mulinia coloradoensis is the junior synonym of mulinia modesta , a species of clam endemic to the northern and central gulf of california .

the clam is known to live in both brackish and fully marine habitats .

it is a shallow-water filter feeder that prefers mud-sand bottoms .

mulinia coloradoensis

effects of upstream diversion of river water on the estuarine bivalve mollusc mulinia coloradoensis .
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an invited contribution to the special feature ‘biology of extinction : inferring events , patterns and processes’ .
] and thus complement other types of data used to assess extinctions and extinction risks . while real - time instrumental records are the highest precision records and quantitative ecological research is best able to test mechanisms , their temporal scope is inadequate ( [
) and unlike written historical and midden records , palaeoecological research only correlates ecological changes with changing human activities . ecological studies can take advantage of real - time instrument records and experimental manipulations to enable mechanistic understandings of ecological changes . consequently , quantifying anthropogenic impacts necessitates a holistic approach—a synthesis of ecological , historical , archaeological and palaeoecological data—that provides more realistic assessments of anthropogenic changes and modern extinction risks (
) . only then can we separate extinctions due to human impacts from those likely driven by natural causes . of note , deep - time palaeobiological studies are becoming increasingly relevant for assessing current extinction risks ( e . g . [
] ) . however , such studies represent macroevolutionary approaches fundamentally different from those discussed here . near recent palaeoecological records are particularly valuable as they typically contain extant , albeit locally or regionally extirpated , species in an essentially modern geographical and environmental context .
) , these represent substantial increases in anthropogenic pressures exerted on biological populations ( e . g . [
] ) . here we outline opportunities afforded by recent palaeoecological data ( i . e . surficial death assemblages and buried late quaternary sedimentary records ) when assessing extinction risk in the context of human cultural development . we also outline some of the challenges in using these records for assessing extinction risk .
surficial accumulations of biomineralized skeletal material , or death assemblages , represent globally available historical records of marine communities . these death assemblages yield demographic and ecological data somewhat analogous to human graveyards , including a comparable suite of biases . naturally occurring death assemblages typically contain skeletal material produced over decadal to millennial timescales [ 7 ] . the composition of a death assemblage reflects the live community that produced it and provides strong evidence of species occurrence and abundance [ 5 , 7 ] . when death assemblages and living assemblages disagree , the cause is often attributed to recent anthropogenic change in the living community [ 5 , 7 ] , although this requires the death assemblage to pre - date the change in the living community [ 7 ] . this is because death assemblages are evolving records of biological productivity and will eventually reflect an altered community state . despite their potential biases , surficial skeletal assemblages represent an accessible record of past communities .
] . this exemplifies the value of palaeoecological core data in demonstrating differential responses of marine communities , which may be resilient to naturally occurring major climate perturbations , but vulnerable to recent human impacts .
palaeoecological data are subject to taphonomic biases associated with fossilization . most obviously , organisms with robust skeletons typically yield more fossil remains than those without . however , taphonomy is just a special case of sampling bias . all data - gathering techniques have biases , and some taxa may be over / under represented by different sampling / observation techniques ( e . g . [ 21 , 22 ] ) . as with ecological sampling , a species ' absence may reflect its true absence during the sampling period or the failure of a particular sampling methodology to sample it . a variety of commonly used methods can control for such sampling effects , and taphonomic processes are increasingly well understood ( see [ 5 , 7 , 21 , 23 ] and references therein ) .
fossil assemblages with highly precise chronologies and low amounts of time - averaging are most analogous to ecological samples . however , a highly time - averaged assemblage is valuable precisely because it provides long - term ( often millennial scale ) estimates of the relative importance of species in local communities . the essential chronological requirement is to place data in the temporal context of human impacts : does the assemblage pre - date or post - date the onset of substantial anthropogenic change ?
. we also gratefully acknowledge k . wilson and four anonymous reviewers whose suggestions improved considerably the clarity and quality of this contribution .
both authors contributed substantially to the conception and design of the article . both authors made important contributions to drafting and revising the article . both authors approve the final version of the article for publication . both authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved .
willis kj , araújo mb , bennett kd , figueroa - rangel bl , froyd ca , myers n . 2007 .
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cintra - buenrostro ce , flessa kw , avila - serrano ge . 2005 .
rowell k , flessa kw , dettman dl , roman mj , gerber lr , findley lt . 2008 .
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babcock rc , shears nt , alcala ac , barrett ns , edgar gj , lafferty kd , mcclanahan tr , russ gr . 2010 .
roff g , clark tr , reymond ce , zhao j - x , feng y , mccook lj , done tj , pandolfi jm . 2013 .
kowalewski m , wittmer jm , dexter ta , amorosi a , scarponi d . 2015 .
solórzano kraemer mm , kraemer as , stebner f , bickel dj , rust j . 2015 .
the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 - 3 . urltoken ( accessed 2 november 2015 ) .
author =
rodriguez , { c . a . } and flessa , { k . w . } and dettman , { d . l . }
,
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biotic response to environmental change , habitat restoration , stable isotopes , artificial reef monitoring and development , biogeography , ecology , evolution , taxonomy and paleontology of marine organisms ( mainly echinoderms , molluscs , corals and fishes ) .
cintra - buenrostro , c . ( 2012 ) . would predatory drillhole frequency on chione spp . increase under the suggested climate change scenario ? comparing pleistocene and modern rhodolith beds . international journal of modern botany 2 ( 4 ) , 103 - 107 . doi 10 . 5923 / j . ijmb . 20120204 . 07 .
cintra - buenrostro , c . , k . flessa , and d . dettman . ( 2012 ) . restoration flows for the colorado river estuary , méxico : estimates from oxygen isotopes in the bivalve mollusk


the black bean aphid ( aphis fabae ) is a small black insect in the aphis genus , with a broad , soft body , a member of the order hemiptera .

other common names include blackfly , bean aphid and beet leaf aphid .

in the warmer months of the year it is found in large numbers on the undersides of leaves and on the growing tips of host plants , including various agricultural crops and many wild and ornamental plants .

both winged and wingless forms exist and at this time of year , they are all females .

they suck sap from stems and leaves and cause distortion of the shoots , stunted plants , reduced yield and spoiled crops .

this aphid also acts as a vector for viruses that cause plant disease and the honeydew it secretes may encourage the growth of sooty mould .

it breeds profusely by live birth but its numbers are kept in check , especially in the later part of the summer , by various predatory and parasitic insects .

ants feed on the honeydew it produces and take active steps to remove the aphid 's enemies .

it is a widely distributed pest of agricultural crops and can be controlled by chemical or biological means .

in the autumn , winged forms move to different host plants where both males and females are produced .

these mate and the females lay eggs which overwinter .

black bean aphid

identification of volatile compounds used in host location by the black bean aphid , aphis fabae .
levels of clonal mixing in the black bean aphid aphis fabae , a facultative ant mutualist .
some black aphid species , particularly the species known as the black bean aphid , are troublesome on some vegetables and flowers during the spring and summer .
( green peach aphid , bean aphid , and melon aphid may also occur on many woody ornamentals . )
gorur g , lomonaco c , mackenzie a . phenotypic plasticity in host choice behavior in black bean aphid ,
bean aphid is a dark olive green to black aphid . it is most easily confused with the cowpea aphid . bean aphid has a dull , matte appearance while cowpea aphid is shiny . the cauda of the bean aphid has more hairs than that of the cowpea aphid and thus appears bushy . except for the presence of wings , the winged form of the bean aphid is similar in appearance to the wingless one .
identification of volatile compounds used in host location by the black bean aphid , aphis fabae . - pubmed - ncbi
levels of clonal mixing in the black bean aphid aphis fabae , a facultative ant mutualist . - pubmed - ncbi
a group of related species , or possibly biotypes , form the black bean aphid complex . these individuals are superficially identical . the black bean aphid is a dark green to black , soft - bodied insect with a dark - colored head , antennae , and cornicles . the legs are black at the base and tips .
black bean aphids form dense colonies on the undersides of celery leaflets . winged black bean aphids develop under specific conditions such as overcrowding and plant stress , and disperse to other plants or fields .
the black bean aphid is more commonly known as ' black fly ' . adult aphids are up to 2mm long and elliptical in shape . they are black in colour , although they can also appear dark green or purple .
it’s useful to note that most aphid lifecycles are roughly the same . the black bean aphid is not unique from other aphids . however , please see summary below .
asanov m . a . 1969 . black bean aphid in gor ' kov region . zashchita rastenii , 6 : 25 . ( in russian )
mordvilko a . k . 1936 . black bean aphid aphis fabae scopoli . zashchita rastenii , 10 : 69 - 73 . ( in russian )
gratwick m . ( 1992 ) black bean aphid . in : gratwick m . ( eds ) crop pests in the uk . springer , dordrecht
neeraj v , danish m , doomar s , naqvi qa . studies on bean yellow mosaic virus infecting broad bean (
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injury from bean aphid occurs from virus transmission and from direct feeding on sugarbeet leaves . bean aphids transmit beet yellows virus , beet western yellows virus , and beet mosaic virus . although bean aphids do not vector viruses as efficiently as green peach aphid , generally bean aphid occurs at higher densities , which tends to negate the differences in virus transmission efficiency .
, which is also known as the black bean aphid . this is a sap - sucking insect that forms dense colonies on the soft young growth of many plants .
bean aphid is present in the imperial valley , but it is not a common pest of sugarbeets there .
see the article
identification of volatile compounds used in host location by the black bean aphid , aphis fabae .
in j chem ecol , volume 34 on page 1153 .
webster b , bruce tja , dufour s , birkemeyer c , birkett ma , hardie j , pickett ja . identification of volatile compounds used in host location by the black bean aphid ,
alatae : more elongated in shape , 1 . 3 - 2 . 6 mm long , with a shiny black head , black lateral areas and
bean aphids are attacked by a variety of common aphid predators and parasites . lady beetles , green lacewing larvae , and syrphid fly larvae are frequently found associated with bean aphid colonies . note the presence of these predators and their impact on aphid populations during routine monitoring . if these predators are present and aphid numbers are declining , delay chemical intervention .
infestations of black bean aphid and infection with beet yellow virus are most damaging to the plant near the time of seedling emergence . for april to may plantings , the first 6 to 8 weeks after emergence is the most critical time to protect sugarbeet from black bean aphid and beet yellow virus . monitor sugarbeet plants and evaluate the aphid population and the extent of direct feeding damage to plants . determine damage levels caused by direct feeding from the following table :
palii v . f . 1960 . black bean aphid ( aphis fabae scop . ) in the regions of sugar beet cultivation of central black earth zone ( rsfsr ) and reasons of number fluctuations . zoologicheskii zhurnal , 39 ( 4 ) : 534 - 539 . ( in russian )
aphids have fascinating and complex life - cycles , comprising of several different forms and numerous generations each year ( 4 ) . the eggs overwinter on certain host plants , which in the black bean aphid are the spindle tree (
taran n . a . 1971 . places of black bean aphid wintering . in : sapalev g . b . , ed . proceedings of grodno agricultural institute . gorki : grodno agricultural institute . 120 - 121 p . ( in russian )
colonies can usually be found on the undersides of leaves as well as on soft new shoot tips or buds . black bean aphids cluster together and are noticeable because of their dark colouring .
today i am sure i have found aphids . these black ones were attended by ants .
re aphid on cirsium , it ' s almost certainly a colour form of aphis fabae cirsiicanthoides . they can sometimes be dark green rather than black .
black bean aphids are usually visible on plants because of their contrasting color . aphids feed by sucking plant juices , so infested growth is often yellowed and curled . in addition to the direct damage aphid feeding does to plants , aphids can transmit several diseases .
, although this facultative symbiont may not protect all its host aphid species [ e . g . , the grain aphid
bean aphid is attacked by a very prolific parasitic wasp , lysiphlebus testaceipes . parasitized aphids become bloated and their bodies turn tan in color . this parasite can control extensive populations of bean aphid in a few days , and if parasite activity is evident , chemical treatments should be delayed or canceled . bean aphid is also attacked by a fungus disease that leaves the aphid body flattened so it appears to be glued to the leaf . like the parasite , this fungus disease may control the aphid population within a matter of days . this disease is most prevalent in spring during rainy periods . in most cases , a combination of these biological control agents work in concert to reduce aphid numbers .
el - amri a . identification of vectors and natural hosts of faba bean necrotic yellows virus in marocco .
rupais a . a . 1964 . factors of black bean aphid mass appearance in the latvian ssr conditions . in : zinovskii ya . p . , ed . forecasting in plant protection . riga : an latvian ssr . 133 - 9 p . ( in russian )
body of wingless females ovoid , green - brown or black with wax pollination and big marginal tubercles on prothorax and on abdominal segments i and vii . legs and antenna light yellow . cornicles 2 times as long as the fingerlike tail ; tarsi brown - black . antennae two thirds as long as body . head and thorax of winged female are black and shiny , and abdomen is black - green .
black bean aphid populations can build up in celery to densities of several thousand per plant . this pest can inflict three types of damage on the celery crop . first , it can stunt plant growth and reduce yields through removal of significant amounts of sap . secondly , it can transmit virus diseases such as western celery mosaic , celery calico , cucumber mosaic , and celery yellow spot . and finally , it can contaminate celery produce , particularly fresh market celery , with aphid honeydew and debris ; this contamination can lower the crop value . feeding by black bean aphids may distort plant growth and development more than feeding by other aphid species .
the honeydew can sometimes encourage a fungal growth called sooty mold , causing branches and leaves to appear black .
black bean aphids are usually visible on plants because of their contrasting colour and the presence of ants . aphids feed by sucking plant juices , so infested growth is often yellowed and curled . in addition to the direct damage that aphid feeding does to plants , aphids can transmit several diseases .
some aphids are darker colors , like brown . the potato aphid is a common brown aphid . photo credit : growveg . com .
bondarenko a . a . 1981 . some peculiarities of black bean aphid ecology and ethology in latvian ssr . in : shcherbakov v . a . , ed . plant protection in baltic republics and byelorussia . v . 3 . vilnius : vaskhnil . 10 - 12 p . ( in russian )
is dull black and is highly variable in size . white wax markings appear on old aphid colonies . this species is polyphagous and heteroecious holocyclic and lays eggs on a spindle (
the black bean aphid ( aphis fabae scopoli ) or blackfly is a common and widespread pest of field and broad beans , dwarf french and runner beans , sugar beet , mangel , fodder beet , spinach beet and spinach . it also occurs on fat - hen , poppy and dock . very similar black aphids occur on other cultivated plants and weeds including rhubarb , dahlia , nasturtium , dock and thistle .
matov g . n . 1972 . biological features of black bean aphid ( aphis fabae scop . ) and its control in moscow region . in : vavilov p . p . , ed . proceedings of timiryazev agricultural academy 1 . moscow : kolos . 166 - 175 p . ( in russian )
addendum to : webster b , bruce tja , dufour s , birkemeyer c , birkett ma , hardie j , pickett ja . identification of volatile compounds used in host location by the black bean aphid , aphis fabae j chem ecol20083411531161 doi : 10 . 1007 / s10886 - 008 - 9510 - 7 .
gumovskaya g . n . 1988 . biological features of black bean aphid ( aphis fabae scop . ) for the right - bank ukraine conditions . in : zubenko v . f . , ed . proceedings of sugar beet inst . kiev : sugar beet institute . 136 - 144 p . ( in russian )
( sulzer ) , is the most efficient and important vector of plrv . most populations of potato aphid ( green and pink potato aphid ) ,
not longer than the cauda . cauda is black with 3 - 4 pairs of lateral setae and 2 - 3 dorsolateral
supreme - or superior - type oils will kill overwintering eggs of aphids on fruit trees if applied as a delayed - dormant application just as eggs are beginning to hatch in early spring . ( on plums dormant applications right after leaves have fallen in early november are preferred . ) these treatments won ' t give complete control of aphids and probably aren ' t justified for aphid control alone but will also control soft scale insects if they are a problem . common aphid species controlled with these types of oils include the woolly apple aphid , green apple aphid , rosy apple aphid , mealy plum aphid , and black cherry aphid .
if the buys have tiny light green bodies and little black eyes , those are indeed aphids . follow the advice on this page .
monitoring and treatment decisions economic thresholds for aphids on celery have not been established . aphid survival and development are historically greatest during periods with temperatures that are less than 80°f . however , the black bean aphid is more tolerant of hot temperatures than other species , and therefore cause problems into summer . generally , black bean aphids can be tolerated on young celery plants . on fresh market celery , infestations are more important when the petioles ( stalks ) start to form and when the rows begin to close . infestations tend to be erratic in the field , so sample several locations . sample intermediate - age stalks because this is where the highest population levels of aphids are found . concentrate on field edges particularly where celery fields border harvested lettuce fields .
