philonome albivittata is a species of moth of the tineidae family .

it is found in french guiana .

the length of the forewings is 2.8 – 3.1 mm .

the forewings are reddish brown with a brown costa .

the longitudinal fascia is white , spanning the entire costal area except the costa .

it has a sinuous lower margin and is accompanied with a narrow , dark brown line .

the dorsal bar is white and found at the basal third of the dorsum .

it is dentiform and accompanied with a dark brown bar along the upper margin .

the marginal area is dark brown .

the hindwings are brownish grey .

philonome albivittata

choose one > philonome albivittata > philonome clemensella > philonome curvilineata > philonome euryarga > philonome kawakitai > philonome lambdagrapha > philonome sp . clv - 2014 all lower taxonomy nodes ( 7 )
comparison of three similar species of philonome , philonome curvilineata , philonome penerivifera , and philonome rivifera in the male genitalia .
abdomen : coremata on male sternum viii present posterolaterally , short and stiff ( philonome albivittata sp . n . , philonome clemensella , philonome euryarga , and philonome wielgusi sp . n . ) , long and hair - like ( philonome lambdagrapha sp . n . ) or absent ( philonome curvilineata sp . n . and philonome rivifera ) .
the holotype and three paratypes of philonome penerivifera in the bmnh collection were misidentified as philonome rivifera by edward meyrick .
the female genitalia of philonome kawakitai is similar to those of philonome penerivifera but differ from the latter in having the lamella antevaginalis of the seventh sternite more rounded ( obliquely truncate posteriorly in philonome penerivifera ) and in the absence of microscopic spicules in the corpus bursae . philonome kawakitai is distinguished from philonome curvilineata , philonome penerivifera , and philonome rivifera in having the dorsal bar not reaching the dorsal margin and the complete subterminal line on the forewing .
philonome , female genitalia . 61 – 62 philonome penerivifera 61 ventral view 62 lateral view of segment 8 and sterigma 63 – 64 philonome kawakitai 63 ventral view 64 lateral view 65 – 66 philonome rivifera 65 ventral view 66 lateral view of segment 8 and sterigma .
philonome , female genitalia . 57 – 58 philonome nigrescens 57 ventral view 58 lateral view of segment 8 and sterigma 59 – 60 philonome clemensella 59 ventral view 60 lateral view of segment 8 and sterigma .
philonome , male genitalia . 47 – 48 philonome albivittata 47 ventral view of genital capsule and phallus 48 lateral view 49 – 52 philonome penerivifera 49 ventral view of genital capsule and phallus 50 lateral view , with ventral detail of uncus 51 lateral view of valva 52 phallus 53–56 philonome rivifera . 53 ventral view of genital capsule and phallus 54 lateral view 55 lateral view of valva 56 phallus .
philonome , male genitalia . 31 – 33 philonome nigrescens 31 ventral view of genital capsule 32 lateral view 33 phallus 34 – 36 philonome clemensella . 34 ventral view of genital capsule 35 lateral view 36 phallus .
adults . 2 philonome cuprescens , ♂ ( 3 . 1 mm ) , abbreviations : as = apical spot ; cf = costal fascia ; db = dorsal bar ; lf = longitudinal fascia ; ss = subapical spot ; tp = tornal patch 3 philonome wielgusi , ♂ holotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) 4 philonome nigrescens , ♂ holotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) 5 philonome clemensella , ♂ ( 4 . 0 mm ) 6 philonome lambdagrapha , ♂ holotype ( 3 . 0 mm ) 7 philonome curvilineata , ♂ holotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) 8 philonome euryarga , ♂ ( 2 . 7 mm ) 9 philonome albivittata , ♂ holotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) . ( forewing lengths in parentheses ) .
the new world genus philonome chambers , 1874 is revised . this genus comprises twelve species , seven of which are described as new : two species , philonome nigrescens sp . n . and philonome wielgusi sp . n . , from the united states ; four species , philonome albivittata sp . n . , philonome curvilineata sp . n . , philonome kawakitai sp . n . , and philonome lambdagrapha sp . n . , from french guiana ; and one species , philonome penerivifera sp . n . , from brazil . lectotypes are designated for philonome clemensella chambers , 1874 and philonome rivifera meyrick , 1915 . partially on evidence of their head morphology and particularly from molecular evidence , the genus philonome , previously associated with bucculatricidae or lyonetiidae , is reassigned to tineidae . a possible systematic position of philonome within tineidae is discussed . eurynome chambers , 1875 , is synonymized with argyresthia hübner , 1825 ( argyresthiidae ) . photographs of adults and illustrations of genitalia , when available , are provided for all described species of philonome and two species previously misplaced in philonome , argyresthia luteella ( chambers , 1875 ) and elachista albella ( chambers , 1877 ) . in addition , dna barcodes were used for the delimitation of most species .
this species is similar to philonome clemensella in external appearance but can be distinguished from the latter in having shorter longitudinal fascia and straight costal fascia on the forewing . in the male genitalia , the lateral processes on the uncus are larger in philonome wielgusi than in philonome clemensella and the valvae are not divided at all in philonome wielgusi .
philonome luteella ( chambers ) : mcdunnough 1939 : 100 ; davis 1983 : 8 .
philonome clemensella , body morphology . 18 head , frontal view 19 legs 20 wing venation .
adults . 10 philonome penerivifera , ♀ paratype ( 3 . 6 mm ) 11 philonome kawakitai , ♀ holotype ( 3 . 8 mm ) 12 philonome rivifera , ♂ lectotype ( 3 . 4 mm ) 13 philonome rivifera , ♂ paralectotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) 14 philonome sp . , clv105310 ( 4 . 1 mm ) 15 philonome spectata , ♀ holotype ( 2 . 3 mm ) 16 argyresthia luteella , ♀ holotype ( 3 . 4 mm ) 17 elachista dasycara ( = eurynome albella ) , ♀ holotype ( 4 . 0 mm ) . ( forewing lengths in parentheses ) .
this species is indistinguishable from philonome rivifera meyrick in external appearance but differs from the latter in having the apex of the valva in the male genitalia entire ( vs . bifid in philonome rivifera ) .
philonome , male genitalia . 37 – 39 philonome lambdagrapha 37 ventral view of genital capsule and phallus 38 lateral view 39 phallus 40 – 41 philonome curvilineata . 40 ventral view of genital capsule and phallus 41 lateral view 42 – 46 philonome euryarga 42 ventral view of genital capsule 43 ventral view 44 abdominal tergum viii ( caudal end directed upward ) 45 lateral view of phallus 46 anterior base of phallus , ventral view .
this species is similar to philonome curvilineata in external appearance but differs from the latter in having the longitudinal and costal fasciae separate ( continuous in philonome curvilineata and larger apical protrusion on the tegumen in the male genitalia .
philonome clemensella : chambers 1874 : 97 ; dyar 1903 : 563 ; mcdunnough 1939 : 100 ; davis 1983 : 8 .
the goals of this paper are to redefine the generic characteristics of philonome , to describe seven new species from the nearctic and neotropical regions , to transfer a misplaced species , “ philonome ” luteella to its correct genus , argyresthia , and to provide morphological evidence of the tineid relationship of philonome , which has been suggested from a recent molecular phylogenetic study ( sohn et al . 2013 ) .
philonome , male genitalia . 21 – 25 philonome cuprescens . 21 ventral view of genital capsule 22 lateral view 23 lateral view of valva 24 phallus , lateral view 25 phallus , ventral view 26 – 30 philonome wielgusi , male genitalia . 26 ventral view of genital capsule 27 lateral view 28 ventral view of anellus and uncus 29 lateral view of valva 30 phallus . ( scale lengths in parentheses ) .
philonome chambers , 1874 : 96 ; dyar 1903 : 563 ; mcdunnough 1939 : 100 ; davis 1983 : 8 ; 1984 : 25 .
female genitalia : ovipositor telescopic with two primary segments ; papillae anales semi - elliptical , setose ; lamella antevaginalis conical or cylindrical ; additional protrusion behind ostium bursae present ( philonome nigrescens and philonome rivifera ) or absent ; ductus bursae slender ; corpus bursae obovate or elliptical ; signum absent .
despite some possible synapomorphies between philonome and the hieroxestinae , we find them insufficient for a final taxonomic placement , and therefore leave the genus unplaced in tineidae .
