cyllene ( 1895 – 1925 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

in a racing career that lasted from 1897 until 1899 , cyllene won nine of his eleven starts , winning major races and being regarded as the best horse of his generation at two , three and four years of age .

in a stud career which began in britain and ended in argentina , cyllene became an important and influential stallion .

he sired four winners of the epsom derby and is the direct male-line ancestor of most modern thoroughbreds .

cyllene ( horse )

antique print 1904 photograph cyllene horse sport baily ' s | antiques . co . uk |
cyllene was an exquisite horse with temperament to match . at stud he sired 4 epsom derby winners - cicero , minoru ,
cyllene ' s daughter tagalie beat the colts by four lengths in the derby of 1912 .
cyllene cyllene carried an impressive racing record , as did his progeny . in england , he was the leading sire of racehorses in 1909 and 1910 . in 1913 , he headed the list in argentina . his racing record indicates nine wins and two places in eleven starts . the influence of cyllene with the australian stock horse society can be traced mainly through his sons polymelus who produced such horses as silvern and phalaris . cyllene live until the great age of 30 years .
atty persse said of his sprinter portlaw , ' he ' s a curious horse to train as he requires less work than any horse . . .
multiple classic winner in argentina , ix , by congreve , was out of cyllene ' s daughter betha . photo courtesy victoria duggan .
cyllene turned out to be well up to classic standard but was never entered for these races ; he was a late . . .
son of william arthur jarvis , who trained bona vista and cyllene , william rose jarvis was assistant to his uncle james ryan . . .
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color : ch ( gb ) born 24 . 5 . 1895 . breeder : charles day rose at hardwicke stud , gb . champion sire in england 1909 - 10 and argentina 1913 . 11 st : 9 - 1 - 1 . exported to argentina in 1908 . owned by haras ojo de aqua , arg . the horse without price : cuando sus hijos ganaron las carreras mas importantes en gran bretaña , la corona envió un cheque en blanco al sr . chevallier , dueño de cyllene , para repatriarlo , este lo devolvió diciendo que \ cyllene no tiene precio \ when his sons won the most important races in britain , the crown sent a blank check to mr . chevallier , owner of cyllene , to repatriate ; he returned it saying cyllene is priceless . cyllene died in argentina in 1925 at ojo de agua , aged 30 . ( close )
as george azzie remarked that day in early april 1971 , this is a good horse .
$ 150 , 000 for craganour . ; horse which was disqualified in derby sold to argentina .
pietermaritzburg ' s early death in 1908 sent santiago luro on another shopping trip to england . this time his choice of a new stallion fell on 1899 ascot gold cup winner cyllene , already the sire of a derby stakes winner in cicero ( 1905 ) but still not particularly fashionable . english breeders had cause to repent of the stallion ' s sale , for cyllene led the english / irish general sire list in 1909 and 1910 and left behind the additional derby winners minoru ( 1909 ) , lemberg ( 1910 ) and tagalie ( 1912 ) , as well as the important sire polymelus . attempts to repatriate cyllene failed , as luro flatly stated , “cyllene has no price . ”
a bay horse , pietermaritzburg had great power and substance but was considered too coarse by some observers .
- gb : a 1908 chestnut colt by cyllene - gb ( 1895 ch ) . bred by mr . ludwig neumann and owned by earl of dunraven kp . race earnings :
captain morel bred that durable horse golden myth on his tally ho stud in county limerick . . . .
with the headline : $ 150 , 000 for craganour . ; horse which was disqualified in derby sold to argentina .
cyllene lived for two more years , passing away in the first part of 1925 at the ripe old age of thirty . during the last year of his life , the the bloodstock breeders ' review reported ,
he lay on the floor of his box all the time ,
a hard end for such a courageous horse . he outlived his best sire son , polymelus , by one year . cyllene was buried in the ojo de agua cemetery , where the remains of the great stallion congreve were later interred . - - elizabeth martiniak
— far k
icntc ' s owner had to pay £27 to buy back his horse at
wingatui on saturday .
$ 150 , 000 for craganour . ; horse which was disqualified in derby sold to argentina . - the new york times
when the champion jockey gerry wilson was axed from riding golden miller as the horse began to show his patent dislike . . .
orby was the first horse trained in ireland to win the epsom derby . he was a rangy colt , but did . . .
picaroon was a very high class horse , winner of 8 races and rated one of the best by his trainer who . . .
mr taylor sharpe owned properties in newmarket and the baumber park stud near horncastle in lincolnshire . the best horse he bred . . .
hours after his horse gainslaw had won the ascot gold vase , mr leader and his wife were killed on their way . . .
son of a suffolk clothier and close friend of the race horse owner and breeder sir abe bailey , donald fraser owned . . .
reiff looked like an angel and was kissed by society ladies , but he was fully capable of pulling a horse to . . .
cyllene made only four starts at the age of three , his opportunities limited by his lack of classic engagements . he started out in april with a disappointing third place finish to an unheralded and unnamed daughter of sejanus in the column produce stakes . he next appeared in the newmarket stakes , run two weeks after the two thousand guineas . cyllene had no trouble winning from an ayrshire colt , heir male , with a son of janissary named jeddah well beaten . since the latter colt came back to win the derby at odds of 100 - 1 and heir male was unplaced in the derby , the form of the newmarket stakes put cyllene at the top of the three - year - old class .
this photograph shows the statue of persimmon which stands at sandringham stud . a very impressive horse , persimmon turned out to be . . .
swynford was the best horse to race for the 17th lord derby and , according to george lambton , was far and away . . .
while this is not a brilliant photograph of ormonde , it does show his trainer and jockey . this great horse was unbeaten . . .
a black horse , foaled in ireland from a mare reputed to have pulled a cart . he was well bought as a . . .
gentle shepherd may seem an obscure horse to chronicle , for he was unraced and made no impact as a sire , but . . .
harry mccalmont , who was not yet a colonel when his horse isinglass won the triple crown , inherited a great fortune from . . .
charles morton was apprenticed to thomas parr , the trainer of a wonderful horse called fisherman , who won 70 races including 2 . . .
lord clonmell , who succceeded to the title in 1898 , was educated at eton and was a captain in the royal horse . . .
solly joel ' s main reason for buying polymelus was as a betting prospect for the 1906 cambridgeshire stakes , which the horse duly won .
lord derby , in wh ' se colours the king ' s horses are racing , won £23 , 735 . cyllene is again at the head of the winniug sires , his stock appropriating . £ ^ 8 , 516 for the season .
cyllene ( gb ) ch . h , 1895 { 9 - e } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf - 11 starts , 9 wins , 1 places , 1 shows
the winner of 4 races at 2 and 3 years , humorist ' s connections could not understand why the horse was up one . . .
a genuine , speedy horse , tommy atkins won ten races including the ayr gold cup for owner william sears , who would go . . .
thomas pilkington was a member of the well - known firm of glass manufacturers of the same name . his most famous horse was . . .
gerry wilson , the son of a whaddon chase horse dealer , was champion national hunt jockey seven times between 1933 and 1941 . . . .
a long - time patron and friend of the trainer basil briscoe , philip carr paid £100 to buy a rather unpromising horse in . . .
jenkinstown was a difficult horse to get fit . his trainer , thomas coulthwaite , said he really needed the work of four animals . . . .
a handsome horse , standing 16 hands high , maiden erlegh ( named after the place and title of his owner ' s stud ) . . .
a little chesbnut horse , all quality , cicero was trained at exning , near newmarket . he won 8 races from two to four . . .
alfred newey , a native of worcestershire , did not sit on a horse until he was 18 . originally a miner , he took . . .
aristedes welch was a millionaire stock raiser of pennsylvania who bought leamington , a sire imported from england . the horse sired welch ' s . . .
prince palatine was the champion three - year - old of his generation and horse of the year at 4 and 5 . winner of 11 . . .
the first foal of his [ ? dam ? ] , hampton was a small horse who started his career in selling plates and ran over . . .
winner of 17 races , springfield ( who looks very old in this photograph ) was , in his prime , the most beautiful horse and . . .
a massive horse with a bad mouth , which made him very hard to hold , troytown ' s days were shortlived . he had to . . .
known as ' the rocking horse ' or ' the spotted wonder ' , this colt was a phenomonen . when a propsective buyer looked him over . . .
if only this horse had never been sold abroad ! dark ronald never ran in a [ ? classic ? ] , but this handsome individual won . . .
the trainer john porter said , ' there are rogues , savages , jades , fools and other eccentrics in the horse tribe . throstle was simply . . .
such an unlucky horse . after a fine two year old career , craganour looked to have won the 2000 [ ? guineas ? ] , only the . . .
julius solomon , a dublin moneylender , was breeder of golden miller , but somewhat by default . he took his horse ' s dam , probably as . . .
felix leach ' s association with racing began on the day he first saw st simon , joining that horse ' s trainer , mathew dawson , forthwith . . .
king ' s guard was the only cape horse since glolite in 1939 to win a johannesburg summer handicap and remains the only horse to hav ever flown up form the cape to capture the race . it was also the first time that willy kleb raced a horse in the transvaal . he had timed the training of king ' s guard with the summer handicap in mind and was most confident that carrying the low weight of 93 half kg , the horse would have a good chance in the race . however , when the hercules aircraft touched down at jan smuts after an extremely turbulent flight 24 hours before the race , king ' s guard walked off the ' plane in a bath of sweat and shaking like a leaf . mr kleb was most distressed to witness the sad condition of his charge . later in the day , when they had settled down at the turffontein racecourse stables , he led the horse right round the track so that both he and the horse could study the course . the expenses in flying king ' s guard up were enormous but his gamble paid off and a delighted mr kleb led his horse into the winner ' s enclosure .
the in and out running of the english three - yearrolds is said to be so remarkable that no one can pretend to say with any confidence which of them is really next best to cyllene . for my part ( says mr allison ) i shall always stand derby form when there is any doubt , and i think we shall find jeddah as a four ^ - year - old able to beat all his contemporaries except cyllene . wildfowler has , of course , to be reckoned with , but jeddah on lege ? day did not give his derby running , that is certain .
iroquois , who stood only 15 . 2 1 / 2 hands high , was the first american - bred horse to win the derby . he was amongst a . . .
—mr m . caples , of bathurst ( n . s . w . ) , has lost through sunstroke his raechorae tralee , by kingsborough . mr caples recently refused £200 for the horse .
— rochester made a great run for seven furlongs in tho dunedin jockey club handicap . — strongoli , a son of the ex - australian horse stromboli , was recently sold in america for . £soo .
— vivian is doing really good track work , and is most likely to be the elect of earnshaw ' s htable for the doncastcr handicap , in which the abercorn horse is weighted at 9 . 0 .
not much was thought of white knight , an unraced horse from an undistinguished sire , and if you look at his listed progeny , you will see but one horse–mcgee . it turns out that white knight , like knight errant , was another gate jumper who mated with mcgee’s dam , remorse . remorse was born in 1876 , and she was no less than the positively ancient age of 24 years old when she gave birth to mcgee in 1900 . she had to be destroyed that year . remorse’s dam was vex ( b . 1865 ) , a full sister to the mighty galopin , an incredibly accomplished race horse and sire .
tagalie tagalie , cyllene ' s final british classic champion , was a lovely grey filly of 1909 out of the french - bred mare tagale , by le sancy . bred and owned by british financier walter raphael , she was trained by dawson waugh at somerville lodge near newmarket . as a juvenile , tagalie won the post stakes and finished third in the cheveley park stakes .
— mr t . scott possesses a rathpr good sort of a horse in woolloomooloo , who scored a double at horowhenua . he is a chestnut five - yeai - old , and is by ascot out of a natator mare .
— the racing experiences of the four horses . placed in the newmarket handicap present rather singular coincidences , writes
javelin . ' • ; neither the winner , forest , nor north british , who ran second , ever started as three - year - olds ; the third horse , carrara , never faced the starter \ till he was five years old ; and the fourth horse , i beachcomber , never raced as a two - year - old . '
spoke to him at wingatui last week . he was in mr o ' brien ' s stable at mordialloc for a while ? < looking after the jumping horse irish ' stew . his experiences of
the other side
arewiot
although cameronian was found to be running a temperature after the race he soon recovered . his connections were unable to explain his poor effort , with darling explicitly ruling out the possibility of the horse having been
got at
.
flying - fox and cyllene will probably meet in the champion stakes , which is rim on october 10 . on the first day of the newmarket second october meeting . should all go well up to the day with the two best horses of their respective years , the race between the duke of westminster ' s and mr c . d . rose ' s champions will undoubtedly arouse widespread interest .
during his racing career , there was some disagreement about cicero ' s merits : some considered him a
really great horse
, while others felt that he was merely
the best of a moderate lot
of english colts .
the basic pre - requisites of a high performance horse are a quiet temperament , intelligence and athletic ability . these qualities are essential for a brilliant performance whatever the event . with its versatility , the australian stock horse has achieved outstanding success in a wide variety of sports including campdrafting , show jumping , dressage , eventing , pony club events , polo and polocrosse . campdrafting , a truly australian sport , requires agility , intelligence and strength of both horse and rider . the horse must also have speed and ' cattle sense ' which is required when the competitor selects a beast from the ' camp ' or yard and separates it from the remaining cattle . after ' cutting - out ' the beast , the rider has to work it with his horse around an outside course . dressage is the most elegant of equine sports . a dressage horse must have intelligence , suppleness , obedience and smoothness of movement to produce a flowing and disciplined performance . polo and polocrosse require fast , strong horses with stamina and a ' love of the game . ' called ponies in both games , these horses must demonstrate intelligence , agility and control at speed . show jumping and eventing horses are indeed athletes and need to be obedient , intelligent and bold with obvious strength and soundness . pony club horses need a quiet temperament , and the ability to perform capably in a variety of events . they need intelligence , athletic ability and the ability to adapt to their rider ' s standard of horsemanship . the successful performance of the australian stock horse has not only been recognized throughout australia , but exports to england , america and asia have given them world - wide recognition .
noted trainer henry mcdaniel referred to stefan the great as “stoppin ' the great , ” though whether this was an honest mispronunication or a comment on the horse ' s tendency to sire runners with a lack of heart is open to question .
saturday , july 17 . national breeders ' produce stakes , of : 425750v5 . five furlongs . mr c . d . uo - vs eh c cyllene , by bonavista — arcadia , ' ' . ) 5 ( s . loates ) 1 lord tto«ebery ' a b f ebba , 811 . . . ( c wood ) 2 mr a . james ' s b c dielytra , 9 0 . . . ( j . watts ) 3 simylla . su ( rickaby ) 0 to * r * of joy . 8 . 11 ■ . . . ( t . loates ) 0 perthshire , 9 , 5 fb - adford ) 0 : « . ip * iilve , 9 0 ( m . cunnon ) 0 girningron , 9 . 0 ( o . madden ) goliie , 9 . 0 ( n . uobinson ) 0 bo»»iedoon , s . u tausopp ) 0 b«tting : ( i to son cyllene , 10 to 1 agst dielytra , a»« 25 to 1 ebba . cyllene had no opening to the distance , where h $ showed in advance of ebba , and the pair baying overhauled dielytra aud ' simyha a hundred yards fiom homo , previous to which perthshire had stood still , rapidly drew up , and cylleoe won by a bead ; two lengths between second and third . value of the stakes , £4257 .
solly joel considered selling polymelus when the horse finished his racing career , but american breeder henry oxnard—who had been advised to buy polymelus by no less an authority than the senior arthur hancock of claiborne farm—chose to buy another stallion prospect and joel ended up retaining polymelus .
thunderhead was a chestnut horse ,
built more as a sprinter than a stayer
[ 1 ] with a small white star , bred in france by jean desbons . he was probably the best horse sired by merry boy who finished second in the prix eugene adam in 1941 . his dam herodiade was a great - granddaughter of the broodmare gondolette , whose other descendants included hyperion , sansovino and big game . [ 2 ] as a yearling , the colt was bought by eugène constant and sent into training with etienne pollet .
radium the greatest son of cecil was foaled in 1918 . as he matured , he began to show his exceptional ability as a stock horse . in addition to dominating campdrafting , radium was also highly successful in led classes for the best type of stock horse . during the second world war at a dungog bushman ' s carnival over twenty horses were competing in the led stock horse class . the judge selected five of these for the final judging ; radium receiving the first place with the remaining four all being his sons . just prior to the war , radium won a championship draft at kempsey on the north coast of new south wales . each time the story is told , a larger number of his progeny fill all the placings behind him . it is known though , that radium ' s sons and daughters gained the next ten placings . at age 29 , radium died in 1947 of a genital malignancy . this was the end of the life of a great horse , but only the foundation of a great line of horses , which rather than waning , is becoming even stronger .
