colotis fausta , the large salmon arab , is a small butterfly of the family pieridae , that is , the yellows and whites , which is found in israel , syria , turkey , iran , afghanistan , turkmenistan , india , arabia , chad and somalia .

colotis fausta

colotis ( colotis ) fausta colotis fausta somalica madais fausta papilio fausta teracolus fausta ab . immaculata teracolus vi
colotis ( colotis ) fausta colotis fausta somalica ( carpenter & jackson , 1950 ) madais fausta ( olivier , 1804 ) papilio fausta ( olivier , 1807 ) teracolus fausta ab . immaculata ( röber , 1907 ) teracolus vi ( swinhoe , 1884 )
this is the colotis fausta fausta subspecies . in this set i posted 3 shots of this beauty - enjoy
subspecies colotis fausta faustina ( c . felder & r . felder , 1865 )
colotis fausta ( olivier , 1804 ) = papilio fausta olivier , 1804 = teracolus tripuncta butler , 1868 = teracolus rosaceus butler , 1876 = teracolus oriens butler , 1876 = teracolus solaris butler , 1876 = teracolus tripunctatus butler , 1880 = idmais tripuncta = teracolus fausta = colotis ( colotis ) fausta .
katja schulz added an association between
file : colotis fausta - large salmon arab butterfly 02 . jpg
and
colotis fausta ( olivier , [ 1804 ] )
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life cycle of the large salmon arab butterfly colotis fausta ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera : pieridae )
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271 fausta stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .
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colotis faustaolivier , 1801 – large salmon arab
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colotis amatafabricius , 1775 – small salmon arab
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colotis danaefabricius , 1775 – crimson - tip
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colotis auroracramer , 1780 – plain orange - tip
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day - flying burnet moth ( zygaena fausta ) overview set on asphodelus sp . flowers . clear ouf of focus background .
day - flying burnet moth ( zygaena fausta ) feeding on asphodelus sp . white flowers of green stamen . dark ouf of focus background .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . colotis fausta ( olivier , [ 1804 ] ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
colotis fausta large salmon arab eat nectar from flower , the butterfly photographed while eating nectar from some flowers on the bush , it was not easy to wait for the sun to reach the flower we thought he decided that he would come . come join another channel butterflies לבנין הצלף , פרפר מקסים ויפה מגיע לינוק קצת צוף מהפרחים בגינה
latin inspirational quote . illustration of hand drawn lettering based on calligraphy . typography concept for t - shirt design , home decor element or posters . fausta omina - the best wishes
london : taylor and francis ; calcutta and simla , thacker , spink , & co . ; [ etc . , etc . ]
evidence reported by james - hixon for item butterflies02bingiala on november 18 , 2006 : no visible notice of copyright ; stated date is 1907 .
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olivier , 1801 – large salmon arab . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
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size : 30 - 40 mm . salmon - pink colour of the upperside of the wing unmistakable , while yellow of the underside of the wing ; female can also be pale yellow to creamy white ( form albina ) . elsewhere a dry - season form is smaller and lighter in colour than wet season form .
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pollination ecology and fruiting behavior of pavetta indica l . ( rubiaceae ) , a keystone shrub species i . . .
pavetta indica is a massive bloomer for a brief period in may . the flowers are hermaphroditic , stri . . .
vidarbha region of maharashtra state , india , is gifted with diverse butterfly habitats . a comprehen . . .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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from n . africa and the middle east across iraq , iran and afghanistan to s . turkmenia , uzbekistan and pakistan .
semi - desert landscapes , mostly along streams . flight period : september - november in two generations . sometimes solitary migrant specimens can be observed in spring . host plant :
photo and text : guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories volume 1 . pensoft , sofia - moscow . 1997
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leipzig , 5 april : sculpture of faust and mephisto - famous scene in the novel of johann wolfgang goethe in leipzig on 5 april 2016 .
blanes , spain - may 25 , 2012 : gardens , botanical garden marimurtra , designed by josep goday , created by initiative of carl faust , temple and sea view , blanes , costa brava , catalonia .
st . petersburg , russia - april 20 , 2018 : depository of rare books known as faust ' s study in the national library of russia during library night . annual reading fest library night is held in 7th time
the barramundi or asian sea bass is a species of catadromous fish in family latidae of order perciformes .