a neighbor - joining tree , generated under the k2p nucleotide substitution model , for the species of philonome . branch lengths represent the number of substitutions per site .
meyrick ( 1915 ) described philonome rivifera , based on eight specimens . only six of those syntypes have been located in the bmnh . the specimen labels indicate that one of those was selected as the lectotype . this designation , however , has never been published , and the same specimen is designated here as the lectotype of philonome rivifera .
the monobasic genus philonome was proposed by chambers in 1874 for philonome clemensella chambers . chambers ( 1875 ) later proposed a supposedly allied genus , eurynome , also based on a single species , eurynome luteella chambers , and in 1877 , added another congener , eurynome albella chambers . eurynome , however , was recognized as a homonym and later replaced by busckia dyar , 1903 .
chambers ( 1878 ) mentioned that he repeatedly collected philonome clemensella from the type locality where gleditschia triacanthos l . , ulmus americana l . , prunus serotina ehrh . , and celtis occidentalis l . grow in the immediate vicinity . he then assumed that the larvae may feed on some weeds or shrubs growing nearby . forbes ( 1923 ) noted that the larvae of philonome clemensella feed on hickory and linden . these records were , however , based on ambiguous label data which state only plant names without details and thus require verification . nothing is known about the biology for other congeners of philonome clemensella .
the species name is derived from the latin prefix ‘pene ( = paene ) ’ , meaning “almost” , and the preexisting species name , rivifera , and refers to the overall similarity of this species to philonome rivifera .
only the holotype of philonome spectata is known to exist . it was not possible to examine this specimen and to illustrate the genitalia . this species can be distinguished from other congeners in lacking the dorsal bar on the forewing .
kimura 2 - parameter ( k2p ) distances ( % ) for barcode dna sequences of the seven analyzed species in genus philonome . minimal pairwise distances between species are given for each species pair . values in square brackets represent maximal intraspecific distances .
philonome luteella ( chambers ) was originally the type species of eurynome chambers , 1875 . the generic name was found to be preoccupied by eurynome leach , [ 1814 ] and was replaced with busckia dyar , 1903 . mcdunnough ( 1939 ) synonymized busckia with philonome . our examination revealed that this species is actually a member of argyresthia hübner , [ 1825 ] ( argyresthiidae ) . therefore , eurynome chambers , 1875 and its replacement name , busckia dyar , 1903 , are here synonymized with argyresthia hübner , [ 1825 ] .
sohn j - c , davis dr , lopez - vaamonde c ( 2015 ) revision of the genus philonome chambers and its proposed reassignment to the family tineidae ( lepidoptera , tineoidea ) . zookeys 494 : 69–106 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 494 . 8748
western united states ( colorado ) . chambers ( 1875 ) stated “spanish bar” , now fall river in larimer county , colorado , as the collecting locality . on the label of the holotype of philonome luteella , “kentucky” was given as collecting locality with strikethrough mark indicating that the locality is not correct .
holotype : female , “holo - type” [ round label with red borders ] , “para brazil parish 7 - 19 . ” , “meyrick coll . b . m . 1938 - 290 . ” , “ philonome spectata 1 / 1 meyr [ ick ] e . meyrick det . in meyrick coll . ” , bmnh .
holotype : female , “holo - type” [ round label with red borders ] , “bartica , brit [ ish ] guiana . parish . 2 . 13” , “ euryarga meyr . ” [ hand - written ] , “ philonome euryarga 1 / 1 meyr [ ick ] e . meyrick det . in meyrick coll . ” , bmnh .
maximum likelihood phylogeny of tineidae s . l . extracted from sohn et al . ( 2013 ) , based on 27 nuclear genes . branches in bold indicate the > 70 % bootstrapping support from at least one analysis attempted by sohn et al . ( 2013 ) . the ‘a’ in closed circle represents a well - supported subclade of tineidae in which philonome clemensella is included .
the forewing pattern and the female genital morphology of eurynome luteella suggest that it is not congeneric with philonome . its forewing pattern is similar to some species of argyresthia , especially argyresthia cupressella walsingham , 1891 , and argyresthia freyella walsingham , 1891 . the female genitalia of eurynome luteella include a denticulate signum of which the shape is typical for argyresthia . this species , consequently , has been reassigned to argyresthia .
lectotype ( designated here ) : male , “48” [ hand - written ] , “type no . 522 u . s . n . m . ” [ red label ] , “ philonome clemmensella [ sic ] k [ entuck ] y . 5961lis1 cham [ bers ] ” [ hand - written ] , usnm . paralectotypes : usa : kentucky : 4♀ , 3 ex . , june 14 [ no year ] ( chambers ) , type no . 1311 , mcz .
lectotype ( designated here ) : male , “lecto - type” ( round label with indigo boarders ) , “bartica brit [ ish ] guiana parish . 2 . 13” , “meyrick coll . b . m . 1938 - 290 . ” , “ philonome rivifera 10 / 17 meyr [ ick ] e . meyrick det . in meyrick coll . ” , bmnh . paralectotypes : guyana : same data as lectotype : 1♂ , 4♀ , [ gsn ] bm 31892 ( ♂ ) & bm 32829 ( ♀ ) , bmnh .
holotype : male , “type” [ circular label with red borders ] , “amula , 6000ft . guerrero mexico viii 18 ( h . h . smith ) ( gdm . slvn ) 66776” , “walsingham collection , 1910 - 427” , “ philonome ♂ cuprescens wlsm . biol . c . am . lep . het . 4 . p346 , 1914 type ♂ descr” [ label with black marginal lines ] , bmnh . paratypes : same data as holotype : 1♂ , 1 ex . [ hindwing & abdomen missing ] , type no . 66778 & 66779 , [ gsn ] usnm 34210 ( ♂ ) , usnm .
thorax : scales of patagium pale orange , with dark brown tips ; tegula reddish brown basally , paler to apex , pale orange apically ; mesonotum pale orange , transversely intermixed with dark brown scales at middle . fore - and midlegs with coxa lustrous yellowish white ; femur , tibia , and tarsomeres dark brown dorsally , lustrous yellowish white laterally and ventrally . hindleg pale brownish gray dorsally , lustrous yellowish white laterally and ventrally . forewing length 3 . 2–3 . 6 mm ( n = 2 ) , coloration and patterns similar to philonome rivifera . hindwing dark brownish gray ; fringe brownish gray on costal and apical area , yellowish gray along posterior margin .
holotype : male , “holo - type” [ circular label with red border ] , “para brazil parish 6 - 19 . ” , “ philonome rivifera 7 / 17 meyr . e . meyrick det . in meyrick coll . ” [ old label attached before this study ] , “meyrick coll . b . m . 1988 - 290 . ” , “b . m . ♂ genitalia slide no . 32828” . paratypes ( 1♂ , 4♀ , 1 ex . ) : brazil : amazonas : munaos [ = manaus ] , 2♀ , “11 . 19” ( parish ) , bmnh . tefé , 1 ex . , “1 . 20” ( parish ) , bmnh . federal district : planaltina ( 15°35’s , 47°42’w , alt . 1000m ) : 1♀ , 3 may 1984 ( vo becker ) , “becker 56394” , vob ; 1♀ , 15 june 1985 , “becker 57636” , [ gsn ] usnm 34615 , usnm . pará : óbidos , 1♂ , “9 . 19” ( parish ) , bmnh .
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jae - cheon sohn , 1 , 2 donald r . davis , 1 and carlos lopez - vaamonde 3 , 4
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has been so far supported only by molecular data , not yet by morphological evidence .
currently includes six species , which occur exclusively in the new world : two from the nearctic region and four from the neotropical region .
; at ~ 6500 feet elevation ) , el paso co . , colorado , was once treated as
) . this suggests that their resemblance is due to convergence . the biology of
have been collected from hickory and linden trees . his statement , however , was based on the ambiguous label data of specimens from the united states national museum of natural history . no additional observation of the larvae of
pinned specimens from five institutional collections were examined . the abbreviations of these depositories are as follows :