sam loates was a small , short - legged and lightweight jockey - one of four brothers plying their trade . he rode his first winner as a 17 year old and his first of two derby winners two years later . in 1899 , the year which saw an invasion of american jockeys , he was the champion with 160 winners . that year he won the gold cup on cyllene . on retirement from the saddle sam loates trained for mr solomon joel and had charge of derby winner pommern for a time .
although many good breeding stock left australia never to return , the huge shipments did not seem to affect the horse population at home . in 1906 australia had 1 , 765 , 186 horses and in 1918 when the human census was 5 , 030 , 479 there were 2 , 527 , 149 horses .
quarters : strong powerful quarters - well - muscled and nicely rounded . wide and deep in thigh and gaskin . clean flat bone and clean joints - not meaty and soft . hind legs well under when standing . hoofs hard and straight . the whole to be in balance according to size of the horse
a three month break saw him emerge a much more mature horse . fourth over 1 400 m at turffontein won by the very useful high veldt ( gb ) horse uncle tom , elevation was back at the same track a week later to win a b division sprint . that was his prep run for scottsville ' s 1 600 m bull brand jockeys ' international . with regular pilot martin schoeman replaced by michael roberts in the draw for riders for this scottsville showpiece , elevation was never able to get to the exceptional in full flight and his american jockey fernando torro and he was beaten by a widening 5½ lengths .
re - echo ' s dam mabille ( by 1861 ascot gold vase winner parmesan ) is a full sister to cremorne , a top - flight horse who won the 1872 derby stakes and grand prix de paris and the 1873 ascot gold cup . in addition to re - echo , mabille produced eglentyne ( by
rivoli rivoli was foaled in 1919 . he was a good racehorse , winning weight for age races in sydney and melbourne and winning the 1922 ajc derby and coming second in the 1923 melbourne cup . he sired three queensland cup winners , lominga ( 1936 ) , earl rivoli ( 1940 ) and phylex ( 1951 ) . rivoli was 26 years old when he sired phylex . rivoli appears in many australian stock horse stallion pedigrees and the rivoli line is being keenly sought after . rivoli ray ( 205 ) is the main horse to have brought the name rivoli to notice . his performance in led events and success in ridden competitions has been well documented .
such is the interesting case of rose tree . she foaled a horse that was of an unplanned mating with knight errant , and was bred to a stallion that was of an unplanned mating by white knight . does the reader know of any other great race horses that resulted from unplanned matings where nature just took its course ?
pantheon pantheon was a bay horse foaled in england in 1921 and imported to australia . he raced with great success as a stayer and at weight for age . he started 9 / 4 favorite in the 1926 melbourne cup and finished third behind spearflet . he achieved fame as a sire through the deeds of many of his progeny such as hyperion , pandion , maikai , avenger , feminist and pantler , but his most famous son was peter pan . peter pan won the melbourne cup in 1932 and again in 1934 . in the stock horse field pantheon is best known through the deeds of panthom and pantler . panthom is best known as the sire of panzer .
moorefield moorefield , a brown stallion was foaled in 1889 and a racehorse won the ajc villiers stakes . it is through his son bruce and his progeny , that moorefield is noted by the australian stock horse society . bruce produced many colts who have bred on , including my bruce . his best - known son , however , was bobbie bruce .
roamer was born in 1911 , and foaled by a mare born in 1896 in great britain by the name of rose tree . rose tree , out of the 2 , 000 guineas winner bona vista ( b . 1889 ) –of which most modern race horses descend in tail male from his son cyllene– was claimed in england , but went on to win stakes races . she won the workingham h . in 1901 in england , a race that started in 1874 and is a listed race today . shipped to america in 1902 , rose tree won and placed in stakes in illinois in short lived stakes races that are now defunct .
bertie hayden had ridden the horse like a champion and said afterwards ' we were going fantastically well as we hit the front , but i kept at him as he is inclined to stop if he is not kept on the job ' . hayden had come close in previous mets : in 1969 he was second on blue marlin and in 1971 he was third on chichester .
chan chan had a wonderful temperament and was an excellent horse to ride , as are most of his progeny . throughout his twenty - six years , chan produced a number of outstanding progeny , many descendants are registered australian stock horses . chan was foaled in 1945 and developed into a handsome horse , standing just under 15 hands with two white socks almost to the hocks , half moons of white outside of both fore coronets and a star on his forehead . chan possessed an exceptional ability to pick up his feet and move backwards , as fast as he could walk forward making him superb at campdrafts . chan was put down in 1971 but his influence on the breeding of many horses and his name appears in the pedigrees of many registered australian stock horses .
his sire , bona vista , had been a classic winner of the two thousand guineas , and was an example of the popular bend or - macaroni cross which also produced such good ones as ormonde , kendal , martagon , and orvieto . however , bona vista got little else in england besides cyllene . he had been purchased by rose as a yearling . he was later sold to prince louis esterhazy to stand stud in hungary , where he did exceptionally well , leading the sire list there in 1902 - 1905 and again in 1908 . he left two daughters from his days in england : vahren , destined to become the dam of the tetrarch and rose tree , imported to america where she became the dam of american champion roamer .
* # * i ' was r * * • rucker who made the first big offer , 25 , 000g5 . for galtee more . this is disclosed by mr alison in a communication to the sportsman he writes :
the offer which i , through mr vigors , made for galtee more — viz . , 25 , 000g5 , together with 2500gs out of the ' derby stakes and a similar sum out of the leger if he won or 30 , 000gs in all— was on behalf of mr rucker , and mr gubbins wired refusing it . i do not know whether a . bigger offer than this has ever been made for a horse in training , but it was really not in any sense an ixtrvagant one , having regard to galtee more ' s engagements and his subsequent value as & stud horse . there is , of course , a risk about any investment
a few classically bred mares were imported from england to ojo de agua in 1878 , and the foundation of the stud was assured with the arrival of such celebrated stallions as cyllene and , later , congreve . in the farm ' s cemetery , where only mares who have produced winners of argentine classics are permitted to be buried , there are already more than 40 tombstones .
twelve of the 20 broodmares officially considered as the foundation mares of all argentine breeding came from this stud ,
says se√±ora victorica roca proudly . while praising her own stock , the se√±ora is just as quick to put a not - so - gentle knock on her competitors . for example , when the success of the stallions at comalal is mentioned , she stiffens immediately and says ,
i ' m against sideral , because i ' m against a horse who just produces winners . he may have 30 or more winners , but what about the classics ? i am in favor of an aristophanes , who may produce fewer winners but who produces a champion like forli . just look at aristophanes ! he has the best of all hyperion characteristics—an eye the same color as his coat , roast chestnut .
i saw cyllene , one of the grandest sires the world has ever seen , and the grand old man of his kind , not on parade , but in his box , alive and yet dead . from his grand head to his shoulders , he was unchanged from his best days , but he was little more than a pathetic ruin behind . his back has fallen into a most pronounced dip , and there was little flesh covering his skeleton . while in his box he is docile , but he has lately begun to display temper during exercise ( at the age of 28 ) ! ' take your last look at him , ' said tom murphy ( the stud manager ) , sadly enough , ' you ' ll never see him again .
commandant in the history of the australian stock horse society , queensland has produced a number of noted sires . one of the most famous sires to come from queensland was the brown stallion , commandant . it was as a sire of stock horses and particularly campdrafters , that the name commandant has become a by - word in queensland . practically all of his progeny have shown particular ability as stock horses and many of them have become outstanding camp horses .