for fruit or shade trees , spray dormant horticultural oil to kill overwintering aphid eggs .
hosing down your plants is one way to control the aphid population in your garden .
the aphid can also be carried in trade on planting material and some vegetable products .
neem oil can help stop aphid infestations from growing , especially as crawlers move up stems .
[ r ] b iology - host plants : this aphid is one of the most polyphagous species : it can feed on more than 200 plants , including beet , broad bean , horse bean , bean , potato , carrot , artichoke , tobacco as well as certain flower crops and ornamentals . - winter eggs are deposited in autumn on the bark of european spindle ( euonymus europea ) , guelder rose ( viburnum opulus ) or mock orange ( philadelphus sp . ) . in march , fundatrices give birth to apterae whose progeny includes an increasing proportion of winged individuals ( * )
check plants often for early outbreaks . clip off and compost stems holding aphid clusters . encourage beneficial insects including lady beetles , syrphid flies , and lacewings , which are important aphid predators .
is also a small aphid , but the color of apterous individuals is bright yellowish - green . it is a polyphagous and heteroecious holocyclic aphid that can be anholocyclic depending on the region (
your black aphids are clearly in the ' aphis fabae ' type group , but without the host , that ' s as far as i can go .
glover . it is a small species whose color varies from dark green to black . this species is holocyclic and occurs on potato and other herbaceous plants (
if you have a large aphid invasion , dust plants with flour . it constipates the pests .
the most serious problem posed by aphids is the vectoring of plant viruses . virus - infected plants often show an aphid - attractive yellowing and have increased free amino acids , so aphids benefit by virus transmission . stylet - borne viruses , occurring on the aphid ' s epidermis , are not aphid specific . they are acquired quickly and transmitted during rostral probing of the plant ' s epidermis . these are nonpersistent viruses whose infectiousness is lost when the aphid molts . circulative viruses , in contrast , live in the aphid ' s gut and require an incubation period before successful transmission . they are persistent viruses and an aphid , once infected , remains a vector for life . circulative viruses have fairly specific virus–aphid–plant linkages and any given virus is transmitted by only one or few aphid species .
infestations of bean aphid generally begin on young leaves in the center of the crown . as the number of individuals increases , older leaves are colonized . the aphid is found mainly on the underside of leaves and only rarely on upper surfaces . infested leaves curl under and inward and become severely distorted . the leaf margin and eventually the entire leaf become necrotic . heavy populations may kill foliage , even in large mature plants . bean aphid produces large amounts of honeydew , and infested leaves are usually covered with sooty mold . if the aphids are killed , either by insecticides or natural enemies , leaves resprout from the crown and new foliage begins growing .
see also . taxonomy at aphid species file . aphids on the world ' s plants . literature references .
) . thus , vectors must feed on phloem to acquire the virus . potato leafroll virus is only transmitted by aphids that colonize potato and not by all colonizing aphids . green peach aphid ( peach–potato aphid ) ,
reported four instars in this aphid , with duration of each instar ranging from 1–2 , 2–3 , 2–3 , and 4–5 days , respectively . alate aphids have a black head and thorax and a yellowish–green abdomen , with a large dark patch dorsally . they measure 1 . 8–2 . 1
because many vegetables are susceptible to serious aphid damage primarily during the seedling stage , reduce losses by growing seedlings under protective covers in the garden , in a greenhouse , or inside and then transplanting them when the seedlings are older and more tolerant of aphid feeding . protective covers will also prevent transmission of aphid - borne viruses .
aphids may transmit viruses from plant to plant on certain vegetable and ornamental plants . squash , cucumber , pumpkin , melon , bean , potato , lettuce , beet , chard , and bok choy are crops that often have aphid - transmitted viruses associated with them . the viruses mottle , yellow , or curl leaves and stunt plant growth . although losses can be great , they are difficult to prevent by controlling aphids , because infection occurs even when aphid numbers are very low ; it takes only a few minutes for the aphid to transmit the virus , while it takes a much longer time to kill the aphid with an insecticide .
cultural control destroy crop residue immediately after harvest . avoid other aphid - favored crops , such as lettuce , in adjacent , upwind fields . intensify field monitoring for aphids when adjacent fields with aphid - favored crops are harvested .
if natural enemies are active and aphid numbers are declining , delay treatment for 3–5 days . if after this period , aphid numbers continue to decline , and the next damage level is not reached , treatment may not be necessary .
mm wide and are elliptical in shape . they are initially yellow or green , but soon turn black . nymphs are initially greenish , but soon turn yellowish , greatly resembling viviparous adults .
these are soft - bodied insects about 2mm long and are usually black , very dark brown or dark green in colour . their legs are usually lighter in colour and the non - winged aphids can display small white patches on their backs . the winged adults are usually black . they are often found in dense clusters on tender new growth and are commonly farmed by ants .
aphids are small , soft - bodied insects with long slender mouthparts that they use to pierce stems , leaves , and other tender plant parts and suck out fluids . almost every plant has one or more aphid species that occasionally feed on it . many aphid species are difficult to distinguish from one another ; however , management of most aphid species is similar .
check plants often for early outbreaks . either squash the aphid clusters or remove , contain and destroy the parts of the plants where they are present . encourage beneficial insects including ladybirds , hoverflies , and lacewings , which are important aphid predators .
i have tiny white bugs on the stems of my strawberry plans in the pnw . they are very tiny but have a black spot or two , maybe eyes ? would these be aphids ? thanks !
powell g , hardie j . the chemical ecology of aphid host alternation : how do return migrants find the primary host plant ?
when the weather is warm , many species of aphids can develop from newborn nymph to reproducing adult in seven to eight days . because each adult aphid can produce up to 80 offspring in a matter of a week , aphid populations can increase with great speed .
aphid damage is among the most serious of agricultural and horticultural problems . a pest aphid species may affect only a very specific crop , a group of related crop hosts ( e . g . , crucifers ) , or may be quite polyphagous within and between plant families . many of the notoriously polyphagous aphid pests represent sibling species complexes that are morphologically identical but differ in karyotype . generally , such aphid pests comprise anholocyclic clones , or biotypes , that differ in host preferences , the ability to transmit diseases , or resistance to pesticides .
11 . black bean aphid < ul > < li > clusters of fat black insects at the growing tips and in the leaf axils of plants . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > life cycle – eggs laid on euonymous europaeus and related plants , young hatch and mature there , feeding on new growth . winged adults migrate in may / june to legumes . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > damage – weaken the plant , excrete honeydew , spread viruses . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > controls – fatty acid or pyrethrum sprays ; autumn sowing of broad beans ( vicia faba ) and pinching out tips in late may . ladybirds and their larvae . < / li > < / ul >
2 . learning objectives < ul > < li > 2 . 6 describe how the types of weed described in 2 . 4 relate to horticultural situations , including recently cultivated soil ; herbaceous perennial borders ; woody perennial plantings ; and lawns . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 7 state the botanical names of two weeds associated with each of the situations described in 2 . 6 . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . know the problems posed by pests in horticulture and ways in which these can be minimised . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . 1 define ‘plant pest’ . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . 2 describe the damage caused by rabbits , cabbage white butterfly larva , black bean aphid , two - spotted spider mite , glasshouse whitefly , vine weevil , slugs , snails , and stem ( or bulb ) eelworm . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . 3 describe in outline the life - cycles of cabbage white butterfly , black bean aphid , glasshouse whitefly and vine weevil . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . 4 describe two different methods of reducing the effects of each of the plant pests named in 3 . 2 ; methods should be selected from more than one of the control options ( chemical , physical , cultural or biological ) available . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . 5 describe how a knowledge of the life cycles of the cabbage white butterfly , black bean aphid , glasshouse whitefly and vine weevil contribute to the success of their control . < / li > < / ul >
14 . learning outcomes < ul > < li > 2 . 6 describe how the types of weed described in 2 . 4 relate to horticultural situations , including recently cultivated soil ; herbaceous perennial borders ; woody perennial plantings ; and lawns . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 2 . 7 state the botanical names of two weeds associated with each of the situations described in 2 . 6 . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . know the problems posed by pests in horticulture and ways in which these can be minimised . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . 1 define ‘plant pest’ . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . 2 describe the damage caused by rabbits , cabbage white butterfly larva , black bean aphid , two - spotted spider mite , glasshouse whitefly , vine weevil , slugs , snails , and stem ( or bulb ) eelworm . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . 3 describe in outline the life - cycles of cabbage white butterfly , black bean aphid , glasshouse whitefly and vine weevil . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . 4 describe two different methods of reducing the effects of each of the plant pests named in 3 . 2 ; methods should be selected from more than one of the control options ( chemical , physical , cultural or biological ) available . < / li > < / ul > < ul > < li > 3 . 5 describe how a knowledge of the life cycles of the cabbage white butterfly , black bean aphid , glasshouse whitefly and vine weevil contribute to the success of their control . < / li > < / ul >
the black bean aphid , aphis fabae , responds behaviorally to the odor of its host plant faba bean ( vicia faba ) in olfactometer bioassays by spending more time in the treated than control regions . we have shown previously that a blend of fifteen volatile compounds emitted by v . faba elicits the same response as a headspace sample of an intact v . faba plant . here we report that no single compound within this blend fully accounts for the behavioral response and that the responses to individual compounds are different when in the context of the blend . as none of the compounds are specific to the host , we have hypothesized that a . fabae responds preferentially to the blend of compounds when presented in a species - specific combination of volatiles or in ratios specific to v . faba . future plans to test which of these two hypotheses pertains to host - seeking aphis fabae are discussed .