selected specimens were dissected for genitalia and abdominal structures , following clarke ( 1941 ) , except that chlorazol black was used for staining . dissected genitalia were mounted on microscope slides in euparal resin ( bioquip products inc . ) or canada balsam . pinned specimens were examined under a leica mz apo stereoscope . slide - mounted specimens were examined under a leica leitz - dmrx microscope . all illustrations were drawn from dissections temporarily stored in glycerin , which were later permanently embedded in mounting medium . terms for genitalia and wing venation follow klots ( 1970 ) and wootton ( 1979 ) , respectively . the 8 th abdominal segment is abbreviated as a8 in the descriptions . verbatim label data are given for primary types . additional data by the present authors are given in brackets .
dna was extracted from hind legs of dried specimens . dna barcodes ( 658 bp of the coi mitochondrial gene ) were generated at the canadian centre for dna barcoding ( ccdb , guelph ) . a total of seven specimens were sequenced ( table
) , all collected in french guiana by the third author ( clv ) . these newly generated barcodes were compared to five dna - barcodes of
) and the other four unpublished . barcode data were analysed using the analytical tools of bold such as neighbour joining and pairwise genetic distance matrix .
specimens used for the dna barcoding analysis . both the process id and sample id codes are unique identifiers linking the record in the bold database and the voucher specimen from which the sequence is derived . additional collecting and specimen data are accessible in bold’s data set ( urltoken ) as well as genbank ( urltoken ) .
phillonome [ sic ] : chambers 1880 : 196 , 199 . incorrect subsequent spelling .
) : vestiture of vertex rough with piliform scales ; frons smooth with broad , flat , appressed scales ; a band of broad , spatulate scales between the bases of the antennae , along the transfrontal suture , bounded both above and below by piliform scales . antenna filiform in both sexes ; antennal pecten absent ; scape elongate , ~ 2 . 2–2 . 4× length of adjacent pedicel . labial palpus without bristle - like setae ; 2
. maxillary palpus 5 - segmented , longer than labial palpus . proboscis naked , shorter than maxillary palpus .
: foreleg epiphysis slender . midfemur with apical tuft of elongate scales . hind - tibia hairy dorsally . forewing pattern elements ( fig .
) or entire ; anellus funnel - shaped ; basal ring of anellus moderately sclerotized ; vinculum broad ; saccus present .
: vertex orange ; space between antennal scapes lined with broad pale orange scales ; frons brownish white with luster . antenna 5 / 6 as long as forewing ; scape orange dorsally , brownish white ventrally , pecten reddish brown ; flagellomere dark brown on distal half , pale brownish gray on basal half . labial palpus 1 / 4 as long as maxillary palpus , pale orange , pale orange . maxillary palpus lustrous yellowish white dorsally , gray ventrally .
abdomen : terga lustrous , dark reddish brown ; sterna lustrous , pale yellow .
) : tegumen rectangular , with subtrapezoidal protrusion apically and subtriangular process laterally ; apical protrusion 1 / 2 as long as valva , with round depression ventro - subapically and triangular anterior extension . valva elongate , digitate on distal half , setose subapically ; costa convex at basal 2 / 5 ; sacculus as small , setose bulge . vinculum broad , elliptical , anterior margin convex medially ; saccus short , narrow - subtriangular . phallus slightly curved at distal 1 / 3 , of even width on distal 3 / 4 , broadened on basal 1 / 4 .
mexico : same locality as holotype : 1♂ , 2 ex . , 18 september [ no year ] ( hh smith ) , bmnh .
: vertex yellowish brown , paler to frons ; frons lustrous , pale yellowish gray . antenna 2 / 3 as long as forewing ; scape dark brown dorsally , with broad , lustrous , pale yellowish gray patch ventrally ; first six flagellomeres dark brown dorsally , narrowly white ventrally ; the remaining flagellomeres entirely dark brown . labial palus straight , very small , 3 / 5 as long as antennal scape , pale orange , apex obtuse . maxillary palpus 2× longer than labial palpus , yellowish gray ; each segment tinged with pale orange apically .
abdomen : terga lustrous , gray ; sterna lustrous , pale orange . tergum viii of male rectangular ; sternum viii subrectangular , broadly emarginated posteriorly , with oblique furrow laterally and short , stiff coremata posterolaterally .
) : tegumen subtrapezoidal , with semi - elliptical protrusion apically and falcate processes ( uncus ) laterally ; apical protrusion with round opening dorsoposteriorly , connected with u - shaped groove basally ; teguminal process 1 / 2 as long as valve . valva elongate , broadened to base ; apex obtuse , sparsely setose ; sacculus broadened at basal 1 / 3 , narrowed distally , nearly as long as valva . anellus extending to basal 3 / 5 of phallus ; juxta forming a ridge connected to anellus . vinculum broad , smoothly angulate laterally , broadly triangular anteriorly , with setose bulge near base of valva ; saccus short , subtriangular . phallus narrowed to apex , slightly curved at middle .
holotype : male , “arizona : cochise co . : sierra vista 5131 bannock 2 ix 1988” , “attracted to ( e , z ) – 3 13 oddoh @ 1615 - 1730 hrs . ” , “r . s . wielgus collector” , usnm . paratypes ( 78♂ ) : usa : arizona : cochise co . : chiricahua mountains . , sunny flat campground : 1♂ , 28 july 1989 , b & jf landry , cnc . sierra vista : 5131 bannock , 10♂ , 31 august 1988 ( rs wielgus ) , on pheromone trap ; 18♂ , 1 september 1988 , [ gsn ] usnm 31056 ; 12♂ , 2 september 1988 , [ gsn ] usnm 29950 ; 2♂ , 5 september 1988 ; 1♂ , 6 september 1988 ; 7♂ , 9 september 1988 ; 1♂ , 10 september 1988 ; 1♂ , 14 september 1988 ; 3♂ , 15 september 1988 ; 8♂ , 16 september 1988 ; 4♂ , 17 september 1988 ; 7♂ , 18 september 1988 , usnm . graham co . : pinaleno mountains : wet canyon : 3♂ , 22 july 1989 , b & jf landry , cnc .
the species name is a patronym in honor of mr . ronald s . wielgus , who collected nearly the entire type series .
as reported by the collector , ronald wielgus , and indicated on specimen labels , nearly all moths were collected in the late afternoon , between 16 : 15 and 17 : 30 hours . all 157 adults collected thus far are males .
this species is easily distinguished from all other congeners in possessing a black ground - color of the forewing and an elongate process on the transtila of the male genitalia .
: scales on vertex dark reddish brown , as long as antennal scape , directed forward ; semicircular , dome - like scale cap on anterior vertex between antennal scapes , slightly concave anteriomedially , lustrous , pale yellowish gray ; frons lustrous , yellowish gray . antenna 3 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape dark brown dorsally , reddish brown laterally , pale brownish gray ventrally , with flabellate , pale brownish gray scape cap anteroventrally and pecten ; flagellomeres dark brown dorsally , pale brownish gray ventrally . labial palpus straight , slender , conical , obtuse apically , small , 1 / 2 as long as antennal scape , lustrous , pale yellowish gray .
thorax : patagium white on distal half , dark brown on basal half ; tegula white , tinged with dark brown basally ; mesonotum dark brown with coppery luster . foreleg with coxa to tarsomeres lustrous orange - white , narrowly tinged with gray dorsally . midleg with coxa to tibia lustrous orange - white ; femur with broad pale reddish brown patch dorsally ; tibia broadly dark gray dorsally ; tarsomeres dark gray , paler ventrally . hindleg with coxa lustrous pale orange , tinged with brown basally ; femur lustrous pale orange ; tibia and tarsomeres dark gray dorsally , lustrous pale orange ventrally ; tibia spinose dorsally , with hair tufts ventrally . forewing length 2 . 1–3 . 2 mm ( n = 7 ) , dark brown with coppery luster ; longitudinal fascia white , extending from base to basal 1 / 3 of forewing ; costal fascia white , straight , broadened at costa ; dorsal bar white ; subapical , apical and tornal spots white ; fringe gray . hindwing gray , paler to base ; fringe gray .
abdomen : terga lustrous , dark grayish brown ; sterna lustrous , yellowish gray ventrally .
) : tegumen trapezoidal , with digitate process posterolaterally ; teguminal process 1 / 3 as long as valva , sparsely setose on dorsoapical 1 / 2 ; tuba analis arising between teguminal processes . valva subtrapezoidal on basal half , digitate on distal half , densely setose apically and at middle , sparsely setose on distal half ; sacculus broadly swollen and granulate at basal 1 / 3 , convex and setose at distal end . transtilla with elongate process 3 / 4 as long as phallus . juxta with semicircular bulge , connected to anellus . vinculum broad , subquadrate ; saccus quadrate , 1 / 2 as long as lateral process of tegumen . phallus slightly curved , enlarged posteriorly ; apex with linguiform carina .
