pelusios is a genus of african side-necked turtles .

with 20 described species , it is one of the most diverse genera of the turtle order ( testudines ) .

pelusios

synonymy . – pelusios nigricans rhodesianus hewitt 1927 , pelusios subniger rhodesianus , pelusios rhodesianus , pelusios castaneus rhodesianus , pelusios rhodesianus rhodesianus .
pelusios marani bour 2000 pelusios marani — mccord et al . 2004 pelusios marani — ttwg 2014
pelusios broadleyi bour 1986 pelusios broadleyi — livigni 2013 : 287 pelusios broadleyi — ttwg 2014 pelusios broadleyi — spawls et al . 2018 : 54
pelusios nigricans rhodesianus hewitt 1927 : 375 pelusios castaneus rhodesianus — wermuth & mertens 1977 pelusios rhodesianus — raw 1978 pelusios rhodesianus — auerbach 1987 : 74 pelusios castaneus rhodesianus — alderton 1988 pelusios rhodesianus — broadley 1998 pelusios rhodesianus — ttwg 2014 pelusios rhodesianus — spawls et al . 2018 : 59
emys castanea schweigger 1812 sternotherus castaneus — duméril & bibron 1835 : 401 sternotherus derbianus gray 1844 ( fide laurent 1965 ) sternotherus nigricans seychellensis siebenrock 1906 pelusios nigricans castaneus — hewitt 1935 : 344 pelusios subniger castaneus — wermuth & mertens 1961 sternothaerus nigricans seychellensis — wermuth & mertens 1977 pelusios seychellensis — king & burke 1989 pelusios castaneus — king & burke 1989 pelusios castaneus — broadley 1998 pelusios cf . castaneus — gossmann et al . 2002 pelusios seychellensis — joseph - ouni 2004 pelusios castaneus — stuckas et al . 2013 pelusios castaneus castaneus — ttwg 2014 : 437 pelusios castaneus seychellensis — ttwg 2014 : 437
testudo subnigra lacépède in bonnaterre 1789 : 30 testudo nigricans donndorff 1798 emys castanea schweigger 1812 sternothaerus leachianus bell 1825 sternotherus nigricans — duméril & bibron 1835 : 399 sternotherus derbianus gray 1844 ? sternothaerus subniger — gray 1863 : 405 sternotherus derbianus — gray 1864 : 167 sternotherus subniger — gray 1864 : 168 sternothaerus nigricans — boulenger 1889 sternothaerus derbianus — boulenger 1889 sternothaerus nigricans — andersson 1910 sternothaerus nigricans castaneus — barbour 1918 : 489 pelusios nigricans rhodesianus hewitt 1927 pelusios subniger — lindholm 1929 pelusios nigricans castanoides hewitt 1931 pelusios bechuanicus fitzsimons 1932 pelusios carinatus laurent 1956 pelusios subniger — auerbach 1987 : 73 pelusios subniger subniger — broadley & howell 1991 : 7 pelusios subniger — glaw & vences 1994 : 228 pelusios subniger — broadley 1998 pelusios subniger — ttwg 2014 pelusios subniger — spawls et al . 2018 : 61 pelusios subniger parietalis bour 1983 pelusios subniger parietalis — mccord et al . 2004 pelusios subniger parietalis — ttwg 2014
for identification purposes only we will rearrange the group divisions , adding a third group . this new group will be called the pelusios castaneus group . this group contains all species from the pelusios subniger group minus pelusios bechuanicus , p . subniger and p . upembae . these three species will be maintained within the pelusios subniger group . the pelusios castaneus group resembles the pelusios subniger group in the classic way .
c : the shape of the carapace in pelusios castaneus is elongated while the shell of pelusios subniger is more or less circular in shape .
you selected pelusios nigricans castanoides hewitt , 1931 . this is a synonym for :
f : the seam between the abdominal and femoral scutes is straight with pelusios castaneus . the seam between the abdominal and femorals scutes is slightly curved outwards with pelusios subniger .
sternotherus niger duméril & bibron 1835 : 397 sternothaerus niger — gray 1864 : 169 sternothaerus niger — boulenger 1889 sternothaerus oxyrhinus boulenger 1897 sternothaerus niger — siebenrock 1905 pelusios niger — schmidt 1919 sternothaerus heinrothi kanberg 1924 pelusios niger — mccord et al . 2004 pelusios niger — ttwg 2014
traditionally the pelusios species have been divided into 2 groups : the pelusios adansonii group and the pelusios subniger group . these groups are divided by the difference in the length of the anterior lobe in comparison to the abdominal scutes . with the pelusios adansonii group the anterior lobe is 2 - 2 , 5 times the length of the interabdominal seam while the members of the pelusios subniger group have an anterior lobe that is 1 - 1 , 5 times the length of the abdominal scutes .
pelusios castaneus are great swimmers , though they also like to wander around on the bottom of the water . in captivity it is often observed that this species likes to
hang out
under obstructions like the ramp onto the land part of the enclosure , or underneath driftwood trunks . of all pelusios species encountered in the pet trade , pelusios castaneus is the most numerous species . about 90 % of the pelusios species encountered in captivity are pelusios castaneus and often captive bred offspring are offered for sale .
buitelaar , krijn & philip de pous 2011 . first record of pelusios castanoides intergularis and rediscovery of pelusios subniger parietalis on cousin island , seychelles . herpetology notes 4 : 009 - 010 - get paper here
pelusios subniger in florida were originally released by an animal dealer ( bartlett and bartlett , 1999 ) .
pelusios marani is a species of turtle in the pelomedusidae family . this species is endemic to africa .
the pelusios subniger group is differentiated from the pelusios castaneus group because the species in this group have a strong constriction at the abdominal - femoral seam , making the plastron have the appearance of an 8 - shape . the species in the pelusios subniger group also have broad heads , the heads being as broad as half the abdominal - femoral seam .
like every pelomedusidae species , pelusios castaneus lack a cervical scute therefore both the m1 and m2 scutes touch each other . likewise , as with every pleurodira , pelusios castaneus also has an intergular scute on the plastron . as a difference from its sister genus pelomedusa , pelusios species do have a hinge on the plastron , between the pectoral and abdominal scute .
pelusios williamsi is found in the democratic republic of the congo , kenya , tanzania , and uganda . [ 1 ]
gramentz , d . 1999 . zur ökologie und zum verhalten von pelusios castaneus ( schweiger , 1812 ) und pelusios niger ( duméril & bibron , 1835 ) in gabun . sauria 21 ( 3 ) : 7 - 14 - get paper here
bour r ( 1984 ) .
note sur pelusios williamsi laurent , 1965 ( chelonii , pelomedusinae )
. revue française d ' aquariologie 11 : 27 - 32 . ( pelusios williamsi laurenti , new subspecies ) . ( in french ) .
d : the anterior margin of the intergular scute is less width than the anterior margin of the gular scutes in pelusios castaneus . the anterior margin of the intergular scute is quite broader than the anterior margin of the gular scutes in pelusios subniger .
the following species can be found in the genus pelusios . click on the small photo below to see the full size image .
e : the plastral shape of pelusios castaneus is a “normal” shape , a shape that is following more or less the form of the shell’s marginal border . pelusios subniger has a rather unique plastral form with a strong constriction where the abdominal and femoral scutes meet . this constriction causes the plastral form of pelusios subniger to have the shape of a guitar or an 8 . because of the constriction the relative head width of pelusios subniger is about the half of the length of the seam between the abdominal and femoral scutes while the relative head width in pelusios castaneus is far less than half of the length of the seam between these two pairs of scutes .
note : some specimens of pelusios castaneus can secrete a putrid liquid from its axillary and inguinal odor glands to protect itself when handled .
williams ' mud turtle ( pelusios williamsi ) is a species of turtle in the family pelomedusidae . the species is endemic to africa .
i : the coloration of the throat and limbs of pelusios castaneus is a yellowish to light gray with the outsides being darker , being dark gray to brownish . the coloration of the limbs of pelusios subniger is most often a monotone gray with darker gray to blackish outsides .
weak divergence among african , malagasy and seychellois hinged terrapins ( pelusios castanoides , p . subniger ) and evidence for human - mediated oversea dispersal
stuckas , h . , gemel , r . , fritz , u . 2013 one extinct turtle species less : pelusios seychellensis is not extinct , it never existed one extinct turtle species less : pelusios seychellensis is not extinct , it never existed one extinct turtle species less : pelusios seychellensis is not extinct , it never existed . plos one 8 , 4 : e57116 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0057116
pelusios rhodesianus : an adult from the lake st . lucia area , kwazulu - natal , south africa . photo by richard c . boycott .
what made you want to look up pelusios ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
weak divergence among african , malagasy and seychellois hinged terrapins ( pelusios castanoides , p . subniger ) and evidence for human - mediated oversea dispersal | springerlink
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arkive species - yellowbelly mud turtle ( pelusios castanoides )
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arkive species - yellowbelly mud turtle ( pelusios castanoides )
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bour , r . 2000 . une nouvelle espèce de pelusios du gabon ( reptilia , chelonii , pelomedusidae ) . manouria ( 08 ) : 32 pp .
