notostira erratica is a species of bugs from a miridae family , subfamily mirinae that can be found everywhere in europe except for azores , benelux , faroe islands , madeira , malta , and african and asia ones such as canary islands and cyprus .

notostira erratica

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
aitoahdelude
to
notostira erratica
.
notostira erratica zaitzeva 1977a : 117 , figs . 1 - - 11 , 22 , 23
notostira erratica wagner 1957i : 1 , figs . 1 , 2 , 7 - - 9 , 11 - - 15
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species are elongate grass bugs with a longitudinal furrow between the eyes . the genus is sexually dimorphic ; males are black on the upperside , with the margins yellowish - green , while females are much paler and appear similar to
pronotum is smooth and unpunctured and there are dense dark hairs on the 1st antennal segment and hind tibiae .
this species has two generations a year , the first maturing in early summer and the second from august onwards . the females
. the autumn generation mate and females overwinter , egg development resuming the following spring .
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citations for this site should read : “schuh , r . t . 2002 - 2013 . on - line systematic catalog of plant bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : miridae ) . urltoken
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the southern red-backed vole or gapper 's red-backed vole ( myodes gapperi ) is a small slender vole found in canada and the northern united states .

it is closely related to the western red-backed vole ( myodes californius ) , which lives to the south and west of its range and which is less red with a less sharply bicolored tail .

these voles have short slender bodies with a reddish band along the back and a short tail .

the sides of the body and head are grey and the underparts are paler .

there is a grey color morph in the northeast part of their range .

they are 12 – 16.5 cm ( 4.7 – 6.5 in ) long with a 4 cm tail and weigh about 6 – 42 g ; average 20.6 g ( 0.21 – 1.48 oz ; average 0.72 oz ) .

these animals are found in coniferous , deciduous , and mixed forests , often near wetlands .

they use runways through the surface growth in warm weather and tunnel through the snow in winter .

they are omnivorous feeding on green plants , underground fungi , seeds , nuts , roots , also insects , snails , and berries .

they store roots , bulbs , and nuts for later use .

predators include hawks , owls , and mustelids .

female voles have two to four litters of two to eight young in a year .

they are active year-round , mostly at night .

they use underground burrows created by other small animals .

southern red - backed vole

the southern red - backed vole is found from british columbia east to newfoundland in canada and in the northern united states from the rocky mountains to the appalachian mountains . the southern red - backed vole is found throughout new hampshire .
the southern red - backed vole is active day and night . it usually hops instead of runs and it is a good jumper and climber .
southern red - backed voles , like other voles , are active year - round . they do not
the southern red - backed vole lives in coniferous or mixed forests , bogs and swamps . it usually makes its nest under tree roots , logs , or brush piles .
the southern red - backed vole is a good indicator of an environmental disturbance . where extensive land development or clear - cutting occurs , southern red - backed vole populations become practically extinct . in short , where trees disappear , so do voles . with progress and high predation rates , this vole manages to survive in significant numbers . a female will typically produce a litter of 2 to 8 offspring 3 to 4 times each year .
u . s . fish and wildlife service , 1983 . habitat suitability index models : southern red - backed vole ( western united states ) . fws / obs - 82 / 10 . 42
the southern red - backed vole is an omnivore . it prefers the stalks of shrubs and growing vegetative parts of weeds and most grasses ; conifer seeds , nuts and roots ; also insects and snails ; sometimes lichens .
breeding season breeding season of red - backed voles extends from march through november .
pearson , d . e . 1994 . habitat use by the southern red - backed vole ( clethrionomys gapperi ) : response of an old - growth associated species to succession . university of montana , missoula . m . a . thesis . 105 pp .
martell , a . m . 1981 . food habits of southern red - backed voles ( clethrionomys gapperi ) in northern ontario . canadian field naturalist , 95 : 325 - 328 .
getz , l . l . and v . ginzberg . 1968 . arboreal behavior of the red - backed vole , clethrionomys gapperi . animal behavior , 16 : 418 - 424 .
breeding interval breeding of red - backed voles occurs every 1 . 5 months during warm weather .
nordyke , k . a . and s . w . buskirk . 1991 . southern red - backed vole , clethrionomys gapperi , populations in relation to stand succession and old - growth character in the central rocky mountains . can . field - nat . 105 ( 3 ) : 330 - 334 .
the distinctive band down the center of the southern red - backed vole ' s back may be bright chestnut to yellowish brown , rather than reddish brown . two colors can be seen along the tail , and the head and ears are larger than those of other voles ( zeveloff and collett 1988 ) .
activity and movement : although capable of jumping 15 - 20 cm ( 6 - 8 in ) over obstacles , a red - backed vole usually travels by hoping , walking , or running . it swims and climbs well , and may forage in trees 2 - 3 m ( 7 - 10 ft ) above the ground . during the winter , this vole is active during daylight hours under snow cover ; during the rest of the year , the red - backed vole is primarily active at twilight or night .
the southern red - backed vole is five to six inches in length . it is gray with a rust red stripe running from its head to its tail . it has a yellowish - brown face and sides and its undersides are white to gray . it has a short tail , short ears and a pointed nose . its fur is long and thick in the winter and short in the summer .
red - backed voles are solitary , and do not let other red - backed voles near their homes . they fight with other species as well . the only friendly interactions among individuals are between a mother and her offspring .
how often does reproduction occur ? breeding of red - backed voles occurs every 1 . 5 months during warm weather .
red - backed voles inhabit cool , mossy coniferous forests with stumps , logs , or brush piles used for nesting .
the southern red - backed vole eats plant parts in the spring . in summer , fruits and berries are added to its diet . in the fall , it eats nuts and seeds . it also eats fungi , roots and some insects . it stores food for later use . in the winter , it eats stored food and it forages for tree roots , seeds and bark .
the southern red - backed vole has a blunt nose and short ears . it is approximately 6 inches ( 152 millimeters ) long when fully grown . it has buffy gray sides , and a buff - white to silver - gray belly . the wide reddish band which distinguishes it from other mice in montana traces over its back from the forehead to the base of a short tail .
steblein , p . f . 1984 . niche - habitat relations of red - backed vole , clethrionomys gapperi ( vigors ) from new york and pennsylvania . unpubl . m . s . thesis , shippensburg univ . , shippensburg , pa . 84pp .
fisher , r . l . 1968 . an ecological study of the red - backed vole , clethrionomys gapperi gapperi ( vigors ) in central new york . unpubl . ph . d . disset . , cornell univ . , ithaca , ny . 79pp .
red - backed voles can live 20 months in the wild . however , most voles only live as long as 12 to 18 months
red - backed voles are prey to a variety of species . they also consume insects and plant materials , and may help disperse seeds .
the southern red - backed vole has a life expectancy of 10 - 20 months so its breeding cycle is quick ! breeding season runs from march through october . the female gives birth to two to eight young . she will have two to three litters a year . the gestation period is 17 - 19 days and the young are weaned when they are 17 - 21 days old . they are ready to mate when they are three months old !
red - backed voles are quite territorial , excluding other red - backed voles from their homes and showing aggression toward other species as well . no communal living or pair bonds have been observed , with the only amicable interactions among individuals occuring at mating time and between a mother and her offspring .
communication in red - backed voles has not been well studied . however , they can hear , and vocalizations are sometimes used to communicate . when they are disturbed , red - backed voles make a chirplike bark that can be heard 1 to 2 m away . they also gnash or chatter their teeth .
red - backed voles , myodes gapperi , range from british columbia to mainland newfoundland and throughout the northern united states from the rocky mountains to the appalachians .
patric , e . f . 1962 . reproductive characteristics of red - backed mouse during years of differing population densities . journal of mammalogy , 43 : 200 - 205 .
range and habitat : the range is the forested regions of canada , the northern u . s . and the northeast ; to southwestern new mexico and arizona in the rockies ; and to northern georgia in the appalachians . the southern red - backed vole occurs in all terrestrial habitats of the adirondacks including alpine tundra , bogs , and swamp edges , and at all elevations . however , it prefers moist forests , especially the mixed coniferous - deciduous , with an abundant supply of logs , stumps , roots , rocks , and twigs which provide shelter , food , and moisture or humidity . population levels , precipitation , and the relative abundance of other small mammals such as meadow vole influence local distribution in marginal habitat .
red - backed voles may damage or kill tree seedlings , and they also eat a large number of seeds . this has been of little economic importance to humans , however .
