bamboo coral , family isididae , is a family of mostly deep-sea coral of the phylum cnidaria , class anthozoa , and subclass octocorallia .

it is a commonly recognized inhabitant of the deep sea , due to the clearly articulated skeletons of the species .

deep water coral species such as this are especially affected by the practice of bottom trawling .

these organisms may be an important environmental indicator in the study of long term climate change , as some specimens of bamboo coral have been discovered that are 4,000 years old .

bamboo coral

but there are objective difficulties in distinguishing between the genuine coral and coral bamboo to decrease the diameter or size of the component in bamboo coral .
all bead strands are approximately 16
unless otherwise indicated . bamboo coral is irradiated red . bamboo coral is guaranteed not to run or fade .
round red bamboo coral . approximate size of 4mm . color enhanced . sold as individual 16 inch strand .
mitochondrial dna sequence variation in deep - sea bamboo coral ( keratosidinae ) species in the southwe . . .
white coral : it appears that white coral is a bleached , filled and polished coral . no one seemed to know what specific type of coral is used ( maybe low quality bamboo or red coral ) . ( there is a true
white
coral , but it is not used in jewelry making ) .
the bamboo coral is a marine plant belonging to the family of coralloid , it has the appearance of bamboo ( hence the name ) , white in color and is cut , worked , turned and polished as the mediterranean coral . it is appropriate to define the coral bamboo as a coralloid obviously a product of bamboo must be offered at a fair price because it is not true coral , also it has to be painted to the desired color [ red , pink , pale pink ] .
bamboo corals are a bit of a mystery . not much is known about them . the skeletons of these corals are more porous than other precious corals . they must be filled to obtain a luster . much of the
red
coral on the market is actually dyed and filled bamboo coral . bamboo coral has proven to be of value in the field of orthopedics .
pink corals are a member of the red corals . angel skin coral is a pink coral .
scientists have identified seven new species of bamboo coral discovered thousands of feet below the ocean ' s surface , officials said thursday .
the mitochondrial genome of a deep - sea bamboo coral ( cnidaria , anthozoa , octocorallia , isididae ) : ge . . .
dyed bamboo faux coral are wonderful natural faux coral beads that have been heat - dyed red to match the most beautiful style of faux coral that jewelers use today . use this red coral to highlight any jewelry creation or home decoration project … perfect for seashore designs or to brighten up a piece that uses a lot of turquoise !
tiger coral : tiger coral is actually a stabilized sponge coral that has had a black matrix added to it . it is then pressed into a brick shape and cut for cabochons , beads etc .
like pearls , corals help make up the very small list of organic jewelry materials . also , like pearls , corals consist of more than 90 % calcium carbonate . the corals used in bead and jewelry making are not the protected coral species of the fragile coral reefs , but the more common and hearty species such as corallium japonicum or corallium rubrum . coral is sensitive to heat , direct sunlight and cosmetics . currently the international commission of colored gemstones ( cibjo ) recognizes only five organic ( once living material ) gemstones : ammolite , amber , pearl , jet , and coral . bamboo coral grows in segmented sections similar to those of bamboo . match our bamboo coral with turquoise , sterling silver and heishi style beads .
sea bamboo coral is stunning in jewellery creations , especially when mixed with gold or turquoise beads . it is a product of the sea and , as such , legends abound regarding its beginnings . red bamboo coral is believed to have healing and metaphysical properties and has been widely used in many cultures around the world for centuries as a protective talisman , healing creation and love amulet . the flowers are carved from synthetic bamboo coral . please click on the images below to view the full range of colours and sizes within that selection . all prices are inclusive of vat
fossilized coral : fossil corals are well . . . fossils . they are usually found inland , sometimes in rivers , in places where the ocean once was . the fossilized coral we most often see is from indonesia or from tibet ( dyed coral that is often sold as red coral ) .
faux coral : this coral is not a coral . it is sold under a variety of names . it is made from crushed up or powdered coral that is glued together with polymers ( or whatever ) and then shaped to look like coral . these products use any bit of coral and may be one of the primary reasons that younger corals and smaller species of coral are targeted . in previous times , only the skeletons of older corals and larger species were used . now , any age and size is vulnerable .
if a bullet of coral bamboo breaks , it is uniformly colored because the coralloid as the real coral is made of calcium carbonate which is characterized by high porosity of the raw material , indeed to dye this type of product is very simple and by the excellent results .
the photo shows a necklace of natural red coral of the mediterranean basin with a necklace coralloid bamboo red color treated… at this point after the knowledge gained it is possible independently to distinguish between the two products .
a note about coral farms : coral farms provide an important source of live coral to the aquarium trade . buyers of farmed corals can buy guilt free . no harm to the reef was done as a consequence of their purchase . coral farms also provide replacement corals for reef restoration ! clap ! clap ! for coral farms ! ! ! speaking of reef restoration… sara , of soft flex company shared a great story about the latest development in the restoration of staghorn coral in florida !
historically , the harvester ' s pattern has been to locate a coral bed , then to exploit everything that is in that coral bed . the harvester would then move onto the next location . coral has been harvested in the following ways :
flaunt your awareness and your coral free marketing practices : be proud of your investment in the future of our corals ! the reality is that the use of coral can be a detriment to ones sales . eco savvy buyers will not buy any jewelry made with coral . not only will they not buy anything that uses coral , if coral is on the table , they won ' t buy anything at all .
this undated photo provided by the national oceanic atmospheric administration shows a recently discovered orange bamboo coral . scientists have identified seven new species of bamboo coral discovered thousands of feet below the ocean ' s surface , officials said thursday , march 5 , 2009 . the national oceanic and atmospheric administration said the six of the seven species found off hawaii may represent entirely new genera , calling it a