bour r . 1986 .
note sur pelusios adansonii ( schweigger , 1812 ) et sur une nouvelle espèce affine du kenya ( chelonii , pelomedusidae )
. studia geologica salmanticensia , studia palaeocheloniologica 2 ( 2 ) : 23 - 54 . ( pelusios broadleyi , new species ) . ( in french ) .
silva , andreia ; rocha , sara ; gerlach , justin ; rocamora , gérard ; dufrenne , andré ; harris , david james 2010 . assessment of mtdna genetic diversity within the terrapins pelusios subniger and pelusios castanoides across the seychelles islands . amphibia - reptilia 31 ( 4 ) : 583 - 588 - get paper here
g : the head of pelusios castaneus almost always shows the typical vermiculated pattern of dark colored small lines covering the gray to brownish head . pelusios subniger has no colorful pattern on the head , which is a monotone color in the same coloration of the limbs , most often a dark gray , but sometimes a brownish color . hatchlings and young juveniles of pelusios subniger might show a vermiculated pattern of a darker color on top of the head , or even some dark speckles .
the pelusios adansonii group contains the species pelusios adansonii , p . broadleyi , p . gabonensis , p . marani and p . nanus . the pelusios subniger group contains the remaining species which are : p . bechuanicus , p . carinatus , p . castaneus , p . castanoides . p . chapini , p . cupulatta , p . niger , p . rhodesianus , p . seychellensis , p . sinuatus , p . subniger , p . upembae and p . williamsi .
h : the iris of the eye in pelusios castaneus is most often a dark to middle brown color and there’s almost always a very light colored circle around the pupil . the eye of pelusios subniger is a uniform brown or gray without a light colored ring around the pupil , or if present , only barely so .
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arkive species - east african black mud turtle ( pelusios subniger )
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a map showing the range of pelusios castaneus ( blue ) and the supposed island species p . seychellensis ( red ) . from stuckas et al . , 2013 .
pawlowski , sascha 2013 . habitatbeobachtungen der dunklen pelomedusenschildkröte pelusios subniger parietalis bour , 1983 an der anse intendance auf mahé , seychellen . testudo . 22 ( 3 ) : 5 - 14
home » pelusios castanoides ssp . intergularis ( chestnut - bellied mud turtle , seychelles chestnut - bellied mud turtle , seychelles yellow - bellied mud turtle , yellow - bellied mud turtle )
description of pelonia africana n . g . , n . sp . ( pentastomida : sebekidae ) from the lungs of pelomedusa subrufa and pelusios sinuatus ( chelonia ) in south africa .
the so - called seychelles black terrapin , seychelles mud turtle , or seychelles terrapin was considered a species of turtle ( pelusios seychellensis ) in the pelomedusidae family , endemic to seychelles .
laurent rf ( 1965 ) a contribution to the knowledge of the genus pelusios ( wagler ) . ann mus roy congo belge , sér 8 , 135 : 1–33 + plates i–iii .
pawlinsky , marvin 2013 . haltung , paarung und nachzucht der westafrikanischen klappbrust - pelomedusenschildkröte ( pelusios castaneus ) . terraria - elaphe 2013 ( 3 ) : 81 - 85 - get paper here
joseph - ouni m . 2004 . profiles of extinction # 7 : seychelles mud turtle , pelusios seychellensis , extinct 1912 . reptilia ( gb ) ( 33 ) : 3 - get paper here
pelusios castaneus and pelusios subniger are very often confused with one another . this is often caused by literature in which both species are confused . these misidentifications even occur in reasonable modern literature . actually it is rather strange that so much confusion exists as these two species are quite easily to set apart from each other . let us indicate the differences that are easily visible in both species .
laurent rf ( 1965 ) .
a contribution to the knowledge of the genus pelusios ( wagler )
. annales de musée royal de l ' afrique centrale , sciences zoologiques , tervuren , belgium , eighth series ( 135 ) : 1 - 33 . ( pelusios williamsi , new species , p . 12 ; p . w . lutescens , new subspecies , p . 16 ) .
grychta , u . 1999 . pelusios subniger ( lacépède , 1788 ) , der dunkle pelomedusenschildkröte - ein haltungs - und zuchtbericht . sauria 21 ( 4 ) : 19 - 23 - get paper here
bour , r . & j . maran 2003 . une nouvelle espèce de pelusios de côte d’ivoire ( reptilia , chelonii , pelomedusidae ) . manouria ( mezzavia ) 6 ( 21 ) : 24 - 43
citation : stuckas h , gemel r , fritz u ( 2013 ) one extinct turtle species less : pelusios seychellensis is not extinct , it never existed . plos one 8 ( 4 ) : e57116 . urltoken
description of pelonia africana n . g . , n . sp . ( pentastomida : sebekidae ) from the lungs of pelomedusa subrufa and pelusios sinuatus ( chelonia ) in so . . . - pubmed - ncbi
raw , l . r . g . 1978 . taxonomic notes on the hinged terrapins , genus pelusios , of natal ( testudinata , pelomedusidae ) . durban museum novitates 11 ( 17 ) : 287 - 294 .
gerlach , j . & canning , l . ( 2001 ) range contractions in the critically endangered seychelles terrapins ( pelusios spp . ) . oryx , 35 ( 4 ) : 313 – 321 . available at : urltoken
gerlach , j . and canning , l . ( 2001 ) range contractions in the critically endangered seychelles terrapins ( pelusios spp . ) . oryx , 35 ( 4 ) : 313 - 321 . available at : urltoken
a : the width of the first pair of marginal scutes is large in pelusios castaneus with the width being about 95 % of the anterior margin of the first vertebral scute . mostly the first marginals almost line up with the first vertebral . the first marginals are oblong of form . pelusios subniger has short first marginals , almost quadrangular of form and they have contact with the first vertebral over about 55 - 85 % of the anterior margin .
bour , r . 1986 . note sur pelusios adansonii ( schweigger , 1812 ) et sur une nouvelle espece affine du kenya ( chelonii , pelomedusidae ) . studia geologica salmanticensia , studia palaeocheloniologica 2 ( 2 ) : 23 - 54
bour r ( 1986 ) note sur pelusios adansonii ( schweigger , 1812 ) et sur une nouvelle espèce affine du kenya ( chelonii , pelomedusidae ) . stud geol salmant , vol esp 2 ( stud palaeocheloniol ii ) : 23–54 .
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . subspecies : pelusios subniger parietalis ( seychelles black mud turtle ) is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
pauwels , oliver s . g . , andre kamdem toham , joseph mayombo and rufin mikala - mussavu 2002 . geographic distribution . pelusios marani bour , 2000 . african herp news ( 35 ) : 20 - 21 - get paper here
b : the width of the vertebral scutes , especially the 2nd , 3th and 4th vertebral . these vertebrals are in pel usios castaneus longer than broad . the vertebrals are broader than long or equally broad as long in pelusios subniger .
kindler c , moosig m , branch wr , harvey j , kehlmaier c , nagy zt , prokop h , široký p , fritz u . comparative phylogeographies of six species of hinged terrapins ( pelusios spp . ) reveal discordant patterns and unexpected differentiation in the
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( pelusios broadleyi , p . 39 ) .
laurent , r . f . 1965 . a contribution to the knowledge of the genus pelusios ( wagler ) . annales de musée royal de l ' afrique centrale , science zoologique . tervuren . ser . 8 , 135 : 1 - 33 . - get paper here
bour , r . 1983 . trois populations endémiques de genre pelusios ( reptilia , chelonii , pelomedusidae ) aux îles seychelles ; relations avec les espèces africaines et malagaches . bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris ( 4 ) 5 : 343 - 382 .
broadley , d . g . 1981 . a review of the genus pelusios wagler in southern africa ( pleurodira : pelomedusidae ) . occasional papers of the national museum of rhodesia , b , natural science . 6 ( 9 ) : 633 - 686 . - get paper here
stuckas , heiko ; richard gemel , uwe fritz 2013 . one extinct turtle species less : pelusios seychellensis is not extinct , it never existed . plos one 8 ( 4 ) : e57116 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0057116 - get paper here
all pelusios terrapins are protected by seychelles law . research into the status of p . seychellensis was recommended as a high priority in the 1989 tortoise and freshwater turtle action plan ( swingland and klemens 1989 ) . despite intensive surveys since 196 , no individuals have been found .
pelusios castaneus is omnivorous ; it adapts its diet according to what’s available in its environment . it mainly feeds on aquatic crustaceans , insects , fish , shrimps , crabs , or large snails . however , some vegetation such as floating water lettuce or seeds is also appreciated .
somma , l . a . , 2018 , pelusios subniger ( bonnaterre , 1789 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 1 / 25 / 2004 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
apparently , many specimens of pelusios housed in zoos and collections in the u . s . are misidentified to species ( d . senneke , personal communication ) . photos i took may be one of the first taken of p . chipini , at least in its native environment .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of pelusios subniger are found here .
beolens , bo ; watkins , michael ; grayson , michael ( 2011 ) . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( pelusios williamsi , p . 286 ) .