) : apophyses posteriores 1 . 8× longer than apophyses anteriores . lamella anteveginalis dome - shaped , slanted to ostium bursae . sclerotized protrusion bearing ostium cylindrical , surrounded with conical membranous area . ductus bursae as long as corpus bursae , narrow ; inception of ductus seminalis at posterior 1 / 3 with a cylindrical sclerotization . corpus bursae obovate .
holotype : male , “arizona : cochise co . sierra vista 5131 bannock 18 ix 1988” , “r wielgus collector” , “attracted to 1988 farchan ( z , z ) - 3 , 13 odda @ 1620hrs . in pheromone trap” [ hand - written ] , usnm . paratypes ( 8♂ , 1♀ ) : usa : arizona : cochise co . : same locality as holotype : 1♂ , 13 may 1988 , attracted to pheromone trap ; 3♂ , 28 august 1988 ( r s wielgus ) , attracted to pheromone trap ; 1♂ , 17 september 1988 , all usnm . pima co . : station catalina : 1♂ , [ “iss” ] 13 june 1913 ( hopk . ) , “from trunk of evergreen oak” , [ gsn ] usnm 16406 , usnm . santa cruz co . : peña blanca campground : 2♂ , 22 august 1988 , attracted to pheromone trap , [ wsn ] usnm wing 29949 , usnm . new mexico : grant co . : silver city : 1♀ , 5 june 1974 ( pm jump ) , [ gsn ] usnm 34355 , usnm .
the species name is derived from the latin verb ‘nigrescere’ meaning “verging on black” and refers to the black ground color of the forewing of this species .
: vertex convex medially ; scales on vertex orange , as long as antennal scape , slanted forward ; semicircular , dome - like scale cap on anterior vertex between antennal scapes with compact appressed , lustrous pale yellow scales ; frons smooth , lustrous pale yellow . antenna 3 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape reddish brown dorsally , lustrous pale yellow ventrally , with fan - shaped scale cap anterioventrally ; flagellomeres dark reddish brown dorsally , lustrous pale yellow ventrally . labial palpus straight , slender , very small , 1 / 2 as long as antennal scape , pale orange , apex acuminate . maxillary palpus 3× longer than labial palpus , pale orange .
abdomen : terga lustrous , yellowish gray ; sterna lustrous orange - white . male tergum viii trapezoidal ; male sternum viii subrectangular , broadly emarginated posteriorly , with oblique furrow laterally and short , stiff coremata posterolaterally .
) : tegumen trapezoidal , with subrectangular protrusion apically , strongly sclerotized , digitate process laterally , and short , lanceolate sclerite at center ; long setae above teguminal process ; tuba analis arising from dorsal area of apical protrusion . valva deeply divided into two portions ; costal portion triangular on basal half , elongate on distal half , sparsely setose , apex protruding ; saccular portion elliptical , more densely setose to apex . anellus extending to middle of phallus . vinculum broadly sclerotized , capsulate , with a pair of small protrusions on distal margin . phallus of even width except slightly - swollen at basal 1 / 6 , slightly bifid apically .
) : apophyses posteriores 2× longer than apophyses anteriores . elongate scales on posteroventral margin of a8 . lamella antevaginalis short , cylindrical , with ridge posterolaterally . ductus bursae as long as corpus bursae , narrow on anterior 1 / 2 ; inception of ductus seminalis at middle of ductus bursae , bulged , with a sclerotized ring . corpus bursae obovate .
hickory ( juglandaceae : carya ) and linden ( tiliaceae : possibly tilia americana l . ) ( forbes 1923 ) . these are from the label data in the usnm collection . the collection also includes a specimen whose label data states that it came from oak ( fagaceae : quercus ) . the label data give no details other than plant common names . therefore , it is not clear if these records refer to larval host plants or where the adults were collected .
: vertex orange on posterior 2 / 3 , pale orange on anterior 1 / 3 ; scales on dorsum of occiput dark grayish brown ; scales between antennal scapes lustrous pale orange ; frons lustrous pale yellow . antenna 4 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape as long as diameter of eye , lustrous orange dorsally , lustrous pale yellowish gray laterally and ventrally , lustrous pale grayish brown apically ; flagellomeres pale orange dorsally , lustrous pale yellow ventrally . labial palpus 1 / 2 as long as antennal scape , lustrous pale yellowish gray .
abdomen : male tergum viii and sternum viii subquadrate ; coremata piliform , as long as tergum viii .
) : tegumen nearly as long as valva , semi - elliptical on basal 3 / 4 , rectangular on distal 1 / 4 , with small lateral protrusion dorsoposteriorly . valva elongate , lobate , sparsely setose on outer surface . juxta liguiform , 1 / 2 as long as valva . vinculum broad , gradually broadened anteriorly , with medial and lateral protrusions along anterior margin ; phallus slightly curved at basal 2 / 5 , broadened posteriorly .
holotype : male , “id # : clv102310 [ red letters ] french guiana : [ régina , nouragues research station ] [ lt : 4 . 1 ln : 52 / ] carlos lopez vaamonde 23 - jan - 2010 dna barcode lnoua928 - 10 [ green letters in blue row ] ” , “nou68” , “genitalia slide drd ♂ usnm 34621” [ green label ] , usnm .
the species name is derived from the greek letter ‘lambda’ and a suffix derived from the greek ‘graphein’ meaning “to write” , and refers to the white fascia of the forewing resembling a lambda ( λ ) .
: scales of vertex orange on posterior 2 / 3 , pale orange on anterior 1 / 3 ; scales on dorsum of occiput dark brown , orange on basal 1 / 4 ; scales between antennal scapes lustrous pale orange ; frons very small , pale orange . antenna 4 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape as long as diameter of eye , pale orange , paler ventrad ; flagellomeres pale orange dorsally , silvery white ventrally . labial palpus 1 / 2 as long as antennal scape , lustrous pale orange .
abdomen : male tergum viii rectangular ; male sternum viii rectangular , broadly emarginated posteriorly .
) : tegumen rectangular , convex posteriorly , with sparsely setose , small bulge apically ; tuba analis arising from dorsoposterior region of tegumen . valva digitate , slightly enlarged on basal 1 / 2 , flattened apically , with stout spiniform setae along edges of apical area and with piliform setae in inner surface of costal and saccular areas . anellus conical , nearly as long as phallus . vinculum broad , rectangular ; saccus elongate , 1 / 4 as long as valva . phallus slightly curved at distal 1 / 5 , narrowing to apex , greatly broadened in basal 1 / 6 .
holotype : male , “id # : clv68110 [ red letters ] french guiana : [ régina , nouragues research station ] [ lt : 4 . 1 ln : 52 / ] carlos lopez vaamonde 20 - jan - 2010 dna barcode lnoua586 - 10 [ green letters in blue row ] ” , “nou37” , “genitalia slide drd ♂ usnm 34620” [ green label ] , usnm .
the species name , an adjective , is derived from the latin words ‘curvus’ and ‘lineatus’ , together meaning “curved line” and refers to the curved longitudinal fascia on the forewing of this new species .
: vertex reddish orange on posterior 2 / 3 , pale orange on anterior 1 / 3 ; scales on interspace between antennal scapes yellowish white ; frons lustrous , yellowish white ; occipital area white . antenna 3 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape pale orange dorsally , pale yellowish gray ; flagellomeres pale reddish orange dorsally , yellowish white ventrally . labial palpus as long as maxillary palpus , lustrous , pale yellowish gray , intermixed with dark brown scales apically . maxillary palpus lustrous yellowish white .
abdomen : male tergum viii sclerotized , subtrapezoidal , narrower caudally , emarginated posteriorly , with dense pores on posterior 1 / 3 and long process posterolaterally ; male sternum viii subrectangular , with short coremata posterolaterally .
) : tegumen round posteriorly , nearly parallel laterally , with an oval opening posteromedially ; tuba analis as broad as vinculum . valva divided into two portions ; costal portion as long as tegumen , broad at basal 1 / 3 , narrowed to cucullus , with a rectangular projection and a triangular projection at distal 2 / 5 of dorsal and ventral area respectively ; cucullus digitate , with shallow bulge basally ; saccular portion 1 / 2 as long as costal portion , obovate . anellus extending to basal 5 / 8 of phallus . vinculum elongate , subrectangular , as long as costal portion of valva , with t - shaped sclerotization medially ; saccus 2 / 3 as long as vinculum , narrowed to apex . phallus straight , broadened on basal 1 / 3 .
