dinaelurus is a genus of the nimravidae , an extinct family of feliform mammalian carnivores , also known as " false saber-toothed cats " .

assigned to subfamily nimravinae , dinaelurus was endemic to north america during the eocene-oligocene epochs ( 30.8 — 20.6 mya ) , existing for approximately 10.2 million years .

dinaelurus

i made these clay models . left , dinaelurus crassus . right , dinaelurus illumina sapiens ( ratha ) .
dinaelurus crassus was a real extinct pre - historic species that ( in the ratha ' s novel ) was progenitor of the dinaelurus illumina sapiens .
the existence of the dinaelurus crassus into ratha ' s world has been mentioned by the author clare bell .
i don ' t think so . thylacos were probably ambush predators and dinaelurus had slim body proportions more like a cheetah .
definition —the most recent common ancestor of nimravus brachyops , n . intermedius , dinaelurus crassus , and all of its descendants .
' dinaelurus crassus belongs to dinaelurus ' according to g . f . eaton 1922 ' dinaelurus belongs to nimravidae ' according to g . f . eaton 1922 ' hoplophoneus platycopis is recombined as pogonodon platycopis ' according to g . f . eaton 1922 ' pogonodon serrulidens belongs to pogonodon ' according to g . f . eaton 1922 ' pogonodon belongs to nimravidae ' according to g . f . eaton 1922
however the way the author describes them make them sound much larger and bulkier , with the ability to “crush skulls” and some have sabers ( which dinaelurus didn’t ) . the author’s description more resembles miracinonyx ( the american cheetah ) than dinaelurus . dinaelurus also wouldn’t have been able to hunt such large prey like the herdbeasts , while miracinonyx was known to hunt pronghorns ( which are very similar to three - horns )
they’re a fictional species called dinaelurus illumina sapiens which is based off the actual species dinaelurus crassus , of which there is only 1 known fossil ( which i can’t find a pic of rip ) . they’re nimravids , aka false - sabertooths . all nimravids have low slinking bodies and short legs .
dinaelurus is little known nimravid that is so far only known from the john day formation in oregon ,  usa .  other north american nimravids that dinaelurus could have possibly come into contact with include hoplophoneus ,  dinictis ,   eusmilus and particularly the type genus of the nimravidae ,  nimravus .
remember the dinaelurus illumina sapiens skull ? well , here is the next step on that . ( this skull has been developed from the dinaelurus crassus skull by copying the latter and modifying it ) . it has gone through the same steps as d . crassus , except eyes have been added . note the much larger brain capacity than d . crassus
discussion — eaton ( 1922 ) viewed dinaelurus as a taxon more advanced than nimravus with developments toward the felidae , though no phylogeny was given . specifically noted were the development of the otic bullae , shortened length of the alisphenoid canal , and the slender proportions of the alisphenoid bone . similarly to eaton , de beaumont ( 1964 ) held dinaelurus ’ phylogenetic affinity closer to nimravus , as did martin ( 1980 ) who erected a monogeneric tribe ( dinaelurini ) to contain it . martin viewed dinaelurus as a “conical - toothed cat” derived from a nimravus - like ancestor in his suggested phylogeny . bryant ( 1996 ) and peigné ( 2003 ) were the first to perform cladistic analyses on the nimravidae , and returned hypotheses evocative of previous authors , with a returned nimravini clade ( nimravus , dinaelurus ) , however peigné ( 2003 ) found poor internal resolution for this clade , and attributed it to fragmentary knowledge of dinaelurus .
this is a fictional species descended from dinaelurus crassus . i have given it the name dinaelurus illumina sapiens , because it has a greatly expanded cranium , giving it a human - equivalent brain capacity . the animal is sentient and intelligent . this art is part of the background research i did for the ratha series ( ratha ' s creature , clan ground , and sequels ) . these are published novels about a society of prehistoric , intelligent , big cheetah - like cats .
high quality content by wikipedia articles dinaelurus is an extinct genus of the family nimravidae , endemic to north america during the eocene - oligocene epochs ( 30 . 8 - 20 . 6 mya ) , existing for approximately 10 . 2 million years .
i find all of your research for modelling the dinaelurus illumina sapiens very interesting . i ' ve been reading from your website . do you see the un - named ( the witless ones without light in their eyes at least ) as a different species than this one ? or is their lack of intelligence just a small genetic / racial difference ? the expanded cranium made me wonder that , as well as your description of orange - eyes in clan ground . perhaps these un - named are actually dinaelurus crassus ?
i used sculpey - type modeling clay . the references i used were drawings of a dinaelurus crassus skull , top , side and front views . i am good at translating 2 - d drawings into 3 - d sculptures ( mechanical engineering background helps ) .
differential diagnosis : maofelis is similar to nimravidae indet . from quercy ( muséum d’histoire naturelle de montauban , france ( ma - phq ) 348 ) and differs from the remaining nimravids in having no ventral projection of the glenoid pedicle or mastoid process , a planar basicranium with the lateral rim not or weakly buttressed ventrally , and p1 present ( p1 is variably present in nimravus and eofelis ) . maofelis differs from all known nimravids except nimravidae indet . from quercy ( ma - phq 348 ) and dinaelurus in having upper canines that are only slightly flattened ( length / width ratio ~ 1 . 3 ) ; from nanosmilus , hoplophoneus , and eusmilus by having sutural contact between the jugal and the lacrimal ; from nimravus , dinictis , hoplophoneus , and eusmilus by the presence of a strongly developed sagittal crest ; from hoplophoneus and eusmilus by the presence of a sagittal crest that is rectilinear ( not concave ) in lateral view ; from nimravus and dinaelurus by the lack of a fossa on the ventromedial face of the zygomatic arch , below the postorbital process ; from dinaelurus , nanosmilus , hoplophoneus , and eusmilus by the presence of a double - rooted p2 ; from dinaelurus , nimravus , pogonodon , dinictis , nanosmilus , hoplophoneus , and eusmilus by the presence of a three - rooted p3 ; from hoplophoneus and eusmilus by the p4 protocone projecting strongly mesiolingually , with its mesial end at or anterior to the mesial end of the paracone ; from dinaelurus , nimravus , nanosmilus , hoplophoneus , and eusmilus by the presence of a transversely elongated m1 , in which the protocone is prominent and widely separated from the paracone ; from dinaelurus , nimravus , and eusmilus by the m1 crown not being vertically orientated .
this study also returned a well - supported nimravini clade in all of its cladistic analyses , with a basal arrangement of dinaelurus relative to the species of n . brachyops and n . intermedius . however , due to the imperfectly known character states of dinaelurus , particularly those belonging to the dentary and postcrania , differential relationships may be returned in future analyses with the presence of new material . though pending , the discovery of such material the generic validity of this taxon is maintained , largely due to its uniqueness , being the only non - sabretooth nimravid , and associated preserved character states .
who says they can ' t be real ? or a subspecies ? of course they don ' t talk and i doubted if they lived in clans and such , but she does well with them and i grown pleased to know what they are in some context . my newest shapeshifter shifts into a dinaelurus ( one of the real species of course ) .
the species has never appeared nor has been mentioned in the series . it ' s believed they ' re lonely hunters , with even less intelligence and organization than the un - named . despite being their progenitors , the dinaelurus illumina sapiens have distanced from the original species and it ' s believed that only some less - developed un - named could successfully breed with the crassus .
although they looked very feline , dinaelurus was in fact a nimravid , a family that shared a common ancestor with cats . some nimravids developed large saber - toothed forms but weren ' t closely related to true sabertooths like smilodon . this is also the ancestor of clare bell ' s named species ! they had smaller fangs , a short muzzle and rounded forehead more like modern cheetahs .
finally , two main clades with substantial support were returned for all cladistic analyses , the hoplophoneini and nimravini . the former tribe containing the genera of nanosmilus and hoplophoneus , while the latter tribe that of nimravus and dinaelurus . ambiguous positions relative to these main clades were recovered for the european taxa : eofelis , dinailurictis bonali , and quercylurus major ; and the north american taxa dinictis and pogonodon .
name : dinaelurus . phonetic : din - ay - lu - rus . named by : eaton  -  1922 . classification : chordata ,  mammalia ,  carnivora ,  nimravidae . species : d .  crassus ( type )  . diet : carnivore . size : unavailable . known locations : usa ,  oregon  -  john day formation . time period : throughout the oligocene . fossil representation : partial remains .
most of the reported north american nimravid material was examined and scored for this study ( 191 specimens ) , see appendix s1 . specimens examined originated from the following institutions : the museum of geology at south dakota school of mines and technology , the university of nebraska lincoln state museum , the american museum of national history , the yale peabody museum of natural history , the united states national museum , and badlands national park . the whereabouts of the holotype , and only known specimen , of dinaelurus crassus is currently unknown , and was thus unable to be examined in person . therefore , this taxon was scored from literature ( bryant , 1996 ; eaton , 1922 ; peigné , 2003 ) .
the results of this study suggest twelve valid species of north american nimravid . these taxa are determined to belong to six monophyletic genera : dinictis , pogonodon , nimravus , dinaelurus , nanosmilus and hoplophoneus . linear morphometric analyses and qualitative character assessment found dinictis to be monospecific ( d . felina ) , while pogonodon to contain two valid species ( p . platycopis and p . davisi ) . similarly to toohey ( 1959 ) , nimravus was determined to be monospecific for north america . cladistic analysis supports the validity of nanosmilus by the taxon presenting a differential suite of character states distinct from hoplophoneus or any other genus . hoplophoneus mentalis was found to be a junior synonym for h . primaevus , for diagnosable criteria of the type providing no differentiation from that of h . primaevus . however , the validity of hoplophoneus oharrai is reinstated . while previously synonymized with h . mentalis , the type of h . oharrai presents several character states distinct from either of these taxa .
the parsimony analysis returned 222 most parsimonious trees with a cost of 75 , c . i . = 0 . 55 , r . i . = 0 . 82 , ( fig . 45 ) . two major clades were retrieved for this phylogenetic hypothesis , the nimravini and hoplophoneini , located at the base of the dinaelurus crassus through n . intermedius clade , and nanosmilus kurteni through eusmilus villebramarensis clade respectively , both of which display an overall pectinate arrangement . the name of these clades is derived from similar relationships retrieved in bryant ( 1996 ) , and his application of accompanying tribal designation ( see fig . 1 ) . the european taxa of eofelis , dinailurictis , and quercylurus major were also retrieved as a monophyletic group , as were the species of pogonodon platycopis , and p . davisi . substantial support ( bremer and jackknife values of 5 and 98 % respectively ) was recovered for the hoplophoneini clade , with significantly smaller values for the rest of the tree topology .
for this study , ingroup taxa originated from the results of the valid species analyses and include : hoplophoneus primaevus ( leidy , 1851 ) , h . occidentalis ( leidy , 1866 ) , h . dakotensis ( hatcher , 1895 ) , h . oharrai ( jepsen , 1926 ) , h . sicarius ( sinclair & jepsen , 1927 ) , h . cerebralis ( cope , 1880a ) , nimravus brachyops ( cope , 1878 ) , pogonodon platycopis ( cope , 1879c ) , p . davisi ( merriam , 1906 ) , dinictis felina ( leidy , 1854 ) , dinaelurus crassus ( eaton , 1922 ) , and nanosmilus kurteni ( martin , 1992 ) . hoplophoneus dakotensis was partially scored from literature , due to inaccessibility of specimens ( jepsen , 1933 ; peigné , 2003 ) . additionally , the remaining members of the globally described nimravidae were also included , as determined by peigné ( 2003 ) : nimravus intermedius , eofelis sp . , dinailurictis bonali , quercylurus major , eusmilus bidentatus , and e . villebramarensis . these latter taxa were included to better inform of overall relationships and were scored from the literature ( morea , 1975 ; peigné , 2000 ; peigné , 2003 ; peigné & brunet , 2001 ; peigné & de bonis , 1999 ; ringeade & michel , 1994 ) .
' aeluroidea belongs to feliformia ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' albanosmilus belongs to barbourofelinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' arctoidea belongs to caniformia ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' barbourofelinae belongs to nimravidae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' barbourofelis belongs to barbourofelinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' canidae belongs to caniformia ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' caniformia belongs to carnivora ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' dinaelurus belongs to nimravinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' dinictis belongs to nimravinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' eusmilus belongs to nimravinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' feliformia belongs to carnivora ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' hoplophoneinae is a subjective synonym of nimravinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' hoplophoneus belongs to nimravinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' miacidae belongs to caniformia ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' nimravidae belongs to feliformia ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' nimravinae belongs to nimravidae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' nimravus belongs to nimravinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' pogonodon belongs to nimravinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' prosansanosmilus belongs to barbourofelinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' sansanosmilus belongs to barbourofelinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' syrtosmilus belongs to barbourofelinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' vampyrictis belongs to barbourofelinae ' according to h . n . bryant 1991 ' viverravidae belongs to feliformia ' according to h . n . bryant 1991
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so the named can ' t cross with d . crassus ; they have become genetically isolated . the unnamed form a buffer population between the named and the ancestor species .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
full reference : g . f . eaton . 1922 . john day felidae in the marsh collection . american journal of science 4 ( 24 ) : 425 - 452
it was a pretty basic feline of the times - no relation to thylacosmilus , which was a marsupial .
i understand that , i know that thylaco - is used in marsupial predators . but i mean evolving to fill a niche almost identical to another animal , even starting to look like another genus ?
oh . . . so this is the breed . are these prehistoric cheetahs since i kept thinking that the ratha cats are so cheetah like , especially when thakur did a chase that a normal cheetah does ( swerving to catch its prey ) .
welp , it ' s an imaginary species - they are cheetah - like , but what they are related to are a catlike animal called nimravus .
beautiful work as usual . i especially like the way this nimravid is looking at the viewer . does it know something that we don ' t ?
heh , they ' re pretty catlike so it wasn ' t too hard .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
it ' s amazing how you are building the ' muscles ' onto the skull here . that must take some real knowledge of the intricacies of feline anatomy ! also , the larger brain capacity is of course a great idea . it makes me wonder what would happen even nowadays if big cats happened to evolve it .
clan ground - chapter one clan ground by clare bell chapter one the gathering was to take place in the older part of the meadow , about the flat - topped stone the herders called the sunning rock . thakur , the herding teacher for the clan , arrived first . with a glance over the meadow to see if anyone else was coming , he bunched his hindquarters and leaped up on the gray stone , then stretched out to catch the suns last warmth . insects droned about his ears and a rock lizard hissed at him for taking the best spot . he flicked his tail at the lizard once , then ignored it . thakur shifted himself in the slight hollow worn by the many who had lain there before him and felt the sun - gathered heat of the stone though the fur of his belly . he folded his forepaws beneath him and let a soft purr flutter in his throat as the evening breeze ruffled the fur on his back . then the breeze died away and only the twilight stillness and the sce
ratha ' s creature , ch1 ratha ' s creature by clare bell chapter one ratha leaped over a fern thicket and dug her paws into the spongy ground as she dodged sharp horns . one prong sifted through her fur and she skittered away from the beast . she turned and stood her ground with hunched shoulders and twitching tail . her quarry advanced . a two - pronged horn on the stag ' s nose joined the crown of points on the head and it lowered the entire array , charging at ratha . she launched herself at the deer , both front paws spread . she landed on her rear paws and bounced sideways as the multi - horn pivoted heavily , trying to catch her on its spikes and pin her to the ground . each time the horns came near her , ratha jumped sideways , forcing the stag to turn in a tight circle , unable to build up any speed or momentum . after several such circles , the beast ' s knees were trembling and ratha smelled the sweat that was darkening the coarse , grey - tipped coat .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .
the nimravidae is a family of extinct , superficially “cat - like” carnivores , most of which exhibit saber - tooth dentition . they existed from the late eocene to the end of the oligocene ( approximately 35 . 5–23 . 0 ma ) and are known from north america , europe and asia ( bryant , 1996 ; peigné , 2003 ) .
from this air of general confusion several major taxonomic revisions were undertaken in the middle part of the 20th century ( hough , 1949 ; morea , 1975 ; simpson , 1941 ; toohey , 1959 ) . most of this work focused on the hoplophoneus and eusmilus genera which have historically been difficult to distinguish , and contained what was perceived as a superfluous number of species ( jepsen , 1933 ; scott & jepsen , 1936 ; sinclair , 1924 ) . both simpson ( 1941 ) and hough ( 1949 ) were primarily concerned with specimens originating from the brule formation of south dakota , and adjoining states . this limited geographic and temporal sample was hoped to remove misleading morphological signals of regional variation and evolutionary trends . likewise , toohey ( 1959 ) reviewed the then eight nimravus species present in the literature to find clear diagnosable criteria , though expanded his sample to include all north american specimens due to the rarity of this taxon . finally , morea ( 1975 ) assessed the generic assignment and taxonomic validity of eusmilus in relation to hoplophoneus species utilizing all described north american material .
all of these prior taxonomic revisions implicitly utilized a variant of a morphological species concept , whereby species were recognized under morphological clusters of size and shape similarity . more specifically , their operating hypotheses were : uniform possession of certain morphologic features equated to a valid species , variance within this species was otherwise dimensional ( metrical ) and interpreted as tokogenetic , e . g . , sexual dimorphism . to test these hypotheses , comparisons to extant felid taxa were made , typically at the subspecies level to mitigate regional variation . if ranges in size and shape were comparable between the extant taxa and nimravid specimens , then the hypothesis was upheld .
this methodology proves problematic for several reasons . first , without a defined species concept , consistency in describing the appropriate taxonomic level becomes uncertain . since no standard is being followed , genera , sub - genera or intraspecific variation may end up being inadvertently diagnosed . second , justification for what were the important morphological features and what was variable was never made . for example , simpson ( 1941 ) , states that the p2 is variable and taxonomically uninformative by referring to the work of adams ( 1896b ) . however , in the latter work no analyses were performed , and the inference of the variability of the p2 was unjustified and simply said to coincide with age . lastly , no statistical tests were performed to gauge the similarity of extant groups to nimravids , nor between nimravid taxa ( a notable exception is hough , 1949 , though only between her two proposed subspecies of h . primaevus ) . these judgments of similarity were instead based on comparisons of raw values . in short , the shortcomings of these previous revisions might stem from a non - explicit species concept , lack of character criteria , and subjective assessments of similarity .
relationships of nimravids at the specific level and above have also garnered much debate . traditionally , perceived evolutionary lineages were organized into tribes based on determined trends in morphology ( e . g . , de beaumont , 1964 ; martin , 1980 ) or recovered relationships in cladistic analyses ( bryant , 1996 ; peigné , 2003 ) ( table 1 ) .
two cladistic analyses have been performed on nimravid taxa , bryant’s 1996 study examined relationships solely within the north american members of the nimravidae , sensu stricto , ( eleven taxa ) in a parsimony - based , implicit enumeration analysis utilizing twenty - seven characters . bryant ( 1996 ) sought to preliminarily revise the taxonomy of the north american nimravids and subsequently generate a hypothesis of relationships through a cladistic analysis . validation for species was based on the previous taxonomic revisions already discussed ( hough , 1949 ; morea , 1975 ; simpson , 1941 ; toohey , 1959 ) and preliminary reconsiderations of the taxa dinictis and pogonodon . however , bryant ( 1996 ) admits that the revised diagnoses may not “…comply completely with cladistics principles” ( p . 454 ) and descriptive features were taken into consideration .
character polarity was set by a hypothetical ancestor derived from selection of what constituted plesiomorphic ( ancestral ) character states in real taxa , such as the members of the barbourofelinae , aeluroidea , and caniformia . additionally , support metrics were calculated ( in the form of nonparametric bootstrap analysis ) for the resultant tree topology . two nodes garnered over 90 % support , partially dividing the north american nimravids into two tribes , the nimravini and hoplophoneini ( fig . 1 ) . every other node was described as less than 80 % supported , and since these clades have historically been unnamed , they received no new designation .
recovered phylogenetic hypothesis of bryant ’s 1996 north american nimravidae analysis . numbers at nodes indicate tribal designation : ( 1 ) , hoplophoneini ; ( 2 ) , nimravini . modified from bryant ( 1996 : fig . 1 ) .
recovered phylogenetic hypothesis of peigné ( 2003 ) . modified from peigné ( 2003 : fig . 14 ) .
peigné ’s 2003 study utilized eighteen taxa , of which one was a single specimen , and thirty - three characters in a parsimony - based implicit enumeration analysis similar to bryant ( 1996 ) . peigné ( 2003 ) sought to systematically revise the european nimravid taxa and subsequently interpret their relationships with their north american relatives utilizing a cladistic analysis . european taxa underwent statistical linear morphometric and comparative analyses to determine species validity , while valid north american species , and their diagnoses , were derived from previous taxonomic investigations ( bryant , 1996 ; martin , 1980 ; martin , 1992 ; toohey , 1959 ) .
similar to the methods of bryant ( 1996 ) and peigné ( 2003 ) utilized a hypothetical outgroup derived from selection of ancestral states in multiple real taxa to determine character polarity , but also considered ontogenetic information . this information was applied to two analyses , one consisting of eighteen taxa , and a second with the removal of three of the prior analysis’ taxa . a strict consensus tree was employed to summarize relationships of the three input trees retained in the second analysis ( fig . 2 ) .
no revision of nimravid taxa has directly examined the validity of the dinictis , pogonodon , and nanosmilus genera and their contained species through cladistic , morphometric , or other analytical techniques . additionally , numerous advancements in morphometric and cladistic analyses have taken place in the last twenty years allowing potentially more informed views into the specific and generic validity and evolutionary history of this group . the aim of this study was to ( 1 ) revise the taxonomy of north american nimravids , specifically that of valid species , and ( 2 ) determine the validity of north american genera and the phylogenetic relationships new and old world nimravid taxa share . to accomplish the first goal , a defined species concept and accompanying character criteria were employed , along with statistical analyses and exploratory techniques . the second goal was facilitated via cladistic analyses utilizing both parsimony and posterior probability optimality criteria with hopes that agreement between the two would supply additional support on the generic allocation of species , not to mention hypothesis of evolutionary history .
to maintain consistency in diagnosing valid species of nimravid taxa , a defined species concept was strictly followed for this study . specifically , the species concept utilized was the phylogenetic species concept ( psc ) , where a species equates to “…the smallest aggregation of populations ( sexual ) or lineages ( asexual ) diagnosable by a unique combination of character states in comparable individuals ( semaphoronts ) ” ( nixon & wheeler , 1990 , p . 218 ) . the psc is a character - based and pattern - based species concept which eliminates dependence on particular kinds of processes , such as reproductive isolation . even so , the psc is consistent with numerous processes potentially responsible for speciation , such as sympatric or allopatric speciation ( nixon & wheeler , 1990 ) . additionally , by using the psc one can readily perform a cladistic analysis without deriving a new set of characters , advantageous for the second goal of this study .
however , when applying this definition to a fossil sample , shortcomings become immediately evident . the psc speaks of biological populations when diagnosing sexual organisms , though often in the fossil record , no arguably preserved populations can be found . such is the case with nimravids , which being top predators , were rare in their ecosystems , leaving us with only isolated specimens , not biological populations . in light of this issue with the fossil record , and due to the psc’s character - based definition , the identification of a valid species is better viewed as the determination of valid characters , i . e . , morphological features which denote species or higher taxonomic - level designation .
since it is impossible , without an a priori assumption , to determine what morphological features on a specimen equate to characters , and not traits ( here meaning variation within a species such as sexual dimorphism or tokogeny ) , all observed variation between specimens was initially entertained . this approach allowed the assured inclusion of all characters , but necessarily that of all traits as well . to remove the signature of uninformative traits from the final character list , character criteria were employed and morphometric analyses conducted , creating the general procedure utilized by this study as outlined in fig . 3 . more specifically , two sets of data were collected from nimravid specimens : ( 1 ) linear measurements ; and ( 2 ) a list of morphologic variability which could be broken into discrete character states . from the former dataset , cluster analyses were performed to find natural groupings which were then tested for support via discriminant function analysis ( dfa ) . the resultant supported morphogroups were then compared to a character list filtered by specified criteria . universally shared character states per morphogroup then formed the basis of this study’s psc species . this procedure garners a substantially more objective approach to the determination of what are useful taxonomic features for this group since they are based upon statistically significant relationships within a separate linear morphometric dataset and less onindividual author’s subjective taxonomic opinion .
diagrammatic representation of the procedure utilized to determine valid species for this study . steps within boxes represent analytical techniques employed to determine character validity .
measured as the prosthion ( pr ) to the basion ( ba ) in ( mm ) . 1 ( 0 ) : 105 and smaller ; 1 ( 1 ) : 110–200 ; 1 ( 2 ) : 205 and larger . figured specimen unsm 322 - 51 , hoplophoneus occidentalis .
sutural contact between the lacrimal ( lac ) and jugal ( ju ) . 2 ( 0 ) : present ( a ) ; 2 ( 1 ) : absent ( b ) . figured specimens ypm 10045 , nimravus brachyops ( a ) , usnm 18214 , hoplophoneus sp . ( b ) .
3 ( 0 ) : shallow or absent ( a ) ; 3 ( 1 ) : deep with distinct dorsal margin ( b ) . figured specimens unsm 1068 , hoplophoneus dakotensis ( a ) , amnh 6930 , nimravus brachyops ( b ) .
due to the specified constraints of the psc and operational necessities of cladistic analysis , characters needed to be restricted in certain ways to be utilized by this study . nixon & wheeler ( 1990 ) were explicit in the nature of characters utilized in diagnosing species , so to maintain consistency those criteria were strictly followed . specifically , characters and their associated states were required to be of the same quality as those used in cladistic analysis while additionally being only parsimony - informative ( i . e . , neither autapomorphic nor polymorphic for a taxon ) . this decision was further justified by the latter constraint of performing cladistic analyses on the same character set to infer evolutionary history . to facilitate interpretive power of these analyses , only characters which could be coerced into discrete states , and were additionally justifiably independent were entertained . together , these decisions formed the basis of the character criteria employed for this study .
fossa on the medial face of the zygomatic arch , below the postorbital process . 4 ( 0 ) : no fossa ( a ) ; 4 ( 1 ) : presence of a marked fossa ( b ) . figured specimens unsm 1068 ( reversed ) , hoplophoneus dakotensis ( a ) , amnh 6931 , nimravus brachyops ( b ) .
5 ( 0 ) : broadly circular ( a ) ; 5 ( 1 ) : triangular ( b ) . figured specimens ypm 10045 , nimravus brachyops ( a ) , unsm 1072 , hoplophoneus primaevus ( b ) .
sources for morphologic variation and potential characters originated from a variety of publications , specifically , previous nimravid cladistic studies ( bryant , 1996 ; peigné , 2003 ) , descriptive studies of nimravid morphology ( boyd & welsh , 2013 ; bryant , 1988 ; hough , 1949 ; morea , 1975 ) , original observations , and recent felid morphological cladistic analyses ( king , 2012 ; spearing , 2013 ) . this latter source was primarily entertained as inspiration for investigation , as it would seem likely that the highly convergent nature nimravids share with the feliform body plan at least some aspects of their morphology would co - vary .
6 ( 0 ) : absent ( a ) ; 6 ( 1 ) : present ( b ) . figured specimens unsm 25512 , dinictis felina ( a ) , unsm 322 - 51 , hoplophoneus occidentalis ( b ) .
relationship between petrobasilar ( pbf ) and posterior lacerate ( plf ) foramina . 7 ( 0 ) : foramina confluent ( a ) ; 7 ( 1 ) : two discrete foramina present ( b ) ; 7 ( 2 ) : petrobasilar and posterior lacerate form two distinct grooves ( c ) . figured specimens fam 83386 , daphoenodon sp . ( a ) , unsm 279 - 51 , nimravus brachyops ( b ) , unsm 25506 , hoplophoneus primaevus ( c ) .
specimens were scored by hand or from the literature when necessary . to score specimens some potential characters only required visual inspection , though others were aided through the use of the following instruments :
to bring potential characters in line with the requirements of the psc and cladistic analyses , several methods were employed . the first removed any character which displayed as polymorphic for a given specimen ( i . e . , displaying multiple character states , such as the presence of p1 on the right maxilla , but absence on the left ) , and thus was unaligned with the psc which requires character states to be shared universally for a given taxon ( nixon & wheeler , 1990 ) . additionally , characters were removed if : they showed non - variation for all examined specimens , were unable to be consistently scored due to vague descriptions and landmarks presented in literature , or lacked natural gaps for continuous characters . the resulting revised character list was then used in tandem with the results of the subsequently described morphometric analyses .
8 ( 0 ) : present ( a ) ; 8 ( 1 ) : absent ( b ) . figured specimens unsm 25512 , dinictis felina ( a ) , unsm 322 - 51 , hoplophoneus occidentalis ( b ) .
morphology of mastoid ( ma ) and paroccipital ( pop ) processes . 9 ( 0 ) : reduced mastoid with large plate - like paroccipital process ( a ) ; 9 ( 1 ) : large tabular mastoid with reduced to near absent paroccipital process ( b ) . figured specimens ypm 10045 , nimravus brachyops ( a ) usnm 18214 , hoplophoneus sp . ( b ) .
to quantify the metric differences in size and shape of the examined specimens , and by extension find statistically supported natural groupings , fifteen standard ( boyd & welsh , 2013 ; bryant , 1988 ; hough , 1949 ; morea , 1975 ; simpson , 1941 ; toohey , 1959 ) measurements ( fig . s2 ) were taken ( when possible ) on all specimens examined during the study , utilizing the instruments previously listed . the resulting metric dataset can be seen in appendix s3 .
all analyses were conducted in r , version 3 . 2 . 2 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) ( r core team , 2015 ) , with the aid of r studio , version 0 . 99 . 467 ( rstudio team , 2015 ) . a total of four sets of analyses were undertaken at the generic level to mitigate issues with the below described imputation procedures , while utilizing at their core cluster and discriminant function analysis ( dfa ) .
shape of the glenoid socket . 10 ( 0 ) : anterior lip is missing ( a ) ; 10 ( 1 ) : posterior lip of the glenoid socket projects more ventrally than anterior lip ( b ) ; 10 ( 2 ) : anterior lip and posterior lip project equally ventrally ( c ) . figured specimens amnh 62026 , pogonodon davisi ( a ) , unsm 322 - 51 , hoplophoneus occidentalis ( b ) , amnh 6941 ( reversed ) , hoplophoneus cerebralis ( c ) .
angle between the braincase , disregarding the sagittal crest , and the axial plane of the cranium . 11 ( 0 ) : oblique ( a ) ; 11 ( 1 ) : parallel , or nearly so ( b ) . figured specimens unsm 1072 , hoplophoneus primaevus ( a ) , amnh 6941 ( reversed ) , hoplophoneus cerebralis ( b ) .
datasets were initially modified to remove variables or specimens which exhibited superfluous amounts of missing data . for the remainder of the relatively complete datasets , imputation was employed to ready them for multivariate analyses , which require no missing data . to that end , the r package “norm” version 1 . 0 - 9 . 5 ( novo & schafer , 2013 ) was utilized due to its previously determined robustness and accuracy for morphometric datasets ( clavel , merceron & escarguel , 2014 ) . the norm package operates via a multiple imputation ( mi ) , data augmentation ( da ) approach , assuming a joint multivariate normal distribution . for this study , 100 data augmentation iterations ( steps ) were employed for each dataset imputed , as suggested by clavel , merceron & escarguel ( 2014 ) .
sources of characters utilized for this study . if a character was derived from a previous cladistic analysis , it is cited with a reference and corresponding character number in its respective columns . corresponding characters across other cladistic studies are also presented in their respective columns . king ( 2012 ) utilized multiple character lists , depending on outgroup , the letter designation next to each of that study’s characters equates to the appendix in which it can be found .
multivariate normality was then checked for all datasets ( a condition assumed for dfa ) via the r package “ics” version 1 . 2 - 5 ( nordhausen , oja & tyler , 2008 ) . the test specifically employed was the multivariate normality test based on kurtosis .
12 ( 0 ) : projects horizontally ( a ) ; 12 ( 1 ) : projects ventrally ( b ) . figured specimens ypm 10045 , nimravus brachyops ( a ) , amnh 39101 , hoplophoneus primaevus ( b ) .
13 ( 0 ) : in line with the tooth row , mandibular border of cheek tooth row is in the same plane as the mandibular border of the incisors and canines ( a ) ; 13 ( 1 ) : elevated above tooth row ( b ) ; 13 ( 2 ) : cheek teeth and anterior teeth brought again into same plane by elevation of cheek teeth on pedestal ( c ) . figured specimens ypm 10066 , daphoenus vetus ( a ) , ypm 10045 , nimravus brachyops ( b ) , ypm pu 11079 , hoplophoneus dakotensis ( c ) , modified from hatcher ( 1895 : plate xl ) .
the pogonodon dataset faced a unique problem in having a high level of incompleteness , further complicated by a lack of overlapping morphology amongst specimens . to remedy this situation , the most common structural element ( the dentary , with its four associated variables ) was chosen as the basis for morphological comparisons . this limited number of variables was also required due to the inability of running a discriminant function analysis with a greater number of variables than cases in the input matrix . doing so would result in singular variance / covariance matrix which would be unable to be computed . thus a hard limit was placed upon the number of variables analyzed in the cluster and discriminant function analyzes for this genus .
likewise to the other genera , group assignment was initially determined via cluster analysis utilizing a upgma clustering algorithm . from the resultant dendrogram , the two most - inclusive tiers of group assignment were entertained ( 2 and 3 groups respectively ) for differential dfas . training and testing sets were unable to be created for the dfas due to low group membership ( ≤3 specimens for certain groups ) , which results in these groups not being proportional represented in both training or testing sets at best , or at worst not represented at all . therefore , dfa was performed on the entirety of the pogonodon dataset and jackknife cross - validation was utilized to gauge the accuracy of group assignment .
development and orientation of the coronoid process ( cp ) . 14 ( 0 ) : posteriorly orientated posterior border ( a ) ; 14 ( 1 ) : vertically orientated posterior border ( b ) ; 14 ( 2 ) : anteriorly orientated posterior border ( c ) . figured specimens unsm 2509 - 59 , pogonodon platycopis ( a ) , amnh 39101 , hoplophoneus primaevus ( b ) , pu 12953 , hoplophoneus sicarius ( c ) , modified from scott & jepsen ( 1936 : plate xx ) .
size of the genial flange in adult taxa . measured as the height of the genial flange from the anterior portion of the postcanine diastema to the ventral apex of the genial flange / length of dentary from the posterior articular surface to the most anterior aspect . 15 ( 0 ) : no flange , the ventral rim of the chin is regularly curved ( a ) ; 15 ( 1 ) : no flange , but the ventral rim of the chin is distinctly angulate ( b ) ; 15 ( 2 ) : short flange , between 22 and 31 % of the total length of mandible ( c ) ; 15 ( 3 ) : deep flange , 32–50 % of the total length of the mandible ( d ) ; 15 ( 4 ) : extremely deep flange , 54 % or more of the total mandibular length ( e ) . figured specimens ypm 10066 , daphoenus vetus ( a ) , ypm 10045 , nimravus brachyops ( b ) , ypm pu 13587 , dinictis felina ( c ) , ypm pu 11079 , hoplophoneus dakotensis ( d ) , modified from hatcher ( 1895 : plate xl ) , fam 69377 , hoplophoneus cerebralis ( e ) .
from the aforementioned character and morphometric analyses the final list of valid species and taxonomically informative characters were determined . character analysis resulted in nine novel characters , while the remaining were modified from previous nimravid cladistic analyses ( bryant , 1996 ; peigné , 2003 ) . the source and correspondence of these characters across studies can be seen in table 2 . these characters are subsequently presented below ( figs . 4 – 36 ) . dental terminology follows the conventions utilized by prior nimravid authors ( e . g . , bryant , 1996 ; peigné , 2003 ) , where upper dention is denoted with upper case letters ( e . g . , m1 ) and lower dentition with lower case letters ( e . g . , m1 ) .
fossa on the ventral face of the chin . 16 ( 0 ) : no fossa ( a ) ; 16 ( 1 ) : fossa present and marked ( b ) . figured specimens unsm 1070 , hoplophoneus primaevus ( a ) , ypm 10045 , nimravus brachyops ( b ) .
shape of the lower and upper incisors . 17 ( 0 ) : spatulate incisors , with accessory denticules especially on the lower incisors ; i3 slightly caniniform and distinctly larger than the other incisors ( a ) ; 17 ( 1 ) : i3 , i1–i3 caniniform ( b ) ; 17 ( 2 ) : incisors all caniniform ; i1 very transversely compressed and i3 nearly as large as the lower canine ( c ) . figured specimens usnm 3957 , nimravus brachyops ( a ) , fam 104823 , dinictis felina ( b ) , unsm 1072 , hoplophoneus primaevus ( c ) .
mesial - distal length of c1 , measured at the dentine / enamel boundary . 18 ( 0 ) : less than that of p4 ; 18 ( 1 ) : greater than that of p4 . figured specimen unsm 1068 , hoplophoneus dakotensis .
serration density of permanent upper canines per millimeter . measured over an average of 5 mm . 19 ( 0 ) : no serrations ; 19 ( 1 ) : 2 . 0–2 . 7 ; 19 ( 2 ) : 2 . 8 or greater . figured specimen sdsm 2641 , hoplophoneus primaevus .
character polarity for this study’s cladistic analyses was determined by the use of multiple real outgroup taxa , since multiple outgroups prevent apomorphic states in the closest sister taxon from being misinterpreted as plesiomorphic states ( nixon & carpenter , 1993 ) . three higher taxa ( subfamily or family ) outgroups were chosen containing three exemplar taxa ( genera ) apiece . following the recommendations of prendini ( 2001 ) : type taxa were included whenever possible ( especially when monophyly is contested ) ; when prior cladistic hypotheses were available , exemplars with short branches arising from the root were selected ( basal members ) ; and when such cladistic hypotheses were unavailable , exemplars were selected to maximize morphological diversity for the supraspecific taxa they represented . as such , the following taxa were selected as outgroups , based upon the findings of hunt ( 1998 ) , wesley - hunt & flynn ( 2005 ) and solé et al . ( 2014 ) :
miacidae : miacis ( any species except m . cognitus , as determined by wesley - hunt & flynn ( 2005 ) ) , vulpavus , oodectes
two optimality criteria were utilized for this study’s analyses , maximum parsimony and posterior probability , to create competing hypotheses of evolutionary history . all determined valid north american taxa , old world nimravid taxa and outgroups were scored from the aforementioned character list . the resultant character matrix can be seen in appendix s7 .
size of p3 vs . size of p4 . measured as a ratio of crown height ( base of cingulum to apex of tooth ) on adult minimally worn teeth . 20 ( 0 ) : 0 . 71 and greater ; 20 ( 1 ) : 0 . 5–0 . 70 ; 20 ( 2 ) : 0 . 45 and lower . figured specimen fam 104823 , dinictis felina .
21 ( 0 ) : p3 two - rooted ( a ) ; 21 ( 1 ) : p3 three - rooted ( b ) . the zero state is symplesiomorphic for north american taxa . figured specimens ypm pu 12558 , dinictis felina ( a ) , mnhn - qu 9477 , quercylurus major ( b ) , modified from peigné ( 2003 : fig 10 ) .
22 ( 0 ) : absent ( a ) ; 22 ( 1 ) : present ( b ) . figured specimens amnh 6938 ( reversed ) , pogonodon platycopis ( a ) , fam 125660 ( reversed ) , hoplophoneus primaevus ( b ) .
p4 : morphology and size of the protocone ( pr ) on adult minimally worn teeth .
23 ( 0 ) : protocone well developed with cusp present ( a ) ; 23 ( 1 ) : protocone reduced , short , crest - like or absent , resulting from a fusion of the anterior roots ( b ) . figured specimens amnh 38805 , dinictis felina ( a ) , usnm 18187 ( reversed ) , hoplophoneus primaevus ( b ) .
the parsimony optimality criterion operates under the assumption that the tree with the lowest cost is the most optimal , and forms the basis for the vast majority of phylogenies limited to fossil taxa . this study’s parsimony analysis was conducted with t . n . t . version 1 . 1 ( goloboff , farris & nixon , 2008 ) . characters were left unordered and the analysis was conducted through an implicit enumeration search .
from the returned most parsimonious trees , a 50 % majority - rule consensus tree was constructed . descriptive statistics and support metrics were then calculated for this consensus tree . consistency index ( ci ) and retention index ( ri ) were calculated in mesquite version 3 . 03 ( maddison & maddison , 2014 ) , while bremer and jackknife values were calculated in t . n . t . version 1 . 1 ( goloboff , farris & nixon , 2008 ) . for bremer support all trees with a suboptimal cost up to ten were retained for calculation of the metric , while for jackknife , a traditional search with 1 , 000 replicates was conducted .
m1 : morphology of the tooth and size of the protocone on adult minimally worn teeth .
24 ( 0 ) : m1 triangular in shape , with prominent protocone ( pr ) , paracone ( pa ) and metacone ( mc ) ( a ) ; 24 ( 1 ) : m1 transversely elongate , with a prominent protocone widely separated from the paracone , and a posterior extension adjacent to centrocrista ( cc ) , forming a reduced “t - shape” ( b ) ; 24 ( 2 ) : m1 transversely reduced , crest - like , with low cusps and near absent to absent protocone ( c ) . figured specimens ypm 10066 , daphoenus vetus ( a ) , unsm 25512 ( reversed ) , dinictis felina ( b ) , ypm pu 14999 ( reversed ) , hoplophoneus primaevus ( c ) .
shape of lower incisor arcades . 25 ( 0 ) : lower incisor arcade not or little curved , so as i1 is not visible in lateral view ( a ) ; 25 ( 1 ) : lower incisor arcades curved . figured specimens ypm pu 13587 , dinictis felina ( a ) , ypm pu 11372 , hoplophoneus primaevus ( b ) .
26 ( 0 ) : p3 as tall as or slightly taller than p4 ( a ) ; 26 ( 1 ) : p3 lower than p4 ( b ) ; 26 ( 2 ) : p3 absent ( c ) . figured specimens usnm 3957 , nimravus brachyops ( a ) , fam 125658 , hoplophoneus primaevus ( b ) , ypm pu 11079 , hoplophoneus dakotensis ( c ) .
27 ( 0 ) : anterior cusp on p4 mesially / distally shorter than the posterior cusp ( a ) ; 27 ( 1 ) : anterior cusp more elongated than the posterior cusp ( b ) . figured specimens ypm pu 11079 , hoplophoneus dakotensis ( a ) , usnm 3957 , nimravus brachyops ( b ) .
28 ( 0 ) : p4 as tall as or taller than the paraconid of m1 ( a ) ; 28 ( 1 ) : the main cusp of p4 is lower than the paraconid of m1 ( b ) . figured specimens usnm 3957 , nimravus brachyops ( a ) , ypm pu 12750 ( reversed ) , hoplophoneus primaevus ( b ) .
29 ( 0 ) : present ( a ) ; 29 ( 1 ) : absent ( b ) . figured specimens fam 125658 , hoplophoneus primaevus ( a ) , amnh 6938 , pogonodon platycopis ( b ) .
first appearance datum ( fad ) and last appearance datum ( lad ) of taxa utilized in the phylogenetic analyses of this study . outgroup data were obtained from the paleobiology database , where it was downloaded on 25 november , 2014 , using the listed genera names . european taxa stratigraphic ranges were treated as existing in the entire mp zone in which they were found .


prince of penzance is a new zealand-bred thoroughbred race horse who won the 2015 melbourne cup .

in the race , he was ridden by michelle payne , who became the first female jockey to win the race .

prince of penzance

in career earnings , prince of penzance is regarded as an elite class of racehorse .
the final 400m of this year ' s melbourne cup , won by prince of penzance .
john allen riding prince of penzance ( front ) before the herbert power stakes .
prince of penzance trainer darren weir celebrates melbourne cup victory with jockey michelle payne .
prince of penzance , centre , held off irish stayer max dynamite to finish first .
prince of penzance , with michelle payne on board , after winning the 2015 melbourne cup .
michelle payne , green and white , rides prince of penzance to victory in the melbourne cup .
michelle payne ( centre ) rides prince of penzance to victory in the melbourne cup last year .
michelle payne , on prince of penzance , becomes the first female jockey to win the melbourne cup .
darren weir racing foreman maddie raymond said she would struggle to find a better jockey for prince of penzance .
part - owners of melbourne cup winner prince of penzance bruce and jonathon dalton with the cup . photo mike richards / the observer
john thompson runs the stud near matamata where prince of penzance was bred - and he is a very happy man .
melbourne cup winner prince of penzance is recovering from surgery on what is almost certainly a career - ending leg injury .
prince of penzance is a top level performer , having taken part in five group one races during his career , winning one of them .
when michelle payne rode prince of penzance past the post ahead of max dynamite and criterion at flemington , it forced weir to change his outlook .
prince of penzance will now need surgery and a long period of rest and recovery , so the chances are that the son of pentire has run his last race .
prince of penzance won last year ' s cup to give michelle payne a famous victory as the first female jockey to ride the winner of the race .
the jockey realised her dream when 100 - 1 new zealand - bred outsider prince of penzance won the big race at flemington on tuesday .
according to his bundaberg part - owner bruce dalton , 2015 melbourne cup winner prince of penzance is heading into a well - deserved retirement .
any lingering dreams michelle payne had of repeating her melbourne cup heroics aboard prince of penzance are over after the seven year old received a serious injury at caulfield ruling him out of the spring carnival .
but with prince of penzance , she ' s rode him i think like 22 of his 23 starts , so she knows the horse really well ,
he said .
new zealand - bred horse prince of penzance has claimed a surprise victory at the melbourne cup , with michelle payne becoming the first female jockey to finish first .
prince of penzance , which was bred in matamata by rich hill stud and is owned by an australian syndicate , was paying $ 65 . 90 to win .
prince of penzance is by pentire , a sire from rich hill stud in waikato . stud proprietor john thompson said it was a big thrill to watch the race on television .
prince of penzance is a seven year old bay gelding trained by darren weir based in ballarat , and is originally from new zealand . his sire is pentire and he is out of the dam royal successor .
he has proven a profitable horse for the punters over the journey . if you had backed prince of penzance throughout his career you ' d have achieved a 348 % return on investment .
prince of penzance was attempting what only great stayers have achieved by winning back - to - back melbourne cups , and sadly those ambitions have finished with the injury from the race on saturday .
the prince will live with the trainer darren weir on his property in victoria .
prince of penzance , the horse who sprang to international fame a year ago will not be able to defend his melbourne cup title and may never race again after breaking down at caulfield on saturday .
in an extraordinary race prince of penzance saw off the late challenge of the irish hurdler max dynamite , ridden by the european champion frankie dettori and trained by the irish maestro mullins , with the highly weighted criterion , partnered by michael walker for the david hayes stable , in third .
while weir let himself dream about a victory in australia ' s biggest race , it was not set as a realistic goal with weir saying the team was
hoping to run top 10 but [ prince of penzance ] decided to finish a bit closer
.
payne said she knew prince of penzance was going to be in the race as the field headed towards the home turn :
from the 1000 ( metres ) everything just opened up ,
she said .
i got onto the back of trip to paris , he took me into the race .
our time with the prince is over , and there are more important things than horses right now , ” he said .
prince : bruce , joe and jonathan dalton with melbourne cup winning jockey michelle payne . the late joe dalton said ,
it was kind of disbelief at first then it sunk in with all the screaming and yelling” .
the prince ' s golden run was
relatively short” , mr dalton said ,
but he ' s always been a good horse - even before winning the melbourne cup he ' d won a number of other races .
1 . prince of penzance 2 . max dynamite 3 . criterion 4 . trip to paris 5 . big orange 6 . gust of wind 7 . excess knowledge8 . the offer 9 . quest for more 10 . our ivanhowe 11 . who shot thebarman 12 . sertorius 13 . fame game 14 . the united states 15 . hartnell 16 . bondi beach17 . hokko brave 18 . almoonqith 19 . kingfisher 20 . preferment 21 . grand marshal 22 . sky hunter 23 . snow sky dnf : red cadeaux .
darren weir has given me a go and it ' s such a chauvinistic sport . i know some of the owners were keen to kick me off prince , and [ co - owner ] john richards and darren stuck really solid with me ,
she said .
after the ride , michelle payne took aim at the chauvinistic nature of horse racing and weir admitted she
cops a bit of slack
.
ironically , payne was involved in the race which has so cruelly scotched the hopes of her owners and punters up and down the land who were dreaming of a fairytale repeat . she had to look on from the back of another runner , dandy gent , who finished last of the six runners .
the urltoken form experts provide horses to follow out of each hosted victorian meeting .
the margin might have been of the minimum variety , but mallyon believes the son of montjeu , whom williams bought from the coolmore group , won a shade cosily .
urltoken personalities reflect on their 10 stand - out performers in a variety of categories .
a show that showcases the review of all the country racing action around the state .
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every tuesday ben asgari speaks to trainers & jockeys at trackwork ahead of the weekend races .
indeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .
for payne she now becomes etched not just in racing immortality but in that of australian sport .
welcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken
williams trainer robert hickmott was winning this contest for the fourth time in seven years and nick williams believes the son of montjeu has plenty of upside given that he had only had 13 starts before saturday .
fertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .
a comprehensive preview show of hong kong racing which focuses on form , trackwork , interviews & race analysis .
the new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more ›
, who is based at warrnambool . he is sired by the stallion pentire out of the dam royal successor .
the vet said the operation was a great success and theoretically we could have raced him again , but there was a much greater risk of further fractures and none of the owners were prepared to take that risk . ”
urltoken ' s matt hill gets an in - depth insight into some of racing ' s most interesting participants .
abc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital , tv and radio content .
captures the essence of racing and equestrian lifestyle by taking you behind the scenes , meeting the people and the horses .
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assign will now go to the bendigo cup to further enhance his chances of being at flemington on the first tuesday in november .
the race was the last for retiring new zealand jockey jim cassidy , who finished towards the end of the pack on grand marshal .
not quite twelve months ago the darren weir - trained stayer gave michelle payne the honour of being the first woman to have melbourne cup success , however hopes of back - to - back cups are now over with the seven - year - old requiring urgent surgery .
the three - year - old filly was ridden by melbourne jockey dean yendall who achieved the first group 1 success of his career .
eleven international horses were among the 24 in the race . only one of the local starters , sertorius , was actually bred in australia .
every fortnight clint hutchison & warren huntly review the trials which have caught their eye & who you should be following out of the trials .
* state exclusions apply to some offers . please check t & cs ; of each offer with the bookmaker . all offers exclude nsw residents
weir has emerged in the past decade as one of australia ' s leading trainers , winning the victorian metropolitan trainers premiership in the past two years .
and the cox plate may have another dimension to it with caulfield guineas winner divine prophet now being considered for the weight - for - age championship of australia .
a bargara woman has been charged with multiple fraud offences for her alleged involvement in a romantic scam that left a young man $ 135 , 000 out of pocket .
just minutes after the stayer finished fourth in the herbert power handicap , his trainer and raceday jockey were deeply concerned at the condition of the horse and his restricted action .
the sydney clean sweep of saturday ' s meet at caulfield continued when leading trainer gai waterhouse won her first thousand guineas when global glamour proved superior in the fillies classic .
hosted by dr turf ( john rothfield ) , ' this is your racing life ' profiles the careers of australia ' s racing greats , on and off the track .
the view of the owners is he doesn ' t owe us anything , so we ' re happy for him to be retired , ” mr dalton told the newsmail .
on saturday the gelding was beaten about three lengths by assign , with john allen - the irish jockey who rides so many of trainer weir ' s horses - on board .
he won ' t get into the cup at the moment with 50 kilograms . i think in reality he probably gets somewhere between half a kilo and a kilo [ penalty ] based on the history of this race . i would say we will probably head towards the bendigo cup , he looks ideally suited to that sort of race for me .
a book about the background to the memorable 2015 melbourne cup . . . from the perspective of those behind the triumph and how they experienced the race that stopped two nations !
peter sagan is a triple world champion and the most charismatic rider in professional road cycling . he is now the leader of the 2018 tour de france , writes rob arnold .
one of the part owners wanted him to draw the barrier to at the barrier draw on derby eve he just waltzes up and picks out number one ,
weir said .
as soon as he got clear he was sort of waiting for the others . you can see the way he came back , he wouldn ' t have blown out a candle .
weir at first was hopeful of getting the horse down to his warrnambool stable to have him bathing the leg in the salt water , but the veterinary advice was too grave for that option .
co - trainer wayne hawkes said they had expected a performance like saturday ' s effort and added the drawing of barrier one was a critical point in the three - year - old ' s favour .
payne , 30 , was full of emotion when she spoke to trackside tv after the race at flemington racecourse . she had dreamed about winning the melbourne cup since she was five years old , she said .
on the same day , one of the world ' s finest race mares winx took a tighter grip on this year ' s group 1 cox plate after she ambled around caulfield to win the caulfield stakes .
it ' s no surprise the plight of the soccer team has received global media attention . but it does raise some interesting questions about how we extend empathy and concern to people we don ' t know .
jumping from barrier one , payne bided her time until well into the final straight before pushing the six - year - old gelding clear of the pack 200 metres from the line - holding off irish stayer max dynamite .
this horse has really put the farm in the world spotlight . there ' s people all around the world trying to win this race and one of our graduates won it . it really is a great thrill .
it ' s unbelievable . i lay in bed last night . . . it ' s the kind of thing you dream about it . it ' s a dream come true , this horse , what he ' s been through
r7 g1 memsie ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 11 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 93 , sp : $ 51 in - running : settled 8th , 800m 7th , 400m 8th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 570
the new zealand - bred daughter of darci brahma was trained by former matamata trainer john sargent and was sir owen glenn ' s second runner in tuesday ' s race . she defeated cox plate winner winx in the australian oaks in april this year .
r3 hcp $ 960 ( of $ 80 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 38 , sp : $ 10 in - running : settled 11th , 800m 11th , 400m 11th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 77
r2 g2 herbert power $ 18 , 000 ( of $ 400 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 2 : 29 . 15 , sp : $ 12 . 00 in - running : settled 6th , 1200m 6th , 800m 6th , 400m 6th
r7 0 - 62 $ 1 , 200 ( of $ 15 , 000 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 20 . 75 , sp : $ 10 in - running : 800m 10th , 400m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 70
r8 g1 underwood ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 50 . 64 , sp : $ 31 in - running : settled 8th , 1200m 8th , 800m 8th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 840
r7 g nugget $ 1 , 500 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 04 , sp : $ 9 in - running : settled 11th , 800m 12th , 400m 11th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 600
r8 g1 memsie $ 8 , 000 ( of $ 402 , 000 ) barrier 17 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 61 , sp : $ 101 in - running : settled 15th , 800m 15th , 400m 14th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 080
r4 hcp $ 960 ( of $ 80 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 41 . 51 , sp : $ 9 in - running : settled 6th , 1200m 6th , 800m 6th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 71
r3 hcp $ 960 ( of $ 80 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 1 : 41 . 78 , sp : $ 5ef in - running : settled 7th , 1200m 7th , 800m 7th , 400m 7th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 34
r7 g1 makybe diva $ 10 , 000 ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 12 , winning time : 1 : 36 . 26 , sp : $ 81 in - running : settled 12th , 800m 12th , 400m 11th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 220
r5 g3 ra lee $ 25 , 500 ( of $ 150 , 000 ) barrier 12 , winning time : 1 : 39 . 92 , sp : $ 13 in - running : settled 6th , 800m 6th , 400m 6th sectionals : 609m 0 : 34 . 230
r8 3 & 4y 0 - 78 $ 960 ( of $ 80 , 000 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 16 , sp : $ 6 . 50 in - running : 800m 10th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 55
r2 3y mdn - sw $ 9 , 000 ( of $ 15 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 22 . 01 , sp : $ 3 . 20 in - running : 800m 6th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 00
r8 0 - 78 $ 48 , 000 ( of $ 80 , 000 ) barrier 12 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 18 , sp : $ 2 . 90f in - running : 1200m 12th , 800m 10th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 37 . 53
r8 3y hcp $ 18 , 000 ( of $ 100 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 51 . 02 , sp : $ 13 in - running : settled 13th , 1200m 13th , 800m 13th , 400m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 11
r7 0 - 62 $ 10 , 500 ( of $ 17 , 500 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 43 . 26 , sp : $ 3 . 60f in - running : settled 1st , 800m 1st , 400m 1st sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 40
r5 g2 herbert power $ 8 , 000 ( of $ 400 , 000 ) barrier 12 , winning time : 2 : 27 . 77 , sp : $ 10 in - running : settled 12th , 1200m 12th , 800m 12th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 250
r5 g2 mv cup $ 161 , 000 ( of $ 261 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 2 : 36 . 01 , sp : $ 10 in - running : settled 9th , 1200m 9th , 800m 9th , 400m 7th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 93
r6 hcp $ 24 , 300 ( of $ 138 , 500 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 2 : 06 . 98 , sp : $ 4 . 80 in - running : settled 5th , 1200m 7th , 800m 7th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 60
r9 lr morn cup $ 15 , 750 ( of $ 350 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 2 : 32 . 58 , sp : $ 3f in - running : settled 4th , 1200m 4th , 800m 3rd , 400m 3rd sectionals : 600m 0 : 39 . 40
r4 hcp $ 18 , 000 ( of $ 100 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 1 : 44 . 18 , sp : $ 2 . 80ef in - running : settled 10th , 1200m 10th , 800m 10th , 400m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 69
r8 3y hcp $ 48 , 000 ( of $ 80 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 2 : 01 . 83 , sp : $ 4 . 40 in - running : settled 11th , 1200m 11th , 800m 11th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 63
r6 g2 mv cup $ 45 , 000 ( of $ 250 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 2 : 34 . 43 , sp : $ 6 . 00 in - running : settled 1st , 1200m 1st , 800m 1st , 400m 1st sectionals : 600m 0 : 37 . 200
r6 g3 jra cup $ 5 , 000 ( of $ 200 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 2 : 05 . 88 , sp : $ 8 . 50 in - running : settled 5th , 1200m 6th , 800m 6th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 400
r5 g2 sand clssc $ 31 , 500 ( of $ 351 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 2 : 32 . 06 , sp : $ 3 . 30f in - running : settled 3rd , 1200m 3rd , 800m 3rd , 400m 4th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 750
r5 g3 queen eliz $ 54 , 000 ( of $ 301 , 500 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 2 : 43 . 13 , sp : $ 4 . 60 in - running : settled 7th , 1200m 7th , 800m 7th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 39
r8 lr vic cup $ 73 , 500 ( of $ 121 , 500 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 2 : 03 . 49 , sp : $ 4 . 80 in - running : settled 6th , 1200m 5th , 800m 6th , 400m 3rd sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 47
r3 lr roy higgins q $ 21 , 600 ( of $ 121 , 500 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 2 : 44 . 57 , sp : $ 3 . 40f in - running : settled 7th , 1200m 8th , 800m 7th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 83
r7 g1 melb cup $ 3 , 800 , 000 ( of $ 6 , 000 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 3 : 23 . 15 , sp : $ 101 in - running : settled 10th , 1200m 11th , 800m 8th , 400m 8th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 400
michael lynch , the age ' s expert on soccer , has had extensive experience of high level journalism in the uk and australia . michael has covered the socceroos through asia , europe and south america in their past three world cup campaigns . he has also reported on grands prix and top class motor sport from asia and europe . he has won several national media awards for both sports and industry journalism .
the o ' leary brothers - dan , michael , shaun and humphrey - own the 2014 group 1 auckland cup winner , who is trained by expatriate new zealander chris waller . the seven - year - old was bred by white robe lodge ' s brian and lorraine anderton in north taieri , mosgiel . this was who shot thebarman ' s second tilt at the melbourne cup after finishing third in the 2014 edition of the great race .
this is everybody ' s dream as a jockey in australia and now probably the world . and i dreamt about it from when i was five years old and there is an interview from my school friends , they were teasing me about , when i was about seven , and i said ,
i ' m going to win the melbourne cup
and they always give me a bit of grief about it and i can ' t believe we ' ve done it .
to think that darren weir has given me a go and it ' s such a chauvinistic sport , i know some of the owners were keen to kick me off , and john richards and darren stuck strongly with me , and i put in all the effort i could and galloped him all i could because i thought he had what it takes to win the melbourne cup and i can ' t say how grateful i am to them ,
payne told channel seven after the race .
max dynamite charged to second in the 3200 metre handicap , with criterion - trained and owned in new zealand - coming third .
japan ' s fame game , which had been a firm favourite , finished 13th .
michelle payne :
it ' s unbelievable , it ' s like a dream come true .
i lay in bed last night and i gave myself a little time to think and dream about it . . . it ' s unbelievable , it ' s like a dream come true . this horse is awesome .
the winning horse ' s trainer , darren weir , applauded payne ' s efforts . she was the perfect fit for the role , the trainer - who is based in ballarat , victoria - told trackside tv .
what a beautiful ride , what a great family . . . can ' t thank them enough .
payne also thanked weir for giving her a shot in what she said was a man ' s world .
i put in all the effort i could . i galloped him every gallop he had , and did everything i could to stay on him , because i thought he had what it takes to run a race in the melbourne cup .
i just can ' t say how grateful i am to them . i just want to say to everyone else , [ they can ] get stuffed , because they think women aren ' t strong enough and we just beat the world .
criterion ' s owner , sir owen glenn , told checkpoint his horse put in an outstanding performance .
first time he ' s ever ridden that distance . he was really a sprinter , and then a middle distance - he picked up , i think , seven different group 1 [ wins ] .
i wanted to see what he could do as a stayer , and he came in a very credible third . he wasn ' t that far off the winning margin .
new zealanders gambled just over $ 10 million on today ' s melbourne cup , with the tab saying one million bets were placed - well up on the 828 , 000 bets made last year .
twelve hundred people picked the winner . one punter put a $ 20 win - and - place bet and ended up with about $ 2800 , the tab said . another turned a $ 14 dollar bet into $ 900 .
the melbourne cup is australia ' s richest and most prestigious race , worth $ au6 . 2m ( $ nz6 . 6m ) .
every time you have a horse running in a big race , you always dream that it might win , and when it does it ' s just a thrill ,
he said .
the last new zealand - bred horse to win the cup was efficient in 2007 .
the win was a triumph for the payne family including michelle ' s brother steven , who is the winning horse ' s strapper .
owned by expatriate new zealand businessman and philanthropist sir owen glenn , criterion is a four - time group 1 winner in australia ( caulfield stakes , queen elizabeth stakes , bm australian derby , rosehill guineas ) and was ridden by colourful kiwi jockey michael walker .
jim cassidy rode grand marshal - it was cassidy ' s last ride in the great race before retirement .
chris waller ( formerly foxton ) saddled up who shot thebarman , grand marshal and preferment .
horses thunder down the straight past the crowd during an earlier race today at flemington racecourse .
michelle payne has become the first woman to ride a melbourne cup winner - and has had a spray at
chauvinistic
horse owners .
payne , whose family originally came from hawera , rode a brilliant tactical race to upset the international raiders for melbourne trainer darren weir .
irish visitor max dynamite finished second for renowned trainer willie mullins and criterion , owned by new zealand millionaire sir owen glenn , was third .
the japanese horse fame game closed as a $ 5 . 40 favourite on the new zealand tab , but was unplaced .
my sister margaret and i both had a feeling we would win this race ,
payne said in a trackside interview .
i want to say to everyone else , get stuffed , because women can do anything and we can beat the world .
darren weir is an unbelievable trainer to get him here today . they got him here in the best shape today . this is awesome .
when i won on this horse as a three year old i felt he was a melbourne cup horse . far out , i didn ' t think he would be that strong . he just burst to the front and he was powering to the line .
it ' s great knowing we have been involved in his upbringing ,
he told trackside tv .
ed dunlop was hoping he would finally break his duck in australia having had three second places in the melbourne cup with the ageless warrior red cadeaux . but the horse did not finish after breaking down during the runner and is set to undergo an operation .
dunlop ' s other contender , trip to paris , was a strong finishing fourth , showing that his second place in the caulfield cup was no fluke .
he went close to winning a melbourne cup with she ' s archie when that mare ran second to the great makybe diva , but this success surely eclipses all that has come before .
weir was choked with the success :
it ' s a lifetime dream come true , its an unbelievable thing to happen to anyone .
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r6 3up - trl , winning time : 54 . 68 sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 24
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josé mourinho : inside crystal foot - ball . predictions for group stage in world cup 2018
the seven - year - old gelding ' s fate was more or less sealed last october when he sustained a fractured off - fore leg in the group 2 herbert power stakes .
he had to have screws and a metal plate inserted , ” mr dalton said .
the moonee valley cup which he won in 2014 was a great race .
mr dalton owned a 15 % stake in the horse along with his brothers joe and jonathan but after joe ' s passing earlier this year following a battle with cancer , bruce said he and jonathan had no plans at this point to invest in other horses .
former manager said she got paid $ 200 a week if she was lucky .
