the phayre 's leaf monkey ( trachypithecus phayrei ) , also known as phayre 's langur , is a species of lutung found in southeast asia .

its range includes bangladesh , india , myanmar , china , thailand , laos and vietnam .

it is mostly arboreal and feeds on leaves of a large number of tree species .

a study in tripura , india found the principal food tree species to be albizzia procera , melocanna bambusoides , callicarpa arborea , dillenia pentagyna , litsea sp. , albizzia lebbek , mikania scandens , gmelina arborea , artocarpus chaplasha , syzygium fruticosum , ficus fistulosa , ficus racemosa , ficus hispida , ficus indica .

macaranga denticulata and albizzia stipulata .

the three accepted subspecies of this lutung are : t. p. crepusculus t. p. phayrei t. p. shanicus

phayre ' s leaf monkey

bose , j . 2003 . conservation survey of phayre ' s leaf monkey .
mukherjee , r . p . 1982 . phayre ' s leaf monkey of tripura .
this is a video of phayre ' s leaf monkey taken from the bbc ' s new
life
documentary series .
, predate upon phayre ' s leaf - monkey ( roonwal and mohnot , 1977 ) . leopards ,
(
phayre ' s leaf - monkey
, 2011 ; larney , et al . , 2007 )
phayre ' s leaf monkey ( trachypithecus phayrei ) , also known as phayre ' s langur , is a species of lutung found in southeast asia . the species epithet commemorates arthur purves phayre .
stanford , c . b . 1988 . ecology of the capped langur and phayre ' s leaf monkey in bangladesh .
playful orange baby monkey on the stairs ( silver leaf monkey ) - national park in borneo . 1080p hd
choudhury , a . 1987 . notes on the distribution and conservation of phayre ' s leaf monkey and hoolock gibbon in india .
gupta , a . k . and kumar , a . 1994 . feeding ecology and conservation of the phayre ' s leaf monkey
phayre ' s leaf - monkey gives birth to a single offspring . females will experience 3 . 57 menstrual cycles to conception ( lu
bose , j . and bhattacharjee , p . c . 2002 . behavioural profile of a troop of phayre ' s leaf monkey (
bose , j . 2003 . conservation survey of phayre ' s leaf monkey . wildlife trust of india , 1 : 1 - 36 .
little information is known regarding the lifespan of the phayre’s leaf monkeys . other species within the family
2011 .
phayre ' s leaf - monkey
( on - line ) . the primata . accessed january 25 , 2011 at urltoken .
bhattacharya , t . , d . chakraborty . 1990 . sex identification of the phayre ' s leaf monkey , with the help of facial marks .
this species has a sacculated stomach to assist in the breakdown of cellulose . phayre ' s leaf - monkey has enlarged salivary glands to assist it in breaking down food . the
phayre’s leaf monkeys are folivores , eating primarily leaves . they have been know to eat leaves from approximately 80 different species of plants . due to the considerable about of leaves in their diet , phayre ' s leaf monkeys have highly adapted stomachs , necessary to digest cellulose and denature the toxins found in leafy materials . phayre ' s leaf monkeys also eat bamboo shoots when tree foliage is not as abundant .
phayre’s leaf monkey is confined to asia countries namely india , bangladesh , myanmar , china , lao pdr , thailand and vietnam . its range is very limited and habitats are also threatened due to human interferences . this species is primarily arboreal and prefers semi - evergreen forest , mixed moist deciduous forest . it is folivore and mainly consumes leaves , fruits , barks and sometimes flowers and petioles . habitat quality therefore is quite important in determining long term survival of phayre’s leaf monkey . food abundance , spatial characteristics of forests and human disturbance may have large influence on the distribution and abundance of phayre’s leaf monkey population .
of phayre ' s leaf - monkey is 2 : 1 : 2 : 3 on both the upper and lower jaws ( ankel - simons , 2000 ) . males have larger canines than females ( pan
the aim of this project is to document the status and distribution of phayre’s leaf monkey at one protected area in myanmar in order to raise public awareness and set up an effective conservation program for this species .
bhattacharya , t . , d . chakraborty . 1990 . sex identification of the phayre ' s leaf monkey , with the help of facial marks . primates , 31 ( 4 ) : 617 - 620 .
phayre’s leaf monkeys are hunted for food by local tribes of humans . they are also poached for their gall stones , which are used for medicinal purposes .
pan , r . l . , peng , y . z . , ye , z . z . , and yu , f . h . 1993 . sexual dimorphism of skull and dentintion in phayre ' s leaf monkey (
phayre ' s leaf monkey ( trachypithecus phayrei ) * family : cercopithecidae , * genus : trachypithecus , * species : t . phayrei , * phylum : chordata , * class : mammalia , * order : primates , * type : mammal , * diet : herbivore , * average life span in the wild : no data , * size : length of 40 to 80 cm , * weight : 5 to 15 kg , * * phayre ' s leaf monkey ( trachypithecus phayrei ) , also known as phayre ' s langur , is a species of lutung found in southeast asia . more info : urltoken or urltoken or urltoken
forests , and also on tea estates where bamboo thickets are found ( wolfheim , 1983 ; cited in nisbett and ciochon , 1993 ) . in assam phayre ' s leaf - monkey was found to live in depleted evergreen forests containing bamboo , favoring habitats dominated by the shrub
the three subspecies of phayre ' s leaf monkeys , t . p . phayrei , t . p . crepusculus and t . p . shanicus are slightly different in coloration . in genral , phayre’s leaf monkeys are dark grey - blue in color with some brown on the dorsal side and have mostly brownish - white pelage on the ventral side . the upper arms , legs , and tail are silvery - grey in color , and , in general , the head and tail are darker than the rest of the torso . the area around the lips and eyes are white . young phayre’s leaf monkeys exhibit yellowish colored fur until about 3 months of age when the pelage begins to change . adult phayre ' s leaf monkeys also have slightly longer hair on the top of their head .
lu , a . , borries , c . , czekala , n . m . , and beehner , j . c . 2010 . reproductive characteristics of wild female phayre ' s leaf monkeys .
larney , e . , a . yamee , l . gibson , d . pesek , t . whitty , b . whitman , a . bprasapmu , w . nueorngshiyos . 2007 . return of wild phayre ' s leaf monkey infants to their social group in phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , thailand .
are slightly different in coloration . in genral , phayre’s leaf monkeys are dark grey - blue in color with some brown on the dorsal side and have mostly brownish - white pelage on the ventral side . the upper arms , legs , and tail are silvery - grey in color , and , in general , the head and tail are darker than the rest of the torso . the area around the lips and eyes are white . young phayre’s leaf monkeys exhibit yellowish colored fur until about 3 months of age when the pelage begins to change . adult phayre ' s leaf monkeys also have slightly longer hair on the top of their head .
