dichomeris agonia is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from ontario , massachusetts and illinois to florida , louisiana , arkansas and pennsylvania .

the wingspan is about 15 mm .

the forewings are dark brown , with three prominent light ochreous dots , one on the middle of the wing , another smaller one just below it on the fold , and the third and largest at the end of the cell .

at the beginning of the costal cilia are a few ochreous scales .

the hindwings are dark fuscous .

adults have been recorded on wing from january to november .

the larvae feed on oenothera , aster and solidago species .

dichomeris agonia

dichomeris agonia hodges , r . w . , 1986 | butterflies and moths of north america
dichomeris agonia hodges , 1986 is a replacement name for trichotaphe trinotella ( busck , 1906 ) .
her comments
looks to me more close to dichomeris agonia based on the color of head . but , i need to see the specimen in person to make sure to give the right id .
dichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212
dichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353
dichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213
dichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94
dichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35
dichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215
dichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082
dichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72
dichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67
dichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123
dichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254
dichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242
dichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243
dichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247
dichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232
dichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244
dichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254
dichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]
dichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]
dichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :
dichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg
dichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )
dichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )
dichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg
dichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
dichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teffé
= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis
dichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan
dichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan
dichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
dichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai
dichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan
dichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima
dichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan
dichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar
dichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta
dichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java
dichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa
dichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan
dichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai
dichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra
dichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos
dichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis
dichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan
dichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos
dichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan
dichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china
dichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton
dichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton
dichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi
dichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe
dichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
dichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona
dichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104
dichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana
resupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti
dichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft
dichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras
dichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china
dichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m
dichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina
dichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
dichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin
dichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos
dichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan
dichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73
dichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang
dichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 73
dichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem
dichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china
dichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , téffe
dichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters
dichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
dichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi
dichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria
dichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
dichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
dichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang
dichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
dichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china
dichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje
dichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury
dichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg
dichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur
dichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china
dichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
dichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china
dichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china
dichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china
dichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni
dichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china
dichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury
dichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
dichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
dichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood
dichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )
dichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale
dichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )
dichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m
dichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; peru , iquitos
dichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teffé
dichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col
dichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters
dichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft
dichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india
dichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold
dichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m
dichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m
dichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana
dichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters
dichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m
dichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]
dichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos
dichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft
dichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick
dichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia
dichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera
dichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m
dichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali
dichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut
dichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
dichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey
dichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m
dichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m
dichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins
dichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; peru , jurimaguas
dichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy
dichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221
dichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12
dichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
dichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java
dichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java
dichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77
dichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
dichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama
dichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
dichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
dichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .
dichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay
dichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon
dichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo
dichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
dichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
dichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai
dichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49
dichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida
dichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas
dichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m
dichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57
dichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
dichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57
dichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .
dichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york
dichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina
dichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica
dichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas
dichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora
dichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california
dichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama
dichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla
dichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13
dichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland
dichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida
dichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas
dichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas
dichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft
dichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida
dichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida
dichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida
dichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station
dichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )
dichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
dichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica
dichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34
dichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : peña blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona
= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36
dichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york
dichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida
dichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky
dichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )
dichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg
dichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas
dichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada
dichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york
dichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )
dichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona
dichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina
dichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
dichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina
dichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
dichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft
dichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska
dichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska
dichomeris isa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 103 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : tenkiller lake , 3 mi w blackgum , sequoyah co . , oklahoma
dichomeris badiolineariella ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 154 , f . 4 , 17 - 18 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m


clea jullieni is a southeast asian species of freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks , most of which are marine .

clea jullieni

within clea , 15 species are currently recognized as valid , with an additional nine nominal species and six varieties that are currently recognized as synonyms of clea helena , clea jullieni or clea nigricans ( molluscabase , 2017 ) .
included species : clea nigricans a . adams , 1855 , clea bangueyensis e . a . smith , 1895 , clea bockii brot , 1881 , clea funesta h . adams , 1862 , clea hidalgoi ( crosse , 1886 ) .
worms - world register of marine species - clea h . adams & a . adams , 1855
overally , clea species feed like their marine cousins . although clea helena is the most well - known in the genus , there are plenty of other species . here ' s a list from
( of clea ( anentome ) jullieni ( deshayes , 1876 ) ) brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . page ( s ) : 203 [ details ]
while clea gemma ( conolly 1929 ) is the type for the afrocanidia ( sub ) genus from africa .
species clea fusca ( h . adams , 1862 ) accepted as anentome fusca ( h . adams , 1862 )
one more update ! i just found that canidia bocourti brot was synonymised as clea helena by brandt ( 1974 ) . best ! gianluca
clea helena is sometimes called clea ( anentome ) helena or anentome helena . it is a member of the whelk family buccinidae , and one of very few whelks that lives its entire life in freshwater habitats . common names in the trade include assassin snail and snail - eating snail .
molluscabase . world register of marine species ; 2017 . [ 2 march 2017 ] . clea h . adams , a . adams , 1855 .
clea are whelks , most of which live in the sea . like their marine relatives , clea are opportunistic carnivores that feed on both live prey and carrion . among the prey taken are snails , and it is this that has made them popular with fishkeepers . clea stay partially hidden under the sediment , and if a snail slides past , then quickly ( by snail standards ) jump into action , chasing their prey and eventually subduing it .
most clea live in clean , fast - flowing streams where they can be found in sandy or muddy substrates . clea helena is exceptional in being found in ponds and ditches too , and its tolerance for a wider range of water conditions is probably why this one particular species does so well in captivity .
