temnothorax pilagens ( from latin : pilare , " to pluck " , " plunder " , " pillage " ) is a small nearctic species of slave-making ant in the subfamily myrmicinae .

it occurs in northeastern united states .

it raids the acorn castles of other insects ( temnothorax longispinosus and temnothorax ambiguous ) and captures them as slaves and has been nicknamed the pillage ant .

temnothorax pilagens

temnothorax pilagens : new slave - hunting ant loves to pillage | science 2 . 0
temnothorax pilagens sp . n . , worker , head of holotype in dorsal view .
temnothorax pilagens sp . n . , worker , mesosoma of holotype in dorsal view .
worker of temnothorax pilagens , the newly described slave - making ant species . credit : © bernhard seifert
temnothorax pilagens sp . n . - a new slave - making species of the tribe formicoxenini from north america ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) .
the
pillage ant ,
or temnothorax pilagens , launches raids on the protected homes of other ants and takes captives for its slave workforce .
article : temnothorax pilagens sp . n . – a new slave - making species of the tribe formicoxenini from north america ( hymenoptera , formicidae )
image caption : this image shows a worker of temnothorax pilagens , the newly described slave - making ant species . credit : bernhard seifert | critters | pinterest…
temnothorax pilagens sp . n . - a new slave - making species of the tribe formicoxenini from north america ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
details - temnothorax pilagens sp . n . – a new slave - making species of the tribe formicoxenini from north america ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) - biodiversity heritage library
aptly nicknamed the
pillage ant ,
the creature is formally called temnothorax pilagens , which draws on the latin word
pilere
( to pluck , plunder or pillage ) .
a new species of the ant genus temnothorax forel , 1890 - temnothorax pilagens sp . n . is described from eastern north america . t . pilagens sp . n . is an obligate slave - making ant with two known hosts : t . longispinosus ( roger , 1863 ) and t . ambiguus ( emery , 1895 ) . a differential diagnosis against temnothorax duloticus ( wesson , 1937 ) , the other dulotic congener from the nearctic , is presented and a biological characteristics of the new species is given .
after encountering the dead slave - makers , the temnothorax hosts became extremely aggressive and the aggression lasted for three days .
but a species of ant found in the eastern us , temnothorax pilagens , does things differently . it is the first ant species known to waltz into a colony and enslave others without killing , and one of a few that take not only pupae but adult workers , too .
kleeberg tracked the behaviour of t . pilagens and their preferred slave species , temnothorax ambiguus , in 43 raiding experiments using colour - marked individuals . in each experiment the colonies of these two ant species , each housed in a plastic box , were placed 12 centimetres apart from each other .
that said , foitzik thinks there might be more out there . in 2014 her team described a new american slave - maker species called temnothorax pilagens .
we found it in michigan , vermont and new york , even though one would think that the ant fauna of the us is well studied .
seifert , b . , i . kleeberg , b . feldmeyer , t . pamminger , e . jongepier , and s . foitzik . 2014 . temnothorax pilagens sp . n . - a new slave - making species of the tribe formicoxenini from north america ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . zookeys 368 : 65 - 77 .
seifert , b . , kleeberg i . , feldmeyer , b . , pamminger , t . , jongepier , e . foitzik , s . temnothorax pilagens sp . n . – a new slave - making species of the tribe formicoxenini from north america ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . zookeys , 368 : 65 - 77 .
seifert b , kleeberg i , feldmeyer b , pamminger t , jongepier e , foitzik s ( 2014 ) temnothorax pilagens sp . n . – a new slave - making species of the tribe formicoxenini from north america ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . zookeys 368 : 65 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 368 . 6423
i just read about a newly discovered species called temnothorax pilagens . it apparently is a slave - keeping ant . it raids hollowed - out acorns that are used as shelter by other ants , and takes them prisoner . this species also pillages the pupae to take back to their own nest to be raised as there own . they call them pillage ants . temnothorax pilagens coming to a woodland near you , to enslave other ants in their acorn castles ! < add roaring sound here > no . . really . look here : urltoken so , my question is : has anyone else ever heard about slave - keeping ants ? did i just miss this a couple of decades ago ? i thought humans were the only slave - keeping species .
a group of scientists from the university of mainz and the senckenberg museum of natural history goerlitz , headed by susanne foitzik and bernhard seifert , recently described a new slave - making ant species from the eastern usa . they baptized the new ant temnothorax pilagens – from pilere ( latin ) : to pluck , plunder or pillage . the paper was published in the open access journal zookeys .
modlmeier , a . p . , foitzik , s . 2011 . productivity increases with variation in aggression among group members in temnothorax ants . behavioral ecology . 22 : 1026 - 1032 .
ty - jour ti - temnothorax pilagens sp . n . – a new slave - making species of the tribe formicoxenini from north america ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) t2 - zookeys vl - 368 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2014 sp - 65 ep - 77 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 368 . 6423 au - seifert , bernhard au - kleeberg , isabelle au - feldmeyer , barbara au - pamminger , tobias au - jongepier , evelien au - foitzik , susanne kw - dulosis kw - morphometrics kw - nearctic region kw - slave - raiding behavior kw - temnothorax er -
the enslaved temnothorax workers did a fantastic job rearing their own pupae . on the other hand , they waited till the slave - maker brood pupated , and then systematically killed slave - maker pupae .
@ article { bhlpart100453 , title = { temnothorax pilagens sp . n . – a new slave - making species of the tribe formicoxenini from north america ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 368 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2014 } , author = { seifert , bernhard and kleeberg , isabelle and feldmeyer , barbara and pamminger , tobias and jongepier , evelien and foitzik , susanne } , year = { 2014 } , pages = { 65 - 77 } , keywords = { dulosis | morphometrics | nearctic region | slave - raiding behavior | temnothorax | } , }
ants secrete special chemicals onto their outer cuticle . these chemicals act as identity badges and are also a way to communicate . as a result , temnothorax hosts are able to recognise and kill slave - maker pupae .
modlmeier , a . p . , foitzik s . , scharf , i . starvation endurance of temnothorax ants depends on group size , body size and access to larvae . physiological entomology , 38 : 89 - 94 .
pusch , k . , heinze , j . , foitzik , s . 2006 . the influence of hybridization on colony structure in the ant species pair temnothorax nylanderi and t . crassispinus . insectes sociaux , 53 : 439 – 445 .
kleeberg i , menzel f and foitzik s . 2017 . the influence of slavemaking lifestyle , caste and sex on chemical profiles in temnothorax ants : insights into the evolution of cuticular hydrocarbons . proceedings of the royal society b , 284 : 1850 .
slave - making ants , as their name implies , excel at kidnapping enemy species ' babies and turning them into mindless automatron workers . most slave - making ants live in the tropics , but one
tribe
of these creatures lives in the u . s . from that tribe , researchers knew of two species already . now , they ' ve found one more to add to the list , temnothorax pilagens , named for the latin word pilere ,
to plunder
or
to pillage ,
the researchers explain in a release .
beibl . j . , buschinger , a . , foitzik , s . , heinze . j . 2007 . phylogeny and phylogeography of the mediterranean species of the parasitic ant genus chalepoxenus and its temnothorax hosts . insectes sociaux , 54 , 189 – 199 .
foitzik , s . , sturm , h . , pusch , k . , d’ettorre , p . , heinze , j . 2007 . variation in nestmate recognition abilities , chemical cues and genetic diversity in temnothorax ants . animal behaviour , 73 , 999 - 1007 .
in a 2011 study , tobias pamminger and his colleagues at the ludwig maximilian university of munich in germany simulated a slave - maker raid . they kept nests of a host ant called temnothorax longispinosus in the lab , and presented them with dead protomognathus americanus slave - makers .
such similarity in scent may be partly explained by the close relatedness of these two species , says kleeberg . also , it may reflect an ongoing co - evolutionary arms race , where t . pilagens is currently winning the race . “it seems that [ t . ambiguus ] has as yet no time to develop defence strategies , such as a more sophisticated recognition ability , ” she says .
measuring barely a tenth of an inch ( 2 . 5 millimeters ) long , pillage ants invade the tiny openings in hollow nuts and acorns where their targets live . unlike other species of slavemaker ants that attack with huge armies , t . pilagens often send a lone scout to scope out their targets and go after their victims with a raiding party of no more than four , scientists found .
for instance , temnothorax hosts are common in temperate forests , with up to 10 nests per square metre – often in fragile sites like cavities in nuts and wood , or under stones . each colony has only a few individuals , so it can split into many smaller nests with ease – but it is also ripe for picking by slave - makers .
this project investigates whether social parasite contact induces adaptive changes in behaviour and allocation strategies of host ant colonies . raids of slavemaking ants , obligate social parasites that use allospecific workers to raise their young , cause severe fitness losses in their hosts and as a result host species develop defences to circumvent parasitism . studies on predator - prey systems showed , that if defenses are costly and predator occurrence is variable and unpredictable , prey defenses are selected to be inducible . parasite presence causes changes in size , social organization and investment strategies of unparasitized temnothorax host colonies and we will study whether these differences represent adaptive host responses . host aggression increases during the summer raiding season and after parasite contact and we will investigate whether these and other behavioural responses can be considered inducible host defenses .
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a new slave - making ant species from the eastern usa quite literally means ' to pillage ' . the listing in zookeys tell us of the new ant
is different from other slave - making ants , like the famous slave - hunting amazon ants whose campaigns may include up to 3000 warriors , the new slave - maker is minimalistic in expense , but most effective in result . the length of a “pillage ant” is only two and a half millimeters and the range of action of these slave - hunters restricts to a few square meters of forest floor .
targets of their raiding parties are societies of two related ant species living within hollow nuts or acorns . these homes are castles in the true sense of the word – characterized by thick walls and a single entrance hole of only 1 millimeter in diameter , they cannot be entered by any larger enemy ant .
an average raiding party of the pillage ant contains four slave - hunters only , including the scout who had discovered the target . due to their small size , the raiders easily penetrate the slave species’ home . a complete success of raiding is achieved by a combination of two methods : chemical camouflage and artistic rapier fencing .
the observed behavior is surprising as invasion of alien ants in an ant nest often results in fierce , usually mortal , fighting . here , however , in several observed raids of the pillage ant , the attacked ants did not defend and allowed the robbers to freely carry away broods and even adult ants to integrate them into the slave workforce . the attacked ants did not show aggression and defence because the recognition of the enemy was prevented by specific neutralizing chemical components on the cuticle of the slave - hunters . the survival of slave ant nests is an ideal solution from the perspective of slave hunters as it provides the chance for further raids during the next years . in other observed raids chemical camouflage was less effective – perhaps because the attacked ant population was strongly imprinted to a more specific blend of surface chemicals . in fact , a defence reaction was more probable if theattacked colony contained a queen that causes a strong imprinting of chemical recognition cues .
a slave hunter ( below ) and a slave ( upper ) in head - to - head contact . credit : ©miriam papenhagen .
selection bias in publication ? minorities , women and republicans are all penalized . but women are improving
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seifert b 1 , kleeberg i 2 , feldmeyer b 2 , pamminger t 2 , jongepier e 2 , foitzik s 2 .
senckenberg museum for natural history goerlitz , am museum 1 , d - 02826 goerlitz , germany .
evolutionary biology , department biology , johannes gutenberg university of mainz , johannes von müller weg 6 , d - 55099 mainz , germany .
pmid : 24478583 pmcid : pmc3904070 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 368 . 6423
a new species of ant that raids the acorn castles of other insects and captures them as slaves has been discovered on the forest floors of the northeastern united states .
researchers who observed these ants wrote that their raids could be
highly aggressive or relatively peaceful ,
with a casualty rate for the attacked ranging from 5 percent to 100 percent . what makes these slave - hunting campaigns potentially deadly is that the pillagers can jab their stinger into a soft part of the slave ant ' s neck , delivering paralysis and a quick death .
the outlook isn ' t great for the ants that survive these raids ; not only do pillage ants take the offspring of their targets back to their own nests , but in six of 11 raids the researchers observed , the attackers also captured adults for their slave workforce .
the new species was described in the journal zookeys by a team of researchers from germany ' s university of mainz and the senckenberg museum of natural history goerlitz .
follow megan gannon on twitter and google + . follow us @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on livescience .
megan has been writing for live science and urltoken since 2012 . her interests range from archaeology to space exploration , and she has a bachelor ' s degree in english and art history from new york university . megan spent two years as a reporter on the national desk at newscore . she has watched dinosaur auctions , witnessed rocket launches , licked ancient pottery sherds in cyprus and flown in zero gravity . follow her on twitter and google + .
elon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .
( a pillage ant , the newly - discovered species of slave - making ant . photo : bernhard seifert )
specimens belogning to t . plagens were plucked up from michigan and ohio , but the ant lives throughout the midwest and in eastern states . the tiny pillage ants , which grow to be just 2 . 5 millimeters long , use stealth to snatch up their enemies ' babies . enemy ant species live in hollowed out acorn
fortresses ,
which contian just one small hole as the entrance and exit . to maximize secrecy , the pillage ants limit operations to just four individuals , which sneak in the front door of the acorn and begin stealing larvae , eggs and , sometimes , even adults . the pillage ants evade detection by using a chemical mask that prevents their enemies from sniffing them out . oftentimes , the victimized ants don ' t even react to the intrusion .
on occasion , however , the victim ants do notice that their young are being stolen . however , the researchers write ,
the chance of a slave ant to win a fight with a pilage ant is nearly zero .
the pillage ants wield their stingers in an impressive display of
artistic rapier fencing ,
stabbing attackers at a squishy spot in their necks . their victims are paralyzed and frequently die .
the pillage ants are benevolent enslavers , however . it does them good to allow their victim species to continue living under the guise of safety in thier acorn nest—even after a raid . that way , when the pillage ants need more baby slaves , they can simply come knocking on that nut door and collect their new dues .
rachel nuwer writes for smart news and is a contributing writer in science for smithsonian . com . she is a freelance science writer based in brooklyn .
just outside north carolina ' s outer banks is roanoke island , the scene of one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in u . s . history : the disappearance of an entire colony of english settlers .
whale milk is some of the richest milk available to any mammal . a baby whale will drink 150 gallons of it a day to sustain its dramatic growth .
coconut octopuses are among the most intelligent invertebrates around : they use tools , carry their shelters around for when they need them , and , fittingly , adopt an underwater walking motion that ' s very similar to humans .
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this species is known from the northeastern parts of the united states and possibly southeastern canada . as of 2014 , it is only known from three sites in the northern us : niquette bay state park , vermont , e . n . huyck preserve , rensselaerville , new york , and sleeping bear national lakeshore , empire , michigan ( seifert et al . 2014 ) .
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
forest , woodland , parks . preferentially wooded sites with little understory , and a high density of suitable nest sites , such as acorns , hickory nuts and sticks ( seifert et al . 2014 ) .
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professor in evolutionary biology ( w 3 ) , johannes gutenberg university mainz , 2010 - professor in behavioral ecology ( c 3 ) , lmu munich , 2004 - 2010 wissenschaftliche assistentin , ( c1 ) , university of regensburg , 2000 - 2004 postdoctoral fellow , colorado state university , ft . collins , usa , 1998 - 2000
habilitation , zoology , university of regensburg 2004 dr . rer . nat . , biology , julius maximilians university würzburg 1998 diploma , biology , julius maximilians university würzburg 1995
in the evolutionary biology group at the institute of zoology at the jogu mainz we are interested in the evolution , behavior and ecology of ants . we are using very diverse methods to explore our research questions including field manipulations , behavioral experiments , population and socio - genetics using neutral molecular markers such as microsatellites and dna sequences , chemical analyses of the cuticular hydrocarbon and gland secretions , immunological and morphometric analyses and theoretical modeling and simulations . i will give an overview over recent , on - going and planned projects in my group .
social insects are models for the study of cooperation and conflicts in animal groups . internal conflicts arise when selfish interests selected on the individual level counteract the interests of other group members . their intensity and outcome are influenced by dispersal , sociogenetic structure and the fighting abilities of the competitors . the ant hypoponera opacior exhibits a polyphenism with outbreeding winged sexuals and wingless reproductives that mate within or close to the maternal nest . conflicts arise especially in - between and among wingless sexuals and between adult and developing colony members . aim of this proposal is to uncover interrelations among genetic and social colony structure , the level of competition , individual reproductive success and internal conflicts . for example , we will investigate whether wingless mate - guarding males adjust their behavior to the competitive situation and the genetic structure of the nest . wingless queens are subject to local resource competition and compete over the help of workers . we will study how dominance interactions , queen fertility and relatedness affect worker distribution . frequent sibmatings of wingless sexuals lead to extremely high levels of inbreeding , and first analyses indicate fitness costs of inbreeding . we will analyze how dispersal and inbreeding affect internal conflicts and colony fitness using genetic and behavioral methods .
dfg project fo 298 / 9 , phd student tobias pamminger , postdoc dr . pleuni pennings
recently started or planned projects : colleagues or students interested to be involved in these projects , please contact me .
sexual selection is intense on sexes with strong variation in reproductive success . in most species , these are the males and intrasexual selection resulted in weaponry and fighting abilities , while intersexual selection i . e . female choice has led to the evolution of elaborate ornaments or courtship behaviours . in situations , where females cannot select their mating partners or males have little means to interfere with their rivals , sexual selection can be mainly post - copulatory . during cryptic female choice is females can eject sperm of not preferred males and in species with multiple inseminations sperm competition chemical weapons in seminal fluids or competitive sperm morphology . in the ant hypoponera opacior divergent sexual selection led to the evolution of two different male morphs . winged males mate during nuptial flights and have little means to monopolize females . wingless males copulate in the security of their own nest , guard mating partners , young queens , which are still enclosed in the cocoons , for several hours . in this situation , females cannot select their mating partner , but are frequently inseminated by several males . we will study sperm competition and cryptic female choice in the two sexual morphs of hypoponera opacior and predict that the within - nest mating wingless sexuals should exhibit more traits selected through postcopulatory sexual selection than winged males which mate during nuptial flights .
in social insects important life history trade - offs are reversed . for example , fecund queens live much longer than sterile workers . here , we plan to study life - history trade - offs among monomorphic workers of an ant species . we question , whether among these related , morphological similar worker individuals , reproductive investment and behavioural specialisation are associated with changes in life span and investment in immune defence . we will use a differential gene expression approach to reveal genes associated with behavioural specialization , fecundity and immuno - competence in ant workers and queens .
the relative importance of ecological divergence and neutral genetic drift in speciation is still strongly debated in evolutionary biology . geographically isolated populations can experience similar selection pressures or divergent habitat conditions can cause natural selection to act differently on fitness related traits . when ranges of sister species secondarily overlap , their ecological divergence could cause the occupation of sufficiently different ecological niches . alternatively , if their ecological requirements have remained similar , strong interspecific competition might allow one species to out - compete the other , so that the ranges of the species do not overlap . in this project we investigate the role of ecological versus neutral genetic variation in speciation of two sister species of ants . we will study zones of secondary contact of these hybridizing sibling species , which arose in allopatry . we will evaluate ecological divergence by analyzing how natural selection acts on sympatric populations of the two species . in addition , we will use population genetics to quantify genetic divergence and introgression at neutral loci . finally , if we detect neutral loci fixed for different alleles in the two species , we will investigate intra - and interspecific patterns of genetic variation in linked gene sequences . low genetic variation ( selective sweeps ) would indicate positive directional selection .
in this project we will study differential gene expression in social parasites and their hosts to identify genes involved in these host - parasite interactions . invasion by parasites of an insect society should result in adaptive responses through changes in gene expression . this will be the first study to use representational difference analysis of cdnas to contrast gene expression in host workers , which vary in their temporal - exposure to social parasites . in many host communities , social parasites enslave several host species and we will contrast expression patterns in parasite workers , which enslave different hosts . this will enable the analysis of genes underlying specialization to a single host , which have been indicated by chemical analysis of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles .
kohlmeier p , feldmeyer b , foitzik s . vitellogenin - like a - associated shifts in social cue responsiveness regulate behavioral task specialization in an ant . plos biology , in press .
grüter , c . , jongepier , e . , foitzik , s . insect societies fight back : the evolution of defensive traits against social parasites . philosophical transactions of the royal society b , in press .
körner m . , foitzik s . , meunier j . 2018 . extended winters entail long - term costs for insect offspring reared in an overwinter burrow . journal of thermal biology , 74 : 116 - 122 .
alleman , a . , feldmeyer , b . , foitzik , s . ( 2018 ) comparative analyses of co - evolving host - parasite associations reveal unique gene expression patterns underlying slavemaker raiding and host defensive phenotypes . scientific reports 8 : 1951
feldmeyer , b . , elsner , d . alleman , a . , foitzik s . ( 2017 ) species - specific genes under selection characterize the co - evolution of slavemaker and host lifestyles . bmc evolutionary biology , 17 : 237 .
beros , s . foitzik , s . , menzel , f . ( 2017 ) what are the mechanisms behind a parasite - induced declin , e in nestmate recognition in ants ? journal of chemical ecology , 43 ( 9 ) : 869 - 880 .
vogelweith , f . , foitzik , s . , meunier , j . 2017 . age , sex , mating status , but not social isolation interact to shape basal immunity in a group - living insect . journal of insect physiology , 103 : 64 - 70 .
körner m , vogelweith f , foitzik s , meunier j . 2017 . condition - dependent trade - off between weapon size and immunity in males of the european earwig .
segev u , burkert l , feldmeyer b , foitzik , s . 2017 . pace - of - life in a social insect : behavioral syndromes in ants shift along a climatic gradient . behavioral ecology , 28 : 1149 - 1159 .
vogelweith f , körner m , foitzik s und meunier j . 2017 . age , pathogen exposure , but not maternal care shape offspring immunity in an insect with facultative family life . bmc evolutionary biology , 17 : 69 .
kohlmeier p , negroni m , kever m , emmling s , stypa h , feldmeyer b und foitzik s . 2017 . intrinsic worker mortality depends on behavioural caste and the queens ' presence in a social insect . the science of nature , 104 : 34 .
menzel f , radke r , foitzik s . 2016 . odor diversity decreases with inbreeding in the ant hypoponera opacior . evolution , 70 : 2573 - 2582 .
negroni m , jongepier e , feldmeyer b , kramer bh , foitzik s . 2016 . life history evolution in social insects : a female perspective . current opinion in insect science , 16 : 51–57 .
metzler d , jordan f , pamminger t , foitzik s . 2016 . the inﬂuence of space and time on the evolution of altruistic defense : the case of ant slave rebellion . journal of evolutionary biology , 29 : 874 - 886 .
jongepier e , foitzik s . 2016 . ant recognition cue diversity is higher in the presence of slavemaker ants . behavioural ecology , 27 : 304–311 .
feldmeyer , b , mazur j , beros s , lerp h , binder h , foitzik s . 2016 . gene expression patterns underlying parasite - induced alterations in host behaviour and life history . molecular ecology , 25 : 648–660 .
jongepier e , foitzik s . 2016 . fitness costs of worker specialisation for ant societies . proceedings of the royal society b , 283 : 1822 .
kleeberg i , foitzik s . 2016 . the placid slavemaker : avoiding detection and conflict as an alternative , peaceful raiding strategy . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 70 : 27 - 39 .
beros s , jongepier e , hagemeier f , foitzik s . 2015 . a parasite’s long arm : a tapeworm parasite induces behavioural changes in uninfected group members of its social host . proceedings of the royal society b , 282 : 1819 .
jongepier e , kleeberg i , foitzik s . 2015 . the ecological success of a social parasite increases with manipulation of collective host behaviour . journal of evolutionary biology , 28 : 2152–2162 .
kleeberg , i . , jongepier , e . , job s . & foitzik , s . 2015 . geographic variation in social parasite pressure predicts intra - but not interspecific aggressive responses in hosts of a slavemaking ant . ethology , 121 : 1 - 9 .
pamminger , t . , foitzik , s . , metzler , d . , pennings p . s . 2014 . oh sister , where art thou ? spatial population structure and the evolution of an altruistic defence trait . journal of evolutionary biology 27 : 2443 - 2456 .
jongepier , e . , kleeberg , i . , job s . & foitzik , s . 2014 collective defense portfolios of ant hosts shift with social parasite pressure . proceedings of the royal society b , 281 : 1791
kleeberg , i . , pamminger t . , jongepier , e . , papenhagen , m . & foitzik , s . 2014 forewarned is forearmed : aggression and information use determine fitness costs of slave raids . behavioral ecology , 25 ( 5 ) : 1058 - 1063 .
kühbandner s , modlmeier a . , foitzik s . 2014 . age and ovarian development are related to worker personality and task allocation in the ant leptothorax acervorum . current zoology : 60 392 - 400 .
binz , h . , foitzik , s . staab , f . , menzel f . 2014 . the chemistry of competition : exploitation of heterospecific cues depends on the dominance rank in the community . animal behaviour 94 : 45 - 53 .
pamminger , t . , foitzik , s . , kaufmann , k . , schützler , n . and menzel , f . worker personality and its association with spatially structured division of labor . plos one 9 , e79616 .
feldmeyer , b , elsner d . , foitzik , s . 2014 . gene expression patterns associated with caste and reproductive status in ants : worker - specific genes are more derived than queen - specific ones . molecular ecology , 23 : 151 - 161 . featured in news and views article by s . sumner : the importance of genomic novelty in social evolution . molecular ecology , 23 : 26 - 28 :
kramer , b . , scharf , i . , foitzik s . 2014 . the role of per - capita productivity in the evolution of small colony sizes in ants . behavioral ecology and sociobiology , 68 : 41 - 53 .
kureck , i . , nicolai , b . , foitzik , s . 2013 . selection for early emergence , longevity and large body size in wingless , sib - mating ant males . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 67 : 1369 - 1377 .
pohl , s . , foitzik , s . parasite scouting and host defence behaviours are influenced by colony size in the slave - making ant protomognathus americanus . insectes sociaux , 60 : 293 - 301 .
kureck , i . , nicolai , b . , foitzik , s . similar performance of diploid and haploid males in an ant species without inbreeding avoidance . ethology , 119 : 360 - 637 .
pamminger , t . , leingärtner a . , achenbach a . , kleeberg i . , pennings p . s . , foitzik s . 2013 . geographic distribution of the anti - parasite trait “slave rebellion . evolutionary ecology , 27 : 39 - 49 .
kureck , i . m . , jongepier e . nicolai , b . , foitzik , s . 2012 no inbreeding depression but increased sexual investment in highly inbred ant colonies . molecular ecology 22 : 5613 - 5623 .
scharf , i , modlmeier , a . p . , beros , s . , foitzik s . 2012 ant societies buffer individual - level effects of parasite infections . american naturalist , 180 : 671 - 683 .
modlmeier , a . p . , pamminger , t , foitzik s . , scharf , s . cold resistance depends on acclimation and behavioral caste in a temperate ant . naturwissenschaften , 10 : 811 - 819 .
pamminger , t , modlmeier , a . p . , suette s . , foitzik s . raiders from the sky : slavemaker founding queens select for aggressive host colonies . biology letters , 8 : 748 - 750 .
steinmeyer , c , pennings , p . s . , foitzik , s . multicolonial population structure and nestmate recognition in an extremely dense population of the european ant lasius flavus . insectes sociaux , 59 : 499 - 510 .
pamminger , t . , leingärtner a . , achenbach a . , kleeberg i . , pennings p . s . , foitzik s . geographic distribution of the anti - parasite trait “slave rebellion . evolutionary ecology , online first : doi 10 . 1007 / s10682 - 012 - 9584 - 07 .
konrad , m . , pamminger , t , foitzik s . 2012 . two pathways ensuring social harmony . naturwissenschaften , 99 : 627–636 . 8 .
modlmeier , a . p . , liebmann , j . a . , foitzik s . 2012 . diverse societies are more productive : a lesson from ants . proceedings of the royal society b 279 : 2142 - 2150 . 9 .
scharf , i , modlmeier , a . , fries , s , tirard c , foitzik s . 2012 . characterizing the collective personality of ant societies : aggressive colonies do not abandon their home . plos one 7 : e33314 . 10 .
scharf , i , ovadia , o . , foitzik s . 2012 . the advantage of alternative tactics of prey and predators depends on the spatial pattern of prey and social interactions among predators . population ecology 54 : 187 - 196 .
foitzik , s . , rüger , m . , kureck , i . metzler , d . macro - and microgeographic genetic structure in an ant species with alternative reproductive tactics in sexuals . journal of evolutionary biology 24 : 2721 - 2730 .
pohl , s . , witte , v . , foitzik , s . 2011 . division of labor and slave raid initiation in slave - making ants . behavioral ecology and sociobiology , 65 : 2029 - 2036 .
scharf , i . , pamminger , t . , foitzik , s . differential response of ant colonies to intruders : attack strategies correlate with potential threat . ethology , 117 : 731 - 739 .
kureck , i . m . , neumann a . and s . foitzik 2011 . wingless ant males adjust mate - guarding behaviour to the competitive situation in the nest . animal behaviour , 82 : 339 - 346 .
scharf , i . , bauer , s . , fischer - blass , b , foitzik , s . impact of a social parasite on ant host populations depends on host species , habitat and year . biological journal of the linnean society , 103 : 559 - 570 .
pamminger , t . , scharf , i . , pennings , p . , foitzik , s . 2011 . increased host aggression as an induced defence against slavemaking ants . behavioural ecology , 22 : 255 - 260 .
scharf , i . , fischer - blass , b , foitzik , s . spatial structure and nest demography reveal the influence of competition , parasitism and habitat quality on slavemaking ants and their hosts . bmc ecology 2011 , 11 : 9 .
abbot , p . , abe , d . , . . . foitzik , s . , . . . zink , a . 2011 . inclusive fitness theory and eusociality . nature 471 : e1 - e4 .
foitzik , s . , fröba , j . rüger , m . h . , witte , v . 2011 . competition over workers : fertility signalling in wingless queens of hypoponera opacior . insectes sociaux , 58 : 271 - 287 .
pennings , p . , achenbach , a . , foitzik , s . 2011 . similar evolutionary potentials in an obligate ant parasite and its two host species . journal of evolutionary biology , 24 : 871 - 886 .
pohl , s . , foitzik , s . 2011 slave - making ants prefer larger , better defended host colonies . animal behaviour , 81 : 61 - 68 .
foitzik , s , kureck , i . , rüger , m . , metzler , d . 2010 . alternative reproductive tactics and the influence of local competition on sex allocation in the ant hypoponera opacior . behavioral ecology and sociobiology , 64 : 1641–1654 .
achenbach , a . , witte , v . , foitzik , s . 2010 brood exchange experiments and chemical analyses shed light on slave rebellion in ants . behavioral ecology , 21 : 948 - 956 .
bauer , s . , böhm , m . , witte v . , foitzik , s . 2010 . an ant social parasite in - between two chemical disparate host species . evolutionary ecology , 24 : 317–332 .
foitzik , s , bauer , s , laurent , s . , pennings , p . s . 2009 . genetic diversity , populations structure and sex - biased dispersal in three co - evolving species . journal of evolutionary biology , 22 : 2470 - 2480 .
bauer , s . , böhm , m . , witte v . , foitzik , s . 2009 . fight or flight ? a geographic mosaic in host reaction and potency of a chemical weapon in the social parasite harpagoxenus sublaevis . behavioral ecology and sociobiology , 64 : 45–56 .
foitzik , s . , achenbach , a . , brandt , m . 2009 . locally - adapted social parasite affects density , social structure and life history of its ant hosts . ecology 90 : 1195–1206 .
achenbach , a . , foitzik , s . 2009 . first evidence for slave rebellion : enslaved ant workers systematically kill the brood of their social parasite protomognathus americanus . evolution 63 : 1068–1075 .
witte , v . , foitzik s . , hashim , r . , maschwitz , u . , schulz s . 2009 . fine tuning of social integration in two myrmecophiles of the ponerine army ant , leptogenys distinguenda . journal of chemical ecology 35 : 355–367 .
heinze , j . , foitzik , s . 2009 . the evolution of queen numbers in ants : from one to many and back . in organization of insect societies : edited by jürgen gadau and jennifer fewell ; harvard university press , cambridge , ma , usa , 26 - 50 .
witte , v . , leingärtner a . , sabaß l . , hashim r . , foitzik s . 2008 . symbiont microcosm in an ant society and the diversity of interspecific interactions . animal behaviour , 76 : 1477 - 1486 .
feldhaar , h . , foitzik , s . , heinze , j . 2008 . life - long commitment to the wrong partner : hybridization in ants . philosophical transactions of the royal society b , 363 : 2891 - 2899 .
rueger , m . h . , fröba , j . , foitzik , s . 2008 . larval cannibalism and worker - induced separation of larvae in hypoponera ants : a case of conflict over caste determination ? insectes sociaux , 55 : 12 - 21 .
brandt , m . , fischer - blass , b . , heinze , j . , foitzik , s . 2007 . population structure and coevolution in social parasites . molecular ecology , 16 , 2063–2078 . 2006
brandt , m . , heinze , j . , foitzik , s . 2006 . dufour ' s gland secretion as a propaganda substance in the slavemaking ant protomognathus americanus . insectes sociaux , 53 : 291–299 .
pusch , k . , seifert , b . , foitzik , s . , heinze , j . 2006 . distribution and genetic divergence of two parapatric sibling ant species in central europe . biological journal of the linnaean society 8 : 223–234 .
fischer - blass , b . , heinze , j . , foitzik , s . 2006 . microsatellite analysis reveals strong , but differential impact of a social parasite on its two host species . molecular ecology , 15 : 638 - 872 . 2005
beibl j . , stuart , rj , heinze , j . , foitzik , s . 2005 . six origins of slavery in formicoxenine ants . insectes sociaux , 52 : 291–297 .
brandt , m . , heinze , j . , schmitt , t . , foitzik , s . 2005 . a chemical level in the coevolutionary arms race between an ant social parasite and its hosts . journal of evolutionary biology , 18 : 576–586 .
brandt , m . , foitzik , s . , fischer - blass , b . , heinze , j . 2005 . the coevolutionary dynamics of obligate ant social parasites : between prudence and antagonism . biological reviews , 80 : 1–17 .
rüger , mh , heinze , j . , foitzik , s . 2005 . polymorphic microsatellite loci in the ponerine ant hypoponera opacior ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . molecular ecology notes 5 : 236–238 . 2004
brandt , m . , foitzik , s . 2004 . community context and specialization influence coevolution in a slavemaking ant and its hosts . ecology , 85 : 2997–3009 .
fischer , b . foitzik , s . 2004 local co - adaptation leading to a geographic mosaic of coevolution in a social parasite system . journal of evolutionary biology , 17 : 1026 - 1034 .
foitzik , s . , backus , v . l . , trindl , a . , herbers , j . m . 2004 . ecology of leptothorax ants : impact of food , nest sites and social parasites . behavioral ecology and sociobiology , 55 : 484 - 455 . 2003
foitzik , s . , strätz , m . heinze , j . 2003 . ecology , life history , and resource allocation in the ant , leptothorax nylanderi . journal of evolutionary biology , 16 : 670 - 680 .
foitzik , s . , fischer , b . , heinze , j . 2003 . arms - races between social parasites and their hosts : geographic patterns of manipulation and resistance . behavioral ecology , 14 : 80 - 88 .
heinze , j . , foitzik , s . , fischer , b . , wanke , t . kipyatkov , v . e . 2003 . the significance of latitudinal variation in body size in a holarctic ant , leptothorax acervorum . ecography , 26 : 349 - 355 . 2002
foitzik , s . , heinze , j . , oberstadt , b . , herbers , j . m . 2002 . mate guarding and alternative reproductive tactics in the ant hypoponera opacior . animal behaviour 63 : 597 - 604 .
herbers , j . m . , foitzik , s . 2002 . ecology of slavemaking ants and their hosts in north - temperate forests . ecology 83 ( 1 ) : 148 - 163 .
strätz , m . , foitzik , s . , heinze , j . 2002 . first description of leptothorax crassispinus from bavaria . nachrichtenblatt bayerischer entomologen , 51 : 26 - 29 . 2001
foitzik , s . , deheer , c . j . , hunjan , d . n . , herbers , j . m . 2001 . coevolution in host - parasite systems : behavioral strategies of slavemaking ants and their hosts . proceedings of the royal society b , london 268 : 1139 – 1146 .
foitzik , s . , herbers , j . m . 2001 . colony structure of a slavemaking ant : i . intra - colony relatedness , worker reproduction and polydomy . evolution 55 : 307 - 315 .
foitzik , s . , herbers , j . m . 2001 . colony structure of a slavemaking ant : ii . frequency of slave raids and impact on the host population . evolution 55 : 316 - 323 .
foitzik , s . , heinze , j . 2001 . microgeographic genetic structure and intraspecific parasitism in the ant leptothorax nylanderi . ecological entomology 26 : 449 - 456 .
herbers , j . m . , deheer , c . j . , foitzik , s . 2001 conflict over sex allocation drives conflict over reproductive allocation in perennial social insect colonies . american naturalist 158 : 178 - 192 . 2000
foitzik , s . , heinze , j . 2000 . intraspecific parasitism and split sex ratios in a monogynous and monandrous ant . behavioural ecology and sociobiology 47 : 424 - 431 . 1999
foitzik , s . , heinze , j . 1999 . non - random size differences between sympatric leptothorax ants . entomologia generalis 24 : 65 - 74 .
heinze , j . , foitzik , s . , oberstadt , b . , rüppell , o . , hölldobler , b . 1999 . a female caste specialized for the production of unfertilized eggs in the ant crematogaster smithi . naturwissenschaften 86 : 93 - 95 . 1998
foitzik , s . , heinze , j . 1998 . nest site limitation and colony take - over in the ant leptothorax nylanderi . behavioral ecology 9 : 367 - 375 .
heinze , j . , rüppell , o . , foitzik , s . , buschinger , a . 1998 . first records of ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) with cysticercoids of tapeworms ( cestoda : dilepididae ) from the southwestern united states . florida entomologist 81 : 122 - 125 .
heinze , j . , foitzik , s . , kipyatkov , v . e . , lopatina , e . b . 1998 . latitudinal variation in cold hardiness and body size in the boreal ant leptothorax acervorum . entomologia generalis , 22 : 305 - 312 . 1997
foitzik , s . , haberl , m . , gadau , j . , heinze , j . 1997 . mating frequency of leptothorax nylanderi ant queens determined by microsatellite analysis . insectes sociaux 44 : 219 - 227 . 1996
heinze , j . , foitzik , s . , hippert , a . , hölldobler , b . 1996 . apparent dear - enemy phenomenon and environmental - based recognition cues in the ant leptothorax nylanderi . ethology 102 : 510 - 522 .
institute of organismic and molecular evolution prof . dr . susanne foitzik johannes - von - müller - weg 6 02 - 236 55128 mainz tel . : + 49 ( 0 ) 6131 - 39 27840 fax : + 49 ( 0 ) 6131 - 39 27850 e - mail visiting time by arrangement
institute of organismic and molecular evolutionary biology office prof . foitzik kaija krüger johannes - von - müller - weg 6 02 - 238 55128 mainz tel . : + 49 ( 0 ) 6131 39 27841 fax : + 49 ( 0 ) 6131 - 39 27850 e - mail opening hours monday - thursday 9 - 11 h
in contrast to the famous slave - hunting amazon ants whose campaigns may include up to 3000 warriors , the new slave - maker is minimalistic in expense , but most effective in result . the length of a “ pillage ant ” is only two and a half millimeters and the range of action of these slave - hunters restricts to a few square meters of forest floor . targets of their raiding parties are societies of two related ant species living within hollow nuts or acorns . these homes are castles in the true sense of the word – characterized by thick walls and a single entrance hole of only 1 millimeter in diameter , they cannot be entered by any larger enemy ant .
an average raiding party of the pillage ant contains four slave - hunters only , including the scout who had discovered the target . due to their small size the raiders easily penetrate the slave species home . a complete success of raiding is achieved by a combination of two methods : chemical camouflage and artistic rapier fencing .


anania hortulata , the small magpie , is a species of moth of the family crambidae .

it is found in europe and north america .

the wingspan is 24 – 28 millimetres ( 0.94 – 1.10 in ) and the moth flies from june to july depending on the location .

the larvae feed on stachys , mint and nettle .

anania hortulata

anania hortulata ( = eurrhypara hortulata ) small magpie - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
no one has contributed data records for anania hortulata yet . learn how to contribute .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
brennnesselzünsler
to
anania hortulata
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
brennnessel - zünsler
to
anania hortulata
.
this is one of the most familiar of the pyralidae , with its yellowish body parts and black - and - white patterned wings . it is very common in the southern half of britain , becoming less so further north , and flies in june and july .
the larva feeds from a rolled or spun leaf in august and september before hibernating in a tough silk cocoon in a hollow stem or under bark .
pupation occurs in may in the same cocoon , without further feeding . the main foodplant is nettle ( urtica dioica ) , but woundworts ( stachys spp . ) , mints ( mentha spp . ) , horehounds ( marrubium and ballota ) , and bindweeds ( convolvulus and calystegia ) are also used .
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recorded in 68 ( 99 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1834 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
north american distribution seems patchy and not well known ( as of may 2013 , bugguide has photos from british columbia , washington , oregon , wisconsin , michigan , ontario , quebec , new york , massachusetts , new hampshire , maine , new brunswick , prince edward island and nova scotia ) . any additional info appreciated .
larvae feed mainly on nettle ( urtica spp . ) , but mint ( mentha spp . ) and bindweed ( convolvulus spp . ) are also used
munroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2a ,
bold - barcode of life data systems - collection map and photos of pinned adults .
the moths of america north of mexico - fascicle 13 . 2a - pyralidae : pyraustinae eugene munroe . 1976 . the wedge entomological research foundation .
contributed by robin mcleod on 6 february , 2005 - 12 : 30pm additional contributions by steve nanz , jason d . roberts , john davis , maury heiman , harsi s . parker , randy hardy , metrioptera last updated 12 june , 2014 - 6 : 51pm
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wingspan 24 - 28 mm . this is one of the most familiar of the pyralidae , with its yellowish body parts and black - and - white patterned wings .
the main food plant is nettle , but woundworts , mints , horehounds and bindweeds are also used . the larva feeds from a rolled or spun leaf in august and september before hibernating in a tough silk cocoon in a hollow stem or under bark . pupation occurs in may in the same cocoon , without further feeding .
it is very common in the southern half of britain , becoming less so further north .
common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
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munroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2a , p . 29 ; pl . 1 . 72 - 73 . order
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notes : common wherever there are nettles , throughout southern england and locally in northern england and southern scotland . widespread and common in hampshire and on the isle of wight . wingspan 33 - 35 mm . one of the most distinctive and easily recognised british species of micro - moth . larva feeds on both perennial and annual species of nettle , stinging nettle and small nettle .
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blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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copyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
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) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .
the mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright ( c ) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .