polinices uberinus , common name the " white moon snail " or " dwarf white moon snail " , is a species of small predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family naticidae , the moon snails .

polinices uberinus

the following term was not found in genome : polinices uberinus [ orgn ] .
naticidae » polinices uberinus , id : 818270 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
species polinices galapagosus ( récluz , 1844 ) accepted as polinices otis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 )
species polinices psila [ sic ] accepted as polinices psilus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( incorrect gender ending )
species polinices unimaculatus ( reeve , 1855 ) accepted as polinices otis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 )
polinices galapagosus ( récluz , 1844 ) : synonym of polinices otis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 )
polinices unimaculatus ( reeve , 1855 ) : synonym of polinices otis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 )
» species polinices ( euspira ) psilus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as polinices psilus ( r . b . watson , 1886 )
species polinices otis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 )
subgenus polinices ( euspira ) agassiz in j . sowerby , 1837 accepted as euspira agassiz , 1837
species polinices groenlandica [ sic ] accepted as polinices groenlandicus ( möller , 1842 ) accepted as euspira pallida ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( incorrect gender ending )
species polinices macrostoma ( philippi , 1852 ) accepted as mammilla kurodai ( iw . taki , 1944 )
polinices kurodai iw . taki , 1944 : synonym of mammilla kurodai ( iw . taki , 1944 )
polinices pallidus : synonym of lunatia pallida ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 )
species polinices kurodai iw . taki , 1944 accepted as mammilla kurodai ( iw . taki , 1944 ) ( original combination )
species polinices groenlandicus ( möller , 1842 ) accepted as euspira pallida ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 )
( of polinices ( polinices ) montfort , 1810 ) kilburn , r . n . ( 1976 ) . a revision of the naticidae of southern africa and moçambique ( mollusca ) . annals of the natal museum . 22 : 829 - 884 . [ details ]
species polinices napus ( e . a . smith , 1904 ) accepted as euspira napus ( e . a . smith , 1904 )
species polinices pallidus ( broderip & sowerby , 1829 ) accepted as euspira pallida ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 )
polinices ( mammilla ) melanostomus ( gmelin , 1791 ) - 65 . 15112008c01 - h 29 , 5 mm x w 26 mm - singapore - selfcollected
» species polinices ( euspira ) napus ( e . a . smith , 1904 ) accepted as euspira napus ( e . a . smith , 1904 )
( roding , 1798 ) - 2001 - c01 - 34 , 5 mm - bushy island , queenland , australia . i got this shell given as polinices mellosum hedley , 1924
» species polinices ( lunatia ) pallida ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) accepted as euspira pallida ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 )
gofas , s . ( 2009 ) . polinices didyma ( röding , 1798 ) . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . world marine mollusca database . accessed through the world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 08 - 05
polinices ( predatory gastropods ) is prey of : enhydra lutris actinopterygii asterias myoxocephalus pagurus cancer tautogolabrus pseudopleuronectes urophycis floridana prionotus scitulus prionotus tribulus sediment poc based on studies in : usa : california ( coastal ) usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( marine , sublittoral ) usa : florida ( estuarine ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
huelsken t . , tapken d . , dahlmann t . , wägele h . , riginos c . & hollmann m . ( 2012 ) systematics and phylogenetic species delimitation within polinices s . l . ( caenogastropoda : naticidae ) based on molecular data and shell morphology . organisms , diversity & evolution 12 : 349 - 375 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
huelsken , t . , tapken , d . , dahlmann , t . , wägele , h . , riginos , c . , hollmann , m . ( 2012 ) . systematics and phylogenetic species delimitation within polinices s . l . ( caenogastropoda : naticidae ) based on molecular data and shell morphology . organisms diversity & evolution . doi : 10 . 1007 / s13127 - 012 - 0111 - 5 . ode homepage
polinices ( predatory gastropods ) preys on : tivela stultorum donax mytilus gemma littorina littorea solemya ensis macoma mya onoba brachiodontes exustus bivalvia crepidula fornicata crepidula convexa argopecten irradians chione cancellata acteon punctostriatus cadulus carolinesis swartziella catesbyana acetocina candei truncatella pulchella nassarius vibex olivella mutica haminoea succinea mangelia plicosa paralichthyes albigutta strongylura marina urophycis floridana prionotus scitulus prionotus tribulus anchoa mitchilli menidia beryllina leiostomus xanthurus laridae cyprinodon variegatus anatidae fundulus confluentus fundulus similis adinia xenica based on studies in : usa : california ( coastal ) usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( marine , sublittoral ) usa : florida ( estuarine ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
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the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
to demonstrate the liberal nature of the standard tests of the island rule , consider results when deep - sea habitation is defined via the midpoint of the recorded depth range , i . e . , “deep - sea species” have a range midpoint below 200m , and all other species are deemed “shallow - water” . with this definition , 254 genera contained both deep and shallow species , and their generic mean body sizes are plotted in figure 1a . applying the standard test [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , the ordinary - least - squares regression slope ( dashed line ) is found to be highly significantly less than one ( n = 254 ; b = 0 . 902 ; t - test p = 0 . 0015 ) , which offers strong apparent support for the island rule . however , assigning species groups to the “deep” or “shallow” categories at random , showed that even stronger support was obtained with ∼43 % of 100 , 000 randomized data sets , suggesting that there is nothing exceptional in the trend observed in the true data . accordingly , the standardized - major - axis slope ( solid line ) was very close to one , and the permutation test showed no significant deviation from the pattern expected if deep - sea colonization had no effect on body size evolution ( n = 254 ; b = 1 . 020 ; permutation p = 0 . 476 ) .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
averaging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ] , but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data . for example , figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with “deep - sea” defined as > 400m . these data are clearly noisy , and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier ( the largest value on both axes ) . this point represents the genus fasciolaria , which contains just a single deep - sea species , the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ] . to restrict the influence of such isolated observations , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species . despite reducing sample size by ∼2 / 3 , this procedure strengthens the observed effect , with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth ( table 1 part b ; figure 2 ) .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
this study has confirmed the important findings of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] that the marine gastropods of the western atlantic show a pattern of body size evolution that is analogous to the island rule , with colonists of the deep - sea benthos tending to converge in size in a graded trend ( see also [ 16 ] ) . no evidence was found of phylogenetic heterogeneity in the strength of the observed effect , as results for the neogastropoda alone were indistinguishable from those for the remaining taxa . in contrast , the strength of the effect did increase systematically with range depth , with deeper - sea species showing a stronger tendency to converge in size . nevertheless , the effect is still apparent in species inhabiting the mesopelagic zone ( 200–1000m ) , and so cannot be attributed to unique features of abyssal ecology .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
torigoe k . & inaba a . ( 2011 ) . revision on the classification of recent naticidae . bulletin of the nishinomiya shell museum . 7 : 133 + 15 pp . , 4 pls . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 : 222 [ details ]
( of naticina guilding , 1834 ) torigoe k . & inaba a . ( 2011 ) . revision on the classification of recent naticidae . bulletin of the nishinomiya shell museum . 7 : 133 + 15 pp . , 4 pls . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of uber philippi , 1853 ) torigoe k . & inaba a . ( 2011 ) . revision on the classification of recent naticidae . bulletin of the nishinomiya shell museum . 7 : 133 + 15 pp . , 4 pls . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of mamillaria swainson , 1840 ) torigoe k . & inaba a . ( 2011 ) . revision on the classification of recent naticidae . bulletin of the nishinomiya shell museum . 7 : 133 + 15 pp . , 4 pls . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of mamma h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) torigoe k . & inaba a . ( 2011 ) . revision on the classification of recent naticidae . bulletin of the nishinomiya shell museum . 7 : 133 + 15 pp . , 4 pls . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of naticella swainson , 1840 ) torigoe k . & inaba a . ( 2011 ) . revision on the classification of recent naticidae . bulletin of the nishinomiya shell museum . 7 : 133 + 15 pp . , 4 pls . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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: estudo das amostras do fundo recolhidas pelo “almirante saldanha” na região da desembocadura do rio amazonas . trabs . inst . biol . marít . oceanogr . univ . recife
: estudo das amostras recolhidas na região de cabo frio pelo n . oc . almirante saldanha . trabs . oceanogr . univ . fed . pernambuco
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depth range based on 10 specimens in 4 taxa . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 1 - 80 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 1 - 80 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
stocks , k . 2009 . seamounts online : an online information system for seamount biology . version 2009 - 1 . world wide web electronic publication .
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r . w . dexter , the marine communities of a tidal inlet at cape ann , massachusetts : a study in bio - ecology , ecol . monogr . 17 : 263 - 294 , from p . 272 ( 1947 ) .
r . w . dexter , the marine communities of a tidal inlet at cape ann , massachusetts : a study in bio - ecology , ecol . monogr . 17 : 263 - 294 , from p . 284 ( 1947 ) .
worms ( 2009 ) . euspira lewisii ( gould , 1847 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 08 - 05
spencer , h . ; marshall . b . ( 2009 ) . all mollusca except opisthobranchia . in : gordon , d . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one : kingdom animalia . 584 pp
torigoe k . & inaba a . ( 2011 ) revision on the classification of recent naticidae . bulletin of the nishinomiya shell museum 7 : 133 + 15 pp . , 4 pls .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
thank you for visiting my website ! these shells are part of my naticidae collection and exchange . feel free to browse through and contact me via email if you are interested in any of them .
( gmelin , 1791 ) - 1963c01 - w 20 mm x h 25 mm - off mikawa , japan .
( say , 1822 ) - 0160c01 - 61 , 5 mm - , florida , usa .
231002 - c02 - w 7 , 5 mm x h 8 , 5 mm - paredes , portugal .
e . a . smith , 1906 - 8456c01 - w 24 mm x h 27 mm - off majunga , madagascar .
( kuroda & habe , 1952 ) - 0894c01 - w 15 mm x h 15 , 5 mm - off cape shiono , wakayama , japan .
( roding , 1798 ) - 151104 - c01 - 25 mm - singapore . selfcollected
pfeiffer , 1840 - 64c01 - w 23 mm x h 26 mm - cholla bay , mexico .
strong & hertlein , 1937 - 1167c01 - w 17 mm x h 19 , 5 mm - off salina cruz , oaxaca , mexico .
natica gualtieriana recluz , 1844 - 65 . 06072008c01 - h 16 mm x w 14 mm - singapore . selfcollected
natica gualtieriana recluz , 1844 - 102002 - c01 - 17 mm - singapore . selfcollected
recluz , 1844 from singapore , indonesia and malaysia for compare . if you can help to correct this mistake , please e - mail me , many thanks
lamarck 1822 - 0907c01 - w 27 mm x h 29 mm - cape circeo , gulf of gaeta , italy . some author name it as natica stercusmuscarum ( gmelin 1791 )
gmelin , 1791 - 5974c02 - w 31 mm x h 31 mm - off nounea , new caledonia .
lamarck , 1811 - 0907c01 - w 15 mm x h 15 mm - masirah island , oman . dead taken with a hole - natica undulata ( roding , 1798 )
( quoy & gaimard , 1832 ) - 0907c01 - w 20 mm x h 21 mm - waimana , north island , new zealand .
payraudeautia intricata ( donovan , 1804 ) - 34 . 092006c01 - h 9 mm x w 8 , 5 mm - malaga , spain
( roding , 1798 ) - 021105 - c01 - set of 10 - singapore - selfcollected . i got some of these for exchange
( guilding , 1834 ) - 170806 - pair - porto santo , portugal .
