sloane 's viperfish , chauliodus sloani , is a dragonfish of the genus chauliodus , found in all tropical and subtropical oceans , at depths down to 2,500 m .

their length is between 20 and 35 cm .

sloane ' s viperfish

sloane ' s viperfish is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list .
sloane’s viperfish were first identified by bloch and schneider in 1801 ( mcgrouther , 2003 ) . the genus name
are preyed upon by larger bathy - and mesopelagic nekton . remains of sloane’s viperfish have been found in the stomach of
, commonly called sloane’s viperfish or sloane’s fangfish , are known to inhabit almost all marine waters in the temperate and tropical zones . their range extends from about 63 ° n to 50 ° s . there are a few regions in the atlantic , indian , and pacific ocean north of the equator where there have been no records of sloane’s viperfish ( gibbs , 1984 ) .
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despite its frightening appearance , the sloane ' s viperfish ( or sloane’s fangfish ) is a harmless to humans dragon fish of the chauliodus genus . it can be found all over the world in tropical and subtropical oceans , living in very deep depths .
sloane ' s viperfish is one of the most recognizable deep sea fishes with its long fang - like teeth and photophores illuminating the side of its body .
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sloane’s viperfish sloane’s viperfish are the most common species found in the deep ocean . they are usually a silver - blue color with pale fins . some sloane’s viperfish have been caught that are green , silver and black colored . viper fish grow to be about 30 centimeters ( 12 inches ) long when mature . very little is known about how long these viperfish live . scientists estimate they can live between 30 and 40 years . viper fish caught in nets and brought to the surface of the ocean live only a few hours before they die .
since the eyes are rather large in sloane ' s viperfish , it is presumed that they have retained use of sight as a form of perception ( gartner , crabtree and sulak , 1997 ) .
due to its size , this viperfish can ' t directly defend itself against predation . its only mean of protection is the lack of light characterizing its habitat combined with the sloane ' s natural dark coloring .
the fish is best known for having the guinness record for largest teeth in comparison to its head - size , among all known species of fish . the teeth are so big that the sloane’s viperfish has to open its jaws almost vertically before swallowing its prey .
sloane ' s viperfish , chauliodus sloani , photographed by an rov at baja de anacón , el hierro , canary islands , spain , during the ranger expedition to the atlantic seamounts , september 2014 . . source : oceana europe / flickr . license : all rights reserved
sloane’s fangfish are very slender with a maximum length of 35 centimeters ( gibbs , 1984 ) . these iridescent fish come in shades of blue , green , black , or silver .
sloane’s fangfish engage in what is known as asynchronous diel vertical migration . this means that they vertically migrate in higher depths during the night , probably to increase their chances of finding prey .
like many other species of deepsea fishes , sloane ' s viperfish is known to vertically migrate . during the day it is found at depths from 500 m to 2500 m , but at night it swims up into shallower water ( less than 600 m ) where food is more plentiful .
( gibbs , 1984 ) . larger specimens of sloane’s fangfish are believed to be exclusively piscivorous while the smaller or younger fish consume a higher ratio of marine arthropods ( butler et al . , 2001 ) .
due to the difficulty of studying them in the wild , there is very little data on the lifespan of sloane’s viperfish . studies of the bands in the otoliths ( plates in the inner ear ) have yielded an estimated longevity of 15 to 30 years for most deep - sea fishes . however , it ' s difficult to know whether these bands occur strictly at annual intervals ( haedrich , 1997 ) .
engage in asynchronous diel vertical migration which means that during the night they can be found in less deep regions such as the mesopelagic , which generally characterizes the depth range of 200 to 1000 meters ( sutton and hopkins , 1996 ) . it is thought that sloane’s viperfish prefer regions of higher dissolved oxygen content because other relatives such as
interesting facts - the sloani ' s viperfish species ( chauliodus sloani ) holds the guinness world record ( fish category ) for largest teeth relative to head size . sloani ' s teeth are so large that the fish has to open its mouth in a vertical position before swallowing prey . references & further reading
the genus name of this fish comes from the greek words chaulios , meaning
to be with mouth opened ,
and odous , meaning
teeth .
the name is appropriate , as sloane ' s viperfish has the largest teeth to head size ; those teeth are over half the size of the head , and overlap the jaws when the mouth is closed .
sloane’s fangfish function as higher - trophic level predators in their ecosystem ( gartner , crabtree , and sulak , 1997 ) . they are considered to be very important contributors to the predation on myctophids ( butler et al . , 2001 ) .
like all species of viperfish , the sloane’s fangfish has photophores . these are small organs in their dorsal spine used both for hunting and communication ( with potential mates or rivals . ) these light - producing organs flash on and off luring all kinds of prey . they stay totally still while hunting . once pray comes close enough they will first snap it using their huge teeth and then swallow it .
in the wild , viperfish can live to 30 to 40 years old . however , captive specimens die in a matter of a few days .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
sloane ' s viperfish inhabits almost all marine waters in temperate and tropical zones , including the western mediterranean , south china , and east china seas , but with several distributional gaps in the southern central atlantic , northern indian ocean , eastern pacific north of the equator , etc . specimens have been found from as deep as 9 , 186 feet , up to 1 , 312 feet . it is believed that it migrates vertically at night in search of food .
body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .
but like many fish they are dioecious ( gibbs , 1984 ) . sloane’s viperfish are not known to be sexually dimorphic since the specimens caught are rarely sexed . since differences in species - specific photophore stimulations exist , it can be presumed that the light emissions are used in communication activities between individuals such as mate attraction ( christophe , baguet and marechal , 1979 ) . several sources have noted that external spawning takes place in this oviparous species ( mcgrouther , 2003 ) .
sloane’s viperfish have some characteristics typical of deep - water fishes which aid in acquiring food in regions of low light . these features include a straight intestine and an elongated , distensible stomach ( gartner , crabtree and sulak , 1997 ) . they also have a relatively large gape , and hinged fangs . this specialized dentition can rotate inward to prevent prey from escaping and ease its passage into the gullet ( gartner , crabtree and sulak , 1997 ) . another feature that is unique to the genus
sloane ' s viperfish reaches a maximum length of 14 inches . it has an adipose fin and a forked caudal fin and its dorsal fin is positioned right behind the head . almost all of the fins contain soft rays . the first soft ray of the dorsal fin is elongated and extends to about half the length of the body . there are rows of 24 or more light - producing cells along the lateral and ventral surface of the fish . general body color is blue , green , black , or silver .
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the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
garman , s . 1899 . reports on a exploration off the west coasts of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands in charge of alexander agassiz , by the u . s . fish commission steamer ' albatross ' during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . a . commanding . xxvi . the fishes . mem . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 24 : 1 - 431 , 97 pl . , i map .
due to its bathypelagic nature , the sloane’s fangfish isn ' t a well studied animal and as a result we don ' t know much about its current population . as of this moment , it is not in the iucn red list , however we really don ' t know if it is actually threatened or not by anything . nevertheless , it is believed that human activity has very little ( if any ) impact on this fish .
munro , i . s . r . 1955 . the marine and freshwater fishes of ceylon , canberra : xvi + 349 pp . , 19 fig . , 56 pl .
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like many deep - water fishes , sloane ' s viperfish has a straight intestine and an elongated , distensible stomach , as well as a relatively large gape and hinged fangs . these features allow it to prey on fish up to 63 % of its own body length . it is presumed that it waits at depths that act as common passages for other vertical migrators and catches prey as they ascend to feed , using its elongated first dorsal ray as a lure . its specialized dentition can rotate inward to prevent prey from escaping and ease its passage into the gullet . a unique feature is a hinged connection between the skull and backbone that rotates the skull upward to allow further manipulation of large prey into the throat .
their length varies from 30 to 60 cm ( ~ 12 - 24 inches ) . most of the viperfish species have a frightening appearance with long , needle and pointed teeth and a hinged lower jaw . they come in a variety of colors including :
lo bianco , s . 1901 . le pesche pelagische abissali esseguite del ' maia ' nelle vicinanze di capri . mitt . zool . stn neapel , 15 : 413 - 482 .
kenaley , c . p . , harold , a . s . & gomon , m . f . 2008 . family stomiidae . pp . 240 - 254 in gomon . m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h ( eds ) . fishes of australia ' s southern coast . sydney : reed new holland 928 pp .
goode , g . b . ; bean , t . h . 1895 . a revision of the order heteromi , with a description of the generic types macdonaldia and lipogenys . scientific results of explorations by the u . s . fish commission steamer albatross , no . 29 . proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 1894 , 17 : pp . 455 - 470 .
the viperfish is one of the most unusual - looking fish in the deep sea . it is also one of the most popular and well - known species . known scientifically as chauliodus sloani , it is one of the fiercest predators of the deep . this fish can be easily recognized by its large mouth and sharp , fang - like teeth . in fact , these fangs are so large that they will not fit inside the mouth . instead , they curve back very close to the fish ' s eyes . the viperfish is thought to use these sharp teeth to impale its victims by swimming at them at high speeds . the first vertebra , right behind the head , is actually designed to act as a shock absorber . this fearsome looking creature has a long dorsal spine that is tipped with a photophore , a light - producing organ . the viperfish uses this light organ to attract its prey through a process known as bioluminescence . by flashing the light on and off , it can be used like a fishing lure to attract smaller fish .
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 200 - 4700 m ( ref . 74511 ) , usually 494 - 1000 m ( ref . 28981 ) . deep - water ; 70°n - 56°s , 180°w - 180°e
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the 2004 indian ocean tsunami lifted the seabed and moved it sideways along a 1 , 600 km ( 1000 mile ) crack in the earth’s surface . the indian plate slipped beneath the burma plate during the earthquake .
gomon . m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h ( eds ) 2008 . fishes of australia ' s southern coast . sydney : reed new holland 928 pp .
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mcculloch , a . r . 1916 . report on some fishes obtained by the f . i . s . endeavour on the coasts of queensland , new south wales , victoria , tasmania , south and south - western australia . part 4 . biological results of the fishing experiments carried on by the f . i . s . endeavour 1909 - 1914 4 ( 4 ) : 169 - 199 figs 1 - 2 pls 49 - 58
during the day , they stay deeper in the ocean emerging during the night to forage . all viperfish have an organ called
photophore
. this photophore emits a natural light and is located near the dorsal spine . when hunting , this organ flashes every now and then , luring all kinds of prey .
mcculloch , a . r . 1916 ,
report on some fishes obtained by the f . i . s . endeavour on the coasts of queensland , new south wales , victoria , tasmania , south and south - western australia . part 4
, biological results of the fishing experiments carried on by the f . i . s . endeavour 1909 - 1914 , vol . 4 , no . 4 , pp . 169 - 199 figs 1 - 2 pls 49 - 58