phayre ' s leaf monkeys are very shy and typically flee when threatened . they spend over 75 % of their time feeding within tree tops . this speices rarely leaves the safety of the trees , leaving only if their requirements are not met or to negotiate gaps in the canopy . phayre ' s leaf monkeys are strongly territorial against other groups of the same species , although sympatric groups of other species may share the same territory .
, are found in a variety of habitats due to human disturbance within its range . they often reside in mixed evergreen / deciduous primary and secondary forests . in thick evergreen forests , phayre’s leaf monkeys can be found 15 to 50 m above the ground . in areas lacking these primary and secondary forests , this species depend on bamboo and small shrubs . phayre ' s leaf monkeys may also be found along stream banks containing thick bamboo forests .
habitat loss and fragmentation are the biggest threats to the continued survival for phayre’s leaf monkeys . with isolated populations scattered throughout their range , the viability of these populations is currently unknown . it is estimated that 1 , 300 individuals currently exist in the wild .
roonwal , m . l . and mohnot , s . m . 1977 .
both male and female phayre ' s leaf monkeys use vocal calls for a variety of reasons . adult males use a loud
kah kah kah
call when alarmed . a softer
whoo
call is used when adult males detect a predator within the area . the
cheng - kong
call is emitted by the dominant male to bring the group together . when a dominant male must defend its territory , a
loud call
is used , which is a high pitched roar against intruders . young phayre ' s leaf monkeys will emit a distress call when they fall from the treetops . femals also use a “lost call” in an attempt to locate lost newborns . this call has also been heard from phayre ' s leaf monkeys in the presence of deceased newborns .
larney , e . , a . yamee , l . gibson , d . pesek , t . whitty , b . whitman , a . bprasapmu , w . nueorngshiyos . 2007 . return of wild phayre ' s leaf monkey infants to their social group in phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , thailand . natural history bullitin siam society , 55 ( 1 ) : 193 - 196 .
phayre ' s leaf - monkey is found in the countries of bangladesh , burma , china , india , thailand , and vietnam ( srivastava , 1999 ; roonwal and mohnot , 1977 ; gupta and kumar , 1994 ; stanford , 1988 ; ruggeri and timmins , 1995 / 1996 ) . in india , this species is found in tripura , mizoram , and assam ( choudhury , 1987 , 1994 ; mukherjee , 1982 ; srivastava , 1999 ) . in assam , phayre ' s leaf - monkey is found in the districts of cachar , hailakandi , and karimganj ( choudhury , 1996 ) . this species is found in huai kha khaeng reserve , thailand and in pidaung and pegu yoma reserves in burma ( mackinnon and mackinnon , 1987 ) . this species lives in
phayre ' s leaf monkeys invest considerable energy in raising their young . newborns nurse for almost a year , which greatly increases chance of survival . mothers are the main caregivers as they feed , protect and groom newborns . it is not uncommon for older female siblings of a newborn to provide minimal care in the absence of the mother . adolescent phayre ' s leaf monkeys tend to keep some contact with their mothers , even after she gives birth to additional offspring . when young phayre ' s leaf monkeys fall to the ground , they call out in distress to their mother . in most instances , the mother or an older sibling descend to retrieve it . in the case that an infant is lost from the troop the mother will give a
lost call
in hopes of locating the lost newborn .
female phayre ' s leaf monkeys are slightly larger than males . whereas males range from 1 . 07 to 1 . 1 m in length , females range from 1 . 15 to 1 . 3 m . the tail of phayre ' s leaf monkeys constitutes 68 % of the overall length , ranging from 65 to 86 cm . males weigh an average of 7 . 4 kg and females an average of 6 . 2 kg . male phayre ' s leaf monkeys can be distinguished from females in the field is by observing differences between ocular markings . in males , the white ocular rings around the eyes are parallel to the side of the nose , resulting in a black strip uniform in width . in females , the white ocular rings around the eyes bend inwards toward the nose causing more of black triangular shape .
(
langurs and leaf monkeys
, 2009 ; larney , et al . , 2007 )
, 1995 ; gittins and akonda , 1982 ) . in vietnam , this species is found in the localities of : phu quy , muong cha , phu yen , lang chanh , quan hoa , nghia dung , and quy chau ( nisbett and ciochon , 1993 ; wolfheim , 1983 ) . ratajszczak ( 1988 ) reports that this species is found in cuc phuong national park in vietnam . in burma , this species lives in dense high forests and in bamboo forests along hillsides and along the banks of streams ( roonwal and mohnot , 1977 ) . in thailand , phayre ' s leaf - monkey lives in evergreen forests , 15 - 50 meters above the ground ( roonwal and mohnot , 1977 ) . phayre ' s leaf - monkey is found in higher densities in mixed - species plantations than in monoculture plantations ( gupta , 1997 ) .
phayre ' s leaf monkeys have home ranges from 10 to 100 ha , with very little overlap among groups . the size of the range depends heavily on the distribution and abundance of food . if food resources are limited , larger groups will increase the size of their home range in search of food . although range is mainly determined by group size , group size is heavily limited by social stress . stress limits population size and thus home range in three ways : stress reduces a female’s ability to conceive and carry an infant to term ; stress can lead to immunosuppression making individuals more susceptible to disease and therefore death ; and stressed phayre’s leaf monkeys may disperse , leaving their group , which puts them at a greater risk of death .
breeding of phayre ' s leaf monkeys can be intermittent , and births generally occur in march and april . the gestation period from conception to birth is approximately 205 days . females give birth to one offspring at a time , which nurse for almost a year . males reach sexual maturity at 3 to 4 years of age .
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gittins , s . p . and akonda , a . w . 1982 . what survives in bangladesh ?
phayre’s leaf monkey is listed as endangered species by iucn criteria because its population is at risk of becoming extinct or threatened by anthropogenic activities . hunting stress and habitat loss are main causes for population decline . it is also listed as cites appendix ii species in order to control the illegal trade in the region . again it is given priority in national legislation i . e . protection of wildlife and conservation of natural areas law ( 1994 ) as ‘completely protected animals’ . no one is permitted to hunt this species according to the law .