… the race of horse at present in use in australia is not to be surpassed in the world for symmetry and endurance . it is hard to say exactly how they are bred for there have been large importations of mares from chile and peru , stallions of the pure arab breed from india , also from england and the cape of good hope . much pains have been bestowed on the breeding of these animals and the results have rightly rewarded the exertion .
perfect peach , dam of stefan the great , failed to win but to further covers by the tetrarch also produced sarchedon , a high - class juvenile whose wins included the 1919 july stakes and coventry stakes , and ishtar , also a juvenile stakes winner and second dam of the fine sprinter preciptic . perfect produce was out of 1899 coronation stakes winner fascination , whose dam charm ( by st . simon ) also produced the influential stallion captivation ( by cyllene ) and was herself a full sister to 1894 one thousand guineas and oaks stakes winner amiable . the next dam in the tail - female line , tact , was a full sister to gravity , dam of 1902 ascot gold cup winner william the third , and to 1884 cambridgeshire stakes winner florence , second dam of 1906 jockey club stakes winner beppo .
she was not seen under colors again until the following spring in the one thousand guineas , when at odds of 20 - 1 , she defeated belleisle , her conqueror in the cheveley park stakes . tagalie then finished a good second to another cyllene offspring , cylgad , in the newmarket stakes . in the derby , her next start , tagalie , ridden by johnny reiff , the jockey who had guided orby to his derby victory five years before , went right to the lead and won by an effortless four lengths from jaeger , with a highly - regarded rock sand colt named tracery , making his racing debut , in third place . this was tagalie ' s finest hour , as she finished unplaced in each of her three remaining races : the oaks , the eclipse stakes , and the st . leger .
the sport of racing generally . mr campbell . wan advised to prepare a - petition to the v . r . c . ■ on the matter , and . he mentioned that he would , be happy to do so . : — : — mr allison says that
roaring is not by any means of necessity _ _ a serious matter at ' al ! , whereas in no circumstances is it anything like such a drawback to a horse as stilty ' forelegs , calf knees , spa - vined hocks , had feet , or hereditary tendency to break blood vessels — which is the most hereditary trouble of all . clovez , the successful french sire , is by the roaring wellingtonia ( son of the roaring chattanooga ) out of princess catherine , by the roaring prince charlie , and clover was a sound , gooi racehorse .
resolute is demon * tr , itive proof that a horse may be touched in the wind and still retain his pace .
polymelus was a handsome , well - built bay horse with a long , level topline and flat croup , an exceptionally long forearm and short cannons . photographs suggest that he was sickle - hocked . he was generally at his best in the fall and also had a strong preference for newmarket ' s straight courses , which suited his extremely long stride . he suffered a severe pelvic injury in a fall during his first year at stud and required help in mounting his mares thereafter .
* # * the first of the jockey club plates , instituted by the ruling turf authority last backend , was on the card of the bath meeting in may , but it turned out a failure , as nothing could ba found to oppose count schomberg . playwright was in the paddock , but , though the second horse would have received the entrance money , hn was not sent to the post . the jockey club plate at york , a week later , fared little better , for ifc narrowly escaped another walk over . as it was , eclipse came out to oppose diuna forget , but the odde laid on the last - named were duly landed after his backers had for a moment beea uneasy as to their investments . it seems obvious , remarks a leading writer , that if these races are to serve the purpose for which they were instituted the conditions must be revised in order to prevent a few horse 3 something above the ordinary class practically farming them .
carbine born in 1885 , carbine first raced at christchurch as a two - year - old in 1887 . with that race his owner new he had something special . carbine won nine of thirteen races that season . he reached his peak as a five - year - old with ten wins from eleven starts . his greatest achievement was a melbourne cup win in 1890 with 10 stone , 5 pounds in 3 minutes and 28 1 / 4 seconds , a record time and weight from a field of thirty - nine . his overall race record was 43 starts for 33 wins , six seconds , three thirds and only one unplaced race . in 1891 after suffering a ligament injury he was sent to stud , standing for an unheard of 200 guineas . horses carrying carbine ' s bloodline and well - documented in australian stock horse pedigrees include the buzzard , spearfelt , royal commission , bois boussel and silvius . the name carbine will be recalled in the horse world for many years to come .
gibbergunyah mr . j . h . doyle bred gibbergunyah in 1922 at warrandeen station near talwood , queensland . he was bought by mr . finley and sons of thornthwaithe , scone when a two year old and broken to be used as a stock horse . his performance was excellent , so he was used for breeding when five . he was used as a sire at thornthwaite from 1927 - 1945 but had very few outside mares . one of his progeny , vivid won 23 open campdrafts for jack palmer . gibbergunyah stock became widely sought after as stock horses and polo ponies . in 1938 , the ashton brothers took some of his progeny to england and in 1939 there were 18 gibbergunyah horses playing polo in the dudley cup . gibbergunyah rates along side panzer as being one of the greatest polo sires ever seen in australia . gibbergunyah left quite a few colts , but one , which regularly appears in australian stock horse breeding , is arragundy , his last foal . arragundy was foaled in 1946 and died in 1973 .
after the derby charles engelhard ' s widow decided to cut her ties with south african racing and elevation came under the hammer for the second time in his career . dennis mosenthal and eric gallo , patrons of george azzie , went to a then national record of r42 , 000 for a sophomore in training to buy the colt . over the next few seasons this proved to be money well spent and , with the subsequent syndication of the horse for stud duties , the partnership did extremely well out of the deal .
cecil cecil was bred in 1889 at glenayre , glenrock , new south wales by mr . w . h . simpson and his brother mr . a . t . simpson . with arch simpson in the saddle , cecil won many competitions at bushmen ' s carnivals . he was rarely beaten in a campdraft and showed his superior ability in novelty events . it is said that he could be galloped into a pair of dray shafts and turn within them . cecil became so successful that , in 1913 , he was barred from the geary ' s flat bushman ' s carnival . all the best horsemen from many miles around came to compete , but none had a horse to beat cecil , so arch simpson was asked to leave his equine wonder at home . some of cecil ' s stud career was spent at cooplacurripa station , which was also the earlier home of saladin , another influential stock horse sire . cecil died at avonlea , on the barrington tops , the property of a third brother , mr . g . d . simpson .
since the death of don julio victorica roca 13 years ago , his widow has guided ojo de agua with a firm hand . an advocate of many of tesio ' s breeding theories , she still relies mostly on a set of her own rules for evaluating a horse .
conformation , soundness and pedigree are important , in that order ,
she said .
i put conformation on top because i like the look of a good horse . not only his overall structures—i also want a nice , clear eye and an attractive head . soundness comes next , because only by mating two sound animals can you expect a sound offspring . if one or the other is not sound you multiply your chances of producing an unsound foal . this brings us to pedigree . it is very , very important , yes , but if the horses with the best pedigrees in the world have poor conformation or are unsound , i want nothing to do with them . in other words , i want the best horses , and if they aren ' t the best i don ' t want them .
mcgee was sired by a horse named “white knight . ” white knight , born in 1895 , never raced , although his sire , sir hugo did win the epson derby . while sir hugo did win the derby , the thoroughbred record , a weekly journal that was $ 3 . 00 a year or 10 cents for a single copy , in a jan . 13 , 1923 article comparing mcgee and wrack to american bred studs , went to great lengths to enumerate sir hugo’s failure at stud listing the dismissal performances , crop - by - crop for every year .
arturo bullrich , leading sales executive who supervises the auctioning of the majority of horses foaled in argentina each year , sees a bright future for the argentine horse , especially in the american market .
the more the u . s . goes to distance racing and to grass racing ,
he says ,
the more interested its people will be in our product , for it is a product of a perfect climate and of a land rich in minerals .
breeder julio menditeguy and his brother carlos , both former 10 - goal polo players , agree . they carry 150 mares and five stallions at their haras el turf , some 80 miles from buenos aires , and brought the stallion arturo a . to the u . s . to be syndicated by leslie combs .
it seems ,
says julio ,
that in the u . s . you breed mostly for speed because you want a quick return . here we breed to stay , and our staying blood comes from english classic winners going many generations back . but there is no reason why a cross between your u . s . speed and our staying power should not produce an ideal horse .