they are bathypelagic fishes , living in depths starting from 400 up to 2800 meters ( 1310 to 9185 ft ) . their habitat includes all the oceans belonging to temperate and tropical zones with their range extending from 63 ° n to 50 ° s .
butler , m . , s . bollens , b . burkhalter , l . madin , e . horgan . 2001 . mesopelagic fishes of the arabian sea : distributrion , abundance and diet of chauliodus pammelas , chauliodus sloani , stomias affinis , and stomias nebulosus .
because of the extreme depths at which they are found , very little is known about the reproductive habits of the viperfish . it is believed that they are external spawners , meaning that the female releases eggs into the water to be fertilized . spawning probably occurs throughout the year , although the numbers of young larvae have been discovered to be highest between january and march . these larvae are approximately six millimeters long ( approximately a quarter of an inch ) when they hatch . they are left to fend for themselves until they can reach maturity . not much is known about the life span of the viperfish , but most researchers think they live between 15 and 30 years . in captivity , they rarely live longer than a few hours .
viperfish
is the common name used for all the species of the chauliodus genus . these fish are best known for their ferocious appearance . currently , there are 9 known species . the genus has a world wide distribution , occurring in oceans with tropical and temperate waters , at depths ranging from 76 to 1500 m ( ~ 250 to 5 , 000 ft ) .
a voracious bioluminescent predator with huge fang - like teeth , and rows of dark iridescent silvery - blue hexagonal areas on the body . the dorsal fin is elevated and far forward on the body , with a greatly elongated first dorsal - fin ray tipped with light organs . video of a viperfish on the palinuro seamount off the coast of sicily , italy , november 2012 .
gomon , m . f & e . m . robertson . in gomon , m . f , c . j . m . glover & r . h . kuiter ( eds ) . 1994 . the fishes of australia ' s south coast . state print , adelaide . pp . 992 .
fishing lure these fish have a long dorsal spine that comes out of their head with a photophore on the tip . the photophore is a natural light . they turn the natural light on and off to attract their prey . it acts like a fishing lure while the viperfish hangs perfectly still in the water . food is scarce in the deep and these fish can go for a period of time without attracting another fish to eat .
mcculloch , a . r . 1916 . report on some fishes obtained by the f . i . s . ' endeavour ' on the coasts of queensland . . . part iv . zool . ( biol . ) results fish . exp . ' endeavour ' , 4 ( 4 ) : 169 - 199 .
where viper fish live and what they eat viper fish are known to eat shrimp , squid , hermit crabs , anchovies , mackerel and other little fish . they swim at high speeds toward their prey impaling them with their sharp teeth . other animals that eat viperfish include dragonfish , dolphins and sharks . they live primarily in tropical to temperate waters . they have been found living around australia in the pacific ocean and maine in the atlantic ocean .
bigelow , h . b . ; schroeder , w . c . ; springer , s . 1953 . new and little known sharks from the atlantic and from the gulf of mexico . bull . mus . comp . zool harv . , 109 ( 3 ) : 213 - 276 , fig . 1 - 10 .
viperfish are found in tropical and temperate waters throughout the world at depths of up to 9 , 000 feet ( 2 , 800 meters ) . they are rarely seen by humans , although specimens do sometimes show up in the catches of deep water trawlers . these occasional catches provide scientists with unique opportunities to study this elusive animal . because they live in such deep waters , it is believed that human activity has very little impact on their populations .
introduction viper fish are one of the fiercest predators living in the deep ocean . they live in the deep ocean where it is so dark they are invisible to other fish when they are still in the water . viperfish use photophores along their sides to help conceal their body from fish swimming beneath it . they attract their prey with a “fishing lure” on top of their head . they have a low basal metabolic rate so they can go for days without eating .
gilchrist , j . d . f . 1922 . deep - sea fishes procured by the ss ' pickle ' ( part i ) . rep . fish . mar . biol . surv . un . s . afr . , dept . mines industr . , 2 ( spec . rep . 3 ) : 41 - 79 , pl . vii - xii .
mcculloch , a . r . 1916 . report on some fishes obtained by the f . i . s . endeavour on the coasts of queensland , new south wales , victoria , tasmania , south and south - western australia . part 4 . biol . res . endeavour 4 ( 4 ) : 169 - 199 figs 1 - 2 , pls 49 - 58 [ 179 pl 52 ] .
harold , a . s . 1999 . chauliodontidae . in carpenter , k . e . & v . h . niem ( eds ) . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 3 . batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . fao , rome . pp . iii - vi , 1398 - 2068 .
butler , m . , bollens , s . m . , burkhalter , b . , madin , l . p . & horgan , e . 2001 . mesopelagic fishes of the arabian sea : distribution , abundance and diet of chauliodus pammelas , chauliodus sloani , stomias affinis , and stomias nebulosus . deep sea research part ii : topical studies in oceanography 48 ( 6 - 7 ) : 1369 - 1383 .
harold , a . s . 1999 . families gonostomatidae , sternoptychidae , phosichthyidae , astronesthidae , stomiidae , chauliodontidae , melanostomiidae , idiacanthidae , malacosteidae . pp . 1896 - 1917 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes . rome : fao vol . 3 1397 - 2068 pp .
where they hunt for food the fish migrate vertically during a 24 - hour period looking for food . they feed during the day at depths of about 1500 meters ( 5000 feet ) where almost no light penetrates the ocean water . they use the photopores along each side of their body to give off a faint light to fool their predators beneath them looking for food . as day turns to night they move upward looking for food where it is more plentiful at shallower depths up to 600 meters ( 2000 feet ) beneath the surface of the ocean . there are nine recognized species of viperfish .
gibbs , r . h . , jr . 1986 . family no . 67 : stomiidae , family no . 68 : chauliodontidae , family no . 69 : astronesthidae , family no . 72 : melanostomiidae . pp . 229 - 243 in smith , m . m . & heemstra , p . c . ( eds ) smith ' s sea fishes . johannesburg : macmillan south africa xx + 1047 pp . 144 pls .