. native tribes within their ranges , hunt this species for meat . because the gall stones of phayre’s leaf monkeys are used for medicinal reasons , poaching by humans is also a threat , particularly around salt springs . newborns may also be vulnerable to large tree snakes and raptors which are a threat to similar species , though no data on actual predation rates are readily available for
the indian subspecies of phayre’s leaf monkey ( trachypithecus phayrei phayrei ) is a schedule 1 species under the wildlife ( protection ) act . populations of this subspecies are small and isolated though locally common , which makes them susceptible to in - breeding . the species prefers primary and secondary evergreen and semi - evergreen forest , mixed moist deciduous forest , but is also found in bamboo - dominated areas , light woodlands , and near tea plantations . this is a predominantly arboreal , diurnal , and folivorous ( specializes in eating leaves ) species ( molur et al . 2003 ) .
2009 .
langurs and leaf monkeys
( on - line ) . jrank science encyclopedia . accessed march 12 , 2009 at urltoken .
, 1993 ) . the length of the head and body range from 44 - 61 centimeters and tail length for this species ranges from 65 - 86 centimeters ( choudhury , 1987 ) . the average body mass of an adult male phayre ' s leaf - monkey is around 7 . 3 kilograms , and for the female it is around 6 . 2 kilograms ( fleagle , 1988 ) . the pelage color for phayre ' s leaf - monkey is dark ashy - bluish brown on the dorsal side and whitish on the ventral side ( choudhury , 1987 ) . the head and tail ends of this species are darker than the rest of the body ( choudhury , 1987 ) . srivastava ( 1999 ) describes the upper arms , legs , and tail as being silvery gray in coloration . the lips and the area around each of the eyes are whitish ( choudhury , 1987 ) . infants are straw colored ( roonwal and mohnot , 1977 ) . srivastava ( 1999 ) describes the infants as being orange in color that begins to change after 3 months of age . this species has an extended cap of hair on the head that occurs in all individual except newborn infants ( srivastava , 1999 ) .
phayre’s leaf monkey ( trachypithecus phayrei ) is known for its beautiful ‘spectacled’ looks and was once widely distributed in southeast asia from eastern bangladesh , southwestern china ( southern , western and central yunnan ) , northeastern india ( assam , mizoram , and tripura ) , lao pdr , myanmar , thailand ( north of the peninsular zone ) and northern vietnam . however , this species is listed as endangered as it has lost more than 50 % of its population in the last 35 years . this is mainly because of loss of habitat due to jhum ( slash and burn ) cultivation , timber logging and hunting .
gupta , a . k . ( 2005 ) .
dietary differences between two groups of phayre ' s langur trachypithecus phayrei in tripura , india : responses to food abundance and human disturbance
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc 102 ( 1 ) : 3–9 .
) , accounted for 18 . 3 % of the time feeding on plantation species ( gupta , 1997 ) . there are two feeding peaks for this species , one in the early morning and one in the late afternoon ( srivastava , 1999 ) . phayre ' s leaf - monkey will sometimes break - up into subgroups when foraging ( srivastava , 1999 ; choudhury , 1994 ) . groups will spread out far when foraging ( ahsan , 1994 ) . more time is devoted to feeding during the winter months ( 36 . 9 % ) than in summer ( 33 . 6 % ) or the monsoon ( 31 . 1 % ) months ( gupta and kumar , 1994 ) .
tripura is a stronghold of this species in india where it is found mainly in three protected areas , sipahijala , trishna and gumti wildlife sanctuaries , that comprise only 5 . 4 % of the state . even though primates are overall well protected in tripura , they suffer from severe habitat loss due to jhum , conversion of forests to tea gardens , rubber & timber plantations , paper mills , firewood collection , charcoal production , and human settlements . studies have shown that phayre’s leaf monkey predominantly feeds on young leaves , which makes them more adaptable to survive in secondary forests . however , due to jhum , regeneration of forests is delayed , which directly affects the feeding ecology of this primate .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
groups . when a group is alarmed , the females will grab their infants and run throughout the forest , leaping from tree to tree while a male stays behind to watch and bark at the intruder ( roonwal and mohnot , 1977 ) . infants will be transferred between females ( srivastava , 1999 ) . gupta ( 2000 ) observed a group ' s reaction to a dead member of the group and found that they remained close to the body , touching and caressing it . gupta ( 2000 ) also found that a neighboring group also came near the body , but there was no aggression between the groups , which is usually expected . neighboring groups may be related and the second group may have protected the first group from predators because the dead body was on the ground and phayre ' s leaf - monkey rarely descends to the ground ( gupta , 2000 ) . remaining close to the body may reduce the stress of the group members ( gupta , 2000 ) .
raman , t . r . s . , mishra , c . , and johnsingh , a . j . t . 1995 . survey of primates in mizoram , north - east india .
. troops of phayre’s leaf monkeys have one dominant male that breeds with multiple females . because adolescent males leave the troop before reaching sexual maturity , males do not challenge the dominant male of or mate with females within their natal group . outcast males may join other solitary males , becoming nomadic in search of breeding females or the opportunity to challenge a dominant male in order to establish his own troop . dominant males protect their territory from troopless males . if an intruding male wins an encounter , the dominant male is then outcast , and the newcomer gains breeding rights . the new dominant male may kill young from the previous male , effectively permitting earlier copulation with females .
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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group of phayre ' s leaf monkeys vary in size from 8 to 22 members . one dominant male rules the group , composed of 3 to 6 adult females , and a mixture of sub - adults , juveniles , and infants . females tend to be closely related to each other and rarely leave the troop . their roles and level of dominance amongst females are not clearly defined . adolescent males leave the troop at about 3 years of age before they reach sexual maturity , preventing males from challenging the dominant male of or mating with females e within their natal group . outcast males may join other solitary males , becoming nomadic in search of breeding females or the opportunity to challenge a dominant male in order to establish his own troop . dominant males protect their territory from troopless males . if an intruding male wins an encounter , the dominant male is then outcast , and the newcomer gains breeding rights .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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bleisch , b . , brockelman , w . , timmins , r . j . , nadler , t . , thun , s . , das , j . & yongcheng , l . ( 2008 ) . trachypithecus phayrei . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 4 january 2009 .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