( recluz , 1844 ) - 2003 - c01 - 31 mm & 25 mm - queenland , australia .
( valenciennes , 1832 ) - 0264c01 - w 13 mm x 15 , 5 mm - estero soldado , guaymas , sonora , mexico .
sinum maculatum say , 1831 - 58 . 2007c01 - l 23 , 5 mm - margarita island , venezuela
tectonatica filosa ( philippi , 1845 ) - 34 . 062002c01 - h 18 mm x w 16 mm - malaga , spain


vitigès ( 22 march 1973 – after 1987 ) was a french-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

he was one of the best french-trained two-year-olds of 1976 when he won four races including the prix robert papin and prix morny , as well as finishing second in the prix de la salamandre .

in the following year he won the prix djebel and finished second in both the 2000 guineas and the prix jacques le marois before being transferred to be trained in england .

in october 1976 he recorded his greatest success when recording an upset win over a strong field in the champion stakes which led to his being rated the best three-year-old to race in the united kingdom that year .

he ran without success as a four-year-old and was retired to stud , where he had some success as a breeding stallion .

vitiges ( horse )

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irish horse register stallion book 2013 incorporating stallion progeny performance approved stallions 2013 irish sport horse published by ho . . .
“seb ( sanders ) said that he had to chivy the horse along halfway because they went so fast . he’s a quick horse but just needs winding up .
i genuinely think that free eagle is the best horse i have ever ridden .
“i assume epsom is the plan and i think he’ll get a mile and a half , he’s a very laid - back horse , the type of horse you need to go on to big things . ”
he had told an audience at york earlier in the week that the four - year - old would be a horse to follow this season and he advised the racecourse photographers to “take plenty of pictures of him , he is a very good horse .
this is a beautiful colt , with a lovely attitude . great conformation and temperament . everything a serious horse needs .
“she and mark have worked really hard with this horse and it is all to their credit that he has come back to win . ”
“whenever you win a group 1 it’s a great day and this is a very special day . he’s a lovely horse - he’s unbeaten and a high - class miler . he doesn’t show an awful lot at home but he’s a beautifully - balanced horse out of a very good mare . ”
carnival dancer belongs to the cheveley park stud whose chris richardson explained that the horse had a disappointing campaign last year “because he never really got his ground .
in 1976 , the independent timeform organisation awarded gravelines a rating of 130 , two pounds behind their best miler wollow , and three behind the top - rated older horse trepan . in the french handicap for 1976 he was rated the third best horse of the year behind the middle - distance runners ivanjica and ashmore . pedigree
joint champion older horse in europe & ireland in 2015 ( int . ) . world thoroughbred ranking : 120 ( in 2014 ) 123 ( in 2015 ) .
“i like pedigrees , ” said de la heronniere . “i am convinced it is the only way to have better horses . my father was very successful with vitiges and so when i started i tried to buy into that family as well , sort of a continuity of his lines . ”
don’t forget me’s 1987 win was a second for richard hannon and came after an eleventh hour scare when the horse injured a foot on the morning of the race .
dermot weld , refuse to bend’s trainer , commented : “he is a very well named horse . he ran a super race and got a great ride from pat smullen - he did it like a professional racehorse .
moon madness was a very dark bay [ 1 ] horse bred by his owner lavina , duchess of norfolk . [ 2 ] he was the most successful runner sired by vitiges , who was one of the best european colts of his generation , winning the prix morny and the champion stakes . moon madness ' s dam , castle moon , produced seven other winners including the coronation cup winner sheriff ' s star . [ 3 ] the duchess sent her colt into training with john dunlop at arundel in sussex . moon madness was ridden in most of his races by the veteran irish jockey pat eddery .
* the first horse to complete the 2000 guineas / epsom derby double was smolensko , owned by sir charles bunbury , in 1813 . since then a further 33 horses have completed this double , the most recent being nashwan in 1989 .
there have been some extraordinary performances down the years and two stand out visually : tudor minstrel was a brilliantly fast horse who in 1947 annihilated his rivals by 8 lengths , giving the great jockey gordon richards his third victory in the race .
that horse was a son of the mighty northern dancer and his name was nijinsky . in a glorious career , nijinsky had dominated the two year old rankings in 1969 and returned with success over the famous national hunt stallion deep run in the gladness stakes . at newmarket he ambled to an easy two and a half length victory over yellow god at odds - on , before brilliantly winning the derby and scrambling home in the st leger . no horse since has won the colt’s triple crown .
“steve ( carson ) said that because they went no pace he had to make more use of the horse than we would have liked to , but he has really run a great race and i think he can come on a bit from this .
“when you have a good horse like refuse to bend , you have to capitalise on it . i am so pleased for walter haefner , such a loyal owner . he is a wonderful man to train for - he has been 25 years with me .
“i have always liked this horse and i don’t know why people did not fancy him more . he had done nothing wrong in his earlier races and the form of his newbury race is working out quite well , ” said the winner’s trainer amanda perrett .
“it was very important that the rain came - there is no doubt that the horse needs a little bit of juice in the ground . thank god we got it . my father hasn’t been feeling very well but hopefully this will give a great boost . ”
“it is frustrating to get so close without managing to win , ” he said . “i am not disappointed with the horse , he has run a really great race , and this is not the time to start making decisions about where he will go next .
“but there was clearly going to be no pace on , so pat ( eddery ) very much did the right thing by making the running ( after a couple of furlongs ) . there was no point in trying to hold the horse up and fighting him .
in 2000 coolmore and o’brien had another strong fancy in giant’s causeway but in a huge field , it was king’s best , ridden coolly by kieren fallon , who weaved a path through and defeated the iron horse who promptly went on to win five successive group ones .
“but he was beaten by a really good horse and he is such a good yardstick and so consistent that i am delighted with that . he should have won two group races last year , but he didn’t , and that was his first run since the abbaye .
as befits its standing , the guineas is a group 1 flat horse race open to three - year - old thoroughbred colts and fillies . it is run on the rowley mile at newmarket over a distance of 1 mile and takes place each year at the end of april or first saturday in may .
tants , by vitiges . 2 wins - 1 at 2 - at 7f , 1½m , lingfield oaks trial s . , gr 3 , 2d haydock lancashire oaks , gr 3 , 3d royal ascot ribblesdale s . , gr 2 , ascot princess royal s . , gr 3 . half - sister to potemkin , tura ( dam of tristano ) , wolverhants ( dam of sylva honda ) , gerardmer ( dam of kings island , bengal fire ) . dam of 4 foals , 3 to race , all winners , inc : -
“he was very much the forgotten horse of the race , but there were reasons for his disappointing runs at the end of last year - the racing post trophy was run in a bog - and it was not inconceivable that he could run a big race , which is precisely what he has done . ”
pat smullen , the winning rider who was having his first sagitta 2000 guineas success , said : “that was absolutely brilliant - we have always held this horse in high regard . he is a very exciting colt . it was a little bit of a hard call whether to keep the derby route or come here .
espite some restoration work was required from time to time , the ancient aqueducts worked rather well until the gothic war ( 535 - 553 ) , fought by the ostrogoths and the byzantines . over those years , rome was taken several times by both factions ( see timeline below ) ; during the sieges , the aqueducts were deliberately damaged in order to cut off the city ' s water supply , as can be read in an account by historian procopius , which refers to the long yet unsuccessful attack led by the ostrogothic king vitiges from 537 to 538 :
gravelines was a grey horse bred in france by dayton ltd , a breeding company owned by the french art dealer daniel wildenstein . he was by far the best horse sired by cadmus , a british - bred stallion who recorded his most significant wins in the prix la force in 1966 and the prix d ' harcourt in 1967 . cadmus had little success as a breeding stallion in europe and was sold and exported to japan . gravelines ' dam gray dove was a full - sister of pink pigeon , who won the santa barbara handicap in 1969 . wildenstein sent his colt into training in france with the argentinian angel penna , sr . racing career 1975 : three - year - old season
on 8 august at deauville , gravelines was moved up to group one level for the first time for the prix jacques le marois . he was coupled in the betting with his stablemate el rastro and started 2 / 1 favourite against twelve opponents including full of hope , vitiges , manado , donna barod , girl friend and the st james ' s palace stakes winner radetzky . with yves saint - martin opting to partner el rastro , gravelines was ridden by the australian jockey gary moore . the race produced a blanket finish , with the first seven home covered by less than a length , but gravelines prevailed by a head from radetzky and vitiges , who dead - heated for second , with manado , ellora , avaray and el rastro just behind . after a break of seven weeks , gravelines returned for the group one prix du moulin at longchamp on 26 september . with saint - martin resuming the ride , the grey colt started 7 / 10 favourite , coupled with monsanto and the prix jean prat winner earth spirit , against a field which included avaray , manado , ellora , son of silver and dona barod . gravelines accelerated impressively in the straight and won easily by two and a half lengths from dona barod with manado in third .
then in 2009 the race went the way of a horse who had looked all promise beforehand , albeit most likely over longer distances . this was the year that sea the stars came to the fore and john oxx’s colt stamped his class on the guineas before claiming the derby , eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and arc de triomphe in an astonishing career .
topically disraeli won the guineas in 1898 while the brilliant filly sceptre in 1902 , became the only horse in history to win four english classics , claiming the 2 , 000 guineas and then following up in the fillies’ equivalent the 1 , 000 guineas two days later . a bruised foot interrupted her preparations for the epsom derby where she finished fourth but she then won the oaks and st leger .
after frankel’s extraordinary rout in 2011 , the following year yielded hopes of a triple crown winner at long last . camelot had been a leading two year old but was another horse expected to excel over longer distances . however , he won the 2 , 000 guineas with a late burst of speed and then claimed the derby and irish derby , only to be denied at doncaster in the st leger .
the race roll of honour is a pantheon of the thoroughbred greats stretching back to 1809 when the race first took place and was named after its original prize fund . the first renewal was won by a horse called wizard and the race’s magic quickly caught on ; by the mid - 1860’s the 2 , 000 guineas was considered britain’s premier race for the classic generation with other countries introducing their own versions of the race .
but it is as one of the true pioneers in sending horses overseas that weld is best known . in 1990 , go and go became the first horse trained outside of north america to win a leg of the american triple crown when he was triumphant in the belmont stakes . in 2001 , pine dance took the american derby at arlington while last season dress to thrill won the grade one matriarch stakes at hollywood park .
started in the 1970s by thierry’s father , herve de la heronniere , haras d’ellon–a normandy based stud farm–began with between five and 10 mares . the elder de la heronniere’s desire for new bloodlines saw him purchase a chestnut mare named valee from the wildensteins , and this is where the haras d’ellon thoroughbred family began . valee became the dam of vitiges , winner of the 1975 prix robert papin and prix morny as well as the 1976 champion s . her influence as a broodmare can still be seen today , namely through her daughter virunga , who can be found in the pedigree of the late 2016 g2 prix de sandringham winner volta ( fr ) ( siyouni { fr } ) and in the page of arqana august’s lot 43 , both bred by thierry .
and the camp in the plain of nero was commanded by marcias ( for he had by now arrived from gaul with his followers , with whom he was encamped there ) , and the rest of the camps were commanded by vitiges with five others ; for there was one commander for each camp . so the goths , having taken their positions in this way , tore open all the aqueducts , so that no water at all could enter the city from them . now the aqueducts of rome are fourteen in number , and were made of baked brick by the men of old , being of such breadth and height that it is possible for a man on horseback to ride in them . excerpt from procopius of caesarea , gothic war - book i , chapter xix
in 1977 , gravelines was transferred to the united states where he was trained by neal winick . on his first appearance for hi new connections , gravelines finished second in an allowance race at gulfstream park on february 4 . fifteen days later the horse contested the grade iii canadian turf handicap over eight and a half furlongs and won from proponent and lord layabout . on march 5 was moved up in clas and distance for the grade ii pan american handicap over one and a half miles in which he was ridden by jerry bailey and won by more than six lengths in a track record time from le cypriote and gay jitterbug . on his next appearance he moved to hialeah park and finished second to all friends in the grade iii bougainvillea handicap on april 2 . four weeks later at the same course , gravelines was fatally injured in the hialeah turf cup handicap . ridden by the sixteen - year - old steve cauthen the horse the horse broke his right front ankle approaching the final turn and was euthanised shortly after the race . after the race an emotional cauthen said
i started to make my move when he gave out . he dropped his left front leg and went right to his rear end , that ' s when he broke down . i pulled him off and then jumped off him .
assessment and awards
to round out blandford ' s bumper crop of 1931 were the winners of the english and irish 1 , 000 guineas . bred by sir george bullough ' s longholes stud , pretty little campanula ( bay filly 1931 out of vesper bell by pommern ) was the highweight filly at two in england , following wins in the windsor castle stakes at ascot and moulton stakes at newmarket . at three , she won the column produce stakes and 1 , 000 guineas at newmarket , as well as a second in the champion stakes to another good blandford runner of that crop , umidwar . as a broodmare , campanula produced the stakes winning fillies cassiope and calluna , both by hyperion . cassiope became a fountainhead of top class runners including vitiges , athens wood , bolkonski and tony bin .
1980 brought controversy as the brilliant unbeaten colt nureyev barged his way through to finish first past the post before becoming the only horse in the race’s history to be disqualified . he had almost brought pat eddery and posse down and that colt stayed on strongly to finish a close - up third . meanwhile on the stands rail , known fact and willie carson were out of trouble and finished second past the post , only to be awarded the race on the french trained colt’s demotion .
“breeding a horse like volta and to have a story like hers is what i work for every day , ” de la heronniere said . “what is so exceptional for me about that story is that she stems back to my father . this family , from the start , has been successful for my own family so it means a lot to me . in the future , when i look back to the past i think this one will be my biggest success as a breed architect . ”
high jinx ( 08g , surumu , vitiges ) . 6 wins from 2400m to 4150m to 2018 , £180 , 712 , €391 , 720 , longchamp prix du cadran , gr . 1 , maisons - laffitte prix du carrousel , l , newmarket levy board h . , 2d longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , prix du cadran , gr . 1 , doncaster cup , gr . 2 - twice , york lonsdale cup , gr . 2 , sandown henry ii s . , gr . 3 , york silver cup , l , 3d yorkshire cup , gr . 2 , longchamp prix gladiateur , gr . 3 , nottingham further flight s . , l , newmarket burts chips made in devon h . , 4th chantilly prix du cadran , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de barbeville , gr . 3 , sandown henry ii s . , gr . 3 .
de la heronniere has four other yearlings to offer as part of the haras d’ellon consignment at arqana . lot 235 is by war command , who has his first yearlings on offer this year . of war command he said , “ [ he is a ] serious horse , nice conformation , serious and strong . the filly is a good type for the sale in that she is mature . ” lots 89 and 276 are both by siyouni and de la heronniere said , “they are very well balanced and related . ”
the 1971 guineas saw the re - match of europe’s top two juveniles of 1970 as the prolific colt my swallow took on the little horse he had beaten as part of his unbeaten run of seven victories that year : mill reef . my swallow extended that run to eight on his seasonal bow in 1971 while mill reef proved an outstanding two year old winning the gimcrack stakes by 10 lengths and the dewhurst stakes by 4 lengths . mill reef sauntered to victory in the greenham stakes and was then race - fit for newmarket .
excellent jockey and was lucky to be at warwick one day when his mount just held on in a driving finish . it was at that point when i first saw a jockey virtually carry his horse over the line . sad to hear of his passing , even sadder to hear of his battle with the demon drink , but he leaves me with many happy memories none more so than being at paddockside to cheer home his last st leger win on silver patriach . . . . was it really 18 years ago : - 0
montoya star ( 12f , cape cross , straight strike ) . 9 wins from 1400m to 2000m to 2017 - 18 , nz $ 182 , 972 , wrc cuddle s . , gr . 3 , hawkes bay karaka million h . , cjc speight ' s mid ale h . , otago rc harcourts h . , mccraw farrier h . , wrc majestic horse floats h . , 2d cjc canterbury breeders s . , gr . 3 , david emerson accountant and business consultant h . , 4th arc westbury classic , gr . 2 .
race record : 8 starts 3 - 1 - 2 £443 , 930 , €185 , 750 , hk $ 0 . joint champion older horse in europe & ireland in 2015 ( int . ) . won royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr 1 ( 1m 2f ) , leopardstown kilternan s . , gr 3 ( 1m 2f ) , irish stallion farms 2yo maiden s . ( 1m ) , 2nd leopardstown golden fleece s . , gr 3 , 3rd leopardstown irish champion s . , gr 1 , ascot champion s . , gr 1
free eagle ( 11c , danehill , affirmed ) . joint champion older horse in europe & ireland in 2015 ( int . ) . 3 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1m to 1¼m , £443 , 930 , €185 , 750 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown kilternan s . , gr . 3 , irish stallion farms 2yo s . , 2d leopardstown golden fleece s . , gr . 3 , 3d leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , ascot champion s . , gr . 1 .
family : it’s a word used to describe those people held closest to one’s heart . in horse racing , the word ‘family’ is often linked to the stalwarts of the breeding industry , like the aga khan or juddmonte , who have built up their broodmare band from the original few with which they started . the story of haras d’ellon and thierry de la heronniere is one that links a thoroughbred family to a human one and with an exciting consignment of yearlings due to sell at arqana’s august sale this weekend , and it would seem that there is still plenty to look forward to from the french stud .
show the world ( 10g , zabeel , showdown ) . 6 wins from 1600m to 2200m to 2017 - 18 , nz $ 229 , 370 , a $ 3 , 250 , arc championship s . , gr . 2 , matamata rc kaimai s . , l , waikato rc hamilton cup , manawatu rc marley h . , waikato rc christmas at the races h . , 2d arc champion stakes prelude , l , avondale jc five star horse transport h . , waikato rc svs hamilton cup , 3d arc city of auckland cup , gr . 3 , wrc trentham s . , gr . 3 , counties rc bnz partners h . , 4th auckland cup , gr . 1 .
part of the attraction of the 2 , 000 guineas is the mixture of different horse types it attracts . it is often the first major target of the season for horses likely to tackle longer middle distance races later in the year , but perhaps have sufficient speed for a mile . then there are the specialist milers , who in theory ought to be in their element at this distance . there are also sprinters , who are tried over the rowley mile in the hope that they might just last out the distance . then there are the champion two year olds from the season before , attempting to prove that they have developed over the winter and still retain their position at the head of their generation .
at three , trigo won the seven furlong berkshire handicap at newbury , then put in a clunker in the 2 , 000 guineas , won by the highly regarded speed horse mr . jinks . overlooked in the derby , trigo enjoyed the pelting rain better than any other , and won by a length and a half from walter gay , with brienz in third , and mr . jinks out of the money . after a layoff , trigo returned in the st . leger and won a desperate duel with bosworth by a head . sent back home to ireland , he took his home country ' s st . leger by a very short nose from visellus . he retired from racing with six wins in 10 starts , and champion of his age group in both ireland and england .
sent to england into the care of richard dawson at whatcombe , athford won the doncaster cup and kempton jubilee as a four - year - old , but lost the coronation cup by a short head to the american invader reigh count after gaining the lead in the stretch . he also lost the lincolnshire handicap by another short head to elton . at five , his best stakes effort was third in the coronation cup , won by plantago . athford stood the 1932 season in great britain , after which he was sold to japan . a photo of athford shows a horse of high quality very much in the mold of his sire blandford , right down to being over at the knees . he had a long forearm , short cannons , great shoulder , and good length of hip , although his hocks were a little behind him .
dundeel ( 09c , zabeel , fiesta star ) . horse of the year in nz in 2013 - 14 . champion 3yo in nz in 2012 - 13 . champion middle distance male in australia & nz in 2013 - 14 . 10 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1200m to 2400m , nz $ 7 , 550 , a $ 5 , 386 , 160 , australian derby , gr . 1 , atc rosehill guineas , gr . 1 , queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 , randwick guineas , gr . 1 , spring champion s . , gr . 1 , mrc underwood s . , gr . 1 , atc gloaming s . , gr . 3 , allan denham racing h . , australian turf club h . , 2d atc bmw s . , gr . 1 , queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 , chipping norton s . , gr . 1 , mvrc mitchelton wines vase , gr . 2 , 3d atc ranvet s . , gr . 1 , 4th mrc memsie s . , gr . 1 , atc hobartville s . , gr . 2 .
following blenheim ii , windsor lad and brantôme as major sires , midstream ( bay colt 1933 out of midsummer ; by abbots trace ) went on to become another son of blandford who achieved sire success , this time in australia . one of the better colts of his crop at two with wins in the boscawen and criterion stakes ; he was not as effective at three , winning the mile wykeham handicap at york , although placing third in the sussex stakes in his other races . at four , midstream continued in the good miler mode , taking the newmarket handicap and midsummer handicap , both at eight furlongs , and the stewards handicap at six furlongs . this speed bias was unusual for a blandford horse , which might have given him the edge he needed when sent to percy miller ' s kia - ora stud , new south wales , australia in 1938 . there midstream became the three - time leading sire ( 1947 / 48 , 1950 / 51 and 1951 / 52 ) . his top runners included shannon ii , delta , true course and murray stream before his death in 1957 . a later maturing colt from the same 1933 crop , his grace ( dark bay colt 1933 out of malva by charles o ' malley ) was a full brother to derby winner blenheim ii , and although his wins included the 1937 coronation cup , it was a shared win , in a dead heat with cecil .
so you think ( 06c , tights , long row ) . champion 3yo colt in australia in 2009 - 10 . champion miler in australia in 2010 - 11 . champion older horse in ireland in 2011 & 2012 ( int . ) . 14 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1400m to 2100m , £875 , 970 , €970 , 425 , a $ 5 , 734 , 350 , 1 , 835 , 000dhs , mvrc ws cox p . , gr . 1 - twice , leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 - twice , mrc yalumba s . , gr . 1 , underwood s . , gr . 1 , vrc lks mackinnon s . , gr . 1 , mrc memsie s . , gr . 2 , curragh mooresbridge s . , gr . 3 , stc gloaming s . , gr . 3 , freeway hotel artarmon 2yo h . , 2d royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , ascot champion s . , gr . 1 , vrc emirates s . , gr . 1 , ajc ming dynasty h . , l , 3d vrc melbourne cup , gr . 1 , 4th longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , meydan dubai world cup , gr . 1 .
* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .
* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics ; all previous years include results from all countries .
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according to the last remark of the passage , also the defenders might have clotted the water tunnels , to prevent the enemies from using them as passages for reaching the city ; during the siege of naples , the byzantine soldiers led by belisarius had actually crept into the city through an aqueduct . the number of fourteen aqueducts , instead , might be due to the inclusion of some main branches in the count .
during the middle ages , the lack of availability of running water , due to the poor skills in hydraulic engineering , to the political unsteadiness and to further damages caused by wars , was one of the main causes for the city ' s regression : its population , which during the early imperial age had grown well over 1 million inhabitants , dropped to only 30 , 000 already after the siege by the goths .
among the original eleven aqueducts , only the aqua virgo remained permanently working , yet with a considerably reduced flow . it was first restored by pope hadrian i ( 772 - 795 ) , who improved its functionality ; it is likely that on this occasion , the earliest fountain that drew water from this aqueduct ( i . e . the earliest ancestor of the trevi fountain ) was built , on the spot where the arches of the aqua virgo that crossed the city centre had collapsed . as for the other ancient aqueducts , only the aqua alexandrina might have worked up to the 12th century , while the aqua traiana was reactivated at times ( although it never worked again as it did originally ) . only by the end of the middle ages , in 1453 pope nicholas v restored again the aqua virgo and enlarged the fountain , giving it a huge inscribed plaque and a central outlet shaped as a triple lion ' s head ( left ) .
as the city expanded again after its darkest age , the water supply that the old aqua virgo could offer was insufficient , and its availability mainly concentrated in a small part of the urban area .
restoration works had been carried out many times , but never enough to provide sufficient water to build a water network ; furthermore , in time the duct ' s course had been shortened , and the water was no longer drawn from the original springs , but from smaller ones closer to the city : besides its reduced quantity , also its quality and purity ( whence its taste ) were not as good as they used to be in ancient times .
pope paul iii ( 1534 - 49 ) had been wisely advised to carry out a major restoration on the original course of the aqueduct , but due to political problems he never did so . his successor pius iv encountered another problem : a strong rivalry between the architects who wanted to be entrusted with this important commission ; each of them did their best to criticize the other projects , and this resulted in a further delay . the works finally started , but they were finished no sooner than 1570 , under the pontificate of gregory xiii , who therefore was officially acknowledged for the work ; by that time the aqueduct went by the name of salone water , after that of the area next to the reactivated original springs .
rome kept growing at a very fast rate , and the water was still not enough , especially for some important districts , such as the capitolium hill and its surrounding areas , not reached by the salone water .
a project for reactivating the springs of the ancient aqua alexandrina was agreed under the same pope gregory xiii , but he died soon after the works had started ( 1585 ) .
who had most of the second aqueduct built was sixtus v ( felice peretti , 1585 - 90 ) . as a cardinal , he owned villa montalto on the esquiline hill , a very large estate that included the site of today ' s termini railway station . the course of the new aqueduct was to pass by the pope ' s estate , considerably increasing its value , also because it would have enabled the making of new fountains in the villa ' s gardens .
this explains why sixtus v was so eager for the water to reach rome as soon as possible : only a few days after his election , the works were resumed . the pope gave the new aqueduct his own name , acqua felice , which sounded as
happy water
, although it was not really born under a lucky star ( see fountains , part iii page 6 ) . at first , maybe due to a hasty project , the architect in charge ( matteo bartolani , a . k . a . matteo di castello ) helped by a commission of experts , failed in calculating the hight of the new aqueducts that should have integrated the broken ancient remains : so the water , that initially flowed from the original springs in pantano towards rome , at a certain point sloped back . the pope , furious for having wasted money and time , appointed a different architect , giovanni fontana , who found new springs next to the old ones , but at a higher level , enough to let the water reach the city . the direction that the acqua felice followed was basically the same one of the ancient aqua marcia and aqua claudia , from whose remains a great amount of building material was taken . several pillars of the aqua claudia now bear the prints of the large blocks of tufa , taken away and reused for the making of the new aqueduct .
while almost nothing of the aqua marcia was left after sixtus v ' s works , the steady parts of the aqua claudia were also used as a prop for the new aqueduct : in some parts , the acqua felice was built leaning against the early roman structure , which remained clearly distinguishable , being considerably taller than the one built in the late renaissance . the aqua felice aqueduct still runs all the way from pantano to rome , crossing the city ' s modern south - eastern suburbs , once open countryside ( see picture on the left and part iii ) .
as a final outlet for his acqua felice , sixtus v had a large fountain built by the remains of the baths of diocletian .
below a huge inscription that remembers the making of the aqueduct by the pope , three tall niches are divided by columns ; the central one houses the imposing figure of moses . once set into place , though , the statue turned out quite stout and disproportionate ; the people of rome , accustomed to much more refined works of art , strongly criticized it and laughed upon what they called the ' ridiculous moses ' . once again , the chosen name ' happy water ' sounded as a jest of fate ( see fountains , part iii page 6 ) . despite the incident , by the end of the 16th century most parts of rome were once again reached by running water . ← the fountain of the acqua felice , a . k . a . fountain of moses
by the early 1600s , the western districts , such as regola , trastevere and borgo , were still rather dry . the little water that the acqua felice could carry to the opposite side of town ( see also
even the richest families who dwelt in this part of rome , such as the farnese , had to draw water from the tiber , or from the fountains that already worked in other districts , or had to buy it from water - selling pedlars . at the beginning of the following century , pope paul v had the ancient aqua traiana completely restored , and renamed acqua paola after himself . the works ended in 1618 , but the aqueduct ' s ' display ' , i . e . the huge fountain on the janiculum hill ( see fountains , part iii , page 12 ) , was finished no sooner than in 1690 . due to its size , to the roman people still today this is
the big fountain
. according to a blameful custom , though , for its making several blocks of marble were taken from the remains of temples and buildings in trajan ' s forum .
as the ancient aqua traiana had done in the past , also the acqua paola supplied the whole west end of the city , no longer limited to trastevere , as also the vatican ' s area ( borgo district ) had recently become a part of rome . another nearby important fountain , though not as huge as the previous one , shared the same water . originally located at the southern end of via giulia , on the opposite side of the tiber , it had been commissioned by the same pope paul v for the benefit of regola district . but in the late 19th century high walls were built along the tiber banks , to prevent further floods , and the project entailed the demolition of several houses ; in order to preserve the fountain , it was disassembled and rebuilt on the side of sixtus bridge , belonging to trastevere district , where it now stands ( more details in fountains , part iii , page 12 ) . in this same century , the famous architect and sculptor gianlorenzo bernini radically refurbished the 15th century trevi fountain , but the work was never completed , due to the lack of funds . ← view of the fountain built by paul v near sixtus bridge and , in the background , the fountain of the acqua paola on the janiculum hill
bernini ' s fountain at the end of the salone water aqueduct remained unfinished until 1731 , when pope clement xii chose the project of the by then obscure architect francesco salvi for the making of a lavish work in late baroque style , bound to become famous all over the world as one of rome ' s symbols ( see fountains , part iii , page 17 ) . the fountain took 30 years to be completed , and its making spanned over the pontificate of three popes . ← the trevi fountain , from the 18th century original project
pope benedict xiv ( 1740 - 58 ) not only gave contribution to its making , but also sponsored a further restoration of the aqueduct , a short stretch of which needed repairs again in 1788 .
with the making of the enormous display fountain , the aqueduct began to be referred with by the people of rome as trevi water ( or trevi aqueduct ) , although its official name once again turned to be acquedotto vergine ( maiden water ) , after the original latin name . up to the second half of the 20th century , its water was still praised for its excellent taste . the most important fountains in central rome keep drawing water from this aqueduct .
an extension to the network of the acquedotto vergine was carried out in 1840 . in 1870 , only a few days before the italian army conquered rome , pope pius ix opened a new aqueduct whose making he had sponsored , called acqua pia - marcia , which partly followed the ancient course of the aqua marcia . the spot for its main outlet was chosen not far from the site where the castle of the ancient roman aqueduct once stood . its location , though , was slightly shifted only a few years later , and the first fountain was replaced with the larger fountain of the naiads ( more details can be read in curious and unusual , page 9 , and in fountains , part iii , page 19 ) . a large cistern connected to the acqua pia - marcia aqueduct was built in the shape of an elegant tower in the northern part of villa borghese ( right ) .
20th century after the fall of the papal state ( 1870 ) rome became the capital of italy , and the city rapidly expanded . from 1932 to 1937 , a new main branch of the acquedotto vergine was built , collecting water from the same springs as the old one and partly following the same direction , but with a less winding course in its central half ( a comparison map is shown in part iii , page 1 ) . its main outlet was opened on the pincio hill and on this occasion fountain of the great niche was built , as a ' display ' fountain ( see fountains monograph , part iii , page 21 . it was named nuovo aquedotto vergine elevato ( new elevated maiden aqueduct ) , or n . a . v . e . in short , as the original level of the springs was artificially increased thanks to a 50 m / 165 ft tall water tower .
the water tower by the springs of the n . a . v . e .
however , besides this branch , a completely new aqueduct was not built in rome before the end of ww ii . an important water supply for the many modern districts , rapidly developing in the city outskirts , came from the peschiera aqueduct , whose left branch , opened in 1949 , enters the city from the north - west . in 1964 its right branch was completed , entering rome from the north - east and also partly increasing the flow of the new acquedotto vergine . the springs of the peschiera aqueduct are located near rieti ( about 60 km or 37 mi north - east of rome ) , and its main outlet fountain stands in piazzale degli eroi , just north of the vatican city , see fountains , part iii , page 21 .
in 1961 the old acquedotto vergine was found to be polluted by the modern city outskirts that had meanwhile expanded ; therefore its water was only used for historical fountains , while the new branch provided private houses with drinkable water .
lastly , a further aqueduct , the appio - alessandrino , was built in 1965 for the south - eastern side of town , whose increasing water needs could no longer be covered by the acqua pia - marcia alone .
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moon madness ( foaled 1983 ) , was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire . in a career which lasted from september 1985 until november 1988 , he ran twenty - four times and won ten races . he recorded his most important success when winning the classic st . leger stakes as a three - year - old in 1986 , the same year in which he also won the king george v stakes , and the scottish derby . he continued to race for the next two seasons in major middle - distance and staying races , with his victories including the grand prix de saint - cloud , the geoffrey freer stakes the cumberland lodge stakes and the yorkshire cup . he later stood as a stallion in europe and japan .
king george v stakes ( 1986 ) scottish derby ( 1986 ) st . leger stakes ( 1986 ) grand prix de saint - cloud ( 1987 ) geoffrey freer stakes ( 1987 ) cumberland lodge stakes ( 1987 ) yorkshire cup ( 1988 )
moon madness made his only appearance as a two - year - old in a maiden race at goodwood racecourse in which he finished fourth , beaten four and half lengths by faraway dancer , a colt who went on to finish fourth in the following year ' s epsom derby . timeform described him as colt who was
likely to improve
. [ 4 ]
moon madness began his three - year - old season by winning minor handicap races including victories at newmarket and haydock . [ 5 ] he recorded his first important success when winning the king george v stakes , a handicap race for three - year - olds at royal ascot in
impressive
style . [ 6 ] he was then moved up to listed class and won the scottish derby at ayr . in august he was sent to york to contest the great voltigeur stakes , an important trial race for the st leger in which he finished third behind nisnas and mashkour . it was his first defeat after five successive wins .
in the st leger at doncaster racecourse , moon madness started 9 / 2 third favourite in a field of eight runners with the filly untold , winner of the yorkshire oaks being made favourite . ridden by pat eddery , moon madness drew away from his opponents in the straight to win
comfortably
by four lengths from celestial storm and untold . [ 7 ] later that autumn he finished third to allez milord and baby turk in the preis von europa .