robertson , e . m . & gomon , m . f . 1994 . families stomiidae , chauliodontidae , astronesthidae , melanostomiidae , malacosteidae , idiacanthidae . pp . 251 - 263 figs 225 - 235 in gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h ( eds ) . the fishes of australia ' s south coast . adelaide : state printer 992 pp . 810 figs .
head and teeth the most obvious difference between these fish and others that inhabit the deep are their large heads with fang - like teeth . the teeth are so large that the fish cannot close their mouth with their teeth inside . instead the teeth curve over the outside of the fish’s head almost to their eyes when their mouths are closed . they have a hinged skull that can be rotated when they swallow very large prey they have impaled with their fang - like teeth .
in spite of its ferocious appearance , the viperfish is a relatively small animal , growing to about 11 or 12 inches ( 30 centimeters ) in length . it is usually dark silvery blue in color , but its coloration can vary from green to silver or black . although the main light organ is located at the end of the elongated dorsal fin ray , there are also several photophores located all along the side of the fish . these may help to camouflage the fish from predators lurking below . these lights make its bottom side appear to blend in with the extremely faint light filtering down from above . they may also serve to attract prey and communicate with potential mates or rivals .
very little is known about this fish ' s mating behavior , but it can be presumed that its light - producing cells may play a role in mate attraction . spawning probably occurs year round , but larvae are known to be in the highest numbers from january to march . the less - than - half - inch - long larvae are similar to those of eels in appearance . it is not known how long it takes to grow from the larval stage to the adult form , nor has a maximum lifespan in the wild been determined .
compiled by roberts , c . d . ; paulin , c . d . ; stewart , a . l . ; mcphee , r . p . ; mcdowall , r . m . , king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicol , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , r . ; macadie , i . 24 : phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , checklist of new zealand chordata . living lancelets , jawless fishes , cartilaginous fishes , and bony fishes . in : new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .
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the species can be recognised by its large mouth , long fang - like teeth and long first dorsal fin ray ( up to half the body length ) . it is an iridescent dark silver - blue colour in life with pale fins . the sides of the body are covered with hexagonal pigmented areas , each with one or more small photophores .
the species occurs in tropical and temperate marine waters world - wide . in australia , specimens have been collected from south - western western australia , around the north of the country and south to tasmania .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
it feeds mostly on crustaceans and small fishes . the first dorsal fin has photophores that are believed to attract prey .
little is known of the reproduction of this species , but it is believed to spawn externally . this means that the males and females release sperm and eggs into the water where fertilization occurs .
greek , chaulios , chaulos , chaunos = to be with the mouth opened + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
warm and temperate parts of all oceans but with several distributional gaps in the southern central atlantic , northern indian ocean , eastern pacific north of the equator , etc . also found in the western mediterranean ( ref . 4759 ) . south china sea and east china sea ( ref . 74511 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 5 - 8 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 10 - 13 . body iridescent silver in color ( ref . 3981 ) . slender body , forward position of dorsal fin and greater number of serial photophores ( ref . 37473 ) .
inhabits deep oceanic waters to more than 1 , 000 m depth ; may migrate to near - surface waters at night ( ref . 4759 ) . up to depth of 1800 m ( ref . 47377 ) . depth range 473 - 1192 m in the eastern ionian sea ( ref . 56504 ) . meso - and bathypelagic from near the surface to 2800 m ( ref . 58302 ) . oviparous ( ref . 5951 ) . feeds on midwater fishes and crustaceans ( ref . 4759 ) ; mainly on myctophids ( ref . 5951 ) . lipid content is 2 . 4 % in fresh body weight and wax ester is 7 . 2 % in total lipids ( ref . 9193 ) . minimum depth from ref . 58018 .
gibbs , r . h . jr . , 1984 . chauliodontidae . p . 336 - 337 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4759 )
) : 2 . 8 - 11 . 4 , mean 6 . 4 ( based on 1838 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00166 ( 0 . 00083 - 0 . 00333 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 28 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 ±0 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .
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. lo bianco , 1902 : 419 - 420 , 422 , 431 | sanzo , 1914 : 1 - 7 | sanzo , 1918 : 91 - 97 | beebe , 1929 : 10 - 12 | roule & angel , 1930 : 24 .
barbour , t . 1942 . more cuban deep - sea fishes . proc . new england zool club , 19 : 45 - 50 , 73 .
beebe , w . 1929 . deep - sea fishes of the hudson gorge . zoologica , n . y . , 12 ( 1 ) : 1 - 19 .
bloch , m . e . ; schneider , j . g . 1801 . m . e . blochii systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum . post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit , correxit , interpolavit j . g . schneider , saxo . berolini : ix + 584 pp . , 110 pl .
cuvier , g . 1816 . le règne animal distribué d ' après son organisation , pour servir de base à l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction à l ' anatomie comparée , 4 vol . paris . poissons , 2 : pp . 104 - 351 .
cuvier , g . 1838 - 1843 . le règne animal , distribué d ' après son organisation , pour servir de base à l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction à l ' anatomie comparée , ed . 3 ( ed . des disciples ) . 4 . poissons , 392 p . , 120 pl . ( by a . valenciennes ) . 1838 : pp . 1 - 40 ; 1839 : pp . 41 - 48 ; 1840 : pp . 49 - 120 ; 1841 : pp . 121 - 176 ; 1842 : pp . 177 - 360 ; 1843 : pp . 361 - 392 .
ege , v . 1948 . chauliodus schn . , bathypelagic genus of fishes . a systematic , phylogenetic and geographical study . dana rep . , ( 31 ) : 1 - 148 .
fowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .
günther , a . 1864a . catalogue of the fishes in the british museum . 5 . catalogue of the physostomi containing the families siluridae , characinidae , haplochitonidae , sternoptychidae , scopelidae , stomiatidae in the collection of the british museum . london , xxii + 455 pp .
goode , g . b . ; bean , t . h . 1879d . a catalogue of the fishes of essex county , massachusetts , including the fauna of massachusetts bay and the contiguous deep waters . bull . essex insr . , salem , 11 : 1 - 38 .
haffner , r . e . 1952 . zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish , chauliodus . syst . zool . , 1 : 112 - 133
morrow , j . e . 1961 . taxonomy of the deep - sea fishes of the genus chauliodus . buu . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 125 ( 9 ) : pp . 249 - 294 .
morrow , j . e . 1964a . family chauliodontidae in fishes of the western north atlantic . mem . sears found . mar . res . , new haven , 1 ( 4 ) : pp . 274 - 289 .
regan , c . t . 1908 . the systematic position of stylophorus caudatus . ann . mag . nat . hist . , 2 : 447 - 449 .
risso , a . 1826 . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris et strasbourg , vol . iii , xvi + 486 pp . , 16 pl .
roule , l . ; angel , f . 1930 . larves et alevins de poissons provenant des croisières du prince albert i de monaco . résult . camp . scient . prince albert 1 , 79 : 148 p . , 6 pl . ( 165 fig . ) .
sanzo , l . 1915c . notizie ittiologiche . ii . stadi larvali di stomias boa risso . iii . stadi larvali di bathophilus nigerrimus gigl . v . stadi larvali di chauliodus sloani bl . monitore zool . ital . , 26 : 131 - 144 .
shaw , g . 1803 - 1804 . general zoology or systematic natural history . . . with plates from the first authorities and most select specimens . london : 14 vol . ( 1800 - 26 ) ; 4 , 1803 ( 2 ) : pp . i - xiii + 187 - 632 , pl . 26 - 92 ; 5 , 1804 ( 2 ) : pp . i - viii + 251 - 463 , pl . 133 - 182 .
swainson , w . 1838 - 1839 . on the natural history and classification of fishes , amphibians and reptiles or monocardian animals , london , 2 vol . , 1 , 1838 , 368 pp . , 100 fig . ; 2 , 1839 , 448 pp . , 135 fig .
tchernavin , v . v . 1953 . summary of the feeding mechanisms of a deep - sea fish , chauliodus sloani . br . mus . nat . hist . , london , 101 pp . , 10 pl . , 53 fig .
weber , m . ; beaufort , l . f . de . 1913 . the fishes of the indo - australian archipelago . malacopterygii , myctophidea , ostariophysi : i siluroidea . e . j . brill , leiden , 2 : xiii + 404 p . , 151 fig .
information on chauliodus sloani is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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, but it is in possession of a kind of lure . the second ray of the dorsal fin is long , reaching up to half the length of the entire body and can be curved to get the tip within striking distance . this tip is luminescent and is used as bait for small fish , whereupon they are speared and trapped by all those teeth . there are more photophores around their eyes , on the head and running all the way along their belly . sounds almost pretty .
have been found in the mediterranean and other adjoining seas as well ( gibbs , 1984 ) .
are primarily bathypelagic fish . the bathypelagic region extends from 1000 to 2000 meters below the surface in the open ocean . they have been collected from a maximum depth of 2800 meters ( butler et al . , 2001 ) .
( butler , et al . , 2001 ; sutton and hopkins , 1996 )
have an adipose fin and a forked caudal fin and their dorsal fin is positioned right behind the head ( gibbs , 1984 ) . almost all of the fins contain soft rays . the first soft ray of the dorsal fin is elongated and extends to about half the length of the body ( mcgrouther , 2003 ) . these fish have approximately 2 . 4 % lipid content in their body ( gibbs , 1984 ) . this low lipid content and the fact that they vertically migrate indicate that
probably have some form of swim bladder ( gartner , crabtree and sulak , 1997 ) . members of the genus
are believed to eat at least once every 12 days which suggests a relatively low basal metabolic rate ( butler et al . , 2001 ) . the lower jaw protrudes beyond the upper jaw and both are lined with fang - like teeth which give the fish its common name . there are rows of 24 or more photophores ( light - producing cells ) along the lateral and ventral surface of the fish ( butler et al . , 2001 ) . they are not sexually dimorphic .
( butler , et al . , 2001 ; gartner , et al . , 1997 ; gibbs , 1984 ; mcgrouther , 2003 ; )
are similar in appearance to the leptocephalus of eels and are approximately 6 millimeters long when hatched . when they double in size the pectoral and caudal fins begin to develop ( gibbs , 1984 ) . it is not known how long
. factors such as the depth at which they live and the fact that they do not survive very long in captivity make it very difficult to study this behavior ( christophe , baguet , and marechal , 1979 ) .
are low fecundity organisms ( gibbs , 1984 ) . spawning probably occurs year round in the species although the larvae are known to be in the highest numbers from january to march ( gibbs , 1984 ) .
( christophe , et al . , 1979 ; gibbs , 1984 ; mcgrouther , 2003 ; )
specimens have been contained in captivity for as long as 12 - 18 hours ( christophe , baguet and marechal , 1979 ) .
inhabit depths that make them very difficult to study . for this reason , very little is known about their behavior . as mentioned above , they vertically migrate during the night . many fish do this to improve their chances of finding food and to avoid predators that could normally see them during the day . however , in an asynchronous diel pattern , only some individuals migrate and the depths of migration may vary . it is noted that larger specimens of
tend to reside at a greater average depth than smaller specimens ( butler et al . , 2001 ) .
are not known to have a specific home range . this is due to the difficulty in studying them in their own environment .
, like other deep - water fish , also probably make use of their bioluminescent photophores to communicate with other conspecifics ( christophe , baguet and marechal , 1979 ) .
( christophe , et al . , 1979 ; gartner , et al . , 1997 )
is a hinged connection between the skull and backbone that rotates the skull upward to allow further manipulation of large prey into the throat ( gartner , crabtree and sulak , 1997 ) .
prey on a variety of nektonic , planktonic , and benthic organisms . this includes other bony fishes and crustaceans . some examples of nektonic prey include
are known to be able to prey on fish that are 63 % of their own body length ( butler et al . , 2001 ) . these fish acquire food by arching their elongated first dorsal ray over the head and in front of the mouth as a lure ( gartner , crabtree and sulak , 1997 ) . they may use their photophores to attract prey as well ( mcgrouther , 2003 ) . as asynchronous diel migrators , they are presumed to wait at depths that act as common passages for other vertical migrators and catch prey as they ascend to feed ( gartner , crabtree and sulak , 1997 ) .
as well ( gibbs , 1984 ) . the dark colorings and lack of light at very great depths are the only known sources of protection against predators . these anti - predator characteristics couple with an asynchronous pattern of diel migration to help
( butler , et al . , 2001 ; gartner , et al . , 1997 )
have no known positive impact on humans . their deep water range limits any type of contact with humans on a regular basis other than the few that are caught in deep water trawls . since they are among the most common stomiids caught , they provide an opportunity for research on bioluminescence in the deep sea and the behavior of other deep - sea fish ( sutton and hopkins , 1996 ) .
are considered to be harmless to humans . as noted above , this is due to the rare occurrence of contact with humans ( gibbs , 1984 ) .
are not on the iucn red list and are not known to have any specific conservation status ( gibbs , 1984 ) . it would be suspected that due to the deep - water range of this
, it is very difficult to characterize the overall population of this species . there is probably very little impact from humans that would cause any negative conservation status for
daniel swanson ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , william fink ( editor , instructor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .
living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having a worldwide distribution . found on all continents ( except maybe antarctica ) and in all biogeographic provinces ; or in all the major oceans ( atlantic , indian , and pacific .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
a species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area ( example : sea otter ) .
a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,
incomplete metamorphosis
is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and
complete metamorphosis
is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .
an aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean , far from land , does not include sea bottom ( benthic zone ) .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
christophe , b . , f . baguet , g . marechal . 1979 . luminescence of chauliodus photophores by electrical stimulation .
gibbs , r . 1984 . chauliodontidae . pp . 336 - 337 in p whitehead , m bauchot , j hureau , j nielsen , e tortonese , eds .
mcgrouther , m . 2003 .
australian museum online
( on - line ) . accessed october 24 , 2004 at urltoken .
sutton , t . , t . hopkins . 1996 . species composition , abundance , and vertical distribution of the stomiid ( pisces : stomiiformes ) fish assemblage of the gulf of mexico .
to cite this page : swanson , d . 2004 .
chauliodus sloani
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
they are bathypelagic animals that live only for a few hours in captivity , as a result we don ' t know much about them .
total length varying from 20 to 35 cm ( 8 - 14 inches ) with a 2 cm long head ( 0 . 8 inches ) . they come in a variety of colors including shades of :
in the wild , these fishes are believed to have a life span of 20 - 30 years . however , caught specimens only survive for a maximum of 12 - 18 hours .
they are carnivorous animals with a relatively low basal metabolic rate . this is an adaptation to the low amounts of available food supplies that characterizes their habitat . it is believed that they can survive just by eating once every ten days !
chauliodus sloani has many natural bathypelagic and mesopelagic predators . these are its currently known predators :
little is known regarding their reproduction , however according to a few reports they are oviparous , spawning their eggs externally once per year . in other words females release eggs into the water and afterwards the males release their egg - fertilizing sperm .
mari butler , stephen m bollens , brenda burkhalter , laurence p madin , erich horgan ( 2001 ) . mesopelagic fishes of the arabian sea : distribution , abundance and diet of chauliodus pammelas , chauliodus sloani , stomias affinis , and stomias nebulosus
good blog , but you have quite a few typos . the common dolphin is a mammal and not a fish . but i ' m sure that you are aware of that . otherwise , this is a very helpful read . : )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is circum - globally distributed . there is no use and trade information available for this species . this species is caught as bycatch in several fisheries ; however , this is not a major threat . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .
this fish has a circumglobal range . it mainly occurs in warm and temperate areas , but with several distribution gaps in the southern central atlantic , northern indian ocean , eastern pacific north of the equator , western mediterranean , south china sea and east china sea ( jawad
seems to consist only of fishes ( appelbaum 1982 ) and it feeds mainly on myctophids ( scott and scott 1988 ) . it is a prey item of the commercially important orange roughy ( williams
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the oceans on our planet cover approximately 70 % of the earth . the water that covers our planet is essential to life on our planet . from space the earth looks like a blue ball partly covered with white wispy clouds .
the great barrier reef off the coast of australia are one of the seven great wonders of the natural world . find out more about this world heritage site .
the mid atlantic ridge is a divergent plate boundary where continental plates are moving apart down the middle of the atlantic ocean .
viper fish are one of the fiercest predators living in the deep ocean . find out how they attract their prey with a “fishing lure” and impale their prey with fang - like teeth .
oceanic zones are specific areas of the ocean . most ocean life lives in one specific zone . marine biologists have discovered some animals , whales , can dive to great depths to hunt for food .