range / habitat : red - backed voles , myodes gapperi , range from british columbia to mainland newfoundland and throughout the northern united states from the rocky mountains to the appalachians .
size : the head and body length of red - backed voles varies between 70 and 112 mm . the tail is 25 to 60 mm long . weighs between 6 and 42 grams
red - backed voles build their nests under the roots of stumps , logs , or brush piles . nests may also be located in holes or branches of trees high above the ground .
red - backed voles live mainly in coniferous forests . although they prefer evergreens , these voles also live in deciduous or mixed coniferous / deciduous woods . sometimes they live in tundra and bog habitats .
red - backed voles destroy harmful insect larvae and are also a major source of food for fur - bearing animals . although some seeds are eaten , they are important agents in transporting and burying seeds in some areas .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t42617a115195411 .
when disturbed , red - backed voles utter a chirplike bark that can be heard 1 to 2 m away . they may flee or freeze in position , depending on their preceding activity . they also gnash or chatter their teeth .
campbell , t . m . and t . w . clark . 1980 . short - term effects of logging on red - backed voles and deer mice . great basin nat . 40 ( 2 ) : 183 - 189 .
red - backed voles are naked and blind when they are born . they develop quickly and are able to stand by the time they are 4 days old . babies gain fur by 8 days of age and open their eyes by 15 days . mothers stop nursing their young when they are 17 to 21 days old . it is likley that young voles become independent around this time . red - backed voles are able to reproduce at around 3 months of age .
communication in these animals has not been thoroughly described . some vocalizations are used to communicate . when disturbed , red - backed voles utter a chirplike bark that can be heard 1 to 2 m away . they also gnash or chatter their teeth .
red - backed voles are active mostly at night , but they can be active during the day . they do not hibernate . most of the time , they stay close to fallen logs or rocks . they sometimes move though underground passages when they look for food . red - backed voles usually hop rather than run , and they are agile jumpers and climbers . they do not usually make runways of their own , but they use runways made by other small mammals such as shrews or moles .
populations of red - backed voles often fluctuate widely from year to year but with no apparent periodicity . numbers are fairly low in most of the species range , however , with an average of approximately 2 to 3 voles per acre in favorable habitat .
little is known about the parental behavior of red - backed voles . mothers nurse their young for 17 to 21 days after birth . they also shelter their babies in a protective nest . it is not known whether males help to care for the young .
food and feeding behavior : the red - backed vole is primarily an herbivore , although it eats small invertebrates infrequently . a diet of fruit , succulent vegetation , and especially fungi that it excavates from the forest floor indicates that dependence of this species on water , which is acquired from both food , and by drinking . in autumn , voles cache seeds , nuts , and roots near their nests for winter consumption , but the bark of deciduous trees and shrubs may be an important winter food when these are unavailable .
red - backed voles create ball - shaped nests that are made of grasses , mosses , lichens , or shredded leaves . during the winter , these are sometimes created directly on the ground under the snow . tunnels radiate outward from the nest under the snow .
red - backed voles utter a chirplike bark when they are disturbed . this can be heard 1 to 2 m away . they may flee or freeze in position , depending on what they are doing when they are disturbed . they also gnash or chatter their teeth .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
red - backed voles build nest 7 . 6 - 10 . 2 cm ( 3 - 4 in ) in diameter from plant materials such as sphagnum and dried leaves under logs and stumps ; in the abandoned nests and dens of other mammals ; but occasionally in trees or underground .
social system - the red - backed vole is promiscuous , and other than temporary female - young groups , solitary . adults either avoid others of the same sex or react aggressively . home ranges overlap , there size usually 01 . - 1 . 4 ha ( 0 . 35 - 3 . 56 acres ) , but sometimes much larger . season , population density , and available food are important determinants of home range size . local populations fluctuate , peaking at intervals of 3 - 6 years , and may build to densities of 65 per ha ( 26 per acre ) .
communication - the behavioral interactions of this vole in the wild are not well known . vocal , visual , tactile , and chemical signals are likely . adults have hip glands which probably play a role in chemical communication . adults tooth - rattle , squeal , chatter , and chur when disturbed .
red - backed voles breed in all but the coldest months . mating occurs from march until november . a healthy female can rear 2 or 3 litters in a year . pregnancy lasts 17 to 19 days . litters can have from 1 to 11 young , although 3 to 7 is more typcial .
red - backed voles are active night and day ( more often at night ) year round , staying close to fallen logs or rocks and frequently traveling though underground passages when they forage . they usually hop rather than run and are agile jumpers and climbers . they do not generally make runways of their own , but they often use those of other small mammals such as shrews or moles . red - backed voles construct spherical nests of grasses , mosses , lichens , or shredded leaves . during the winter , nests are sometimes created directly on the ground under the snow , with tunnels radiating from the nest under the snow .
red - backed voles are omnivores , and their diet changes with the seasons . they eat leaves and shoots in the spring . fruits and berries are eaten in the summer . nuts and seeds are eaten during the fall . they also eat bark , roots , lichens , fungi , and insects . red - baked voles sometimes store food in their nests for use in the winter , but they continue to look for seeds , tree roots , and bark under the snow .
predators : merriam state that
the flesh of the red - backed mouse is tender and well flavored .
( p 272 ) while few of us would test his judgment , many predators consume this rodent . a few of the adirondack representatives are coyotes , short - tailed shrews , fishers , foxes , and broad - winged hawks .
red - backed voles may begin breeding as early as late winter and continue breeding into late fall , from march until november . females generally rear 2 or 3 litters each year . gestation is 17 to 19 days , and litter size ranges from 1 to 11 young , although average litter size is 3 to 7 , depending on environmental conditions .
the head and body length of red - backed voles varies between 70 and 112 mm . the tail is 25 to 60 mm long . on average , they weigh 20 . 57 g , but individuals weighing between 6 and 42 g have been recorded . red - backed voles have dense , long , soft fur in winter but this changes to shorter , coarser fur in summer . the general coloration above is dark gray with a pronounced chestnut brown stripe running along the back from head to tail . face and sides appear yellowish brown and the underparts are dark slate gray to almost white . males and females are similar in size and color , and young animals tend to be darker than adults .
the head and body of red - backed voles measure from 70 to 112 mm in length . the tail is an additional 25 to 60 mm . on average , they weigh 20 . 57 g , but individuals weighing between 6 and 42 g have been recorded . red - backed voles have dense , long , soft fur in winter , and shorter , coarser fur in summer . they are dark gray , and have a reddish - brown stripe from head to tail along their backs . their faces and sides are a lighter yellowish - brown , and their bellies can be dark gray to almost white . males and females are similar in size and color . young animals tend to be darker than adults .
red - backed voles inhabit cool , mossy and rocky boreal forests in both dry and moist areas . they also inhabit tundra and bogs . coniferous forests are preferred habitat , although deciduous or mixed coniferous / deciduous woods are also accepted . nests are generally constructed under the roots of stumps , logs , or brush piles , but may be located in holes or branches of trees high above the ground .
southern red - backed voles inhabit mesic areas in coniferous , deciduous , and mixed forests , with ground cover that includes stumps and logs . mossy logs and tree roots in coniferous forests are optimal . also found in muskegs , sedge marshes , mesic prairies , tundra and shrub habitats , and bogs within spruce and fir . colonize clearcuttings in mesic habitats . found on rock outcrops in some areas ( e . g . , virginia ) . often associated with abandoned stone walls ( fences ) in the northeastern united states . in pennsylvania , abundance increased with forest fragmentation ( yahner 1992 ) . regarded as an ecological indicator of old - growth conditions in the rocky mountains . also uses second - growth areas . they nest under logs , stumps and roots and will use the burrows of moles and other small mammals . breeds mid - january to late november ; peak activity february - october . gestation lasts 17 - 19 days . litters size is one to nine ( average 5 . 6 in alberta , 6 . 5 in colorado ) . litters per year : one to four for young females , one to six for older females in alberta ; two per year in colorado ( young of year breed ) . home range varies from 0 . 25 to 3 . 5 acres ( merritt and merritt 1978 ) . experimentation by gillis and nams ( 1998 ) suggests that populations separated by an inter - patch distance of 60 - 70 m would likely be isolated from one another . mature females are territorial . populations are noncyclic . southern red - backed voles feed chiefly on vegetation , seeds , nuts , fungi , some insects . summer diet in colorado ( and much of western u . s . ) consists almost entirely of fungi . they are mainly nocturnal , active year - long .
description : red - backed voles are small dark gray mammals with a pronounced chestnut brown stripe running along the back from head to tail . they have dense , long , soft fur in winter that changes to shorter , coarser fur in summer . the face and sides appear yellowish brown and the underparts are dark slate - gray to almost white . ears are short and round . males and females are similar in size and color .
reproduction : females bear 2 - 3 litters from late winter to late autumn , and may mate within 12 hours after giving birth . the average litter size is 4 or 5 , but can vary from 2 - 8 . the gestation period is 17 - 19 days . the young are weaned by 17 - 21 days of age . age at sexual maturity is 60 days for females , somewhat longer for males . few red - backed voles live 20 months , the potential life span . most survive less than one year .
red - backed voles are opportunistic feeders and change their diet as the seasons progress . they eat leaf petioles and young shoots in the spring , add fruits and berries to their diet in the summer , and then switch to nuts and seeds in the autumn . they also consume some bark , roots , lichens , fungi , and insects . they sometimes store food in their nests for use in the winter when it becomes difficult to forage , although they continue to forage for seeds , tree roots , and bark under the snow .
this slender vole has relatively prominent , rounded ears , and long coarse fur , buffy to yellowish gray on the sides and silvery gray on the underparts of the body . the bicolored ( dark brown above and gray below ) , sparsely haired , 35 - 45 mm ( 1 . 4 - 1 . 8 in ) tail , and a bright reddish chestnut band along the back from the forehead to the base of the tail separate this species from other small mammals of the adirondacks . adults vary in total length from 136 - 150 mm ( 5 . 2 - 5 . 9 in ) , and weigh about 27 g ( 1 . 0 oz ) .
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includes subspecies occidentalis and caurinus , which previously were included in the species now known as myodes californicus . some authors have suggested that rutilis and gapperi are conspecific , but this has not been accepted by most authorities ( jones et al . 1992 ; musser and carleton , in wilson and reeder 1993 , 2005 ) .
justification : listed as least concern because it is widespread , common , and there are no major threats .
this species is widely distributed in north america in forests of the hudsonian and canadian life zones . in the west , from british columbia , canada , south to columbia river and in the rocky mountains south to southwestern arizona and new mexico in the united states . it ranges across canada and southward in the mid - west to the northern great plains and in the east through the appalachian mountains to northern georgia .
canada ( alberta , british columbia , labrador , manitoba , new brunswick , newfoundland i , northwest territories , nova scotia , nunavut , ontario , prince edward i . , québec , saskatchewan ) ; united states ( alaska , arizona , colorado , connecticut , georgia , idaho , iowa , kentucky , maine , maryland , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , montana , new hampshire , new jersey , new mexico , new york , north carolina , north dakota , ohio , oregon , pennsylvania , rhode island , south carolina , south dakota , tennessee , utah , vermont , virginia , washington , west virginia , wisconsin , wyoming )
this species is common and widespread ( natureserve ) . density estimates range from 0 to 65 / ha , depending on season and location .
this species is not of conservation concern and its range includes many protected areas .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
, range from british columbia to mainland newfoundland and throughout the northern united states from the rocky mountains to the appalachians .
offspring are born naked and blind . they are able to stand when 4 days of age , have fur by 8 days , open their eyes by 15 days and are weaned at 17 to 21 days . sexual maturity occurs at approximately 3 months of age .
the parental behavior of these animals has not been described . however , because they are mammals , we know that the mother provides some care for the young . mothers nurse their offspring for 17 to 21 days after birth , and provide the young with a protective nest in which to live . it is not known whether males help to care for the young .
home ranges range in size from 0 . 14 ha in the winter to 1 . 4 ha in the summer ( 0 . 5 ha is most common ) and as small as 0 . 14 ha in the winter , when foraging is restricted by a blanket of snow .
in addition , visual cues such as body posture may be of some importance in interactions with members of the same species . the role of chemical signals in these animals remains unknown , although it is likely that some information is transmitted through scents . tactile communication is important in aggression , as well as in the relationship between a mother and her offspring .
tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , george hammond ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff , gail mccormick ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
places a food item in a special place to be eaten later . also called
hoarding
coniferous or boreal forest , located in a band across northern north america , europe , and asia . this terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations . long , cold winters and short , wet summers . few species of trees are present ; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth . some deciduous trees also may be present .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
a terrestrial biome with low , shrubby or mat - like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations , near the limit of plant growth . soils usually subject to permafrost . plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
jackson , h . h . t . 1961 . mammals of wisconsin . the university of wisconsin press , madison , wisconsin .
kurta , a . 1995 . mammals of the great lakes region . the university of michigan press , ann arbor , michigan .
nowak , r . m . and j . l paradiso . 1983 . walker ' s mammals of the world . 4th edition . john hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland .
to cite this page : ballenger , l . 2011 .
myodes gapperi
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
overall colouration , reddish above with grayish face , sides and rump ; underparts and feet , whitish or buff . ears , brown ; snout , short ; legs , short .
from : saunders , d . a . 1988 . adirondack mammals . state university of new york , college of environmental science and forestry . 216pp
hatt , r . t . 1930 . the biology of the voles of new york . roosevelt wildlife bulletin , 5 ( 4 ) : 513 - 623 .
kirkland , g . l . jr . , and r . j . griffin . 1974 . micro - distribution of small mammals of coniferous - deciduous forest ecotones in northern new york . journal of mammalogy , 55 : 417 - 427 .
encompassing over 15 , 000 acres of adirondacks wildlands , esf ' s newcomb campus offers incomparible opportunities for visiting , learning and research .
adirondack ecological center ( aec ) aec researchers from throughout the world study the natural and cultural systems of the northern forest .
northern forest institute ( nfi ) . . . a working partnership between esf , open space institute , nysdec , nys adirondack park agency , northern forest center , adirondack wild , purdue university ' s department of organizational leadership and others .
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visual cues such as body posture may be of some importance in interactions with other voles . scents may also help these voles to communicate . it is likely that some information is transmitted through scents in the urine or associated with reproduction . tactile communication is important in fighting , as well as in the relationship between a mother and her young .
ballenger , l . 2011 .
myodes gapperi
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
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in western mt particularly common in dense subalpine forests , also occurs in more open forest types , even alpine tundra ( hoffmann and pattie 1968 ) .
using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding , overwintering , or migratory habitat requirements of each species ( dobkin 1992 , hart et al . 1998 , hutto and young 1999 , maxell 2000 , foresman 2012 , adams 2003 , and werner et al . 2004 ) ;
calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of
observations versus availability of habitat
.
species that breed in montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use , species that only overwinter in montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use , and species that only migrate through montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use . in general , species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system . however , species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system ,
point observations were associated with that system . common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature . the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association . if you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems , please contact the montana natural heritage program ' s senior zoologist .
species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning . these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species ( this information can be requested at :
) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists . users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales . land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade . thus , particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas ( e . g . , evaluations of public land survey sections ) . finally , although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range , portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species ' known geographic range .
adams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .
dobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .
foresman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .
hart , m . m . , w . a . williams , p . c . thornton , k . p . mclaughlin , c . m . tobalske , b . a . maxell , d . p . hendricks , c . r . peterson , and r . l . redmond . 1998 . montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates . montana cooperative wildlife research unit , university of montana , missoula , mt . 1302 p .
hutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .
maxell , b . a . 2000 . management of montana ' s amphibians : a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification , distribution , taxonomy , habitat use , natural history , and the status and conservation of individual species . report to u . s . forest service region 1 . missoula , mt : wildlife biology program , university of montana . 161 p .
werner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .
vegetative portions of plants , nuts , seeds , berries , mosses , lichens , ferns , fungi and arthropods .
a favored prey of marten in northwest mt . populations fluctuate . typically does not construct runways . simple globular nests ( 75 to 100 mm . in diameter ) , lined with grass , stems , leaves or moss .
females are sexually mature at 2 months . litters born late autumn to late winter . young are weaned at 18 days of age ( jones et al . 1983 ) .
hoffmann , r . s . and d . l . pattie . 1968 . a guide to montana mammals : identification , habitat , distribution , and abundance . university of montana , missoula . 133 pp .
jones , j . k . , d . m . armstrong , r . s . hoffmann and c . jones . 1983 . mammals of the northern great plains . university of nebraska press , lincoln . 379 pp .
zeveloff , s . i . and f . r . collett . 1988 . mammals of the intermountain west . university of utah press , salt lake city , utah .
adelman , e . b . 1979 . a survey of the nongame mammals in the upper rattlesnake creek drainage of western montana . m . s . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 129 pp .
belk , m . c . , smith , h . d . , and j . lawson . 1988 . use and partitioning of montane habitat by small mammals . j . mammal . 69 ( 4 ) : 688 - 695 .
burnett , g . w . 1981 . movements and habitat use of american marten in glacier national park , montana . m . s . thesis . univ . mont . , missoula . 130 pp .
carlsen , t . 1980 . small mammal trapping in the elkhorns . [ unpublished report ] . 7 pp .
carlsen , t . and r . northrup . 1992 . canyon ferry wildlife management area final draft management plan . march 1992 .
coffin , k . w . 1994 . population characteristics and winter habitat selection by pine marten in southwest montana . thesis . bozeman , montana : montana state university . 94 p .
dice , l . r . 1923 . mammal associations and habitats of the flathead lake region , montana . ecology 4 ( 3 ) : 247 - 260 .
foresman , k . and c . henderson . 1992 . summary report : small mammal populations in harvested and mature douglas - fir stands : rivulet site 1991 . [ report submitted to intermtn . res . station , for . sci . lab . ] . missoula , mt . 14 pp .
foresman , k . r . 2001 . the wild mammals of montana . american society of mammalogists , special publication number 12 . lawrence , ks . 278 pp .
geppert , t . j . 1984 . small mammals of the shield trap , east pryor mountain , montana . m . s . thesis . university of iowa , iowa city . 45 pp .
halvoison , c . h . 1982 . rodent occurrence , habitat disturbance and seed fall in a larch - fir forest . ecology 63 ( 2 ) : 423 - 433 .
hawley , v . d . 1955 . the ecology of the marten in glacier national park . m . s . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 131 pp .
hayward , g . d . and p . h . hayward . 1995 . relative abundance and habitat associations of small mammals in the chamberlain basin , central idaho . northwest sci . 69 ( 2 ) : 114 - 125 .
johnson , l . j . 1960 . mammal studies on the lubrecht forest , montana : a preliminary report . proc . mont . acad . sci . 20 : 40 - 47 .
joslin , gayle . 1980 . wildlife inventory and hard rock mining impact analysis of the west cabinet mountains and lake creek valley , lincoln county , montana . mtfwp 91 pgs + 47 pgs app .
kaufman , g . a . , d . w . kaufman and e . j . finck . 1988 . influence of fire and topography on habitat selection by peromyscus maniculatus and reithrodontomys megalotis in ungrazed tallgrass prairie . journal of mammalogy 69 : 342 - 352 .
kinsella , j . m . 1966 . helminths of microtinae in western montana . m . a . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 61 pp .
kritzman , e . b . 1977 . little mammals of the pacific northwest . pacific search press , seattle , wa .
kujala , quentin j . , 1993 , winter habitat selection and population status of pine marten in southwest montana . w - 100 - r - 4 - 6 , v , fb - 1 , sub - project no . 1 , 2 , job no . 3 . statewide wildlife program . furbearers and predators . furbearers . management surveys and iivestigations , research and technical services . pine marten populations and habitat relationships in southwest montana . june 16 , 1993 .
martin , steve a . , econ , inc . , helena , mt . , 1982 , flathead project wildlife report , 1981 - 1982 . november 30 , 1982 .
matthews , w . l . 1980a . wibaux - beach comparison study : sydney , glendive and plevna study areas . bureau of land management , miles city , mt . 50 p .
matthews , w . l . and j . e . swenson . 1982 . the mammals of east - central montana . proc . mont . acad . sci . 39 : 1 - 13 .
merritt , j . f . and j . m . merritt . 1978 . population ecology and energy relationships of clethrionomys gapperi in a colorado subalpine forest . j . mammal . 59 ( 3 ) : 576 - 598 .
pattie , d . l . and n . a . m . verbeek . 1967 . alpine mammals of the beartooth plateau . northwest science 41 ( 3 ) : 110 - 117 .
ramirez , pedro , jr . 1977 . small populations in different - aged clearcuts and uncut forests in northwestern montana . m . s . thesis . 72 pp .
reichel , j . d . 1986 . habitat use by alpine mammals in the pacific northwest . arctic and alpine research . 18 ( 1 ) : 111 - 119 .
reichel , j . d . 1996 . northern bog lemming survey : 1995 . montana natural heritage program . helena , mt . 35 pp .
reichel , j . d . and s . g . beckstrom . 1993 . northern bog lemming survey : 1992 . unpublished report . montana natural heritage program , helena , mt . 64 pp .
reichel , j . d . and s . g . beckstrom . 1994 . northern bog lemming survey : 1993 . unpublished report . montana natural heritage program . helena , mt . 87 pp .
reid , f . 2006 . peterson field guide to mammals of north america , 4th edition . houghton mifflin company : boston and new york , 608 pp .
rust , h . j . 1946 . mammals of northern idaho . j . mammal . 27 ( 4 ) : 308 - 327 .
spencer , a . w . and d . pettus . 1966 . habitat preferences of five sympatric species of long - tailed shrews . ecology 47 : 677 - 683 .
stoecker , robert e . 1967 . a population study of five species of small rodents in the bridger mountains of montana
thompson , richard w . , western resource dev . corp . , boulder , co . , 1996 , wildlife baseline report for the montana [ montanore ] project , lincoln and sanders counties , montana . in application for a hard rock operating permit and proposed plan of operation , montanore project , lincoln and sanders counties , montana . vol . 5 . stroiazzo , john . noranda minerals corp . , libby , mt . revised september 1996 .
walters , b . b . 1991 . small mammals in subalpine old - growth forest and clearcuts . northwest sci . 65 ( 1 ) : 27 - 31 .
weckwerth , r . p . 1957 . the relationship between the marten population and the abundance of small mammals in glacier national park . m . s . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 76 pp .
williams , o . 1955 . distribution of mice and shrews in a colorado montane forest . j . mammal . 36 ( 2 ) : 221 - 231 .
. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .
clethrionomys gapperi - grayish - brown and reddish variants click to enlarge this image . ( 74 kb )
to conserve energy against the cold . they breed from march through november , producing two or three litters of 4 - 5 young each year . by three months of age , the young voles are sexually mature and ready to reproduce . this
, using burrow systems built by other rodents and natural aboveground runways through logs , rocks , and roots of trees .
in gapper , dr . , 1830 . observations on the quadrupeds found in the district of upper canada extending between york and lake simcoe , with the view of illustrating their geographical distribution , as well as describing some species hitherto unnoticed , p . 204 . the zoological journal , 5 : 201 - 207 .
mammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .
they eat insects , seeds , grains , nuts , flowers , leaves , roots , bark , lichens , and fungi .
breeding may begin as early as late winter and continue to late fall . gestation is 17 to 19 days , and litter size is from 1 to 11 young females are generally able to rear 2 or 3 litters each year .
the offspring are born naked and blind . the young stay with a protective nest built by the mother . they are able to stand when 4 days old , have fur by day 8 , and open their eyes by 15 days . the young nurse and are weaned at 17 to 21 days . sexual maturity occurs around 3 months . average life span in the wild is 10 to 12 months .
nests are typically constructed under the roots of stumps , logs , or brush piles . some nests are located in holes or branches of trees high above the ground .


saurichthys ( ' lizard fish ' ) is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish from the triassic period .

fossils have been found worldwide .

saurichthys was an elongated , streamlined , fish about 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) long , and looked similar to the modern pike .

its dorsal and anal fins were placed opposite each other well back on the body , and the tail was symmetrical .

these features would have made it a powerful swimmer , and it is presumed to have hunted in a similar way to the pike , attacking from an ambush at high speed .

its jaws were extremely long , making up a third of the total body length , and ended in a sharp , beak-like tip .

fossil evidence , in the form of a bolus of bones in the same strata , indicates that saurichthys attacked , or possibly scavenged the corpses of fishing pterosaurs such as preondactylus .

their closest modern-day relatives include the sturgeons , paddlefish , and the bowfins .

saurichthys

this is an artist’s reconstruction of saurichthys curionii . image credit : university of zurich .
potential genetic bases of morphological evolution in the triassic fish saurichthys . - pubmed - ncbi
a new species of saurichthys ( actinopterygii : saurichthyidae ) fro . . . : ingenta connect
240 - million - year - old fossil of saurichthys curionii . image credit : university of zurich .
life reconstruction of saurichthys in the ancient sea of middle triassic . ( image : b . scheffold )
size : saurichthys : 66 mm long 18 mm across back of skull . paralepidotus 20 mm by 18 mm
life reconstruction of saurichthys in the ancient sea of middle triassic . credit : university of zurich / b . scheffold
griffith , j . 1962 . the triassic fish saurichthys krambergeri schlosser . palaeontology , 5 , 2 , 344–354 .
a newly discovered fossil of an early ray - finned fish , named saurichthys curionii , from the middle triassic of switzerland reveals a previously unknown mechanism of axial skeleton elongation .
working with an international team , paleontologists at the university of zurich have discovered two new species of saurichthys . the ~ 242 million year old predatory fishes were found in the fossil lagerstätte monte san giorgio , in ticino . they are distinct from previously known saurichthys species in the shape of the head and body , suggesting different habitats and diet .
working with an international team , palaeontologists at the university of zurich have discovered two new species of saurichthys . the ~ 242 million year old predatory fishes were found in the fossil lagerstätte monte san giorgio , in ticino . they are distinct from previously known saurichthys species in the shape of the head and body , suggesting different habitats and diet .
description : the name saurichthys means “lizard fish” . this was a relatively slender fish with a rostrum full of sharp teeth ( see closeup ) by which it plied its predatory trade in the triassic . saurichthys was relatively cosmopolitan , found in deposits on all continents except antarctica . notice the detail in the articu lated jaws and skull . saurichthys averaged about a meter in length , and is likened to the modern pike fish , and may have ambushed its prey in a similar manner . paleontologists speculate they may have even attacked and scavenged of pterosaurs such as preondactylus .
saurichthys rieppeli , a new species of bony fish from the middle triassic of monte san giorgio , unesco world heritage in southern switzerland ( length 60 cm ) . credit : university of zurich
saurichthys is a predatory fish characterized by a long thin body and a sharply pointed snout with numerous teeth . this distinctive ray - finned fish lived in marine and freshwater environments all over the world 252–201 million years ago during the triassic period . two new species of this extinct fish have been discovered by palaeontologists at the university of zurich , working in collaboration with researchers in germany and china . the first species , saurichthys breviabdominalis , is named for its relatively short body and the second , saurichthys rieppeli , is named after olivier rieppel , a swiss paleontologist formerly based at the university of zurich . including the new finds , there are now six species of saurichthys known from monte san giorgio , making it both the most abundant and diverse fish at this classic middle triassic locality .
saurichthys is a predatory fish characterized by a long thin body and a sharply pointed snout with numerous teeth . this distinctive ray - finned fish lived in marine and freshwater environments all over the world 252–201 million years ago during the triassic period . two new species of this extinct fish have been discovered by paleontologists at the university of zurich , working in collaboration with researchers in germany and china . the first species ,
saurichthys breviabdominalis
, is named for its relatively short body and the second ,
saurichthys rieppeli
, is named after olivier rieppel , a swiss paleontologist formerly based at the university of zurich . including the new finds , there are now six species of saurichthys known from monte san giorgio , making it both the most abundant and diverse fish at this classic middle triassic locality .
according to dr maxwell and his colleagues , saurichthys was certainly not as flexible as today’s eels and , unlike modern oceanic fishes such as tuna , was probably unable to swim for long distances at high speed .
unlike other known fish with elongate bodies , the vertebral column of saurichthys does not have one vertebral arch per myomeric segment , but two , which is unique . this resulted in an elongation of the body and gave it an overall elongate appearance .
more information :
two new species of saurichthys ( actinopterygii : saurichthyidae ) from the middle triassic of monte san giorgio , switzerland , with implications for character evolution in the genus .
zoological journal of the linnean society 173 / 4 . doi : 10 . 1111 / zoj . 12224
the special exhibition of the paleontological institute and museum shows spectacular finds of saurichthys , along with illustrations and models . it also includes films showing the excavation and preparation of the fossils as well as diagrams explaining the latest findings about the evolution , lifestyle and reproduction of these primeval predators of the triassic oceans .
originating from an ancestor covered entirely by uniform rhomboid scales with numerous , highly segmented fin rays , the triassic basal actinopterygian fish saurichthys radiated into species diagnosed by different degrees of loss in scales , rays , and dermal bones . such changes are analogous to those reported in mutants of different extant species , such as sticklebacks , zebrafish , and medaka . with this background , we infer a loss of function or a regulatory change of a signaling pathway as a key mechanism behind the morphological diversity of saurichthys . either the fibroblast growth factor pathway was affected , assuming that gene duplication had occurred , as for example in the closely related acipenserids or in teleosts , or the ectodysplasin pathway was involved , assuming that its pleiotropic effects led to viable morphological diversification . in contrast to a gradualistic model of evolution , a change in a major developmental gene serves as a viable explanation for the essential differences among the species of saurichthys in the paleoecological context in which they originated .
at a maximum of two metres in length , the long - extinct saurichthys was among the largest predatory fish of the triassic period ( 201 to 252 million years ago ) and was common across the world’s oceans at that time . more than 70 species have been described from fossil remains in europe , asia , africa and north america .
this paper gives a detailed account of the unique holotype of sauuchthys krambergeri . a figure of this specimen was published as long ago as 1918 but , apart from a brief reference to it by stensio , it has not previously been described . the illustrations include an attempted reconstruction of the skull . the structure of the teeth shows that some of stensio ' s views concerning the teeth of saurichthyids are no longer tenable , and it is concluded that there are no characters which enable species to be referred to the genus saurichthys solely on the basis of tooth structure . the relationship of the angular and dentary bones is compared with the condition in other species of saurichthys and in the genus saurorhynchus . the reduction in the squamation and the large size are discussed .
maxwell , e . e . , romano , c . , wu , f . & furrer , h . 2014 : two new species of saurichthys ( actinopterygii : saurichthyidae ) from the middle triassic of monte san giorgio , switzerland , with implications for character evolution in the genus . zoological journal of the linnean society 173 / 4 . march 24 , 2015 . doi : 10 . 1111 / zoj . 12224
both 40 to 60 cm long fishes differ from other species of saurichthys in skull and body shape . “these differences indicate different hunting styles and habitats in the shallow sea . this enabled multiple species to co - exist” , clarified heinz furrer , palaeontologist at the university of zurich and author of this research project . according to furrer , the ability to occupy multiple specialized feeding and habitat niches may be responsible for the evolutionary success of these fishes , both in the monte san giorgio basin and globally .
both 40 to 60 cm long fishes differ from other species of saurichthys in skull and body shape .
these differences indicate different hunting styles and habitats in the shallow sea . this enabled multiple species to co - exist
, clarified heinz furrer , paleontologist at the university of zurich and author of this research project . according to furrer , the ability to occupy multiple specialized feeding and habitat niches may be responsible for the evolutionary success of these fishes , both in the monte san giorgio basin and globally .
name : saurichthys  ( lizard fish ) . phonetic : sore - ick - fiss . named by : louis agassiz  -  1834 . synonyms : belonorhynchus ,  brevisaurichthys ,  giffonus ,  ichthyorhynchus ,  systolichthys . classification : chordata ,  actinopterygii ,  saurichthyiformes ,  saurichthyidae . species : s .  apicalis ( type )  ,  s .  calcaratus ,  s .  dawaziensis ,  s .  dayi ,  s .  elongatus ,  s .  hamiltoni ,  s .  ornatus ,  s .  wimani . diet : carnivore / piscivore . size : approximately 1 meter long . known locations : worldwide . time period : triassic . fossil representation : multiple specimens .
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full reference : l . agassiz . 1843 . recherches sur les poissons fossiles . tome i ( livr . 18 ) . imprimerie de petitpierre , neuchatel xxxii - 188
see also beltan 1968 , beltan 1972 , bender and hancox 2004 , bürgin et al . 1991 , cartanyá 1999 , chhabra and mishra 2002 , gardiner 1960 , lehman 1952 , lehman et al . 1959 , mishra et al . 1990 , mutter et al . 2008 , renesto and stockar 2009 , rieppel 1985 , romano et al . 2016 , sahni and chhabra 1976 , tintori et al . 2014 , tintori et al . 2016 and uyeno 1978
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content copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy
the extreme elongation of body axis occurred in one of two ways : through the elongation of the individual vertebrae of the vertebral column ; or through the development of additional vertebrae and associated muscle segments .
“this evolutionary pattern for body elongation is new , ” said dr erin maxwell from the university of zurich , lead author of the paper published in nature communications .
“previously , we only knew about an increase in the number of vertebrae and muscle segments or the elongation of the individual vertebrae . ”
based upon its appearance and lifestyle , the roughly half - meter - long fish is most comparable to the garfish or needlefish that exist today .
bibliographic information : erin e . maxwell et al . 2013 . exceptional fossil preservation demonstrates a new mode of axial skeleton elongation in early ray - finned fishes . nature communications 4 , article number : 2570 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / ncomms3570
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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a particularly large number of well - preserved specimens were retrieved during fossil excavations of the paleontological institute and museum of the university of zurich at the classic vertebrate fossil site of monte san giorgio in the southern ticino ( a unesco natural heritage site since 2003 ) and in the ducan mountains near davos .
a sinergia project of the swiss national science foundation has made it possible to analyse the rich fossil material in the last three years . discoveries included some new species as well as extraordinary finds of fossilized prey remains and soft tissue .
12 february 2015 , 18 . 00 : public guided tour of the exhibition by dr . heinz furrer
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in the lower right , on a somewhat lower bedding plane we have some of the ornate scales of a paralepidotus . without further preparation , it is impossible to tell how much of this second fish is preserved . material from the triassic like this and the more frequently - seen keichousaurus are often veined with a white crystal . here that vein posed a zone of weakness , which required repair to the matrix which is relatively unobtrusive . both of these fish died out by the end of the triassic .
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j exp zool b mol dev evol . 2010 nov 15 ; 314 ( 7 ) : 519 - 26 . doi : 10 . 1002 / jez . b . 21372 . epub 2010 sep 17 .
monte san giorgio is world - renowned for its beautifully preserved fossils from the middle triassic time ( ~ 239–243 million years ago ) . large - scale excavations conducted by the university of zürich between 1924 and 2004 yielded a substantial number of fossil reptiles and fishes . as part of a research project funded by the swiss national science foundation , scientists at the paleontological institute and museum , university of zurich have prepared and studied over a hundred well - preserved specimens over the last three years .
еhe elongated body of some present - day fish evolved in different ways . paleontologists from the university of zurich have now discovered a new mode of body elongation based on a discovery in an exceptionally preserved fossilfish . . .
today , ray - finned fish , which belong to the bony fish , are by far the most biodiverse fish group in both salt - and freshwater . their spectacular variety of forms ranges from eels , tuna , flounders and angler fish all the way . . .
a major new fossil site in south - west china has filled in a sizeable gap in our understanding of how life on this planet recovered from the greatest mass extinction of all time , according to a paper co - authored by professor . . .
a new species of short - necked marine reptile from the triassic period has been discovered in china , according to a study published december 17 , 2014 in the open - access journal plos one by xiao - hong chen from wuhan centre . . .
ionoscopiform fishes have been known only from the late jurassic of europe and the early cretaceous of the new world , although potential ionoscopiforms based on poorly preserved specimens , questionably assigned in the genus . . .
swiss scientists have discovered a new species of aculeate wasp , not hidden somewhere in a jungle on a remote continent , but in central europe , in a swampy area just a few kilometers from zurich . the new species named
polistes . . .
the discovery of a new species of mammal in alberta ' s fossil record has shaken up some long - held beliefs about other species in its lineage .
people from smaller cities are more likely to migrate than people from larger cities , according to a new study by ucl academics .
a study reported in the journal science offers an enhanced view of the origins and ultimate fate of the first dogs in the americas . the dogs were not domesticated north american wolves , as some have speculated , but likely . . .
more than 3 million years ago , our ancient human ancestors , including their toddler - aged children , were standing on two feet and walking upright , according to a new study published in science advances .
social dilemmas occur when individual desires clash with group needs . how can people be encouraged to cooperate when they have reason not to ? in a new nature paper , hilbe and krishnendu chatterjee of the institute of science . . .
researchers think they have a better understanding for how ancient north americans thrived for centuries in northwestern new mexico ' s arid desert .
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authors : maxwell , erin e . ; diependaal , henk ; winkelhorst , herman ; goris , gerard ; klein , nicole
neues jahrbuch für geologie und paläontologie continuously publishes current original contributions from all fields of geology , ever since its foundation in 1807 . all published contributions are in the english language .
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