clea helena is not difficult to breed , though it does so slowly , and isn’t likely to become a pest in the same was as many other snails . for one thing , being carnivorous , it is fussier about food , and that means an aquarium of given size will support a much smaller population of clea helena than omnivorous or herbivorous snails .
sungai jernih , perlis , northern peninsular malaysia . another typical habitat for many clea species as they have abundant prey to feed on and nutrient - rich waters flowing from nearby caves .
in the author’s experience , controlling a runaway malayan livebearing snail ( or malayan trumpet snail , melanoides tuberculata ) is to use 4 - 6 clea helena per 60 litres ( about 15 us gallons ) of water . while they won’t exterminate every last one of the malayan livebearing snails , the clea helena will keep the population of them small enough that they’re no longer troublesome .
usually , clea snails can be found in abundance when present in a water body . thus , when a prey is detected , a large number of snails will search and assemble around it .
steung saen , kampong thom , cambodia . this is the preferred habitat for clea species as it has a wide , muddy river bottom . such habitats are widespread across delta plains of southeast asian countries .
( of canidia jullieni deshayes , 1876 ) deshayes g . p . & jullien j . ( 1876 ) . mémoire sur les mollusques nouveaux du cambodge envoyés au muséum par m . le docteur jullien . bulletin des nouvelles archives du muséum . 10 (
1874
) : 115 - 163 , 4 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 155 , pl . 8 figs 23 - 24 [ details ]
meanwhile , other clea snails will try to loosen the grip of the feeding predator on its prey by using their foot to
pull
the prey out , much like a tug - of - war game .
on the other hand , like all snails , clea helena and tylomelania spp . are vulnerable to predation when kept with large fish . cichlids , pufferfish , loaches and certain catfish ( e . g . , synodontis ) are likely to view clea helena and the smaller tylomelania as potential food . even if they don’t eat them outright , fish that like to peck at things may stress these snails sufficiently that they’ll cause damage and eventually death .
clea helena are known as assassin snails and snail - eating snails precisely because they’re so good at catching and killing small snails . are they worth using though ? in short , yes , but you will need quite a few of them .
besides malayan livebearing snails , clea helena will also eat other small snail species including physa spp . ( tadpole snails ) . they will also eat juvenile tylomelania snails , and that may be an issue if you want to keep them together .
clea helena is a predator , and it will eat any small snails it can catch . it will likely eat fish eggs too , and quite likely immobile ( “wriggler” ) fish fry too . but otherwise clea helena is an excellent community tank resident . it does not harm snails that are substantially larger than it is , and things like adult nerite snails as well as tylomelania seem to coexist amicably enough . fish are at no risk at all once mobile , and even livebearer fry are ignored .
these are true freshwater snails and do not need salt added to the water . but having said that , the authors experience is that both clea helena and tylomelania spp . tolerate slightly brackish water conditions ( around sg 1 . 003 ) perfectly well .
( of quadrasia crosse , 1886 ) smith e . a . ( 1895 ) observations on the genus clea , with the description of a new species . proceedings of the malacological society of london 1 : 251 - 253 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
most of the nominal species of clea were described during the mid to late 1800s based primarily on ( sometimes minor ) differences in shell morphology . beginning with the work of brot ( 1881 ) , authors began to embrace a broader , more variable species concept ; for example , smith ( 1895a ) , who enumerated six varieties of clea nigricans , commented on the “enormous” conchological differences between some of them , but stated that he preferred to not recognize them as distinct species , pending further evidence “than is furnished by the shells” ( 1895a : 252 ) . the most recent review is brandt’s ( 1974 ) work on the thai freshwater fauna . brandt ( 1974 ) synonymized seven species with clea helena based on purely conchological grounds , thereby establishing a broad definition of the species , “…extremely variable with regard to size , shape and costulation” ( 1974 : 202 ) .
included species : anentome helena ( von dem busch , 1847 ) , anentome bizonata ( deshayes , 1876 ) comb . nov . , anentome costulata schepman , 1885 comb . nov . , anentome cambojiensis ( reeve , 1861 ) comb . nov . , anentome fusca ( h . adams , 1862 ) comb . nov . , anentome jullieni ( deshayes , 1876 ) , anentome paviei ( morlet , 1866 ) comb . nov . , anentome scalarina ( deshayes , 1876 ) comb . nov . , anentome spinosa ( temcharoen , 1971 ) comb . nov . , anentome wykoffi ( brandt , 1974 ) comb . nov .
remarks : based on features of the external anatomy and radula , houbrick ( 1986 ) transferred quadrasia hidalgoi from the planaxidae to clea , unaware that smith ( 1895a ) had already done so many years earlier . given that the original description neither implies nor requires that there were syntypes , houbrick’s ( 1986 ) inference of the status of the single specimen in the collections of the mnhn as the holotype , constitutes lectotype selection under art . 74 . 6 of the code ( iczn , 1999 ) . as mentioned , we here provisionally retain clea in the anentominae pending more thorough morphological and molecular analysis .
strong e . e . , galindo l . a . & kantor yu . i . ( 2017 ) . quid est clea helena ? evidence for a previously unrecognized radiation of assassin snails ( gastropoda : buccinoidea : nassariidae ) . peerj . 5 : e3638 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hi ! nice work you ' ve done here ! i ' m portuguese malacologist currently finishing my phd thesis on gastropods in the aquarium trade . clea helena was one of my studied species ! i wonder if you could contact me by email so we could exchange some thoughts ? rita . coelho @ urltoken kind regards , rita
like most other snails , clea helena and tylomelania spp . will not do well in water that is too soft or acidic . while the precise water chemistry values do not seem to be important , aim for moderately hard to hard water with a ph above neutral ( 10 - 20 degrees dh , ph 7 - 8 ) .
remarks : we here follow the terminology of fretter ( 1941 ) who termed the non - glandular continuation of the ventral channel anterior to the capsule gland , the vestibule , and the region between the female pore and the vestibule , the vagina . kantor ( 2003 ) studied the stomach of anentome sp . a ( as “ clea helenae ” ) , while coelho , dinis & reis ( 2013 ) described the life history traits of “ clea helena ” obtained through the aquarium trade , which is likely also conspecific with anentome sp . a , judging from the rather poor figure of a single adult shell in abapertural view . in anentome sp . b ( mnhn im - 2013 - 52176 ) , the odontophore is roughly one - half the length of the retracted proboscis .
hello , i am trying to id a species of clea i collected in a hill - forest torrent in brunei . i think it might be c . nigricans . however , i found descriptions of other species that are rather similar ( c . funesta , c . bockii ) and would like to share some thoughts . could you pls send me a mail to gianluca . polgar @ urltoken
the taxonomic sampling scheme used herein included 23 individuals tentatively identified as clea helena , six specimens of nassodonta dorri , and a reduced subset of 27 taxa used in the comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the nassariidae of galindo et al . ( 2016 ) . six representatives from other families among the buccinoidea were also included and the tree was rooted with cancellaria cooperii gabb , 1865 ( cancellariidae , cancellarioidea ) .
it is not possible to tell male and female clea helena apart , so to start breeding them , a small group will be necessary . when clea helena mates , pairs or groups of snails clamber over each other and seem to hold position like that for hours at a time . eventually the males and females separate , and the females go off to lay their eggs . eggs are deposited one at a time in tiny transparent blobs , usually on solid objects such as bogwood roots . hatching takes a few weeks , and it is fully six months before the juveniles are big enough ( around 8 mm ) to be seen actively hunting at the surface . before they get that big they are presumably hidden away in the sand feeding on whatever small organisms they find there . lifespan is around two years .
clea helena is a burrowing species , and does best in tanks with a sandy substrate . if nothing else , this gives the aquarist an opportunity to watch the natural behaviour of the species . it is also more likely to reproduce successfully in a tank with a sandy substrate since the juvenile snails seem to spend a lot of time hidden underground . perhaps they need to avoid being eaten by the adults ?
tylomelania spp . and clea helena have much to attract the aquarist keeping small , gentle freshwater fish . compared to the existing species on offer , these snails are far less likely to become a pest , and once settled in , hardy and easy to maintain . while we’re not quite at the stage of having a freshwater reef tank just yet , these snails are a good few steps in that direction !
hello i am gianluca , i am trying to id a clea that i think is c . nigricans , collected in a hill - forest torrent in brunei . however , the original description of c . nigricans adams , 1855 closely resembles that one of c . funesta and c . blockii . . . if anyone likes to share some thoughts , i would love to have a chat by email : gianluca . polgar @ urltoken cheers , gianluca
the assassin snail ( clea helena ) has been welcomed by fishkeepers as the single best all - around snail - killing animal in the hobby . existing choices were limited to things like pufferfish and the larger loaches , particularly botiine loaches , but these fish are often difficult to maintain , and in the case of puffers especially , tend to be nippy towards their tankmates . the assassin snail is very different . it is small , completely harmless towards fish and shrimps , and generally very easy to keep . it is also very pretty , bright yellow with chocolate brown stripes .
although only genus names are provided in the table , only one species per genus is generally found . these are from left to right : bithynia siamensis goniomphalos , clea helina , filopadulina martensi , indoplanorbis xxx , lymnaea radix auricularia , melanoides tuberculata , pila polita , scabies xxx , tarebia granifera , and trochataia trochoides . a diversity measure is also given per site and time . we used the shannon diversity index ( h ) to estimate diversity . we also provide evenness ( e ) , which refers to how close in numbers at a particular site and time species are .
alright , the next big question is probably : how does it feed ? i have heard many who discovered them congregating around rotting carcasses of frogs , dead swiflets and bats near caves . personally , i have encountered a group of clea helena feeding on picnic leftovers of fried fish at water ' s edge in sungai jernih , perlis , malaysia . so , these buccinids are no different from their marine cousins - scavengers and predators at the same time . i ' ve brought some back home for further observations of their feeding behaviour . here ' s a photo - essay of it :
on the scientific front though , little is known about this enigmatic group of snails . however , it is generally accepted that there are two genus of this family that somehow abandoned the sea in favour of creeks and ponds . the african species is categorised into the ( sub ) genus afrocanidia while asia ' s is grouped into the clea genus . now , this may shed some light to its origins . perhaps , they first appeared from a common ancestor when africa and south asia was in one piece ( called pangea ) 225 million years ago ? or did they adapted to freshwater separately ( convergent evolution ) since it is more likely to be a recent adaptation ?
tylomelania spp . are almost but not quite livebearers . again , males and females are separate , so for breeding purposes a group is required . there is no easy way to sex them . once mating has taken place , the female broods the eggs internally almost to the point when they are ready to hatch . the eggs are then released , and within an hour than juvenile snail crawls out from the shell . at this point the juvenile has a shell that is a good 5 mm in length , and can be reared alongside the adults without problems . they are , however , vulnerable to predation by clea helena , so while adults of both species can be mixed , you won’t get many tylomelania if they’re kept together .
anentomines lack the paired metapodial tentacles typical of many nassariids , including bulliinae , dorsaninae and most nassariinae and photinae . the lack of metapodial tentacles is a feature that is not unique in the family , but is shared with the redefined cylleninae , including tomlinia , cyllene and nassaria ( galindo et al . , 2016 ) . the operculum of anentome is concave with a basal nucleus that is slightly turned to left and bears a thickened , elevated process behind . the resulting curved , cup - like shape is quite different from the simple , flattened operculum with terminal to subterminal nucleus as found in clea , nassodonta and other nassariids ( brot , 1876 , 1881 ; smith , 1895a , 1895b ; houbrick , 1986 ; kantor & kilburn , 2001 ; simone , 2007 ; simone & pastorino , 2014 ) .
( a ) anentome sp . b , thailand , mnhn im - 2013 - 52176 . ( b ) anentome sp . b , thailand , mnhn im - 2013 - 52175 . ( c ) anentome sp . c , malaysia , mnhn im - 2013 - 52180 . ( d ) anentome sp . c , malaysia , mnhn im - 2013 - 52181 . ( e ) anentome sp . c , malaysia , mnhn im - 2013 - 52179 . ( f ) anentome sp . d , vietnam , mnhn im - 2009 - 29661 . ( g ) anentome sp . c , sumatra , mnhn , uncataloged . ( h ) anentome “ helena ” , java , mnhn , uncataloged . ( i ) clea nigricans , borneo , mnhn , uncataloged . ( j ) nassodonta dorri , vietnam , mnhn , uncataloged .
the foregut seems to be quite different between anentome and nassodonta , although they share the absence of the gland of leiblein , which is typically present in nassariids ( graham , 1941 ; strong , 2003 ) . kantor ( 2003 ) recognized the similarities in midgut morphology of nassaria and anentome ( as clea ) , now both recognized as members of a redefined nassariidae ( galindo et al . , 2016 ) . the midgut of nassodonta and anentome is very similar in general shape , particularly in the presence of an extremely long posterior mixing area which forms a caecum , and shares with other nassariids the very short gastric chamber and the closely spaced ducts of the digestive gland . however , the cuticularized gastric shield , which was also observed in some nassariidae ( brown , 1969 ; strong , 2003 ) is present only in nassodonta .
adams a . ( 1855 ) . description of two new genera and several new species of mollusca , from the collection of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 23 : 119 - 124 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 119 [ details ]
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of quadrasia crosse , 1886 ) houbrick r . s . ( 1986 ) transfer of quadrasia from the planaxidae to the buccinidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington 99 ( 2 ) : 359 - 362 . [ details ]
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the various species of tylomelania imported from the southeast asian island of sulawesi are not kept to do a job , but because they’re interesting and attractive . in the past aquarists have kept apple snails ( pomacea spp . ) but these don’t always do well . in the wild most apple snails spend a few months resting in the mud , but they can’t do this in an aquarium , and because of this seem to ‘burn up’ , dying within a year or so and never attaining full size . tylomelania spp . do much better in aquaria , and unlike apple snails , they do not eat plants , so can be kept in planted tanks without risk .
tylomelania are members of the family pachychilidae , a freshwater - dwelling group within the predominantly marine cerithioidea superfamily of gastropods . there are numerous tylomelania species , and telling them apart is difficult . many retailers simply sell them as tylomelania , or else under trade names such as sulawesi elephant snails , helmet snails , rabbit snails and various other names .
tylomelania spp . are primarily inhabitants of lakes and rivers . they are more scavengers than carnivores , and feed on various types of decaying organic matter besides carrion . they also eat some algae , though they are less dedicated algae - eaters than , say , nerite snails , which seem to eat nothing else .
what makes tylomelania so remarkable is their size and variety . their shells come in a range of shapes and sizes , the biggest ones more than 10 cm ( 4 inches ) in length . ornamentation consists of different arrangements of ribs and grooves . the soft body of the animal is variable too , and can be yellow , green , grey or black .
water quality is important , particularly in the case of tylomelania . these are not species for immature aquaria , and are best added after the aquarium has been running for at least a couple of months . unlike the other freshwater snails kept by hobbyists , such as apple snails , these are not air - breathing snails , and they will not do well in tanks with poor water circulation or inadequate oxygen .
tylomelania are less fussy and do well in tanks with either sand or gravel substrates . if sand is provided , they will root about a bit more naturally , and this is fun to watch , but they don’t seem overly bothered by gravel substrates . tylomelania will breed successfully in tanks with either type of substrate .
feeding these snails is extremely easy , since both species consume any meaty food they find , including uneaten fish food . to a degree then , they’re scavengers . but for optimal health they will need some food left out specifically for them . catfish pellets are a good staple , but these could be augmented with calcium - rich fare that will help them build their shells . wet - frozen brine shrimp , mysis and krill all seem to be very popular . small pieces of frozen lancefish are also welcomed , especially the more bony bits like the head that fish tend to ignore .
tylomelania spp . are essentially non - predatory so far as aquarium fish and invertebrates go .
good companions are things like tetras , non - nippy barbs , rainbowfish , livebearers , corydoras catfish , bristlenose catfish and so on .
tylomelania are excellent scavengers and a good choice for the aquarist after a snail that will consume uneaten fish food and organic detritus . they are especially good at cleaning up any leftover bones and shells , as well as things like shrimp moults .
of course no snail actually “cleans” an aquarium , and that remains the job of the filter ( as well as the weekly water changes ) . but tylomelania seem to be able to compete reasonably well with things like corydoras catfish , and aquarists might even consider using these snails , perhaps alongside shrimps , as the only bottom feeders in the aquarium .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .
justification : the species has been assessed as data deficient . there is insufficient information available regarding this species ' full distribution , population structure and the impact of threats upon this species . furthermore , the mekong river in which this species occurs is potentially threatened by a multitude of anthropogenic impacts . further research is needed before an accurate assessment of this species can be made .
current knowledge suggests that this species occurs in a small stretch of the mekong river , between bandan ( ban dan ky ) and sambor ( kaoh sambor ) , cambodia ( brandt 1974 ) . it may also occur in the tributaries of the mekong and may be able to withstand changes in river regimes .
the mekong river commission has agreed that future water quality threats exist , stemming mainly from upstream chinese catchment areas . presently , the water quality of the lower mekong basin , within which this species resides , is considered good . although heavy metal contamination exists around cities , it disappears rapidly downstream . the toxicity of these sediments , however , was not conclusive ( fougeirol 2007 ) . the stretch of the mekong between bandan ( ban dan ky ) and sambor ( kaoh sambor ) , within which this species is reportedly found , is flanked by high density farmland and deforestation on both sides , leading to sedimentation and nutrient input . furthermore , many large dams interrupt the flow of the mekong along its length , while upstream mining operations are reported to have seriously perturbed macroinvertebratre species assemblages ( vongsombath et al . 2009 ) . further reports exist of sand exploitation causing increased turbidity ( vongsombath et al . 2009 ) . these threats are likely to increase as local human pressure increases . it is not known to what extent these threats are impacting this species .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research on this species is recommended to clarify its exact distribution , population abundance , life history and threats .
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brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . page ( s ) : 203 [ details ]
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
this species occurs in lao pdr and cambodia . in lao pdr it was found in the mekong river near paks , at done houat north of khong , ban na , phapheng falls and somphamit falls and in cambodia at kas lognieu , sambor and sandan ( brandt 1974 ) .
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ellen e . strong , 1 lee ann galindo , 2 and yuri i . kantor 3
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .
understanding the conchological basis for the recognition of species can only be appreciated within the context of a robust systematic framework , which heretofore has been lacking . here we use a multi - gene mitochondrial and nuclear dataset , expanded taxonomic sampling of members of the genus , and anatomical data , to confirm its systematic affinities and to gain insight into the origins and diversity of this clade of freshwater predators .
) ; one sample was purchased through the aquarium trade in washington , dc . specimens of
molecular sequencing was carried out at the service de systématique moléculaire ( mnhn - paris vi umr 7138 ums 2700 ) . partial coi , 16s , 12s , 28s ( partial c1 and d2 domains ) and h3 genes were amplified , using the primers of
, respectively . pcr reactions were performed in 20 μl volumes , containing between 1 and 2 μl of genomic dna , 1× reaction buffer , 2 . 5 mm mgcl
, 0 . 26 mm dntp , 0 . 3 μm of each primer , 5 % dmso and 5 % bsa ( 10 mg / l ) and 1 . 5 units of q - bio taq ( qbiogene , carlsbad , ca , usa ) . annealing temperature was 54 °c for 40 s for coi , 53 °c×35 s for 16s , 63 °c × 40 s for 12s , 58 °c × 40 s for 28s and 55 °c × 35 s for h3 . bidirectional sequencing was carried out by the centre national de séquençage ( genoscope , essonne , france ) . chromatograms were visually inspected and edited as necessary in codoncode aligner 4 . 0 . 4 ( codoncode corporation , dedham , ma , usa ) , and aligned with clustal w (
) . coi was translated into amino acids to check for stop codons and frameshift mutations . all newly generated sequences have been deposited in genbank (
province binh thuan , phan ri river song ni , 11°10 . 57′n , 108°33 . 70′e vietnam
santos municipality , são paulo , brazil , 24°05 . 70′s , 46°20 . 07′w
cap malaimpioka , madagascar , 25°21 . 3 - 6′s 44°44 . 6 - 9′e
anse basin ( morne - à - l′eau ) , guadeloupe , 16°20 . 45′n , 61°31 . 55′w
panglao island , inside lagoon near doljo pt , philippines , 9°35 . 1′n 123°43 . 6′e
n urélapa island , vanuatu , 15°35 . 9′s–15°36 . 0′s 167°01 . 3 / 01 . 6′e
banc frotte - ton - cul , guadeloupe , 16°17 . 35′n 61°34 . 74′w
newly generated sequences shown in bold . all other nassariid sequences , with the exception of nassaria magnifica and phos senticosus , are from galindo et al . ( 2016 ) . outgroup sequences were downloaded from genbank . generic classification follows that proposed herein .
) was used to select the best - fit partitioning schemes and models for phylogenetic analysis , which favored two partitions ( first coi codon position , 12s , 16s vs second and third coi codon positions , 28s , and h3 ) and the gtr + i + g substitution model for both partitions . in the absence of significant incongruence , bayesian phylogenies for three datasets ( mitochondrial , nuclear and concatenated datasets ) were each inferred using mrbayes 3 . 1 . 6 (
) . bayesian analyses , consisting of two independent replicates with eight chains each were run for 60 , 000 , 000 markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) generations with a sampling frequency of one tree every 100 generations . mcmc convergence , likelihood curves and standard deviation of split frequencies were assessed using tracer 1 . 6 (
) . the first 25 % trees were discarded as burn - in and a 50 % majority rule consensus tree constructed . vouchers from the molecular and anatomical investigations have been deposited in the collections of the muséum national d’histoire naturelle in paris ( mnhn ) and the national museum of natural history in washington , d . c . ( usnm ) ( see
the electronic version of this article in portable document format ( pdf ) will represent a published work according to the international commission on zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that code from the electronic edition alone . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix urltoken . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : c4d12abc - 3de3 - 429b - 8207 - 05d549989dd5 . the lsid for the new subfamily anentominae is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : c4d12abc - 3de3 - 429b - 8207 - 05d549989dd5 . the online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories : peerj , pubmed central and clockss .
species a ; classification follows that proposed herein , see systematics for details ) with high support ( pp = 1 ) . in bayesian analysis of the coi data alone ( results not shown ) , the sequenced voucher of the species introduced to singapore (
) is also conspecific with species a , and is separated from the individuals in this clade by 0 . 025–0 . 032 uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence . species b , also from thailand , species c from sumatra and malaysia , and species d from vietnam , were all recovered as monophyletic with high support ( pp ≥ 0 . 97 ) . species b and species d were supported as sister taxa , but with no support ( pp = 0 . 58 ) . the distribution of kimura - corrected average pairwise distances in coi typically were low within clades and ranged from 0 . 000 to 0 . 012 , with the exception of species b with 0 . 080 , which is more representative of the distances seen between clades ( see discussion ) . results of bayesian analysis of the nuclear gene dataset ( 28s , h3 ) (
) were characterized by short internodal distances , with only species a supported as monophyletic with high support ( pp = 1 ) . all other individuals were united in a single clade with high support ( pp = 1 ) , but with no support for relationships among them , reflecting the more highly conserved nature of the nuclear genes , and their greater utility for resolving relationships above the species level .
( a ) phylogram based on the mitochondrial gene dataset ( coi , 12s , 16s ) . ( b ) phylogram based on the nuclear gene dataset ( 28s , h3 ) . bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated at the nodes ; values ≥0 . 95 were considered significant . “ * ” indicates sequenced aquarium - trade voucher . generic classification follows that proposed herein . see
, but perhaps unsurprisingly given the severe subsampling of the present analysis , not the relationships among them . nevertheless , the placement of
as a somewhat isolated offshoot of the nassariidae is confirmed , as sister to a large clade uniting the dorsaninae and nassariinae . in contrast to the results of
as independent branches , the expanded sampling here yielded a sister group relationship between the two albeit without significant support ( pp = 0 . 68 ) .
bayesian phylogram based on a concatenated mitochondrial ( coi , 12s , 16s ) and nuclear gene ( 28s , h3 ) dataset .
bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated at the nodes ; values ≥0 . 95 were considered significant . a sequenced voucher is figured for each clade . “ * ” indicates sequenced aquarium - trade voucher . generic classification follows that proposed herein . see
relationships among the four lineages of anentome “ helena ” were resolved with high support ( pp = 1 ) , with the exception of the sister group relationship between anentome sp . c ( sumatra , malaysia ) and sp . d ( vietnam ) ( pp = 0 . 90 ) which was not recovered in the analysis of the mitochondrial gene dataset . all species were supported as monophyletic with pp = 1 except species c from sumatra and malaysia ( pp = 0 . 97 ) . as in the mitochondrial gene tree , a lineage from thailand ( species a ) included the specimen purchased through the aquarium trade .
material examined : specimens purchased through aquarium trade , washington dc , ( usnm 1405293 ) ; freshwater pond , phuket , thailand , july 2010 ( mnhn uncataloged ) .
external anatomy : mature animal comprising roughly 3 . 5 whorls in preserved specimens . animal light yellow , with dense pattern of irregular black blotches covering external surface of headfoot ; black blotches fewer and more dispersed on foot sole . mantle margin , internal surface of siphon and external surface of siphon along seam marked with small , whitish granules (
: t ) , roughly half of siphon in length in preserved specimens , with eyes slightly elevated on prominent ocular peduncles at tentacle outer bases . foot narrowly oval with small attachment disc to operculum (
: op ) . prominent propodium separated from mesopodium by conspicuous constriction , and with very deep propodial pedal gland along anterior edge , lined with two histologically distinct subepithelial gland cells . short , deep transverse ovipositor short distance behind front edge of foot . metapodium lacking posterior tentacles . operculum large , spanning nearly entire aperture , elongate oval , concave , with basal nucleus slightly turned to left , and thickened , pointed , elevated process behind (
) . mantle cavity markedly asymmetrical , deeper along left side in front of pericardium . columellar muscle thick , simple , not subdivided , spanning roughly one whorl from attachment at rear of mantle cavity to operculum . ctenidium (
: ct ) extending along left side of mantle cavity from near mantle edge to narrow , posterior base of mantle cavity at left ; anterior tip of ctenidium slightly curving to end adjacent to more anterior siphonal flap . long siphon (
: si ) emerging from behind left anterior mantle edge in front of gill , to left of head . short , narrow osphradium lying to left of anterior ctenidium , at base of siphon , slightly posterior to curved anterior tip of ctenidium . osphradium bipectinate , length somewhat variable in preserved specimens , roughly one - third of ctenidium in length , nearly symmetrical , with lamellae along ctenidial axis slightly wider . lamellae not numerous , rather narrow , roughly 35 in total . pallial oviduct and rectum bordering mantle cavity at right . anus opening well back from mantle edge , near anterior third of mantle cavity . female gonopore opening short distance in front of anus . hypobranchial gland (
: hg ) forming thick , elongate pad with sharp , well defined borders in mantle roof and partially overlying rectum , supported by white , calcium - bearing connective tissue ; extending anterior to anus and female reproductive pore .
aquarium - trade specimen . e , eye ; f , foot ; op , operculum ; si , siphon ; t , cephalic tentacle . scale bar : 5 mm .
( a ) apertural view . ( b ) abapertural view . au , auricle ; c , caecum ; ct , ctenidium ; dg , digestive gland ; ebv , efferent branchial vein ; f , foot ; hg , hypobranchial gland ; int , intestine ; kd , kidney ; oes , esophagus ; op , operculum ; os , osphradium ; p , propodium ; r , rectum ; rs , rectal sinus ; si , siphon ; t , cephalic tentacle ; te , testis . scale bar : 1 mm .
( a ) external , and ( b ) internal views of operculae . scale bars : ( a , b ) 1 mm , ( c ) 100 μm .
) : radula with three teeth per row . rachidian with arched basal plate and six main cusps on posterior margin . lateral cusps slightly shorter than central cusp . occasionally , very short denticles present on one or both sides , external to lateralmost cusps . lateral teeth tricuspid , with central cusp much narrower and situated much closer to inner cusp .
) : proboscis in contracted state not long , slightly shorter than aperture , with smooth walls , pigmented with irregular black blotches . mouth forming triangular slit . length / diameter ca . 4 . 5 in retracted proboscis and 6 . 5 in protracted one . powerful paired proboscis retractors attached to posterior outer rhynchodaeum (
: prr ) in retracted proboscis and posteriormost proboscis walls in protracted proboscis and fuse with columellar muscle at posterior limit of hemocoel . seven or eight smaller retractors attached to lateral walls of rhynchodaeum (
: lpr ) and to lateral walls of hemocoel . esophagus forming short loop upon leaving proboscis before passing through large nerve ring . valve of leiblein situated immediately anterior to nerve ring , poorly defined and very slightly broader than anterior esophagus , lacking ciliary cone . esophagus expanding slightly in diameter after passing through nerve ring , paralleled by anterior aorta of slightly lesser diameter . gland of leiblein absent . salivary glands acinous , fused , forming half - ring embracing posterior rhynchodaeum latero - ventrally . salivary ducts free along anterior esophagus , entering its walls at half proboscis length , then continuing in walls of esophagus beneath lateral folds . odontophore rather long , spanning roughly two - thirds of protracted proboscis in length , nearly equal in length to retracted proboscis . radular sac equally long as odontophore . odontophoral retractors fusing with proboscis walls .
( a , b ) foregut . ( a ) right view of the foregut , rhynchodaeum partially removed to expose the proboscis . ( b ) protracted proboscis opened along right - dorsal line . ( c , d ) stomach . ( c ) stomach opened along dorsal line and outer wall reflected . only short portion of posterior mixing area is shown . ( d ) enlarged area of opening of the posterior esophagus into stomach . outer stomach wall removed , esophagus opened along mid - line . c , caecum ; ddg , ducts of digestive gland ; ig , intestinal groove ; lf , longitudinal fold on the inner stomach wall ; lpr , lateral proboscis retractors ; ls , lateral sulcus ; mnt , minor typhlosole ; mt , major typhlosole ; nr , nerve ring ; od , odontophore ; oeo , esophageal opening into gastric chamber ; oes , esophagus ; pr , proboscis ; prr , proboscis retractors ; rd , radula ; rr , radular retractor ; sd , salivary duct ; sg , fused salivary glands ; vl , valve of leiblein . scale bars : 1 mm .
) : stomach small , partially covered by digestive glands . posterior mixing area very long , forming “caecum” spanning nearly three - quarters of whorl , equally narrow along its length (
: oeo ) . epithelial cells of folds mostly ciliated , with sporadic glandular , non - ciliated cells . gastric chamber comparatively short . small , paired , closely spaced , oval openings of digestive gland ducts adjacent to opening of esophagus . each duct opening situated in rather deep depression . longitudinal fold (
: ls ) . lateral sulcus present on outer stomach wall , although shallower . typhlosoles well - developed , bordering deep intestinal groove . major typhlosole narrower and more prominent , while minor typhlosole broader but short , becoming obsolete at level of posterior kidney border . inner wall of dorsal channel of style sac lined with transverse folds , replaced with inconspicuous longitudinal folds anteriorly .
style sac region crossing below floor of posterior kidney , from posterior left to anterior right side , ventrally embedded in digestive gland . at base of mantle cavity , major typhlosole becoming inconspicuous , intestine turning and emerging into mantle roof . intestine expanding somewhat into broad , flattened rectum , surrounded by voluminous rectal sinus . rectum terminating anteriorly in small , simple , non - papillate anus .
) : gonad overlying digestive gland at right in apical whorls , anteriorly bordering caecum at right to level of esophageal opening , extending to tip of apical whorls in mature specimens . vas deferens emerging from testes ventrally , continuing anteriorly along ventral aspect of visceral whorls , forming thickened , coiled seminal vesicle (
) . vas deferens straightening and narrowing before penetrating base of mantle cavity at right . in mantle roof , vas deferens continuing anteriorly as thickened glandular prostate (
: prs ) . prostate long , slender , thin - walled , lying below rectum , crossing to neck at level of anus . prostate narrowing anteriorly to pallial vas deferens with thick muscular walls . pallial vas deferens completing two half loops within cephalic hemocoel , first looping through tight half turn posteriorly , then reversing course through broad half loop anteriorly , before continuing as ejaculatory duct down center of penis lying on right side of neck behind cephalic tentacle . penis (
: p ) long , slender , simple , without external glands or elaborations , tapering to simple , narrowly rounded tip with apical pore .
( a ) male reproductive anatomy . visceral mass and posterior part of the mantle , uncoiled , above ; right view of the head - foot with prostate and anterior muscular seminal duct seen by transparency , below . ( b ) female reproductive anatomy . left lateral view , above , anterior is at left ; right lateral view , below , anterior is at right . hashed line indicates boundaries of lumen . ag , albumen gland ; bu , copulatory bursa ; c , caecum ; cg , capsule gland ; dg , digestive gland ; fp , female pore ; hg , hypobranchial gland ; int , intestine ; kd , kidney ; op , operculum ; p , penis ; per , pericardium ; prs , prostate ; r , rectum ; te , testis ; v , vagina ; vc , ventral channel ; vd , pallial vas deferens ; ve , vestibule ; vs , seminal vesicle . scale bars : 1 mm .