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the taxonomy used here follows groves ( 2001 ) . the three named subspecies are morphologically well differentiated , but the association of them with available molecular sequences ( roos 2004 ) needs further investigation . roos ( 2004 ) reported that “grey langurs” from northern viet nam were phylogenetically closer to t . francoisi than to other members of the t . phayrei group , and proposed that viet namese populations take the name t . phayrei and that others be considered specifically distinct . however , it is impossible for viet namese populations to take the name t . phayrei , as the type locality lies in myanmar . on the basis of range and known morphology it is most likely that roos’ viet namese populations represent t . p . shanicus , suggesting that perhaps this subspecies is specifically distinct ( r . j . timmins pers . comm . )
justification : this species is listed as endangered as it is believed to have undergone a decline of more than 50 % over the last three generations ( 36 years , given a generation length of 12 years ) , due to a combination of habitat loss and hunting .
this specis occurs in eastern bangladesh , southwestern china ( southern , western and central yunnan ) , northeastern india ( assam , mizoram , and tripura ) , lao pdr , myanmar , thailand ( north of the peninsular zone ) and northern viet nam ( groves 2001 ) . t . p . phayrei occurs in bangladesh , northeastern india ( assam , mizoram , and tripura ) , and western myanmar . found from pegu north through arakan to tripura , southern assam and eastern bangladesh ( groves 2001 ) . t . p . crepuscula occurs in southwestern china ( central , southern and southwestern yunnan , with the salween river as its west boundary ) , lao pdr , myanmar ( north of the peninsular zone and south of the range of t . p . phayrei ) , thailand ( north of the peninsular zone ) and northern viet nam . found from raheng ( central thailand ) and the mae ping rapids ( northwest thailand ) north to xishuanbanna ( yunnan ) , east to southwestern lao pdr and northern viet nam , and west to the coast of the bay of bengal ( groves 2001 ) . t . p . shanicus occurs in southwestern china ( western yunnan with the salween river as the boundary ) and northern and eastern myanmar . found in the northern shan states and neighbouring dry zone of northern myanmar , into yunnan in the yingjiang - namting river and tunchong - homushu pass districts ( groves 2001 ) .
in india and bangladesh , populations are small and isolated , though locally common in many places ( choudhury 2001 ; molur et al . 2003 ) . in lao pdr the species is localized , and in the northern parts of its range generally scarce , due both to high hunting pressure and a high level of habitat fragmentation . in the southern parts of its range in lao pdr the species is more common , although still among the scarcest of the diurnal primates ( r . timmins pers . comm . ) . in viet nam the species is rare and now very localized ( r . timmins pers . comm . ) . in the last ten years there are records only from a handful of areas ( nadler et al . 2004 ) . in thailand , there are good populations in nam nao national park and phukhio wildlife sanctuary , where they had the highest densities at 3 . 4 groups / km 2 and 23 - 38 individuals / km 2 ( borries et al . 2002 ) , but much of northern thailand has been hunted out . there are also good populations in the western forest complex ( w . brockelmann pers . comm . ) . there is little information available concerning the species’ status in myanmar ( r . timmins pers . comm . ) . in china , healthy populations of t . p . shanicus survive mainly in gaoligongshan nature reserve and tongbiguan nature reserve , and healthy populations of t . p . crepuscula survive mainly in nangunhe nature reserve , ailaoshan nature reserve , wuliangshan nature reserve , daxueshan nature reserve , huanlianshan nature reserve , and xishuanbanna nature reserve ( zhang et al . 2002 ) . overall , the picture is one of a serious ongoing decline globally .
the species prefers primary and secondary evergreen and semi - evergreen forest , mixed moist deciduous forest , but is also found in bamboo - dominated areas , light woodlands , and near tea plantations . in some parts of the range , such as lao pdr , it also occurs in forest on limestone ( r . timmins pers . comm . ; nadler et al . 2004 ) . this is a predominantly arboreal , diurnal , and folivorous species ( molur et al . 2003 ) .
in bangladesh and india , this species is at risk of habitat disturbance and fragmentation , especially due to the establishment of tea gardens and paper mills , but also timber plantations , livestock ranching , shifting agriculture , firewood collection , charcoal production , and human settlement ( molur et al . 2003 ) . other threats facing these populations include pollution , inbreeding , and a local trade in the animals for zoos and as food ( molur et al . 2003 ) . the population in bangladesh has declines by more than 80 % in the last 20 years , making it very vulnerable in its extremely fragmented locations ( molur et al . 2003 ) . further to the east of the range ( in china , viet nam , thailand , and lao pdr ) , the major threat is hunting for traditional “medicine” and bushmeat . indeed , in northern thailand they have been nearly entirely hunted out , and now only survive in larger protected areas . in the known lao pdr stronghold for this species ( bolikhamsai province ) , there is extensive infrastructure development for hydro - electric power , which is likely to increase hunting pressure on these populations ( r . timmins pers . comm . ) . furthermore , the range of the species in viet nam , lao pdr and thailand coincides with ethnic minorities that favour shifting cultivation , with a continual resulting loss of forest ( r . timmins pers . comm . ) .