rothamsted is proud to celebrate 50 years of monitoring aphid and moth populations . the resulting data is openly available . click here for the latest bulletin
several types of parasitic wasps attack aphid eggs . ladybugs will also predate aphids they find on the surface but not those burrowed in the soil .
apterous adult : body rounded , 1 . 5 - 3 . 1 mm long , dark olive green to matt black , with a dark head , antennae , cauda and cornicles . the frontal tubercles are not well developed . antenna are
the black bean aphid , aphis fabae ( hemiptera : aphididae ) , is a serious pest of faba bean , vicia faba ( fabales : fabaceae ) , causing damage both directly by feeding and also by acting as a vector for plant viruses . 1 – 4 aphis fabae over - winters on its winter host , spindle ( euonymus europaeus ) before migrating to a wide variety of summer hosts including v . faba . 5 wingless forms develop and reproduce on the summer host with crowded conditions leading to the production of winged summer forms which fly to other plants , leading to a rapid spread throughout crops . in an attempt to identify novel means of controlling this pest , the use of olfaction in winged summer morphs to locate new hosts has been investigated . a greater understanding of this mechanism could lead to ways of disrupting the ability of aphids to locate new hosts and so limit colonization of crops .
mummified aphid bodies indicate that they have been parasitized . the parasitic wasp ( center ) has emerged from the circular hole in the top left mummy .
aphids ( hemiptera : aphididae ) can injure a potato plant directly by sap feeding , and are capable of transmitting several important potato viruses . high aphid
while aphids in general feed on a wide variety of plants , different species of aphids can be specific to certain plants . for example , some species include bean aphids , cabbage aphids , potato aphids , green peach aphids , melon aphids , and woolly apple aphids .
although sometimes called ‘blackfly’ , the black bean aphid is actually a true bug ( a member of the order hemiptera ) . all true bugs are united by the possession of specialised piercing and sucking mouthparts , which are used in this species to obtain plant juices ( 3 ) . it is this characteristic , coupled with its prolific reproductive capabilities that has made the species a notorious enemy of farmers and gardeners alike ( 3 ) . this widespread aphid is a minute species with a small head and bulbous abdomen ( 4 ) . the body is blackish or dark green in colour ( 2 ) and the membranous wings are held angled over the body ( like a roof ) when at rest . not all individuals possess wings , and the wingless forms have squatter bodies than winged specimens ( 2 ) . two tube - like protrusions at the rear of the abdomen , known as cornicles , are the openings of wax glands . this wax protects the aphid from certain predators ( 4 ) .
a species which overwinters on spindle ( euonymus europaeus ) , and host alternates to black nightshade ( solanum nigrum ) , used to be called aphis fabae solanella , but has now been assigned full species status as aphis solanella ( see picture below ) .
i live in fl and wonder if the practice of sterilizing the soil at the end of my growing season by covering the garden with black plastic and letting the sun bake it would help alleviate pest problems , like aphids . what are your thoughts ?
we monitor aphids in the growing season . this tool will allow you to select an aphid species or crop to display graphs of the counts of aphids .
ants are often associated with aphid populations , especially on trees and shrubs , and frequently are a clue that an aphid infestation is present . if you see large numbers of ants climbing your tree trunks , check higher up the tree for aphids or other honeydew - producing insects that might be on limbs and leaves . to protect their food source , ants ward off many predators and parasites of aphids . managing ants is a key component of aphid management . ( see cultural control . )
the insect is widespread throughout western europe , asia , africa , north and south america . within the territory of the former soviet union , the species occurs widely in the northestern region of russia , siberia ( from the urals to yenisei ) , the altai , the central black earth zone , kazakhstan , middle asia , the caucasus , transcaucasia , moldova , byelorussia , ukraine , and baltic states . it is most harmful in the steppe and forest - steppe zones of ukraine , moldova , central black earth zone , the caucasus , and transcaucasia .
distribution . this aphid is globally distributed , found commonly in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and in cooler regions of south america , africa , and the middle east .
several soil - applied systemic insecticides give good early - season control of aphids . however , late - season aphid pressure is often more severe in potatoes treated with a soil systemic insecticide at planting . late - season outbreaks in aphid populations may be a consequence of early - season control measures that prevent the establishment of the aphids’ natural enemies (
a second , and equally important , factor in reducing virus spread is good field sanitation . infected keeper beets that produce new vegetative growth after harvest act as sources of virus inoculum for new plantings . following harvest , thoroughly disc fields and chop remaining beets into small pieces . watch fields closely and redisc if new growth appears . take special care where keeper beets resprout in other crops , such as cereals or alfalfa . in such cases , herbicides may be required to control the new growth in order to reduce virus inoculum . these measures help control the incidence and spread of viruses transmitted by bean aphid but do little in controlling the aphid itself .
low to moderate numbers of leaf - feeding aphids aren ' t usually damaging in gardens or on trees . however , large populations can turn leaves yellow and stunt shoots ; aphids can also produce large quantities of a sticky exudate known as honeydew , which often turns black with the growth of a sooty mold fungus . some aphid species inject a toxin into plants , which causes leaves to curl and further distorts growth . a few species cause gall formations .
the principal way of reducing virus transmission by the bean aphid is adherence to the beet - free restrictions and planting dates established by grower and processor agreement . these planting date restrictions are established to avoid planting during major aphid flights and to prevent the virus source ( i . e . , infected sugarbeet plants ) , from bridging the time between old and new plantings . planting date restrictions and beet - free periods vary considerably from location to location ; contact your farm advisor , processor , or the california beet growers association for the latest restrictions in your area . strict adherence to these restrictions is absolutely necessary in order to reduce the amount of virus .
) . as protection against natural enemies can be favoured by natural selection , protective symbionts are expected to be fixed within natural aphid populations . interestingly , these symbionts are found at
the aphids are up to 2mm long and are mainly black but may have some white flecks on the upper surface of their bodies . dense aggregations of the aphids can rapidly develop on soft shoot tips , flower stems and on the underside of the younger leaves . the aphids are often attended by ants , which collect the sugary honeydew that aphids excrete the ants will also remove aphid predators such as ladybird larvae . whitish cast skins of aphids often accumulate on infested plants .
) . most potential pvy vectors have only transient association with potato , alighting and probing , but not colonizing . aphid species implicated as important pvy vectors include potato and pea aphids ,
before planting vegetables , check surrounding areas for sources of aphids and remove these sources . some aphids build up on weeds such as sowthistle and mustards , moving onto related crop seedlings after they emerge . on the other hand , these aphid - infested weeds can sometimes provide an early source of aphid natural enemies . always check transplants for aphids and remove them before planting .
silver - colored reflective mulches have been successfully used to reduce transmission of aphid - borne viruses in summer squash , melon , and other susceptible vegetables . these mulches repel invading aphid populations , reducing their numbers on seedlings and small plants . another benefit is that yields of vegetables grown on reflective mulches are usually increased by the greater amount of solar energy reflecting onto leaves .
the suction - trap network currently comprises 16 traps ( 12 in england , 4 in scotland ) , each 12 . 2 metres tall that continuously measure the aerial density of flying aphids and provide daily records during the main aphid flying season ( april–november ) and weekly records at other times . just over 400 of the 600 aphid species on the british list aphid have been recorded to date . the network provides farmers with information on the timing and size of aphid migrations to prevent heavy prophylactic use of insecticides . samples , both of aphids and ‘bycatch’ , are stored and are available for further research . samples are representative of the ‘landscape scale’ . the four traps in scotland are operated by our colleagues at science and advice for scottish agriculture , edinburgh .
adequate rain or irrigation is required to move the product through the soil to the roots and up into large trees , and it may take several weeks to see an effect on aphids feeding on leaves . one application on hackberry is enough to control hackberry woolly aphid for two to three years . see pest notes : hackberry woolly aphid for more discussion about control methods using imidacloprid .
sea level ) are the best seed - growing areas in india because they remain practically aphid - free during the summer season when the potato seed crop is grown . the selection and rouging of plants infected with a virus must also be done , even under aphid - free conditions . an action threshold of 20 aphids per 100 compound leaves is strictly followed in indian seed production (
when considering whether to apply insecticides for aphid control , remember that most larger plants can tolerate light to moderate levels of aphids with little damage . larger aphid populations often rapidly decline due to biological control or when hot temperatures arrive . often a forceful spray of water or water - soap solution , even on large street trees , when applied with appropriate equipment , will provide sufficient control .
nymphs and adults feed on plant juices , attacking leaves , stems , buds , flowers , fruit , and / or roots , depending on the species . most aphids especially like succulent or new growth . some , such as the green peach aphid , feed on a variety of plants , while others , such as the rosy apple aphid , focus on one or just a few plant hosts .
lady beetles and their larvae are great beneficial insects to welcome into your garden . ants tend to be attracted to the honeydew left by aphids , so ant activity can often lead you to aphid colonies .
