marrella splendens is an extinct arthropod known from the middle cambrian burgess shale of british columbia .

it is the most common animal represented in the burgess shale .

marrella

kagan & gaines music co . , inc . - john marrella
drum instructor
marrella – after dr . john marr , palaeontologist at cambridge university and friend of walcott .
between 1960 and 2004 , marrella life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1964 , and highest in 1997 . the average life expectancy for marrella in 1960 was 65 , and 85 in 2004 .
other deposits : marrella sp . from the kaili biota of southwest china ( zhao et al . , 2003 ) .
so despite the large number of fossils of marrella found in british columbia , these fossils have not been discovered elsewhere in the world . does this mean that marrella sp . were localised to the canadian province ? or does this indicate that marrella sp . had such a low fossilisation potential that only under exceptional conditions could fossils of this animal be formed ?
marrella - like organisms are found in other cambrian deposits . they are known from sediments as late as the devonian . [ 3 ]
poliani pl 1 , kisand k , marrella v , ravanini m , notarangelo ld , villa a , peterson p , facchetti f .
marrella splendens ; ypm ip 005864 ; north america ; canada ; british columbia ; burgess pass , near field ; charles d . walcott
marrella splendens ; ypm ip 005863 ; north america ; canada ; british columbia ; burgess pass , near field ; charles d . walcott
marrella splendens ; ypm ip 005861 ; north america ; canada ; british columbia ; burgess pass , near field ; charles d . walcott
as listed in “the new rolling stone encyclopedia of rock and roll” , john marrella toured internationally for 6 years as the drummer of “the lovin’ spoonful” .
christy marrella , a history teacher at rosa and coach for the national history day team , said the students became engaged with paine’s story in class .
nadkarni had expressed an interest in history entering last school year . as tough as the work was at times , the encouragement from marrella helped keep them motivated .
“they spent over 1 , 000 hours outside of school to make this , ” marrella said . “we stayed every day after school , most days until seven at night . ”
investment advisory services offered through raymond james financial services advisors , inc . marrella financial group , llc is not a registered broker / dealer and is independent of raymond james financial services .
census records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your marrella ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .
marrella was examined again by simonetta ( 1962 ) and in a major study by whittington ( 1971 ) . new specimens collected by the royal ontario museum allowed for the description of a specimen showing marrella in the act of moulting ( garcía - bellido and collins , 2004 ) , and another re - description of the taxon ( garcía - bellido and collins , 2006 ) .
finding the time to complete the project was challenging . all team members also participated in other activities , so marrella had to get creative to find a way to work around everyone’s schedules .
marrella splendens ( marr - ell - ah splen - denz ) . named by walcott to recognize j . e . marr of cambridge university , england for his notable work in geology and paleontology .
census records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your marrella ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .
whittington , h . b . 1971 . redescription of marrella splendens ( trilobitoidea ) from the burgess shale , middle cambrian , british columbia . bulletin of the geological survey of canada , 209 : 1 - 24 .
marrella was the first fossil collected by charles doolittle walcott from the burgess shale , in 1909 . [ 1 ] walcott described marrella informally as a
lace crab
and described it more formally as an odd trilobite . in 1971 , whittington did a thorough redescription of the animal . on the basis of its legs , gills and head appendages , he decided that it was not a trilobite , nor a chelicerate , nor a crustacean . [ 2 ]
haug jt , castellani c , haug c , waloszek d , maas a : a marrella - like arthropod from the cambrian of australia : a new link between “orsten” - type assemblages and the burgess shale . acta pal pol .
zhao , y . , j . yuan , m . zhu , x . yang and j . peng . 2003 . the occurrence of the genus marrella ( trilobitoidea ) in asia . progress in natural science , 13 : 708 - 711 .
whittington , h . b . ( 1971 ) .
redescription of marrella splendens ( trilobitoidea ) from the burgess shale , middle cambrian , british columbia
. bulletin – geological survey of canada ( geological survey of canada ) 209 : 1–24 .
simonetta , a . m . 1962 . note sugli artropodi non trilobiti della burgess shale , cambriano medio della columbia britannica ( canada ) . 1 . contributo : 2 . genere marrella walcott , 1912 . monitore zoologico italiano , 69 : 172 - 185 .
one of the most abundant of all the fossils found at the site is marrella splendens with something like over 15 , 000 known specimens . however , this canadian site is the only location known in the world where fossils of this strange creature have been found .
marrella was one of the first fossils found by walcott , and sketches appear in his notebook as early as august 31st , 1909 . walcott informally named them “lace crabs” at the time . the next summer , on august 9 , 1910 , walcott and son stuart found the “lace crab beds” in situ , marking the discovery of the fossil - bearing beds of the walcott quarry of the burgess shale . walcott ( 1912 ) formally described the “lace crabs” as marrella splendens , but a reconstruction was not attempted until raymond ( 1920 ) .
garcía - bellido , d . and d . h . collins . 2006 . a new study of marrella splendens ( arthropoda , marrellomorpha ) from the middle cambrian burgess shale , british columbia , canada . canadian journal of earth sciences , 43 : 721 - 742 .
an unusually short lifespan might indicate that your marrella ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .
now a coach with the boston - based “my college audition , ” marrella and his wife , mandy , an elementary school teacher in framingham , are parents of a 14 - month - old daughter , lily . by telephone last week , the actor shared his thoughts on playing eli and more .
although not formally described yet , there are also records of marrellids from the lower ordovician of both morocco and argentina , and isolated remains comparable to marrella from the lower cambrian of china . this indicates that although marellomorphs are relatively rare in the fossil record , there may be many more still waiting to be discovered .
marrella is one of the most common species in the burgess shale . over 25 , 000 specimens have been collected ( garcía - bellido and collins , 2006 ) , and it is the second most common arthropod species in walcott quarry , comprising 7 . 3 % of the specimens counted ( caron and jackson , 2008 ) .
making his huntington theatre debut in the role of eli is framingham resident joseph marrella , who has appeared in several lyric stage company productions and is also seen regularly in “shear madness” at boston’s charles playhouse . after graduating from emerson college in 2006 , the marlton , new jersey , native taught theater for four years at westborough high school .
haug , j . t . , castellani , c . , haug , c . , waloszek , d . & maas , a . 2013 . a marrella - like arthropod from the cambrian of australia : a new link between “orsten” - type and burgess shale assemblages . acta palaeontologica polonica 58 , 629 - 639 . doi : 10 . 4202 / app . 2011 . 0120
after leaving the legal profession , he worked on wall street as an assistant trader for an equity trading firm and then as an equity trader before rejoining his father’s practice in 1998 . in 2001 , he and his father launched marrella financial group , llc . today , paul , his father , and his brother sam work closely together to help clients reach goals and build legacies for their families .
marrella is a small arthropod with a wedge - shaped head shield bearing two pairs of prominent spines that project from the sides and posterodorsal margin and extend back along most of the length of the body . there is also a pair of smaller posteroventral spines . the head bears a pair of long , thin antennae with as many as 30 segments , and a pair of paddle - like appendages with six segments and numerous bushy setae along the edges .
in the two - act play , being directed in boston by huntington associate producer m . bevin o’gara ( “milk like sugar” ) , a talented writer , zarina ( aila peck ) , is working on a novel about women and islam , while also beginning a relationship with eli ( joseph marrella ) , a young muslim proselyte . when zarina’s conservative father ( rom barkhorda ) becomes aware of his daughter’s latest literary effort , a clash of beliefs ensues .
60 . position of the anus : ( 0 ) terminal ; ( 1 ) ventral . character 63 of ortega hernández et al . coded unknown for australimicola , marrella , and mimetaster . the position of the anus is not preserved in aglaspis , but because the styliform telson is closed posteriorly , it is likely to have been at the base of the telson . the same in kwanyinaspis . the character is coded inapplicable for pycnogonids , where the telson is reduced .
the affinity of marrella is still somewhat uncertain . it has been grouped together with the devonian taxa mimetaster and vachonisia from the hunsrück shale to form the class marrellomorpha ( beurlen , 1934 ; strømer , 1944 ) , but the placement of this class in arthropod evolution is unclear . it has been suggested to be at the base of a group of lamellipedian arthropods , including trilobites and trilobite - like taxa , ( hou and bergström , 1997 ) , but has also been placed in the most basal position in the upper stem lineage arthropods ( briggs and fortey , 1989 ; wills et al . , 1998 ) .
marrella was an active swimmer that moved just above the sea floor while deposit feeding . it could rest on the sea floor by standing on its body appendages . swimming was achieved by undulating the second pair of paddle - like appendages on the head . its antennae would be used to sense the environment and locate food items . the net of internal projections on the last twelve body segments would have been used to trap food particles located in water currents and to pass them along the underside of the animal . food particles trapped in the net would be moved towards the mouth using the tips of the anterior legs .
these two seemingly disparate groups have similarities in other aspects of their anatomy . both groups possess : a long , thin body bearing numerous limb pairs ( typically more than 25 ) , which get smaller towards the back of the animal ; appendages bearing a multi - segmented outer branch , the exite , which is covered in fine bristles that may have been used for respiration ; and an inner limb branch made of roughly seven segments , each tipped with a rounded inner projection ( fig . 1 ) . both groups have long , thin exites on their heads . in marrella , these are single - branched ‘swimming paddles’ ( fig . 1 ) ; in the acercostracans , represented here by xylokorys ( fig . 1 ) , they are tipped with a bristly brush .
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philosophical transactions of the royal society of london . series b , biological sciences , volume 284 , issue 1000 , pp . 165 - 197
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lectotype – usnm 57674 in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , usa .
middle cambrian , bathyuriscus - elrathina zone ( approximately 505 million years ago ) .
the walcott and raymond quarries on fossil ridge . smaller localities on mount field , the tulip beds ( s7 ) on mount stephen and mount odaray .
behind the head , the body consists of 26 segments that are small and subcircular , each bearing a pair of biramous appendages . the walking branch of this appendage has six segments , and the second branch is made of tapering gills with long , slim filaments that attach near the base of the legs . the last twelve body segments have conspicuous internal projections that form a net below the body .
the tail is minute and pointed . the stomach is located in the head near the ventral mouth , and the intestine stretches most of the length of the body . dark stains found around the body are suggested to be the gut contents that were squeezed out during preservation . a small , triangular dorsal heart is located in the cephalic region and has arteries branching off from it .
briggs , d . e . g . and r . a . fortey . 1989 . the early radiation and relationships of the major arthropod groups . science , 246 : 241 - 243 .
briggs , d . e . g . , b . s . lieberman , j . r . hendricks , s . l . halgedahl and r . d . jarrard . 2008 . middle cambrian arthropods from utah . journal of paleontology , 82 ( 2 ) : 238 - 254 .
beurlen , k . 1934 . die pygaspiden , eine neue crustaceen – ( entomostraceen ) – gruppe aus den mesosaurier führenden iraty - scichten brasiliens . paläontologische zeitschrift , 16 : 122 - 138 .
caron , j . - b . and d . a . jackson . 2008 . paleoecology of the greater phyllopod bed community , burgess shale . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 258 : 222 - 256 .
garcía - bellido , d . and d . h . collins . 2004 . moulting arthropod caught in the act . nature , 429 : 40 .
hou , x . and j . bergström . 1997 . arthropods of the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china . fossils and strata , 45 : 1 - 116 .
raymond , p . e . 1920 . the appendages , anatomy , and relationships of trilobites . memoirs of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences , 7 : 1 - 169 .
stømer , l . 1944 . on the relationships and phylogeny of fossil and recent arachnomorpha . norsk videnskaps - akademi skrifter i . matematisk - naturvidenskaplig klasse , 5 : 1 - 158 .
walcott , c . 1912 . cambrian geology and paleontology ii . middle cambrian branchiopoda , malacostraca , trilobita and merostomata . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 57 ( 6 ) : 145 - 228 .
wills , m . a . , d . e . g . briggs , r . a . fortey , m . wilkinson and p . h . a . sneath . 1998 . an arthropod phylogeny based on fossil and recent taxa , p . 33 - 105 . in g . d . edgecombe ( ed . ) , arthropod fossils and phylogeny . columbia university press , new york .
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i am a research fellow in computer science and engineering at dipartimento di ingegneria informatica , automatica e gestionale
antonio ruberti
( department of computer , control , and management engineering ) , sapienza - università di roma .
from january 2012 to june 2012 , i have been a visiting researcher at york university in toronto , ontario ( canada ) , department of computer science and engineering , where i collaborated with prof . yves lespérance .
from june 2013 to august 2013 , i have been a visiting researcher at ryerson university in toronto , ontario ( canada ) , department of computer science , where i collaborated with prof . mikhail soutchanski .
from october 2016 to november 2016 , i have been a visiting researcher at university of tartu in estonia , institute of computer science , where i collaborated with prof . marlon dumas and with prof . fabrizio maria maggi .
national scientific habilitation ( abilitazione scientifica nazionale ) as associate professor for sector 09 / h1 ( computer science and engineering - ingegneria informatica ) obtained from 30 march 2018 to 30 march 2024 .
best paper award at the 29th international conference on advanced information systems engineering ( caise 2017 ) , 12 - 16 june 2017 , essen , germany , for the paper : multi - party business process resilience by - design : a data - centric perspective .
principal investigator of the research project ( progetto di avvio alla ricerca ) :
data - aware adaptation of knowledge - intensive processes in cyber - physical domains through action - based languages
, funded by sapienza - università di roma in 2016 .
keynote speaker at 1st international workshop on bp innovation with ai ( bpai ' 17 ) , 11 september 2018 , barcelona , spain . talk : what automated planning can do for business process management .
organizer and speaker of the tutorial : process mining : from zero to hero at 18th international conference on product - focused software process improvement ( profes 2017 ) , 29 november 2018 , innsbruck , austria .
invited talk on
the use of ai planning for bpm
at university of tartu ( estonia ) in 2016 .
invited talks on
adaptive process management in cyber - physical domains
at vienna university of economics and business ( austria ) and ulm university ( germany ) in 2014 .
invited talks on
adaptive process management through situationa calculus , indigolog and automated planning
at university of toronto ( canada ) and york university ( toronto , canada ) in 2012 .
5th ieee / acm int . conf . on mobile software eng . and systems ( mobilesoft 2018 )
4th ieee / acm int . conf . on mobile software eng . and systems ( mobilesoft 2017 )
send 1 trap card from your deck to the gy . once per chain , when a trap card is activated while this card is in your gy : special summon this card as a normal monster ( aqua / water / level 2 / atk 1200 / def 0 ) . ( this card is not treated as a trap . ) if summoned this way , this card is unaffected by monster effects , also banish it when it leaves the field .
envoyez 1 carte piège depuis votre deck au cimetière . une fois par chaîne , lorsqu ' une carte piège est activée tant que cette carte est dans votre cimetière : invoquez spécialement cette carte comme un monstre normal ( type aqua / eau / niveau 2 / atk 1200 / def 0 ) . ( cette carte n ' est pas traitée comme une carte piège . ) si elle est invoquée de cette façon , cette carte n ' est pas affectée par des effets de monstre , et aussi , bannissez - la lorsqu ' elle quitte le terrain .
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manda 1 carta trappola dal tuo deck al cimitero . una volta per catena , quando viene attivata una carta trappola mentre questa carta è nel tuo cimitero : evoca specialmente questa carta come mostro normale ( tipo acqua / acqua / livello 2 / atk 1200 / def 0 ) . ( questa carta non viene considerata come una carta trappola . ) se viene evocata in questo modo , questa carta è immune agli effetti dei mostri , inoltre bandiscila quando lascia il terreno .
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manda al cementerio 1 trampa en tu deck . una vez por cadena , cuando una carta de trampa es activada mientras esta carta esté en tu cementerio : puedes invocar esta carta de modo especial como un monstruo normal ( aqua / agua / nivel 2 / atk 1200 / def 0 ) . ( esta carta no se trata como una trampa ) . si es invocada de esta forma , esta carta no es afectada por efectos de monstruos , y además destiérrala cuando deje el campo .
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an approximate recreation of this cambrian animal . the most common fossil in the burgess shale fauna , discovered by charles walcott in 1909 . made with spore creature creator .
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number : inov - en097 rarity : common attribute / card type : trap / normal trap card description : send 1 trap card from your deck to the graveyard . once per chain , when a trap card is activated while this card is in your graveyard : special summon this card as a normal monster ( aqua - type / water / level 2 / atk 1200 / def 0 ) . ( this card is not treated as a trap card . ) if summoned this way , this card is unaffected by monster effects , also banish it when it leaves the field .
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few people understand the slow and steady approach to reaching a goal better than paul . over the course of more than 40 years , he has made his passion into a family business
like his brother sam , paul remembers the many long hours their father put into his financial practice after working a full day at school . his father’s determination inspired him to seek the kind of education that would best serve the family business .
paul earned a bachelor of science degree in mathematics and finance from albright college in 1988 . in december 1991 , he graduated with a juris doctor from the dickinson school of law and was admitted to the pennsylvania bar in the spring of 1992 . in 1999 , he added the certified financial planner™ certification to his list of accomplishments , followed by a certification in long - term care in 2004 . his latest certification came in september of 2016 earning the designation of retirement income certified professional® .
paul began his advisory career at his father’s first firm , wyomissing financial group , llc , while attending law school . from there , he gained valuable industry insight working for a local law firm as an estate - planning attorney .
paul is an active member of the wilson high school scholarship committee , the berks county basketball old - timers association , and the caron foundation’s planned giving and endowment council , and a former member of the albright college strategic planning committee .
a sports fanatic , he is a youth coach for football , basketball , and lacrosse teams , an avid golfer , and a black belt in ryukyu hon kenpo kobujitsu style of karate .
paul , his wife , tracy , and their children , mackenzie and matthew , live in sinking spring , pennsylvania .
certified financial planner board of standards inc . owns the certification marks cfp ® , certified financial planner ™ , and in the u . s . , which it awards to individuals who successfully complete cfp board ' s initial and ongoing certification requirements .
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the 520 million year old burgess shale in british columbia ( canada ) , is one of the world’s most important fossil sites as it contains the remains of soft - bodied organisms that thrived in a shallow sea in the cambrian period . it also documents the marine ecosystem that existed in the mid cambrian , including the first evidence of hard - shelled organisms .
although , the location is now thought not to be unique , other sites in canada that seem to have been subjected to very special geological conditions that permitted the fine fossilisation of a marine community have been found , the burgess shale remains exceptionally important .
this thumb - sized animal may have been a member of the order arthropoda , but whether it was an ancient ancestor of crabs , trilobites or spiders remains open to intense scientific debate .
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he also toured nationally as the drummer for “head east” . john has 35 + years of performance experience , and 27 + years of private instruction experience . he was the sole drum instructor at kagan and gaines until he moved to colorado . john teaches all styles and levels , stressing a strong foundation including rudiments and reading notation . he has also taught in the public schools systems as percussion specialist including riverside brookfield and proviso east high schools . in colorado john was a licensed k - 12 substitute teacher and k - 4 general music teacher besides teaching at many high schools as percussion specialist . john is back in chicagoland and happy to be of service once again at kagan and gaines .
on a friday night , the last thing most middle school students are thinking about is history class .
however , for a small team from rosa international middle school , they spent many of their friday nights thinking about nothing but history .
more than 1 , 000 hours of brainstorming , hard work and determination ultimately paid off for nishaad khedkar , hyder alikhan , nate gordon and shaunak nadkarni . the team finished in fourth place in the history channel’s national history day competition .
the team advanced through the regional and state level to reach the national competition with their documentary on thomas paine .
“i had just started national history day and the boys had been giving common sense , ” she said . “they got very interested in him and they came to realize that in most textbooks , even in ap textbooks , he gets less than a paragraph . ”
once paine was selected , the team went to work creating a documentary about him . the 10 - minute video details paine’s writings and the role he played in the united states’ independence from great britain . the video includes narration and interviews with historians from around the area .
the research , interviews and video editing took the team most of the school year to complete .
“we definitely put in a lot of hard work , ” nadkarni said . “we would stay after school almost every single day . ”
“my teacher was all about it because it was very dear to her heart , ” nadkarni said .
the team was able to get the documentary finished and was selected to go to nationals after being named one of the top projects at a regional competition .
nadkarni said it was a thrill just to reach the national level , an honor reserved for the top 100 projects in the country . however , when they were picked as one of the best projects overall , thrill turned into euphoria .
“it was definitely very exciting , ” he said “getting fourth in the nation over 6 , 000 students is a real accomplishment . ”
in addition to the fourth place overall finish , the team won an award for outstanding revolutionary entry . they will have their documentary screened this summer at colonial williamsburg .
for marella , the team’s accomplishments are a testament to their teamwork . she said the students worked very well together . not only did the team finish in fourth place overall , but marella believes the students learned lessons outside history .
“in the future , they will have jobs that will require collaborative efforts , ” she said . “it’s this journey that you learn a lot about yourself . ”
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legg , d . a . 2015 , the morphology and affinities of . . . bulletin of geosciences , 90 , 509 - 518 .
bulletin of geosciences published by © czech geological survey , w . bohemia museum pilsen individual sponsors issn : 1802 - 8225 ( online ) , 1214 - 1119 ( print )
, weakening claims that crown - group arthropods were present in the neoproterozoic . the removal of these taxa from arthropoda is in keeping with recent molecular clock analyses , which demonstrate a cambrian diversification of euarthropoda . a phylogenetic analysis resolved
, united by the presence of a cordiform dorsal shield . similarities between these taxa and marrellids may indicate that the elongate posterior spines of
and related taxa , and the dorsal shield of acercostracans have a common origin akin to the carapace anlagen of extant crustaceans .
bengtson , s . 2000 . teasing fossils out of shale with cameras and computers .
beurlen , k . 1930 . vergleichende stammesgeschichte grundlagen , methoden , probleme unter besonderer berücksichtigung der höheren krebse .
conway morris , s . 1993 . ediacaran - like fossils in cambrian burgess shale - type faunas of north america .
crabb , p . 2001 . the use of polarised light in photography of macrofossils .
delle cave , l . & simonetta , a . m . 1975 . notes on the morphology and taxonomic positon of
( arthropoda , marrellomorpha ) from the middle cambrian burgess shale , british columbia , canada .
gehling , j . g . 1991 . the case for ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree , 181 - 223 .
goloboff , p . a . 1999 . analysing large data sets in reasonable times : solutions for composite optima .
goloboff , p . a . , farris , j . s . & nixon , k . c . 2008 . tnt , a free program for phylogenetic analysis .
harrington , h . j . 1968 . general description of trilobita , o38 - o117 .
gen . et sp . nov . and heterochronic events in early crustacean evolution .
hou , x . g . & bergström , j . 1997 . arthropods from the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china .
hou , x . g . , ramsköld , l . & bergström , j . 1991 . composition and preservation of the chengjiang fauna - a lower cambrian soft - bodied biota .
lee , m . s . y . , soubrier , j . & edgecombe , g . d . 2013 . rates of phenotypic and genomic evolution during the cambrian explosion .
legg , d . a . , sutton , m . d . & edgecombe , g . d . 2013 . arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies .
legg , d . a . , sutton , m . d . , edgecombe , g . d . & caron , j . - b . 2012 . cambrian bivalved arthropod reveals origin of arthrodization .
lin , j . p . , gon iii , s . m . , gehling , j . g . , babcock , l . e . , zhao , y . l . , zhang , x . l . , hu , s . x . , yuan , j . l . , yu , m . y . & peng , j . 2006 . a
nixon , k . c . 1999 . the parsimony ratchet , a new method for rapid parsimony analysis .
olesen , j . 2013 . the crustacean carapace : morphology , function , development , and phylogenetic history , 103 - 139 .
ortega - hernández , j . & brena , c . 2012 . ancestral patterning of tergite formation in a centipede suggests derived mode of trunk segmentation in trilobites .
rota - stabelli , o . , daley , a . c . & pisani , d . 2013 . molecular timetrees reveal a cambrian colonization of land and a new scenario for ecdysozoan evolution .
schram , f . r . & koenemmann , s . 2004 . are the crustaceans monophyletic ? , 319 - 329 .
simonetta , a . m . & delle cave , l . 1981 . an essay in the comparative and evolutionary morphology of palaeozoic arthropods . origine dei grandi phyla dei metazoi . accademia
simonetta , a . m . & insom , e . 1993 . new animals from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) and their possible significance for the understanding of the bilateria .
siveter , d . j . , briggs , d . e . g . , siveter , d . j . , sutton , m . d . , legg , d . & joomun , s . 2014 . a silurian short - great - appendage arthropod .
siveter , d . j . , fortey , r . a . , sutton , m . d . , briggs , d . e . g . & siveter , d . j . 2007 . a silurian ‘marrellomorph’ arthropod .
stormer , l . 1944 . on the relationships and phylogeny of fossil and recent arachnomorpha .
treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda vol 4 ( 1 ) .
van roy , p . , orr , p . j . , botting , j . p . , muir , l . a . , vinther , j . , lefebvre , b . , el hariri , k . & briggs , d . e . g . 2010 . ordovician faunas of burgess shale - type .
vannier , j . & chen , j . y . 2002 . digestive system and feeding mode in cambrian naraoiid arthropods .
waggoner , b . m . 1996 . phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of arthropods to precambrian and cambrian problematic fossil taxa .
walcott , c . d . 1931 . addenda to descriptions of burgess shale fossils .
wills , m . a . , briggs , d . e . g . , fortey , r . a . , wilkinson , m . & sneath , p . h . a . 1998 . an arthropod phylogeny based on fossil and recent taxa , 33 - 105 .
zhang , x . l . , han , j . , zhang , z . f . , liu , h . q . & shu , d . g . 2003 . reconsideration of the supposed naraoiid larva from the early cambrian chengjiang lagerstätte , south china .
members of the second group , the acercostracans , possess a large cephalic shield , which extends to the sides and back into a heart - shaped carapace that covers the entire body ( fig . 1 ) . although this is very different from the cephalic shield of marrellids , a recent study suggested that the acercostracan carapace may have formed from the fusion of marrellid - like spines during the evolution of the group ( fig . 3 ) .
figure 3 — the phylogeny of marrellomorph arthropods and the evolution of the acercostracan head shield . source :
although most people agree that the acercostracans and marrellids are closely related to each other , it has been quite challenging to work out how they are related to other arthropods . this is because their body plan is undoubtedly very different from that of their relatives , and offers few clues about their ancestry .
very little is known about how marrellomorphs lived . with their bizarre anatomy and lack of living relatives , we have few , if any , appropriate species to compare them with , although a number of hypotheses have been proposed on the basis of their anatomy and the environments in which they lived .
many early studies considered the marrellomorphs to live in the water column , based in part on comparisons with the zooplanktonic larvae of crustaceans . others have argued that the heads of marrellomorphs were too bulky and rigid for the creatures to actively swim .
although our knowledge of marrellomorph arthropods has substantially increased in the past few years , thanks to improvements in methods for analysing their evolutionary relationships and the discovery of new palaeozoic fossil sites , they still remain enigmatic . their aberrant anatomy makes determining both their relationships and their potential modes of life extremely difficult . with new discoveries and the proliferation of new analytical techniques , however , we are likely to find out much more about this enigmatic group in the next few years .
legg , d . a . 2015 . the morphology and affinities of skania fragilis ( arthropoda ) from the middle cambrian burgess shale . bulletin of geosciences 90 , 509 - 518 .
legg , d . a . 2016 . an acercostracan marrellomorph ( euarthropoda ) from the lower ordovician of morocco . the science of nature 103 : 21 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00114 - 016 - 1352 - 5
rak , š . , ortega - hernández , j . & legg , d . a . 2013 . a revision of the late ordovician marrellomorph arthropod furca bohemica from czech republic . acta palaeontologica polonica 58 , 615 - 628 . doi : 10 . 4202 / app . 2011 . 0038
1 oxford university museum of natural history , parks road , oxford , ox1 3pw , uk .
legg , david . 2016 . fossil focus : marrellomorph arthropods , palaeontology online , volume 6 , article 5 , 1 - 7 .
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human peripheral lymphoid tissues contain autoimmune regulator - expressing dendritic cells . - pubmed - ncbi
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department of pathology , university of brescia , p . le spedali civili 1 , 25123 , brescia , italy .
pmid : 20093495 pmcid : pmc2832133 doi : 10 . 2353 / ajpath . 2010 . 090956
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exceptionally preserved palaeozoic faunas have yielded a plethora of trilobite - like arthropods , often referred to as lamellipedians . among these , artiopoda is supposed to contain taxa united by a distinctive appendage structure . this includes several well supported groups , helmetiida , nektaspida , and trilobita , as well as a number of problematic taxa . interrelationships remain unclear , and the position of the lamellipedian arthropods as a whole also remains the subject of debate .
] . the first full - blown cladistic analysis of the burgess shale taxa was that of d . e . g . briggs and r . a . fortey [
] , which suggested that most cambrian arthropods lay within the stem group of chelicerata , and that the trilobites were relatively derived . an important exception to this view were the arthropods of the orsten fauna , some of which have been shown convincingly to lie in the stem - and crown - group of crustacea or tetraconata [
] is still a matter of debate . another open debate is whether megacheira , including taxa such as
there is consensus that trilobita belongs to euarthropoda , but there are two competing hypotheses for their phylogenetic position within the monophylum . the traditional arachnomorpha [
] . regardless , there is consensus that trilobites belong to a larger group of early paleozoic arthropods , containing many of the non - biomineralizing taxa attributed to arachnomorpha . they share the presence of distinctive lamellar blades on their exopods , and x - g . hou and j . bergström proposed lamellipedia to embrace them [
] . within lamellipedia , the basal split set off marrellomorpha from artiopoda , which comprised the remainder of the chelicerate stem - lineage . some authors have suggested that artiopoda could be a monophylum based on the shared presence of a rather similar limb with a bilobate exopod of a proximal lobe bearing the lamellae and a flap - like distal lobe fringed with setae [
the discovery of the sirius passet lagerstätte was announced by s . conway morris , j . s . peel , a . k . higgins , n . j . soper , and n . c . davis [
] . the fossiliferous strata crop out in north - west peary land along the southern slopes of the broad valley which gives its name to the locality and just south of the mountainous northern rim ( nansen land ) of greenland ( lat . 82°47 . 6´n , long . 42°13 . 7´w ) ; it is the most remote and least well known of the classic cambrian explosion biotas . the lagerstätte is of early cambrian age , ( cambrian series 2 , montezuman stage of laurentian usage [
the geological setting was described by j . s . peel and j . r . ineson [
] and fossils are especially common in the middle part of the section . however , the relationship of other fossiliferous localities in the immediate vicinity to the main locality is uncertain [
] and the fauna is dominated by arthropods , lobopods and cycloneuralian and polychaete worms . new collections made during expeditions from the natural history museum , university of copenhagen , in 2009 and 2011 focussed on
] . its siliciclastic sediments represent the expansion of a northern basin across a subsiding carbonate platform to the south within the trans - arctic franklinian basin succession . in southern areas the formation is dominated by sandstones but the proportion of coarse - grained siliciclastics decreases northwards into the deeper - water parts of the basin . in the vicinity of the sirius passet locality , a narrow belt ( 200 – 1400 m wide ) of mainly fine - grained siliciclastic sediments forms a transitional zone between the southern shelf succession and the equivalent deep - water basinal deposits of the polkorridoren group to the north [
bioturbation , indicated by mottling , is pervasive throughout much of the transitional buen formation except for the lagerstätte intervals , where the lamination is strongly developed , showing partings at a 3–10 mm scale . a depositional setting on the outer parts of the shelf to upper slope , possibly dominated by suspension fallout material [
] . however , preservation within the sirius passet lagerstätte is variable . mineralised forms such as trilobites , hyolithids and articulated halkieriids preserve much of their relief while even un - mineralised organisms retain a measure of 3 - dimensional form . at certain horizons relief is lost and organisms are preserved as reflective films . the sirius passet fossils are often visually unimpressive when compared to those from chengjiang or the burgess shale . it is characteristic that central regions of many fossils , mainly the body cavity , tend to be best preserved in contrast to the poor definition of body outlines ( e . g .
] . as a result , taphonomic insights gained from other faunas should only be applied with caution to these fossils . this can make comparison of these to more conventionally - preserved taxa difficult . in addition the high metamorphic grade , illustrated by abundant acicular chlorite crystals within the sediments , adds a further dimension to the understanding of a complex set of taphonomic pathways .
the new taxon is large ( some specimens exceed 20 cm in length ) . specimens , as preserved , appear generally robust with good relief and show few wrinkles , and are largely complete although isolated thoracic tergites , limbs and cephalic and pygidial shields are not uncommon . the majority of the specimens appear to have been preserved in situ , with little or no evidence of transport and the wide range of instars confirms the remains of a census population .
] . the slowly decaying carcasses clearly attracted invertebrate communities that both mined and farmed the burrow systems .
initial impressions of the sediments suggest deposition within dysoxic environments ; nevertheless specimens of the new taxon are preserved with a post - mortem , commensal epifauna of small invertebrates . the dark shales within the lagertätte intervals are , however , punctuated by thin partings of coarser sediment , which suggest a periodic freshening of the sediment - water interface and the potential to transport living meiofauna into deeper - water environments where they could profitably engage with the
] and the coarser - grained sediments , the distal products from shelfal storms , subsequently entombed the large arthropods in obrution deposits . the large
clearly thrived in conditions at the sediment - water interface but its preservation was aided by local dysoxic conditions within the sediment and the cover of coarser sediments derived from upslope .


stemmatophora borgialis is a species of snout moth in the genus stemmatophora .

it was described by duponchel in 1832 .

it is found in france , spain , portugal and italy .

stemmatophora borgialis

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spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , portugal ( mainland ) , sardinia , sicily , france ( mainland ) .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta . pro )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
this collection is the focus collection of the community
taxon pages to be merged
. in this collection we attempt to feature collections of taxon pages that need to be merged because of duplication due to synonymy , misspellings , wrong authors , etc . . for each group of pages that need to be merged a collection is added to this focus collection . for the name of those featured collections we suggest
duplicates of *
with * = the prefered name / correct spelling of the taxon .
we currently have two proclossiana eunomia pages . this is because bold has two pages for this species , one under the name proclossiana eunomia and one under the name boloria eunomia . ideally , we would merge these two pages . not sure if we will be able to merge taxa from the same provider , though . - - fixed .
this needs to be merged with gobioides broussonnetii , but we still need to figure out which name to use for the taxon concept .
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leraut , p . - contribution a l ' etude des phycitinae ( lepidoptera , pyralidae ) in nouvelle revue d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) 19 ( 2 ) : 141 - 177 . 2002
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .
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otopharynx ovatus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi .

this species can reach a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) tl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

otopharynx ovatus

a male of otopharynx ovatus at boadzulu island , lake malawi [ malawi ] . photo by ad konings . determiner ad konings
otopharynx ovatus is living in the neighbourhood of the intermediate zones from rocks to sand and they can be found in entire lake malawi .
conservation : otopharynx ovatus is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( lc ) least concern ( 2006 ) .
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otopharynx ovatus is specialised in stealing eggs from cichlids which are dropping off their eggs in their breeding area . they are stealing these eggs ( and eat them ) before the female is able to take them in her mouth .
here in this video you can see a otopharynx ovatus - fish in hd . i have filmed many different videos of the german zoo frankfurt . i have create a playlist with the most interesting animals . here you can see this : urltoken on my youtube - channel you can see too many more things . feel free to visit : urltoken
maréchal , c . , 1991 . otopharynx . p . 347 - 351 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 4991 )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no known major widespread threats .
it is commonly seen in large arenas of breeding cichlids along sandy shores or among rocks where it feeds on the eggs as they are being laid ( it is an egg robbing cichlid ) . it usually steals the eggs soon after the females release them before they are collected into the mouth . breeding males defend their spawning sites near rocks .
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greek , ous = hear + greek , pharyngx = pharynx ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 5 ; dh range : 12 - 20 . tropical ; 24°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 12°s - 15°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4991 )
normally seen in midwater , over rocks or sand . feeds on the eggs of other cichlids ( ref . 5595 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 50 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .
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in the lake the males of these species can grow to 18 cm , in the aquarium however they can grow a little taller because of a good feeding . the males can then grow to about 20 cm , females grow to about 16 cm .
you can best keep this species with multiple females and other big species in a large tank .
in the aquarium they are comfortable with any food . they take everything they get offered , like spirulina pellets , mysis , artemia , cyclops and shrimp - peas mix .
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species profiles presents in depth studies , articles , and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .
we parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .
) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 50 se ; based on food items .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
pam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !
articles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .
books for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .
e - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .
trade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .
trewavas , ethelwynn . 1935 .
a synopsis of the cichlid fishes of lake nyasa
. annals and magazine of natural history . series 10 ; pp . 65 - 118 ( crc00118 )
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a rare three - spot species found over sandy shores of southern lake malawi . it is distinctive for its body shape ( the ventral profile is almost a mirror image of the dorsal profile ) in combination with the terminal mouth ( neither the upper nor the lower jaw protruding strongly ) and the mid - body position and elongate shape of the
, which is entirely below the upper part of the lateral line and separated from it by a gap . this is a moderately large species ; the largest known specimen measured 170 mm ( 6 . 7 inches ) in standard length ( without caudal fin ) and 213 mm ( 8 . 4 inches ) in total length . photo copyright © 2000 by m . k . oliver .
last update : 24 august 2000 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright © 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved


diphlebia euphoeoides , sometimes spelled diphlebia euphaeoides , known as the tropical rockmaster is an australian species of broad winged damselfly .

it is one of a group known as the azure damselflies .

it is found in queensland ( australia ) and papua new guinea .

it typically occurs near lakes , waterfalls or streams at relatively low altitudes , and is occasionally seen near dry pools .

unusually for damselflies , it is a relatively large insect with its wings outspread at rest .

it is often confused with dragonflies , although like most damselflies , the form is not as robust as dragonflies , and the eyes do not meet as with most dragonflies .

larvae are wide and flat , with long saccoid gills to breathe underwater .

the inner tooth of labial palps is elongated .

the specific characters of the larva are mid-ventral , distal width , basal width , and length of median lobe .

larval motor patterns were similar to larvae in the coenagrionidae .

the male tropical rockmaster has a bright blue and black body with dark wings .

it can be distinguished from the sapphire rockmaster ( diphlebia coerulescens ) by the smaller size of blue markings at the base ( front end ) and underside of terga 4 to 6 .

its abdomen is otherwise black .

its wings are the widest in the genus , and the hindwings are wider than the forewings .

the legs are brownish black .

the female tropical rockmaster is predominantly brown and yellow-green , and also has smoky-coloured wings .

the transformation from egg to adult is through an incomplete metamorphosis .

like the adult form , the nymph is also a predator .

eggs are laid underwater on moss and reeds around november .

the nymphal phase lasts for approximately one year .

adults usually emerge in september and october .

it is an uncommon species , though not considered under threat .

it was described in 1907 by a young english-born entomologist , robin tillyard .

he had collected the lectotype at mervyn creek in queensland in january 1905 .

forster collected what is now classified as the same species from around port moresby in new guinea in 1910 and named it diphlebia reinholdi .

diphlebia euphoeoides

the tropical rockmaster ( diphlebia euphoeoides ) is a damselfly species of the family diphlebiidae , which contains 5 species in australia .
the identification key to the family diphlebiidae consists of 9 couplets , 6 of which are pertinent to diphlebia euphoeoides . click on the numbers on the right to display the corresponding couplets . or click on the allin1 button to see all the relevant couplets together in a single , scrollable window .
diphlebia euphoeoides is endemic to australia , where it is known from queensland north of townsville . the assessor has seen records from more than 100 locations , and the species has been recorded in many protected areas , for instance paluma range , hinchinbrook island , wooroonooran , barron gorge , daintree , cedar bay , cape melville and oyala thumotang national parks .
diphlebia euphoeoides is widely distributed in the north of queensland . it is known from numerous sites including many in national parks , appears to be locally common , and is not known to be facing any threat or combination of threats that are likely to affect it across its entire range at present . currently it is assessed as least concern . however habitat shifts and alteration due to climate change are predicted to become a serious issue for this species by 2085 , so that the status of this species needs to be monitored .
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schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 22 february 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .
there are insufficient data to make definitive statements about population sizes and health for this species , but judging from the number of records from some sites , it is locally common .
the species “inhabits streams and rivers , including those that dry to pools” ( theischinger and endersby 2009 ) .
the threats , if any , to this species are not known and need to be investigated ; however it is not likely to be threatened across its entire range at present . in the longer - term , modelling of sensitivity to climate change in bush et al . ( 2014 ) predicts that under a high emissions scenario this species will be vulnerable to the effects of climate change by 2085 .
there is a need for more data on the distribution of this species , and its population sizes and health , and on threats , but no specific conservation actions are likely to be needed at this time . research into how to deal with the predicted impact of climate change on this species is needed .
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cape york and northeastern queensland , australia and port moresby , new guinea ( stewart 1980 , houston and watson 1988 , theischinger and hawking 2006 ) .
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millaa millaa falls , millaa millaa , qld [ - 17 . 495333° ; 145 . 610700° ]
emerald creek , near mareeba , qld [ - 17 . 052550° ; 145 . 541333° ]
johnstone river near malanda , qld [ - 17 . 357283° ; 145 . 635183° ]
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the female tropical rockmaster is quite different in coloring to the male of the species , and varies from grey to yellow on the thorax and abdomen . this was taken in the same area as the previous shot . this species is sometime spelled
euphaeoides
.
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