remarkable feat
given the broad classification a genus represents . ( ap photo / noaa hawaii deep - sea coral expedition 2007 )
) foraging in deep - water coral beds . mar mammal sci 18 : 244–258 .
who buys , for example , a necklace made of bamboo in a conscious way , he knows to buy a beautiful product that is similar to the mediterranean red coral although not the same thing , especially spending little money .
this undated photo provided by the national oceanic atmospheric administration shows a recently discovered orange bamboo coral . scientists have identified seven new species of bamboo coral discovered thousands of feet below the ocean ' s surface , officials said thursday , march 5 , 2009 . the national oceanic and atmospheric administration said the six of the seven species found off hawaii may represent entirely new genera , calling it a
remarkable feat
given the broad classification a genus represents . ( ap photo / noaa hawaii deep - sea coral expedition 2007 ) ( / ap )
bamboo coral , or
sea bamboo
has an interesting structure that explains its name . the coral skeletons consist of stretches of branch - like , stony calcium carbonate material , interspersed with joint - like regions of gorgonin protein . the natural color is creamy white with brown or black . sometimes the harder sections are cut out and dyed to make small beads or cabs , while in other cases larger pieces are used which incorporate both regions and retain the banded patterning .
by the way . . . i won ' t buy coral . what about you ?
smith pj , mcveagh sm , mingoia jt , france sc ( 2004 ) mitochondrial dna sequence variation in deep - sea bamboo coral ( keratoisidinae ) species in the southwest and northwest pacific ocean . mar biol 144 ( 2 ) : 253–261 .
it is happened a great deal in the purchase of a product in coral at discounted price .
the united states , imported more than 26 million pieces of red coral from 2001 to 2006 .
re - evaluate your need for coral : if you don’t need it , don’t buy it .
whom buys a jewel in coral paying a pittance believing he had purchased the real 100 % natural red coral in the mediterranean … unfortunately we are faced a situations that we are not here to define .
the same mission also found a large coral graveyard . scientists estimate the death occurred several thousand years to potentially more than 1 million years ago . the species of coral had never been recorded in hawaii before .
“bamboo coral populations have declined by more than 80 % in the mediterranean and are severely threatened ,
explained ricardo aguilar , research and expeditions director for oceana in europe and co - author of the article . “the forest that we have found in the balearic islands is , by its extension and density , one of the largest groups of bamboo coral in the mediterranean and dozens of species depend on it . it reaches densities of more than 2 , 500 colonies per hectare , while nearby areas impacted by bottom trawling only reach 30 - 60” .
red coral beads evoke the ages ! in ancient china , red coral was a symbol of wealth , favor and high social status . in the qing dynasty , emperors wore accessories made of red coral , and queens wore red coral necklaces when attending important social activities . these red coral beads are cut from a south pacific bamboo coral , and they make an ideal complement to turquoise gemstones ! while natural red coral does exist , these red semiprecious beads have been colored with either a nice - quality oil dye ( typically the smaller beads ) or a less stable , less expensive water dye ( generally the larger beads with black matrix ) . a few users have experienced problems with the red color bleeding while others have not , which suggests that several processes or dyes are being used with varying degrees of stability . we recommend you rinse these gemstone beads in warm , soapy water to remove any excess dye .
red bamboo coral is still used today as a protective talisman against evil spirits . it is said to bring luck to the home , and used as a protector for those who work on or near the water . coral is also beneficial for bone growth and helps those who suffer from arthritis and other bone ailments . it can ease digestive problems , eye problems and blood - circulation disorders .
impossible stories of merchants come from far away which they are disposed to monetize coral jewelry at a good price .
citation : baco ar , cairns sd ( 2012 ) comparing molecular variation to morphological species designations in the deep - sea coral narella reveals new insights into seamount coral ranges . plos one 7 ( 9 ) : e45555 . urltoken
the red coral of the mediterranean basin is a fairly expensive product whose trend is likely to increase more over time . for example , you can not buy a necklace in coral with a few bill from € 50 . 00 .
many materials are more durable than natural coral . coral is quite soft ( easily damaged ) , porous ( can be ruined by soaking up body oils , perfumes and deodorants ) and can fade over time . here are some ideas :
bamboo corals are colonial octocorals characterized by an internal skeleton that alternates white internodes comprised of solidified calcite crystals with black or brown joints or nodes of nearly pure proteinaceous material ( lacking sclerites ) .
the coral was discovered among the islands of papahanaumokuakea marine national monument using a submersible research vessel in 2007 . the three - week research mission was to locate and predict locations of high density deep - sea coral beds in the national monument .
c data that suggest that bamboo corals from the gulf of alaska are long - lived ( 75 - 126 years ) and that they acquire skeletal carbon from two distinct sources . independent verification of our growth rate estimates and coral ages is obtained by counting seasonal sr / ca cycles and probable lunar cycle growth bands .
blue coral is the only reef building ( non deep water ) coral used for jewelry making . their skeletons are desired for their color , a color that ranges from grey to blue . their skeletons are porous and must be filled and stabilized .
reimer jd , nonaka m , sinniger f , iwase f ( 2008 ) morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid ( anthozoa : hexacorallia : zoantharia ) associated with japanese red coral . coral reefs 27 : 935–949 .
grigg rw ( 1974 ) distribution and abundance of precious corals in hawaii . proc 2nd int coral reef symp , brisbane 235–240 .
grigg rw ( 1993 ) precious coral fisheries of hawaii and the us . pacific islands . mar fish rev 55 : 50–60 .
there is no law prohibiting the import of the red ( and pink ) corals , the gold corals , the bamboo corals or the sponge corals , therefore , there are no penalties imposed by the lacey act .
distribution : besides collection locations , also observed in submersible and rov videos at the makapu ' u coral bed off oahu , hawaii .
very little is known about bamboo corals . scientists on board the r / v atlantis on the gulf of alaska seamount exploration expedition are particularly interested in these bamboo corals because they are quite beautiful and can live for centuries . an archive of past oceanic conditions resides within both the calcium carbonate that makes up the internode , and the nodal organic gorgonin . we can also determine the age of the specimen by carefully teasing out other information .
the only coral being legally harvested at this time in the us is black coral from hawaii . it is harvested by state licensed scuba divers using sustainable harvesting techniques . the amount that is harvested is relatively small and as such , most black coral is imported . all other corals are imported , mostly from china . the us is the number one importer of precious or semi - precious corals in the world !
university of hawaii scientist christopher kelley , one of two scientists who found the coral , said the
potential for more discoveries is high .
all other corals used in jewelry making i . e . the red ( and pink ) corals , the gold corals , the bamboo corals and the sponge corals , that are imported into the us are left unregulated on an international level .
when the alvin reaches the deck of the r / v atlantis , it is common to hear scientists call specimens by their latin names . bubblegum corals are actually paragorgia arborea ; gold corals can refer to species in the genera gerardia or family primnoidae . however , when bamboo corals surface with the alvin , and they often do , we are resigned to calling them
bamboo corals
because the family
needs revision .
in other words , the actual species can be a mystery .
van der ham jl , brugler mr , france sc ( 2009 ) exploring the utility of an indel - rich , mitochondrial intergenic region as a molecular barcode for bamboo corals ( octocorallia : isididae ) . marine genomics 2 ( 3–4 ) : 183–192 .
farmed coral for jewelry making ( a myth ? ) : one may occasionally find a few beads made from odd pieces of stony coral . . . those pieces would be white , porous ( rough textured with multiple holes ) and chalky pieces of a stony coral , but these would be a rare exception . deep water corals cannot be farmed . these corals have very complicated needs . at this time , their needs cannot be met in any way other than that which is provided in the natural world . even if the science was there , these corals are very slow growing and it would not be economically profitable to grow them . what farmer would plant a crop that would mature only after his or her death ? note : blue coral ( a reef building coral ) has been raised for aquariums .
madrid — scientists from oceana , the spanish institute of oceanography , and the university of bari ( italy ) have described and listed the biodiversity associated to a bamboo coral ( isidella elongata ) forest for the first time . the colony was found in the mallorca channel at a depth of over 400 meters and contains an impressive density of colonies of this species of gorgonian , which is critically endangered with extinction in the mediterranean .
auster pj ( 2007 ) conservation and adaptive management of seamount and deep - sea coral ecosystems . in : george ry , cairns sd , editors . conservation and adaptive management of seamount and deep - sea coral ecosystems . miami , fl : rosenstiel school of marine and atmospheric science , university of miami . pp . 93–99 .
sanchez ja , cairns sd ( 2004 ) an unusual new gorgonian coral ( anthozoa : octocorallia ) from the aleutian islands , alaska . zoologische mededelingen 78 : 265–274 .
in addition to various enhancements , there are coral simulants in the market , such as , dyed shell , and lab creations such as
gilson coral
( although not a true synthetic , the composition , appearance and properties are quite close ) . less convincing simulants , such as glass and plastic , abound in inexpensive costume jewelry .
reef building corals live in shallow water ( sixty feet or less ) and are the builders of the larger
coral reef
. the coral reef is the ocean ' s nursery . it provides shelter and protection to millions of marine flora and fauna . the plight of the coral reef has been a worldwide concern . one of the greatest threats to the reef building corals is the demand for them by the aquarium industry . reef building corals ( perhaps because they are familiar ) , are often misrepresented as the corals used in jewelry making . in truth , the jewelry industry has little or no interest in the reef building corals ( with one exception , the blue coral ) .
cho w , shank tm ( 2010 ) incongruent patterns of genetic connectivity among four ophiuroid species with differing coral host specificity on north atlantic seamounts . mar ecol 31 : 121–143 .
enlist the support of others : take every opportunity to share your knowledge with your suppliers and your buyers . part of the problem has been lack of information and misinformation . you can help . let people know that one aspect of great importance is that corals are helpful in the world of medicine and their potential is barely touched ! for example , it has been discovered that bamboo corals ( a red coral ) have provided an important substance for orthopedic bone grafts !
the hawaiian gold coral ( fig . 1a ) is a zoanthid found in the hawaiian archipelago at depths ranging from 343 m to 575 m . this species was discovered in 1970 following investigations of corallium secundum dana , 1846 [ 10 ] . it is one of the few zoanthids able to secrete a scleroproteic skeleton ( fig . 1d ) . its name “gold coral” originates in the golden colour of this secretion . this peculiarity has been used in jewellery and led to the commercial exploitation of the hawaiian gold coral from the 1970 ' s until 2001 with an interruption between 1979 and 1999 [ 11 ] . the gold coral is not currently exploited in hawaii due to a restriction on the fishery which requires selective harvest making collection of this species cost prohibitive . besides its role in the fishery , the hawaiian gold coral is one of the largest and numerically dominant benthic macro - invertebrates in its depth range on hard substrate habitats of the hawaiian archipelago . thus , the hawaiian gold coral plays an important ecological role in hawaiian seamount benthic assemblage [ 3 ] , [ 5 ] .
parrish fa , baco ar ( 2007 ) state of deep coral ecosystems in the u . s . pacific islands region : hawaii and the u . s . pacific territories . in : lumsden se , horigan tf , bruckner aw , dorr g , editors . the state of deep coral ecosystems of the united states : 2007 : noaa tech . memo .
other than shells and animal teeth , coral was one of the earliest jewelry materials enjoyed by our species . neolithic amulets in red coral found in digs in switzerland date back to 8000 bce . virtually every cilivization since then , which either lived in proximity to warm shallow seas , or had developed trade routes to such , has made enthusiastic use of this material .
miller k , williams a , rowden aa , knowles c , dunshea g ( 2010 ) conflicting estimates of connectivity among deep - sea coral populations . mar ecol 31 : 144–157 .
bamboo coral develops in muddy bottoms and form vulnerable marine ecosystems that provide shelter to dozens of species , including several with high commercial value like norway lobster and prawns . numerous species use these environments as a refuge or to lay eggs , making them essential habitats for many organisms . this is the first time that a description of these forests has been given and the paper details the extensive diversity found in these communities , including rare species like pedunculated brachiopods , carnivorous sponges and swimming sea cucumbers .
very , very little information is available on the status of the blue coral , sponge corals and bamboo corals . more information is available on black corals and is reflected in the many protective measures that have been implemented . most recently , attention has been focused on red and pink corals ( for the purpose of the article , hereafter referred to as red corals ) . they are the corals that are in the biggest demand by the jewelry industry and are the ones in the most trouble .
many companies have taken a stand , some are listed on the too precious to wear website . here is what mike sherman ( owner of soft flex company ) has to say :
as a leading supplier to the beading industry i am very concerned with the destruction of any natural resource . we sell very little coral , shell or any other ocean sourced materials . as a company owner i will make a commitment to close out our current coral inventory and promise to no longer sell coral . it has been something i have wanted to do for some time .
husebo a , nottestad l , fossaa j , furevik d , jorgensen s ( 2002 ) distribution and abundance of fish in deep - sea coral habitats . hydrobiologia 471 ( 1–3 ) : 91–99 .
parrish fa , baco a ( 2007 ) state of deep coral ecosystems in the united states western pacific region : hawaii and the united states pacific islands . in : lumsden se , hourigan tf , et al . . , editors . the state of deep coral ecosystems of the united states . noaa technical memorandum crcp - 3 . silver spring , md : national oceanic and atmospheric administration . pp . 155–194 .
historically the important gem corals have been divided into
calcareous
( stony ) and
proteinaceous
( horny ) types . at present , with these two traditional sources becoming scarce and demand , especially for inexpensive bead material driving the market , two other types (
sponge
, and
bamboo
corals ) are commonly seen .
glass is another alternative that has been used as a substitute for thousands of years . not only can the colors of corals be duplicated , but the texture and the shape of coral can be produced as well .
miller k , neil h , tracey d ( 2009 ) recent advances in deep - sea coral science and emerging links to conservation and management of deep - sea ecosystems . mar ecol prog ser 397 : 1–5 .
murray roberts j , wheeler aj , freiwald a , cairns sd ( 2009 ) cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge : cambridge university press . 334 p .
like most other organic materials , fossilization of coral can occur through petrifaction or the creation of pseudomorphs . fossil corals from ancient colonies which have become silicated , make durable ( hardness = 7 ) and interesting cabochon materials .
biological interactions : this species colonises a paragorgiid coral , most likely paragorgia coralloides . due to the coexistence of the octocoral and the zoanthid , further studies are necessary to determine the type of relationship between the two organisms .
scuba : specialized scuba divers harvest shallower beds of coral . the corals that divers can access are limited by depth restrictions . because of indiscriminate harvesting by some divers , many of the shallow beds of corals have been wiped out .
i would like to thank dr . gregor hodgson , executive director of reef check organization , who helped me understand the specialized needs of precious and semi - precious corals . i would also like to thank doug hollister , a coral farmer who helped me appreciate coral farming for what it is . and finally , a huge , huge
thank you
to mike sherman , owner of soft flex company , for taking a stand on behalf of the corals .
symptomatic of the order , a suite of other zoanthids , besides the hawaiian gold coral , have been observed and collected in hawaii , but far less is known of their biology and ecology and they have not been described taxonomically .
a ) kulamanamana haumeaae gen . n . sp . n . in situ , b ) zibrowius ammophilus gen . n . sp . n . in situ , c ) hurlizoanthus parrishi gen . n . sp . n . in situ , d ) axis of ku . haumeaae with the calcified skeleton of host bamboo coral visible in the center , e ) kauluzoanthus kerbyi gen . n . sp . n . fixed sample , polyps of ku . haumeaae can be seen on the right coloured in pink after reacting with formaldehyde , f ) bullagummizoanthus emilyacadiaarum gen . n . sp . n . fixed sample .
the hawaiian gold coral may also be one of the longest - lived species on earth . the skeleton and commercial interest in this species led to multiple studies attempting to date the age of the colonies . earlier ageing attempts on the gold coral focused on ring counts [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] and led to a maximal estimated age of 70 years and a radial growth rate ( increase in branch diameter ) of 1 mm / year . recent studies on the red coral corallium rubrum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) [ 12 ] suggested that the rings traditionally observed based on the density of the skeleton may not reflect yearly cycles but much longer time intervals . this is supported for the hawaiian gold coral by recent studies using radiometric data which suggest colonies of hawaiian gold coral are as old as 2740 year with a radial growth rate of 15 to 45 µm / year [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] . in the atlantic a similar zoanthid referred to as “ gerardia ” is found and amino acid racemization experiments [ 16 ] indicated a maximal age of 250 years while radiocarbon dating estimate the life span of a colony to 1800 years [ 17 ] .
herrera s , baco a , sanchez ja ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the bubblegum coral genera ( paragorgiidae , octocorallia ) and description of a new deep - sea species . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 ( 1 ) : 123–135 .
citation : sinniger f , ocaña ov , baco ar ( 2013 ) diversity of zoanthids ( anthozoa : hexacorallia ) on hawaiian seamounts : description of the hawaiian gold coral and additional zoanthids . plos one 8 ( 1 ) : e52607 . urltoken
the keratoisidinae are a poorly known , but phenotypically diverse group of deepwater corals . recent developments in deepwater trawling in the southwest pacific have provided many more specimens of bamboo corals . two sub - regions of the mitochondrial genome were sequenced to test genetic relationships among specimens collected over a wide geographical range ( 27–50s ) : a sub - region of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
colour : in vivo , polyps , tentacles and coenenchyme are brownish - yellow , similar to the hawaiian gold coral ku . haumeaae , but distinct enough in colour to be recognised as a different species from the submersible , ( fig . 1b ) .
distribution : so far found in the hawaiian archipelago with a distribution similar to the hawaiian gold coral , ku . haumeaae . similar and potentially identical zoanthid was observed in other pacific locations such as line , jarvis , palmyra and kingman [ 3 ] .
deep - sea coral communities have long been recognized by fisherman as areas that support large populations of commercial fish . as a consequence , many deep - sea coral communities are threatened by bottom trawling . successful management and conservation of this widespread deep - sea habitat requires knowledge of the age and growth rates of deep - sea corals . these organisms also contain important archives of intermediate and deep - water variability , and are thus of interest in the context of decadal to century - scale climate dynamics . here , we present delta
try resins , waxes , polymers and plastics . the irony is that these materials are already being used to make low quality corals marketable anyway . no one would want these corals in their natural state . why not leave coral out of the recipe all together ?
when someone describes a lipstick or a flower as
coral
colored , what comes to mind is a slightly orangey medium red . traditionally this color , which occurs naturally in the calcareous corals , was the standard by which the group was judged . the globally wide - spread calcareous group is made up of species whose colors range from white , pink , and peach to
coral
red . the highly desired , hot , vivid reds come primarily from the mediterranean and the seas around japan , and for these specimens the competition is vigorous .
though we know little about bamboo corals , we do know that they form habitat for associated species , including crabs and larval fish . on the relatively barren seamount plains , one meter of structural relief can improve the survival rates of these associated species by providing refuge , settlement substrate , and / or a feeding perch . similar to trees in the forest that perform a similar function for birds , tropical corals perform this function for reef fish and some invertebrates .
bamboo corals are in the family isididae of the order alcyonacea within the subclass octocorallia ( bayer , 1981 ) . isidids are octo - corals , meaning they have eight pinnate tentacles on each polyp that can be either retractile ( can be drawn in ) or non - retractile . the bony calcareous structures ( internodes ) are interspersed with proteinaceous gorgonin ( nodes ) not composed of fused sclerites . this structure gives the skeletal remains of the organism an eerie fingerlike appearance .
. . . to minimize other potential sources of variability , we use only radiometrically - derived growth rates , hence avoiding subjectivity in the number or periodicity of visual banding features ( e . g . , tracey et al . , 2007 ; thresher et al . , 2009 ) . we also segregate growth rates for the genus keratoisis from other bamboo coral genera ( isidella , lepidisis , and unidentified isidid genera , table 4 and fig . 10 ) to control for potential ontogenetic variability , although we note that it is unclear to what extent these genera are phylogenetically distinct ( france , 2007 ) . keratoisis corals collected at temperatures 45 °c show a departure from the positive growth - rate to temperature relationship observed by thresher ( 2009 ) . . . .
living corals are tiny , colonial , filter - feeding invertebrates which manufacture solid living quarters out of calcium carbonate or protein . it is the collective , vacated homes of previous generations upon which the living coral film grows , and which we harvest and make use of in jewelry and carving .
concepcion gt , crepeau mw , wagner d , kahng se , toonen rj ( 2008 ) an alternative to its , a hypervariable , single - copy nuclear intron in corals and its use in detecting cryptic species within the octocoral genus carijoa . coral reefs 27 ( 2 ) : 323–336 .
. . . the octocoral family isididae lamouroux , 1812 , commonly known as bamboo corals , includes corals that are easily recognised by their articulated skeleton composed by calcareous internodes and proteinaceous black or brown nodes . the most common genera are acanella grey , 1870 , isidella gray 1857 , keratoisis wright 1869 and lepidisis verrill , 1883 ( france , 2007 ) . there has been large debate over these genera ( france , 2007 and references therein ) , which is still ongoing . . . .
for those interested in deep sea coral taxonomy , refer to : bayer , f . 1981 . key to the genera of octocorallia exclusive of the pennatulacea ( coelenterata : anthozoa ) , with diagnoses of new taxa . proc . biol . soc . wash . 943 ( 3 ) pp . 902 - 947 .
note : depending on the source , some corals are described as
precious
in one location and then described as
semi - precious
in another . this may be due to confusion , lack of information , depth of habitat , availability , or reference to a lower quality or different species of that coral .
black ( anthiparian ) corals are found in waters around the world . some varieties of precious black corals grow in shallower waters and can be harvested by scuba divers . black corals have been heavily exploited . many countries have banned the export of these corals . there are many varieties of black coral and not all are precious .
apple coral : these are sponge corals typically imported from taiwan and indonesia . their skeletons sometimes have a natural reddish color but are usually dyed to enhance or change their color . in their natural state , they are as porous as their name . these skeletons must be stabilized ( made harder ) to be of any use .
coral gems with their hardness of 3 - 4 should be worn and cleaned gently . warm water and mild detergent are best for cleaning needs , and daily wear rings or bracelets are risky . the calcareous types can be damaged by exposure to acids and the proteinaceous types should be protected from high heat and long exposure to water .
etymology : the genus name refers to hurl ( the hawaiian undersea research laboratory ) which has provided significant funding and the use of their submersible pisces for deep - sea coral research in the hawaiian archipelago . work with agency has provided many deep - sea coral species new to science . due to budget restrictions hurl was closed in the year of the description of these zoanthid species and this genus name is to acknowledge the important contribution of hurl in the discovery of deep - sea diversity around the hawaiian archipelago . the ending - zoanthus , is a common ending of genera names in the order , historically referring to the flower - like appearance of the animal polyps .
parrish fa ( 2007 ) density and habitat of three deep - sea corals in the lower hawaiian chain . in : george ry , cairns sd , editors . conservation and adaptive management of seamount and deep - sea coral ecosystems . miami , fl : rosenstiel school of marine and atmospheric science , university of miami . pp 185–194 .
despite its ecological significance and long history of exploitation , the hawaiian gold coral has never been subject to taxonomic studies or a formal species description . as a result of this , the nomenclature concerning the hawaiian gold coral has been relatively confused . this species was first mentioned as parazoanthus sp . [ 10 ] before being referred to as gerardia lacaze - duthiers , 1864 starting in 1976 in ageing studies [ 18 ] , due to its secretion of a scleroproteic skeleton . however , the genus gerardia had been recognised as a younger synonym from the genus savalia nardo 1844 already [ 19 ] . more recently this synonymy was mentioned in several publications [ 20 ] – [ 22 ] .
in the course of writing this article , i scoured the internet , read chapters of jewelry and gemology books , and sifted through a mindboggling quantity of scientific and non - scientific papers . i spoke with educated and committed people from coral farms , reef protection agencies and jewelry supply companies , who generously shared information with me by internet and telephone .
the markers of the smith et al . [ 7 ] study for bamboo octocorals in the family isididae include a portion of the 16s rrna gene [ 43 ] , here referred to as ncr1 and a non - coding region between the mitochondrial coi and coii genes [ 7 ] , further referred to as ncr2 . ncr1 was found to be more variable than ncr2 , however , the range of variation in the two markers of the smith et al . [ 7 ] study was not compared to the range of variation in muts or to the nadh markers for the same specimens .
the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) is the regulating agency that provides international protection through trade regulation for various species . 157 countries are participants . for a list of the participating countries see urltoken . unfortunately , only two of the precious and semi precious corals are regulated i . e . black corals ( antipatharian ) and blue coral ( coenothecalia ) .
for some time now , there has been an important topic discussed in the jewelry industry . the subject of the debate is coral . this article clarifies the difference between corals that are used in jewelry making and corals that live in aquariums . a consensus of information is offered , pertaining to the current status of relevant corals and the role of the jewelry making industry in determining their future .
however , recent reviews of seamount fauna , deep - sea corals , and deep - sea corals on seamounts have all cited a “global deficiency of scientific expertise in [ morphological ] taxonomy” [ 20 ] as a significant impediment to our understanding of deep - sea coral diversity , coral biogeography , and seamount ecology [ 20 ] – [ 24 ] . for example , identification based on morphology for many deep - sea octocoral families in the north pacific , particularly the bamboo corals in the family isididae , and also the plexauridae , is hindered by lack of sufficient keys , or molecular characters which conflict with morphological designations of genera [ 25 ] , there are also a number of undescribed species in the coralliidae [ 26 ] and paragorgiidae [ 27 ] ( sanchez unpubl data ) . as these are some of the dominant deep - sea families , currently less than 50 % of specimens can be identified to species level based on morphology . this provides a significant challenge for determining whether species present on a given seamount are the same as species at another location , a prerequisite for assessing levels of connectivity between sites . molecular genetic methods can be used to more rapidly assess species identifications as well as diversity in archived specimen collections [ 28 ] – [ 30 ] . these genetic methods are only recently being applied to deep - sea corals [ 7 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] .
etymology : this masculine genus name is dedicated to dr . helmut zibrowius for his precious contribution to deep - sea zoanthid science through the collection of several important samples . he also introduced the first author to deep - sea zoanthid research and especially to octocoral - associated zoanthids such as savalia through his accurate naturalistic observations and critical comments . this genus should not be confused with the coral - parasitic crustacean genus zibrowia grygier , 1985 .
the purpose of this study is to re - examine specimens of the hawaiian gold coral and four other species of arborescent zoanthids from the hawaiian archipelago to evaluate the biodiversity of these ecologically important zoanthids and to provide taxonomic placement of these species in consideration of their evolutionary history . this aim was achieved and results in the description of several new zoanthid genera , a significant advance in the understanding of zoanthid biodiversity considering that until this study only 18 genera were recognised .
dredging : red corals have been harvested for hundreds of years with dredges . dredges are huge , heavy crosses with attached nets that are dragged across the ocean floor . they take everything in their path . only a fraction of what is taken is actually used , the rest is waste . these coral beds do not recover . some countries have outlawed dredging but it continues in others . enforcing the laws is difficult . poachers dredge even when the country has outlawed it .
ignoring phylogenetic information at genus level and based on the history of referring to the hawaiian gold coral as gerardia sp . , all the skeleton secreting zoanthids could be grouped into savalia . however , the taxonomic significance of the skeleton is unknown as well as information on biochemical similarities between secretions of savalia and ku . haumeaae is still missing . the absence of sand incrustation in ku . haumeaae is at least as important character to separate kulamanamana from savalia as is the skeleton to group those species together .