akani , godfrey c . , fabio petrozzi , gabriel h . segniagbeto and luca luiselli . 2015 . notes on morphology , biology and domestic consumption of pelusios niger ( duméril & bibron , 1835 ) from forcados river , nigeria . herpetozoa 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 94 - 98
unknown . given that p . subniger and other species of pelusios seem to occupy an ecological niche similar to indigenous kinosternids , there is potential for competition between these turtles . their carnivorous diet ( see below ) has the potential to negatively impact indigenous aquatic fauna , especially fish , frogs and invertebrates .
efforts should be made to secure voucher specimens with exact locality data from miami - dade county , florida , along with additional collecting from connecting or surrounding waterways . surveys of this area would provide more precise information on the status of this species in florida and determine exactly which species of pelusios is involved .
heinz grillitsch allowed sampling of the lectotype of “ pelusios seychellensis ” . jakob hallermann provided information about the two specimens of “ p . seychellensis ” in the collection of the zoological museum hamburg . we thank mark - oliver rödel for the photo of the p . castaneus hatchling . anja rauh assisted during laboratory work .
not everyone agreed with siebenrock’s conclusion . for years afterward , different researchers often lumped brauer’s turtles into the west african species or another island species on the basis of anatomy . that is , until 1983 when herpetologist r . bour proposed that brauer’s old specimens truly did represent a distinct species . bour called the turtles pelusios seychellensis , and it seemed that brauer had collected some of the last ones . several searches after 1983 tried , and failed , to find the turtles . in the span of a century , it seemed , pelusios seychellensis had gone extinct – perhaps the only time on record that humans totally exterminated a species of freshwater turtle .
bour , r . 1982 . pelomedusa subrufa ( lacépède , 1788 ) , pelusios subniger ( lacépède , 1788 ) ( reptilia , chelonii ) et le séjour de philibert commerson à madagascar . bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . paris . sér . 4 , sec . a ( 4 ) : 531 - 539 .
nonindigenous populations in guadeloupe , lesser antilles , are actually nonindigenous pelusios casteneus that were misidentified as p . subniger ( iverson , 1992 ; powell and henderson , 2003 ) . other nonindigenous populations of p . subniger on mauritius island , glorieuses îsles , and diego garcia are established ( broadley , 1989 ; iverson , 1992 ) .
primers used for pcr and sequencing of mtdna fragments of the 12s , cyt b and nd4 genes ( the latter including adjacent dna coding for trnas ) . first generation primers targeting conserved mtdna regions of pelusios castaneus and p . castanoides are indicated with asterisks ; second generation primers to bridge non - overlapping dna fragments , without asterisks .
pelusios castaneus occupies shallow waters like swamps , marshes , streams , rivers , lakes , shallow ponds , lagoon banks and submerged shrub savannah as well as submerged forest floors . some of these habitats may dry up during the dry season and the turtles are forced to estivate in the dried up mud or in the soil on shore .
on 8 september 2004 , in bobangi village ( 0 o 6 . 67’ s latitude , 17 o 43 . 26 e longitude , established by gps ) , i encountered a specimen of pelusios chapini or central african mud turtle . bobangi is situated along the banks of the ubange river in seasonally flooded riparian gallery forests with floodplain grasses and shrubs .
fritz u , branch wr , gehring p - s , harvey j , kindler c , et al . . ( 2012 ) weak divergence among african , malagasy and seychellois hinged terrapins ( pelusios castanoides , p . subniger ) and evidence for human - mediated oversea dispersal . org divers evol : doi 10 . 1007 / s13127 - 012 - 0113 - 3 .
broadley , d . [ g . ] 1989 . pelusios subniger ( lacépède 1788 ) . pp . 133 - 134 . in : f . w . king and r . l . burke ( editors ) . crocodilian , tuatara , and turtle species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference . the association of systematics collections , washington , dc . 216 pp .
for recognizing pelusios turtles on species level we developed a diagram . this diagram shows 10 points of articulation ( a - j ) on the carapace and plastron that are different among the species . we prefer this manner of working because this way deformed turtles still can be determined . deformation often occurs with captive turtles . using a single character key to the species will leave room for misinterpretations .
hatchling pelusios castaneus will eat a diet quite similar to adults . bloodworms are a good choice , as they are easy to catch and the reddish color is very attractive to them . small fish , crustaceans , insects and snails are also much appreciated and are a good source of nutrients . small pieces of chicken and chicken liver can be provided . for a starter commercial diet , we recommend zoomed’s natural aquatic turtle – hatchling formula .
i thank darrell senneke , director of world chelonian trust , for helping with the identifications and providing information on these species . my photos of pelusios were also identified by hynek prokop of czechoslovakia , dr . harald artner of austria , and ferry gruneward of netherlands . my photos of kinixys were identified by chris tabaka , d . v . m . , paula morris , and ken carlsen , united states . my appreciation to all these experts .
wild specimens will lay eggs up to twice a year . in captivity , it is often observed that pelusios castaneus only lay eggs once a year . if an aestivation is performed , the mating ritual should occur fairly quickly after they wake up . the ritual often consists of the male rubbing his snout against the female’s snout in order to immobilize her . then the male will climb on the top of the female and clamp himself to her with his claws . he will sometimes smash his snout against the females’ snout . approximately two months later , the female will start to look for a place to lay her eggs . she will then dig a hole using her back feet . note that large females can bury their eggs very deep in the substrate . depending on the temperature of incubation , the eggs will hatch between 55 and 75 days . pelusios castaneus requires a high humidity of 95 % .
pelusios castaneus adults can be kept together but it is necessary to maintain a ration of several females for each male in order to avoid too much stress on the female ; males will spend a lot of time harassing the female . if kept together , it is also necessary to have multiples hides ( such as half a clay pot , plants or rocks ) in the tank . be aware that males can be very aggressive towards females . it is not uncommon for females to end up with bad bites on the neck from male aggression . health care was needed and provided to the female after separating the two turtles .
this species is somehow extremely strong and resistant . i have rarely seen sick specimens or specimens with shell rot or mycosis . the fact that it lives in warm water helps to maintain a good immune system . it is well known that cold environments can weaken the immune system and makes it more propitious to catch a disease . likewise , this species is supposed to be kept with high uv index , which also helps killing bacteria in their tank . however , due to the fact that pelusios species do not shed scutes , it is a must to make sure the water is clean . unlike members of the emydidae family , they won’t be able to shed their dirty shell scutes and are more likely to grow with them during their whole life .
this specimen was a male , evidenced by the obviously concave plastron , and measured 27 cm carapace length ( curved measure ) and 21 cm plastron length ( straight - line measure ) .
on 9 september 2004 , in a riverside market in mobenzino village ( 0 o 22 . 80’ s latitude , 17 o 45 . 16 e longitude ) along the banks of the oubange river , i encountered five specimens of kinixys erosa or forest hingeback ( also called eroded hingeback , serrated hingeback , rosy hingeback , and schweigger hingeback ) being sold for food ( bushmeat ) .
much of the wildlife of western dr congo , including herps , birds , and mammals , has been greatly reduced or locally decimated by local subsistence hunting , by the illegal bushmeat trade , and by direct exploitation or habitat loss caused by recent war . influence of such practices on turtle populations needs study to determine if these two species and others are secure or in peril . i spent several weeks in pirogues ( dugout canoes ) and trekking in swamp forests and riparian forests , and saw no other turtles .
guinea ( conakry ) , senegal , mauritania ? , nigeria , w democratic republic of the congo ( zaire ) ; mali ( ? ; joger & lambert 1996 ) , cameroon ( ? ) , gabon ( gramentz 1999 ) , são tomé ( gulf of guinea , d . hofer , pers . comm . , 18 apr 2013 ) , central african republic , gambia , benin
type locality :
patria ignota
( unknown ) ; neotype from “vicinity of koutchatcha ( 7º20 ' n , 1º18 ' e ) , a village close to the amou river ( ca . 30 km east of gléï ) , ogou prefecture , plateaux region , togo” .
seychellensis : seychelles islands ; type locality :
seychelles
; restricted to
seychelles ; mahe
by siebenrock 1909 , zool . anz . leipzig 34 ( 11 , 12 ) : 362 .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
neotype : mnhn 2008 . 0303 ( designated by bour 2008 ) types ( seychellensis ) : nmw 13247 , zmh r 00982 , zmh r 00983 ; broadley ( 1981 : 655 ) listed nmw 13247 as the type , and bour ( 1983 : 353 ) designated nmw 13247 as lectotype .
barnett , linda k . & emms , craig 2005 . common reptiles of the gambia . rare repro , hailsham , east sussex , 24 pp .
böhme , wolfgang , mark - oliver rödel , christian brede & philipp wagner 2011 . the reptiles ( testudines , squamata , crocodylia ) of the forested southeast of the republic guinea ( guinée forestière ) , with a country - wide checklist . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 - get paper here
bonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupré , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .
bour , r . 1979 . les tortues actuelles de madagascar ( république malagache ) : liste systématique et description de deux sous - espèces nouvelles ( reptilia - testudines ) . bulletin de la société etude des sciences anjou , n . s . 10 : 141 - 154 [ 1978 ]
bour , r . 2008 . global diversity of turtles ( chelonii ; reptilia ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia 595 : 593–598
bour , r . 2008 . neotype of emys castanea schweigger , 1812 ( pelomedusidae ) . emys 15 ( 4 ) : 36 - 40
breuil , michel ; fortuné guiougou ; karl questel ; béatrice ibéné 2009 . modifications du peuplement les antilles françaises , 2 ème partie . le courrier de la nature n° 251 : 36 - 43
burger , m . ; branch , w . r . & channing , a . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of monts doudou , gabon : species turnover along an elevational gradient . california academy of sciences memoir 28 : 145–186
chirio , l . 2009 . inventaire des reptiles de la région de la réserve de biosphère transfrontalière du w ( niger / bénin / burkina faso : afrique de l’ouest ) . [ herpetological survey of the w transfrontier biosphere reserve area ( niger / benin / burkina faso : west africa ] . bull . soc . herp . france ( 132 ) : 13 - 41 - get paper here
chirio , l . & lebreton , m . 2007 . atlas des reptiles du cameroun . mnhn , ird , paris 688 pp .
chirio , laurent and ivan ineich 2006 . biogeography of the reptiles of the central african republic . african journal of herpetology 55 ( 1 ) : 23 - 59 . - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . , and g . bibron . 1835 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles , vol . 2 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris , iv + 680 p . - get paper here
ernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london
gramentz , d . 1999 . schwere zeiten für reptilien in gabun . elaphe 7 ( 2 ) : 57 - 60
hewitt , j . 1935 . some new forms of batrachians and reptiles from south africa . rec . albany mus . 4 : 283 - 357
hofer , d . 2002 . the são tomé and principé handbook . d . hofer verlag , bern , 152 pp .
hughes , b . 1986 . longevity records of african captive amphibians and reptiles : part 1 : introduction and species list 1 - amphibians and chelonians . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 1 - 5 - get paper here
laurent , r . f . 1956 . contribution à l ' herpetologie de la région des grandes lacs de l ' afrique centrale . ann . mus . roy . congo belge ( sci . zool . ) , 48 : 1 - 390
loveridge , a . 1941 . revision of the african terrapins of the family pelomedusidae . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 88 : 467 - 524 . - get paper here
mccord , w . p . , joseph - ouni , m . & bour , r . 2004 . chelonian illustrations # 15 : madagascan big - headed , african helmeted , and west african mud turtles . reptilia ( gb ) ( 35 ) : 63 - 67 - get paper here
mertens , r . 1969 . bemerkungen über einige halswender - schildkröten . senckenbergiana biologica 50 : 31 - 38
nieden , f . 1910 . die reptilien ( ausser der schlangen ) und amphibien . in : die fauna der deutschen kolonien . reihe 1 . kamerun heft 2 . berlin : 75pp .
pauwels , o . s . g . b . le garff , i . ineich , p . carlino , i . melcore , l . boundenga , c . vigna , t . stévart , k . jeffery , c . orbell , j . - b . < br / > squarcini , j . p . vande weghe and l . j . t . white 2016 . miscellanea herpetologica gabonica v & vi bull . chicago herp . soc . 51 : 177 - get paper here
pauwels , o . s . g . & vande weghe , j . p . 2008 . les reptiles du gabon . smithsonian institution , washington : 272 pp . - get paper here
pauwels , o . s . g . ; kamdem toham , a . & chimsunchart , c . 2002 . recherches sur l’herpétofaune du massif du chaillu , gabon . bull . inst . roy . sci . nat . belgique ( biologie ) 72 : 47 - 57 - get paper here
pollo , césar j . 2017 . guide of amphibians and reptiles of são tomé and príncipe smashwords / césar j . pollo , 156 pp . - get paper here
schweigger , a . f . 1812 . prodromus monographia cheloniorum auctore schweigger . königsberg . arch . naturwiss . mathem . , 1 : 271 - 368 , 406 - 458 .
siebenrock , f . 1906 . schildkröten von ostafrica and madagaskar . 2 . in : a . voeltzkow , 1906 - 1910 , reise in ost - afrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 mit mitteln der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse . systematischen arbeiten . stuttgart , pp . 1 - 40
siebenrock , f . 1909 . über die berechtigung der selbständigkeit von sternotherus nigricans seychellensis siebenrock . zool . anz . 34 ( 11 / 12 ) : 359 - 362 - get paper here
thieme , u . 2004 . herpetologische beobachtungen und anderes aus gambia . reptilia ( münster ) 9 ( 49 ) : 43 - 48 [ erratum in 9 ( 6 ) : 17 ] - get paper here
trape , j . f . ; trape , s . & chirio , l . 2012 . lézards , crocodiles et tortues d ' afrique occidentale et du sahara . ird orstom , 503 pp . - get paper here
ttwg ; rhodin , a . g . j . ; van dijk , p . p . ; iverson , j . b . & shaffer , h . b . [ turtle taxonomy working group ] 2010 . turtles of the world , 2010 update : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution , and conservation status . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v3 . 2010 - get paper here
ullenbruch , k . ; grell , o . ; böhme , w . 2010 . reptiles from southern benin , west africa , with the description of a new hemidactylus ( gekkonidae ) , and a country - wide checklist . bonn zool . bull . 57 ( 1 ) : 31 - 54 - get paper here
wermuth , h . , and r . mertens . 1961 . schildkröten , krokodile , brückenechsen . gustav fischer verlag , jena . xxvi + 422 pp .
wermuth , h . , and r . mertens . 1977 . liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilien . testudines , crocodylia , rhynchocephalia . das tierreich . berlin . 100 : i - xxvii , 1 - 174
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
not listed by broadley & poynton 1998 for the democratic republic of the congo ( zaire ) . terra typica :
madagascar
( in error ) . habitat : freshwater ( lakes , quiet rivers )
gray , j . e . 1864 . on the species of the genus sternothaerus , with some observations on kinixys . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 13 : 165 - 170 - get paper here
ttwg [ peter paul van dijk , john b . iverson , anders g . j . rhodin , h . bradley shaffer , and roger bour ] 2014 . turtles of the world , 7th edition : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution with maps , and conservation status . 000 . v7 . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v7 . 2014 - get paper here
introduced to mauritius , gloriosa isles , diego garcia , chagos archipelago , and guadeloupe , lesser antilles .
type locality : unknown ; later designated as
tamatave ,
on the east coast of madagascar , by bour ( 1978 ) and confirmed by bour ( 1982 ) .
andersson , lars gabriel 1910 . reptiles and batrachians from the north - west of madagascar collected by v . kaudern , 1906 - 1907 . arkiv för zoologi 7 ( 7 ) : 1 - 15 .
auerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .
barnett , linda k . ; emms , craig 1997 . herpetological observations in the chagos archipelago , british indian ocean territory . british herpetological society bulletin ( 59 ) : 6 - 12
bates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .
böhme , w . 1975 . zur herpetofaunistik kameruns , mit beschreibung einens neuen scinciden . bonner zoologische beiträge 26 ( 1 - 3 ) : 2 - 48 - get paper here
bonnaterre , p . j . 1789 . tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature , . . . erpétologie . panckoucke , paris , xxviii + 71 pp . ( + plates + index ) - get paper here
branch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .
broadley , d . g . & howell , k . m . 1991 . a check list of the reptiles of tanzania , with synoptic keys . syntarsus 1 : 1—70
broadley , d . g . 1962 . on some reptile collections from the north - western and north - eastern districts of southern rhodesia 1958 - 1961 , with descriptions of four new lizards . occ . pap . nat . mus . south . rhodesia 26 ( b ) : 787 - 843
gehring , p . - s . , f . m . ratsoavina & m . vences 2010 . filling the gaps – amphibian and reptile records from lowland rainforests in eastern madagascar . salamandra 46 ( 4 ) : 214 - 234 - get paper here
glaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , köln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )
gray , j . e . 1863 . on a sternothaerus from central africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 12 : 405 - get paper here
herrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94–115 - get paper here