french guiana : régina : nouragues research station ( lt : 4 . 1 , ln : 52 ) : 1♂ , 19 january 2010 ( c . lopez - vaamonde ) , dna barcode lnoua669 - 10 , id # : clv76410 , [ gsn ] usnm 34622 , usnm .
meyrick in overall external appearance , but differs from the latter in having darker hindwings . their male genitalia possess several distinct differences including the tegumen with lateral projections in
: vertex orange , intermixed with pale orange scales anteriorly and posteriorly and with dark brown scales laterally ; scales on dorsum of occiput dark brown , orange on basal 1 / 4 ; scales between antennal scapes lustrous pale orange . frons silvery white , concave at center . antenna 4 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape as long as diameter of eye , orange dorsally , silvery white anterolaterally and ventrally , intermixed with grayish brown scales apically ; flagellomeres pale orange dorsally , lustrous pale yellow ventrally ; 1st and 2nd flagellomeres intermixed with grayish brown scales dorsoapically . labial palpus 1 / 2 as long as antennal scape , lustrous pale yellow .
abdomen : male tergum viii rectangular ; male sternum viii subrectangular , with oblique furrow and short coremata laterally .
) : tegumen subtrapezoidal , with sparsely setose , digitate projection posterolaterally . valva divided into two portions ; costal portion 2× longer than tegumen , broad basally , narrowed to cucullus ; cucullus spatulate , narrowly round apically , sparsely setose , with short , spiniform setae in apical 1 / 4 ; saccular portion 1 . 5× as long as tegumen , elongate , obovate , sparsely setose . anellus funnel - shaped , broadened basally . juxta with an ovate bulge and a ridge connected to anellus . vinculum rectangular , slightly concave anteriorly . phallus slender and of even diameter on posterior 4 / 5 , enlarged subtriangularly around ductus ejaculatorius .
holotype : male , “id # : clv10410 [ red letters ] french guiana : [ régina , nouragues research station ] [ lt : 4 . 1 ln : 52 / ] carlos lopez vaamonde 16 - jan - 2010 dna barcode lnoua009 [ sic : 946 ] - 10 [ green letters in blue row ] ” , “genitalia slide drd ♂ usnm 34623” [ green label ] , usnm . paratype : french guiana : régina : nouragues research station ( lt : 4 . 1 , ln : 52 ) : 1♂ , 20 january 2010 ( c lopez - vaamonde ) , “id # : clv94410” , “dna barcode lnoua849 - 10 ” , [ gsn ] 34625 , usnm .
the species name is derived from the latin adjectives , ‘albus’ and ‘vittatus’ , meaning “white” and “banded” respectively , and refers to the white longitudinal band on the forewing of this new species .
: vertex brownish white or pale orange on posterior 2 / 3 , pale yellowish white on anterior 1 / 3 ; scales on interspace between antennal scapes yellowish white ; frons lustrous yellowish white ; scales on occiput pale orange , with dark brown tips dorsally , pale yellowish white laterally . antenna 3 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape pale grayish orange dorsally , lustrous yellowish white ventrally ; flagellomeres pale orange dorsally , yellowish white ventrally . labial palpus 1 / 2 as long as maxillary palpus , dark grayish brown laterally , lustrous yellowish white mesally . maxillary palpus yellowish white .
abdomen : terga pale grayish orange or pale grayish brown ; sterna lustrous , white or pale orange .
) : tegumen triangular , with bifid , setose apex ; tuba analis arising from dorsoposterior area of tegumen . valva divided into two portions ; costal portion broadened in basal 1 / 2 , triangular in distal 1 / 3 ; distal margin of cucullus slightly emarginated medially , with dense long setae ; saccular portion elongate , spatulate , densely setose . anellus conical , nearly as long as phallus , with minute thorns on interior wall . vinculum elongate - subrectangular , with semi - elliptical emargination anteromedially ; saccus elongate , as long as uncus . phallus slightly curved at distal 1 / 3 , broadened anteriorly .
) : apophyses posteriores 2 . 5× longer than apophyses anteriores . lamella antevaginalis conical , obliquely truncate apically , setose posterolaterally . ductus bursae as long as corpus bursae , narrow ; inception of ductus seminalis at posterior 1 / 4 of ductus bursae ; ductus seminalis coiled . corpus bursae obovate , with scattered microscopic thorns .
: vertex pale brown , sparsely intermixed with dark brown scales posterolaterally , pale orange on anterior 1 / 3 ; frons lustrous pale grayish yellow . antenna 8 / 9 as long as forewing ; scape pale orange dorsally , lustrous yellowish white ventrally ; first flagellomere dark brown dorsally , pale yellow ventrally ; second to 9
flagellomeres pale orange dorsally , pale yellow ventrally ; remaining flagellomeres pale grayish yellow . labial palpus 1 / 2 as long as maxillary palpus , dark yellowish brown . maxillary palpus dark yellowish brown .
) : apophyses posteriores 2 . 2× longer than apophyses anteriores . lamella antevaginalis conical and narrowly rounded caudally . ductus bursae as long as corpus bursae , narrow ; inception of ductus seminalis at posterior 1 / 8 of ductus bursae ; ductus seminalis coiled in distal portion . corpus bursae obovate , without signum or microscopic spicules .
holotype : female , “french guiana : nouragues nature reserve nouragues research station sep [ tember ] - 07 - 2010 collected by light trapping” , “genitalia slide drd ♀ usnm 34652” [ green label ] , usnm .
the species name is a patronym in honor of dr . atsushi kawakita who collected the holotype .
: vertex orange ; frons lustrous pale orange , concave at center ; scales on dorsum of occiput pale orange , dark purplish brown on apical 1 / 4 ; scales between antennal scapes , elongate , pale orange . antenna 2 / 3 as long as forewing ; scape as long as diameter of eye , lustrous pale orange , paler ventrad , narrowly suffused with orange dorsally ; flagellomere i–vii pale reddish brown dorsally , lustrous pale orange ventrally ; the remaining flagellomeres lustrous pale orange dorsally , paler ventrad . labial palpus 3 / 4 as long as maxillary palpus , silvery white on interior surface , lustrous pale yellow on exterior surface , suffused with pale grayish orange apically . maxillary palpus pale grayish brown .
abdomen : terga grayish brown ; sterna pale orange . male tergum viii rectangular ; male sternum viii subrectangular , broadly emarginated posteriorly ; coremata absent .
) : tegumen 5 / 7 as long as valva , elliptical , convex anterolaterally , with round opening apically ; tuba analis arising from apical opening . valva divided into two portions ; costal portion broadened in basal 1 / 3 and distal 1 / 3 ; cucullus divided into two projections apically , one falcate and the other small , triangulate ; saccular portion narrow , digitate . juxta trapezoidal . vinculum wide , rectangular , convex posteromedially , with small protrusion laterally ; saccus slender , as long as saccular portion of valva . phallus of even width on basal 4 / 5 , narrowed on distal 1 / 5 , diverging into two projections basally .
) : papillae anales narrow , semi - elliptical ; apophyses posteriores 1 . 2× longer than apophyses anteriores . lamella postvaginalis quadrate . lamella antevaginalis cylindrical . ductus bursae narrow ; inception of ductus seminalis present at middle of ductus bursae . corpus bursae narrow , elliptical .
: vertex reddish brown ; frons pale orange . antenna 3 / 4 as long as forewing ; scape white , suffused with pale orange anterobasally ; first five flagellomeres white ; remaining flagellomeres pale grayish brown . labial palpus and maxilary palpus pale orange .
thorax : patagium and mesonotum reddish brown ; tegula white . legs pale orange . forewing length 2 . 3 mm ( n = 1 ) , reddish brown ; longitudinal fascia white , covering most costal area , lower margin sinuous , accompanied with very narrow dark brown line ; costa suffused with pale orange subbasally and in terminal 1 / 3 ; elongate scales of fringe around apex reddish brown with dark brown tips ; piliform scales of fringe on terminal 1 / 4 of costa and on tornal area yellowish brown with dark brown tips . hindwing lustrous , yellowish gray , paler to base ; fringe pale yellowish gray .
) . the only specimen of this species has its abdomen missing . its description is pending until additional specimens are found .
french guiana : régina : nouragues research station ( lt : 4 . 1 , ln : 52 ) : 1♂ , 24 january 2010 ( c . lopez - vaamonde ) , dna barcode lnoua958 - 10 , id # : clv105310 , usnm .