the species is listed on cites appendix ii . it is listed under schedule i , part i of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act ( amended up to 2002 ) , while in bangladesh it is listed as schedule iii in the bangladesh wildlife ( preservation ) ( amendment ) act , 1974 ( molur et al . 2003 ) . it is listed as category i under wildlife protection act , 1989 in china , and has been a completely protected species in myanmar since 1994 , though a priority for this species is survey work in order to determine the current status of populations there . it is listed on appendix 1b of decree 32 ( 2006 ) in viet nam . this species is found in a number of protected areas throughout its range , including : lawachara national park , rama - kalenga sanctuary ( bangladesh ) ; galoligongshan nature reserve , wuliangshan nature reserve , ailaoshan nature reserve , daxueshan nature reserve , nanguanhe nature reserve , tongbiguan nature reserve , lancangjiang nature reserve , huanlianshan nature reserve , fenshuiling nature reserve , niuluohe nature reserve , caiyanghe nature reserve , xishuanbanna nature reserve ( china ) ; dampa sanctuary , gumti sanctuary , sepahijala sanctuary , trishna sanctuary ( india ) ; pegu yoma reserve , pidaung reserve , popa mountain national park ( myanmar ) ; nam nao national park , phu khieo sanctuary ( thailand ) ; cuc phuong national park ( viet nam ) . it might possibly occur in phou dendin national park ( lao pdr ) as well .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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tripura is a stronghold of this species in india where it is found mainly in three protected areas sipahijala , trishna and gumti wildlife sanctuaries . even though primates are overall well protected in tripura they suffer from severe habitat loss due to jhum , conversion of forests to tea gardens , rubber & timber plantations , paper mills , firewood collection , charcoal production , and human settlements .
during our recent short visit to tripura we encountered this beautiful primate on two separate occasions in sipahijala and trishna wls .
shashank dalvi shashank is an alumnus of the msc . wildlife biology and conservation program ( ncbs , wcs - india ) and currently works with the centre for wildlife studies , bangalore .
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ci is a non - profit , non - commercial portal that aims to facilitate wildlife and nature conservation by providing reliable information and the tools needed to campaign effectively . we define conservation as knowledge - driven actions that lead to the effective management and recovery of wildlife . that means giving priority to meeting the ecological needs of wildlife populations in decline , and to the recovery and expansion of their habitats . read more »
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, range from eastern india to southern china , including portions of thailand and vietnam .
, may play a role in seed dispersal . the considerable consumption of foliage by this species may also influence plant composition in local ecosystems .
conservation efforts have limited slash and burn cultivation and have led to increased protected land , which some would consider as adverse effects toward humans . local bush hunting is also decreasing as conservation efforts increase .
wayne cantwell ( author ) , northern michigan university , john bruggink ( editor ) , northern michigan university , gail mccormick ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
johnson , d . 2008 .
the lifespans of nonhuman primates
( on - line ) . primate info net . accessed march 13 , 2009 at urltoken .
snaith , t . , c . chapman . 2007 . primate group size and interpreting socioecological models : do folivores really play by different rules ? .
yeager , c . , c . kirkpatrick . 1998 . asian colobine social structure : ecological and evolutionary constraints . .
to cite this page : cantwell , w . 2011 .
trachypithecus phayrei
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
: the dorsal side either dark brown , buffy , or gray - brown and the ventral side is gray or whitish in coloration ( groves , 2001 ) . around the eye there is a white ring ( groves , 2001 ) .
: this subspecies has a body coloration of gray to gray - fawn or silvery brown to nearly yellow ( groves , 2001 ) . this subspecies has a forehead that is brown becoming lighter over the crown , being creamy sometimes on the nape ( groves , 2001 ) . the hands and feet are black ( groves , 2001 ) . has white eye - rings and a small are of depigmentation around the mouth ( groves , 2001 ) .
trachypithecus phayrei shanicus : the overall color of this subspecies is described as fawn , with a trace of lightening on the nape ( groves , 2001 ) . hands and feet are slightly darker than the rest of the body ( groves , 2001 ) . around the eyes the white is restricted to the inner side and the depigmented area around the mouth is wide ( groves , 2001 ) . a whorl is found behind the brows , but there is no crest on the crown ( groves , 2001 ) .
: this subspecies is found from pegu north through arakan to tripura and southern assam , india and in eastern bangladesh ( groves , 2001 ) .
: this subspecies is found in bangladesh , southern china , southwestern laos , central and northwestern thailand , and northern vietnam ( groves , 2001 ) . in bangladesh this subspecies occurs to the south of the range of the subspecies
trachypithecus phayrei shanicus : this subspecies is found from northern burma into southern yunnan , china in the yingjiang - namting river and tunchong - homushu pass districts ( groves , 2001 ) .
species ( ahsan , 1994 ; roonwal and mohnot , 1977 ; gupta and kumar , 1994 ; stanford , 1988 ; choudhury , 1994 ; gupta , 1996 ; bose and bhattacharjee , 2002 ) . this species prefers to consume immature leaves to more mature ones ( bose and bhattacharjee , 2002 ) . in the inner line reserve forest of assam , this species was found to mainly consume bamboo shoots ( srivastava , 1999 ) . in southern assam the three most preferred food items were
( bose and bhattacharjee , 2002 ) . at sipahijala , tripura , young rubber shoots are an important part of the diet during the dry season ( srivastava , 1999 ) . gupta ( 1997 ) found that 38 % of the total time feeding was spent on feeding on plantation species . an exotic plantation species , akashmani (
gupta and kumar ( 1994 ) found that in gumti wildlife sanctuary , tripura , india , the diet consists of young and mature leaves , ripe and unripe fruits , seeds , petioles , flowers , and gums . gupta and kumar ( 1994 ) over an eight month study found that young leaves consisted of 48 . 5 % of the diet , followed by the young pods and seeds of two leguminous species (
species accounted for 5 . 2 % of the diet , and the last 20 . 6 % of the diet consisted of petioles , gums , and flowers . young leaves were consumed most in june ( 81 . 7 % ) and least in march ( 22 . 0 % ) ( gupta and kumar , 1994 ) . seeds were found to be more in the months of january , february , and march when eating young leaves was low ( gupta and kumar , 1994 ) . feeding on mature leaves was low , only consisting of feeding on the leaves of the bamboo species
( gupta and kumar , 1994 ) . gupta and kumar ( 1994 ) found that the feeding on young leaves depended on their abundance and not their availability . the most important food sources at gumti wildlife sanctuary were
was used the most with its young leaves , pods and seeds , and gum being utilized ( gupta and kumar , 1994 ) .
sizes range from 3 to 30 individuals . in yunnan , china , group sizes for this species were found to range from 30 - 40 individuals ( zhen , 1991 ; cited in pan
, 1993 ) found that group sizes ranged from 4 - 8 individuals . in bangladesh , the mean group size was found to be 11 individuals ( ahsan , 1994 ) . in rajkandi reserve forest , bangladesh , group sizes were found to average 8 . 8 individuals ( stanford , 1988 ) . this is an