among the most important natural enemies are various species of parasitic wasps that lay their eggs inside aphids . the skin of the parasitized aphid turns crusty and golden brown , a form called a mummy . the generation time of most parasites is quite short when the weather is warm , so once you begin to see mummies on your plants , the aphid population is likely to be reduced substantially within a week or two .
aphids are especially attracted to mustard and nasturtium . plant these near more valuable plants as traps for the aphids . ( check your trap plants regularly to keep aphid populations from jumping to your valued plants . )
the nominate subspecies aphis fabae fabae migrates to broad beans ( vicia faba ) ( pictured below first ) . it also migrates to poppies ( papaver spp . ) ( pictured below second ) as well as chenopodium species and beet ( beta vulgaris ) . aphis fabae fabae will not colonise thistle ( cirsium ) nor black nightshade ( solanum ) .
a few aphid species attack parts of plants other than leaves and shoots . the lettuce root aphid is a soil dweller that attacks lettuce roots in spring and summer , causing lettuce plants to wilt and occasionally die . in fall , this species often moves to poplar trees , where it overwinters in the egg stage and produces leaf galls in spring . the woolly apple aphid infests woody parts of apple roots and limbs , often near pruning wounds , and can cause overall tree decline if roots are infested for several years . heavy infestations of crown and root aphids on carrots may weaken tops , causing them to tear off when carrots are harvested .
the most important factors causing lmv epidemics are the presence of virus - infected seeds , which are involved in the primary spread of the virus . the secondary spread of the virus occurs when noncolonizing aphid species ( mainly
control methods . several bymv - resistant pea cultivars and breeding lines were developed using a single recessive gene , mo . due to the nonpersistent transmission by aphids , chemical control of aphid populations offers little virus control .
beneficial insects , such as lady beetles , lacewings , and parasitic wasps , will feed on aphids . supplemental populations of these insects can be ordered online and should help keep the aphid populations controlled from the start .
if the aphid on rumex was causing a gall ( major crumpling of leaf ) then it was a . rumicis . we have found lots this year , but are a bit behind on putting things on the website .
these and other insecticides with contact - only activity are generally ineffective in preventing damage from aphids such as the leaf curl plum aphid or the woolly ash aphid , which are protected by galls or distorted foliage . also , don ' t use soaps or oils on water - stressed plants or when the temperature exceeds 90°f . these materials may be phytotoxic to some plants , so check labels and test the materials on a portion of the foliage several days before applying a full treatment .
chan , c . k . , a . r . forbes , and d . a . raworth . 1991 . aphid - transmitted viruses and their vectors of the world . agriculture canada technical bulletin 1991 - 3e . 1 - 216 pp .
systemic insecticides are also available for aphid management , primarily for woody ornamentals . these materials , including imidacloprid , are very effective and are especially useful for serious infestations of aphids such as the woolly hackberry aphid , which is often not effectively controlled by biological control or less toxic insecticides . imidacloprid can have negative impacts on predators , parasitoids , and pollinators , so its use should be avoided where soaps and oils will provide adequate control . to protect pollinators , don ' t apply imidacloprid or other systemic insecticides to plants in bloom or prior to bloom .
aphids are tiny ( adults are under ¼ - inch ) , and often nearly invisible to the naked eye . various species can appear white , black , brown , gray , yellow , light green , or even pink ! some may have a waxy or woolly coating . they have pear - shaped bodies with long antennae ; the nymphs look similar to adults . most species have two short tubes ( called cornicles ) projecting from their hind end .
pyrethrum - based sprays can be effective if used early enough in the infestation . water lightly after applying to disperse this chrysanthemum - based botanical into the soil . reapply every two weeks ( eggs in soil may continue hatching ) until plants regain vigor and all aphid sign disappears .
in small outbreaks , a high - pressure spray from the garden hose can help remove aphids from plants . where aphid problems persist , as a last resort organic pyrethrum - based pesticides are available from garden centres . these need to be applied following the instructions on the label .
aphis evonymi ( note the spelling ) does not host alternate , but spends all year on spindle ( euonymus europaeus ) ( see picture below ) . some authorities have assigned this aphid full species status as aphis evonymi , but other still treat it as a subspecies aphis fabae evonymi .
where aphid populations are localized on a few curled leaves or new shoots , the best control may be to prune out these areas and dispose of them . in large trees , some aphids thrive in the dense inner canopy ; pruning out these areas can make the habitat less suitable .
yes , just save your banana peels , cut them into a few pieces , and place the peels , outside peel side up , beneath your roses or any other plants that get aphids . the outside banana peel gives off some kind of a gas that will make your aphids get lost . i have used this for a few years and now i never have aphid troubles . and the tree next door to us is an aphid nursery . so we are really lucky with this banana trick . no pesticides , sprays or anything else needed . but you need to eat your bananas regularly .
- several generations follow one another on euonymus before alatae migrate to secondary host plants . delayed migration and absence of infestations can be put down to cold . during the month following the initial infestation of the secondary host , aphid numbers increase rapidly . such hosts remains heavily infested for about 6 weeks .
lawson , a . b . , and s . h . dreistadt . june 2005 . pest notes : hackberry woolly aphid . oakland : univ . calif . agric . nat . res . publ . 74111 . also available online , http : / / www . ipm . ucdavis . edu .
aphids have soft pear - shaped bodies with long legs and antennae and may be green , yellow , brown , red , or black depending on the species and the plants they feed on . a few species appear waxy or woolly due to the secretion of a waxy white or gray substance over their body surface . most species have a pair of tubelike structures called cornicles projecting backward out of the hind end of their body . the presence of cornicles distinguishes aphids from all other insects .
introduce beneficial nematodes ( link below ) into soil at the first sign of root aphid infestation or , better , in anticipation of them . nematodes will attack a number of soil - borne pests yet are harmless to earthworms , pets , and humans . make sure the soil is moist when applying nematodes .
high aphid densities can cause significant yield losses and even direct plant injury , but because of their role as virus vectors , aphids are of paramount concern to seed potato producers . severe losses of tuber yield and quality in ware production can result when potato plants are propagated from virus - infected seed pieces (
many predators also feed on aphids . the most well known are lady beetle adults and larvae , lacewing larvae , soldier beetles , and syrphid fly larvae . naturally occurring predators work best , especially in garden and landscape situations . for photos and more information about aphid natural enemies , see the natural enemies gallery .
weather can also impact aphids . summer heat in the central valley and desert areas reduces the populations of many species , and aphid activity is also limited during the coldest part of the year . however , some aphids may be active year - round , especially in the milder , central coastal areas of california .
the presence of alternate weed hosts in potato ecosystems that serve as vector and / or virus reservoirs can lead to a number of component interactions that are normally absent in a simple tricomponent ( aphid–vector–virus ) pathosystem . the number of component interactions ( multicomponent interactions ) will in turn increase the complexity of the pathosystem (
ladybirds and their larvae are very effective predators of aphids and should be welcomed into your garden . other predators such as hoverfly larvae and lacewings also provide effective natural ways of controlling aphids . parasitic wasps will help to control aphid infestations by injecting aphids with their eggs . the eggs hatch into maggots that eat the aphids from the inside out . eventually the wasp maggots kill the aphids , turning them into ‘mummies’ before emerging from the mummified bodies as adult wasps . ants will often farm aphids and collect the sugary honeydew that aphids produce . the ants protect aphids from predators and will move them to new plants to establish new aphid colonies .
the blackfly aphis fabae overwinters as eggs on shrubs such as common spindle ( euonymus europaeus ) , viburnum and philadelphus . egg hatch occurs in spring as the winter host plant is coming into new leaf . several generations of wingless aphids , which are all female and produce live young rather than eggs , develop on the spring foliage . by may , the foliage on the winter host plants has become older and tougher , which along with increasing day length induces a change in the aphids . a generation of female winged aphids develops that fly away in search of suitable summer host plants , such as beans , nasturtium , poppies and dahlia . at that time of year male aphids are not required for reproduction , so a single winged aphid arriving on a broad bean can quickly establish a new colony . blackfly infestations on the winter - spring host plants die out during may - june .
blackman & eastop list 7 species of aphid as feeding on common spindle ( euonymus europaeus ) worldwide , and provide formal identification keys . baker ( 2015 ) lists all 7 as occurring in britain : aphis aurantii , aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis , aphis evonymi , aphis fabae fabae , aphis solanella , macrosiphum euphorbiae and myzus persicae .
high levels of nitrogen fertilizer favor aphid reproduction , so never use more nitrogen than necessary . instead , use a less soluble form of nitrogen and apply it in small portions throughout the season rather than all at once . slow - release fertilizers such as organic fertilizers or urea - based time - release formulations are best .
aphids cause damage and lower agricultural yields in several ways . they can build to high population densities , removing plant nutrients , and may damage plants by removing enough sap to cause withering and death . if not washed off , aphid honeydew excrement can build enough on plants to be a growth medium for sooty molds that impair photosynthesis and promote other fungal diseases . salivary secretions of some aphids are phytotoxic , causing stunting , leaf deformation , and gall formation , which is of particular concern to horticulture . even if otherwise asymptomatic , aphid - feeding effects may affect plant hormone balances changing host metabolism to their advantage and essentially hijacking the plant ' s physiological functions .
i have been told that my house is infested with insects and bugs . i have been very sick for months . at first i was secreting a sugary substance from my skin in different areas . i have undergone several different stages . i can ' t handle this anymore . i have tons of urine and blood tests proving that i am not on drugs . this aphids match exactly what i am going through . i have had the very tiny black ones come out in my urine . this is not a joke , and i truly need your help .


