the new zealand coot ( fulica prisca ) is an extinct bird in the rail family , rallidae , that was endemic to new zealand .

it was described in 1893 by new zealand naturalist , ethnologist and museum director augustus hamilton , from material he had collected the previous year at castle rocks on the oreti river in southland .

the specific epithet comes from the latin priscus ( " old " ) , referring to its subfossil occurrence .

remains have subsequently been found at several sites in both north and south islands .

new zealand coot

a coot nest in the middle of a canal . the male coot protects the female coot while breeding .
michaux , b . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . new zealand coot . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
new zealand coot . new zealand coot ( fulica prisca ) . image 2006 - 0010 - 1 / 50 from the series ' extinct birds of new zealand ' . masterton . image © purchased 2006 . © te papa by paul martinson see te papa website : urltoken
the australian coot is a subspecies of the eurasian coot that self - introduced into new zealand from australia in the 20th century , and was first recorded breeding in new zealand on lake hayes , otago in 1958 . there were about 2 , 000 coots estimated to be present in new zealand in 2005 .
geographical variation : the australian coot ( fulica atra australis ) of australia , new guinea and new zealand is a subspecies of the eurasian coot , which is widespread in europe , north africa and asia .
michaux , b . 2013 . chatham island coot . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
natural sciences image library of new zealand reference : dsci7129smd . jpg photograph by peter e . smith
fleming , c . a . ( convener ) 1953 . checklist of new zealand birds . a . h . & a . w . reed for the ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
heather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . oliver , w . r . b . , new zealand birds , 1955 .
the new zealand coot became extinct in prehistoric times due to over - hunting by early maori . its bones are common in two archaeological middens in coastal marlborough , where some coot bones were shaped into tools .
differences between the chatham island coot and the slightly smaller new zealand coot have been debated over the years . the most recent review by trevor worthy and richard holdaway recommended that both be considered as full species .
moon , g . 2006 . the reed field guide to new zealand birds . reed , auckland .
mason , o . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . australian coot . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
olson , s . l . 1975 . a review of the extinct rails of the new zealand region ( aves : rallidae ) . records of the national museum of new zealand 1 : 63 - 79 .
the new zealand coot was about twice the weight of extant coots . its body proportions were similar to other coots , and so it was probably capable of flight . unlike other coots , however , the new zealand coot was more terrestrial and was found at forested inland sites and even subalpine environments in addition to coastal wetlands .
olson , s . l . 1975 . a review of the extinct rails of the new zealand region ( aves : rallidae ) . records of the national museum of new zealand , 1 : 63 - 79 .
a large extinct coot species with a long neck and disproportionately long legs and toes that was slightly larger than the extinct new zealand coot . the chatham island coot was about twice the weight of the surviving australian coot , which is a slate - grey species with a white bill and frontal shield , red eyes and large grey feet with lobed toes .
gill , b . ; martinson , p . 1991 . new zealand’s extinct birds . random century , auckland .
the red frontal shield on this coot in idaho would have identified it as an american coot in 2016 ( as opposed to caribbean coot ) , but now identifies it as the red - shielded form of american coot . photo denise hughes / macaulay library .
tennyson , a . ; martinson , p . 2006 . extinct birds of new zealand . te papa press , wellington .
kinsky , f . c . ( convener ) 1970 . annotated checklist of new zealand birds , including the birds of the ross dependency . a . h . & a . w . reed for the ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
the new zealand scaup ( aythya novaeseelandiae ) commonly known as a black teal , is a diving duck species of the genus aythya . it is endemic to new zealand . in maori commonly known as papango , also matapouri , titiporangi , raipo .
the bird is one of four subspecies of the eurasian coot ( fulica atra ) , which is native to europe , northern africa , asia and greater australasia . the australian coot breeds in australia and new zealand . it is a protected self - introduced native .
chatham island coot . chatham island coot ( fulica chathamensis ) . image 2006 - 0010 - 1 / 49 from the series ' extinct birds of new zealand ' . masterton . image © purchased 2006 . © te papa by paul martinson see te papa website : urltoken
robertson , h . ; heather , b . 2005 . the hand guide to the birds of new zealand . penguin , auckland .
southern boobook ( morepork ) ninox novaeseelandiae [ novaeseelandiae group ] – new zealand , norfolk island , and lord howe island ( extinct ) .
this australian coot is holding aquatic plant material in its bill , to feed its chick . many coots arrived in new zealand in 1957 , coinciding with the start of a major drought in australia . they are now well established , their numbers increasing as they colonise new wetlands .
bakker , b . j . , and r . a . fordham . 1993 . diving behaviour of the australian coot in a new zealand lake . notornis 40 ( 2 ) : 131–136 . retrieved january 22 , 2009 .
american coots : please be sure to read the section on the coot split above . the treatment of our familiar american coot ( pre - split ) as american coot ( red - shielded ) may take a bit of getting used to .
guy , g . 1957 . coot on the heathcote river . notornis 7 : 163 .
the australian coot is a smart , dark - grey , duck - like waterbird , instantly recognisable from its bright white bill and frontal shield . coots are related to gallinules – the branch of the rail family that includes pukeko and takahe . out of the water , a coot’s stance is more like a small pukeko than a duck . but instead of the pukeko’s long thin toes , coots have broad fleshy lobes on their short toes , used to give propulsion when swimming . the australian coot is a recent arrival in new zealand , first recorded breeding here in 1958 . their colonisation partially fills the niche left vacant by the extinction of the new zealand coot , which was widespread before the arrival of maori .
millener , p . r . 1981 . the subfossil distribution of extinct new zealand coots fulica chathamensis subspp . ( aves : rallidae ) . notornis 28 : 1 - 9 .
i am on my new zealand chapter of my autobiography and your photos helped me identify some of the birds i took photos of . thank you . they are all beautiful .
millener , p . r . 1980 . the taxonomic status of extinct new zealand coots , fulica chathamensis subspp . ( aves : rallidae ) . notornis 27 : 363 - 367 .
australian coot . adult on rock . wanganui , january 2006 . image © ormond torr by ormond torr
prefer shallow reed fringed lakes . widespread and increasing as they colonise new lakes .
as a self - introduced species , australian coots are automatically covered by the wildlife act , and are fully protected . they are well - established in new zealand , with no recognised threats .
we find four subspecies : f . a . atra from europe , north africa , azores , canary islands , asia to japan , indian subcontinent and sri lanka . f . a . lugubris from e java and nw new guinea . f . a . novaeguinea from c new guinea . f . a . australis from australia , tasmania and new zealand .