species , although it will move around the ground occasionally to move or to feed ( choudhury , 1994 ) . groups have a relatively small
size due to a high percentage of folivory ( gupta , 2002 ) . daily activity consists of feeding ( 34 . 9 % ) , resting ( 21 . 15 ) , traveling ( 14 . 4 % ) , and other ( 29 . 5 % , playing , grooming , etc . ) ( gupta and kumar , 1994 ) . more time is spent feeding and less time resting during the winter months ( gupta and kumar , 1994 ) . gupta ( 1997 ) found that in another study ( 12 months ) , in tripura , india , daily activity consisted of 41 . 7 % feeding , 28 . 3 % resting , 8 . 2 % traveling , and 21 . 8 % other activities ( grooming , calling , playing , suckling , aunting , etc . ) . bose and bhattacharjee ( 2002 ) found that in southern assam , group daily activity consisted of 39 . 4 % feeding , 14 . 8 % moving ( traveling ) , 34 . 4 % resting , 7 . 2 % grooming , 1 % playing , and 3 . 2 % other activities . groups will awake shortly before dawn , feed , then find a place to rest ( choudhury , 1994 ) . in the late afternoon , groups will feed again ( choudhury , 1994 ) . during the winter months , individuals will bask in the sun like capped langurs ( choudhury , 1994 ) . sleeping sites range in height from 8 to 29 meters ( gupta , 2002 ) .
social system ; in the multimale - multifemale usually there are two males ( gupta and kumar , 1994 ; choudhury , 1994 ) . the number of females in a group will range from 3 to 6 ( gupta and kumar , 1994 ) . solitary individuals have been reported for this species ( srivastava , 1999 ) . this is a territorial species and will defend its
, 1995 ) . this species is also sympatric with the capped langur in rajkandi reserve forest where they will feed in the same or adjacent trees ( stanford , 1988 ) .
this call is described as being a high pitched roar ( stanford , 1991 ) .
this is a soft warning call emitted by the adult male upon detection of a predator ( srivastava , 1999 ) .
this is a two - phased honking call emitted by the adult male to bring the group together ( srivastava , 1999 ) .
this is when one individual grooms another and is used to reinforce the bonds between individuals .
, 2010 ) . average gestation length for this species was found to be 205 . 3 days ( lu
ahsan , m . f . 1994 . feeding ecology of the primates of bangladesh . in
. eds . b . thierry , j . r . anderson , j . j . roeder , and n . herrenschmidt . universite louis pasteur : strasbourg .
feeroz , m . m . , islam , m . a . , and kabir , m . 1995 . status , distribution and conservation of non - human primates of bangladesh .
) groups in gumti and sepahijala wildlife sanctuary , north east india : responses to food availability , adaptability , and human influence . ( abstract )
he , c . r . and yang , d . h . 1982 . preliminary studies on the biology of
mackinnon , j . and mackinnon , k . 1987 . conservation status of the primates of the indo - chinese subregion .
nisbett , r . a . and ciochon , r . l . 1993 . primates in northern viet nam : a review of the ecology and conservation status of extant species , with notes on pleistocene localities .
ratajszczak , r . 1988 . notes on the current status and conservation of primates in vietnam .
ruggeri , n . and timmins , r . j . 1995 / 1996 . an initial summary of diurnal primate status in laos .
stanford , c . b . 1991 . the capped langur in bangladesh : behavioral ecology and reproductive tactics .
average mass : male 7 . 4 kg ; female 6 . 2 kg .
range age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( male ) : 3 to 4 years .
yeager , c . , c . kirkpatrick . 1998 . asian colobine social structure : ecological and evolutionary constraints . . primates , 39 ( 2 ) : 147 - 155 .
this species is listed as endangered as it is believed to have undergone a decline of more than 50 % over the last three generations ( 36 years , given a generation length of 12 years ) , due to a combination of habitat loss and hunting .
in india and bangladesh , populations are small and isolated , though locally common in many places ( choudhury 2001 ; molur et al . 2003 ) . in lao pdr the species is localized , and in the northern parts of its range generally scarce , due both to high hunting pressure and a high level of habitat fragmentation . in the southern parts of its range in lao pdr the species is more common , although still among the scarcest of the diurnal primates ( r . timmins pers . comm . ) . in viet nam the species is rare and now very localized ( r . timmins pers . comm . ) . in the last ten years there are records only from a handful of areas ( nadler et al . 2004 ) . in thailand , there are good populations in nam nao national park and phukhio wildlife sanctuary , where they had the highest densities at 3 . 4 groups / km 2 and 23 - 38 individuals / km 2 ( borries et al . 2002 ) , but much of northern thailand has been hunted out . there are also good populations in the western forest complex ( w . brockelmann pers . comm . ) . there is little information available concerning the species status in myanmar ( r . timmins pers . comm . ) . in china , healthy populations of t . p . shanicus survive mainly in gaoligongshan nature reserve and tongbiguan nature reserve , and healthy populations of t . p . crepuscula survive mainly in nangunhe nature reserve , ailaoshan nature reserve , wuliangshan nature reserve , daxueshan nature reserve , huanlianshan nature reserve , and xishuanbanna nature reserve ( zhang et al . 2002 ) . overall , the picture is one of a serious ongoing decline globally .
in bangladesh and india , this species is at risk of habitat disturbance and fragmentation , especially due to the establishment of tea gardens and paper mills , but also timber plantations , livestock ranching , shifting agriculture , firewood collection , charcoal production , and human settlement ( molur et al . 2003 ) . other threats facing these populations include pollution , inbreeding , and a local trade in the animals for zoos and as food ( molur et al . 2003 ) . the population in bangladesh has declines by more than 80 % in the last 20 years , making it very vulnerable in its extremely fragmented locations ( molur et al . 2003 ) . further to the east of the range ( in china , viet nam , thailand , and lao pdr ) , the major threat is hunting for traditional medicine and bushmeat . indeed , in northern thailand they have been nearly entirely hunted out , and now only survive in larger protected areas . in the known lao pdr stronghold for this species ( bolikhamsai province ) , there is extensive infrastructure development for hydro - electric power , which is likely to increase hunting pressure on these populations ( r . timmins pers . comm . ) . furthermore , the range of the species in viet nam , lao pdr and thailand coincides with ethnic minorities that favour shifting cultivation , with a continual resulting loss of forest ( r . timmins pers . comm . ) .