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says of bobadil : he may , not be the gamest horse we have ever seen , but he is certainly the most , brilliant , in any opinion — carbine and newhaven not excepted . his pace is marvellous , yet he seems to be going at an easy gait all the time . — since about 1891 , when h . j . morrison first started his »citreer as a jockey , the nov ^ leading horseman of st . albans has ridden 64 winners , 28 seconds , and 30 thirds out of a total of 299 mounts . the sum won by his mounts totals over £24 , 000 .
sword dancer then ran third in the woolavington cup which was won by sentinel and , conceding 5 half kg , was placed second to special guest in the clairwood winter handicap . as a 4 - year - old he ran second by a head in the transvaal champion stakes to sentinel , ran fourth in the 1973 holiday inns and fourth in the 1974 benson and hedges metropolitan handicap . this was quite one of the most dramatic finishes in the history of the race with the first four horses within a neck of each other as they crossed the line . the winner was mr j . schimmel ' s yataghan a neck from the flying chief scout owned by mr b . futeran , who was in turn a short head from mr j . horowitz ' s aegean with sword dancer a long head behind . sword dancer then won the 114th renewal of the queen ' s plate , his last victory as a 4 - year - old . by the time this horse that had only cost r2 , 500 as a yearling retired to stud , he had won 10½ races and over r101 , 000 in stakes . he had won over distances from 1000 metres to 2400 metres and in his last win as a 6 - year - old he carried the welter weight of 62kg , conceding the second horse 13kg . '
his pedigree was impeccable : he was out of the hampton mare maid marian , a half - sister to memoir , winner of the oaks and st . leger and to la fleche , winner of the one thousand guineas , oaks , st . leger , and ascot gold cup . maid marian herself could not win , but as a broodmare she did well . in addition to polymelus , she was the dam of the galopin horse grafton , who was unraced , but became a leading sire in australia , and of ercildoune , by kendal , a winner of the duke of york stakes . polymelus was given an ardous racing campaign . he won 11 of 31 races , and captured some prestigious events , including the rous memorial stakes and richmond stakes at two , the gatwick stakes and duke of york stakes and durham produce plate at three , and the cambridgeshire handicap , duke of york stakes , princess of wales stakes , and champion stakes at four . he finished fifth to cicero , llangibby , and signorino in the newmarket stakes , second to oaks heroine cherry lass in the st . james palace stakes , second to challacombe in the st . leger , and second to st . amant in the jockey club stakes . his record was one of a very good horse , just a notch below the very best runners of his day .
george azzie was in no hurry with elevation . he allowed the colt plenty of time to grow into himself and stepped him out for the first time as a juvenile on 6 april 1971 . he had obviously shown ability on the training track and started a 2 / 1 favourite over the gosforth park 1 000 m . in heavy going he had to be content with third place , some 5½ lengths behind last laugh , but , in view of the winner ' s subsequent efforts , it was not a bad run . although disappointed after the race , george azzie was heard to remark :
we were beaten today , but mark my words , this is a good horse .
thanks @ marepower for taking the time in finding the missing information ( rockfel ' s cause of death and rockefella ' s win records ) ! i greatly appreciate it ! it ' s too bad rockfel was only able to have one foal . . . but relieved to hear her death wasn ' t due to foaling rockefella and that they were able to spend time as mama and baby until he was weaned . it ' s sad that the horse ' s digestive system can so delicate that even rolling in the grass or romping in the paddock could affect their internal systems . . . not saying of course , that was the cause of rockfel ' s fatal twisted gut . thanks again for sharing this info ! ❤
* * * about the end of last year mr mat d & wson insured his young minting mare vinery for £1700 through the international horse agency and exchange for six months . she 4rm in fosl to kilwarlin , and was to visit st . simon . she foaled all right , and was up to then as well as possible , and she was duly put to the horse ; but she wa» presently found to % iave contracted some wasting disease — consutnption of the abdominal viscera , together in all probability with some internal growth — and , becoming quite unable to digest food , developed blood poisoning and fell right away to the merest skeleton . mr d * wson bad her brought away from welbeck and consigned to the care of mr b . h . leach , of newmarket , with instructions to keep her alive , if possible , till the expiration of the insurance term . she reached mr leach ' s place on may 6 , tnd , despite all he could do for her , gob rapidly worse ; indeed , at he said , had she not been a blood one she would have died within a day or two , and it is quite certain that if she had ever got down bhe could never have got up again . she was in acute and constant pain , and though the insurance had little more than a fortnight to run , the underwriter * , on certificates from mr leach and mr george burrow that she ought , as a matter of humanity , to be destroyed ,


amoria praetexta , common name the pretext volute , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family volutidae , the volutes .

amoria praetexta

volutidae » amoria praetexta , id : 394324 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
volutidae » amoria praetexta , id : 545669 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
( of amoria ( amoria ) praetexta ( reeve , 1849 ) ) bail p . & limpus a . ( 2001 ) the genus amoria . in : g . t . poppe & k . groh ( eds ) a conchological iconography . hackenheim : conchbooks . 50 pp . , 93 pls . [ details ]
the largest species amoria hunteri reaches over 200 mm in length . the smallest species is probably amoria dampieria frequently around 20 mm .
many subspecific names have been created in the genus amoria to distinguish colour variations in the shells of the species .
the first amoria appear in the eocene and late miocene from victoria . judging from anatomical features , amoria are close to the genus cymbiola from which they descended in the tertiary . cymbiola are related to tethyan species of the late miocene of indonesia , java .
( of amoria turneri cumingii gray , 1864 ) bail p . & limpus a . ( 2001 ) the genus amoria . in : g . t . poppe & k . groh ( eds ) a conchological iconography . hackenheim : conchbooks . 50 pp . , 93 pls . [ details ]
amoria are nocturnal and predate on other gastropods and on bivalves . they generally inhabit areas with well sorted coarse sand . some amoria species have been noted to bite people when they are handled . the bite is followed by a mild sting , but no long - term effects have been noted .
( of amoria turneri cumingii gray , 1864 ) gray j . e . ( 1864 ) some observations on the genus amoria , with descriptions of some varieties . annals and magazine of natural history ser . 3 , 14 : 236–237 . [ 1 september 1864 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 237 [ details ]
n . h . ludbrook ( 1953 ) , systematic revision of the volutidid genus amoria , j . mollus . stud . 30 ( 4 - 5 ) : 131 - 153 .
gatliff , j . h . 1908 ,
description of voluta ( amoria ) spenceriana sp . nov . from north queensland .
, victorian naturalist , vol . 25 , no . 5 , pp . 84 - 85
gray , j . e . 1864 ,
some observations on the genus amoria with descriptions of some new varieties .
, annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 3 , vol . 14 , pp . 236 - 237
bail p . & limpus a . ( 2001 ) the genus amoria . in : g . t . poppe & k . groh ( eds ) a conchological iconography . hackenheim : conchbooks . 50 pp . , 93 pls . [ details ]
amoria are found in onshore and offshore waters around the entire coast of australia . several species extend into offshore waters of southern indonesia . the highest areas of diversity are in the intertidal and shallow subtidal waters of northern western australia followed by the subtidal waters around the great barrier reef in queensland .
bail p . & limpus a . ( 2001 ) the genus < i > amoria < / i > . in : g . t . poppe & k . groh ( eds ) < i > a conchological iconography < / i > . hackenheim : conchbooks . 50 pp . , 93 pls .
bail , p . , limpus , a . & poppe , g . t . ( 2001 ) : the genus amoria . in : poppe , g . t . & groh , k . : a conchological iconography . 50 pp . , 93 plts . conchbooks , hackenheim , isbn 3 - 925919 - 46 - 5 .
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
gem - 47 . 2mm . beautiful intricate tenting patterns & a very uncommon & difficult species to obtain today ! onslow , nth western australia . xl
enjoy browsing through these pages for a variety of select quality specimen seashells , i hope you find something interesting . . .
gem - 44 . 4mm . beautiful intricate tenting patterns & a very uncommon & difficult species to obtain today ! onslow , nth western australia .
gem 41 . 7mm . beautiful intricate tenting patterns & a very uncommon & difficult species to obtain today ! onslow , nth western australia .
f + + + / gem 41 . 2mm . beautiful intricate tenting patterns & a very uncommon & difficult species to obtain today ! onslow , nth western australia .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
radula uniserial , y - shaped and consisting of a single cusp . shells covered with hard brilliant glaze
depth range based on 91 specimens in 20 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 51 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 220 temperature range ( °c ) : - 1 . 657 - 26 . 891 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 120 - 6 . 808 salinity ( pps ) : 25 . 321 - 35 . 493 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 858 - 9 . 192 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 119 - 0 . 640 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 067 - 26 . 537 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 220 temperature range ( °c ) : - 1 . 657 - 26 . 891 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 120 - 6 . 808 salinity ( pps ) : 25 . 321 - 35 . 493 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 858 - 9 . 192 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 119 - 0 . 640 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 067 - 26 . 537 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
is variable , the base colour is white , yellow or pink with varying degrees or brown axial lines forming a pattern over the base colour . axial lines may be free or may reticulate to form a tented pattern .
wilson , b . ( 1994 ) : australian marine shells 2 . odyssey publishing , kallaroo , western australia , isbn 0 - 646 - 15227 - 0 .
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reeve , l . a . 1849 ,
monograph of the genus voluta
, ed . reeve , l . a . ( ed ) , conchologia iconica , vol . vol . 6 , pp . pls 1 - 22 , l . reeve & co . , london
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 06307bbf - 0624 - 4b5b - 98df - ea64d9c91881
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a5505276 - 8c37 - 49cf - a060 - ef79bd0a511a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0c6a0536 - d68e - 45b8 - 9a7b - d17587177551
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 523439
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wells , f . e . 1993 ,
part 4 molluscs of ashmore reef and cartier island
, vol . supplement no . 44 , pp . pp . 25 - 45
hedley , c . 1910 ,
the marine fauna of queensland
, australasian association for the advancement of science , vol . 12 , pp . 329 - 371
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02220772 - 5773 - 45e9 - a9c0 - 0179ef182193
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 32b05b64 - cca0 - 423d - 94ce - 80a1a246e587
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7d5043e2 - 150d - 48c4 - ada8 - abe7145bbaef
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 524222
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diversity and distribution of subtidal benthic molluscs from the dampier archipelago , western australia ; results of the 1999 dredge survey ( da2 / 99 ) john d . taylor and emily a . glover
a survey of the benthic molluscs of the dampier archipelago , western australia shirley m . slack - smith and clay w . bryce


rhizodonts ( order rhizodontida ) are an extinct group of predatory tetrapodomorph fishes known from many areas of the world from the givetian through to the pennsylvanian - the earliest known species is about 377 million years ago ( mya ) , the latest around 310 mya .

rhizodonts lived in tropical rivers and freshwater lakes and were the dominant predators of their age .

they reached huge sizes - the largest known species , rhizodus hibberti from europe and north america , was an estimated 7 m in length , making it the largest freshwater fish known .

rhizodontida

description : teeth of a predatory , fresh water lobe - finned fish ( sarcopterygii : rhizodontida ) .
jeffery , j . e . , 2006 : the carboniferous fish genera strepsodus and archichthys ( sarcopterygii : rhizodontida ) : clarifying 150 years of confusion . –palaeontology : vol . 49 , # 1 , pp . 113 - 132
h . chowi is a rhizodont and subsequently , the order rhizodontida are more closely related to the tetrapods and the elpistostegalia ( panderichthyida ) than previously thought . if this is the case , it suggests that there was a certain amount of independent evolution of similar features , because in a phylogenetic analysis , the rhizodontida would be nested between two groups ( tetrapods and the elpistostegalia / panderichthyida ) which share many characteristics , which brings into sharp focus the idea that these two groups had to evolve similar features independently .
parker , k . , warren , a . a . & johanson , z . , 2005 : strepsodus ( rhizodontida , sarcopterygii ) pectoral elements from the lower carboniferous ducabrook formation , queensland , australia . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 25 , # 1 , pp . 46 - 62
gnathostome genus level diversity curves for the givetian to serpukhovian ( n = 1 , 018 ) ( si appendix ) . tetrapoda is defined here as all taxa closer to crown tetrapoda than rhizodontida based on the tree in the article by coates et al . ( 31 ) . this includes elpistostegalians . all other sarcopterygians are referred to sarcopterygii .
the rhizodontida ( pisces : sarcopterygii ) is a clade of predatory fishes from the upper devonian ( aztecia ; ? givetian of antarctica ) through to the upper carboniferous ( strepsodus ; moscovian of northern europe and north america ) . they form the most basal plesion within the tetrapod stem - lineage . the mandibles were dominated by large symphysial tusks on the dentary . not much else is known of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
the rhizodontida are an extinct order of large , predatory , lobe - fanned fishes , found world - wide in devonian and carboniferous freshwater deposits . they are thought to be basal members of the tetrapod lineage . in this paper the pectoral fin skeleton of rhizodus hibberti , a derived member of the group , is described in detail for the first time . it shows that muscular processes of the humerus . . . [ show full abstract ]
the rhizodontida are an extinct order of large , predatory , lobe - finned fishes , found world - wide in devonian and carboniferous freshwater deposits . they are thought to be basal members of the tetrapod lineage . in this paper the pectoral fin skeleton of rhizodus hibberti , a derived member of the group , is described in detail for the first time . it shows that muscular processes of the humerus . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the reasons for this are not very hard to imagine . the devonian and carboniferous rhizodontida were very large sarcopterygian fishes ( up to 8 m long ) that are now considered to be basal tetrapodomorphs ( ahlberg and johanson , 1998 ; jeffery , 2001 jeffery , , 2006 ) . their anatomy and physiology are perhaps the mostly poorly understood of any lobe - finned group , as they are mostly known from fragmentary fossils ( johanson and ahlberg , 1998 ; brazeau and parker , 2004 ) . . . .
a , strict consensus of 74 trees at 330 steps . b , the 50 % majority - rule consensus of 312 trees at 331 steps that show elpistostegids and tetrapods in their conventional position near tristichopterids . numbers at the nodes indicate percentage of trees containing that node . nodes without numbers were recovered in all trees . c , maximum clade credibility tree from the bayesian analysis . values associated with the nodes indicate the frequency with which those bipartitions occur among sampled trees . d , e , comparison of the strict consensus trees presented here ( d ) and in ref . 2 ( e ) . in e , the shift of the elpistostegid–tetrapod clade from the recovered position to the position sister to the rhizodontida will yield the tree typology resembling the one presented in d .
despite its important role in the study of the evolution of tetrapods , the hyomandibular bone ( the homologue of the stapes in crown - group tetrapods ) is known for only a few of the fish - like members of the tetrapod stem - group . the best - known example , that of the tristichopterid eusthenopteron , has been used as an exemplar of fish - like stem - tetrapod hyomandibula morphology , but in truth the conditions at the base of the tetrapod radiation remain obscure . we report , here , four hyomandibulae , from three separate localities , which are referable to the rhizodontida , the most basal clade of stem - tetrapods . these specimens share a number of characteristics , and are appreciably different from the small number of hyomandibulae reported for other fishlike stem - tetrapods . while it is unclear if these characteristics represent synapomorphies or symplesiomorphies , they highlight the morphological diversity of hyomandibulae within the early evolution of the tetrapod total - group . well - preserved muscle scarring on some of these hyomandibulae permit more robust inferences of hyoid arch musculature in stem - tetrapods .
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young , long & ritchie , 1992 ; l . dev . aust . [ treated as
johanson & ahlberg , 2001 ; e . carb . ant . | ` - - o †
ahlberg , p . e . & johanson , z . 1998 : osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods . –nature : vol . 395 , 22 october , pp . 792 - 794
blom , h . , clack , j . a . , ahlberg , p . e . & friedman , m . , 2007 : devonian vertebrates from east greenland : a review of faunal composition and distribution . –geodiversitas : vol . 29 , # 1 , pp . 119 - 141
brazeau , m . d . , 2005 : a new genus of rhizodontid ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from the lower carboniferous horton bluff formation of nova scotia , and the evolution of the lower jaws in this group . –canadian journal of earth sciencies : vol . 42 , # 8 , pp . 1481 - 1499
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
davis , m . c . , shubin , n . h . & daeschler , e . b . , 2004 : a new specimen of sauripterus taylori ( sarcopterygii , osteichthyes ) from the famennian catskill formation of north america . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 24 , # 1 , pp . 26 - 40
frickhinger , k . a . , 1995 : fossil atlas – fishes . –mergus – publishers for natural history and pet books , hans a . baensch , malle , germany , 1 - 1088
garvey , j . m . , johanson , z . & warren , a . a . , 2005 : redescription of the pectoral fin and vertebral column of the rhizodontid fish barameda decipiens from the lower carboniferous of australia . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 25 , # 1 , pp . 8 - 18
long , j . a . , 1989 : a new rhizodontiform fish from the early carboniferous of victoria , australia , with remarks on the phylogenetic position of the group . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 9 , # 1 , pp . 1 - 17
long , j . a . , 1995 : the rise of fishes : 500 million years of evolution . –johns hopkins university press , baltimore & london , pp . 1 - 223
johanson , z . & ahlberg , p . e . , 1998 : a complete primitive rhizodont from australia . –nature : vol . 394 , 6 august , pp . 569 - 573
young , g . c . , long , j . a . & ritchie , a . , 1992 : crossopterygian fishes from the devonian of antarctica : systematics , relationships and biogeographic signifcance . –records of the australian museum : supplement 14 , pp . 1 - 77 [ doi : 10 . 3853 / j . 0812 - 7387 . 14 . 1992 . 90 ]
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( zool . ) a reptile whose teeth are rooted in sockets , as the crocodile .
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it´s a fictional species in an alternate triassic period , so in the alternate universe´s present day it would be extinct , yes .
use a mammal - like reptile , nobody has used that despite this being a
no permian mass extinction
competition but i think parasky´s meganeura descendant or mitchbeard´s pachyodoben will win .
a meganeura descendant ? the ultimate aerial predator ? modern dragonflies have a 95 % hit rate .
uppsala university , disciplinary domain of science and technology , biology , department of physiology and developmental biology , evolutionary organism biology .
gnathostomes , or jawed vertebrates , make up the overwhelming majority of modern vertebrate diversity . among living vertebrates , they comprise the chondrichthyans ( “cartilaginous fishes” such as sharks , skates , rays , chimaeras ) and the osteichthyans ( “bony fishes” or bony vertebrates , inclusive of tetrapods ) . gnathostomes appear to have originated in the early palaeozoic era , but their early fossil record is fairly scant . the best fossils appear first in the late silurian and devonian periods . much of gnathostome diversity owes to unique adaptations in the internal skeleton of their head ( the endocranium ) . the endocranium is composed of the braincase , jaws , hyoid arch , and branchial arches , which sometimes fossilise when they are composed of bone or calcified cartilage .
the purpose of this thesis is to describe and compare the fossilised cranial endoskeletons of a variety of different palaeozoic gnathostomes . the objective is to test current conceptions of gnathostome interrelationships ( i . e . phylogeny ) and infer aspects of key morphological transformations that took place during the evolution of palaeozoic members of this group . two key areas are examined : the morphology and interrelationships of palaeozoic gnathostomes and the morphology of the visceral arches in sarcopterygian fishes .
new data on the visceral arches are described from the stem tetrapods panderichthys and rhizodontids . these provide insight into the sequence of character acquisition leading to the tetrapod middle ear . panderichthys shows key features of the tetrapod middle ear chamber were established prior to the origin fo digited limbs . new morphological data are described from the “acanthodian” fish ptomacanthus . ptomacanthus provides only the second example of a well - preserved braincase from any member of this group . it shows dramatic differences from that of its counterpart , acanthodes , providing new evidence for acanthodian paraphyly . new interpretations of basal gnathostome and osteichthyan phylogeny are presented , challenging or enriching existing views of these problems .
uppsala university , disciplinary domain of science and technology , earth sciences , department of earth sciences , palaeobiology , palaeontology group .
journal of morphology ( 1931 . print ) , issn 0362 - 2525 , e - issn 1097 - 4687 , vol . 269 , no 6 , p . 654 - 665
journal of vertebrate paleontology , issn 0272 - 4634 , e - issn 1937 - 2809 , vol . 30 , no 1 , p . 36 - 56
the earliest actinoptergyii ( ray - finned fishes ) and sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fishes ) have been studied intensely , and a consistent picture of interrelationships has begun to emerge for the latter . in contrast , there has been minimal documentation of the pattern of character acquisition leading to the osteichthyan crown . we review the synapomorphies proposed for various levels within osteichthyan phylogeny ( total group ; acanthodes + crown group ; crown group ; sarcoptergyii ; actinopterygii ) , confirming some , rejecting others , and making new additions . this distribution of characters is used to interpret the placement of problematic siluro - devonian genera traditionally assigned to actinopterygii , and suggests these taxa are stem osteichthyans . earlier placements of these forms within the crown are symptomatic of taxonomies based on unpolarized similarities rather than synapomorphies .
nature , issn 0028 - 0836 , e - issn 1476 - 4687 , vol . 457 , no 7227 , p . 305 - 308
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areas of phylogenetic instability among basal sarcopterygians are investigated using bootstrap ; selective addition and deletion of taxa ; nodal recoding and successive weighting . four major relationship problems among sarcopterygians are recognized : ( 1 ) the position of the actinistia and the onychodontida ; ( 2 ) the position and composition of the dipnoiformes ; ( 3 ) the phylogenetic status of the “osteolepiforms” ; and ( 4 ) the phylogenetic status of the elpistostegalia . interrelationships among higher groups of sarcopterygians are fairly well - corroborated but the resolution at lower taxonomic levels is still poorly understood .
les domaines d ' instabilité phylogénétique entre les sarcoptérygiens basaux sont étudiés en utilisant différentes techniques : bootstrap ; addition et délétion sélective de taxons ; le recodage à partir d ' espèces souches et la pondération successive . quatre problèmes majeurs de liens de parenté au sein des sarcoptérygiens sont identifiés : ( 1 ) la position des actinistia et des onychodontida ; ( 2 ) la position et le contenu des dipnoiformes ; ( 3 ) le statut phylogénétique des “ostéolépiformes” et ( 4 ) le statut phylogénétique des elpistostegalia . les liens de parenté entre les grands groupes de sarcoptérygiens sont bien corroborés alors que la résolution phylogénétique aux niveaux taxonomiques inférieurs est insuffisante .
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redpath museum , mcgill university , 859 sherbrooke st . w . , montreal , qc h3a 2k6 , canada ( e - mail :
current address : department of evolutionary organismal biology , evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university , norbyvägen 18a , se - 752 36 uppsala , sweden .
canadian journal of earth sciences ( 2005 ) 42 ( 8 ) : 1481 - 1499 .
martin d . brazeau ; a new genus of rhizodontid ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from the lower carboniferous horton bluff formation of nova scotia , and the evolution of the lower jaws in this group . canadian journal of earth sciences ; 42 ( 8 ) : 1481–1499 . doi : urltoken
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international geoscience programme ( igcp ) contribution 491 , middle palaeozoic vertebrate biogeography , palaeogeography , and climate .
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. . . e . , andrews , 1972 ; clack , 2002a ) , a cautious approach needs to be employed before diagnosing the material from blue beach . with the discovery of better known rhizodonts in the last 15 years ( clack , 2002a ; daeschler and shubin , 1998 ; garvey et al . , 2005 ; jeffery , 2001 jeffery , , 2003 jeffery , , 2006 johanson , 2005 ; johanson and ahlberg , 1998 , 2001 ; johanson et al . , 2000 ; long and ahlberg , 1999 ; parker et al . , 2005 ; vorobyeva , 2000 ) , our understanding of their anatomy has so improved that identification of a large portion of the blue beach rhizodont bone material is now feasible . in particular , jeffery ( 2006 ) expelled numerous localities and species and sorted out over 150 years of nomenclatural confusion surrounding strepsodus , thereby clearing the way for rhizodont research . . . .
. . . the oldest undisputed lysorophian specimens come from newsham ( boyd , 1980 ; wellstead , 1991 ) , date from the westphalian b ( equivalent to the late bashkirian , the oldest stage of the late carboniferous ) , and are only slightly older than the oldest known dissorophoids . this locality is not as well known as mazon creek , but it is universally considered to be older ( wellstead , 1991 ; turner et al . , 2005 ; jeffery , 2006 ) . lysorophians have even been reported from localities older than newsham , such as jarrow , that date from lower in the westphalian b , but the specimens are poorly preserved and only tentatively attributed to lysorophia ( boyd , 1980 ; wellstead , 1991 : 71 ) , so we will ignore them for the purposes of this study . . . .
marjanović d . & laurin m . — fossils , molecules , divergence times , and the origin of issamphibians . systematic biology
. . . screbinodus ornatus from the lower carboniferous of scotland was originally described as a species of rhizodus ( traquair , 1878 ) until andrews ( 1985 ) erected the genus screbinodus , based on coarser dermal bone ornament , smaller size , and differences in the pectoral girdle and skull of ' rhizodus ' ornatus . numerous species of rhizodus owen , 1840 have been described from the lower carboniferous of scotland but jeffery ( 2006 ) rejected all except r . hibberti . material attributed to r . hibberti includes mandibular elements , teeth , and postcranial material consisting of vertebrae , pectoral girdle , and fin ( owen , 1840 ; andrews and westoll , 1970a ; jeffery 2001 jeffery , 2003 ) . . . .
. . . e united kingdom ( e . g . binney , 1841 ) , north america ( dawson , 1868 ; godfrey , 1989a ) and australia ( parker et al . , 2005 ) . taxonomic uncertainty surrounding the status of strepsodus arose from loss of the holotype , ill - defined autapomorphies , and description of numerous dubious species , prompting jeffery ( 2006 ) to allocate a neotype for s . sauroides . jeffery ( 2006 ) determined that all species of strepsodus , except possibly s . hardingi from the horton bluff formation of nova scotia ( dawson , 1868 ; ) , belong to s . sauroides . included in s . sauroides is the most complete and smallest rhizodontid , s . anculonamensis ( andrews , 1985 ) , which may be a juvenile specimen ( jeffery , 2006 ) . upper devonian rhizodo . . .
. . . jeffery ( 2006 ) determined that all species of strepsodus , except possibly s . hardingi from the horton bluff formation of nova scotia ( dawson , 1868 ; ) , belong to s . sauroides . included in s . sauroides is the most complete and smallest rhizodontid , s . anculonamensis ( andrews , 1985 ) , which may be a juvenile specimen ( jeffery , 2006 ) . upper devonian rhizodontid material previously assigned to strepsodus from turkey ( janvier et al . , 1984 ) and colombia ( janvier and villarroel , 2000 ) have been removed from strepsodus ( jeffery , 2001jeffery , , 2003 ) . . . .
. . . one obvious candidate is
gyracanthus
incurvus from the lower devonian of canada . ultimately , a variety of outgroups may be used , in combination and singly , with the johanson and ahlberg , 2001 ; jeffery , 2003 ; davis et al . , 2004 ; brazeau , 2005 ; parker et al . , 2005 ; jeffery , 2006 ) . in a way , this is a delayed reaction to the ambiguity that has characterized the group throughout much of its scientific existence ( andrews , 1985 ) . . . .
. . . it is easily crushed as it is hollow in the interior . in the syntype fmnh pf 13555 , the dentary extends buccal from the anterior tusk ( sensu jeffery , 2006 ) before curving lingual ( fig . 25 , 26 ) . in referred specimen fmnh pf 15274 , the anterior of the dentary is angled relative to the tooth row yet curved comparably in the dorsal half ( fig . 32 ) . . . .
. . . the tusks are ornamented with fine , somewhat reticulated grooves where preserved . note that this is similar to the condition in archichthys ( jeffery , 2006 ) ; but it is more accurate in ( brazeau , 2005 ) there is no evidence for marginal teeth buccal to the tusks . all the teeth curve lingual and posterior along their length , though the distal tips of the tusks may double - backward , forming a sigmoid shape ( see also fig . . . .
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fig . 5 : phylogenetic position of hongyu chowi gen . et sp . nov .
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histogram of species - level faunal composition for 66 well - sampled macrofossil localities ( n = 1 , 267 ) ( dataset s1 ) . localities are arranged temporally , although some are concurrent . restricted intervals used in some analyses are noted above the time scale . end - devonian sites are from formations conformable to hangenberg sediments and are treated as contemporaneous . the hangenberg and kellwasser events are represented by black lines at the relevant stage boundaries .
faunal comparison using cca of the later devonian and mississippian sites and taxa . data were not grouped a priori by either stage or environment . ( a ) ordination of sites along the first two correspondence axes based on raw diversity of taxa ( n = 66 ) . polygon colors adhere to the rgb color code of the commission for the geological map of the world . ( b ) ordination of taxonomic groups ( n = 22 ) and representation of gradients determining placement of sites along the axes . the first correspondence axis represents a temporal gradient between the devonian and mississippian , whereas the second axis corresponds to relative salinity .
faunal comparisons . ( a ) nmds for all sites based on raw diversity and bray–curtis distances ( n = 66 ) . ( b ) fa plot for all sites based on raw diversity ( n = 66 ) . factor 1 ( 39 . 68 % of variance ) is positively correlated with the devonian nonmarine fauna presented in the cca results ( fig . 2 b and si appendix ) . factor 2 ( 22 . 10 % of variance ) is negatively correlated with members of mississippian fauna ( si appendix ) . ( c ) nmds of frasnian and famennian sites based on relative diversity and bray–curtis distance ( n = 32 ) . ( d ) nmds of famennian and tournaisian - viséan sites based on relative diversity and bray–curtis distance ( n = 34 ) .
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researchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .
a survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .
a study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .
the mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .
the invasion of the land by vertebrates , the evolution of the first four - legged land animals ( tetrapods ) , in the late devonian is regarded as one of the most significant periods in the history of the chordates . palaeontologists think that the first land animals with backbones , evolved from a type of lobe - finned fish belonging to the class sarcopterygii . numerous fossils of sarcopterygians , including several types of transitional forms have been discovered from eusthenopteron to panderichthys , through to tiktaalik and onwards to the stem tetrapods acanthostega and ichthyostega scientists have been able to piece together the evolutionary development of limbs and other terrestrial adaptations… or have they ?
a fossil from the upper devonian deposits of the zhongning formation in the ningxia hui autonomous region of central china just might have caused a few palaeontologists to take a step backwards . the newly described hongyu chowi shows a combination of anatomical traits , some of which are found in more basal members of the sarcopterygii , whilst other characteristics show an affinity to that group of sarcopterygians that are believed to have been ancestral to the tetrapods . this mix of anatomical features makes it difficult for scientists to place hongyu chowi in the fishy family tree .
an illustration of hongyu chowi . this devonian fish is believed to have been an ambush predator .
the picture above shows the 1 . 5 metre - long hongyu chowi ambushing a group of placoderms ( antiarchs ) . writing in the academic journal “nature ecology & evolution” , the researchers which include scientists from the institute of vertebrate palaeontology and palaeoanthropology ( ivpp ) , and uppsala university ( sweden ) , describe hongyu as a predator . it probably hunted in a similar way to extant wobbegong sharks ( orectolobus maculatus ) . these sharks , sometimes referred to as carpet sharks , lie on the bottom and wait for small fish to come near them before they rapidly spring up and try to grab the startled fish in their over - sized mouths .
the fossil material dates from approximately 370 million years ago , a time when the first tetrapods were evolving . hongyu chowi looks like a rhizodontid fish , a group of basal sarcopterygians that are thought to have branched - off from the lobe - finned lineage of sarcopterygians that led to the first land vertebrates . however , it has the same shoulders and gill cover supports seen in the elpistostegalia ( otherwise known as the panderichthyida ) , an order of sarcopterygians that led to the tetrapodomorpha , fish that had limbs capable of supporting them on land .
the discovery of hongyu chowi is certainly a “curve ball” when it comes to understanding the evolution of land living vertebrates . the fossil find implies one of two things :
h . chowi is a rhizodont that independently evolved the similar body characteristics to other distantly related sarcopterygians making this fish an example of convergent evolution ( unrelated animals develop in similar ways as they are exploiting similar niches or resources , such as the evolution of wings in both birds and bats ) .
“the find confirms an earlier suspicion that there was independent or parallel evolution between the rhizodonts , the elpistostegids and the first four - legged animals . it has been a recurrent theme in the field . ”
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rhizodus is a rhizodontid rhizodontid lobe - finned bony fish from the mississippian - pennsylvanian of the united kingdom and ireland . it was named in 1836 by ramsay h . traquair . it was the biggest lobe - finned fish to exist , as well as one of the last non - tetrapod tetrapodomorphs to exist .
rhizodus had the generic lobe - finned fish body plan ; a coelacanth - like body plan with a bulky body , fleshy , lobe - like fins , and a big head with semi - small jaws . however , it had a few major differences ; for example , its head was shorter than those of other tetrapodomorph fish , and it had sharp , fang - like teeth in the front of its mouth . its body would have been covered in scaly skin .
rhizodus was a predator , preying on amphibians , sharks , and smaller lobe - finned fish . unlike the small teeth of other lobe - finned fish , its teeth were big and fang - like , and were used to tear the flesh of its prey .
rhizodus lived in freshwater lakes , rivers , and swamps , swimming through the waters in search of prey . unlike other lobe - finned fish , which had small teeth and swallowed their prey whole , it had huge , fang - like teeth in the front of its mouth , followed by teeth that gradually got smaller in size . those teeth were used to tear flesh , as well as to rip prey into pieces small enough to eat . aside from swimming up to prey and tearing it apart , rhizodus would have used its strong and sturdy fins to crawl out of the water to catch escaping amphibians , as well as to slide into the lakes and catch its prey by surprise .
rhizodus was featured in a special episode of the documentary river monsters , appearing alongside xenacanthus , xiphactinus , leedsichthys , megapiranha , helicoprion , and dunkleosteus as candidates for the most terrifying prehistoric river dweller . out of all the possible candidates , jeremy wade , the scientist behind the show , selects it as the winner due to its freshwater habitat , immense size , power , ferocity , and deadly bite .
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