the position of refugia ( those fish which have survived in a certain area but have been made extinct in other surrounding areas ) and how this relates to the landscape of the selwyn river .\nshort resource summary : [ hide ] this article uses a regression equation to model and predict the seasonal low flows at coes ford , on the selwyn river between 1984 and 2005 . the trends are commented on , namely the decrease in low flow occurrences .\nalthough there is a clear consensus that modified flow regimes in regulated rivers are affecting fishes and fish habitat , the severity and direction of the response varies widely ( murchie et al . , 2008 ) . the guandu river represents a good opportunity for the study of fish habitat preferences . accordingly , the aim of this study was to describe habitat suitability for the dominant fish species in the guandu river . we assessed fish occurrence and measured three physical variables : depth , water velocity , and type of substrate . we sampled four 1 - km long river stretches encompassing different mesohabitats , surveying two stretches upstream from the impoundment and two downstream . we tested the hypothesis that fish preferences for a given habitat stretch differ depending on local differences in water velocity , depth , and type of substrate .\normerod , s . j . and s . j . tyler . 1991 . exploitation of prey by a river bird , the dipper cinclus cinclus ( l . ) , along acidic and circumneutral streams in upland wales . freshw . biol . 25 : 105\u2013116 .\nsuzuki , h . i . , a . a . agostinho & k . o . winemiller . 2000 . relationship between oocyte morphology and reproductive strategy in loricariid catfishes of the parana river , brazilian journal fish biology , 57 : 791 - 807 . [ links ]\ncollier , k . j . and g . l . lyon . 1991 . trophic pathways and diet of blue duck ( hymenolaimus malacorhynchos ) on manganuiateao river : a stable carbon isotope study . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 25 : 181\u2013186 .\nthe dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla is a very small , scaleless and elongated native freshwater fish . and one of four members of the genus galaxiella in australia , other members being ; galaxiella toourtkoourt south - west victoria to south eastern south australia , galaxiella munda and galaxiella nigrostriata , which are both located in southern western australia ( coleman et al . 2015 , fishbase 2007 , waters et al . 2000 ) .\npinto , b . c . t . , f . g . ara\u00fajo & r . m . hughes . 2006 . effects of landscape and riparian condition on a fish index of biotic integrity in a large southeastern brazil river . hydrobiologia , 556 : 69 - 83 . [ links ]\nbianca jagger : cop18 failed to turn down the heat huffington post restored land can be put to a mosaic of uses such as agriculture , protected wildlife reserves , ecological corridors , regenerated forests , managed plantations , agroforestry systems and river or lakeside plantings to protect waterways . we launched plant \u2026\nstewart , k . w , g . p . friday and r . e . rhame . 1973 . food habits of hellgrammite larvae , corydalus cornutus ( megaloptera : corydalidae ) , in the brazos river , texas . ann . ent . soc . amer . 66 : 959\u2013 963 .\ndedual , m . and k . j . collier . 1995 . aspects of juvenile rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) diet in relation to food supply during summer in the lower tongariro river , new zealand . n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . 29 : 381\u2013391 .\nkeywords : algae , avon - heathcote estuary , central plains , central plains water , central plains water enhancement scheme , construction effects , discharges , dissolved oxygen , dissolved reactive phosphorus , drp , estuares , hydrodynamics , hydrology , lake ellesmere , lowland streams , microbiology , nitrogen , nutrient concentration , nutrients , pesticides , phosphorus , rakaia , selwyn river , surface runoff , surface water , surface water quality , suspended solids , te waihora , temperature , turbidity , turbidity , waianiwaniwa river valley , waianiwaniwa valley , waimakariri , water clarity , water quality , water quality , water races , wetlands .\nogle , d . h . , j . h . selgeby , r . m . newman and m . g . henry . 1995 . diet and feeding periodicity of ruffe in the st . louis river estuary , lake superior . trans . amer . fish . soc . 124 : 356\u2013369 ."]}
{"id": 2317, "summary": [{"text": "oroya aurora is a moth in the dalceridae family , and the only species in the genus oroya .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by miller in 1994 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in southern peru and adjacent bolivia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of tropical premontane wet , tropical premontane moist and subtropical ( lower ) montane wet forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 9 \u2013 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are orange , with uniform deep orange forewings .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults are on wing in january , march , may and from october to december . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "oroya aurora", "paragraphs": ["type - species : oroya aurora miller , 1994 . descr . phys . r\u00e9pub . argent . 5 : 427 . [ bhl ]\nthe genus name refers to la oroya , peru , the type locality of the type species . the species name refers to the orange colour of a sunrise and is derived from latin aurora . [ 2 ]\noroya fever and verruga peruana : bartonelloses unique to south america . - pubmed - ncbi\noroya aurora is a moth in the dalceridae family , and the only species in the genus oroya . it was described by miller in 1994 . [ 1 ] it is found in southern peru and adjacent bolivia . the habitat consists of tropical premontane wet , tropical premontane moist and subtropical ( lower ) montane wet forests .\nwell , apparently you\u2019ve attracted a blood disease rarely seen in the united states , oroya fever .\ngenus : oroya miller , 1994 . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . 153 ( 4 ) : 382 . [ bhl ]\noroya fever is another name for what is known as carrion ' s disease , which belongs to a set of bacteria - related diseases known as bartonellosis .\noroya fever is a deadly blood disease that is rare in the united states , but more common in continents such as south ameria and africa . it is transmitted through the bite of a sand fly .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe length of the forewings is 9\u201310 mm . adults are orange , with uniform deep orange forewings . adults are on wing in january , march , may and from october to december .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npiper halliwell contracted the disease in 2000 . she was bitten in the shoulder by a sand fly that had survived the transport of a batch of kiwano fruit from south america . she eventually fainted and was taken to the hospital , where she was questioned by dr . curtis williamson . he prescribed her antibiotics and wanted to run more tests and blood work .\npiper later slipped into a coma and her sisters asked leo to heal her . when he informed them that he couldn ' t help , the sisters cast a spell that transported the disease into a doll . this caused the doll to come alive and spread the disease across the hospital . the sisters eventually reversed the spell to save the lives of others , causing piper to slip back into her coma . when piper was about to die and move on into the afterlife , leo healed her after all . [ 1 ]\nthe dvd subtitles and various websites incorrectly spell the disease name as either oroyo or arroyo fever .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nplos negl trop dis . 2014 jul 17 ; 8 ( 7 ) : e2919 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pntd . 0002919 . ecollection 2014 jul .\nminnick mf 1 , anderson be 2 , lima a 2 , battisti jm 1 , lawyer pg 3 , birtles rj 4 .\ndivision of biological sciences , university of montana , missoula , montana , united states of america .\ndepartment of molecular medicine , morsani college of medicine , university of south florida , tampa , florida , united states of america .\nlaboratory of parasitic diseases , national institute of allergy and infectious diseases , national institutes of health , bethesda , maryland , united states of america .\nschool of environment and life sciences , university of salford , salford , united kingdom .\npmid : 25032975 pmcid : pmc4102455 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pntd . 0002919\n( a ) erythrocyte infection during of , as observed in a blood smear stained with wright ' s stain ( reprinted by permission from ) . ( b ) vp lesions on a child in peru ( reproduced from future microbiology 4 ( 6 ) : 743\u2013758 ( 2009 ) with permission of future medicine , ltd ) .\nplos negl trop dis . 2014 jul ; 8 ( 7 ) : e2919 .\n( a ) female l . verrucarum at 16 h post - feeding with an artificial blood feeder containing human blood and gfp - expressing b . bacilliformis ( low - passage strains 14866 and 14868 ) . ( b ) light micrograph of l . verrucarum midgut at five days post - feeding on human blood containing gfp + b . bacilliformis . central brown area is residual blood meal . ( c ) corresponding uv light micrograph of ( b ) . note the gfp + b . bacilliformis in residual blood meal and elsewhere in the midgut .\nmonthly sand fly collection results from three villages in the cusco region , peru .\nresults show a unimodal annual population distribution pattern with : ( a ) corresponding mean morning ( blue line ) and evening ( pink line ) temperatures and ( b ) corresponding mean morning ( green line ) and evening ( red line ) relative humidity . collections were made during two nights per month at case homesteads from march 2001 to august 2004 . the data gap between october 2001 and january 2002 is due to a cessation of activity mandated by the peruvian ministry of health .\nresults of collection - bottle - rotator ( cbr ) trap collections of sand flies in peru .\nresults show that : ( a ) nightly sand fly activity is limited to early evening ( 1800\u20132000 hrs ) from march through july , the coldest part of the year , which represents the peruvian winter , and ( b ) as nighttime temperatures increase in late august through november ( late winter and spring ) , sand fly activity extends throughout the night . \u201cinside\u201d and \u201coutside\u201d refer to trap locations within and outside a domicile , respectively .\nbacteria were grown three days on heart infusion agar containing 4 % sheep erythrocytes and 2 % sheep serum at 30\u00b0c and 100 % relative humidity . cells were subsequently fixed in 2 % glutaraldehyde in cacodylate ( ph 7 . 2 ) , epoxy embedded by standard methods , then sectioned and stained with uranyl acetate ( ua ) and lead citrate stains . micrographs show b . bacilliformis ( strain kc583 ) : ( a ) from a thin section ; ( b ) applied directly to a grid stained with ua to show flagella . scale bars represent 100 nm in ( a ) and 500 nm in ( b ) .\nhas the lowest gc % ( 35 . 7 % ) . several virulence - related orfs have been used to infer phylogeny (\n) and black circles indicate their presence in a particular species . ( b ) multiple alignment of seven complete genomes using pm . location , orientation and position of\nlocks ( lcbs ) shared amongst all chromosomes are color - coded and connected by lines . user can analyze location , orientation , and size of lcbs in multiple chromosomes simultaneously ( red arrowheads ) . local rearrangements , duplications , and inversions are easily identified . abbreviations correspond to the\nb . bacilliformis colonization of cell membrane deformations is readily apparent . reprinted by permission from .\ntype specimens : type ( s ) peru : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\naids , transmissible disease of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) . hiv\u2026\na generalized , acute , febrile , endemic , and systemic form of bartonellosis ; marked by high fever , rheumatic pains , progressive , severe anemia , and albuminuria .\na generalized , acute , febrile , endemic , and systemic form of bartonellosis ; marked by high fever , rheumatic pains , progressive , severe anemia , and albuminuria . synonym ( s ) : carri\u00f3n disease .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\n\u00a9 2018 urltoken by ancestry . all rights reserved . terms and conditions \u00b7 privacy statement \u00b7 site map \u00b7 contact\njavascript required : we ' re sorry , but urltoken doesn ' t work properly without javascript enabled . you will need to enable javascript by changing your browser settings . learn how to enable it .\ncookies required : we ' re sorry , but urltoken doesn ' t work properly without cookies enabled . you will need to enable cookies by changing your browser settings ."]}
{"id": 2403, "summary": [{"text": "the southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family , found in dry savannah of botswana , namibia , south africa , and zimbabwe . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "southern pied babbler", "paragraphs": ["southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family .\nchorus - call classification in the southern pied babbler : multiple call types given in overlapping contexts .\nsouthern pied babbler nest with eggs , nylsvley area , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton \u00a9 ]\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of southern pied babbler were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of southern pied babbler here .\nnelson - flower , m . j . 2010 . kinship and its consequences in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler (\nthe pied babbler research project was established by me in 2003 and is based in the southern kalahari desert , south africa .\nsouthern pied babblers , marakele national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\npied babbler sentinel . image by alex thompson , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .\n[ a southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) subordinate female immediately before dispersal to become dominant in a new group . dispersal is an important mechanism whereby southern pied babblers avoid inbreeding ; though there is no sex - bias in dispersal distance , individuals move twice as far from birth groups as from subsequent groups . southern pied babblers are found throughout the kalahari . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngolabek ka , radford an ( 2013 ) chorus - call classification in the southern pied babbler : multiple call types given in overlapping contexts . behaviour . pp . 1\u201322 .\nnelson - flower mj ( 2010 ) kinship and its consequences in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler , turdoides bicolor cape town : university of cape town . 139 p .\nhumphries dj . 2013 . the mechanisms and function of social recognition in the cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler , turdoides bicolor . phd thesis , macquarie university , sydney , australia .\n55 . engesser , s . , ridley , a . r . & townsend , s . w . 2016 . meaningful call combinations and compositional processing in the southern pied babbler .\n[ 2 ] golabek k . 2011 . vocal communication and the facilitation of social behaviour in the southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) . phd thesis , university of bristol , bristol .\n51 . ridley , a . r . 2016 . southern pied babblers : the dynamics of conflict and cooperation in a group living society . in\n3 . ridley , a . r . & thompson , a . m . 2010 . dominatricks : reproductive conflict between female southern pied babblers .\nhappily for us there will be several presentations of our babbler research at the isbe conference in lund this year ( both pied and arabian babbler research ) . we look forward to presenting our babbler research to the behavioural ecology community . for a link to the isbe website , click\nwe welcome rute and robbie to the babbler project . both will be collecting data on pied babbler behaviour for several months over the summer breeding season and have done very will to learn the ropes so quickly .\nridley a , raihani n ( 2007 ) facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioral ecology 18 : 324\u2013330 .\na r ridley , a m thompson ( 2010 ) dominatricks : reproductive conflict between female southern pied babblers . africa birds & birding 15 , 30 - 34 [ magazine articles ]\ndistribution of southern pied babbler in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\ndu plessis , k . l . 2011 . heat tolerance of southern pied babblers in the kalahari desert - how will they respond to climate change ? msc thesis , university of cape town .\n2 . ridley , a . r . & raihani , n . j . 2007 . facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler .\nthe southern african bird atlas project ( sabap1 ) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .\nmay 2012 a new baby has been born to members of the pied babbler research community . congratulations to nichola and dave on the birth of their son joseph .\nendemic to southern africa , where it is locally common in arid and semi - arid savanna woodland across northern namibia , botswana , zimbabwe and northern south africa . it is absent from more open habitats , such as that of the southern kalahari desert .\nresearch on southern pied babblers was approved by the northern cape conservation authority and by the ethics committee , department of zoology , university of cape town ( aec no . 2006 / v15 / ar ) .\nlyons , c . 2006 . the effect of environmental versus social factors on changes in territory size in the pied babbler . hons thesis , university of cape town .\na r ridley , n j raihani ( 2007 ) facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler behavioral ecology 18 : 2 . 324 - 330 mar\n24 . ridley , a . r . & thompson , a . m . 2011 . heterospecific egg destruction by wattled starlings and the impact on pied babbler reproductive success .\noctober 2012 a new baby has been born to members of the pied babbler research community ! congratulations to krys and neil on the birth of their beautiful baby son arun .\ncongratulations to sabrina engesser , who will also be joining the pied babbler research team this breeding season . sabrina won a phd scholarship to zurich university . we are delighted to have two new researchers join the pied babbler team ( james & sabrina ) , especially since dave humphries and alex thompson finished the fieldwork component of their phds this april !\nnelson - flower mj , hockey par , o\u2019ryan c , ridley ar ( 2012 ) inbreeding avoidance mechanisms : dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers . journal of animal ecology 81 : 876\u2013883 . pmid : 22471769\n13 . radford , a . n . & ridley , a . r . 2008 . close - calling regulates spacing between foraging competitors in the group - living pied babbler .\n[ 7 ] raihani n . j . & ridley a . r . 2008 . experimental evidence for teaching in the wild pied babbler . animal behaviour 75 : 3 - 11\n58 . engesser , s . , ridley , a . r . & townsend , s . w . 2017 . element repetition rates encode functionally distinct information in pied babbler \u2018clucks\u2019 and \u2018purrs\u2019 .\napril 2012 congratulations to james westrip , who will be joining the pied babbler research team this breeding season . james won a phd scholarship to edinburgh university and will be supervised by dr matt bell\n[ 1 ] radford a . n . & ridley a . r . 2008 . close calling regulates spacing between foraging competitors in the group - living pied babbler . animal behaviour 75 : 519 - 527 .\nmy research interests are centred on avian social and breeding behaviour , and during the course of my phd ( supervised by dr . matt bell & dr . per smiseth ) i hope to investigate intra - and interspecific signalling and communication in the southern pied babbler . utilising playback and feeding experiments i aim to ascertain the amount of information use by babblers in a social context .\n[ 11 ] ridley a . r . & raihani n . j . 2007 . facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioural ecology , doi : 10 / 1093 / bebeco / ar1092\n1 . ridley , a . r . 2006 . going gangbusters : group dynamics in pied babblers .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nnelson - flower mj , hockey par , o ' ryan c , raihani nj , du plessis ma , ridley ar ( 2011 ) monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler . behavioral ecology 22 : 559\u2013565 .\nrecently , i have been collaborating with mandy ridley to investigate the interspecific interactions that pied babblers have with other kalahari birds . to date this work has focused on cuckoo - host interactions between pied babblers and jacobin cuckoos (\ncollar , n . & robson , c . ( 2018 ) . southern pied babbler ( turdoides bicolor ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nfollowing this , i worked as a research assistant for dr mandy ridley at the pied babbler project ( 2011 - 2013 ) . i carried out playback experiments and collected and analysed sound data from individuals and groups , throughout the breeding seasons .\n) are anything to go by , then pied babblers may live for more than 15 years in the wild .\nraihani , n . j . 2008 . cooperation and conflict in pied babblers . phd thesis , cambridge university .\nkeynan , o . & yosef , r . 2010 . temporal changes and sexual differences of impaling behavior in southern grey shrike ( lanius meridionalis ) . behavioral processes 85 , 47 - 51 .\n) over nest locations . more recently we have begun to investigate information transfer between pied babblers and scimitar - bills (\n) , and the way in which pied babblers facultatively adjust their alarm calls to predators depending upon their reproductive stage .\ngraduated from the university of edinburgh in 2013 in zoology . she worked for eight months at the pied babbler research project , and is now studying biology , gender and philosophy independently while she figures out what to do next . blog coming soon at urltoken !\nbabbler with black bill , wings and tail . head and body are pure white , with brownish - black tail and wing . . .\n36 . ridley , a . r . & van den heuvel , i . m . 2012 . is there a difference in reproductive performance between cooperative and non - cooperative species ? a southern african comparison .\n25 . nelson - flower , m . j . , hockey , p . , o\u2019ryan , c . raihani , n . , du plessis , m . & ridley , a . r . 2011 . monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler .\nkeynan , o . & yosef , r . 2010 . annual precipitation affects reproductive success of the southern grey shrike ( lanius meridionalis ) . the wilson journal of ornithology 122 ( 2 ) , 334 - 339 .\nm j nelson - flower , p a r hockey , c o ' ryan , n j raihani , m a du plessis , a r ridley ( 2011 ) monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler behavioral ecology 22 : 3 . 559 - 565 may\nridley , a . r . 2003 . the causes and consequences of helping behaviour in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler . phd thesis , cambridge university .\n2016 . vocal cues to identity : pied babblers produce individually distinct but not stable loud calls . ethology 122 , 609 - 619 .\n7 . ridley , a . r . & huyvaert , k . p . 2007 . sex - biased preferential care in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler .\nthe reference for the information following is\nroberts birds of southern africa\n, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by\nthe trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .\ncomprehensive observations of pied babbler group life histories and breeding attempts were collected from july 2003 to may 2008 at the kuruman river reserve , south africa ( lat 26\u00b058\u2032s , long 21\u00b049\u2032e ) ( for information on climate and vegetation , see raihani and ridley 2007 ) . twenty - three wild pied babbler groups were habituated to the close presence of a human observer at a distance of 2\u20133 m , allowing observational data to be collected without disturbing natural behavior ( for habituation techniques , see ridley and raihani 2007a ) . each individual in the population was ringed with a unique combination of colored leg rings .\n11 . raihani , n . j . & ridley , a . r . 2008 . experimental evidence for teaching in wild pied babblers .\nwe would like to thank prof tim clutton - brock , prof marta manser and the kuruman reserve trust for access to their land . we would like to thank the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology for supporting the pied babbler research project . we would also like to thank martha nelson - flower for her genetic research on parentage in the pied babbler population . this work was also funded by a macquarie university studentship . we thank the northern cape conservation authority for research permits . ethical clearance was provided by the university of cape town and approved under ethics number r2012 / 2006 / v15 / ar .\nintroduction : southern pied babblers ( turdoides bicolor ) are resident in namibia especially in semi - arid to arid savannah woodland with corkwood or acacia trees . although they are usually observed in tall woodland , lower black thorn , camelthorn and kalahari woodland also attracts this species . this is a sociable bird that roost and interact territorially year - round in groups of up to 15 .\nbabbler research on uk quiz show qi ! june 2014 the uk quiz show , qi ( hosted by stephen fry ) , recently aired a show featuring one of our research questions ! we are very excited by this type of media coverage in the public domain ! here is a link to the youtube clip of this show : the mention of babbler research kicks in at about 5 min 40 secs ( and yes , that is one of our babbler pics that is featured in the background ! ) . urltoken\n53 . keynan , o & ridley , a . r . 2016 . component , group and demographic allee effects in a cooperatively breeding bird species , the arabian babbler (\n. . . importantly , even in high - skew societies where dominants successfully monopolize reproduction , conflict between dominants and subordinates may impose costs on dominant reproductive success . southern pied babbler subordinate females engage in reproductive competition only when there are unrelated , potential breeding partners present in their group because they do not breed with relatives or with extra - group males [ 14 , 15 ] . based on the infrequency with which such competition is successful , however ( in terms of parentage of young ) , subordinate females enter into reproductive competition far more often than expected . . . .\na r ridley , k p huyvaert ( 2007 ) sex - biased preferential care in the cooperatively breeding arabian babbler journal of evolutionary biology 20 : 4 . 1271 - 1276 jul\nmartha j . nelson - flower , phil a . r . hockey , colleen o ' ryan , nichola j . raihani , morn\u00e9 a . du plessis , amanda r . ridley ; monogamous dominant pairs monopolize reproduction in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler , behavioral ecology , volume 22 , issue 3 , 1 may 2011 , pages 559\u2013565 , urltoken\ni possess a great passion for scientific research and conservation . having interned at the pied babbler research project in 2009 , i jumped at the opportunity to study the behavioural and physiological effects of temperature on pied babblers for my master\u2019s degree . this research was especially fascinating as it combined components of multiple disciplines ( climate change , avian biology , behavioural ecology , physiology , and conservation biology ) to answer conservation questions . my supervisors on this project included : amanda ridley , rowan martin , susan cunningham , and phil hockey .\njanuary 2013 a new baby has been born to members of the babbler research community . congratulations to martha and tom on the arrival of their beautiful baby girl tess , a sister for audrey .\nfor my phd i will investigate the occurrence of call combinations in pied babblers ' vocal repertoire , under the supervision of dr . simon townsend . specifically , i am interested whether pied babblers combine meaningful call types into meaningful compositions and if there exist any rules governing the formation of such syntactic compositions . to do this , i will combine behavioural observations and audio recordings with playback experiments . i will further conduct artificial grammar playback experiments to probe what cognitive mechanisms underlie the production and perception of vocal compositions in pied babblers .\nthis is but a taster of the work that has been going on at babbler project over the years . if this article has sparked your interest , check out the project website for news and publications .\n3 . raihani , n . j . & ridley , a . r . 2007 . adult vocalisations during provisioning : offspring responses and post - fledging benefits in wild pied babblers .\ni am 35 years old , married to adi and father to mayan & yaara . i received my bsc . ( honors ) from haifa university in 2005 and my msc from tel aviv university in 2009 . my masters thesis was on the impaling behavior and male - female interactions in the southern grey shrike (\nconference representation for the research group august 2015 the behaviour 2015 conference in tropical cairns has been and gone , and we had several group members giving talks there . lizzie gave a talk about her phd research into the effects of extreme heat on parental care strategies in pied babblers , ben gave a talk about his phd research into the effect of ontogeny on individual performance at a cognitive task in cooperative magpies , and mandy gave a talk on the theoretical and empirical evidence for adaptive benefits of kidnapping in the pied babbler . congrats to all group members for giving great talks at the conference !\nhere , we provide evidence of reproductive competition between dominant and subordinate females and its effects on dominant reproductive success and aggression in southern pied babblers . female subordinates participate in pre - breeding behaviours only when potential breeding partners are available . these competitive subordinate females decrease the reproductive success of the dominant females of their groups , and in some groups infanticide is observed . subordinate female reproductive competitors are also the target of increased aggression by dominant females during the fertile period . these conflicts over reproduction are generally expressed and resolved very early in the breeding cycle\u2014an aspect of reproductive competition in cooperative breeders that has often been overlooked . this early manifestation of competition highlights the importance of using behavioural observations , as well as genetic data , when investigating reproductive competition and success . using genetic data alone strongly underestimates the effects of female\u2013female reproductive competition in southern pied babblers because competition is so rarely successful . importantly , even in high - skew societies where dominants successfully monopolize reproduction , conflict between dominants and subordinates may impose costs on dominant reproductive success .\nin many cooperatively breeding societies , females compete strongly with one another for the scarce resources needed to breed ; although sexual selection has traditionally been perceived as having a greater effect on males , such selection may act equally strongly on females [ 60 , 61 ] . in southern pied babblers , subordinate females with potential breeding partners compete intensely with dominants for access to breeding opportunities . in addition , females ( but not males ) aggressively oust one another from breeding positions [ 16 ] and aggression in juvenile females ( but not males ) is an important factor in successful adult dispersal [ 62 ] . here , sexual selection for traits ( such as aggression ) that improve female competitive ability may play a role not only in dispersal and acquisition of breeding positions , but also in infanticide , suppression of potential reproductive competitors , and eviction of such competitors from the group . we suggest that the behaviour of southern pied babblers provides further evidence that intense competition among females may result in the evolution of sexually specific traits ( reviewed in [ 63 , 64 ] ) .\njuly 2013 we have recently had a paper accepted into functional ecology . in this paper we look at the interspecific interaction between pied babblers and the solitarily foraging scimitarbill . we find that scimitarbills , who not have a reliable vigilance system of their own , regularly follow babbler groups and eavesdrop on the predator information that babbler sentinels provide . by so doing , scimitarbills gain significant benefits - they spend less time vigilant , more time foraging , and can utilise a greater diversity of foraging habitats than when alone . title : the ecological benefits of interceptive eavesdropping . authors : ridley , a . r . , wiley , e . m . & thompson , a . m .\n[ 5 ] raihani n . j . & ridley a . r . 2007 . adult vocalizations during provisioning : offspring response and postfledgling benefits in wild pied babblers . animal behaviour 74 : 1303 - 1309\nhuge congrats to oded , who got his examiner reviews back today and passed his phd with no corrections requested ! well done dr keynan , well deserved indeed . for further info on oded ' s success , please refer to the pied babbler facebook page , as that page is updated more regularly . oded currenty has a number of ms in review , so we will update any of his future success here or on the facebook page .\njuly 2012 a locally extinct bird that has not been seen in the arava for 20 years , the nubian nightjar , was sighted by arabian babbler researchers recently . for a news article related to this significant and unusual sighting , click here\nmay 2018 we welcome to the team a new phd student , camilla , who will be starting her research on the pied babblers at the end of 2018 . more details on her research to follow shortly .\njuly 2012 happily , the eminently skilled and experienced elizabeth wiley ( aka lizzy ) will be rejoining the pied babbler research project this season as a senior research assistant . she will take primary responsibility of the research activities onsite for several months . lizzy spent the entire summer onsite last season , and we are ecstatic that she is joining the research group again . to find out more about lizzy , visit her profile on the ' researchers ' page .\naugust 2012 isbe lund 2012 is now over , and it was a great meeting . well done to all babbler researchers , whose presentations and posters went really well and generated a good amount of interest among members of the behavioural ecology community .\nseptember 2012 our first babbler researcher of the season , elizabeth wiley ( lizzy ) , has just turned up at the study site - and so marks the beginning of the new data season ! hope its not too hot this summer . . .\ndecember 2015 it ' s finally here ! the bbc documentary series , the world ' s sneakiest animals , will air in the uk on bbc two on christmas day . no word yet on when the international release will happen , but when i find out dates i will post it here . here is the link to the documentary series website . if you click on galleries , and then behind the scenes gallery , pic 8 of 9 is the pied babbler study site .\n20 . raihani , n . j . , nelson - flower , m . j . , browning , l . e . & ridley , a . r . 2010 . routes to breeding in cooperatively breeding pied babblers .\nn j raihani , m j nelson - flower , k a golabek , a r ridley ( 2010 ) routes to breeding in cooperatively breeding pied babblers turdoides bicolor journal of avian biology 41 : 6 . 681 - 686 nov\ncitation : humphries dj , finch fm , bell mbv , ridley ar ( 2015 ) calling where it counts : subordinate pied babblers target the audience of their vocal advertisements . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0130795 . urltoken\nm j nelson - flower , p a r hockey , c o ' ryan , a r ridley ( 2012 ) inbreeding avoidance mechanisms : dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding pied babblers . journal of animal ecology 81 : 876 - 883\nthe ability to discriminate kinship has previously been demonstrated in avian species , which utilise vocal [ 40 \u2013 43 ] , visual [ 44 \u2013 46 ] , and olfactory signals [ 47 , 48 ] to recognise kin . by avoiding kin as mating partners , an individual can limit the potentially damaging effects of inbreeding depression among resultant offspring , and therefore improve reproductive success [ 30 , 49 ] . genetic analysis of parentage in the pied babbler has previously found that breeding between familiar relatives is rare and that they are therefore likely to have a mechanism of recognising familiar kin which they utilise to avoid inbreeding [ 13 ] . our observations further support the idea that pied babblers can recognise kin and behaviourally discriminate relatives in their environment .\n12 . ridley , a . r . , raihani , n . j & nelson - flower , m . j . 2008 . the cost of being alone : the fate of floaters in a population of cooperatively breeding pied babblers .\nwinter is always a tough time for the pied babblers - a time when group composition changes dramatically due not only to mortality , but also to reproductive conflict and dispersal attempts prior to the breeding season . recently cgmx , the dominant female\nn j raihani , a r ridley , l e browning , m j nelson - flower , s knowles ( 2008 ) juvenile female aggression in cooperatively breeding pied babblers : causes and contexts ethology 114 : 5 . 452 - 458 may\nthe first babbler babies of the season have arrived ! this is super - early in the breeding season for the babblers , but lizzy has brought news from the field that rnb have already fledged two young . this is possibly the youngest ever fledglings for a breeding season .\nn j raihani , m j nelson - flower , k moyes , l e browning , a r ridley ( 2010 ) synchronous provisioning increases brood survival in cooperatively breeding pied babblers journal of animal ecology 79 : 1 . 44 - 52 jan\nthe arabian babbler project was established by prof amotz zahavi in 1974 and is based in the negev desert , israel . both projects have been running continuously since establishment and use detailed observations of habituated populations to gain an insight into the dynamics and evolution of group - living behaviour .\n14 . raihani , n . j . , ridley , a . r . , browning , l . e . & nelson - flower , m . j . 2008 . juvenile female aggression in cooperatively breeding pied babblers : causes and contexts .\ni have been collecting data on the causes and consequences of cooperative behaviour in pied babblers since 2003 . my current primary interests are : the causes of variation in contributions to cooperative care , the short - and long - term consequences of helping behaviour\nhumphries , d . j . , finch , f . m . , bell , m . b . v . & ridley , a . r . 2015 . calling where it counts : subordinate pied babblers target the audience of their vocal advertisements .\na r ridley , n j raihani , m j nelson - flower ( 2008 ) the cost of being alone : the fate of floaters in a population of cooperatively breeding pied babblers turdoides bicolor journal of avian biology 39 : 4 . 389 - 392 jul\nabstract : eavesdropping behaviour can increase the total amount of information available to an individual and therefore has the potential to provide substantial benefits . recent research has suggested that some species are \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcinformation givers\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 , particularly social species with cooperative vigilance systems , and that these species may consequently affect community structure by influencing the behaviour and niche utilization of other species . here , using behavioural observations and playback experiments , we compared the behavioural change in a solitary species ( the scimitarbill ) and a social species ( the pied babbler ) , to the presence and alarm calls of one another . our results revealed that scimitarbills underwent significant behavioural changes in the presence of social pied babblers : they reduced their vigilance rate by over 60 % , increased their foraging efficiency and expanded their niche by moving into open habitat and excavating subterranean food items . in contrast , pied babblers \u00e2\u20ac\u201c who have an effective intraspecific sentinel system \u00e2\u20ac\u201c did not show significant behavioural changes to the presence or alarm calls of scimitarbills . these results suggest that interspecific interceptive eavesdropping can provide significant benefits , influencing the behaviour and habitat utilization of eavesdropping species .\n18 . raihani , n . j . , nelson - flower , m . j . , browning , l . e . , moyes , k . & ridley , a . r . 2010 . synchronous provisioning increases brood survival in cooperatively breeding pied babblers .\nthe pied babbler research project sits nestled in the heart of the kuruman river reserve in the northern cape , south africa . today , ten years since its conception , it remains under the principle leadership of associate professor amanda ridley of the university of western australia , who founded the project with the help of her field assistant ( and now research colleague ) , dr nichola raihani in 2003 . the project is a prolific international operation , with researchers coming from institutions in australia , switzerland , the united kingdom and south africa to study the babblers and their associated species .\njanuary 2013 with the third flood of the season , it is safe to say that the drought has truly broken at the arabian babbler project . this is fantastic news , after many years of poor rain and low breeding success , this bodes well for a bumper breeding season in 2013 . fingers crossed !\nan additional aspect of my research involves understanding interspecific interactions and communication . originally i started investigating these interactions between pied babblers and fork - tailed drongos . more recently , i have begun investigating interspecific interactions in scimitar - bills , yellow - billed hornbills and wattled starlings .\ngrateful thanks to tim clutton - brock , marta manser , staff at krr and all colleagues , students and assistants on the babbler project . thanks also to the kotzes and the de bruins , who allowed land access . t . p . flower and s . a . kingma as well as two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments .\nabstract : elaborate solicitation displays are a common feature of interactions between care - givers and offspring . these displays are interpreted as the phenotypic expression of the conflict of interests between parents and offspring over parental investment . offspring typically have siblings and thus do not exist in isolation . therefore , they may adjust their begging in response to their siblings ' begging , either competitively or cooperatively . alternatively , begging may be independent of the begging efforts of siblings . studies of avian begging have primarily focused on nestlings , where offspring are immobile and compete directly over the allocation of parental resources . we investigated the influence sibling begging had on individual fledgling begging in the cooperatively breeding pied babbler , turdoides bicolor . using experimental manipulations , we found that fledgling begging behaviour was negatively correlated with satiation and unrelated to the begging effort of siblings . pied babbler care - givers were able to target increased provisioning to individuals with artificially increased demand while maintaining provisioning rates to the rest of the brood . thus , fledglings were found to incur no provisioning costs or benefits from either increased or decreased begging by their siblings . we propose that the combination of targeted provisioning , flexible levels of provisioning and the dispersed nature of fledglings reduces the benefits of competitive or cooperative begging in this species .\nmay 2018 we have a number of pied babbler papers coming out in 2018 , all of which we think present really important findings . for full details of authors and titles , please see the publications tab . first up is the paper by nelson - flower et al in journal of animal ecology which tests prevailing hypotheses for the occurrence of cooperative breeding behaviour , and investigates the ecological and social contexts that influence dispersal decisions in pied babblers . second is the paper by nelson - flower et al in molecular ecology that looks at factors influencing reproductive skew , and finds different drivers of skew in males versus females . finally is the paper by wiley & ridley in ecology & evolution that looks at the pair bond as a predictor of reproductive success and group stability - a factor often overlooked in social species . all three of these papers used the long - term database to elucidate these behavioural trends - emphasising the value of long - term research !\nthis website provides information on the research my colleagues and i are currently conducting on pied and arabian babblers ( as well as other species these two ' focus ' species interact with ) . in these pages you will find details about our research , our study species , and any research opportunities currently available .\n. . . pied babblers are a medium sized ( 75\u201395g ) passerine endemic to the kalahari , living in social groups of 2\u201315 individuals [ 31 ] . breeding within the social group is monopolised by a dominant pair [ 6 ] , and subordinate individuals will only achieve dominance within their natal territory if they can inherit vacant breeding positions without inbreeding [ 7 , 13 ] . prospecting in pied babblers is costly [ 22 ] , and long - term floating is rarely observed ( 80 . 0 % of prospectors return to their natal group within 30 days ; a . ridley , unpublished data ) . . . .\nbabbler society is highly dynamic - within our population we have evidence of eviction , divorce , infanticide and kidnapping . our long - term research suggests that these dramatic events are related to the continual struggle between group members for dominance and access to breeding opportunities . these struggles can sometimes result in a dominance overthrow or successful cuckoldry , but these events are relatively rare .\nwhilst others are foraging on the ground , often one babbler will take a higher position \u2013 up an acacia tree , say \u2013 and act as sentinel , watching for approaching for predators . while all is clear the watching babbler gives regular sentinel calls , which reassure the feeding birds that they can continue at ease , spreading out widely from each other without needing to look up as often to check for danger [ 3 ] . on sight of a predator , such as a mongoose or a pale chanting goshawk , the sentinel gives an alarm call that informs the rest of the group of the threat so that they can seek cover . the higher the predation risk in their environment , the more sentinel activity the babblers will undertake [ 4 ] .\n. . . in red - winged fairywrens malurus elegans , females that have inherited a territory are more likely to seek egp , or seek egp from further away than females that have dispersed before breeding ( brouwer et al . , 2011 ) . similarly , superb fairy - wren malurus cyaneus , and pied babbler tur - doides bicolor females disperse further from their natal groups than non - natal groups ( cockburn et al . , 2003 ; nelson - flower et al . , 2012 ) . other potential rules may include discriminating against particular age groups likely to contain relatives , or based on previous mating experience , for example to avoid daughters of females that males previously mated with ( archie et al . , 2007 ) . . . .\nin cooperatively breeding and other family living species , there are often more individuals of reproductive age than available breeding positions . asking how individuals attain reproductive status is therefore crucial if we are to understand the selection pressures that operate in these groups . here , we present data on routes to breeding in pied babblers turdoides bicolor , cooperatively . . . [ show full abstract ]\nat the moment i am a second - year phd candidate in a joint supervision program ( cotutelle ) between tel aviv university , israel and macquarie university , sydney , australia , and i also work as the director of the arava birding center in the dead sea & arava science centre . my thesis title is\nthe effect of group size and composition on individual behaviour , group dynamics and population regulation in the arabian babbler (\none of the contexts in which loud - calling behaviour is observed is when the caller is in search of a mating partner , however , the calls are multi - functional and can be given in a wide range of contexts [ 34 ] . it is possible that the calling patterns we have observed are serving another function for the caller . for instance if the calls function for territorial defence , they may still occur at a higher frequency on boundaries with unrelated neighbouring groups . reduced aggression and a greater tolerance to related neighbours has been observed in a range of taxa including fish [ 50 ] , birds [ 51 ] , and mammals [ 52 \u2013 55 ] . however , in the pied babbler territorial defence is usually undertaken as a group with all adult group members chorusing together [ 56 ] .\nwe have a fully - funded phd position based at the percy fitzpatrick institute , university of cape town , available . the position will be supervised by me ( amanda ridley ) , claire spottiswoode and susie cunningham . it would involve working with the babblers several months per year at our field site in the remote southern kalahari , and looks at the effects of group size on thermal tolerance limits , working on the hypothesis that in large groups , where each individual has to do less work , individuals will be better able to tolerate high temperatures . this phd combine behavioural ecology and physiological research . for more details , see : urltoken\n) . to explore these relationships i conduct field experiments and observations on individual foraging success , foraging strategies and self versus social learning . together with this fieldwork i use the uniquely detailed 40 - year arabian babbler database to analyze long - term demographic effects . this database work involves finding what social or environmental factors promote group growth or extinction , and identifying critical group size effects in relation to eviction , dispersal and reproductive conflict behaviour .\nwith the help of a new research grant , i am beginning research on understanding long - term population dynamics in cooperative species , including factors that promote the expansion or extinction of groups . i will be using the long - term datasets of arabian and pied babblers to determine the influence of climatic changes ( heatwaves and droughts ) on social dynamics at both the group and population level\napril 2012 unfortunately this year both our research populations have been hit by drought . in south africa the summer has now ended and after low rainfall over the rainy season pied babbler breeding success was very low . several of our groups failed to raise any young . our outstanding performers for the year were group xhosa , who bucked the trend and managed to raise five young to independence . in israel the breeding season is a few months in , and it is extremely dry ( oded reports only 7 mm of rain so far ) . many groups are still not breeding and it does not look like a promising breeding season . oded ( currently in - field ) brings happy news that one group currently has nestlings , and two groups have managed to fledge young - we ' ll cross our fingers that their fledglings manage to keep healthy .\nour findings indicate that subordinates are maximising the potential of their loud - calling behaviour by using information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups . this information is likely to be obtained through several mechanisms . firstly , information may be exchanged during inter - group interactions . baboons , papio cynocephalus , use inter - group encounters to assess the number of opposite sex individuals within neighbouring groups [ 57 ] . pied babblers frequently engage in ritualised inter - group interactions and have many opportunities for information exchange [ 56 ] . during inter - group interactions , pied babblers often utilise sex - specific loud - calling behaviour [ 34 ] , which may provide a mechanism for assessing the number of opposite - sex individuals in neighbouring groups . secondly , information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups may be obtained from prospecting bouts , with information - gathering considered one of the primary functions of prospecting behaviour [ 58 , 59 ] . or thirdly , information may be gained through eavesdropping on neighbours [ 60 ] . great tits , parus major , are able to assess the quality of neighbouring males by eavesdropping on their calling behaviour [ 61 ] . eavesdropping may similarly provide a way of obtaining information about the composition of neighbouring groups in pied babblers .\nhere we have described how subordinate pied babblers , in addition to prospecting for breeding opportunities in the wider area [ 7 ] , also adopt a strategy of vocalising to neighbouring groups from within their natal territory . this strategy is maximised by using information regarding the composition of neighbouring groups to target an audience of potential breeding partners . importantly , subordinate loud - calling is not just given to any neighbouring group , nor focused towards the largest groups , but subordinate pied babblers are specifically targeting unrelated groups that contain a number of opposite sex individuals . our findings provide fresh insight into how subordinates within cooperatively breeding - societies , that are constrained in their opportunities to breed on the natal territory , appear to use information about the composition of neighbouring groups to inform the location of their vocal displays to target an audience of potential breeding partners .\naugust 2012 unfortunately , despite our high hopes , the drought in the negev desert resulted in a very poor breeding season for the arabian babbler population . although oded recorded a surprising amount of breeding activity given the dry conditions , very few of these young survived long enough to recruit to the adult population . there are now only a handful of juveniles around from the season ' s breeding activity , who face the struggle of making it through a difficult winter with little food around .\nour findings that subordinate loud - calling behaviour is concentrated on the edges of territories , and specifically near to groups containing a number of unrelated , opposite sex individuals suggests that unsolicited loud - calling by subordinates functions for mate advertisement . importantly , it also suggests that pied babblers are capable of discriminating kinship and the number of potential mates within neighbouring groups , and can utilise this information to maximise the audience of their calling efforts .\njune 2012 on the back of a dry summer with limited insect emergence , has come a very cold winter in the kalahari . tom , a research collaborator currently onsite working on drongo - babbler interactions , has reported that the babblers are suffering badly from the harsh combination of cold weather and limited food . many are steadily losing weight , and at this rate we can expect that some of our juveniles will not make it through their first winter . fingers crossed the toll will not be too high .\nnovember 2012 finally some welcome rains have fallen at the arabian babbler study site ! after a very poor and very dry breeding season , flash floods have hit the arava . while these can be very dangerous in the short - term while they flow through the bone - dry river channels , they bring much needed water to a parched ecosystem , and are followed soon after by abundant germination . the picture to the right is a flash flood flowing along a wadi ( river channel ) that was previously completely dry .\nfebruary 2013 another breeding season has ended , but the tragedy this season was that it never really started . it was a scorching summer in the kalahari , but sadly for the animals , the rains never came . day after day of searing heat , but no rain respite made it the worst ever breeding season for the pied babblers . with very little food around , most groups did not bother to make any breeding attempts after december ( which was when the rains should have arrived ) . currently , we have only eight fledglings in the entire population . more groups did fledge young , but these have since been predated . seven of our groups have gone extinct , and with a harsh winter coming up , we expect more extinctions before the next breeding season starts . while this is a very sad event for us all at babbler project , on the bright side it is very interesting demographically , which helps us with the aims of our recent successful research grant !\none key focus of babbler research is their intelligent vocal capabilities . they communicate constantly using a diverse repertoire of sounds . whilst foraging for food , each individual gives low - pitch close calls , known as \u201cchucks\u201d to indicate its position to other group members . chuck calls function as a spacing regulator whilst foraging , so that individuals don\u2019t encroach on each others\u2019 feeding patches [ 1 ] . raising the pitch of the chuck a little tells the group that a large , shareable food source has been found [ 2 ] .\nfebruary 2018 \u200bi am delighted to announce that our latest research , on the effect of sociality on the evolution of intelligence , has been published in nature ! this work is from our study population that is the ' sister ' population to pied babblers : western australian magpies in perth . well done to phd student ben ashton on a great achievement . here is a media link to our article , including a clip of our research on the evening primetime news , here \u200b\nphd submitted - congratulations to oded november 2014 congratulations to oded for submitting his phd thesis ! oded completed his phd thesis on individual and group dynamics in the cooperative breeding arabian babbler . oded has worked incredibly hard , and has produced a thesis to be proud of . each thesis submitted represents a huge amount of work by the student , and a lot of love and support from friends and family . oded and his family are returning back home soon , and they will be sorely missed from the friends they leave behind here in perth .\n. . . unlike most birds , there is no sex - biased dispersal in pied babblers . females disperse slightly more often than males , but after accounting for the slight female - bias in the sex ratio , this higher rate is not signifi cant ( nelson - flower et al . 2012 ) . both males and females remain with their natal group as helpers for several years on average , and contribute to raising subsequent broods produced by the dominant pair . . . .\nrelatedness of mated and unmated pairs of opposite - sex adult pied babblers per year over 5 years of study . means \u00b1 standard error of the mean were generated from relatedness values calculated using the konovalov and heg ( 2008 ) algorithm within the program kingroup v2 _ 090218 ( konovalov et al . 2004 ) ; sample sizes are shown . a 2 - sample randomization / permutation test with 100 000 permutations within the program rundom pro 3 . 14 ( jadwiszczak 2009 ) was used to calculate significance\nresearchers have also discovered that babbler fledglings communicate with their parents non - vocally : in what is thought to be a display of blackmail , fledglings spend more time on the ground , where there is a higher risk of predation , than in the safety of trees when hungry . whilst on the ground , they are fed more by the foraging parents and helpers than when they are in the tree . thompson et al cite this as support for zahavi\u2019s idea , that the fledglings risk their own mortality in order to attain higher provisioning rates by the parents [ 9 ] [ 10 ] .\nwe have recently had a manuscript accepted to global change biology . this manuscript , based on the msc fieldwork of kate du plessis , looks at the behavioural and body mass changes in pied babblers according to changes in temperature - the main focus of the paper is to investigate the potential ( sub - lethal ) effects of increasing temperature ( under predicted climate change ) on bird populations in semi - arid zones . congrats to the whole team ( kate was supervised by myself , phil hockey rowan martin & susie cunningham ) !\nseptember 2012 it is with sadness that i announce the loss of a matriarch to the population , bmbo . originally from rainbow ( one of our first ever habituated groups ) , bmbo dispersed and founded her own group . her dispersal record remains the furthest that we have ever recorded a babbler dispersing within our study population . she founded the group called ngai tahu , and remained dominant from the start of the group three years ago until her recent disappearance . she is succeeded by her three daughters , one of whom may take the dominant female position ( she is unrelated to the current dominant male ) .\nwhy do dominant females tolerate competitive subordinate females in their groups ? first , dominants may be able to moderate subordinate infanticidal activity through aggressive suppression during the fertile period ; such aggression is common when individuals are in reproductive conflict [ 4 , 9 , 11 , 18 , 24 \u2013 27 ] . while there is no sufficient data to formally examine the relationship , a casual examination of current data appears to indicate a loosely inverse relationship between the amount of aggression observed and dominant female success . however , whether aggression occurs pre - emptively , or as a reaction to previous infanticide , or functions as another type of signal [ 52 ] is not clear . second , dominants may tolerate competitive subordinates because an additional helper substantially increases productivity in small babbler groups , reducing the high costs of breeding as a pair [ 31 ] . immigrant ( and completely unrelated ) subordinate females are very rarely found in large babbler groups ( m . j . nelson - flower 2008 , unpublished data ) , suggesting that when groups become large , these subordinates are either evicted by dominants or repelled if they attempt to immigrate , or that groups only become large when the absence of a competitor does not place limits on reproductive success ."]}
{"id": 2438, "summary": [{"text": "phtheochroa simoniana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in italy , spain , portugal and morocco .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from february to march . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "phtheochroa simoniana", "paragraphs": ["phtheochroa simoniana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in italy , spain , portugal and morocco .\nsimoniana staudinger , 1859 ( cochylis ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 20 : 227 . tl : spain , andalusia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\ndrenowskii razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type\nflavana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 103 no type\ngracilimana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type\nhybriata razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type\nochodes razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type\necballiella huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 273 . tl : spain , cadiz . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrafalskii razowski , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , genus 8 : 176 . tl : mexico , durango , durango . holotype : amnh . male .\nsinecarina huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 275 . tl : morocco , fez . holotype : bmnh . male .\nvariolosana christoph , in romanoff , 1887 ( phtheochroa ) , mm lpid . 3 : 115 . tl : turkestan , holotype : bmnh . male .\nannae huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 276 . tl : austria , burgenland , neusiedl . holotype : tlmf . female .\nlarseni huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : turkey , anatolia , kizilcahamam . holotype : nhmv . female .\nosthelderi huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : syria , taukrus , marasch . holotype : zsm . female .\naarviki razowski & brown , 2012 ( phtheochroa ) , zootaxa 3222 : 3 . tl : kenya , central province , kereita forest . holotype : nmk . male .\nchriodes razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .\ncircina razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 4 : 175 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .\ndeima razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 137 tl : mexico , 10 km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .\nnatalica razowski , 2005 ( phtheochroa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 74 : 502 . tl : south africa , natal , karkloof . holotype : tmp . male .\npecosana kearfott , 1907 ( phtheochroa ) , can . ent . 39 : 124 . tl : usa , new mexico , beulah . lectotype : amnh . male .\nalbiscutellum walsingham , 1900 ( phtheochroa ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 487 tl : japan . holotype : bmnh . female .\ningridae huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nachrbl . bayer . ent 39 : 83 . tl : italy , sudtirol kalterer , leuchtenburger forst . holotype : tlmf . male .\nveirsi razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 376 tl : mexico , durango , 30 mi w durango . holotype : eme . female .\nzerena razowski & becker , 1993 ( phtheochroa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 21 : 234 . tl : mexico , veracruz , zangolica . holotype : mnrj . male .\nimitana derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 298 . tl : turkey . hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . male .\nochodea razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 177 tl : mexico , durango , el salto , rancho nuevo . holotype : sdnh . male .\npiptmachaeria razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 373 tl : mexico , durango , 10 mi w el salto . holotype : eme . male .\nschreieri derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 296 . tl : turkey , hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . female .\ntubulata arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 79 . tl : uzbekistan , north kugitangtau , leilakhansei . holotype : arenc . female .\nberberidana danilevsky , 1955 ( phtheochroa ) , ent . obozr . 34 : 118 . tl : central asia . central asia ( alma ata . ) . lectotype : zmas . female .\nkenyana aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 83 . tl : kenya , rift valley prov . , turi . holotype : bmnh . male .\namphibola razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 133 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .\nchlidantha razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 131 tl : mexico , oaxaca , 17 km se oaxaca , ruinas dainzu . holotype : eme . male .\neulabea razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 136 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .\nsyrtana ragonot , 1888 ( phtheochroa ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( bulletin ) ( 6 ) 8 : lxxxviii . tl : tunisia , gabes . holotype : mnhn . female .\nweiserti arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 78 . tl : uzbekistan , uzbekistan ( north kugitangtau , lielakhansei ) . holotype : arenc . male .\nciona razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , nayarit , 49 . 4 mi ne venado , mesa nayar . holotype : sdnh . male .\nfaulkneri razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .\npulvillana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 tl : germany , frankfurt . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nchriacta razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi s yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .\nhydnum razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , mexico ( chihuahua , sierra de catarina , 81 mi sw buenaventura . holotype : lacm . male .\ndilectana kennel , 1901 ( phtheochroa ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 243 . tl : russia . vol - gograd r , sarepta . holotype : mnhu . male .\nhybrista razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 171 tl : mexico . mexico ( jalisco , 14 . 7 mi sw yahualica , el aguacate . holotype : sdnh . male .\ncistobursa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .\nchaunax razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .\ndescensa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 173 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .\nhyboscia razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .\nnoema razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .\namandana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 . tl : germany . bayern ( regensburg ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 194 . tl : philippine islands . batan [ philippine islands ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\njohnibrowni razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , mexico ( jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 45 . holotype : sdnh . male .\nthiana staudinger , 1900 ( phtheochroa ? ( cochylis ? ) ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 ( 1899 ) : 348 . tl : central asia , central asia ( thian shan ) . holotype : mnhu . female .\nlonnvei aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 82 . tl : ethiopia , oromia reg . , bale zone , 43 km sw goba , bale mts . nat . park , darwin camp . holotype : nhmo . male .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthe wingspan is 16\u201318 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from february to march .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nje ne saurais que trop vous conseiller l\u2019ouvrage du groupe d\u2019etude des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s armoricains sur les pyrales de la manche . a retrouver sur le site pour le commander .\ntribu de la sous - famille des tortricinae qui compte 101 esp\u00e8ces visibles en france .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\njoaninha / / ten - spotted ladybird ( adalia decempunctata var . o . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nlocation : europe > portugal > algarve date photo taken : march 19 , 2010 \u00a9 copyright . you cannot use ! only encyclopedia of life ( eol )\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\naegrana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , oregon , jackson co . , rogue river . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nagelasta razowski , 1967 ( aethes ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 192 tl : costa rica , san jos . holotype : bmnh . female .\nalbiceps walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : mexico , guerrero , amula . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nalphitopa clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 7 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . male .\naureoalbida walsingham , 1895 ( hysterosia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 498 . tl : usa , colorado , loveland . lectotype : bmnh . male .\naureopunctana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 189 . tl : syria , etikettiert . holotype : mnhn . male .\nbaracana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , missouri , st louis . holotype : usnm . male .\ntiscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : usa . new jersey , caldwell . lectotype : amnh . male .\nvigilans meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nbirdana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , new york , rye . holotype : usnm . female .\ncanariana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , white mountains . holotype : usnm . male .\ncartwrightana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : canada , manitoba , cartwright . lectotype : amnh . male .\nchalcantha meyrick , 1912 ( pharmacis ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 20 . tl : turkey , alma dagh . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncymatodana rebel , 1927 ( conchylis ( phalonia ) ) , z . st . ent . verz . 12 : 117 . tl : spain , sierra d ' espua , korb . lectotype : nhmv . male .\nhermosa schmidt , 1933 ( phalonia ( conchylis ) ) , boln . soc . espa . hist . nat . 33 : 401 . tl : spain . sierra espua , murcia province . holotype : mncnm . male .\ndecipiens walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : syria , shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . female .\nrocharva obraztsov , 1943 ( hysterosia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 33 : 91 . tl : russia . rocharv , vallis flum pjandzh . holotype : zmku . male .\ndodrantaria razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 94 . tl : lebanon , beirut . holotype : mnhu . male .\ndrenowskyi rebel , 1916 ( euxanthis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 42 . tl : bulgaria , demir kapia . lectotype : nhmv . male .\nduponchelana duponchel , in godart , 1843 ( sericoris ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 143 . tl : italy , naples . holotype : mnhn . unknown .\nduponcheliana costa , 1847 ( sericoris ) , annali accad . aspir . natur . napoli 4 : 77 . tl : italy . naples . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 5 , fig . 31 . no type\nsyriaca walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 446 tl : syria . shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . male .\ndurbonana lhomme , 1937 ( phalonia ) , amat . papillons 8 : 202 . tl : europe , westalpien ( alps ) [ europe ] . holotype : mnhn . male .\nexasperantana christoph , 1872 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross 9 : 9 . tl : russia , vol - gograd region , sarepta . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncornigera razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 93 . tl : tajikistan . murgavskoje gosudarstwo . holotype : zmas . male .\nexasperatana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 53 . no type\nfarinosana herrich - schaffer , 1856 ( conchylis ) , neue schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 30 , fig . 154 . tl : russia , sarepta . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\nfrigidana guenee , 1845 ( eupoecilia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 298 . tl : sweden , dalarna [ dalecarlia , sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nandorrana milliere , 1865 ( conchylis ) , iconogr . descr . chenilles lpid . indits 2 : 167 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nflavidana guenee , 1846 ( cochylis ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 66 . tl : france . south france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nschawerdae rebel , in schawerda , 1908 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 58 : 255 . tl : kosovo . kosovo ( vucija bara ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsulphurana guenee , 1845 ( aphelia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 67 . tl : france . pyrnes . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsulphurosana razowski , 1970 ( aphelia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 73 . no type\nfulvicinctana constant , 1894 ( cochylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 62 ( 1893 ) : 403 . tl : france , alpes maritimes . holotype : mnhn . unknown .\nfulviplicana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , california , shasta co . , hatchet creek . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nfermentata meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 . no type\nhomanana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 84 . tl : usa . nevada , verdi . lectotype : amnh . male .\nkomonana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 121 . tl : usa . california , santa clara co . , alma . lectotype : usnm . male .\nrefuga meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\ngigantica busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 8 : 87 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , mexico city . holotype : usnm . female .\ngracillimana rebel , 1910 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 24 : 7 . tl : spain , castilia , cuenca . lectotype : mgab . male .\nhuachucana kearfott , 1907 ( commophila ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 79 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . . lectotype : amnh . male .\ninopiana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 469 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . lectotype : oum . male .\ncentrana herrich - schaffer , 1850 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 53 , fig . 373 . no type\ncentrana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( euchromia ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 205 . tl : switzerland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nexcentricana erschoff , 1877 ( tortrix ( idiographis ) ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia . siberia , irkutsk . syntypes : zmas . 2 females .\nhinnuleana krulikowsky , 1908 ( hysterosia inopiana ab . ) , societas ent . 23 : 18 . tl : russia . wjatka and kasan [ russia ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nobscurana kennel , 1913 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , palaear . tortr . : 350 . tl : russia . amur . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\npallidana caradja , 1916 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 55 . tl : russia . khabarovsky krai , kazakevich . lectotype : mgab . male .\ntripsiana eversmann , 1844 ( tortrix ) , fauna lepid . volgo - ural . : 491 . tl : russia . kasan , orenburg . syntype ( s ) : zmas . unknown .\niodes clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 4 . tl : guatemala , volcan santa mara . holotype : usnm . male .\nissikii razowski , 1977 ( hysterosia ) , ty to ga 28 : 35 . tl : japan , hokkaido , maruyama . holotype : usnm . female .\njerichoana amsel , 1935 ( phalonia ) , mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 : 291 . tl : palestine , jericho . holotype : lnk . male .\nkenneli obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 70 . tl : russia , volgograd region , sarepta . syntypes : mnhu . 2 females .\nkrulikowskiji obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 69 . tl : russia , viatka province , sarapul . holotype : zmku . male .\nkazakhstanica danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 109 . tl : khazakhstan . alma ata [ almaty ] . holotype : zmas . male .\nkazakhstanika danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 82 . no type\nloricata razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 568 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .\nlucentana kennel , 1899 ( cochylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 30 . tl : syria , holotype : mnhu . unknown .\nmelasma clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 9 . tl : guatemala , chejel . holotype : usnm . male .\nmeraca razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 54 : 570 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .\nmodestana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .\nnoctivaga razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 569 . tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . female .\nobnubila razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 571 . tl : mexico , hidalgo , jacala . holotype : eme . female .\nochralana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 300 . tl : tunisia , lectotype : mnhn . male .\nbedeella lucas , 1946 ( phalonia ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : tunisia . sfax . lectotype : mnhn . male .\nochrolana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 52 . no type\nochrobasana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 301 . tl : algeria , algeria ( biskra ) . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nundulata lucas , 1946 ( argyrotoxa ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : algeria . algeria ( el golea ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .\npalpana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 195 . tl : turkey , hadjin . holotype : mnhn . male .\nperspicuana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . , paradise . holotype : usnm . female .\npistrinana erschoff , 1877 ( cochylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia , siberia , irkutsk . syntype : zmas . male .\ncoreana walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : korea . gensan . holotype : bmnh . male .\nheptopotamica obraztsov , 1944 ( propira pistrinana ssp . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 68 . tl : kazakhstan . central asia ( dzharkent ) [ kazakhstan ] . holotype : unknown . male .\nprimula walsingham , 1914 ( hysterosia ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 299 . tl : mexico , popocatepetl . holotype : usnm . female .\nprocerana lederer , 1863 ( conchylis ) , wien . ent . monatschr . 7 : 45 . tl : bulgaria , holotype : mnhu . male .\ndispuncta kuznetzov , 1976 ( hysterosia pulvillana ssp . ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 64 : 3 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , vinogradovka . holotype : zmas . female .\npurana guenee , 1845 ( argyrolepia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 64 . tl : france , syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nlimbatana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 18 , fig . 125 . no type\nlimbatana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( cochylis ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 191 . tl : yugoslavia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\npurissima osthelder , 1938 ( phalonia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 28 : 24 . tl : iran , holotype : zsm . male .\nquaesita razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 570 . tl : mexico , zacatecas , 9 mi s fresnillo . holotype : eme . female .\nrectangulana chretien , 1915 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 299 . tl : algeria , algeria . lectotype : mnhn . female .\nreisseri razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 91 . tl : crete , west crete ( omalos ) . holotype : isez . male .\nretextana erschoff , 1874 ( conchylis ) , lepid . turkestan : 93 . tl : turkestan , laxartem , sir - daria . holotype : zmas . female .\nriscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , glenburn . lectotype : amnh . male .\nvincta meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nrugosana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 14fig . 82 . tl : germany , wrttenberg , marbach / neckar . neotype : tlmf . male .\nalbana kennel , 1913 ( phalonia ) , palaear . tortr . : 299 . no type\nv - albana donovan , [ 1806 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 11 : 31 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nschreibersiana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 53 . tl : germany , wrtemberg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsociana esartiya , 1988 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 67 ( 4 ) : 137 . tl : georgia , georgia ( grunzia , lagodekhi reserve ) . holotype : zmas . male .\nkaradaghina budashkin , 1992 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 69 : 415 . tl : ukraine . ukraine ( crimea ) . holotype : zmas . male .\nsodaliana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 436 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nsubfumida falkovitsh , 1963 ( hysterosia ( propira ) ) , zool . zhurn . moskva 42 : 697 tl : armenia , eriwan . holotype : zmas . male .\nsuperbissima razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53 : 571 tl : mexico , veracruz , 2 mi w el joyita , hwy . 140 . holotype : eme . male .\nterminana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .\nmerrickana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 59 . tl : usa . pennsylvania , new brighton . lectotype : amnh . male .\nundulata danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( hysterosia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 113 . tl : central asia , central asia ( dshungarian ala - tau ) . holotype : zmas . female .\nunionana kennel , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 : 135 . tl : russia , caucasus . syntypes : mnhu . 2 males .\nvicina walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : guatemala , vera paz , pancina . holotype : bmnh . female .\nvillana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 34 . tl : usa , colorado , adams co . , denver . holotype : usnm . male .\nvitellinana zeller , 1875 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 243 . tl : usa , maine or massachusetts . holotype : unknown . male .\nvulneratana zetterstedt , 1839 ( tortrix ) , insecta lapponica descripta : 979 . tl : sweden , lappland ( laponia [ sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : uzil . unknown .\nexsulana lederer , 1855 ( tortrix ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 117 . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\nmeincki amsel , 1932 ( euxanthis ) , dt . ent . z . berlin 1932 : 19 . tl : germany . holotype : meinc . unknown . [ lost ]\nniponica kawabe , 1982 ( hysterosia ) , moths japan 2 : 182 . no type\nnipponica matsumura , 1931 ( phalonia vulneratana form ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1074 tl : japan . hokkaido & honshu . syntype ( s ) : eihu . unknown . [ lost ]\nwaracana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : canada , alberta , regina . lectotype : usnm . female .\ndicax meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nzacualpana busck , 1913 ( commophila ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 1 : 141 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , zacualpan . holotype : usnm . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form ."]}
{"id": 2590, "summary": [{"text": "brachmia sigillatrix is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1910 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in southern india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11-12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are deep ochreous-yellow , irregularly mixed with light brown suffusion .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is black , edged with white , the plical obliquely before the first discal .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the hindwings are ochreous-whitish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "brachmia sigillatrix", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for sigillatrix definition . you find here sigillatrix meaning , synonyms of sigillatrix and images for sigillatrix copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sigillatrix . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sigillatrix and , of course , sigillatrix synonyms and on the right images related to the word sigillatrix .\nbrachmia sigillatrix is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1910 . it is found in southern india .\nbrachmia sigillatrix meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 222 ; tl : ernaculam , cochin state , malabar coast ; karwar , kanara\nbrachmia dimidiella ( denis & schiffermuller , 1775 ) = brachmia costiguttella zeller 1846 = brachmia kneri nowicki 1865 .\nbrachmia infixa meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia leucopla meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 16\nbrachmia leucospora meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia neuroplecta meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia fuscogramma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 209\nbrachmia insuavis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 51 ; tl : kankau\nbrachmia tholeromicta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nbrachmia circumfusa ; [ nhm , [ ref . on card incorrect ] card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nbrachmia antichroa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 156 ; tl : ceylon , kandy\nbrachmia brunneolineata legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 81\nbrachmia ioplaca meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 453 ; tl : taiwan , alikano\nbrachmia obfuscata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nbrachmia obtrectata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : china , shanghai\nbrachmia perumbrata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nbrachmia resoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengla , pusa\nbrachmia tepidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : china , shanghai\nbrachmia autonoma meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 369 ; tl : chagos islands\nbrachmia circumfusa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : french guinea , konakri\nbrachmia liberta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo\nbrachmia ( cladodes ) procursella rebel , 1903 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 53 : 97\nbrachmia velitaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton\nbrachmia deltopis meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 79\nbrachmia ditemenitis meyrick , 1934 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 14 ( 82 ) : 408\nbrachmia infuscatella rebel , 1940 ; soc . sci . fenn . , comm . biol . 8 ( 1 ) : 38\nbrachmia melicephala meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : burma , lashio , 3000ft\nbrachmia strigosa meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 450 ; tl : borneo , kuching\nbrachmia torva meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 278 ; tl : nyassland , mt mlanje\nbrachmia craterospila meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong\nbrachmia syntonopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 48 ; tl : bombay , belgaum\nbrachmia apricata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nbrachmia cenchritis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 721 ; tl : khasis\nbrachmia hedemanni caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 112 ; tl : darjeeling\nbrachmia ptochodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nbrachmia custos meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 725 ; tl : nilgiris , 6000ft\nbrachmia robustella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 , f . 1 ; tl : herzegovina\nbrachmia amphisticta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : portuguese east africa , e of mt . chiperone\nbrachmia vecors meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 112 ; tl : s . india , palnis and gooty , madura , hampsagaram\nbrachmia insuavis ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 232 ( unrecognized )\nbrachmia ioplaca ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 233 ( unrecognized )\nbrachmia ( dichomeridinae ) ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nanacampsis anisopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 140 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6000ft\nballotellus ( amsel , 1935 ) ( hypsolophus ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 298\napethistis carphodes meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 459 ; tl : khasi hills\naulacomima ceramochroa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 150 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndilutiterminella ( gerasimov , 1930 ) ( cladodes ) ; ann . mus . zool . acad . sci . leningr . 31 ( 1 ) : 33 , pl . 7 , f . 3\ndryotyphla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ngelechia inornatella douglas , 1850 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 1 : 65 ; tl : charlton\ngelechia ( ceratophora ? ) japonicella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 365 , pl . 5 , f . 124\ndichomeris japonicella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nmonotona caradja , 1927 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . ( 3 ) 4 ( 8 ) : 420\nmurinula turati , 1930 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 80\nopaca meyrick , 1927 ; bull . acad . ( 3 ) 4 : 421 [ ? ] 9\northomastix meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nphilochersa meyrick , 1938 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 87 : 514\nphilodema meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 7\nceratophora radiosella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 115\nstactopis meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nsubsignata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 61\nlecithocera triophthalma meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 220 ; tl : tenmalai , w . ghats , travancore\naulacomima trinervis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nxeronoma meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 591\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nzur lepidopteren - fauna mittel - asiens . 1 . microheterocera aus dem distrikt kaschka - darja ( so - buchara )\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nthe percy sladen and godman trusts expedition to the islands in the gulf of guinea , october 1932 march 1933 . iii . micro - lepidoptera\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe wingspan is 11 - 12 mm . the forewings are deep ochreous - yellow , irregularly mixed with light brown suffusion . the stigmata is black , edged with white , the plical obliquely before the first discal . the hindwings are ochreous - whitish .\naustria , belgium , bulgaria , hungary , germany , denmark , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , trans - baikal , karelia , krasnoyarsk , of baikal , seaside , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\nalbania , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , hungary , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) poland , romania , russia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthe gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate\u2013ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing\u2013coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) ."]}