record conversion was tricky in papua new guinea . please check your records with care .
has been divided into a new set of groups as follows . the last subspecies (
new zealand had two endemic coots , now extinct . in the latter half of the 20th century the australian coot ( fulica atra australis ) became established . it was first recorded breeding in 1958 on lake hayes , in otago . by 2005 , around 2 , 000 were scattered on lakes throughout both main islands .
marchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds ) 1993 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 2 , raptors to lapwings . oxforduniversity press , melbourne .
tan - capped catbird ailuroedus geislerorum [ map ] [ my records ] – yapen i . and n new guinea lowlands of southeastern new guinea ( north side of owen stanley range )
dusky woodcock scolopax saturata : dusky woodcock is split into javan woodcock and new guinea woodcock .
gallinule / moorhen / coot sp . : gallinula / fulica sp . — > porphyrio / gallinula / fulica sp .
te ara - the encyclopedia of new zealand reference : c . w . andrews , ' on the extinct birds of the chatham islands . ' novitates zoologicae 3 ( 1896 ) : 260 - 271 , plate 9
range : the common coot is found in europe , asia , australia and africa , and recently in new zealand . the common coot is resident in warm and temperate regions . the northernmost populations of eurasia migrate southwards under influence of hard climate . asian populations migrate southwards and westwards if waters are frozen . we can observe broad front of movement w to s , through continental europe . there also are moult migrations , and other movements and dispersions according to the weather conditions and the countries .
all text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated . commercial re - use may be allowed on request . all non - text content is subject to specific conditions . © crown copyright .
these drawings of a fossil skull of the chatham islands coot ( fulica chathamensis ) were published in 1896 . found only on the chatham islands , the chatham islands coot was never collected alive , but fossils have been found in midden layers , along with moriori artefacts . its skull is large when compared to other coots . many of new zealand’s extinct birds were large . but this adaptation , which had served many native bird species for so long , was a hindrance to survival when humans , the ultimate predators , arrived .
found throughout both north and south islands of new zealand in deep freshwater lakes and ponds . unlike other members of this genus this scaup is not migratory , although it does move to open water from high country lakes if they become frozen in winter .
reproduction : the breeding season varies according to the range . the common coot is monogamous . this gregarious species becomes very territorial and pugnacious during this period . the coot usually nests in emergent vegetation and in shallow water , and sometimes in open , occasionally on floating vegetation . the nest rests on the bottom or in trampled base of plants . the coot can also use artificial platforms or tree stumps , or islands .
while aggressively territorial during the breeding season , during the non - breeding season both the eurasian coot and american coot may form large flocks , such as on the shallow vegetative lakes that provides them food . this may be related to predator avoidance ( van den hout 2006 ) .
while records from new zealand and the south pacific east of new zealand were assigned to gray - faced petrel , and records form much of the indian ocean assigned to great - winged petrel , users will want to carefully check your records to make sure they represent the correct species or remain as the slash great - winged / gray - faced petrel in cases of uncertainty . most records ( including all those from australia ) were left exactly as reported , so if you had reported “great - winged petrel” you may want to check your records to see if you can apply it to one of the new species .
whether the new zealand coot was diagnosably distinct from the slightly larger chatham island coot has been a matter of debate . olson separated them as subspecies on the basis of a difference in the humerus , but phil millener thought this characteristic was unreliable and suggested that the two subspecies were separable by features of the sternum and tibiotarsus . trevor worthy and richard holdaway re - examined the fossil material , and recommended that the two be treated as separate species on the basis of cranial shape and proportional differences between various post - cranial skeletal elements .
a large extinct coot species with a long neck and disproportionately long legs and toes . it was about twice the weight of the surviving australian coot , which is a slate - grey species with a white bill and frontal shield , red eyes and large grey feet with lobed toes .
protection / threats / status : the common coot is relatively common within the range . this species is adapted to urban environment and man - made new habitats . in some parts of the range , oil pollution and hunting involve some declines . drainage of wetlands is not really a problem because they adapt and rapidly colonize suitable artificial habitats such as dams . currently , the common coot is not threatened .
eurasian blackbird turdus merula : chinese blackbird , which occurs in eastern china and winters south to northern thailand and northern indochina , is split from eurasian blackbird of western asia and europe . eurasian blackbird is also introduced to australia and new zealand and several other places .
robertson , h . a ; baird , k . ; dowding , j . e . ; elliott , g . p . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; miskelly , c . m . ; mcarthur , n . ; o’donnell , c . f . j . ; sagar , p . m . ; scofield , r . p . ; taylor , g . a . 2017 . conservation status of new zealand birds , 2016 . new zealand threat classification series 19 . wellington , department of conservation . 27 p .
the weaker coot is usually forced onto its back or even held under water . it may escape by swimming or by fleeing among showers of water .
pūkeko and closely related species are found in most regions of the world , except the americas and antarctica . fossil records indicate that they arrived in new zealand around 1000 ad . related species arrived much earlier and evolved into two endemic flightless species – the north and south island takahē .
takahe porphyrio mantelli : the new zealand endemic takahe is further split into north island and south island species . the north island takahe has been extinct since 1894 ; note that south island takahe has since been introduced into some north island locations to better preserve the species , which is critically endangered :
the australian sub species was a rare vagrant in new zealand until the 1950s when they moved across the tasman and began to breed here . it is now widespread and numerous on certain lakes , especially around rotorua in sheltered bays fringed with raupo ( catstail or bulrush ) . numbers seem to be increasing .
similar species : new zealand scaup have similar body size , shape , colouration and diving behaviour , but differ in having a blue - grey bill and no frontal shield , plus males have a yellow eye , and females often have white around the bill base ( cf . blackish facial feathers in coots ) .
australian coots are found throughout mainland new zealand other than northland , but there are few parts of the country where they are abundant . coots are entirely aquatic , and there are large parts of the country that do not have their preferred freshwater lakes and ponds with submerged vegetation and reedy , grassy islands or edges .