iczn 2005 . opinion 2104 ( case 3226 ) . lacepède , b . g . é . de la v . , 1788 , histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipares : rejected as a non - binominal work . bull . zool . nomenclature 62 ( 1 ) : 55 - get paper here
iverson , j . b . 1992 . a revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world . richmond , indiana , privately published , 363 pp .
jacobsen , n . h . g . 2009 . a contribution to the herpetofauna of the passendro area , central african republic . african herp news ( 47 ) : 2 - 20
jacobsen , niels h . g . ; errol w . pietersen & darren w . pietersen 2010 . a preliminary herpetological survey of the vilanculos coastal wildlife sanctuary on the san sebastian peninsula , vilankulo , mozambique . herpetology notes 3 : 181 - 193 - get paper here
joyce , walter g . ; james f . parham , tyler r . lyson , rachel c . m . warnock and philip c . j . donoghue 2013 . a divergence dating analysis of turtles using fossil calibrations : an example of best practices . journal of paleontology , 87 ( 4 ) : 612 - 634 - get paper here
lacépède , b . g . e . 1788 . histoire naturelle des quadrupe des ovipares et des serpens . vol . 1 . imprimerie du roi , hôtel de thou , paris , xvii + 651 pp . - get paper here
mashinini , p . l . ; mahlangu , l . m . 2014 . an annotated catalogue of the types of chelonians ( reptilia : testudines ) in the herpetology collection of the ditsong national museum of natural history , south africa . annals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 4 : - get paper here
mccord , w . p . , joseph - ouni , m . & bour , r . 2004 . chelonian illustrations # 17 : eastern and southern african mud turtles . reptilia ( gb ) ( 37 ) : 73 - 77 - get paper here
pietersen , darren w . < br / > pietersen , errol w . < br / > haacke , wulf d . 2013 . first herpetological appraisal of the parque nacional de banhine , gaza province , southern mozambique . annals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 3 : 153 - 163 - get paper here
savage , j . m . 2003 . lacepéde , b . g . é . de la v . , 1788 , histoire naturelle des quadrupédes ovipares : proposed rejection as a non - binomial work . bull . zool . nomenclature 60 ( 2 ) : 138 - get paper here
schatti , b . , & loumont , c . 1992 . [ a contribution to the herpetofauna of sao tome ( gulf of guinea ) ( amphibia & reptilia ) ] . zool . abhandl . staatl . mus . für tierkunde , dresden , 47 : 23 - 36
schwartz , a . & henderson , r . w . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies . university of florida press , gainesville , 720 pp .
shah , r . v . 1960 . the mechanisms of carapacial and plastral hinges in chelonians . breviora ( 130 ) : 1 - 15 - get paper here
siebenrock , f . 1916 . schildkröten aus dem nördlichen seengebiet und von belgisch - kongo . in : wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauer nach zentralafrika , dezember 1909 bis februar 1911 . annalen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums wien 30 : 1 - 12
spawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here
spawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here
stejneger , l . 1902 . some generic names of turtles . proc . biol . soc , washington 15 : 235 - 238 - get paper here
sweeney , r . c . h . 1960 . the chelonia of nyasaland protectorate . the nyasaland journal 13 ( 1 ) : 35 - 50 - get paper here
the east african black mud turtle is reportedly nocturnal . individuals have been known to aestivate in underground burrows when the temperatures become too warm , too cold , or conditions become too dry , re - emerging again when conditions return to a suitable level ( 4 ) . the diet includes insects , worms , snails , small fish , amphibians and crabs , as well as aquatic plants such as water grasses ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
in captivity , the east african black mud turtle has been recorded laying its eggs in february and march , with hatchlings emerging around 58 days later ( when incubated at 28 to 30°c ) , although this may vary with location ( 4 ) . three to twelve eggs are produced per clutch by the female and buried in a flask - shaped nest cavity ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . in the seychelles , the seychelles black mud turtle subspecies lays its eggs between december and february ( 1 ) .
this is a tropical turtle from eastern and south - eastern africa , madagascar and the seychelles ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the seychelles black mud turtle subspecies is confined to the seychelles islands of mahé , cerf , praslin , la digue , fregate and silhouette ( 1 ) .
this aquatic species is usually found in shallow waters of soft - bottomed marshes , swamps , streams , rivers and ponds in the savannah across much of its range , although it has been recorded from temporary water bodies in south - eastern africa ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the seychelles black mud turtle is protected under seychelles law and , although it does not occur in any reserves , it can be found in conservation - managed areas on fregate and silhouette ( 1 ) . captive breeding has been established at the nature protection trust of seychelles ( npts ) , leading to an experimental reintroduction of captive - bred individuals on silhouette . however , there is an urgent need to raise the profile of marsh conservation in the seychelles before the last remaining fragments are lost ( 6 ) .
ernst , c . h . , altenburg , r . g . m . and barbour , r . w . ( 1997 ) turtles of the world . eti information systems ltd , netherlands . available at : urltoken
authenticated ( 07 / 03 / 08 ) by dr justin gerlach , scientific co - ordinator , the nature protection trust of seychelles . urltoken
aestivation period of dormancy occurring in hot , dry periods , analogous to hibernation in winter . keel a projecting ridge along a flat or curved surface , particularly down the middle . nocturnal active at night . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .
ernst , c . h . , altenburg , r . g . m . and barbour , r . w . ( 1997 ) turtles of the world . eti information systems ltd , netherlands .
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justification : only three specimens are known , collected in 1895 . one individual collected in 1994 was suggested to belong to this species , but this identification is ambiguous . it is possible that hybridization with p . castanoides intergularis may have occurred . the genetic relationships between the type specimens and living p . castanoides intergularis are currently under investigation . intensive searches for p . seychellensis since 1996 have failed to locate any individuals .
p . seychellensis is known from only three specimens collected in 1895 from an unknown locality in the seychelles . the precise origin of the type specimen is unknown , but it is suspected to have been mahé .
an errata assessment is required to generate a revised pdf without the range map which had been included in error ; no range map was available when this assessment was originally published .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2003 : e . t16527a97386102 .
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this species is widely distributed throughout western africa . it is found from senegal to central african republic , including cameroon and gabon . it is also found in
inhabits various water bodies such as streams , ponds , swamps , and lakes , from the west forest to the dry savannah . in
. in gabon this species is confined in shallow , aquatic ecosystems with dense vegetation coverings such as submerged shrubs , savannahs , and lagoon banks but can also be found in swamps and lakes . this species is mainly active during the rainy season .
during the dry season , many of these habitats may dry out and the west african mud turtle is forced to aestivate buried in the mud or in the sand in order to escape the harsh conditions .
if you would like to contribute to the photo gallery of any turtle or tortoise species , please email us at [ email protected ] . you will be credited for any photos you contribute .
artner , harald , balázs farkas , and victor loehr . 2006 . turtles : proceedings : international turtle & tortoise symposium , vienna 2002 . frankfurt am main : ed . chimaera . p . 352 - 355 .
bonin , franck , bernard devaux , and alain dupré . 2006 . turtles of the world . trans . peter c . h . pritchard . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . 416 p .
cites secretariat . 2012 .
appendices i , ii , and iii
. convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora . web . 13 aug . 2012 . urltoken
ernst , carl h . , and roger w . barbour . 1989 . turtles of the world . washington : smithsonian institution . 313 p .
iucn 2012 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 1 . urltoken . downloaded on 21 sept . 2012 .
maran , j . , pauwels , o . s . g . 2009 . nouvelles observations sur la distribution des tortues de la république du congo . chéloniens , mar . 2009 , p . 18 - 19 .
vetter , holger and peter paul van dijk . 2011 . terralog : turtles of the world , vol . 1 - africa , europe and western asia . 2nd ed . frankfurt am main : ed chimaera . 152 p .
disclaimer : the species profiles - natural history , care guide , and photo gallery database is an educational resource . it does not cover all chelonian species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about the species covered . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while theturtleroom ' s staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .


it is found in the russian far east ( amur , siberia ) , north-eastern china ( heilongjiang , jilin , liaoning ) , korea , japan and taiwan .

the wingspan is 19-21 mm for males and 25-27 mm for females .

the ground colour of the forewings is yellow ochreous with brownish-grey suffusions and strigulations ( fine streaks ) .

the hindwings are grey brown .

adults are on wing in june .

the larvae feed on salix koreensis .

tosirips perpulchrana

tosirips perpulchrana is a moth of the family tortricidae . it is found in the russian far east ( amur , siberia ) , north - eastern china ( heilongjiang , jilin , liaoning ) , korea , japan and taiwan . [ 1 ]
this study was carried out to clarify the fauna of the tribe archipini , which belongs to the family tortricidae in northeast china . in the present study , fifty - four species of the tribe were recognized and enumerated . based on the present study , two species , archips viola falkovitsh and choristoneura evanidana ( kennel ) , are reported for the first time from china . also five species , archips dichotomus falkovitsh , archips similis ( butler ) , argyrotaenia angustilineata ( walsingham ) , choristoneura longicellana ( walsingham ) , and gnorismoneura orientis ( filipjev ) , are newly recorded from northeast china . all available information , including host plant , distributional range , and biological information , are listed .
foundation item : this study was support by kosef ( korea science & engineering foundation ) with the program of “korea and china young scientist exchange program” ( 2002–2003 ) .
biography : * byun bong - kyu ( 1963 - ) , male , ph . d . , researcher in korea national rrboretum , korea
( clerk ) in korea [ j ] . korean j . appl . entomol . ,
byun , b . k . , bae , y . s . , park , k . t . 1998 . illustrated catalogue of tortricidae in korea ( lepidoptera ) [ r ] . insects of korea , vol . 2 , pp 317 .
byun , b . k . , k . t . park and b . y . lee . 1996 . five species of tortricinae new to korea [ j ] . korean j . entomol . ,
falkovitsh , m . i . 1965 . new eastern - asiatic species of leaf rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,
jaros j . , spitzer , k . , havelka , j . and park k . t . 1992 . synecological and biogeographical outlines of lepidoptera communities in north korea [ j ] . insects of koreana ,
kawabe , a . 1982 . tortricidae and cochylidae [ c ] . in : h . inoue , s . sugi , h . kuroko , s . moriuti , a . kawabe ( eds ) moths of japan , vol . 1 : 62–258 , vol . 2 : 158–183 , pls . 14–31 , 227 , 279–295 .
kuznetsov , v . i . 1973 . leaf - rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) of the southern part of the soviet far east and their seasonal cycles [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,
liu youqiao . 1983a . cochylidae and tortricidae [ c ] . in : animal research institute of chinese academy sciences ( ed ) iconographia heterocerorum sinicorum ( 1 ) beijing : science press , p 28–56 , pls . : 6–8 . ( in chinese )
hübner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) [ j ] . zool . res . ,
liu youqiao , bai jiuwei . 1977 . lepidoptera , tortricidae , part 1 [ c ] . in : economic insect fauna of china ( vol . 11 ) . beijing : science press : p 1–93 , 24 pls .
hübner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with description of two new species [ j ] . acta zool . sinica ,
liu youqiao , li guangwu . 2002 . insecta , lepidoptera , tortricidae . [ c ] in : editorial committee of fauna sinica , chinese academy sciences ( ed ) fauna sinica ( vol . 27 ) . beijing : science press , pp . 463 , plates . 1–136 , colour plates 1–2 .
hübner ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . acta zool . cracov . ,
yasuda , t . 1972 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . part i [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,
yasuda , t . 1975 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . part ii [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,
bong - kyu , b . , shan - chun , y . & cheng - de , l . journal of forestry research ( 2003 ) 14 : 93 . urltoken
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the wingspan is 19–21 mm for males and 25–27 mm for females . the ground colour of the forewings is yellow ochreous with brownish - grey suffusions and strigulations ( fine streaks ) . the hindwings are grey brown . adults are on wing in june . [ 2 ]
razowski , j . ( 1987 ) : a new palaearctic archipini genus ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . — nota lepidopterologica 10 ( 1 ) : 87 - 92
this page was last edited on 21 march 2018 , at 11 : 09 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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anarsia aleurodes is a moth in the family gelechiidae .