peridaedala japonica is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in taiwan , korea , japan and the russian far east .

peridaedala japonica

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park , k . t . ( kangwon national univ . , chunchon ( korea r . ) . coll . of agriculture )
ahn , s . b . ( rural development administration , suwon ( korea r . ) . agricultural sciences inst . )
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machimia metagypsa is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by turner in 1946 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from western australia .

the wingspan is about 22 mm .

the forewings are pale grey with pale fuscous markings .

the first discal spot is found at one-third and the plical spot beyond it .

the second discal spot is found before two-thirds and there is some fuscous sprinkling between the second discal spot and the tornus .

the hindwings are white .

machimia metagypsa

machimia metagypsa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : w . australia , albany
machimia clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 211 ; ts : machimia tentoriferella clemens
machimia guerneella joannis , 1914 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 83 : 210 ; tl : yokohama
machimia serva meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375 ; tl : victoria , birchip
machimia pyrocalyx meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : brazil , santa catharina
machimia rogifera meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 184 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
machimia sejunctella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 621 ; tl : ega
machimia ochrophanes turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371
machimia intaminata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 544 ; tl : brazil , ouro reto , minas geraes
machimia morata meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 697 ; tl : argentina , parana
machimia cruda meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 311 ; tl : colombia , alto de las ances , 7250ft
machimia eothina meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376 ; tl : french guiana , nouveau chantier , r . maroni
machimia perianthes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient , r . maroni
machimia neuroscia meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 231 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
machimia trunca meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 232 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
machimia conspersa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 106 ; tl : victoria , macedon
machimia rhaphiducha turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , tweed hds
machimia cyphopleura turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 112 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
machimia homopolia turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116 ; tl : new south wales , adaminaby
machimia albula turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , injune ; carnarvon rge
machimia dystheata turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , cape york
machimia trigama ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . a , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 952 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
machimia tentoriferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . 5 , f . 26 - 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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cryptolechia caduca walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft
cryptolechia chorrera busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 29 ; tl : la chorrera , panama
depressaria desertorum berg , 1875 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 49 ( 4 ) : 239 ; tl : rio negro
cryptolechia dolopis walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
cryptolechia ignicolor busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 27 ; tl : cabima , panama
cryptolechia illuminella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 28 ; tl : panama , trinidad river
cryptolechia notella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 30 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
cryptolechia peperita walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san gerónimo
pyrograpta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 278
nova scotia , wisconsin - virginia , iowa , ontario . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on betula , fraxinus , ulmus , acer , quercus , tilia americana , juglans cinerea , prunus , fagus , sorbus , carya , populus balsamifera , castanea dentata , corylys , pyrus , syringa vulgaris , cornus canadensis hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86
cryptolechia trigama meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 476 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , texas
hoplitica miltosparsa turner , 1914 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 39 ( 3 ) : 560 ; tl : new south wales , ebor scrub
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae
lépidoptères recueillis par m . j . de guerne au cours de son voyage en extrême - orient
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera
walsingham , 1912 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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it is found in mexico .

the wingspan is about 16 mm .

these markings are brownish .

the hindwings are brownish .

auratonota oxytenia

this is the place for oxytenia definition . you find here oxytenia meaning , synonyms of oxytenia and images for oxytenia copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word oxytenia . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word oxytenia and , of course , oxytenia synonyms and on the right images related to the word oxytenia .
auratonota oxytenia is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in mexico .
oxytenia razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : mexico , chiapas , teopisca . holotype : vbc . male .
101 . arthopyrenia 102 . asclepigenia 103 . ashot i of armenia 104 . ashot ii of armenia 105 . ashot iii of armenia 106 . asplenia 107 . assyrians in armenia 108 . astenia 109 . asthenotricha psephotaenia 110 . athletic federation of slovenia 111 . atriotaenia 112 . auchenia 113 . auratonota oxytenia 114 . autoimmune neutropenia 115 . autoimmune thrombocytopenia 116 . autoimmunocytopenia 117 . avenia 118 . awards and decorations of armenia 119 . axidares of armenia 120 . ayenia 121 . aysenia 122 . azerbaijanis in armenia 123 . azeris in armenia 124 . bagratid armenia 125 . bagratid dynasty of armenia
auratonota aurochra is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to ecuador .
auratonota chlamydophora is a species of moth of the tortricidae family and is endemic to ecuador .
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autantica razowski , 1987 ( auratonota ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . ser . sci . biol . 35 : 62 . no type
urantica razowski , 1987 ( auratonota ) , bull . acad . pol . acad . sci . ser . sci . biol 35 : 63 . no type
dispersa brown , 1990 ( auratonota ) , fla . ent . 73 : 154 . tl : panama , cocle province , valle . holotype : usnm . male .
croceana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , napo , 10 km se cosanga . holotype : smfl . female .
siskae razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 55 . tl : ecuador , napo , 12 km sse cosanga . holotype : smfl . male .
ovulus razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 23 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . male .
rubromixta razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 22 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . male .
bacata razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 54 . tl : ecuador , napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
caeruleata razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
pichincha razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , pichincha , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia . holotype : smfl . male .
storthynx razowski & wojtusiak , 2013 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 56 : 25 . tl : peru , dept . huatusco , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .
auriferana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 55 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua , 17 km e banos , rio verde . holotype : smfl . female .
cataponera razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1168 . tl : ecuador , loja province . holotype : vbc . male .
paramaldonada razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , genus 19 : 537 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
polymaculata razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , genus 19 : 538 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
meion razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 111 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .
mimstigmosa razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 111 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .
omorpha razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1174 . tl : costa rica , braulio carrillo . holotype : vbc . female .
effera razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1161 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .
exoptata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1165 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , caraa . holotype : vbc . male .
magnifica razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1174 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . male .
monochroma razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
nugax razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1168 . tl : ecuador , pastaza province , mera . holotype : vbc . male .
serotina razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1157 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .
splendida razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1167 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . male .
stigmosa razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1160 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
tessellata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1164 . tl : brazil , so paulo , jacupiranga . holotype : vbc . male .
virgata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1163 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
yukipana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 56 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , macas , san vicente , rio yukipa . holotype : smfl . male .
caliginosa razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , santiago , macas , proano > alshi , 5 mi s alshi . holotype : smfl . male .
clasmata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1166 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . male .
flora razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1164 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , ro verde . holotype : vbc . male .
foederata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1169 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , ro verde . holotype : vbc . male .
spinivalva razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1155 . tl : mexico , chiapas , villa las rosas . holotype : vbc . male .
sucumbiosa razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 158 . tl : ecuador , prov . sucumbios , la bonita , east cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
auriginea razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1171 . tl : brazil , paran , quatro barras , banhado . holotype : vbc . male .
badiaurea razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1170 . tl : brazil , paran , quatro barras , banhado . holotype : vbc . female .
moronana razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , indanza . holotype : vbc . male .
rutra razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 57 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , macas , proano > inapula , crea - domono . holotype : smfl . male .
chlamydophora razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 35 tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .
maldonada razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota petalocrossa ssp . ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1153 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
pharata brown , 2006 ( auratonota ) , j . lepid . soc . 60 : 143 . tl : costa rica , heredia , estacion biologica la selva , puerto viejo de sarapiqui . holotype : inbio . male .
aurochra razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 35 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .
dominica brown , 1993 ( auratonota ) , pan - pacif . ent . 69 : 314 . tl : dominica , west indies ( dominica , 1 . 7 mi e point casse ) . holotype : usnm . male .
argentana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 52 . tl : ecuador , loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
brachuncus razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 56 . tl : ecuador , loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
angustovalva razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 52 . tl : ecuador , chinchipe , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
paidosocia razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1157 . tl : cuba , cuba ( santiago , sierra maestra , pico cuba ) . holotype : vbc . male .
chemillena razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 120 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , oxapampa , el cedro , yanachaga - chemillen n . p . . holotype : mzuj . male .
cubana razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota spinivalva ssp . ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1155 . tl : cuba , cuba santiago , sierra maestra , pico cuba ) . holotype : vbc . male .
the wingspan is about 16 mm . the ground colour of the forewings is pale brownish , represented fasciae . the colour is glossy white along the edges of the markings . these markings are brownish . the hindwings are brownish .
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126 . bagratid kingdom of armenia 127 . bagratuni kingdom of armenia 128 . bank of slovenia 129 . bank of xenia 130 . banking in armenia 131 . barbus holotaenia 132 . barbus macrotaenia 133 . barbus melanotaenia 134 . barbus urotaenia 135 . basic symptoms of schizophrenia 136 . basketball federation of slovenia 137 . basketball in slovenia 138 . basocytopenia 139 . basopenia 140 . basophilic leukopenia 141 . basophilopenia 142 . beer in armenia 143 . beer in slovenia 144 . belmont gardenia 145 . benedenia 146 . benia 147 . bergenia 148 . berggrenia 149 . bicytopenia 150 . birkenia
151 . birthright armenia 152 . black ruthenia 153 . blue gardenia 154 . boenninghausenia 155 . boergesenia 156 . boltenia 157 . borderline schizophrenia 158 . borysthenia 159 . bosnia and herzegovenia 160 . bosniaks of slovenia 161 . bottled water in armenia 162 . bowenia 163 . bradyphrenia 164 . brasenia 165 . bressingham ruby bergenia 166 . bressingham salmon bergenia 167 . briggsophrenia 168 . bright armenia 169 . bronwenia 170 . brownish elaenia 171 . buccochromis heterotaenia 172 . buchtienia 173 . buddhism in slovenia 174 . byzantine armenia 175 . c . maurocenia
176 . c maurocenia 177 . cabinet of armenia 178 . cabinet of slovenia 179 . caladenia 180 . calcipenia 181 . callenia 182 . calligenia 183 . callisthenia 184 . calumma gastrotaenia 185 . calycadenia 186 . canine tropical pancytopenia 187 . cannabis and schizophrenia 188 . cannabis in armenia 189 . cannabis in slovenia 190 . capital of armenia 191 . capital of slovenia 192 . capital punishment in armenia 193 . capital punishment in slovenia 194 . capitalism and schizophrenia 195 . carangoides plagiotaenia 196 . cardiasthenia 197 . cardiophrenia 198 . caribbean elaenia 199 . carpathian ruthenia 200 . carpatho - ruthenia
aenigmatica meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 682 . tl : colombia , san antonio . holotype : bmnh . male .
aporema dognin , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , htrocres nouveaux de l ' amrique du sud 6 ( 6 ) : 49 . tl : colombia , san jose , ro dagua . holotype : usnm . male .
aurantica busck , 1920 ( epogoge ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 8 : 8 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , juan vias . holotype : usnm . female .
hyacinthina meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 682 . tl : colombia , san antonio . holotype : bmnh . male .
hydrogramma meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 683 . tl : surinam , paramaribo . holotype : bmnh . male .
multifurcata meyrick , 1932 ( eulia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 260 . tl : costa rica , pos . holotype : nhmv . male .
multistrigata razowski , 1964 ( eulia ) , ann . zool . 22 : 461 . no type
petalocrossa meyrick , 1926 ( eulia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 250 . tl : colombia , el tigre , ro tamaua , choco . lectotype : bmnh . male .
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poliosia quadrifida is a moth in the family erebidae .

it was described by holloway in 2001 .

it is found on borneo .

the habitat consists of lowland forests .

the length of the forewings is 7 – 8 mm .

poliosia quadrifida

this is the place for quadrifida definition . you find here quadrifida meaning , synonyms of quadrifida and images for quadrifida copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word quadrifida . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word quadrifida and , of course , quadrifida synonyms and on the right images related to the word quadrifida .
poliosia quadrifida holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : pl . 2 , f . 32 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
poliosia kincina bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
poliosia luxcaputa bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
poliosia montana bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
poliosia pulverea ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 297 , pl . 2 , f . 33
poliosia rectilinea de joannis , 1928 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 97 : 253 ; tl : hanoi
poliosia marginata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 297 , pl . 2 , f . 10e , 29
poliosia concolora ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 51
poliosia sp . 5463 ; [ mob7 ] : 297 , f . 35 ( poring , e side of g . kinabalu )
poliosia bifida holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : brunei , 3m , mumong
poliosia pulverosa kiriakoff , 1958 ; br . mus . ruwenzori exp . 1 ( 2 ) : 15 ; tl : uganda , semliki forest , 2850ft
poliosia concolora holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 297 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
poliosia ( lithosianae ) hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : ix , 82 , 106 ; ts : lithosia muricolor walker
poliosia pulverea hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 107 , pl . 20 , f . 21 ; tl : borneo , pulo laut
poliosia umbra rothschild , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 50 ; tl : utakwa r . , 3000ft
poliosia albida hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 463 , pl . 25 , f . 27 ; tl : gambia , bathurst
poliosia fragilis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 109 , pl . 21 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
select a genera poliosia hampson - poliosia muricolor walker - poliosia quadrifida sp . n . - poliosia bifida sp . n . - poliosia sp . 5463 - poliosia marginata hampson - poliosia pulverea hampson - poliosia concolora sp . n . lambula walker - lambula fuliginosa walker - lambula errata eecke - lambula pallida hampson nishada moore - nishada chilomorpha adunca ssp . n . - nishada rotundipennis walker - nishada syntomiodes walker - nishada sambara moore tigrioides butler - tigriodes sabulosalis walker - tigrioides leucanioides walker - tigrioides puncticollis butler - tigrioides antipulvereola sp . n . mithuna moore - mithuna quadriplagoides sp . n . - mithuna fuscivena hampson stenaulis hampson - stenaulis discalis walker macotasa moore - macotasa suffusus talbot - macotasa biplagella butler - macotasa tortricoides walker - macotasa orientalis hampson teulisna walker - teulisna curviplaga rothschild comb . n - teulisna tumida walker - teulisna chiloides walker - teulisna pseudochiloides sp . n . - teulisna plagiata walker comb . rev . - teulisna quadratella sp . n . - teulisna reflexa sp . n . - teulisna tricornuta sp . n - teulisna nigricauda holloway - teulisna pallidicauda sp . n . - teulisna macropallida sp . n . - teulisna harmani sp . n . - teulisna nebulosa walker comb . n . - teulisna divisa walker comb . n . - teulisna montanebula sp . n . - teulisna uniplaga hampson comb . rev . - teulisna steineri sp . n . thysanoptyx hampson - thsanoptyx oblonga butler stat . rev . eilema hubner - eilema prabana moore - eilema costalboides sp . n . - eilema plumbeomicans hampson - eilema flavicosta moore - eilema fasciculosa walker - eilema decreta butler - eilema monochora turner stat . rev . - eilema pulvereola hampson - eilema sandakana draudt stat . n . - eilema brevivalva sp . n . - eilema trimacula sp . n . - eilema pseudocretacea sp . n . - eilema longpala sp . n . - eilema females - eilema sp . burnia moore gen . rev . - burnia antica walker comb . rev . - burnia sarawaca butler stat . rev . - burnia apicalis walker comb . n - burnia nebulifera hampson comb . n mantala walker - mantala tineoides walker euconosia watson - euconosia aspera walker - euconosia xylinoides walker stat . rev . - euconosia obscuriventris sp . n . pseudoscaptia hampson - pseudoscaptia rothschild draudt
poliosia solovyevi dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 281 , f . 2 ; tl : vietnam , dong nai , vinh cuu nat . res . , 11 . 41203°n , 107 . 10508°e , 106m
poliosia cubitifera ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 108 , pl . 20 , f . 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 51
poliosia punctivena ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 108 , pl . 20 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 51
poliosia brunnea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 108 ; daniel , 1954 , bonn . zool . beitr . 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 136 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 51
poliosia muricolor ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 107 , f . 49 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 296 , pl . 2 , f . 34 , 42 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 51
, 7 - 8mm . this species is slightly larger than muricolor , with the pale edge to the forewing costa more obscure , often barely evident . the male genitalia are diagnostic , with an evenly curved saccular process to the valve ( sharply angled in muricolor ) , a more broadly quadrifid juxta ( trifid in muricolor , the central process small ) , and a very much smaller cornutus in the aedeagus vesica .
sarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8
site 28 , may , nr long pala , feg 1a , 328428 , 50m . alluvial forest , bm arctiid slide 4701 .
( dissected specimens only ) : 1 ( slide 5464 ) general data as holotype but site 13 , camp 2 , mulu , 500m . 401464 , mixed dipt . for . ; 1 ( slide 4845 ) general data as holotype but site 16 , long pala ( base ) , 70m . 324450 , alluv / secondary forest ; 1 ( slide 5452 ) general data as holotype but site 20 , w . melinau gorge , 150m . 422577 , feg 3 , kerangas ; 2 ( slides 5467 , 5470 ) sabah : poring , 1800ft . , e . of mt . kinabalu , 20 - 23 . i . 1976 ( e . w . classey ) .
lithosia cubitifera hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 82 ; tl : assam , naga hills
brunia fragilis lucas , 1890 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) : 1070 ; tl : brisbane
lithosia muricolor walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 105 ; tl : sarawak
collita parva moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 16 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : darjiling
gampola punctivena hampson , 1897 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 11 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sikkim , 1800ft
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae
studien over indo - australische lepidoptera . iv . bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien
the moths of india . supplementary paper to the volumes in
the fauna of british india
. part i - ii
british museum ( natural history ) ruwenzori expedition 1952 . arctiidae ( except nolinae ) , thyretidae and notodontidae
walker , 1862 catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 82 - 145 , 171 - 198
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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many of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet . these lists of words , definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need .
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