when first observed , this was considered a rare caribbean coot for bermuda . now , with the lump , this is considered american coot ( white - shielded ) , although since this shield morph predominates in the caribbean , this was likely a stray from the south rather than a rare variant from the north american continent . photo andrew dobson / macaulay library .
the word coot , in some parts of england pronounced cute , or scute , is of uncertain origin but may have something to do with the sound of its piercing loud call .
northern scrub - robin drymodes superciliaris : the new guinea endemic papuan scrub - robin is split from its australia counterpart , northern scrub - robin .
snowy - browed flycatcher ficedula hyperythra : the philippine subspecies of snowy - browed flycatcher are split as a new species , bundok flycatcher fidecula luzoniensis .
the widespread eurasian coot , or common coot ( fulica atra ) , is 36 to 42 centimeters ( 14 - 16 . 5 inches ) long , and is largely black except for the white facial shield ( which gave rise to the phrase
as bald as a coot
) . the juvenile is paler than the adult , has a whitish breast , and lacks the facial shield ; the adult black plumage develops when about 3 to 4 months old , but the white shield is only fully developed at about one year old , some time later .
ecologically , coots play a role in food chains , helping to maintain populations of prey species and aquatic vegetation and serving as a food source for a wide diversity of predators , including foxes , coyotes , raccoons , snapping turtles , eagles , and osprey . for humans , they also serve as a food source . on the louisiana coast , the cajun word for coot is
pouldeau ,
from french for
coot ,
poule d ' eau—literally
water hen .
coot is somewhat popular in cajun cuisine , such as an ingredient for gumbos cooked at home by duck hunters . coot , however , is not popularly hunted as game birds . their unique form and behavior adds to the diversity of nature for those visiting watercourses .
there are eleven extant species recognized in this genus . the greatest species variety is in south america , where there are seven species , and it is likely that the genus originated there . they are common in europe and north america . the eurasian coot occurs and breeds in europe , asia , australia , and africa , and has recently expanded its range into new zealand . the america coot is found in wetlands and open water bodies from southern quebec to the pacific coast of north america and as far south as northern south america . birds from temperate north america east of the rocky mountains migrate to the southern united states and southern british columbia . they are often year - round residents where water remains open in winter .
slender - billed cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensisis is split into two species based primarily on vocal differences . amboyna cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensisis occurs in eastern new guinea and islands to the east , as well as the south moluccas off the western side of papua new guinea and islands in geelvink bay of papua . sultan’s cuckoo - dove macropygia doreya , occurs in most indonesian islands ( except the s moluccas ) including the north moluccas and western papua new guinea , including the balim valley .
arfak catbird ailuroedus arfakianus [ map ] [ my records ] – misool i . ( w papuan islands ) and w new guinea ( arfak mountains of vogelkop peninsula )
record conversion here is very provisional . with the exception of records that specifically mentioned the new species , most records were converted to one of the below slash options .
the coot is represented by similar species with virtually the same habits throughout the palaearctic region from iceland to japan , and in most other parts of the world . an african species , f . cristata , is easily distinguished by two red knobs on its forehead . the australian and north american species , f . australis and f . americana have a great resemblance to the eurasian bird ; but in south america half - a - dozen or more additional species are found which range to patagonia , and vary in size , one f . gigantea being of considerable magnitude . the remains of a very large species f . newtoni were discovered in mauritius , where it must have been a contemporary of the dodo , but like that bird is now extinct . f . chathamensis , the new zealand coot , is also extinct .
habitat : the common coot frequents large slow - flowing waters , and prefers shallow waters but with close deeper areas for foraging . it prefers muddy bottom with fringed , emergent , submerged or floating vegetation . the coot is usually found on lakes , ponds , pools , reservoirs , gravel - pits , canals , rivers , creeks , open marshes… the species often breeds on seasonal marshes or temporary pools . it avoids small pools and streams and may sometimes occur on fast rivers if there is suitable vegetation . the common coot requires some open water areas , but usually breeds close to the banks or from floating or emergent vegetation . this species occurs in lowlands , but it can be found up to 1000 metres of elevation in europe , and more , up to 2000 – 2500metres according to the range . in new guinea , it occurs up to 3500 metres and is resident at montane lakes .
record conversion is straightforward in most of the range , but please check your records in contact zones on new guinea and indonesia . asian / pacific emerald dove is an option for uncertain records .
coots nest in a well - concealed location in such areas as tall reeds and grasses near the water ' s edge or on underwater obstacles protruding from the water . both the eurasian coot and the american coot are highly territorial during the breeding season , with both parents involved in territorial defense , fighting with neighbors to maintain a small territory . the eurasian coot lays up to ten eggs , though usually only 3 survive ( attenborough 1998 ) . one reason for the low survival rate is because of the parents sometimes brutal behavior toward their own young when their are pressures such as lack of food , with the parents biting their young repeatedly until it stops begging for food and starves . females of the american coot are known to lay eggs in neighbors ' nests ( conspecific brood parasitism ) ; contrary to what one might expect , this behavior is more common among females that already have a nest than among those that were not able to secure a suitable territory for breeding in that season ( lyon 1993 ) .
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coots reached new zealand on many occasions before they established , with at least 9 records from the south island between 1875 ( lovells flat , otago ) and 1957 ( heathcote river , christchurch ) , before the first eggs and chicks were seen at lake hayes in november 1958 . the first north island record was at lake tutira , hawkes bay in 1954 . there was an influx of coots in or before 1957 , and they rapidly established as a breeding species .
cave , a . j . , j . visser , and a . c . perdeck . 1989 . size and quality of the coot ( fulica atra ) territory in relation to age of its tenants and neighbours .
ardea 77 : 87 - 97 .
the australian coot breeds between september and march and is very territorial during this time . they breed as monogamous pairs , often raising 2 broods per year . three to 5 eggs , cream with dark spots , are laid in a floating nest of twigs and vegetation anchored to branches or reeds . both sexes incubate the eggs for about 22 days , and older young help feed and raise the new offspring . the whole family group often remains together until the next spring .
the chatham island coot became extinct in historic times because of over - hunting by man and possibly predation of eggs and chicks by the introduced pacific rat . its bones are common in middens as well as natural deposits , indicating that it was frequently taken for food .