it was described by meyrick in 1922 .

it is found in iraq .

the wingspan is about 12 mm .

the forewings are ochreous-whitish , thinly and irregularly speckled grey , with a small undefined spot of blackish-grey speckling on the middle of the costa and some irregular blackish-grey speckling in the middle of the disc .

there are also slight blackish dots on the tornus and on the termen beneath the apex .

the hindwings are light grey , subhyaline and whitish-tinged anteriorly .

anarsia aleurodes

ananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
anarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib
anarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096
anarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343
anarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo
anarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214
anarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69
anarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32
anarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275
anarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java
anarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland
anarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]
anarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; mém . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163
anarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan
anarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124
anarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78
anarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal
anarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai
anarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia luticostella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra
anarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas
anarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore
anarsia retamella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa
anarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft
anarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar
anarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton
anarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa
anarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters
anarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate
anarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai
anarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
anarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan
anarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun
anarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
anarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk
anarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
anarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , mém . lépid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14
anarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon
anarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london
anarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]
anarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
anarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas
anarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden
anarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14
anarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt
anarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder
anarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku
anarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan
anarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek
anarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty
anarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude
anarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan
anarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .
anarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas
anarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta
anarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft
anarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal
anarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
anarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal
anarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder
anarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
anarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
anarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
anarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m
anarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon
anarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude
anarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan
anarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )
anarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon
anarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest
anarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
anarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea
anarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales
anarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )
anarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )
anarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
anarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan
anarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia
anarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
anarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan
anarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz
anarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]
anarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50°44 ' n 93°08 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m
anarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
anarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
anarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo
anarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m
anarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )
anarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia
anarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113
larva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279
ananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50
ananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
larva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
chelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton
ananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
ananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
chelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
ananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran
ananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
japan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]
larva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
chelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan
ananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
larva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83
nothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane
ananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
romania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]
ananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
ananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
larva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
chelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude
ananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
ananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
guiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79
larva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
ananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
s . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]
larva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
ceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]
larva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia
larva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
nothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4
larva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495
larva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147
s . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]
gelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon
larva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
ananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
s . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]
ananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
larva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
chelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
larva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353
seu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]
larva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
ananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
chelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon
ananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
larva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . résultats scientifique . insectes lépidoptères . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,
in la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar réunion . lépidoptères ( excepté les tordeuses et les géométrides )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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pipimorpha is an unranked biological classification containing extinct pipids who are more closely related to living pipidae species than to living rhinophrynus species .

pipimorpha

thoraciliacus rostriceps is an extinct species of frog from the cretaceous period and the only species of the genus thoraciliacus , which is classified in the unranked clade pipimorpha .
the new stem - based name pipimorpha was defined by ford and cannatella ( 1993 ) to be those taxa that are more closely related to living pipidae than to living rhinophrynus . pending a more detailed assessment of the relationships of †palaeobatrachidae , pipidae , and the fossil
pipids ,
we consider †palaeobatrachidae , †thoraciliacus , †cordicephalus , †saltenia , †shomronella , and †eoxenopoides to be part of pipimorpha .
as discussed under the account of pipidae , ford and cannatella ( 1993 ) defined the node - based name pipidae to be the most recent common ancestor of living pipids ( xenopus , silurana , hymenochirus , pseudhymenochirus , and pipa ) and all of its descendants . taxa considered to be fossil
pipids
( † thoraciliacus , † cordicephalus , † saltenia , † shomronella , and † eoxenopoides ) are assigned only to the level of pipimorpha . ( see estes , 1977 ; estes et al . , 1978 ; nevo , 1968 )
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baez , a . m . , 2000 : an eocene pipine from north - central tanzania . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 20 , # 3 , suppl . to # 3 , 28a
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
baez , a . m . , trueb , l . & calvo , j . o . , 2000 : the earliest known pipoid frog from south america : a new genus from the middle cretaceous of argentina –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 20 , # 3 , 490 - 500
estes , r . & sanch´cz , b . , 1982 : new discoglossid and palaeobatracid frogs from the late cretaceous of wyoming and montana , and a review of other frogs from the lance and hell creek formations . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 2 , # 1 , , pp . 9 - 20 .
henrici , a . c . , 1998 : a new pipoid anuran from the late jurassic morrison formation at dinosaur national monument , utah . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 18 , # 2 , pp . 321 - 332
trueb , l . & báez , a . m . , 2006 : revision of the early cretaceous cordicephalus from israel and an assessment of its relationships among pipoid frogs . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 26 , # 1 , pp . 44 - 59
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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
you can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .
for more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .
anura is the clade of living frogs and their close fossil relatives . the name anura refers to the lack of a tail .
( milner , 1988 , 1993 ; saint - aubain , 1981 ; trueb and cloutier , 1991 ) .
however , the existence of several early frog fossils , such as †prosalirus and † notobatrachus , clouds this picture , because many of these characters cannot be assessed in these fossils , either because of incompleteness of fossils or because the features are soft - tissue characters identifiable only in living taxa .
the node - based name anura was defined by ford and cannatella ( 1993 ) as the last common ancestor of living frogs and all its descendants . according to this definition , †triadobatrachus is not part of anura , following trueb and cloutier ( 1991 ) . the late jurassic fossil † notobatrachus degiustoi has been considered as having uncertain placement with respect to anura - - possibly the sister - group , possibly not ( cannatella , 1985 ) ; or related to leiopelma ( estes and reig , 1973 ) . baez and basso ( 1996 ) placed it as the sister - group of anura .
in a study of tetrapod phylogeny , hedges et al . ( 1990 ) analyzed 123 phylogenetically informative sites from 18s ribosomal rna of 21 tetrapods , including 4 salamanders , 4 caecilians , and 1 species each from bufonidae , discoglossidae , hylidae , leptodactylidae , microhylidae , pelobatidae , and sooglossidae . bootstrap analyses using both maximum - parsimony and neighbor - joining algorithms did not support the monophyly of anura , caudata , or gymnophiona , but a monophyletic amphibia was supported with a bootstrap value of 100 % . hedges and maxson ( 1993 ) and hillis et al . ( 1993 ) presented analyses of anuran relationships based on dna sequence data from the mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal genes , respectively .
hedges et al . ( 1990 ) also analyzed 35 variable sites from 28s rrna of four species of frogs , from discoglossidae , hylidae , pelobatidae , and pipidae . bootstrap analysis of maximum parsimony trees yielded a monophyletic anura , but with no resolution among the four taxa . the neighbor - joining analysis indicated a sister - group relationship between the discoglossid and pipid , and between the bufonid and hylid , but the bootstrap value for both of these nodes was less than 50 % . neither analysis yielded a monophyletic amphibia .
hay et al . ( 1995 ) is the most comprehensive molecular systematics treatment of the relationships among the families of amphibians . their neighbor - joining tree yielded a monophlyletic anura , caudata , and gymnophiona .
archaeobatrachians have generally included discoglossoids , pipoids and pelobatoids ( duellman , 1975 ; reig , 1958 ) . as discussed on other pages , the synapomorphies of bombinanura and pipanura collectively demonstrate that
archaeobatrachia
is paraphyletic . the informal term archaeobatrachian is a convenient term for anurans that are not part of neobatrachia .
bombinanura , a node - based name , was defined by ford and cannatella ( 1993 ) to be the most recent common ancestor of living bombinatoridae and discoglossanura , and all its descendants . synapomorphies of bombinanura include fusion of the halves of the sphenethmoid , eight presacral vertebrae , absence of the m . epipubicus , and absence of the caudalipuboischiotibialis muscle ( cannatella , 1985 ) . subclades of bombinanura include bombinatoridae and discoglossanura .
the node - based name pipanura was proposed by ford and cannatella ( 1993 ) for the most recent common ancestor of living mesobatrachia + neobatrachia , and all its descendants . the subordinal name ranoidei was coined for this clade by sokol ( 1977 ) , but that name was re - assigned to a less inclusive taxon by dubois ( 1983 , 1984 ) . sokol ' s ( 1977 ) use of this name was unfortunate because the informal name , ranoid , is homonymous with the widely used name ranoidea .
synapomorphies include a sinistral spiracle in the larvae ( a characteristic feature of orton ' s type 4 tadpole ) , absence of free ribs in adults , torsion in the carpal elements , the presence of vocal sacs , and fusion of the trigeminal and facial ganglia ( cannatella , 1985 ; sokol , 1975 ) .
ford and cannatella ( 1993 ) applied the name mesobatrachia to the node that is the most recent common ancestor of the living pelobatoidea and pipoidea . this relationship was based on synapomorphies discussed by cannatella ( 1985 ) . mesobatrachia as proposed by laurent ( 1979 ) was a paraphyletic group . cannatella ( 1985 ) first applied the name to a clade . synapomorphies reported for mesobatrachia included closure of the frontoparietal fontanelle by juxtaposition of the frontoparietal bones , partial closure of the hyoglossal sinus by the ceratohyals , absence of the taenia tecti medialis , and absence of the taenia tecti transversum ( cannatella , 1985 ; sokol , 1981 ) . most other previous taxonomies , and recent molecular phylogenetic analyses , have placed the pelobatoidea as the sister - group to neobatrachia , rather than to pipoidea . thus , the mesobatrachia as formerly proposed is not monophyletic , and therefore no longer recognized .
báez , a . m . , and n . g . basso . 1996 . the earliest known frogs of the jurassic of south america : review and cladistic appraisal of their relationships . münchner geowiss . abh . ( a ) 30 : 131 - 158 .
cannatella , d . c . 1985 . a phylogeny of primitive frogs ( archaeobatrachians ) . ph . d . dissertation , the university of kansas , lawrence .
cannatella , d . c . , and d . m . hillis . 1993 . amphibian phylogeny : phylogenetic analysis of morphology and molecules . herpetol . monogr . 7 : 1 - 7 .
duellman , w . e . 1975 . on the classification of frogs . occ . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas ( 42 ) : 1 - 15 .
estes , r . , and o . a . reig . 1973 . the early fossil record of frogs : a review of the evidence . pp . 11 - 63 in j . l . vial ( ed . ) , evolutionary biology of the anurans : contemporary research on major problems . university of missouri press , columbia .
ford , l . s . , and d . c . cannatella . 1993 . the major clades of frogs . herp . monogr . 7 : 94 - 117 .
griffiths , i . 1963 . the phylogeny of the salientia . biological reviews 38 : 241 - 292 .
hay , j . m . , i . ruvinsky , s . b . hedges , and l . r . maxson . 1995 . phylogenetic relationships of amphibian families inferred from dna sequences of mitochondrial 12s and 16s ribosomal rna genes . mol . biol . evol . 12 ( 5 ) : 928 - 937 .
hedges , s . b . , k . d . moberg , and l . r . maxson . 1990 . tetrapod phylogeny inferred from 18s and 28s ribosomal rna sequences and a review of the evidence for amniote relationships . mol . biol . evol . 7 : 607 - 633 .
hedges , s . b . and l . r . maxson . 1993 . a molecular perspective on lissamphibian phylogeny . herpetol . monogr . 7 : 27 - 42 .
hillis , d . m . , l . k . ammerman , m . t . dixon , and r . o . de sá . 1993 . ribosomal dna and the phylogeny of frogs . herpetol . monogr . 7 : 118 - 131 .
reig , o . a . 1958 . proposiciones para una nueva macrosistematica de los anuros . nota preliminar . physis 21 : 109 - 118 .
rocek , z . 1981 . cranial anatomy of frogs of the family pelobatidae stannius , 1856 , with outlines of their phylogeny and systematics . acta univ . carolinae biol . 1980 : 1 - 164 .
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. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the
cannatella , david . 2008 . anura . version 11 january 2008 ( under construction ) .
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
tree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .
estes , r . 1977 . relationships of the south african fossil frog eoxenopoides reuningi ( anura , pipidae ) . 73 ( 2 ) : 49 - 80 .
estes , r . , z . v . spinar , and e . nevo . 1978 . early cretaceous pipid tadpoles from israel ( amphibia : anura ) . herpetologica 34 ( 4 ) : 374 - 393 .
nevo , e . 1968 . pipid frogs from the early cretaceous of israel and pipid evolution . bull . mus . comp . zool . 136 ( 8 ) : 255 - 318 .
cannatella , david . 1995 . ' pipids ' . extinct pipoid frogs . version 01 january 1995 ( under construction ) .
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copyright © 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
blob , carrano , rogers , forster & espinosa , 2001 ; u . cret . na . | - - o †
báez , a . m . , moura , g . j . b . & gómez , r . o . , 2009 : anurans from the lower cretaceous crato formation of northeastern brazil : implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians . –cretaceous research : vol . 30 , # 4 , pp . 829 - 846 [ doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 01 . 002 ]
blob , r . w . , carrano , m . t . , rogers , r . r . , forster , c . a . & espinosa , n . r . , 2001 : a new fossil frog from the upper cretaceous judith river formation of montana . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 21 , # 1 , pp . 190 - 194
borsuk - bialynicka , m . & evans , s . e . , 2002 : the scapulocoracoid of an early triassic stem - frog from poland . –acta palaeontologica polonica : vol . 47 , # 1 , pp . 79 - 96
cannatella , d . , ford , l . & bockstanz , l . , 1995 - 2003 : salientia – frogs and toads . –inet : the tree of life project : urltoken ; = living _ amphibians
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698
estes , r . & sanch´cz , b . , 1982 : new discoglossid and palaeobatracid frogs from the late cretaceous of wyoming and montana , and a review of other frogs from the lance and hell creek formations . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 2 , # 1 , , pp . 9 - 20
frost , d . r . , 2000 : amphibian species of the world : an online reference . –inet : american museum of natural history , department of herpetology : urltoken
frost , d . r . , grant , t . , faivovich , j . , bain , r . h . , haas , a . , haddad , c . f . b . , de sá , r . o . , channing , a . , wilkinson , m . , donnellan , s . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , campbell , j . a . , blotto , b . l . , moler , p . , drewes , r . c . , nussbaum , r . a . , lynch , j . d . , green , d . m . & wheeler , w . c . , 2006 : the amphibian tree of life . –bulletin of the american museum of natural history : # 297 , pp . 1 - 370
gao , k . - q . & chen , s . , 2004 : a new frog ( amphibia : anura ) from the lower cretaceous of western liaoning , china . –cretaceous research : vol . 25 , pp . 761 - 769
gao , k . - q . & wang , y . , 2001 : mesozoic anurans from liaoning province , china , and phylogenetic relationships of archaeobatrachian anuran clades . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 21 , # 3 , pp . 460 - 476
haas , a . , 2003 : phylogeny of frogs as inferred from primary larval characters ( amphibia : anura ) . –cladistics : vol . 19 , # 1 , pp . 23 - 89
jenkins , f . a . jr . & shubin , n . h . , 1998 : prosalirus bitis and the anuran caudopelvic mechanism . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 18 , # 3 , pp . 495 - 510
shishkin , m . a . , 2000 : mezosoic amphibians from mongolia and the central asiatic republics . 297 - 308 in benton , m . j . , shishkin , m . a . , unvin , d . m . & kurochkin , e . n . , ( eds . ) 2000 : the age of dinosaurs in russia and mongolia . –cambridge university press , cambridge , 2000 xxxix - 696
shubin , n . h . & jenkins , f . a . jr . , 1995 : an early jurassic jumping frog . –nature : vol . 377 , 7 september , pp . 49 - 52
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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