macroglossum fritzei is a moth of the family sphingidae .

it is known from south-eastern china , central and southern japan , thailand and borneo .

the length of the forewings is 21 mm .

this species differs from all other species of macroglossum in the very oblique antemedian band of the forewing .

the head and thorax uppersides are dark grey .

the abdomen upperside is blackish-brown .

the palpus underside is reddish grey .

the thorax underside is pale red centrally , darker laterally .

the abdomen underside is bright tawny , the apical margins brown with a lateral series of conspicuous buff-yellow spots .

the forewing underside is reddish-chestnut , while the extreme base is yellowish , the blackish-brown border is very distinct , due to a series of irregular buff-yellow postdiscal patches .

the hindwing underside has a broad yellow band .

the hindwing underside is reddish anteriorly , with the base and anal areas yellow gradually shading off on the disc .

the brown border is sharply marked , with indications of pale yellow spots at its proximal edge .

the larvae feed on morinda and paederia species , including morinda umbellata in hong kong .

macroglossum fritzei

macroglossum fritzei rothschild & jordan macroglossum fritzei rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; 654 .
no one has contributed data records for macroglossum fritzei yet . learn how to contribute .
macroglossum fritzei , male , upperside . china , hong kong , new territories , sai kung , tai mong tsai
macroglossum fritzei , male , underside . china , hong kong , new territories , sai kung , tai mong tsai
macroglossum fritzei rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 618 ( key ) , 654 . type locality : [ japan , ] loo choo islands [ ryukyu islands ] , okinawa .
macroglossum geoffmartini ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10
macroglossum eggeri ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10
macroglossum haxairei ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10
macroglossum loeffleri ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10
macroglossum luteata ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 14
macroglossum oceanicum ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 14
macroglossum perplexum ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum pseudocorythus ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum pseudoluteata ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum stenoxanthum ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum sulai ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
macroglossum corythus fuscicauda ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12
macroglossum buruensis holland , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 3 ) : 556 ; tl : buru
macroglossum corythus fulvicaudata ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12
macroglossum corythus novebudensis ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12
macroglossum corythus novirlandum ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12
macroglossum corythus platyxanthum ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 13
macroglossum corythus pylene ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 13
macroglossum corythus xanthurus ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 14
macroglossum sulai eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 166 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , bungku
macroglossum marquesanum collenette , 1935 ; bull . bishop mus . 114 : 209 ; tl : hivaoa , kaava ridge , 2460ft
? macroglossum palauensis matsumura , 1930 ; trans . sapporo nat . hist . soc . 11 : 120 ; tl : japan
macroglossum eggeri eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 173 - 174 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , parigi
macroglossum pseudocorythus eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 158 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , makki , 800m
macroglossum pseudoluteata eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 165 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , palolo , 800m
macroglossum micacea albibase rothschild , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 ( 1 ) : 79 ; tl : bougainville i . , solomons
macroglossum perplexum eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : ? 16 , 170 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , mamujuju
macroglossum geoffmartini eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 172 - 173 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , n of palopo
macroglossum haxairei eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 174 - 175 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , paredean , 700m
macroglossum sylvia ; hogenes & treadaway , 1998 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo , suppl . 17 : 88 ( part . )
macroglossum fuscicauda rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 663 ; tl : lifu , loyalty island
macroglossum novebudensis clark , 1926 ; proc . new england zool . cl . 9 : 54 - 55 ; tl : tanna , new hebrides
macroglossum xanthurus rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 662 ; tl : larat , tenimber island
macroglossum oceanicum rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 292 ; tl : solomon islands , chago archipelago
macroglossum sylvia ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 , 658 ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15
synonym . macroglossum hunanensis chu & wang , 1980 , acta zootaxon . sin . 5 : 420 . type locality : china , hunan , heng shan .
macroglossum ungues rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 643 ; tl : buru , amboina , java , etc
macroglossum loeffleri eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 171 - 172 ; tl : n . vietnam , 55km nww hanoi , tam dao
macroglossum lepidum rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 , pl . 20 , f . 5 ; tl : nias
macroglossum iwasakii matsumura , 1921 ; thous . ins . japan ( additam . ) 4 : 754 , pl . 54 , f . 9 ; tl : japan
macroglossum faro ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 665 , pl . 4 , f . 14 ; [ hmw ]
macroglossum sylvia ; inoue , kennett & kitching , 1997 , the moths of thailand 2 : 101 , pl . 30 , f . 136 , p . 146 gen 28