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hugh bowman riding winx defeats brad rawiller riding black heart bart and craig williams riding he or she in race 6 , ladbrokes caulfield stakes .
veterinary x - rays revealed a fractured bone in his off foreleg that will require surgery .
weir was philosophical about the injury to the horse that gave him his first melbourne cup .
he owes us nothing . he gave us a melbourne cup . you can ' t ask any more . there will be some screws inserted into the area during the operation and we ' ll just wait and see what his future will be after he comes through the procedure ,
he said .
winx , the unflappable champion mare from sydney , was the main drawcard at caulfield when she cruised away from her two rivals to notch another major race win .
it ' s wonderful to be associated with such a great mare , but you don ' t win all the time . i read sunday papers myself and sometimes you don ' t like what you read ,
chris waller said .
but she ' s a total professional , she does what she has to do and , as i ' ve said before , she ' s been in nine barrier trials and the closest she ' s finished is third .
when waller was asked about the perceived clash with hartnell in two weeks ' time , he replied :
it won ' t just be hartnell . it ' ll be a very good race with some strong overseas competitors up against us .
but what it does mean is that we ' re going to have a great spring .
runner - up black heart bart will still head to the cox plate despite being comfortably beaten in the caulfield stakes .
we were just not good enough but we ' ll push on to the cox plate , the prize money for placegetters is still very strong .
earlier in the day , the lloyd williams - owned assign took a significant step towards gaining a start in this year ' s melbourne cup following his win in the herbert power stakes , weir said .
after a remarkable ride by dwayne dunn , divine prophet weaved his way through to win the guineas and in doing so substantially boosted his breeding profile and price in the future .
i must ' ve said 4000 times that barriers are so important in races . my brother michael contacted me at 4am this morning and asked how the horse had eaten up and i said he had licked his bin out and he said he ' s a great horse ,
hawkes said .
michael is a good judge and i ' m a bit emotional . the cox plate , well there ' s winx and divine prophet , we ' ll put the horse first , we had the race favourite some years ago in lonhro and we pulled the pin on him running because we didn ' t think he was right . if there ' s any problem , he ' ll be on a float to the paddock .
and if divine prophet does back up in a fortnight ' s time , this year ' s cox plate could well and truly be a classic with some outstanding local australians , one very good three - year - old and some unknown internationals .
and yankee rose also came into cox plate consideration when she was successful in the champion stakes at randwick .
last year ' s longshot cup winner has been sent for surgery on a fractured leg after finishing fourth in the herbert power stakes behind lloyd williams galloper assign .
the injury also means payne , who became the first woman to ever win the melbourne cup when darren weir ' s outsider stunned the racing world last year , won ' t get the chance to fight for the ride on the galloper , who wrote himself into the history books with his 100 - 1 win that famous afternoon at flemington .
weir stable spokesman jeremy rogers initially said the stable was happy enough with the run .
under a perfectly judged front running ride by katie mallyon , assign made every post a winning one in the 2400 - metre contest to justify his spot as the $ 3 . 10 market elect , winning by a short half head from big memory ( who had won this event two years earlier ) with pemberley a further neck adrift .
nick williams says that he could now give his young female rider her first melbourne cup ride - if he can justify his place in the race by winning a country cup along the way to earn a penalty that will elevate him into the field .
i think he won with plenty in hand but i don ' t think he ' s a horse that wants to do more than he has to .
he ' s a beauty , he ' s one that we bought off the gang at ballydoyle . . . he was trained by aidan o ' brien .
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every thursday the get on team try & find you an edge in assessing the form for the weekend races in victoria & around the country .
ben asgari takes a look at the early markets for the weekend ' s races and finds some value for punters .
weekly program hosted by urltoken ' s terry bailey , highlighted by live studio interviews with racing participants .
with hamish mclachlan & ross stevenson takes a look at what’s offbeat , over the top & often intriguing in the great game .
jason richardson , brent zerafa & matt stewart review the key races & topics every sunday morning at 9am through the melbourne & sydney autumn carnivals .
before the first kick starts the live broadcast for urltoken each and every saturday from 9am .
a 100 - 1 shot taking home the melbourne cup is an outlandish dream for a trainer to have , but that is exactly what happened on tuesday for darren weir and his team .
i wasn ' t a believer that dreams come true but i ' ll have to second guess that and say i am a believer now ,
he said .
weir said saturday night ' s barrier draw , when michelle ' s brother and strapper steven payne drew the inside barrier , was a key to the victory .
that is where it all started and then obviously from barrier one you are able to get a good run .
max dynamite and criterion were the horses that we wanted to follow throughout the run and michelle got on to their backs beautifully .
it has not always been smooth sailing for melbourne cup - winning jockey michelle payne , who has faced chauvinism , injury and family tragedy on her path to victory .
and this preparation , when she was riding him , she would come back in and say ' what do you think ? ' and she would say ' do you think they will keep me on ? ' and i just said to her if you keep riding it well there is no reason for them to take you off .
she continually kept riding him well this preparation and she rode him brilliantly yesterday .
i could not fault her as a person or as a rider ,
raymond said .
she rode that horse to an absolute ' t ' and she knows that horse down to every little bit about him . she loves that horse as much as anyone else .
thank you so much to michelle for such an amazing ride and having so much love for that horse as well .
a new dinosaur has been discovered . but did it walk on two legs or four ?
hobart ' s old zoo is famous as being where the last thylacine in captivity died , but in its heyday people could view elephants , zebras , monkeys and even see a girl walking her pet leopard . what happened to the beaumaris zoo ?
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he has won over distances from 1300 to 3200 metres , and his biggest payday was in the group one $ 6 , 000 , 000 emirates melbourne cup at flemington over 3200 metres on november 3rd 2015 when he took home $ 3 , 600 , 000 . jockey michelle payne brought the gelding home to win by 0 . 5 lengths .
the gelding hurt himself in saturday ' s herbert power stakes at caulfield and needed screws inserted in his off fore leg .
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the namaquab barb ( pseudobarbus hospes ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family cyprinidae .

it is found in namibia and south africa .

namaquab barb

the namaquab barb is a species of ray - finned fish in the cyprinidae family .
the namaqua barb ( barbus hospes ) is considered rare and is endemic to the lower orange river below the augrabies falls , and an isolated population of mesobola brevianalis ( the southernmost neoboline cyprinid population in africa ) is also found in this stretch of river . more
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : although there is no reliable information about population trends of enteromius hospes , it has been suggested that river regulation in the orange river system may have benefited this species . the species is found throughout the lower orange river , from the augrabies falls to near the mouth , a distance of excess of 500 km , and is also present in the lower reaches of the fish river , which is a tributary of the lower orange river . the orange river is characterized by good habitat and water quality . given the extensive extent of occurrence and area of occupancy and possible population increase due to river regulation , e . hospes is assessed as least concern .
enteromius hospes is endemic to the lower orange river , and has been recorded from below the augrabies falls to the estuary , including the lower fish river in namibia , where its upstream movement is curtailed by a waterfall at witputs ( hey et al . 1997 , skelton 2001 , naesje et al . 2007 ) .
according to hay et al . ( 2007 ) , this species is considered abundant in the lower orange and fish rivers . this was confirmed during fish surveys of the lower orange river between 1995 and 2001 where 1305 enteromius hospes were caught ( representing 10 % of the total fish catch ) at eight of the 10 sampling stations used by naesje et al ( 2007 ) . hay et al . ( 1997 ) noted that although the species was common in the lower fish river , it is probably not optimal for the species because of the lentic nature of this river , which is characterized by extended droughts interspersed with flood events . preliminary seine net data kindly provided by dr s . lamberth suggest that catches of e . hospes are lower than those of naesje et al . ( 2007 ) . however the species is still widespread and decline in population numbers are not likely , but further studies are needed .
attains about 9 cm sl and favours open water in the mainstream as well as backwaters where they feed on aquatic insects and plankton ( skelton and cambray 1981 , cambray 1984 , naesje et al . 2007 ) . they reach maturity in their first year and seem to breed throughout spring and summer until early autumn ( september to march ) . the male : female sex ratio is similar in the orange ( 1 : 1 . 82 ) and fish rivers ( 1 : 1 . 73 ) and length frequency distributions suggests that two spawning events may occur in one breeding season ( cambray 1984 , hay et al . 1997 ) .
there are few current threats to this small species which inhabits a large long river which has varied habitat and overall good water quality . there appear to be adequate flows in this regulated river . flows are regulated by several very large instream dams ( e . g . gariep , van der kloof ) which release water for downstream irrigation use and to generate hydro - electricity . the water quality in the vaal river , the mains tributary of the orange river , is of increasing concern , due to impacts of mines , industry and waste water treatment plants which discharge waste water into the river .
the ai - ais / richtersveld transfrontier national park and augrabies national park were primarily proclaimed for terrestrial fauna and flora and scenery . these parks include and protect a substantial length of riverine habitat , especially the former . however , the riverine reaches in the parks are not secure against upstream impacts above the parks . regular surveys ( every 3 - 5 years ) of the lower orange river , within the distribution range of enteromius hospes , should be undertaken to inform the conservation status of this range restricted species . where possible the sampling sites of naesje et al . ( 2007 ) should be used for comparative purposes .
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africa : orange river below the augrabies falls , namibia and south africa . ;
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
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