( a ) posterior albumen gland . ( b ) anterior albumen gland . ( c ) posterior capsule gland . ( d ) anterior capsule gland . ( e ) posterior copulatory bursa and non - glandular extension of ventral channel . ( f ) middle copulatory bursa , vestibule and vaginal opening . ( g ) anterior copulatory bursa and vestibule near entrance to ventral channel extension . aa , anterior aorta ; bu , copulatory bursa ; fp , female pore ; kd , kidney ; mc , mantle cavity ; oes , esophagus ; ovi , renal oviduct ; r , rectum ; v , vagina ; vc , ventral channel ; ve , vestibule ; vg , visceral ganglion . scale bar : 500 μm .
oviduct emerging ventrally from ovary , continuing anteriorly along ventral aspect of visceral whorls . gonopericardial duct lacking (
) . renal oviduct penetrating base of mantle cavity to enter pallial oviduct . albumen gland (
: ag ) short , broad , with flattened lumen , comprising roughly one - third of glandular pallial oviduct . albumen gland lumen narrowing anteriorly at junction with more distal capsule gland . capsule gland (
: cg ) roughly twice albumen gland in length , also with flattened lumen . capsule gland regionated into at least five externally and histologically differentiable sets of glands (
) . precise pattern of folds somewhat variable between individuals , but symmetrical on right and left sides of lumen . capsule gland continuous anteriorly with narrow , flattened , longitudinally ridged , non - glandular continuation of ventral channel , or vestibule . vestibule (
: bu ) containing unorientated sperm . just in front of opening to bursa , vestibule expanding dorsally into small , muscular , bulbous vagina (
: v ) terminating ventrally in elongate female pore . right wall of vagina conspicuously thicker and deeply longitudinally ridged , with bifid fold extending into female pore . entrance to vestibule just above female pore , between branches of bifid fold .
material examined : vietnam : bình thuận province , tuy phong , phan ri river , sông lũy , 11°10 . 57′n , 108°33 . 70′e ( mnhn uncataloged ) .
) : mature animal comprising 2 . 25 whorls in preserved specimens . head small , broad , with very short , thick cephalic tentacles (
: t ) , with eyes slightly elevated on prominent ocular peduncles at tentacle outer bases . foot broad , fleshy , overlapping sides of operculum in preserved specimens . propodium narrow with posterior extent marked by indistinct notch , poorly demarcated from mesopodium . shallow propodial pedal gland (
: ppg ) along anterior edge , with two histologically distinct subepithelial gland cells . ovipositor forming deep , simple pore surrounded by weakly developed subepithelial glands . metapodium lacking posterior tentacles . operculum (
: op ) thin , elongate , oval with basal nucleus . mantle cavity short , less than one - half whorl in length , posteriorly bounded by reno - pericardial complex . mantle cavity slightly asymmetrical , slightly deeper at left side in front of pericardium . columellar muscle long , extending just past posterior end of kidney . ctenidium (
: ct ) extending along left side of mantle cavity from near mantle edge to pericardium behind left base of mantle cavity . short siphon (
: si ) emerging from behind mantle edge at left anterior mantle cavity in front of gill , to left of head . long osphradium lying to left of central two - thirds of ctenidium . osphradium bipectinate , asymmetrical , with leaflets along ctenidial axis much larger than those along mantle floor . osphradium separated from efferent branchial vein by deep cleft . pallial oviduct and rectum bordering mantle cavity at right . papillate anus opening well back from mantle edge , near anterior third of mantle cavity . female gonopore opening just behind anus . hypobranchial gland (
: hg ) forming elongate , thick pad with sharp borders in mantle roof and partially overlying rectum , thinning and extending short distance anterior to anus and female reproductive pore .
( a ) apertural view . hashed line at anterior end of nephridial gland indicates nephropore , seen by transparency . ( b ) abapertural view . ag , albumen gland ; au , auricle ; c , caecum ; cg , capsule gland ; cm , columellar muscle ; ct , ctenidium ; dg , digestive gland ; ebv , efferent branchial vein ; f , foot ; hg , hypobranchial gland ; kd , kidney ; ngl , nephridial gland ; op , operculum ; os , osphradium ; ov , ovary ; p , propodium ; ppg , propodial pedal gland ; r , rectum ; si , siphon ; t , cephalic tentacle ; v , ventricle . scale bar : 1 mm .
radula : ( after kantor & kilburn , 2001 ) radula comprising roughly 75 rows . lateral teeth with four to six cusps , with number of cusps varying even on adjacent rows . outermost cusps ∼2 . 5 longer than innermost cusps . intermediate cusps sharply pointed or bifurcating at their tips . innermost cusp with seven to eight denticles on inner , lateral side . rachidian with 11–12 cusps , central cusp serrated , with number of cusps varying even on adjacent rows . basal plate evenly and deeply notched along anterior edge .
) : proboscis very short and coniform , deeply retracted into rhynchodaeum , spanning only about half of rhynchodaeum length . mouth forming narrow ventral slit at anterior tip of proboscis (
: lpr ) . esophagus forming long loop , as long as rhynchodaeum , upon emerging from proboscis , before passing through large nerve ring . valve of leiblein pyriform , well defined , situated immediately anterior to nerve ring . esophagus significantly expanding in diameter after passing through nerve ring , forming thin walled , spoon - shaped “crop , ” embracing posterior part of protruded odontophore (