macroglossum kadneri eitschberger , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 7 , 10 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 5 ; tl : indonesia , sulawesi , selatan , salubai
macroglossum palawana eitschberger & treadaway , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 7 , 10 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 6 ; tl : philippines , palawan , irawan , 50m
macroglossum trigi eitschberger , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 4 , 11 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 3 ; tl : indonesia , sulawesi , selatan , n of palopo
macroglossum napolovi eitschberger , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 9 , 10 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 9 ; tl : n . vietnam , 55km nnw hanoi , tam dao
macroglossum wolframmeyi eitschberger & treadaway , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 8 , 11 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 8 ; tl : philippines , off palawan , cuyo i . , 400ft
head and thorax uppersides dark grey , with a brown mesial line . mesothoracic tegula with a large , brown , triangular patch conspicuously edged with grey . abdomen upperside blackish - brown , large yellow lateral patches on segments two and three , and a smaller one on four . palpus underside reddish grey , a dark triangular lateral patch not sharply marked . thorax underside pale red centrally , darker laterally . abdomen underside bright tawny , the apical margins brown , a lateral series of conspicuous buff - yellow spots .
china : i - xii ( hong kong ) ; v ( hunan ) ; 31 . v ( guangdong ) ; vi - viii ( guangdong ) ; viii ( fujian ) . taiwan : 18 . vii . japan : urltoken ( ryukyu archipelago ) ; 10 - 4 . viii ( ryukyu archipelago ) ; 13 . vii - 29 . x ( honshu ) ; vii ( kyushu ; ryukyu archipelago ) ; 28 . x ( shikoku ) .
ovum : pale green , almost spherical ( 1 . 3mm ) , and shiny .
larva : newly hatched larvae are 3mm long , and olive green with a long black horn .
larval hostplants . morinda and paederia ( rubiaceae ) . in hong kong , recorded from morinda umbellata ( david l . mohn , pers . comm . 2002 )
china : hubei ( xinzhou ) ; hunan ( dayong ; heng shan ) ; fujian ( guangze , 1200m ) ; guangdong ( lianping ; longtou shan ; nanling national forest park , 1100m ) ; hong kong ( north point ) ; hainan .
: taipei ( neihu ) ; ilan hsien ( fushan botanical garden ) ; miaoli hsien ( tai ' an ) .
japan : honshu ( nashimoto ; shinshiro ) ; shikoku ( matsuyama ) ; kyushu ( hikosan ) ; ryukyu archipelago ( amamioshima ; okinawa ; iriomoteshima ; yakushima ) .
diagnosis . the straight , oblique , pale antemedial and the rather mottled distal half to the forewing are diagnostic . the forewing below has a double row of yellow lunules associated with the submarginal over the dorsal half of the wing . geographical range . china , riu kiu is . , borneo . habitat preference . the species has been taken infrequently in brunei from the coast to 1618m on bukit retak .
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holotype ♀ [ japan : ] loo choo islands [ ryūkyū islands ] , okinawa , «4 . »vii . 1891 , ( a . fritze ) [ nhmuk ] .
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macroglossa vialis butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 240 , pl . 36 , f . 5 ; tl : canara
macroglossa interrupta butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 242 , pl . 37 , f . 2 ; tl : darjeeling
macroglossa belia hampson , [ 1893 ] ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 1 : 114 ; tl : ceylon
1024x768 ( ~ 71kb ) oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo © s . shuichi haupt
macroglossa calescens butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 10 ( 56 ) : 156 ; tl : new britain
macroglossa dohertyi rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 67 , pl . 5 , f . 2 ; tl : amboina
sphinx faro cramer , [ 1780 ] ; uitl . kapellen 3 ( 23 - 24 ) : 165
rhamphoschisma godeffroyi butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 10 ( 56 ) : 157 ; tl : duke - of - york i .
macroglossa burmanica rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 68 , pl . 5 , f . 3 ; tl : burma
heliophila divergens ( walker , 1856 ) ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 94
macroglossa hemichroma butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 243 , pl . 37 , f . 1 ; tl : silhet
indo - australian tropics , australia , hong kong , sumatra , java . see [ maps ]
hong kong , japan , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo , ? sulawesi . see [ maps ]
macroglossa mitchelli ménétriés , 1857 ; cat . lep . petersb . 2 : 95
macroglossa semifasciata hampson , [ 1893 ] ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 1 : 115
macroglossa orientalis butler , 1877 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 9 ( 19 ) : 528 ; tl : moulmein
naf , seu , ceu , am , ac , s . india , indochina . see [ maps ]
1000x643 ( ~ 116kb ) northern greece , axios delta , june 1995 , photo © dylan lloyd leg .
macroglossa similis rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : oinainissa
macroglossa corythus walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 92 ; tl : ceylon
macroglossa proxima butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 4 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : ceylon , canara
macroglossa proxima ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 29 , pl . 91 , f . 1a - b
macroglossa fulvicaudata butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 10 ( 56 ) : 155 ; tl : new britain
macroglossa moluccensis rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : batjan , n . molucca islands
macroglossa luteata butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 241 , pl . 37 , f . 5 ; tl : silhet
[ dylan lloyd ] hafanedd , deiniol rd . , bangor , wales , u . k . , ll57 2up
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres hétérocéres . tome premier . sphingides , sésiides , castnides
lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
sammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
a catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
wallengren , 1858 nya fjärilslägten - nova genera lepidopterorum öfvers . vet . akad . förh . 15 : 75 - 84 , 135 - 142 , 209 - 215
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .