the red-keeled flowerpecker or red-striped flowerpecker ( dicaeum australe ) is a species of bird in the family dicaeidae .

it is endemic to the philippines .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

the black-belted flowerpecker ( d. haematostictum ) was formerly regarded as a subspecies of this bird .

red - keeled flowerpecker

this is a red - keeled flowerpecker , one of the 12 endemic flowerpeckers found in the philippines . it prefers the canopy of forests and forest edge and can be seen feeding on flowering and fruiting trees . the call is a metallic seep seep seep and ranges from almost all the major islands in the philippines except palawan and mindoro .
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cheke , r . & mann , c . ( 2018 ) . red - keeled flowerpecker ( dicaeum australe ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
red - keeled flowerpecker ( dicaeum australe , a philippine endemic ) habitat - canopy of forest and edge , usually in fruiting and flowering trees . filmed in habitat under available light at bued river , la union , philippines , october 27 , 2015 . canon 7d + ef 400 f2 . 8 is + 2x tc ii , 800 mm , 475b / 516 support , 1080p capture . score - “sardana” by kevin macleod capture / editing - romy ocon , urltoken
10 cm ; male 9–11 g , unsexed 7·9–10·5 g . mostly black - and - white flowerpecker with longish , stout , curved bill . has top and side of head and . . .
red - keeled flowerpecker ( dicaeum australe , a philippine endemic ) habitat - canopy of forest , edge and flowering trees . shooting info – bued river , la union , philippines , april 23 , 2017 , eos 7d mark ii + ef 400 f / 2 . 8 l is + ef 2x tc ii + ef 2x tc iii , 1600 mm , f / 14 , iso 200 , 1 / 125 sec , wb manually set at ct = 5000k , 1080 / 59 . 97p capture processed to 720 / 23 . 976p , sound recorded by the camera’s on - board mic , manfrotto 516 / 475b support .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common ( cheke et al . 2001 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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in the past sometimes considered conspecific with d . haematostictum . geographical variation minor ; birds from cebu described as race flaviventer , but considered insufficiently distinct from those in rest of range to warrant recognition . monotypic .
philippines ( except islands from mindoro s to palawan , and e to sibuyan , panay and negros ) .
utters a high - pitched insect - like trilling “suit - sui…” , and also a high - pitched . . .
forest and forest edge , secondary growth , coconut groves and in open country , generally around . . .
no information on diet ; probably includes fruit , nectar and pollen of mistletoes ( loranthaceae ) . mostly in canopy . forages singly , in pairs . . .
laying recorded in jun and aug , juveniles observed in aug and birds with active gonads in aug ; fledged young observed in apr on mindanao . . .
not globally threatened . common throughout most of range . ability to adapt well to secondary habitats favours this species . in view of its relative abundance , this . . .
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previously published on avocet as av10911 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question . gps : recordist ' s estimate .
previously published on avocet as av10896 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question . gps : recordist ' s estimate .
previously published on avocet as av8082 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen well . gps : estimate .
previously published on avocet as av10910 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question . gps : estimate from google earth .
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several species of hornbills , numerous kinds of parrots and woodpeckers , the endemic family of rhabdornises and many other beautiful and unique birds await you .
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common endemic . scarlet keel of adult is unmistakable . frequents flowering and fruiting trees , singly , ingroups and in mixed flocks .
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bagrus is a genus of bagrid catfishes .

these are relatively large catfished found in freshwater habitats in africa , except for the virtually unknown b. tucumanus from south america , which likely is a synonym of luciopimelodus pati .

bagrus

changes in diet , prey size and feeding habit in bagrus bayad , and possible interactions with b . docmac in a nile canal
which indicates their isometric growth ( b = 3 . 1 for bagrus bayad and b = 3 . 05 for bagrus docmac ) . these results are similar to those reported by goudswaard and witte for b . docmac in lake victoria ( b = 3 . 07 ) . however , ogbe et al . reported positive allometric growth pattern for bagrus bayad from lower benue river [ 29 , 30 ] . while el - badawy showed negative allometric growth for both bagrus bayad ( b = 2 . 8802 ) and bagrus docmac ( b = 2 . 7858 ) . such variation in the type of growth may be ascribed on environmental changes and difference in the time of study .
changes in diet , prey size and feeding habit in bagrus bayad , and possible interactions with b . docmac in a nile canal | springerlink
citation : el - drawany ma , elnagar wg ( 2015 ) growth , food and feeding habits of bagrus bayad and bagrus docmac inhibiting muess channel , sharkia province , egypt . j aquac res development 6 : 348 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000348
mohamed ef ( 2005 ) studies on fishery biology of the cat fishes ( genus bagrus ) in the river nile waters of beni - suef .
figure 5 : a 20x magnified centrum of third vertebra of bagrus bayad with clear annual rings taken from a fish of 60 cm total length at age group vi .
figure 6 : a 20x magnified centrum of third vertebra of bagrus docmac with clear annual rings taken from a fish of 64 cm total length at age group v1 .
bagrus caeruleus is only known from the type locality ( near inga hydroelectric dam and near gombe or ngombe about 20 km downstream from kinshasa ) . it has recently been found in between these sites .
in nile and its tributaries , the genus bagrus of family bagridae has two species , bagrus bayad , and bagrus docmac forming arealistic proportion of the commercial catches in egyptian fresh waters [ 1 ] . the bagrid fishes are commonly known as naked catfishes . they have four pair’s of barbells enriched with well - developed taste bud [ 2 ] . one of the most famous morphological differences between b . bayad and b . docmac is that in the former ; both lobes of the caudal fin are prolonged into long filaments whereas in the later ; this is only so for the upper lobe [ 3 ] .
in the present study , the relationship between the total length of both bagrus spp . and the radius of vertebral centrum is represented by a straight line , indicating a linear relationship fitted by the least squares method . i . e . the relation between length and vertebral radius is very close which indicates that the vertebrae of bagrus bayad and bagrus docmac are optimum for the age determination . results of the present work showed that the annuli appear on the vertebrae of both b . bayad and b . docmac in april . according to el - sedfy they are formed in april . this is in accordance with the present findings [ 21 ] .
generally , bagrus docmac is probably associated with rocky bottoms ; coarse substrates [ 4 ] in both shallow and deep water [ 5 ] . olaosebikan and raji declared that , it is wide spread in lakes , swamps and rivers [ 6 ] . bailey [ 7 ] alhassan and ansu - darko [ 8 ] declared that bagrus bayad is a benthic omnivorous feeder ( bottom feeder ) as they proved the presence of detritus ( bottom deposit ) in addition to the other food items inside the alimentary tract .
a total of 497 specimens of bagrus bayad and 332 specimens of bagrus docmac in the present study were collected from october 2011 to september 2012 by fisher mens along muess channel , one of the nile tributaries , of sharkia province , egypt . as soon as the fish specimens were obtained , they transported in ice bag to the laboratory in zoology department , faculty of science , zagazig university . first of all , the total length to the nearest mm . and total weight to the nearest gram of each fish was measured .
boden et al . ( 1997 ) reported bagrus bajad from the sanaga river basin and also in museum collections several lower guinea bagrus were labelled as b . bajad . however , based on our findings b . bajad is not present in lower guinea . the species may be easily distinguished from bagrus docmak by its generally higher gill raker number ( 15 - 19 ) and its relatively narrower head [ 47 . 5 - 63 . 0 ( mean : 55 . 2 ) % hl ] . at present b . bajad has not been collected from the lower guinea province although it is known from adjacent west african river basins as the benue river , the major eastern tributary of the niger river basin , and the logone river , one of the major southern tributaries of the chad river basin .
bagrus bayad : from table 8 nematode warms , appear in the stomach of investigated b . bayad in winter with low value 7 . 82 of iri which increased slightly in spring and summer to about 8 . 5 but they disappeared completely in autumn . no insects were found in the stomachs in winter , while it appeared in all other seasons with highest value in summer about 12 . 5 . investigated bagrus bayad showed low appetite for eating molluscka all over the year as it had the lowest values of iri between all food items until it completely disappeared in summer .
the present study aims to investigate the age and growth parameters as well as food and feeding habits of bagrus bayad ( forskal , 1775 ) and bagrus docmac ( forskal , 1775 ) , belonging to the family bagridae in the muess channel of sharkia province , egypt . the relationship between total fish length and vertebra radius is described by straight line equations : l = 6 . 714 + 13 . 88v and l = 8 . 841 + 10 . 7 v for both studied species , respectively . the equations of the length - weight relationship for both studied species are expressed as :
justification : although bagrus docmak is known to be declining in certain parts of its range , it has a wide distribution with no known major threats impacting on all parts of the population . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for northern , central , western and eastern africa .
the present observations revealed that although there is in no great significant difference in the growth of both bagrus species , but it is clear that b . docmac grows faster and lives for a longer age than b . bayad . hashem stated that b . bayad shows a slow rate of growth . but el - badawy and mohamed recorded a higher growth rate of b . docmac than that of b . bayad in their studies for both species [ 26 - 28 ] .
this study aims to provide information on the length - weight relationship of this valuable fish species which will help in its management in the muess channel of sharkia province , egypt . as well as the stomach content analysis showed the food requirements of bagrus bayad in the natural habitats which may serve as a measure for satisfying the species under culture condition . in view of the importance of stomach content analysis , studies should be extended to other native fish species so as to provide the scientific information for their management .
bagrus docmac : from table 9 it is found that the highest consumption of b . docmac among all food items was tilapia spp . in autumn as it records an iri value 18 . 32 , then it decreases to values between 16 . 56 and 17 . 7 at the rest of the year . the least degree of consumption was for odonata in summer with 6 . 07 iri . b . docmac showed low appetite for eating this insect all over the year till it completely disappeared from its diet in winter in which the consumption of both diptera and coleopteran reached to 9 . 62 and 11 . 61 , respectively from relatively higher values in spring and autumn for both types . vegetarian consumption has been stopped in spring although vegetable material recorded relatively high iri values ; that approached 12 . 0 in winter . shrimps recorded very high iri values next to tilapians all over the year reaching 14 . 21 in summer , while amphipodes , has lesser values about 10 . 99 in summer then it disappeared completely in autumn . bivalvia recorded its highest value of iri 8 . 87 in summer and the least one 7 . 6 in winter ( table 9 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
musschoot , t . , boden , g . , azeroual , a . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , hanssens , m . , lalèyè , p . , moelants , t . & ntakimazi , g .
this species is highly marketable ( bishai and khalil 1997 ) . it is the second most important food species in lake edward ( dr congo ) ( vakily 1989 ) . it is moderately important as a food species in lake victoria ( eccles 1992 ) .
for the majority of its range , no major threats to this species are known . within eastern africa however , there is heavy fishing pressure upon this species , as well as changes in inshore biotopes mainly due to agricultural and mining activities . competition for food and predation from introduced nile perch is a major threat , and has largely displaced this species from the inshore and open waters of many lakes in the region . in northern africa , dams , water pollution ( agriculture , domestic and commercial / industrial ) , groundwater extraction and drought all pose possible threats to this species .
no conservation measures for this species are known . a clearer understanding of the threats facing this species is required , as well as monitoring of the population . habitat maintenance / conservation is needed , as is suitable harvest management , to minimise threats from commercial fishing of this species .
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it is only known by type specimen . other specimens of this species have been misidentified . type is aberrant in having a long dorsal , and it will be checked shortly ( snoeks , pers . comm . )
justification : this species is only known by the type specimen . other specimens of this species have been misidentified ( snoeks , pers . comm . ) . more information is needed before this species can be fully assessed .
this species is only certainly known by the type specimen . other specimens of this species have been misidentified . it was previously thought to be known from the chad , niger , volta , senegal and ouémé basins , but it may just be endemic to the niger basin .
this species is demersal , where it occurs in streams less than 12 m depth . it preys on small fish , particularly alestes spp ; also feeds on insects , crustaceans , molluscs and vegetable matter .
this is an important food fish , and overfishing is a potential threat . other threats include increasing levels of agrochemicals from farming activities in the areas around the water bodies and effluents from mining activities in some areas .
none known . taxonomic revision may be needed , and the population and range details for this species should be established .
azeroual , a . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , lalèyè , p . & ntakimazi , g .
snoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lalèyè , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .
justification : this species has a wide distribution , with no known major widespread threats . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for east , north and west africa . in northeast africa it has been assessed as data deficient .
this demersal species is found in lakes , swamps and rivers across much of africa . eastern africa : it is present in lakes albert and turkana , the nile river , lake chad , and niger and senegal rivers northern africa : this species is common in the whole river nile . in egypt , it is found also in wadi el rayan lake in addition to nozha hydrodrome . northeast africa : this species is found in tekeze , setit in eritrea and the nile in sudan . it is also present in baro , blue nile and tekeze basins , ethiopia western africa : known from the chad , niger , volta , senegal and ouémé basins .
although there is no population estimate , kenya ' s fisheries department believe the population is increasing in lake turkana . in egypt , the catch gradually increased from 840 tonnes in 1995 to 19 , 026 tonnes in 2002 and then decreased to 10 , 228 tones in 2004 . for the rest of this species range there is no data on population trends .
this is a demersal species found in lakes , swamps and rivers in water less than 12 m deep . preys on small fish , but also on insects , crustacea , molluscs , vegetable matter and detritus . it spends nearly the whole of the daylight hours in crevices of rocks and is therefore seldom seen . lives and feeds on or near the bottom . adults are piscivorous , particularly alestes spp , and also feed on insects , crustaceans , molluscs and vegetable matter . there is some indication that the species comes to shallower water to breed . spawning season extends from april to july . parents build and guard the nest , which is like a flat disc with a central hole where the eggs area . males live up to 7 years old , females 8 years . reputed to reach 100 , 000 g .
an important food fish , with flesh of good eating and of economic importance , commonly sold as food . its total production in 1996 was about 5826 tons , i . e . contributes about 9 % of total nile catch in egypt
this species is under heavy fishing pressure in lake albert . in north africa , dams , water pollution ( agriculture , domestic and commercial / industrial ) , groundwater extraction and drought all pose possible threats to this species . throughout the rest of its range there are no major threats known .
no information available . more research is needed into this species population numbers and range , biology and ecology , habitat status and threats , as well as monitoring and potential conservation measures . management plans for this species are also needed .
azeroual , a . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , lalèyè , p . & ntakimazi , g . 2010 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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inhabit lakes , swamps and rivers ( ref . 31256 ) . widespread in both shallow and deep water ( ref . 34291 ) . probably associated with rocky bottoms / coarse substrates ( ref . 27490 ) . mostly active during the night and the twilight hours ( ref . 2060 ) . juveniles may frequent exposed rocky shores ( ref . 12526 ) . feed on insects , crustaceans , mollusks and fish . some debris and vegetable matter may also be ingested ( ref . 28714 ) . moderately important as a food species in lake victoria , but becoming rare with the appearance of nile perch ( ref . 4967 ) . catches decreased strongly in lake victoria after the lates upsurge ( ref . 34291 ) . predation by lates and competition with lates ( for haplochromines ) may have played a role in the decline ( ref . 34291 ) . a notably recovery in waters between 3m and 6m depth in lake victoria has been reported ( ref . 51900 ) . second most important food species in lake edward , congo ( ref . 13302 ) .
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bagrids in bahr shebeen nilotic canal depend mainly on fish , insects and shrimp as well as fish embryos for food and their stomachs included runoff materials ( e . g . plant foliage , glass , black crystals , coloured gravel ) . b . bayad maximised its efficiency of catching prey catfish by face to face attack to avoid damage by the prey ' s pectoral and dorsal spines . in the size classes of 10 to 30 cm standard length , b . bayad and b . docmac show diet overlap and interact with each other especially with respect to tilapias as prey . after this length , b . docmac , aided by its relatively larger mouth , shifted to larger size of tilapias to coexist with b . bayad .
alkholy , a . a . & s . a . abdel - malek . 1972 . food and feeding habits of some egyptian fishes in lake qurun . part 1 :
( gerv . ) . a . according to localities . bulletin of the institute of oceanography and fisheries , cairo 2 : 185–202 .
( pisces ) in the sudan . ph . d . thesis , cairo university , cairo . 365 pp . ( in arabic ) .
dill , l . m . 1983 . adaptive flexibility in the foraging behaviour of fishes . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 40 : 398–408 .
hart , p . j . b . 1986 . foraging in teleost fishes . pp . 211–235 .
t . j . pitcher ( ed . ) the behaviour of teleost fishes , croom helm , london .
hobson , e . s . & j . r . chess . 1986 . relationships among fishes and their prey in a nearshore sand community off southern california . env . biol . fish . 17 : 201–226 .
) with a review of methods used in studies of food of fishes . j . anim . ecol . 19 : 36–58 .
keast , a . & d . webb . 1966 . mouth and body form relative to feeding ecology in the fish fauna of a small lake , lake opinicon , ontario . j . fish . res . board can . 23 : 1845–1874 .
in lake nasser . regulated rivers : res . and manag . 2 : 547–552 .
khallaf , e . a . & a . a . alne - na - ei . 1987 . feeding ecology of
khallaf , e . a . , a . f . a . latif & a . a . alne - na - ei . 1986 . reproduction of
in a nile canal and its interaction with the environment . delta j . sci . , tanta university press , tanta 10 : 724–747 .
species in lake nasser . sci . j . fac . sci . , almenofeya university , shebeen alkoom 1 : 34–53 .
( forsk . ) in the kenya waters of lake victoria . j . fish biol . 32 : 85–94 .
. correlations between feeding and locomotion behaviour can . j . zool . 59 : 1072–1078 .
werner , e . e . , g . g . mittelbach & d . j . hall . 1981 . the role of feeding profitability and experience in habitat use by the bluegill sunfish . ecology 62 : 116–125 .
khallaf , e . a . & authman , m . n . environ biol fish ( 1992 ) 34 : 425 . urltoken
the generic name comes from the mozarabic bagre , taken from the greek pagros , meaning a fish ( dentex sp . ) . the origin of the specific epithet is unclear and may come from a local name of the fish .
1100mm or 43 . 3
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
distinguished in having dorsal fin rays hardly or not filamentous and head width 1 . 4 - 1 . 6 times in head length .
widespread in both shallow and deep water . feeds on insects , crustaceans , mollusks and fish .
africa : nile , niger , senegal , volta and lake chad basins . east african rift lakes , except lake kivu , where it was introduced in 1959 and 1960 , apparently without success .
readily feeds on live / frozen foods and other prepared foods such as pellets . will eat smaller fishes .
although young fish can be kept with other fish of equal or larger sizes , adult fish are aggressive and should be kept alone . €
( 1 ) silurus , ( 2 ) redtailrob , who also notes :
purchased as filamentosus .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
justification : this species is restricted to a approximately 250 km stretch of the lower congo river in the vicinity of the inga 1 and 2 dams . although currently assessed as vulnerable , should inga 3 be built , the status would probably be upgraded to critically endangered .
inga 1 and 2 are existing dams with a minimal impact . inga 3 , to be built in five years , will divert a significant amount of flow . grant inga will block a great part of the mainstream with major impact . it can also be threatened in the future by mining in the luozi region . the key component of concrete is found in this region , and there is potential to mining in the area .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake malawi and its catchment , the upper shire river , and lake malombe . there has been a significant population decline in the southern part of lake malawi due to commercial fisheries but the population as a whole is less impacted throughout the rest of its range .
capture by gill nets and longlines . declining catfish catch rates from gill nets and longlines have also been reported in the southern part of the lake . demersal trawling in the southern part of the lake . diminishing catches have been reported in the demersal trawl catches of the southern part of the lake ( due to catching immature fish as well as heavy fishing by artisanal fishers ) .
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the vertebrae were used to estimate the growth parameters of von bertalanffy , s equation . it is found that the l∞ = 87 cm , k = 0 . 159 1 / y and to = - 1 . 25 years for b . bayad and l∞ = 89 cm , k = 0 . 169 1 / y and to = - 1 . 275 years for b . docmac . food and feeding habits of the two cat fish species were also studied through analysis of their stomach contents . b . docmac feeds mainly on invertebrates represented in shrimps , amphipoda , bivalvia and cephallopoda , while the most important food items of b . bayad are fish especially from telapins and clarias spp . , together with parts of unidentified fishes .
the 3ed , 4 th and 5 th abdominal vertebrae of each fish were taken and boiled in water for about 25 minutes to remove all the suspended tissues . vertebrae after then were washed and let to dry for later check under reflected light microscope with magnification of ( x 20 ) with the aid of xylene as clearing agent . the age of each fish was determined by counting the complete ring of the centrum of the third vertebra of the fish .
in order study the time of ring formation to establish its annular nature , the vertebrae representing rings under formation ( growth checks ) at the outer margin in different months were examined . to clarify further , the time of annulus formation , the distance from the last annulus to the margin of the vertebrae were measured . a plot of monthly frequency of such vertebrae which have marginal rings indicated the seasonal and established the annual nature .
the body length–vertebral radius relationship was determined using the least square method . the back calculated lengths at the end of each year of life were obtained by using lee ' s equation [ 16 ]
where : ( l n ) is the calculated length at the end of ( n ) years , ( l ) is the total length at capture , ( v n ) vertebral radius at annulus ( n ) , ( v ) is the total vertebral radius and ( a ) is intercept of ( y ) axis which indicates the length of fish before annulus formation . growth was expressed in terms of the von bertalanffy’s equation [ 17 ]
where ( l∞ ) is the asymptotic total length , ( l t ) is the total length at age ( t ) , ( k ) the growth curvature parameter and ( t t ) is the theoretical age when fish would been at zero total length . these parameters were estimated by means of the ford and walford plot [ 18 , 19 ] .
where : ( w ) is the total fish weight in grams , ( l ) is the fish length in centimeters , ( a ) is a constant which varies from species to another , ( b ) is the regression coefficient .
analysis of stomach contents : stomachs of all fish specimens were removed and tied at both ends then preserved in 10 % formalin for later examination . prey items were identified and counted under microscope and data were recorded . the number of empty stomachs as well as those containing food were determined for both species .
1 - percentage numerical abundance ( c n ) = the number of each prey item in all the non - empty stomachs in proportion to the total number of all food items .
2 - percentage frequency of occurrence ( % o ) = the number of stomachs in which a food item was found in proportion to the number of all non - empty stomachs .
4 - vacuity index vi = ( no . of empty stomachs / total no . of stomachs ) × 100
5 - fullness index fi = ( no . of non - empty stomachs / total no . of stomachs ) × 100
for b . bayad is : l = 6 . 714 + 13 . 88 v r = 0 . 9908 and
for b . docmac is : l = 8 . 841 + 10 . 7 v r = 0 . 9321
means the time at which a complete annulus is formed at the margin of the vertebrae , this time is determined by using the marginal increment analysis or marginal growth which means the ratio between the distance from the last annulus to the margin and the total radius of the vertebrae .
marginal growth is used in the determination of the time of annulus formation by comparing the value of marginal growth at each month of the year , the least value of marginal growth points out to the month at which the last annulus was formed . from tables 1 and 2 , figures 3 and 4 , it is clear that the least values of marginal growth for both b . bayad and b . docmac were in april , which were 0 . 012 and 0 . 018 respectively , and this means that the annual rings were formed in the period of spring in both species .
table 1 : monthly variations of marginal increment of the abdominal vertebrae of b . bayad of age ( iii ) .
table 2 : monthly variations of marginal increment of the abdominal vertebrae of b . docmac of age ( iii ) .
figure 3 : monthly record of marginal growth for the vertebrae of b . bayad .
figure 4 : monthly record of marginal growth for the vertebrae of b . docmac .
the back calculation was made for 497 fish specimens of b . bayad at the end of each year of life ranging in lengths between 25 - 69 cm , and for 332 fish specimens of b . docmac ranging between 28 - 75 cm tables 3 and 4 . back calculation of fish length at the progressive years of life computed by lee ' s formula as :
table 3 : the average back calculated lengths in different years of life for b . bayad .
table 4 : the average back calculated lengths in different years of life for b . docmac .
accordingly , the growth parameters calculated on the basis of von bertalanffy , s growth equation are : l ∞ = were 87 cm , k = 0 . 159 1 / y and t o = - 1 . 25 years for b . bayad and l ∞ = 89 cm , k = 0 . 169 1 / y and t o = - 1 . 275 years for b . docmac . the calculated and observed total lengths at age data of both species are presented in figures 5 and 6 , tables 5 and 6 .
table 5 : ranges and means of empirical lengths and weights for b . bayad .
table 6 : ranges and means of empirical lengths and weights for b . docmac .
from the equations it was found that , the weight of both species increase in proportion to about the cube of their body length ( 3 . 1 for b . bayad and 3 . 05 for b . docmac ) , which proves that both are of isometric growth .
the index of relative importance ( iri ) is most preferable to accurately indicate the degree of consumption of each food item .
from the table 7 and figure 9 it is found that , the most important food items of b . bayad are fishe specially from telapins and clarias spp . , together with parts of unidentified fishes . telapians have an iri greater than all food items ( 14 . 87 ) followed by unidentified fish remains having ( 18 . 96 ) whereas clarias spcs . represents ( 8 . 33 ) . b . bayad , selects only coleoptra ( insecta ) with an iri of 10 . 58 butfrom invertebrates shrimps and nematode warms have relatively high iri ( 7 . 96 and 7 . 01 respectively ) , then amphipoda , bivalvia and gastropoda with iri values of 6 . 03 , 3 . 7 and 4 . 2 respectively . vegetable materials represented 12 . 75 iri .
table 7 : major food items of b . bayad and b . docmac presents in numerical abundance ( c n ) , frequency of occurrence ( o ) and index of relative importance ( iri ) .
figure 9 : frequency of occurrence of major food items in the diet of b . bayad .
b . docmac feeds mainly on invertebrates represented in shrimps , amphipoda , bivalvia and cephallopoda arranged descendingly in iri value 11 . 9 , 9 . 6 , 7 . 2 and 6 . 82 , respectively ( table 7 and figure 10 ) . fishes side by side with insects have approximately the same importance with values 25 . 0 and 24 . 2 respectively ; among fishes , only telapians were found together with remains of unidentified fish with about 15 . 3 and 9 . 75 iri values respectively . insects were represented in coleoptera , diptera and odonata with iri values 10 . 53 , 8 . 33 and 5 . 37 respectively . vegetable materials recorded an iri value of 9 . 94 ( table 7 and figure 10 ) .
figure 10 : frequency of occurrence of major food items in the diet of b . docmac .
table 8 : seasonal variations in the consumption of food by b . bayad .
only specimes of spring contained all food items , the greatest consumption was for the parts of unidentified fishes that has the highest iri value of 19 . 09 and it increased in the rest of the year to between 21 . 5 and 23 . tilapia spp . comes with the greatest value in winter about ( 18 ) but clarias spp . has relatively low values of iri compared with tilapia spp . ranging between 8 . 66 in spring and 10 . 53 in autumn . crustacea with its two types ( shrimps and amphipoda ) is available for b . bayad at the four seasons with higher consumption for shrimps ( 9 . 76 ) in autumnand ( 8 . 03 ) in summer . plants are eaten by about half of fishes all over the year but , with relatively small amounts so it has a median value of iri 16 . 27 recorded in winter .
table 9 : seasonal variations in the consumption of food by b . docmac .
many investigators gave extensive reviews on the factors affecting the time of formation of the annual rings . le cren mentioned that temperature has the greatest effect on the first and second year growth of perca fluvialis [ 22 ] . nikolsky showed that the formation of the annual rings is the result of an adaptive reconstruction of the course of metabolism within the fish body [ 23 ] . bishai pointed out that temperature and food together with some internal and external factors interact causing the formation of the annual growth in sub - tropical fish as b . bayad whose annual rings formed in march [ 24 ] .
the growth occurs as a result of addition of material to the body . food supply and other environmental factors play an important role in determining the characteristics of growth , hence when the environmental conditions and the physiological status remain unchanged , the growth rate decreases with the age [ 25 ] . in the present study the most rapid growth of the both studied fish species occurs in the first year of life , after which the growth rate slowly decreases . thus , the highest increment in length was attained between the first and second years .
the maximum age , length and weight for b . bayad and b . docmac recorded are ix and x years , 87 and 89 cm , 5867 and 5999 g as respectively ( table 10 ) .
the present work revealed also the presence of detritus in the stomach of b . bayad this agreed with the findings of bailey and alhassan and ansu - darko proved the presence of detritus in addition to the other food items such as zooplankton , fishes , insects , phytoplankton as well as insect parts [ 1 , 7 ] .
khallaf and authman reported that , the presence of mud or sand and various odd materials in some of the stomachs examined of b . bayad suggests bottom feeding , whereas b . docmac depends mainly on fish and insects as food [ 8 ] .
the monthly variation of stomach fullness index indicated a variation in feeding activity of b . bayad and b . docmac . seasonally winter was characterized by lower values of fi than those of summer and spring for both species . this might be due to low availability of various food items in winter caused by a drop in temperature and shorter duration of daylight ; this is in line with the observation of khallaf and authman [ 1 ] . in the size classes of 10 to 30 cm standard length , b . bayad and b . docmac show diet overlap and interact with each other especially with respect to tilapias as prey . after this length , b . docmac , aided by its relatively larger mouth , shifted to larger size of tilapias to coexist with b . bayad khallaf and authman [ 1 ] .
this research is part of the phd thesis submitted to faculty of science university of zagazig . the writers wish to express their deep gratitude to dr . a . e . el - agamy , professor of fish biology , faculty of science , zagazig university for his valuable suggestions and for his reviewing the manuscript .
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the generic name comes from the mozarabic bagre , taken from the greek pagros , meaning a fish ( dentex sp . ) .
smallest 210mm , largest 1500mm , average 649mm , most commonly 720mm . all sl .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]