one of the first attempts at “barcoding” deep - sea octocorals using genetic markers was on bamboo corals from trawls off new zealand [ 7 ] . because these fragmented specimens could not be identified morphologically , two mitochondrial genetic markers were used to assess the distribution of purported species based on the distribution of haplotypes for the two markers . the results of this study indicated that both “species” and haplotypes were widespread ; however , there was no baseline for the level of variation in these markers relative to what constitutes a morphological species , i . e . , haplotypes for these markers could correspond to any taxonomic level , e . g . anywhere from subspecies to genera or higher . although this major caveat was clearly stated in the paper , the smith et al . [ 7 ] results have been widely cited as indicative of seamount species being widespread and not as isolated as previously thought .
deep water ( precious and semi - precious ) corals usually grow in depths of 500 to 1000 feet of water . they grow very slowly , some as slow as 1 millimeter per year ! obviously , it takes many years for these corals to reach reproductive age . when they do reproduce , very few young survive . these corals are not usually considered builders of the coral reef although they do provide critical habitat for other marine animals . deep water corals are being considered for their pharmaceutical value but their primary value is to the jewelry industry .
precious
and
semi - precious
corals are also known as
deep water
corals . these corals are typically used by the jewelry industry . with few exceptions ( discussed later in this article ) , precious and semi - precious corals live in deep , dark , current driven waters . it would be a rare and special occasion indeed , if we could see a deep water coral while it was alive . we would have to be looking out of a submarine window ! what we see are their processed skeletons , usually mounted into jewelry .
deep - sea corals , particularly on seamounts , have received significant attention over the last decade [ 1 ] . these corals have been shown to play a role as ecosystem biobuilders , acting as habitats for diverse invertebrate and fish communities [ 2 ] . in these studies , significant attention is given to scleractinians and more recently to octocorals . however , as in shallow water , the hexacorallian order zoantharia ( also sometimes called zoanthidea ) , may also make up a considerable component of some deep - sea coral communities [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] but have received little attention .
the other important group , whose houses are made of a tough , keratin - like protein called conchiolin or gorgonin , comprise the black and golden corals . although not highly mineralized , the protein is very tough , so that properly prepared and polished pieces are near the equal of the stony types in durability and beauty , and sometimes exceed them in value . colors range from black to dark brown to golden . the golden color is highly prized and can be natural , the result of injury or degeneration of the black coral organisms , or human - induced by bleaching with hydrogen peroxide . ( after all , they are made of a hair - like protein ) .
corals are living marine animals . the jewelry making industry utilizes the skeletons of these dead animals . the skeletons are also referred to as
coral
. there are certain characteristics of these skeletons that separate the precious from the semi - precious corals . they are color , porosity , hardness and luster . precious corals are more colorful , less porous , harder , more lustrous and harder to obtain than the semi - precious corals . precious red corals are in the greatest demand . semi - precious corals are less colourful , more porous , softer , and easier to get , than the precious corals . they must be stabilized , filled , treated and usually dyed to make them usable and appealing .
the hawaiian gold coral , described here as ku . haumeaae , has historically been referred as “ gerardia sp . ” , a younger synonym of savalia nardo 1844 . based on the close molecular distances between all octocoral - associated zoanthids , all species examined could have been moved to the genus savalia which would then also include the genus corallizoanthus . however , savalia is characterised by its ability to secrete a skeleton and this ability is not shared by corallizoanthus , h . parrishi and ka . kerbyi ( unclear in h . ammophilus ) . morphology of the colonies is completely different between those species , with corallizoanthus colonies consisting of individual polyps connected together only temporarily after polyp division , b . emilyacadiaarum also presents a poorly developed coenenchyme and groups of polyps scattered along the host , and other species usually present dense colonies with well developed coenenchyme covering most of the host .
we thank dr . f . parrish dr . s . cairns , dr . h . zibrowius , dr . j . pawlowski , and dr . c . messing for their information on the gold coral and related zoanthids and advice in conducting this research . we also thank all the staff of the hawaii undersea research laboratory for the help in the sampling of the specimens . fs also which to thank dr . k . sakai and dr . s . harii for their help during the writing phase of this manuscript . dr . m . daly , dr . p . cartwright and dr . j . reimer contributed to obtaining several dna sequences of zoanthids used to compare to our samples . dr . p . chevaldonné and dr . m . bo kindly provided access to putative i . primnoidus specimens . the authors also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to improve this manuscript .
a total of 41 specimens of narella plus a suite of additional primnoid specimens from the same locations ( table 1 ) were included in the analyses for intergeneric comparisons . all specimens were collected from 1998–2004 from four regions of seamounts in the north pacific ( figure 1 , table 1 ) . samples in the hawaiian archipelago were collected with the pisces 4 and pisces 5 submersibles , from the gulf of alaska ( goa ) seamounts using the alvin submersible , from derickson seamount using the rov jason ii and from san marcos seamount using the rov tiburon . all necessary permits were obtained for the described field studies . corals collected in the northwestern hawaiian islands were collected when it was the nwhi coral reef ecosystem reserve under permit # nwhicrer - 2003 - 003 and - 004 . collections were made prior to establishment of the papahanaumokuakea monument . there is no permit required for collection of specimens in alaskan waters . cites does not apply to octocorals , and all collections were made in us waters and stayed in the us .


the black-spotted barbet ( capito niger ) is a species of bird in the capitonidae family .

it is found in forests in northeastern south america , ranging as far south as the amazon river and as far west as the branco river .

previously , it included the gilded barbet of the southern and western amazon basin as subspecies .

as currently defined , the black-spotted barbet is monotypic .

the western range limit of the black-spotted barbet is eastern venezuela , mostly border areas , and to the south in brazil 's roraima state , the bird is only found on the eastern banks of the south-flowing branco river .

the species only ranges north of the amazon river , and is found in the northeast amazon basin in brazil 's states of roraima , pará , and amapá , on the atlantic coast bordering french guiana .

the black-spotted barbet 's range is one contiguous region , centered on the guiana highlands , and the northeast amazon basin .

black - spotted barbet

the black - spotted barbet ( capito niger ) is a bird species in the capitonidae family .
american barbet information . . . american barbet species index . . . american barbet species photo gallery
the black - spotted barbet averages 7 . 5 inches or 19 cm in length ( including its tail ) and weighs betwen 48 - 58g ( 1 . 7 - oz ) .
the female looks alike , except she has stronger black markings on the underbelly .
the plumage is mostly black , with red , white and yellow markings . it has a stout bill .
throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
short , l . l . , horne , j . f . m . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . black - spotted barbet ( capito niger ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
16–19 cm ; 41–68 g . brightly patterned barbet , with spots or streaks below ; much individual variation in richness of coloration . previously considered to be . . .
they are monotypic , meaning one single species ( not subspecies ) . previously , the gilded barbet - - found in the southern and western amazon basin - was considered a subspecies .
although to this day , there are still authorities ( including sibley and monroe ) either consider these species conspecific ( one species ) while others consider the gilded barbet as a subspecies .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
this species has a large range in the guayana shield region of south america .
the global population size has not been quantified , but it is believed to be large as the species is described as
fairly common
in at least parts of its wide range ( hilty 2003 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
until recently treated as conspecific with c . auratus , but differs in its clear - cut blood - red ( vs very soft - edged and buff - brown , yellowish or brick - reddish ) forecrown ( 3 ) ; distinct pale yellow mid - crown shading to buff - streaked blackish hindcrown ( c . auratus does not show this mid - crown coloration or the clear three - coloured pattern which it makes , having simply a general backward shifting of colour from brightest to dullest ) ( 2 ) ; blood - red throat and uppermost breast ( vs orangey - reddish to yellow throat and upper breast , usually extending lower ) ( character part of forecrown difference : ns ) ; barely perceptible dull golden - brown edges of flight - feathers ( vs pale yellow edges of flight feathers , same colour as supercilium , etc ) ( 1 ) ; appreciably different voice # r ( at least 1 ) . monotypic .
what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .
. constituents of mixed - species flocks that this species sometimes joins . . .
sept–may or later , to jul . display involves cocking and twisting of tail , male bouncing around female , also flutter - flight displays , . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . endemic to the guiana shield . status not well known , especially in brazilian portion of overall range , but fairly common in venezuela . . .
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traditionally , all barbets were lumped into a single family under this name . in recent decades , increasing weight of evidence # r # r # r # r indicates : separate families should be recognized for species from america ( capitonidae ) , asia ( megalaimidae ) and africa ( lybiidae ) ; american barbets further divisible by recognition of aberrant family semnornithidae ; and american barbets are closer to toucans than to old world barbets .
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : capito niger . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 391 side a track 31 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 392 side a track 18 seq . a )
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these barbets are usually found in pairs or small flocks . it has a range in a contiguous region that is centered on the guiana highlands and the northeast amazon .
the male has an orange - red throat , a yellow chest with brown streaks on the side of the belly . his forecrown is buff - yellow .
its range encompasses eastern columbia , eastern peru , brazil , the guianas , french guiana , suriname and venezuela .
its western range limit is eastern venezuela . in the south in brazil ' s roraima state , it is only found on the eastern banks of the south - flowing branco river . it is found in the northeast amazon basin in brazil ' s states of roraima , pará and amapá , on the atlantic coast bordering french guiana .
they spend most of their time in the middle or high up in the canopy of forests . they occur occurs in subtropical and tropical moist lowland forests , as well as subtropical and tropical swamps , as well as heavily degraded former forests . they may also visits human habitats , including plantations .
they typically nest in tree hollows , usually century plant stalks or abandoned woodpecker nests . they will also excavate new holes in soft woods .
the average clutch size consists of 2 - 5 eggs per clutch , which are incubated by both parents for about 18 days . newly hatched chicks are altrical ( = mostly naked at birth , and helpless - totally dependand on their parents for warmth and nourishment ) . their thick heal pads protect them from the rough floor surface . the young leave the nest when they are about 30 days old , but will still be fed by their parents for several weeks afterwards .
and both parents incubate the eggs for about 18 days . fledging occurs at around day 30 . the young are ( dependant on their parents ) and
their main diet consists of nectar and various fruits , but they will also feed on insects and spiders .
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euchaetis crypsichroa is a moth in the oecophoridae family .

it was described by lower in 1893 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from south australia .

the wingspan is about 26 mm ( 1.0 in ) .

the forewings have a bright rosy line on the costa with the extreme costal edge whitish .

there is a small fuscous spot on the base of the dorsum and the median area has a pale reddish suffusion .

the markings are purple-fuscous .

there is an oblique line from one-third of the costa expanding in the mid-disc to a large oblong spot extending on the margin from the mid-dorsum to near the tornus and there is a discal dot at two-thirds , as well as a finely serrate line from two-thirds of the costa obliquely to four-fifths , then vertical to the tornus .

there is also a terminal line .

the hindwings are grey .

euchaetis crypsichroa

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euchaetis meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 421 [ key ] , 484 ; ts : euchaetis habrocosma meyrick
euchaetis habrocosma meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 484
euchaetis metallota meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 486
euchaetis holoclera meyrick , 1888 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) : 940
euchaetis iospila meyrick , 1888 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) : 938
euchaetis poliarcha meyrick , 1888 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) : 939
euchaetis rhizobola meyrick , 1888 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) : 937
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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turner , a . j . 1946 ,
revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xiii
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 70 , pp . 93 - 120
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94e73633 - ae85 - 4d59 - bd25 - e51e3cf37785
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f5b0e046 - 8a4b - 4dc4 - 99f5 - 9947f61fbaa0
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7ada77fa - 9e0c - 4701 - 8171 - 4ed6edc9813e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 395915
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machimia coccoscela turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 112
machimia cryptorrhoda turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 112
cryptolechia incarnatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 754
cryptolechia inclusella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 767
heliocausta insana meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 387
machimia rhodochila turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 115
heliocausta rufogrisea meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 483
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
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walker , 1864 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 27 : 1 - 286 ( 1863 ) , 28 : 287 - 562 ( 1863 ) , 29 : 563 - 835 ( 1864 ) , 30 : 837 - 1096 ( 1864 )
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australian moths represent a diverse fauna of between 20 , 000 and 30 , 000 species . they have been studied nowhere near as much as have their butterflies of australia - of which there are less than 400 species . it can be extremely difficult to associate the larval and adult stages of moths as so little is known of there lifecycles . hopefully , this project with attract moth enthusiasts to share their images and knowledge .
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