phalaena goedartella linnaeus , 1758 , by subsequent designation by busck ( 1907 ) .
eurynome chambers , 1875 : 304 . a junior homonym of eurynome leach , [ 1814 ] [ crustacea ] . syn . n . type species : eurynome luteella chambers , 1875 , by monotypy .
busckia dyar , 1903 : 563 . an objective replacement name of eurynome chambers , 1875 . syn . n .
stated that “head , eye caps and palpi white , the latter stained with yellowish” .
thorax : patagium pale saffron yellow ( chambers 1875 ) ; mesonotum yellowish white , suffused with pale orange laterally and on posterior 1 / 3 . foreleg with coxa pale orange ; other segments missing from holotype . mid - and hindlegs with coxa , femur , and tibia pale orange dorsally , lustrous yellowish white ventrally ; tarsomeres pale grayish brown dorsally , lustrous yellowish white ventrally . forewing 3 . 4 mm ( n = 1 ) , lustrous yellowish white ; basal and apical areas yellowish orange ; antemedian , postmedian , and subterminal fasciae yellowish orange , oblique , indistinctly outlined ; fringe yellowish orange on basal 1 / 3 , purplish gray on distal 2 / 3 . hindwing lustrous yellowish white ; fringe yellowish gray .
) : papillae anales subrectangular , slightly protruding dorsolaterally . apophyses posteriores nearly as long as apophyses anteriores including basal fork . ostium bursae on posterior margin of sternite viii . ductus bursae as long as corpus bursae , funnel - shaped on posterior 2 / 5 ; antrum extending caudally over 1 / 3 of ductus bursae , cylindrical . corpus bursae elongate , elliptical ; signum at anterior area of corpus bursae , denticulate , with two diverging , large , spiniform sclerites posteriorly .
holotype : female , “kentucky [ sic ] chambers” , “type 14964” [ red label ] , “ eurynome luteella chambers” [ hand - written on folded paper ] , “genitalia slide mcz - l122 prep . by jc sohn” [ label with black border lines ] .
zeller , 1853 . the interrelationships of these genera were largely unresolved . in the best maximum likelihood tree constructed by
: clv105310 ) from french guiana which cannot be named due to the loss of the abdomen .
) . all species analysed show distinct dna barcodes with a minimum interspecific pairwise genetic distance of 6 . 9 % among all species . the maximum intraspecific genetic variation ranged from 0 . 9 to 0 . 3 , much lower than interspecific distances , suggesting the existence of a barcode gap although current intraspecific sampling is too limited .
the north american moths of the genera phaeoses , opogona , and oinophila , with a discussion of their supergeneric affinities .
. e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london , 8–9 .
davis dr . ( 1984 ) lyonetiidae . in : hepnner jb . ( ed . )
lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . vol . 1 : evolution , systematics , and biogeography . handbook of zoology
a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects .
lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states part 1 . cornell university agricultural experiment station memoir 68 .
. w . junk publishers , hague , netherlands , 112 pp . doi :
. j . hübner verlag , augsburg , 431 pp . , 72 pls .
phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) .
check list of the lepidoptera of canada and the united states of america . part ii microlepidoptera .
nomina insecta nearctica : check list of the insects of north america , vol . 3 : diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera .
a dna - based registry for all animal species : the barcode index number ( bin ) system .
regier jc , mitter c , davis dr , harrison tl , sohn j - c , cummings mp , zwick a , mitter kt . ( 2015 )
a molecular phylogeny and revised classification for the oldest ditrysian moth lineages ( lepidoptera : tineoidea ) , with implications for ancestral habits of the mega - diverse ditrysia .
sohn j - c , regier jc , mitter c , davis d , landry j - f , zwick a , cummings mp . ( 2013 )
a molecular phylogeny for yponomeutoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera , ditrysia ) and its implications for classification , biogeography and the evolution of host plant use .
biologia centrali - americana . insecta . lepidoptera - heterocera . 4 . tineina , pterophorina , orneodina , and pyralidina and hepialina ( part . )
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pseudoeupodes khaustov , gen . n . and new species pseudoeupodes porosus sp . n . are described from moss in crimea . the taxonomy of the eupodidae and some other
filieupodes jesionowska , 2010 are considered as junior synonyms of eupodidae koch , 1842 and cocceupodes thor , 1934 , respectively . a key to genera of the
are described , with synonymy for each and a key for identification . seventeen new species are described : c . andersonii , c . andreae , c . arthrotricha , c . atjehensis , c . athyrioides , c . borealis , c . brevipilosa , c . hubrechtensis , c . iwatsukii , c . kolombangarae , c .
in the most recent report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses ( 9 th report , 2011 ) ( king et al . , virus taxonomy , elsevier , new york , 2011 ) the
should be named rymovirus ( based on a virus for which there was no sequence information ) rather than a name based on wheat streak mosaic virus ( e . g . ,
whestremovirus
) because ryegrass mosaic virus ( rgmv ) was the first mite - transmitted virus to be described and thus should take precedence . when sequence data for rgmv became available in 1995 , these data showed that rgmv was very different from wheat streak mosaic virus ( wsmv ) and should not be assigned to the same
potyvirus in sequestering these viruses in a rymovirus subgroup , as is done with other potyviruses , to reflect their different mode of transmission .
parvoviridae , was characterized by transfecting a nearly full - length genome . we found that it is unique from the profiles of human parvovirus b19 and simian parvovirus , the members in the
erythrovirus so far characterized , in that the small rna transcripts were not processed for encoding small non - structural proteins . however , like the large non - structural protein ns1 of the human parvovirus b19 , the chppv ns1 is a potent inducer of apoptosis . further phylogenetic analysis of chppv with other parvoviruses in the subfamily parvovirinae indicates that chppv is distinct from the members in
smith , donald b . ; meyers , gregor ; bukh , jens ; gould , ernest a . ; monath , thomas ; muerhoff , a . scott ; pletnev , alexander ; rico - hesse , rebecca ; stapleton , jack t . ; simmonds , peter ; becher , paul
flaviviridae ) in addition to the four existing species , and naming species in a host - independent manner using the format pestivirus x . only the virus species names would change ; virus isolates would still be referred to by their original names . the original species would be re - designated as pestivirus a ( original designation bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 ) , pestivirus b ( bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 ) , pestivirus c ( c . . .
flaviviridae ) in addition to the four existing species , and naming species in a host - independent manner using the format pestivirus x . only the virus species names would change ; virus isolates would still be referred to by their original names . the original species would be re - designated as pestivirus a ( original designation bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 ) , pestivirus b ( bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 ) , pestivirus c ( classical swine fever virus ) and pestivirus d ( border disease virus ) . the seven new species ( and example isolates ) would be pestivirus e ( pronghorn pestivirus ) , pestivirus f ( bungowannah virus ) , pestivirus g ( giraffe pestivirus ) , pestivirus h ( hobi - like pestivirus ) , pestivirus i ( aydin - like pestivirus ) , pestivirus j ( rat pestivirus ) and pestivirus k ( atypical porcine pestivirus ) . a bat - derived virus and pestiviruses identified from sheep and goat ( tunisian sheep pestiviruses ) , which lack complete coding region sequences , may represent two additional species .
recently , we are witnessing an increased appreciation for the importance of the fossil record in phylogenetics and testing various evolutionary hypotheses . however , this approach brings many challenges , especially for such a complex group as aphids and requires a thorough morphological analysis of the extinct groups . the extinct aphid


kryptopterus cryptopterus ( blue sheatfish ) is a species of catfish , the type species of the genus kryptopterus .

it can be distinguished from all its congeners , with the exception of the newly split kryptopterus geminus , by the almost flat dorsal profile with no concavity behind the head .

this species grows to a length of 14.6 centimetres ( 5.7 in ) sl .

this distinctively shaped , translucent fish is found in peninsular malaysia , borneo and sumatra .

specimens from cambodia , laos , thailand and vietnam previously assigned to this species are now recognized as a separate species , k. geminus .

k. cryptopterus can be distinguished from this close relative by its broader head , shorter snout , shorter anal fin and eyes located much more ventrally .

kryptopterus cryptopterus

) is a species of catfish , the type species of the genus kryptopterus .
k . cryptopterus is gregarious and tends to form schools so ideally four or more specimens should be purchased .
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kryptopterus cryptopterus
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cryptopterus : from the greek kryptos , meaning ‘hidden’ , and pterýgio , meaning ‘fin’ , in reference to the reduced or absent dorsal - fin .
reports of this species from mekong , mae khlong , bang pakong and chao phraya river drainages in mainland southeast asia are misidentifications of kryptopterus geminus ( ng 2003 ) .
kryptopterus : from the greek kryptos , meaning ‘hidden’ , and pterýgio , meaning ‘fin’ , in reference to the reduced or absent dorsal - fin in members of this genus .
kryptopterus species are found only in southeast asia and the genus has been considered polyphyletic since bornbusch ( 1995 ) with some former species already moved to the genera phalacronotus and micronema .
kryptopterus cryptopterus is very peaceful to other tank mates but to make it feel secure they should be kept in small groups of at least 3 specimens . use a planted tank but ensure that there are open swimming spaces at the front as they are very active swimmers . they are not that common in the aquarium hobby but specialised suppliers should be able to obtain them .
ng , h . h . , 2003 - zootaxa 305 : 1 - 11 kryptopterus geminus , a new species of silurid catfish ( teleostei : siluridae ) from mainland southeast asia .
k . bicirrhis group : k . bicirrhis , k . lais , k . palembangensis , k . macrocephalus , k . minor , k . piperatus , k . vitreolus k . cryptopterus group : k . cryptopterus , k . geminus k . limpok group : k . limpok , k . mononema , k . dissitus , k . baramensis , k . hesperius k . schilbeides group : k . schilbeides , k . paraschilbeides
asia : malay peninsula , java , sumatra and borneo . reports of this species from mekong , mae khlong , bang pakong and chao phraya river drainages in mainland southeast asia are misidentifications of kryptopterus geminus .
k . cryptopterus and k . geminus can be further told apart from all other silurid catfishes by possession of an anteriorly truncated supralabial fold with the lower edge extending beyond the base of the maxillary barbel and an elongate antorbital process of the lateral ethmoid that is not anteroposteriorly compressed .
its closest relative is k . geminus , populations of which were formerly considered to represent k . cryptopterus , and these two can be distinguished from congeners by the dorsal profile lacking a nuchal concavity ( vs . possessing a nuchal concavity ) and possessing short maxillary barbels ( extending to the pectoral - fin base vs . extending beyond tip of pectoral - fin ) .
kryptopterus : from the greek kryptos , meaning hidden and pteryx , meaning fin ; in reference to the reduced or absent dorsal fin of this group of fishes . from the diminutive form of the latin adjective vitreus , meaning of glass , in reference to the transparent appearance of this species in life ( which gives this species its common name of glass catfish ) .
k . cryptopterus can be distinguished from k . geminus by possessing a wider head ( 12 . 2 - 14 . 2 % sl vs . 9 . 5–12 . 0 ) , shorter anal - fin ( 57 . 2 - 62 . 9 % sl vs . 62 . 2–72 . 7 ) and snout ( 35 . 1 - 39 . 8 % hl vs . 39 . 5–45 . 3 ) , and less laterally - placed eyes ( ventral two - thirds of the orbital margin visible when the head is viewed ventrally vs . only the ventral half ) .
sometimes - the african glass cat , parailia pellucida - is labelled as the glass cat , so always keep your eyes peeled when you look at a tank of these fish for sale . we have labelled this fish with a scientific name different from that you find in most hobbyist books . it appears that the glass catfish has been misidentified for a long time now as kryptopterus bicirrhis , this fish grows much larger ( up to 245mm ) and has more rays in its anal fin . it is quite possible that , at some point in the last 30 years or so , k . bicirrhis was the fish imported into the aquatic trade as the glass catfish .
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urltoken
: of the catfish family , it is prepared as a soup or in savory
cups ' . the soup - - tohm yaam pla chorn - - is lemony spicy and thick with chunks of fish meat , chopped tomato and baby white onions . the savory
cups
- - hor mok pla chorn - - are actually small casings crafted from banana leaves . fish meat and shredded cabbage is layered in the
cup
and gently steamed .
: usually about 30 cms in length , this catfish can be prepared in two different styles . in the first - - yaam pla doog foo - - the fish is steamed and the flesh is separated from the carcass . the meat is
teased
into thread - thin strips which are flash - fried to a crunchy crispness . this
nest
of golden crispiness is served on a bed of lettuce with a spicy sauce of lime juice , chili and peanuts . the second method of cooking - - pla doog tawd paad prig - - deep fried chunks of the meaty flesh which , when crisp , are combined with a platter of fried vegetables , chilies and herbs .
: up to 60 cms in length , this fish is uniquely marked with a line of 5 to 10
eyes
along the underside . as the meat is of a very soft texture , it is usually ground / minced and mixed with flavorsome herbs before being shaped into small patties . these fish cakes are deep - fried until cooked through and served with a sweet dipping sauce as a starter . the dish is called tawd mun pla grai . a dish of hor mok pla grai can be prepared similarly to hor mok pla chorn above .
: a smaller and excellent alternative to pla chorn , this fish is usually served whole . in the dish - - pla boo neung manow - - the fish is placed on a flat fish - kettle and gently poached , over charcoal or low heat , in a piquant broth of its own juices , limes and slivers of fresh ginger . served on the fish - kettle and garnished perhaps with finely chopped spring onion sand minced garlic , this dish makes a flavorful and aromatic centerpiece for any dining table . pla boo tohm sohm is a soup with mild tamarind , ginger , and shallots .
: rather flat body , high back , and long , usually between 12 - 23 cm ' s . in length . this fish with clean appearance has average size of meat , eater should be careful about bone otherwise it is quite delicious . there are several dishes can prepared - - depending on cooking styles : tawd gratium prig thai - - fried and topped with salty garlic , shoo shee - - fried and topped with chili sauce , paad prig khing - - fried and topped with ginger and spices , tohm sohm - - mild spicy and sour soup of ginger , shallots , and tamarind , gang sohm - - mild spicy and sour soup of vegetable with this pla nua - on .
: average 30 - 60 cms in length , beautiful gold scale rows between the long black rows . this fish has delicious meat with some bone and can be cooked in lemony spicy soup - - tohm yaam pla yeesok . it can be prepared for a thai - styled salad , yaam pla yeesok as well as laab pla - - marinated minced fish meat with herbs , peppermint , chili , and vegetable .
: usually about 20 cms in length , tasty meat but plenty of skinny bones . this fish can be prepared in three different categories . first , the fish can be prepared as soup ,
tohm
- - depending on the directions of taste . tohm kem pla tapian is a salty - sweet soup . tohm yaam pla tapian is a hot spicy sour soup . and tohm ohm pla tapian is a soup with mild tamarind and ginger . second , pla tapian tawd is a deep fried dish with garlic . third , the fish is grill smoked pla tapian yaang and cooked in different ways .
: both fish are in the same family with similar size and do not have scales . the former has black marks on left and right sides over each fin . the 2 - 3kilogram fish can eat everything including manure of both animal sand human beings . the meat is tasty but rather strong odor which can be eliminated by using garlic , spice , and herbs along with deep frying - - pla taypo ( or pla swai ) tawd . a second choice could be pla taypo ( or pla sawai ) raad prig ( shoo shee ) - - fried and topped with chili sauce . a third choice is red curry fish - - gaeng ped pla taypo ( or pla sawai ) . a last choice would be grill smoked - - pla taypo ( or pla sawai ) yaang .
: average 30 cms . in length without scales but nice skin and a big single dorsal fin . this fish can be cooked similarly to pla taypo or pla sawai , but it is better in terms of less odor . mild spicy and sour soup of vegetables with this fish - - gaeng sohm pla goad - - is quite popular up - country .
: this beautiful fish is up to 45 urltoken length . long vertical fins get higher and higher to the single tail . long maxillary barbel reaching the ventral fins . there are 9oblique bands pointing downwards from back to abdomen . this fish can be steamed and an alternative to pla boo - - pla raed neung manow .
: this fish is only half size of pla raed but with long shape . not much meat on this fish . sun dried fish - - pla salid daed diew - - is deep fried and is popular served along with other dishes eaten with white rice soup .
: originally from the river nile , and was raised in several countries including japan . the crown prince aki hito gave this fish as a gift to h . m . king bhumibol on 25 march1965 . he raised the fish in the palace and gave the name as nin or nil which means valuable dark sapphire . the king later assigned the fishery department to reproduce well in thai waters and became popular nowadays . the fish can be raised easily and gives good meat with high nutritional value . a one year old fish is about 30 cm ' s in length and 500 grams in weight . after cleaning and gutting , the whole fish is deep fried - - pla nin tawd - - to a light crispiness on the outside and succulent flesh within . after deep frying other dishes can be prepared : pla nin shoo shee - - crispy fish topped with curry sauce . it the sauce is rather thick sweet and sour , the whole dish is pla nin saam rot . another choice would be pla nin samoon prai - - grilled fish with combined herbs .
: his majesty the king granted the development project of the palace ' s pla nin to charoen pokkabhan co . , ltd . since 1989 . the goal was to gain more quantity of flesh , better nutritional value , easy to raise in only 4 months time that gives good profit . throughout ten years of cross breeding , it became very successful and the fish looks beautiful with pink color and clean . the new name was granted by the king as tabtim - -
pink ruby
.
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known from the malay peninsula and singapore plus greater sunda islands of sumatra , borneo and java with populati0ns from thailand , cambodia , laos and vietnam which had formerly been considered conspecific now referred to k . geminus ( ng , 2003 ) .
type locality is given as ‘bandjarmassing’ which corresponds to a town now more commonly referred to as ‘banjarmasin’ in south kalimantan ( kalimantan selatan ) province , indonesia ( borneo ) .
inhabits flowing rivers and larger streams typified by turbid water with a lot of suspended sediment .
décor is relatively unimportant although this species prefers weakly - lit conditions and may become skittish in the absence of cover .
do not add introduce it to a biologically immature aquarium as it can be susceptible to swings in water chemistry .
probably a predator feeding on crustaceans , invertebrates and smaller fishes in nature , although there should be no need to use such live foods in captivity .
offer a varied diet comprising sinking dried foods , live and frozen bloodworm , tubifex , etc . , and perhaps the occasional small earthworm .
generally peaceful though it may predate on smaller fishes and is somewhat timid so does not compete well with much larger , robust or otherwise boisterous species .
peaceful , comparably - sized cyprinids , loaches and other catfishes perhaps constitute the best options but be sure to research your choices thoroughly prior to purchase .
adult males are noticeably slimmer than females but additional information is contradictory with some sources stating that the posterior edge of the pectoral - fin spine is serrated in males ( vs . smooth in females ) and others that there is no such difference .
unrecorded . in nature the closely - related congener k . geminus ( see ‘notes’ ) spawns at the onset of the wet season with young specimens common in seasonally - inundated areas .
bombusch ( 1995 ) identified the k . bicirrhis group as a distinct clade although he didn’t propose any synapomorphy to diagnose it .
ng and kottelat ( 2013 ) later noted that members normally have fewer anal - fin rays ( 46–67 vs . 64–85 ) than other congeners and placed k . piperatus and k . vitreolus within the group based on this character .
bleeker , p . , 1851 - natuurkundig tijdschrift voor nederlandsch indië v . 1 : 259 - 275 nieuwe bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van borneo met beschrijving van eenige nieuwe soorten van zoetwatervisschen .
bornbusch , a . h . , 1995 - zoological journal of the linnean society 115 : 1 - 46 phylogenetic relationships within the eurasian catfish family siluridae ( pisces : siluriformes ) , with comments on generic validities and biogeography .
ferraris , c . j . , jr . , 2007 - zootaxa 1418 : 1 - 628 checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types .
kottelat , m . and e . widjanarti , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 13 : 139 - 173 the fishes of danau sentarum national park and the kapuas lakes area , kalimantan barat , indonesia .
ng , h - h . and m . kottelat , 2013 - zootaxa 3630 : 308 - 316 after eighty years of misidentification , a name for the glass catfish ( teleostei : siluridae ) .
parenti , l . r . and k . k . p . lim , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 13 : 175 - 208 fishes of the rajang basin , sarawak , malaysia .
rainboth , w . j . , 1996 - fao , rome : 1 - 265 fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fishes of the cambodian mekong .
roberts , t . r . , 1989 - memoirs of the california academy of sciences no . 14 : i - xii + 1 - 210 the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) .
tan , h . h . and h . h . ng , 2000 - journal of natural history 34 ( 2 ) : 267 - 303 the catfishes ( teleostei : siluriformes ) of central sumatra .
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kottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .
justification : the species is widely distributed throughout much of southeast asia and is considered least concern . the impact of fishery pressure and habitat degradation requires further research .
this species is found in flowing streams and rivers , typically murky waters containing a lot of sediment . they are seasonal spawners which lay their eggs at the beginning of the rainy season , then the fry then migrate to flooded areas to feed and grow .
the species ' dominant presence at the khone falls is during dry season , it exhibits a small peak in the beginning of the rainy season . ( baran
no information is available on threats . its status as a food fish may render it vulnerable to overexploitation , but this awaits verification .
further research into population sizes and trends , as well as the effects of fisheries on it , is needed .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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aquarium care : quite a peaceful species that is best kept in a group which needs a lot of swimming space . will consider smaller fish ( less than 4cm ) as prey . active during the day in a tank 4ft ( 120cm ) or over with quiet tank mates . provide a planted tank with overhanging or floating plants . diet : small live foods and good quality flake . frozen and tablet foods .
baensch , h . a . and r . riehl , 1985 . aquarien atlas . band 2 . mergus , verlag für natur - und heimtierkunde gmbh , melle , germany . 1216 p .
rmnh 6840 , holotype , 92 . 6 mm sl ; borneo : banjarmasin . ummz 70689 , 1 ex . , 118 . 0 mm sl ; sumatra : jambi , batang hari . ummz 209890 , 2 ex . , 139 . 0 - 143 . 6 mm sl ; borneo : kalimantan barat , kapuas mainstream , danau mawan and “danau bahru” near kampung nibung , about 100 km ne of sintang and 7 km ne of selimbau . usnm 323362 . 8 ex . , 89 . 5 - 139 . 6 mm sl ; borneo : sarawak , kapit market . zrc 44135 , 20 ex . , 98 . 7 - 142 . 0 mm sl ; sumatra : jambi market . zrc 45780 , 8 ex . , 109 . 6 - 135 . 0 mm sl ; borneo : sarawak , kapit market .
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usual size in fish tanks : 19 - 21 cm ( 7 . 48 - 8 . 27 inch )
recommended water hardness ( dgh ) : 8 - 16°n ( 142 . 86 - 285 . 71ppm )
blue sheatfish are not fussy eaters so use a quality flake or pellets for the staple diet but they will also require regular meals of live or frozen foods to vary this . blood worms , brine shrimp and mysis are ideal .
males have a slimmer body shape than the females . the males will also have a serrated edge on their pectoral fin , this is not seen on the females .
as of yet , there are no reported cases of these breeding in the aquarium .
most tetras are very social fish . the more you keep , the happier they use to be .
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
greek , kryptos = hidden + greek , pteron = wing . fin ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 8 ; dh range : ? - 18 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 22°c - 25°c ( ref . 2060 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2091 )
roberts , t . r . , 1989 . the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) . mem . calif . acad . sci . 14 : 210 p . ( ref . 2091 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00575 ( 0 . 00278 - 0 . 01190 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .
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derived from the diminutive form of the latin adjective vitreus , meaning of glass , in allusion to the transparent appearance of this species in life ( which gives this species its common name of glass catfish ) .
asia : peninsular and southeastern thailand ; absent in central thailand . report from penang , malaysia requires verification .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 93176 )
occurs in slow moving to standing , brown to black , water ( ref . 93176 ) .
ng , h . h . and m . kottelat , 2013 . after eighty years of misidentification , a name for the glass catfish ( teleostei : siluridae ) . zootaxa 3630 ( 2 ) : 308 - 316 . ( ref . 93176 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .
80mm or 3 . 1
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
known from the short , coastal drainages in peninsular thailand debouching into the gulf of thailand south of the isthmus of kra ( from about 8°38 ' n to 6°2 ' n ) , as well as similar rivers draining the southeastern face of the khao banthat ( cardamom ) mountains in southeastern thailand .
slow moving water providing areas of current and areas of still water . this fish rests in still water and stalks in gentle current .
will usually take prepared foods especially if moved by a current . likes live brine shrimp and larger established fish relish bloodworm .
plants are necessary to make this fish feel at home . floating plants that diffuse overhead light help but are not mandatory . open swimming space is required , as this fish favours swimming freely at feeding .
keep in a shoal of at least four but preferably six or more individuals . such a shoal of glass catfish will do well with small tetras , rasboras or danios . provided its tankmates are not too boisterous this fish will do well in well planted community aquaria .
little is known about the specifics of reproduction , appears to be an indiscriminate egg scatterer . see shane ' s world article . .
biogeographical society of japan ( tokyo ) , pp 309 , figs . 1 - 2
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tautonyms are those names composed of the same word twice ( e . g . , vulpes vulpes , the red fox ) .
official rules of botanical nomenclature forbid tautonyms . still , a few exist as synonyms of the accepted names .
lablab lablab ( l . ) lyons ( hyacinth bean ) synonym for lablab purpureus ( l . ) sweet .
opuntia opuntia ( l . ) karst . ( eastern prickly pear ) synonym for o . humifusa ( raf . ) raf . linnaeus described cactus opuntia , which was then moved to genus opuntia , which had to be renamed because botany disallows tautonyms .
thevetia thevetia ( l . ) h . karst . ( yellow oleander ) synonym for cascabela thevetia ( l . ) h . lippold .
inga ynga ( vell . ) j . w . moore ( icecream bean ) synonym for inga edulis mart .
lycopersicon lycopersicum ( l . ) farw . ( tomato ) synonym for solanum lycopersicum l .
oxycoccus oxycoccos ( l . ) macmillan ( cranberry ) synonym for vaccinium oxycoccos l .
ziziphus zizyphus ( l . ) r . d . meikle ( common jujube ) synonym for z . jujuba miller .
a long list of animal tautonyms is here ; it includes all the valid names i am aware of . here are some record - setters from that list :
archigyrodactylus archigyrodactylus mizelle & kritsky , 1967 ( flatworm ) and icelanonchohaptor icelanonchohaptor leiby , kritsky & peterson , 1972 ( flatworm ) - longest tautonyms .
there are other notable near - misses . in a couple of cases , both parts of the binomial and the common name differ slightly :
stenodactylus sthenodactylus lichtenstein , 1823 ( gecko ) the ' h ' in the specific epithet was a typo in the original description .
arctostaphylos uva - ursi ( l . ) spreng . ( bearberry ) gk / la :
berry - of - bear
asterolinon linum - stellatum ( l . ) duby ( primulaceae ) gk :
star flax
/ la :
flax starry
cygnopsis cygnoides ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( swan goose )
swan - looking thing
/
swanlike
. ( it is now anser cygnoides . )
hemicentetes semispinosus ( g . cuvier , 1789 ) ( streaked tenrec ) gk / la :
half - prickle
liquidambar styraciflua l . ( sweetgum ) literally ( in latin )
fluid - ambergris flowing - styrax
. ambar is more commonly but less accurately associated with the amber from plant resins , and styrax is both a plant and the resin it produces , so
fluid - resin fluid - resin
would be a reasonable translation .
megaceryle alcyon ( linnaeus ) ( belted kingfisher ) gk / la :
big kingfisher kingfisher
; it has also been known by the fully tautonymous synonym ceryle alcyon .
picea omorika ( pancic ) purk . ( serbian spruce ) la / serbian :
spruce serbian - spruce
tibicen auletes germar , 1834 ( northern dusk - singing cicada ) la / gk :
flutist
. there is also auletes tubicen ( a weevil ) ,
flutist trumpeter
.
tragopan satyra ( linnaeus ) ( himalayan pheasant ) pan and satyrs are commonly represented with legs of goats ;
trago -
is greek for goat .
lonicera caprifolium and l . tragophylla ( caprifoliaceae , honeysuckles ) both specific epithets mean
goat leaf ,
in latin and greek respectively .
rhinolophus ferrumequinum ( greater horseshoe bat ) and r . hipposideros ( lesser horseshoe bat ) .
ferrumequinum
means horseshoe in latin ;
hipposideros
means the same in greek .
callibella van roosmaien & van roosmaien , 2003 ( marmoset ) from greek calli and italian bella , both meaning
beautiful .
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dodatkowe przykłady dopasowywane są do haseł w zautomatyzowany sposób - nie gwarantujemy ich poprawności .
( silurus glanis ) of europe , at least challenges the proceeding species in massiveness and may surpass them in length .
' s mouth contains lines of numerous small teeth , two long barbels on the upper jaw and four shorter barbels on the lower jaw .
( which are known to exist in small numbers in the thames and its tributaries ) .
and less common aristotle catfish ) , the northern pike , burbot , and others .
lives on annelid worms , gastropods , insects , crustaceans , and fish including other catfishes ; the larger ones also eat frogs , mice , rats , and aquatic birds such as ducks .
silurus soldatovi during early development , phd thesis 2010 , ocean university of china ( engl . )