asian doves and pigeons would make any new world or european birder jealous , such as this asian emerald dove , recently split from its relative the pacific emerald dove . photo dr sumit chakrabarti / macaulay library .
coots are weak fliers , although northern species are nevertheless capable of covering long distances ; the american coot has reached great britain and ireland on rare occasions . those species that migrate do so at night . as common with coots , the eurasian coot is reluctant to fly and when taking off runs ( or pedals ) across the water surface with much splashing . they do the same , but without actually flying , when traveling a short distance at speed in territorial disputes . nonetheless , on migration , usually at night , it can cover surprisingly large distances .
purple swamphen porphyrio porphyrio : purple swamphen is split into six species with these ranges : western swamphen ( western europe and northwestern africa ) ; black - backed swamphen ( southeast asia ) ; african swamphen ( africa , mostly south of the sahara , north to egypt and israel ) ; australasian swamphen ( australia , new zealand , and south pacific islands ) ; philippine swamphen ( philippines ) ; gray - headed swamphen ( central asia , from eastern turkey through india to myanmar and northern thailand ; introduced to florida ) .
this large , extinct coot was first found in dune deposits on chatham island by henry forbes in 1892 . forbes’s type material is held in the natural history museum in london . since then , numerous bones of this species have been found in dune sites and middens throughout chatham island , but the species may have been absent from other islands in the group . the chatham island coot was about twice the weight of extant coots , and was the largest coot known . apart from a long neck and disproportionately long legs and toes , its skeletal proportions were similar to those of other coots , and so it was probably capable of flight . the presence of large salt glands above the eyes indicates that chatham island coots inhabited the brackish waters of the enormous ( 16 , 000 ha ) te whanga lagoon , probably in addition to a variety of freshwater and terrestrial habitats .
description : very common on lakes , ponds and rivers of the old world , the common coot has expanded its range to other countries and continents . this species can be seen in large flocks . their territorial fights are famous and spectacular , with the coots running fast over the lake and raising beautiful showers of water .
the common coot is territorial and fights occur between them . they start by swimming towards each other at high speed . then , there is violent and prolonged striking with feet , clawing at the breast of the opponent and stabbing with bill . both birds spread and hold back the wings in order to unbalance each other .
the ebird taxonomy update is now complete . these updates happen once a year to take into account splits , lumps , name changes , and changes in the sequence of the species lists . as of this point , all ebird data–including your my ebird lists , range maps , bar charts , region and hotspot lists , and data entry will be reflecting the new taxonomy . ebird mobile and birdlog should also be updated to the new taxonomy . if you see unfamiliar bird names in the list , please refer to the story below to understand the change and why it happened . in addition , we list a number of new options for data entry ( hybrids , spuhs , slashes , etc . ) below . ebirders who do not speak english as their first language have five new translations for bird names to choose from : croatian , danish , norwegian , spanish ( venezuela ) , and ukrainian . remember that the language you choose for bird names needs to be selected separately from the language of the website .
the american coot ( fulica americana ) is similar in size , about 40 centimeters ( 16 inches ) in length and weighing about 0 . 65 kilograms ( 1 . 4 pounds ) . adults have a short thick white bill and white frontal shield , which usually has a reddish - brown spot near the top of the bill between the eyes . from up close , a dark band can be distinguished at the billtip . the body is gray with the head and neck darker than the rest of the body . their legs are yellowish . american coot chicks have black bodies with bright red head and beak , and orange plumes around the neck .
ebirders who do not speak english as their first language will see updated names to reflect the new taxonomy . remember that the language you choose for bird names needs to be selected separately from the language of the website ( read more about common name translations ) .
both adults are similar , with female slightly smaller than male . the common coot adult has black plumage overall , but we can notice a contrast between the deep black head and neck and the paler body which appears greyish - black according to the lighting . the secondary flight feathers are white - tipped . underwing is paler , mostly pale grey .
barred owlet - nightjar : subspecies terborghi , previously considered to be a subspecies of vogelkop owlet - nightjar aegotheles affinis , is transferred to barred owlet - nightjar aegotheles bennettii , and recognized as a new monotypic group , barred owlet - nightjar ( diamond’s ) aegotheles bennettii terborghi .
ebirders that do not speak english as their first language have five new translations to choose from : croatian , danish , norwegian , spanish ( venezuela ) , and ukrainian . you can access these under “preferences” from most ebird pages , which is also where you can set the names to shows as common names or scientific names . english speakers have a range of regional options as well , including united kingdom , australia , philippines , malaysia , and new zealand names . one additional option is english ( ioc ) , which gives a full translation of species names into the ioc world bird list ( v5 . 3 ) nomenclature . note that these names are exact taxonomic matches , so they reflect as slashes when a species is split by ioc and not by ebird ; similarly , species split by ebird will appear as subspecies groups for ioc . our ebird help center story explains more about regional common name preferences .
perrow , m . r . , j . h . schutten , j . r . howes , t . holzer , f . j . madgwick , and a . j . d . jowitt . 1997 . interactions between coot ( fulica atra ) and submerged macrophytes : the role of birds in the restoration process . hydrobiologia 342 / 343 : 241–255 .
they are a diving duck and may stay down for twenty to thirty seconds and go down three metres to look for aquatic plants , small fish , water snails , mussels and insects . it is sometimes seen with the australian coot ( fulica atra ) ; it is thought that the scaup takes advantage of the food stirred up by the coots as they fossick for shrimps .
flight : the common coot has short , broad , rounded wings . its flight is rapid but not sustained and usually performed over short distances , often with dangling legs . it flies low from the ground or the water , with stronger and heavier flight than other rallidae , but it needs long pattering run across the water before to take off . the long toes trail behind the tail .
the clements checklist 2016 updates & corrections provides details ( including references ) for all species splits and lumps , new species descriptions , revisions to subspecies groups ( issfs ) or subspecies , and other changes relevant to the clements checklist . we refer anyone wishing to learn more about these splits to that page .
behaviour : the common coot is omnivorous but mainly vegetarian . it primarily feeds on seeds and green parts of aquatic and some terrestrial plant species , algae , grasses and cereals . it also takes animal food such as worms , leeches , shrimps , molluscs , insects ( adults and larvae ) and spiders . it may take fish and fish - eggs , small frogs , small birds and eggs and small mammals .
diet : the common coot is omnivorous , feeding primarily on vegetal matter such as shoots and seeds of aquatic and some terrestrial plants , algae , grasses and cereals . it also takes animal food such as worms , leeches , molluscs , shrimps , insects ( adults and larvae ) and spiders . it may also feed on fish and fish - eggs , small amphibians , birds and eggs , and small mammals .
emerald dove chalcophaps indica is split into two species , with asian emerald dove chalcophaps indica occurring widely in south asia ( e . g . , india ) to southeast asia ( e . g . , vietnam , philippines , indonesia ) and pacific emerald dove chalcophaps longirostris occurring in new guinea , australia , and pacific islands .
sichuan bush - warbler locustella chengi is described as a new species , closely related to russet bush - warbler locustella mandelli . this taxon has not previously been available in ebird , and we encourage those lucky enough to have seen this species ( which is apparently fairly common at higher elevations in sichuan and nearby chinese states ) .
the ebird taxonomy update is essentially complete . all major changes have occurred , and we have only a small number of minor changes yet to make . this may affect the lists of a very small number of users as we implement these over the next few days . we do this update once each year , taking into account the past 12 months of recent taxonomic knowledge on splits , lumps , name changes , and changes in the sequence of the species lists . as of this point , all ebird data will be reflecting the new taxonomy . this includes your my ebird lists , range maps , bar charts , region and hotspot lists , and data entry . ebird mobile should also be updated to the new taxonomy . if you see unfamiliar bird names in the list , please refer to the story below to understand the change and why it happened . in addition , we list a number of new options for data entry ( hybrids , spuhs , slashes , etc . ) , all of which are listed below .
this large , extinct coot was first described from southland but is now known from many sites in both the south and north islands . augustus hamilton did not designate a holotype , basing the species on a syntype series carrying the letters cr ( castle rock , oreti river , the type locality ) collected in 1892 and held by te papa . storrs olson subsequently designated a right humerus as the lectotype ( registration number s . 990 ) .
cattle egret : the cattle egret ( seychelles ) bubulcus ibis seychellarum subspecies is no longer considered valid , so cattle egrets from the seychelles are now considered part of the nominate subspecies , with the new common name “cattle egret ( western ) ” ; this form is sometimes split as a species from cattle egret ( eastern ) bubulcus ibis coromandus .
this species feeds both in water and on land with several foraging methods such as scraping algae from substrate , gleaning , dabbling , upending , diving and grazing . we can see large flocks feeding and grazing on the ground but near water , mainly if the wind causes too high waves . it also performs piracy from other bird’s species , especially swans and ducks . the common coot is diurnal but it may be often active at night on moonlit nights .
in new zealand , eggs are laid from august to february and often two broods are raised . the nest is a large mass of water weeds , piled together among rushes or raupo in the water or on the margin , and not infrequently contains as many as ten eggs . the young , when first hatched , are beautiful little creatures , clothed in jet - black down , with their heads of a bright orange - scarlet , varied with purplish - blue . this brilliant coloring is soon lost , and they begin to assume the almost uniform sooty - black plumage which is worn for the rest of their life ; but a characteristic of the adult is a bare patch or callosity on the forehead , which being nearly white gives rise to the epithet bald often prefixed to the birds name . diet is mainly vegetarian , which they obtain mainly by diving .
the following new subspecies groups are now available for data entry . when you are certain you have seen representatives of these groups , and ideally have identified them critically based on their field marks , please report them to ebird . please do not guess based on the name , such as “northern” and “southern” or “african” and “asian” ; make sure you understand the differences being represented before reporting at so specific a level .
inambari gnatcatcher polioptila attenboroughi : inambari gnatcatcher is a recently described species that was added , provisionally , to ebird / clements checklist 6 . 8 , pending review by sacc of the proposed new species . based on current information , sacc has voted to not recognize attenboroughi as a species . consequently we now recognize it as one of several subspecies groups within guianan gnatcatcher : guianan gnatcatcher ( inambari ) polioptila guianensis attenboroughi .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto the common coot’s typical contact call is a short “kow” , “kowk” , “kup” or a sharp “kik” , or sometimes a two - notes call “kick - kowp” . these calls are rather metallic and resonant , but also explosive when the birds are excited . during the fights , the male gives sharp “pssi” and the female a croaking “ai” . the alarm call is a sharper variant of the previous call , but the female utters rapid series of “ai - oeu” calls . these birds are noisy .
sucunduri flycatcher tolmomyias sucunduri : sucunduri flycatcher is a recently described species that was added , provisionally , to ebird / clements checklist 6 . 8 , pending review by sacc of the proposed new species . sacc has voted to not recognize sucunduri as a species opting instead to consider it a subspecies of yellow - margined flycatcher tolmomyias assimilis . we retain it as a monotypic group yellow - margined flycatcher ( sucunduri ) tolmomyias assimilis sucunduri .
the species below were split in ebird . to see a map of the new species , click “map” . to see your personal lists in my ebird , just make sure you are logged in and click “my records” . if you have seen the species but don’t have any records shown , then please enter your sightings ! full details for can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page . below are the splits for this update :
striated grasswren amytornis striatus is split into four species : pilbara grasswren amytornis whitei ; sandhill grasswren amytornis oweni ; rusty grasswren amytornis rowleyi ; and striated grasswren amytornis striatus . pilbara grasswren is restricted to the pilbara area of west australia ; sandhill grasswren occurs in central western australia , from western australia to southwestern northern territory and south - central south australia ; striated grasswren occurs widely in southeastern south australia , northwestern victoria , and new south wales ; and rusty grasswren occurs only in the forsyth range of central queensland .
the clements checklist 2015 updates & corrections provides details ( including references ) for all species splits and lumps , new species descriptions , revisions to subspecies groups ( issfs ) or subspecies , and other changes relevant to the clements checklist . we refer anyone wishing to learn more about these splits to that page . one name change of interest concerns omani owl ( formerly strix omanensis , now strix butleri ) and hume’s owl , now known as desert owl , which was formerly strix butleri but is now strix hadorami ; see the clements updates for more on this .
cooks birds are omnivorous , taking mainly plant material ( aquatic plants , seeds ) , but also small animals ( mollusks , worms , insects ) and eggs . the eurasian coot is known to take a variety of small live prey , including the eggs of other water birds , as well as algae , vegetation , seeds , and fruit ( perrow et al . 1997 ) . it shows considerable variation in its feeding techniques , grazing on land or in the water . in the water , it may upend in the fashion of a mallard or dive in search of food ( bakker and fordham 1993 ) . american coots likewise both dive for food and forage on land , eating plant material , arthropods , fish , and other aquatic animals .
roosevelt antwren epinecrophylla dentei is a recently described species that was added , provisionally , to ebird / clements checklist 6 . 8 , pending review by aou - sacc of this proposed new species . based on current information , aou - sacc has voted to not recognize dentei as a species ( aou - sacc proposal 589 ) , opting instead to consider dentei as a subspecies of the recently split madeira antwren epinecrophylla amazonica . consequently we follow aou - sacc in treating dentei as a subspecies , although we recognize it as a monotypic group , madeira antwren ( roosevelt ) epinecrophylla amazonica dentei .
the species below were split in ebird . to see a map of the new species , click “map” . to see your personal lists in my ebird , just make sure you are logged in and click “my records” . if you have seen the species but don’t have any records shown , then please enter your sightings ! full details for all below accounts can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page . we encourage all birders to carefully review the below splits and check your personal records and to update them if you think we made an error . below are the splits for this update :
note : if you use ebird mobile on iphone or android hopefully you have the newest versions of each ; if not , update those in the app store and google play store , respectively . also , please make sure to submit a list from a new location near you ( i . e . , not one of your stored “recent locations” ) . this will ensure that the checklist filter is updated to the newest version . if you do not do this , you may accidentally submit california / woodhouse’s scrub - jay from a coastal california area , instead of the post - split option , california scrub - jay .
coot is the common name for any of the medium - sized , duck - like aquatic birds comprising the genus fulica of the rail family rallidae , characterized by typically dark plumage , toes that are lobed with a membrane , a dark head with a short , wide beak that in many species extends from the base to the forehead as a prominent , flattened , fleshy frontal shield or other decoration on the forehead . coots have predominantly black plumage , and , unlike many of the rails , they are usually easy to see , often swimming in open water . they are close relatives of the moorhen . they are eleven extant species . largely inhabiting freshwater lakes , ponds , and large streams in south america , north america , and europe , they also are found in africa , asia , and australia .
coots comprise the genus fulica in raillidae . as with some of the gallinules , coots tend to have a
frontal shield ,
which is a fleshy rearward extension of the upper bill , which is flattened and extends to the forehead . the most complex frontal shield is found in the horned coot ( horsfall and robinson 2003 ) . rails also have a short , wide , conical bill , which may be white or colored depending on the species ; a black head and neck ; and toes that have a lobed membrane that aids them in swimming and moving through marshy areas . they have feet that range from a yellowish , to a greenish , to a bluish gray in coloration . coots tend to have short , rounded wings . many , but not all , have white on the under tail .
golden whistler pachycephala pectoralis , which was split into multiple species in previous updates , is now split further with the recognition of two additional species from within golden whistler : the monotypic group golden whistler ( balim valley ) pachycephala pectoralis balim is elevated to species rank as baliem whistler pachycephala balim , and occurs in n . new guinea ( balim and bele valleys ) ; and the western whistler , endemic to west australia , is split as well . the latter split was complicated since a former ebird subspecies group “golden whistler ( fuliginosa ) ” was thought to pertain to birds in west australia and south australia , but the split actually divided that subspecies group into west australia birds ( western whistler ) and south australia birds , which retain the subspecies group golden whistler ( fuliginosa ) .
when splits occur , however , the process is more complicated . in many cases , we have had subspecies options available for reporting in anticipation of the split . all these records update automatically to the new species . but when a bird is reported at the species level , and then that species is split , we update the records in ebird to one of the “child” species whenever possible . we try to be very conservative with this . when two species do not overlap in range ( i . e . , they are allopatric ) we go ahead and make the change . when the species do overlap ( i . e . , are sympatric ) , and do not have clear seasonal or habitat differences , we usually do not make the change . this results in your records being left as the more conservative “slash” option .
however , when splits occur , the process is more complicated . in many cases , we have had subspecies options available for reporting in anticipation of the split . all these records update automatically to the new species . but when a bird is reported at the broader species level ( without a subspecies listed on your entry ) , and then that species is split , we update the records in ebird to one of the “child” species whenever possible . we try to be very conservative with this . when two species do not overlap in range ( i . e . , they are allopatric ) we go ahead and make the change . when the species do overlap ( i . e . , are sympatric ) , and do not have clear seasonal or habitat differences , we usually do not make the change . this results in your records being left as the more conservative “slash” option .
worthy , t . h . ; holdaway , r . n . 2002 . the lost world of the moa . indiana university press , bloomington and indianapolis .
adult australian coots are entirely slate - grey with a white bill and frontal shield . they have red eyes and large grey feet with lobed toes . sexes are alike . juvenile and immature birds have duller and paler colouring , with some pale grey on the chin and throat . they have brown eyes and smaller frontal shields . coots are rarely seen in flight , where they differ from scaup in that their legs trail behind their tails in flight .
single coots , possibly the same bird , have occurred as vagrants on stewart island ( december 2012 ) and the snares islands ( april 2013 ) . coots have reached macquarie island island at least twice , with at least 7 birds in may - october 1957 , and one in june - october 1975 .
coots are the most aquatic members of the rail family , and are less secretive than most other rails . although they do graze on short grass , they spend most of their time in the water , bobbing their heads as they swim and making short dives after a little forward jump . when alarmed they seek cover among emergent vegetation on the water rather than flying away . they appear to fly reluctantly from the water , pattering across the surface with a lot of splashing before finally taking off or settling in another area . however , they are strong fliers frequently covering large distances , usually at night . these flights and changes of location do not appear to be seasonal . large flocks of coots may form after the breeding season .


metallarcha diplochrysa , the golden metallarcha moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1884 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from south australia .

metallarcha diplochrysa

type - species : metallarcha diplochrysa meyrick , 1884 . trans . r . ent . soc . lond . : 332 . [ bhl ]
genus : metallarcha meyrick , 1884 . trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 1884 : 293 [ key ] , 331 . [ bhl ]
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4aa9ea3b - 1638 - 4d4c - 83e9 - 61e1d827f7e0
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a9d7e50f - 3300 - 4551 - ba50 - b1336eef5fee
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d5a79bbe - cc84 - 4122 - b2ab - 7eb65647637d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ed2a416a - 2b4e - 45f7 - 8663 - c2c7f7105a96
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 291692c8 - 5a12 - 42fc - 83af - cb7f18caf43f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 425905
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the adult moth of this species has black forewings with yellow patches . the hindwings are yellow with broad black margins . the moth has a wingspan of about 2 cms .
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type - species designation : by subsequent designation by turner , 1913 . proc . r . soc . qd 24 : 150 . [ bhl ]
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= phlyctaenodes ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 207
[ globiz ] global information system on pyraloidea globiz ; globales informtationssystem zünslerfalter ; note this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2
meyrick , 1884 on the classification of the australian pyralidina trans . ent . soc . lond . 1884 ( 1 ) : 61 - 80 , 1884 ( 3 ) : 277 - 350 , 1885 ( 4 ) : 421 - 456
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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and the number of omitted authors .
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it is endemic to california in the western united states .

morongo desert snail

the morongo desert snail ( eremarionta morongoana ) is a species of land snail in the family helminthoglyptidae .
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it is known only from the morongo basin area of the colorado desert − mojave desert ecotone , in riverside county and san bernardino county . [ 1 ]
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morongo unified school district and copper mountain college are both adding a raft of classes and programs that offer locals a chance to build their skill sets , broaden their knowledge and improve their lives .
go to any school in this morongo basin and you’ll find people doing their best to give the residents of this area a chance at a better future . they can do that because of all of us — the property owners , taxpayers , volunteers , parents , teachers , secretaries , custodians , professors and everyone else who contributes to this massive , noble undertaking .
the morongo basin is an area where many people are yearning for a chance to make better lives for themselves and their families . the children here are just as full of curiosity and possibility as children anywhere in the world . the adults are as capable of great accomplishments and deep compassion . what they need is opportunity . thanks to the visionary leaders and staff at the two public school systems here , opportunity is what they’re getting .
tom baumgarten , superintendent of morongo unified , recently spoke about the power of education to change the trajectory of an entire family for generations to come . that’s a staggering power . it’s one that we’re happy to say our local schools and college are taking seriously . during this month of graduations , these schools are graduating into a new chapter as well , and we look forward to seeing all they can accomplish in the future , together .
cmc was built , brick by brick , by the people of this community . the same can be said for the public schools that serve thousands of children in the morongo basin . it is the people of this community who built our schools , with the sweat of our brows and the hard - earned money of our paychecks . it’s the people of the basin who keep those schools running , returning here to teach , coach , tutor and volunteer .
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eremarionta morongoana ( s . s . berry , 1929 ) ( tsn 77724 )
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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roth , b . 1996 . eremarionta morongoana . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 . downloaded on 9 september 2014 .
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high 99° / low 74° partly cloudy . highs in the upper 90s and lows in the mid 70s .
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•when a new school year starts at this summer’s end , high school juniors and seniors in yucca valley and twentynine palms will be able to take free college - level courses thanks to a partnership between the school district and college . the courses will be free and worth college credit , giving students a leg up in their college careers and saving their families money .
•the former monument alternative high school in twentynine palms has been repurposed into the academy for college and career excellence . basin residents who need help finishing high school will be able to take courses and get tutoring to earn their geds or diplomas . there is also help for people learning english and marines who want to improve their academic skills to qualify for military programs or enroll in college . the academy is another partnership between the school district and the college .
•when cmc goes back into session this fall , it will be with an athletics program for the first time in the college’s history . the new teams will give local high school students a new chance to further their academic and athletic careers while staying close to home .
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this is a great and uplifting story . thank you ! it would be great if our high school and college could teach french , german , italian , spanish and any other languages the students are interested in . the ability to speak , read and write 1 foreign language doubles a person ' s abilities and donates a more informed and wider perspective . start with interest in one ' s own heritage and appreciation blossoms as well as becoming a more objective person , communicating with people around the globe , expanding from purely local influences , broadening potential horizons and idea sharing - peace ?


amolops mantzorum ( sichuan torrent frog ) is a species of frog in the ranidae family .

it is found in gansu , sichuan , and yunnan provinces of china .

it has recently been reported also from bhutan .

amolops mantzorum is an abundant species found in large streams and small rivers , in forest and shrubland .

male frogs measure 53 mm ( 2.1 in ) and females frogs 65 mm ( 2.6 in ) in snout – vent length .

amolops mantzorum

amolops ( amolops ) mantzorum — dubois , 1992 , bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon , 61 : 321 .
amolops ( amolops ) kangtingensis — dubois , 1992 , bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon , 61 : 321 .
staurois mantzorum mantzorum — yang , su , and li , 1983 , acta herpetol . sinica , chengdu , n . s . , , 2 ( 3 ) : 41 .
staurois mantzorum — liu , 1950 , fieldiana , zool . mem . , 2 : 330 .
amolops kangtingensis — zhao and adler , 1993 , herpetol . china : 134 .
kangting sucker frog ( amolops kangtingensis [ no longer recognized ] : frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 97 ) .
amolops mantzorum — inger , 1966 , fieldiana , zool . , 52 : 256 , by implication ; zhao in frost , 1985 , amph . species world : 455 ; fei , ye , and huang , 1990 , key to chinese amph . : 166 ; yang , 1991 , fieldiana , zool . , n . s . , 63 : 20 ; che , pang , zhao , wu , zhao , and zhang , 2007 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 43 : 3 .
amolops kangtingensis — inger , 1966 , fieldiana , zool . , 52 : 256 , by implication ; wu , tan , and zhao , 1987 , acta herpetol . sinica , chengdu , n . s . , , 6 ( 4 ) : 39 - 41 .
polypedates mantzorum david , 1872
1871
, nouv . arch . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , 7 : 95 . type ( s ) : not designated , but likely originally deposited in mnhnp , but not mentioned by guibé , 1950
1948
, cat . types amph . mus . natl . hist . nat . type locality :
dans les rochers humides des torrents de moupin
( = mouping [ = baoxing county ] ) , sichuan , china .
rana ( amolops ) jugans stejneger , 1926 , proc . biol . soc . washington , 39 : 53 . holotype : usnm 67819 , by original designation . type locality :
near wenchwan , about 100 kilometers northwest of chengtu , szechwan , china
. given in error as
chengtu , szechuan
, china by gee and boring , 1929 , peking nat . hist . bull . , 4 : 34 . synonymy by liu , 1950 , fieldiana , zool . mem . , 2 : 330 .
i used mark - recapture technique to estimate site fidelity in a subtropical high - elevation torrent frog ( amolops mantzorum ) during the breeding season in fengtongzhai national nature reserve in western china . i captured , measured , and individually marked 30 males and 15 females in 20 may 2007 . i recorded each individual’s initial positions using a global positioning system ( gps ) . for each night from 21 may to 10 june 2007 , i recaptured the marked individuals and recorded capture points . the results showed that 16 males and 4 females were never recaptured in the field experiment . most of the remaining individuals were recaptured only one time . males and female were recaptured more than 2 and 8 times , respectively . males and females were recaptured from subsequent positions as far apart as 55 m and 30 m , as close as 0 . 2 m and 0 . 1 m . average neighbor distances on successive capture positions of males recaptured was 10 . 1 m , and that of females was 4 . 2 m , suggesting that there were significant difference in site fidelity between females and males . however , there was not significant average activity distance between the sexes . for females , small average activity areas were 10 . 9 ± 14 . 9 m2 .
amolops tuberodepressus is brown with round or irregular green to bluish - green spots . the head is more green than brown , while the posterior dorsum is more brownish . the sides of the head and body are green with brown spots . dorsal surfaces of the limbs are green with brown crossbars , while the ventral surfaces of the limbs are yellow with occasional black - gray . webbing is yellow to orange - yellow . the belly is cream with a yellowish tinge , fading to gray laterally and on the chest . the iris is brown with yellow spotting ( liu and yang 2000 ) .
staurois kangtingensis liu , 1950 , fieldiana , zool . mem . , 2 : 349 . holotype : fmnh 49412 , by original designation . type locality :
kangting [ = kangding county ] , sikang [ now sichuan ] , 8000 feet altitude
, china . synonymy by liu and hu , 1961 , tailless amph . china : xxx , fei , hu , ye , and huang , 2009 , fauna sinica , amph . 3 : 1538 - 1545 , and fei , ye , wang , and jiang , 2017 , zool . res . , kunming , 38 : 139 . see comments under amolops xinduqiao .
amolops tuberodepressus measures up to 56 . 7 mm in svl in males , and 71 . 1 mm in females . it has a flat , depressed head with distinct canthi and a rounded snout which projects beyond the lower jaw . the tympanum is distinct and covered with smooth skin . a narrow , slightly curved supratympanic fold runs from the posterior corner of the eye to the shoulder . vomerine teeth are present in two obliquely oriented rows . the body is depressed and slender , with smooth skin except for numerous flattened tubercles on the flank ( for which the species is named ) , a few flat tubercles on the dorsum , and many small tubercles surrounding the vent . dorsolateral folds are absent ( liu and yang 2000 ) .
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this taxon is probably a complex of more than one species ( jin et al . , 2005 ) .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is endemic to southeastern gansu and western sichuan provinces , china . it has been recorded between 1 , 000 and 2 , 800m asl .
an inhabitant of large streams and small rivers , in forest and shrubland , it also breeds in streams .
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the forelimbs are moderately long . fingers are slender and the relative finger length is iii > i = iv > ii . large discs with circummarginal grooves are present on the three outer fingers , and a small disc with no grooves is present on the first finger . the third finger disc is larger in diameter than the tympanum . subarticular tubercles are rounded and prominent , and there are large supernumerary tubercles at the bases of the three outer fingers . palmar tubercles are flattened and fused . velvety , brownish gray nuptial pads are also present in males . the hindlimbs are long , with the relative finger length being iv > iii = v > ii > i . all toes have discs with circummarginal grooves , and are fully webbed except the fourth , which is partially webbed . the inner first toe and outer fifth toe are fringed . while the subarticular tubercles are well - developed , the inner metatarsal tubercle is small and the outer metatarsal tubercle is lacking ( liu and yang 2000 ) .
in general , females are larger in overall size , while the forelimbs of the males are larger . males lack vocal sacs but have nuptial pads , which are brownish gray and velvety and cover the entire dorsal and medial surfaces of the first fingers ( liu and yang 2000 ) .
the species occurs in the trans - himalayas range in china . it is common in the wuliang and ailao mountains of jingdong county , yunnan province . it resides in wet subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests , on rocks in mountain streams or adjacent to cascades ( liu and yang 2000 ) .
the frogs flatten themselves onto rocks in mountain brooks or beside cascades . when disturbed , the frogs immediately jump into the water ( liu and yang 2000 ) . breeding takes place in june and july ( rao and wilkinson 2007 ) .
the karyotype is 2n = 26 . karyological characters unique to this species include a strong secondary constriction on the short arm of chromosome pair 2 , near the centromere , as well as a distinct secondary constriction in the middle of the short arm of chromosome pair 3 . also , no sex - related heteromorphic or supernumerary chromosomes were observed for this species . in common with other
from southwestern china , a secondary constriction is present in the middle of the short arm of chromosome pair 6 ( liu and yang 2000 ) .
liu , w . , and yang , d . ( 2000 ) . ' ' a new species of
rao , d . , and wilkinson , j . ( 2007 ) . ' ' a new species of
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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staurois jugans — pope and boring , 1940 , peking nat . hist . bull . , 15 : 47 .
mouping sucker frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 97 ) .
sichuan torrent frog ( fei , 1999 , atlas amph . china : 238 ) .
southern - most gansu , through central sichuan , to northwestern , central , and southwestern yunnan , 900–2900 m elevation , china ; eastern bhutan ; presumably to be expected in adjacent northeastern myanmar . see comment .
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frost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )
frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
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