stomopteryx mongolica is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by povolný in 1975 .

it is found in mongolia and the eastern part of european russia .

the length of the forewings is 6-10 mm .

stomopteryx mongolica

stomopteryx mongolica piskunov , 1975 ; ( ? preocc . stomopteryx mongolica povolný , 1975 )
stomopteryx ( stomopteryx ) mongolica is described from mongolia and compared to s . remisella ( z . ) s . detersella ( z . ) and s . basalis ( staud ) .
stomopteryx ( stomopteryx ) mongolica povolný , 1975 ; ann . hist . - nat . mus . nat . hung . 67 : 177 ; tl : chövsgöl aimak , 4km nw mörön , 1500m
stomopteryx difficilis janse , 1951 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 3 ) : 247
stomopteryx flavipalpella jäckh , 1959 ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 89 : 85
stomopteryx ochrosema meyrick , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 : 131
stomopteryx officiosa janse , 1951 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 3 ) : 250
stomopteryx pallidipes janse , 1951 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 3 ) : 252
stomopteryx trachyphylla janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 223
stomopteryx nugatricella rebel , 1893 ; stettin ent . ztg 54 ( 1 - 3 ) : 50
stomopteryx hungaricella gozmány , 1957 ; acta zool . hung . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 111
stomopteryx maledicta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , pekalongan
stomopteryx prolapsa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 137 ; tl : ceylon , puttalam
stomopteryx rastrifera meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 137 ; tl : ceylon , puttalam
stomopteryx neftensis ; karsholt & rutten , 2005 , tijdschr . ent . 148 ( 1 ) : 80 ( note )
stomopteryx subnigricella ; karsholt & rutten , 2005 , tijdschr . ent . 148 ( 1 ) : 80 ( note )
stomopteryx bathrarcha meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 76 ; tl : rhodesia , sawmills
stomopteryx kermella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 328 ; tl : aïn - kerma ( constantine )
stomopteryx quadripunctella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 327 ; tl : aïn - sefra ( oran )
stomopteryx basalis ; [ nhm card ] ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]
stomopteryx flavoclavella zerny , 1935 ; mém . soc . sci . nat . maroc . 42 : 139 , pl . 2 , f . 21
stomopteryx nigricella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & rutten , 2005 , tijdschr . ent . 148 ( 1 ) : 80 ( note )
stomopteryx orthogonella ; [ nhm card ] ; bidzilya & karsholt , 2013 , nota lepid . 36 ( 1 ) : 78 ; [ fe ]
stomopteryx frivola meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 330 ; tl : cape province , sneeuw kop , wellington , 5000ft
stomopteryx phaeopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 136 ; tl : peru , oroya ( 12200ft ) , huancayao ( 10650ft )
stomopteryx praecipitata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 137 ; tl : kanara , kumbarvada ; bombay , belgaum ; bengal , pusa
stomopteryx biangulata meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista
stomopteryx radicalis falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )
parapsectris anxia meyrick , 1917 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : cape colony , prince albert
argodoris ( meyrick , 1936 ) ( gelechia ) ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 43
anacampsis bivittella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 324 ; tl : gafsa ; tunisia
aristotelia bolschewickiella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 109
anacampsis circaea meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : haenertsburg
anacampsis cirrhocoma meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 193 ; tl : [ s . africa , ] new hanover
leuronoma credula meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 11 ) : 343 ; tl : s . rhodesia , shangani
acraeologa delotypa janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 255 ; tl : transvaal
acraeologa descarpentriesella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 223
larva on deverra scoparia walsingham , 1905 , ent . mon . mag . 41 : 124
discolorella turati , 1924 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 164 , pl . 6 , f . 7
gelechia elachistella stainton , 1859 ; ann . mag . nat . hist ( 3 ) 3 : 213 ; tl :
northern dezerta
anacampsis elaeocoma meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 19 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
leuronoma eremopis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 67 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
falkovitshi piskunov , 1987 ; zool . zh . 65 ( 1 ) : 149
inotica gaesata meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 3 ) : 66 ; tl : asia minor , taurus mts
anacampsis geryella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 323 ; tl : géryville , oran
acraeologa grandidierella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 222
unipunctella turati , 1924 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 166 , pl . 6 , f . 10
lita lineolella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 584
gelechia luticoma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 489 ; tl : bombay , kaira
maculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( deuterotinea ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 258
anacampsis maraschella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 107 ; tl : marasch
symmoca multilineatella lucas , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 : 168 ; tl : aïn - leuch
bryotropha nigricella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 316 ; tl : biskra
anacampsis oncodes meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 285 ; tl : three sisters
gelechia orthogonella staudinger , 1871 ; berl . ent . z . 14 ( 3 / 4 ) : 307
plurivittella ( turati , 1930 ) ( kahelia ) ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 81
yunusemrei koçak , 1986 ; priamus 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 58 ( repl . gelechia submissella frey , 1880 )
telphusa schizogynae walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 936 , pl . 51 , f . 12 ; tl : tenerife , puerto orotava
larva on ( in stem galls ) schizogyne sericea walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 936
sphenodoxa meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63
anacampsis splendens staudinger , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 90
bryotropha subnigricella dufrane , 1955 ; mem . soc . ent . belg . 27 : 191
symplegadopa meyrick , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 158 [ ? ]
tenuisignella turati , 1924 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 164 , pl . 6 , f . 8
tesserapunctella ( amsel , 1935 ) ( gelechia ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 300
anacampsis thoracica meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : haenertsburg
acraeologa xanthobasalis janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 255 ; tl : transvaal
acraeologa xerochroa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 66 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
zanoni turati , 1922 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 61 : 175
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
notes on lepidoptera collected in madeira by t . v . wollaston , esq . ; with descriptions of some new species
zerny , 1935 ; zerny , 1936 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete mém . soc . sci . nat . maroc . 42 : 1 - 163 , pl . 1 - 2
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part ii : list of recorded species with taxonomic notes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .
; nupponen , kari ; kaitila , jari - pekka ; nupponen , timo ; olschwang , vladimir .
, nupponen , k . , kaitila , j - p . , nupponen , t . , & olschwang , v . ( 2010 ) .
, nupponen k , kaitila j - p , nupponen t , olschwang v .
; nupponen , kari ; kaitila , jari - pekka ; nupponen , timo ; olschwang , vladimir . /
contact : university of copenhagen ku @ ku . dk tel . + 45 35 32 26 26
. pitfall trap surveys of ants were undertaken in mature and intermediate - aged pinus radiata plantations and parental eucalypt forest in central victoria , australia . ant assemblages of pine plantations are an impoverished subset of the eucalypt fore . . .
. to clarify the possible conversion of prorenin in renin granules where conversion reportedly occurred , we investigated whether the renin granule fraction of the kidney could activate prorenin to the active form . renin granules were isolated from t . . .
. root and petiole rot of spathiphyllum species caused by cylindrocladium spathiphylli is reported for the first time in queensland [ australia ] .
. the
free
chlorine or hypochlorous acid was measured by the newer orthotolidin - arsenite method for
free
chlorine measurement instead of the older orthotolidin test , which does not differentiate between
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and c . . .
. twenty patients with parkinson & apos ; s disease and marked intellectual impairment or dementia participated in a double - blind placebo controlled trial of the nootropic , piracetam . a standardized neurological examination , a neuropsychological test ba . . .
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken


synopsia sociaria is a moth of the geometridae family .

it is found from the southern part of central europe to western central asia .

in the north , the range extends from the north sea coast to the baltic region and russia .

in the caucasus , subspecies s. sociaria unitaria is found .

the wingspan is 28 – 34 mm .

in the southern part of the range , adults are on wing from the end of march to the beginning of june and again from the beginning of july to the beginning of october in two generations per year .

north of the alps , there is only one generation per year with adults on wing from july to august .

the larvae feed on various plant , including genista , artemisia , echium and erica species .

pupation occurs on the ground between moss .

synopsia sociaria

remarks : synopsia sociaria occurs in southern central and south europe and asia minor .
habitat : synopsia sociaria inhabits dry and hot rocky slopes , garigues , heathland and sandy grasslands .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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host plants : the larvae are polyphagous on herbs and low - growing shrubs . i recorded it on artemisia campestris ( schnalstal , south tyrol ) .
life cycle : the larva hibernates . moths occur in most often two generations between may and early september .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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and the number of omitted authors .
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corythucha arcuata , the oak lace bug is a species of lace bug tingidae that is a pest of oaks in the old world .

it is native to the new world , and was first observed in europe in 2000 .

corythucha arcuata

no one has contributed data records for corythucha arcuata yet . learn how to contribute .
why : corythucha arcuata came to our attention because it was recently introduced into europe ( italy ) . pictures of c . arcuata can be viewed at : urltoken urltoken .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
amerikanische eichennetzwanze
to
corythucha arcuata ( say , 1832 )
.
pathway : oak plants for planting , cut branches from countries where c . arcuata occurs .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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where : it originates from north america : canada ( south ) , usa ( most states ) . reported for the first time in 2000 , in italy ( lombardia , piemonte ) . in 2001 , it was present on 7000 km² in lombardia and piemonte , and an isolated infested oak tree was found on the northern coast of lake como . reported as present in turkey .
on which plants : oaks ( q . acuminata , q . alba , q . macrocarpa , q . muehlenbergii , q . prinoides , q . prinus , q . rubra ) and castanea americana . occasionally found on acer , malus and rosa .
damage : direct feeding on the leaves ( discoloration of the upper surface ) , reduced photosynthesis and in case of heavy infestation , premature leaf fall .
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
most of the us and so . canada ; recently introduced to europe ( 2000 ) and turkey ( 2003 )
several generations a year . adults overwinter in bark crevices and similar protected areas of their host . during the spring they attach eggs to the underside of leaves . upon hatching , nymphs begin feeding on the underside of the leaf . egg - to - adult cycle may complete in 30 - 45 days ; in late summer , all active stages may feed together .
alien terrestrial arthropods of europe roques a . , kenis m . , lees d . , lopez - vaamonde c . , rabitsch w . , rasplus j . - y . , roy d . , eds . 2010 . biorisk 4 special issue ; 2 vols . , 1028 pp .
oak pests : a guide to major insects , diseases , air pollution and chemical injury , by j . d . solomon et al .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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