munich , germany - june 09 , 2018 : siegestor munich - faust festival 2018 with sculpture
love hate
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leipzig , germany - aug 24 , 2013 : the famous restaurant auerbachs keller , leipzig , saxony , germany .
thumb down hand signs isolated on white . black man hand gesturing with hand on white
prvic luka , croatia - june 5 , 2016 the statue of paratrooper at the entrance to the museum of croatian renaissance inventor faust vrancic , today known as homo volans the flying man .
the interior of the room , destroyed during the fighting actions in the second world war . the blown brick wall , the old piano . photo taken at the victory museum in moscow on 18 . 03 . 2018
monaco - circa 1969 : a stamp printed by monaco shows scene from hector berlioz opera the damnation of faust ( the opera is based on faust by johann wolfgang von goethe ) , circa 1969 .
prvic luka , croatia - 14th september 2017 . the entrance to the museum of croatian renaissance inventor faust vrancic , the first parachute builder , and tester .
prvic luka , croatia - 14th september 2017 . the statue of first parachute builder and tester at the entrance to the museum of croatian renaissance inventor faust vrancic .
peter cornelius composition for the faust frontispiece . engraved by jourdain , published on l ' illustration , journal universel , paris , 1858
blanes , spain - may 25 , 2012 : gardens , botanical garden marimurtra , designed by josep goday , created by initiative of carl faust , blanes , costa brava , catalonia .
devil takes doktor faust to hell - scene on a wall in staufen , germany where the real dr . faust has lived till he died in this house
canterbury , uk - 12jul2016 : the marlowe theatre and the marlowe memorial statue , known locally at kitty marlowe to the left .
prvic luka , croatia - june 5 , 2016 the statue of first paratrooper at the entrance to the museum of croatian renaissance inventor faust vrancic , today known as homo volans the flying man .
perspective view of an old mill with two pairs of wheels , driven by two donkeys , of faust veranzio , vintage engraved illustration . industrial encyclopedia e . - o . lami - 1875 .
traveling series : germany ( set no . 3 ) - collection of hand drawn illustrations ( originals , no tracing ) . description : each drawing comprises two layers of outlines , the colored background is isolated .
theatre de la porte - saint - martin , paris , faust representation , eight scene . created by worms after d ? cor by cambon , published on l ' illustration , journal universel , paris , 1858
hanover , germany - september 14 , 2014 : people buying and selling things on the weekly flea market at the kulturhaus faust .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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new and revised descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in sri lanka and their larval food plants ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . part 2 : subfamily pierinae ( in part ) » brill online
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new and revised descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in sri lanka and their larval food plants ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . part 2 : subfamily pierinae ( in part )
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the immature stages of 14 species in the subfamily pierinae out of the 28 species of pieridae in sri lanka and their larval food plants are presented . ten species including three endemic subspecies are documented for the first time . the remaining four species including one endemic subspecies are compared to prior descriptions and additional observations are presented . previously reported larval food plants are confirmed and new ones identified . this study provides some base information needed for conservation management programs for butterflies in sri lanka and for further studies on the biology of these species . identification notes are given for capparis zeylanica and capparis brevispina , two important larval food plants , which have frequently been misidentified in the literature .
1 : 17 monkton avenue , toronto , ontario m8z 4m9 canada . nmgvdp @ gmail . com ; 2 : 17 monkton avenue , toronto , ontario m8z 4m9 canada .
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the common butterflies of the plains of india ( including those met with in the hill stations of the bombay presidency ) . part 12
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the common butterflies of the plains of india ( including those met with in the hill stations of the bombay presidency ) . part 13
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the common butterflies of the plains of india ( including those met with in the hill stations of the bombay presidency ) . part 14
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the common butterflies of the plains of india ( including those met with in the hill stations of the bombay presidency ) . part 16
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notes on the larvae and pupae of some of the butterflies of the bombay presidency
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the butterflies of the north canara district of the bombay presidency . part 3
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hostplant records and natural history notes on costa rican butterflies ( papilionidae , pieridae and nymphalidae )
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life - history of sixty species of lepidoptera observed in mhow , central india
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comparative study of allelopathy as exhibited by prosopis julifloraschwartz and prosopis cineraria ( l . ) druze
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ixias mariannecramer , 1779 – white orange - tip
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the genus capparis ( capparaceae ) from the indus to the pacific
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( in preparation ) . butterflies of india . part i . a systematic and biogeographic catalog : butterfly diversity and endemism in india’s biodiversity hotspots ( including checklists of butterflies of sri lanka , pakistan , nepal , bangladesh and n . myanmar ) .
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hebomoia glaucippelinnaeus , 1758 – great orange - tip
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ixias pyrenelinnaeus , 1764 – yellow orange - tip
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the taxonomy and conservation status of the butterflies of sri lanka
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new and revised descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in sri lanka and their larval food plants ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . part 1 : subfamilies pierini ( in part ) and coliadinae
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catopsilia scylla ( linnaeus , 1763 ) : a new record for sri lanka with notes on its biology , life history and distribution ( lepidoptera : pieridae )
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new and revised descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in sri lanka and their larval food plants ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . part 2 : subfamily satyrinae
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new and revised descriptions of the immature stages of some butterflies in sri lanka and their larval food plants ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . part 1 : sub - family danainae
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host plant utilization by butterfly larvae in the andamans and nicobar islands ( indian ocean )
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g . vierbergen ; h . kucharczyk and w . d . j . kirk
k . - g . heller ; k . m . orci ; g . grein and s . ingrisch


gobio is a genus of typical gudgeons , ray-finned fish in the family cyprinidae many of which are endemics of south-eastern europe .

members of the genus are usually small fish , rarely longer than 10 cm .

many species previously in gobio are now placed in the sister genus romanogobio .

gobio

wild gudgeons ( gobio gobio ) from french rivers are contaminated by microplastics : preliminary study and first evidence .
sexual disruption in a second species of wild cyprinid fish ( the gudgeon , gobio gobio ) in united kingdom freshwaters .
wild gudgeons ( gobio gobio ) from french rivers are contaminated by microplastics : preliminary study and first evidence . - pubmed - ncbi
sexual disruption in a second species of wild cyprinid fish ( the gudgeon , gobio gobio ) in united kingdom freshwaters . - pubmed - ncbi
distribution of sacs with species 1163 cottus gobio . click image for enlarged map .
. il nous parle de la marque gobio , des workshops et de la collaboration avec proxinnov .
( of cottus gobio gobio linnaeus , 1758 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
dams , especially the regulation of flow regime allowing the spread of lowland species . introduction of other species of gobio is a potential threat .
gobio ! organic candies are made without the use of high fructose corn syrup , artificial additives , colours or flavours . go ahead and indulge !
a new species of bothriocephalus rudolphi , 1808 ( eucestoda : bothriocephalidea ) from the channel bull blenny cottoperca gobio ( günther ) ( perciformes . . . - pubmed - ncbi
( of cottus gobio gobio linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
a new species of bothriocephalus rudolphi , 1808 ( eucestoda : bothriocephalidea ) from the channel bull blenny cottoperca gobio ( günther ) ( perciformes : bovichtidae ) on the patagonian shelf off argentina .
the lambourn represents bullhead cottus gobio populations inhabiting chalk streams in central southern england . good water quality , coarse sediments and extensive beds of submerged plants again provide excellent habitat for the species .
craven represents bullhead cottus gobio in calcareous , upland becks and streams in the northern part of its range in england . the clean calcareous waters with their stony bottoms support good numbers of bullhead .
gobio ! organic bouillon cubes and broth powders add a delicious deep and rich flavour to soups , stews , sauces and gravies . simply add to your favourite recipe , heat , stir , simmer and enjoy !
( of cottus gobio jaxartensis berg , 1916 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cottus gobio macrostomus jeitteles , 1863 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cottus gobio roseus odenwall , 1927 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cottus gobio jakartensis berg , 1916 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
marine ecosystem contamination by microplastics is extensively documented . however few data is available on the contamination of continental water bodies and associated fauna . the aim of this study was to address the occurrence of microplastics in digestive tract of gudgeons ( gobio gobio ) from french rivers . these investigations confirm that continental fish ingested microplastics while 12 % of collected fish are contaminated by these small particles . further works are needed to evaluate the occurence of this contamination .
gobio ! organic gelatin is a naturally clear and unflavoured , free from fat , cholesterol , carbohydrates and gluten . a digestible protein which can be used in a multitude of dishes from desserts to hearty dishes and nutritional beverages .
( of cottus gobio haemusi marinov & dikov , 1986 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cottus gobio pellegrini băcescu & bǎcescu - meşter , 1964 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cottus gobio pellegrini bacescu & bacescu - mester , 1964 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the usk represents bullhead cottus gobio in the southern part of its range in wales . it is considered to have exceptionally high - quality habitat with good water quality , abundant cover and a variety of aquatic habitats . bullhead are widespread throughout the usk system .
usually considered to be a morphologically variable species , with different morphologies reflecting adaptations to different habitats . kottelat and freyhoff ' s morphological and molecular data indicate that in fact several species are confused under the name g . gobio in the black and caspian sea basins .
the avon represents bullhead cottus gobio in a calcareous , relatively unmodified river in the southern part of its range in england . the river avon has a mosaic of aquatic habitats that support a diverse fish community . the bullhead is an important component of this community , particularly in the tributaries .
the itchen is a classic chalk river that supports high densities of bullhead cottus gobio throughout much of its length . the river provides good water quality , extensive beds of submerged plants that act as a refuge for the species , and coarse sediments that are vital for spawning and juvenile development .
the camel represents bullhead cottus gobio in the extreme south - west of its range in england . the river encompasses a range of ecological conditions with both upland and lowland characteristics . the clean , fast - flowing , relatively oligotrophic waters with their stony bottoms are particularly suitable for bullhead , which forms an important part of the total fish biomass .
the eden represents bullhead cottus gobio in a high - quality , relatively unmodified river in the northern part of its range in england . the presence of extensive areas of gravel and generally good quality water provides good habitat for bullheads , which are widely distributed throughout the system . the tributaries , in particular those flowing over limestone , hold abundant numbers of bullhead .
the mease is an example of bullhead cottus gobio populations in the rivers of central england . bed sediments are generally not as coarse as other sites selected for the species , reflecting the nature of many rivers in this geographical area , but are suitable in patches due to the riverís retained sinuosity . the patchy cover from submerged macrophytes is also important for the species .
the cleddau differs from the teifi system , also in south - west wales , in its gentler gradients and more meso - eutrophic nature . the generally finer substrates present and more widespread shading means that bullhead cottus gobio in the cleddau rivers are more likely to depend on macrophytes and woody debris for cover , and represent a lowland type population . electrofishing data indicates that bullhead are very widespread throughout the catchment .
the teifi represents bullhead cottus gobio in west wales . water quality is generally good , and the diversity of semi - natural habitat and predominance of stony substrates provides excellent bullhead habitat throughout much of the catchment . environment agency electrofishing data shows this species to be widespread throughout the system . bullheads show marked differences in growth and longevity between upland and lowland streams , and the teifi includes sections representing both types of habitat .
the wye represents bullhead cottus gobio in an extensive river system crossing the border between england and wales . the wye is one of the most diverse river systems in the uk , with a range of nutrient conditions and aquatic habitats and generally good water quality for fish species . the diversity of habitat types in the wye means that it is likely to represent most of the habitat conditions in which bullhead occurs in britain , highlighting the conservation importance of this river .
justification : the species is known from the upper loire , dordogne , lot and tarn drainages , where possible introgression with introduced gobio species and the impact of dams , allowing the spread of lowland species , could threaten the species . however the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence are too large to qualify for a threatened category and based on the main threats , there are more than five locations and any ' population decline ' from the possible introgression is less than 30 % in the past 10 years / 3 generations .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
atlantic ocean , north and baltic sea basins , from loire drainage eastward , eastern great britain and rhône drainages , upper danube and middle and upper dniestr , bug and dniepr drainages ( black sea basin ) . eastern and southern limits not clear . introduced to eastern and northern italy .
habitat : nearly all types of riverine and lacustrine habitats with sand bottom . known from small mountain streams , large lowland rivers and large lakes . spawns in shallow water , over stones , sand or plant material . often at lakes shores or in riffles . biology : gregarious . lives up to five years . spawns for the first time at 1 - 3 years ; most individuals spawn 1 - 2 years . spawns several times in april - august at temperatures above 13°c . eggs are released above substrate and drift with current , sinking to bottom and sticking to substrate . larvae and juveniles are benthic and prefer detritus - rich sandy habitats and low current . feeds on a wide variety of large benthic invertebrates .
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freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 10 - 20 ; potamodromous . temperate ; 2°c - 18°c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 67°n - 36°n , 10°w - 142°e
europe : atlantic ocean , north and baltic sea basins , from loire drainage eastward , eastern great britain , rhône and volga drainages , upper danube and middle and upper dniestr and dniepr drainages ; in finland , north to about 61°n . introduced to eastern and northern italy , ireland , wales and scotland . eastern and southern limits unclear ( ref . 59043 ) . occurs as far east as korea ( ref . 4537 ) . populations from the iberian peninsula and adour basin in southern france refer to g . lozanoi ( ref . 57030 ) . populations from the caspian basin may represent a distinct species ( ref . 59043 ) .
maturity : l m 9 . 3 range ? - ? cm max length : 21 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 88166 ) ; common length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6258 ) ; max . published weight : 220 . 00 g ( ref . 6258 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 6258 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 2 - 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 5 - 7 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 6 - 8 ; vertebrae : 39 - 41 . diagnosed from other congeners in europe by the possession of the following characters : barbel reaching beyond anterior eye margin , usually to middle of eye ; snout length greater than postorbital distance ; head length 26 - 30 % sl ; eye diameter 5 - 7 % sl ; 1 . 0 - 1 . 4 times in interorbital distance in over about 6 cm sl specimens ( less in smaller ones ) , 2 . 4 - 2 . 8 times in head depth ; head depth 15 - 17 % sl at nape , 43 - 51 % hl at eye ; body depth 19 - 23 % sl ; head width 14 - 16 % sl , 49 - 57 % hl ; caudal peduncle depth 30 - 34 % hl ; breast naked between pectorals ; scales between anus and anal origin 4 - 5 ; scales on lateral line usually 39 - 42 + 2 ; and scales around caudal peduncle usually 12 - 14 ( ref . 59043 ) . caudal fin with 19 rays ( ref . 2196 ) . scalar formula : 38 - 45 ( ref . 40476 ) .
occurs in nearly all types of riverine and lacustrine habitats with sand bottom . found in small mountain streams , large lowland rivers and large lakes ( ref . 59043 ) . inhabits fast flowing rivers with sand or gravel bottom but may also occur in still waters . forms schools . feeds on insect larvae , mollusks , and crustaceans . normally active during the day but if they are disturbed , in particular , by predators , they can defer their activity to periods when light intensity is weak . capable of emitting squeaking sounds . these vocalizations , which is a means by which fish communicate with each other , vary with the degree of activity and the temperature and are independent of the season of reproduction ( ref . 30578 ) . breeds in shallow water over stones , sand or plant material . eggs are released above substrate and drift with current , sinking to bottom and sticking to substrate . larvae and juveniles occur on the bottom and prefer detritus - rich sandy habitats and low current ( ref . 59043 ) .
spawns once a year for several years in low productivity streams , but exhibits multiple spawning within a season in high productivity environments ( ref . 40290 , 40756 ) . releases eggs above substrate which drift with current , sink to the bottom and stick to substrate . larvae and juveniles occur on the bottom and prefer detritus - rich sandy habitats and low current ( ref . 59043 ) .
kottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00759 ( 0 . 00628 - 0 . 00917 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 3 . 09 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 38 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 1 - 3 ; tmax = 8 ; fec = 1 , 000 - 3 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 55 , 2 sd range = 0 . 28 - 1 . 11 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 6 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 35 , based on : 3 k , 14 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .
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this page was last edited on 16 june 2017 , at 17 : 39 .
text is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .
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institut national de l ' environnement industriel et des risques ( ineris ) , unité d ' ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo , bp2 , 60550 verneuil - en - halatte , france . electronic address : wilfried . sanchez @ ineris . fr .
institut national de l ' environnement industriel et des risques ( ineris ) , unité d ' ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo , bp2 , 60550 verneuil - en - halatte , france .
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habitat : streams in hilly area with moderate to swift current . biology : no data .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 265 [ details ]
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cottus affinis heckel , 1837 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cottus ferrugineus bonaparte , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cottus ferrugineus heckel & kner , 1858 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cottus haemusi marinov & dikov , 1986 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
van aerle r 1 , nolan tm , jobling s , christiansen lb , sumpter jp , tyler cr .
environmental and molecular fish biology , school of biological sciences , university of exeter , united kingdom . r . van - aerle @ urltoken
gil de pertierra aa 1 , arredondo nj , kuchta r , incorvaia is .
laboratorio de helmintología , departamento de biodiversidad y biología experimental , facultad de ciencias exactas y naturales , universidad de buenos aires , ciudad universitaria , int . güiraldes 2160 , pabellón ii , 4º piso , c1428ega , buenos aires , argentina , helminto @ bg . fcen . uba . ar .
html public
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urltoken
is a small bottom - living fish that inhabits a variety of rivers , streams and stony lakes . it appears to favour fast - flowing , clear shallow water with a hard substrate ( gravel / cobble / pebble ) and is frequently found in the headwaters of upland streams . however , it also occurs in lowland situations on softer substrates so long as the water is well - oxygenated and there is sufficient cover . it is not found in badly polluted rivers .
is restricted to the clyde and forth catchments , where it is thought to result from an introduction .
sites have been selected to encompass the natural geographical range of the species and to represent the range of ecological situations in which it occurs , e . g . both upland and lowland rivers , and both acidic and base - rich situations . as with other fish species , site selection has been constrained by the lack of comparative population data from many localities . all available information has been scrutinised carefully to identify large populations occurring in suitable high - quality habitat .
while the sac series makes a contribution to securing favourable conservation status for this annex ii species , wider measures are also necessary to support its conservation in the uk .
many designated sites are on private land : the listing of a site in these pages does not imply any right of public access .


the robust tuco-tuco ( ctenomys tuconax ) is a species of rodent in the family ctenomyidae .

it is a burrowing rodent and is endemic to the tucumán province of argentina .

robust tuco - tuco

lami tuco - tuco - ctenomys lami the lami tuco - tuco is found in brazil . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
southern tuco - tuco - ctenomys australis the southern tuco - tuco is found in argentina . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
social tuco - tuco - ctenomys sociabilis the social tuco - tuco is found in argentina . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
tiny tuco - tuco - ctenomys minutus the tiny tuco - tuco is found in bolivia and brazil . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the southern tuco - tuco can be preyed on by owls , though this is more likely to occur in their sympatric relative , the talas tuco - tuco due to its difference in size .
talas tuco - tuco - ctenomys talarum the talas tuco - tuco is found in eastern argentina . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
porteous ' s tuco - tuco - ctenomys porteousi porteous ' s tuco - tuco is found in eastern argentina . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
rio negro tuco - tuco - ctenomys rionegrensis the rio negro tuco - tuco is found in argentina and uruguay . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
tawny tuco - tuco - ctenomys fulvus the tawny tuco - tuco is found in argentina and chile . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the robust tuco - tuco is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
modeling natural photic entrainment in a subterranean rodent ( ctenomys aff . knighti ) , the tuco - tuco
pearson ' s tuco - tuco - ctenomys pearsoni pearson ' s tuco - tuco is found in uruguay . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
haig ' s tuco - tuco - ctenomys haigi haig ' s tuco - tuco is found in southwestern argentina . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
conover ' s tuco - tuco - ctenomys conoveri conover ' s tuco - tuco is found in bolivia and paraguay . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
rio negro tuco - tuco - ctenomys rionegrensis the rio negro tuco - tuco is found in sand dunes and areas with sandy soils . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
bite force and jaw biomechanics in the subterranean rodent talas tuco - tuco ( ctenomys talarum ) ( cavio . . .
the southern tuco - tuco lives in sand dunes , building large burrow systems in areas with scarce vegetation and deep soil .
anonymous . 2013 .
southern tuco - tuco ( ctenomys australis ) .
arkive . 04 oct . 2013 . urltoken
anonymous . 2013 .
southern tuco - tuco ( ctenomys australis ) .
arkive . 04 oct . 2013 . urltoken
rhythmic 24 h variation of core body temperature and locomotor activity in a subterranean rodent ( ctenomys aff . knighti ) , the tuco - tuco
rhythmic 24 h variation of core body temperature and locomotor activity in a subterranean rodent ( ctenomys aff . knighti ) , the tuco - tuco
little is known about the mating system of rio negro tuco - tucos . presumably , it is similar to pearson ' s tuco - tucos ,
field and laboratory studies provide insights into the meaning of day - time activity in a subterranean rodent ( ctenomys aff . knighti ) , the tuco - tuco
field and laboratory studies provide insights into the meaning of day - time activity in a subterranean rodent ( ctenomys aff . knighti ) , the tuco - tuco
field and laboratory studies provide insights into the meaning of day - time activity in a subterranean rodent ( ctenomys aff . knighti ) , the tuco - tuco
the tuco - tuco is a neotropical rodent in the family ctenomyidae . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] the tuco - tucos belong to the only living genus of the family ctenomyidae , ctenomys , but they include approximately 60 different species . the common name ,
tuco - tuco
comes from the
tuc - tuc
sound they make while they dig their burrows . [ 3 ]
there are no known adverse effects of rio negro tuco - tucos on humans .
wlasiuk , g . , garza , jc . , and lessa , ep . , 2003 . genetic and geographic differentiation in the rio negro tuco - tuco (
ranges from 230–280 mm in body length , and tail length of 70–91 mm . body mass ranges anywhere between 100 - 250 g , with males typically larger than females . they have a stocky , robust body shape with short limbs and ears .
fernández - stolz , gp . , stolz , jfb . and freitas , tro . , 2007 . bottlenecks and dispersal in the tuco - tuco - das - dunas ,
this comparison of activity phase of previously field and laboratory entrained animals , indicates that synchronization is similar in both conditions . that is , tuco - tucos exhibited robust activity during the night , or dark phase of the previous entrainment cycle in both conditions , and activity onsets in dd corresponded to the beginning of dark on the entraining cycles , without transient changes .
conover ' s tuco - tucos , like all other tuco - tucos , earned their common name in part for the alarm call emitted by males due to territoriality or fear . the calls last 10 to 20 seconds , beginning at a slow rate and increasing throughout . in reality , the sound is more of a
tloc tloc tloc
than a
tuco tuco .
breeding season : rio negro tuco - tucos breed during the austral autumn ( march to june ) .
cook ja , lessa ep . are rates of diversification in subterranean south american tuco - tucos ( genus
tassino , b . , c . passos . 2010 . reproductive biology of rio negro tuco - tuco , ctenomys rionegrensis ( rodentia : octodontidae ) . mammalian biology , 75 : 13 : 253 - 260 .
. though these two species live in the same region , they are microspacially segregated based on their different preferences in soil type . the southern tuco - tuco prefers softer soil with poor and low primary productivity .
. when food is abundant , the observed tuco - tuco even reuse the same burrow openings in subsequent days , which requires less work . thus , subterranean and herbivorous tuco - tucos are not only interesting models for light - entrainment studies , but they may also offer concrete ecological counterparts to the “working for food” paradigm
rio negro tuco - tucos signal to each other over long distances by
singing .
the name
tuco - tuco
comes from the sound these animals make . a recording of their vocalizations can be found here : urltoken . these animals communicate to demarcate territory and to find each other during the mating season .
the southern tuco - tuco is a large rodent , ranging in weight from 250 - 600 grams . its head - body length is 15 - 25 cm , while its tail length is 6 - 11 cm .
tuco - tucos are diurnal and alternate periods of activity and periods of rest throughout the day . [ 3 ]
the mendoza tuco - tuco is an herbivore that feeds preferentially on grasses . populations in the andean precordilla region of mendoza display high selectivity for grasses and avoidance of shrubs with a preference for above ground plant material , despite a
tachinardi p ( 2012 ) circadian rhythm of body temperature in the tuco - tuco ( ctenomys aff . knighti ) , a south - american subterranean rodent : msc dissertation - university of são paulo . available : urltoken accessed 2013 oct 4 .
d ' anatro , a . , e . lessa . 2006 . geometric morphometric analysis of geographic variation in the río negro tuco - tuco , ctenomys rionegrensis ( rodentia : ctenomyidae ) . mammalian biology , 71 : 5 : 288 - 298 .
the gestation period of the southern tuco - tuco is 100 days and can reproduce up to two times per year . on average , there are approximately 3 young born in a litter , though anywhere between 2 and 6 pups can be born .
rio negro tuco - tucos are herbivorous , primarily eating grasses , roots , and shoots . like rabbits , they are coprophagous .
southern tuco - tucos are highly territorial and aggressive . they prefer to live solitary lives , and are suggested to be polygnous .
cook , j . , t . yates . 1994 . systematic relationships of the bolivian tuco - tucos , genus * ctenomys * .
vassallo ai , kittlein mj , busch c . owl predation on two sympatric species of tuco - tucos ( rodentia : octodontidae ) .
wlasiuk , g . , j . garza , e . lessa . 2003 . genetic and geographic differentiation in the rio negro tuco - tuco ( ctenomys rionegrensis ) : inferring the roles of migration and drift from multiple genetic markers . evolution , 57 : 4 : 913 - 926 .
little is known about the lifespan of rio negro tuco - tucos in captivity , but the expected lifespan in the wild is about 3 years .
net industries . 2010 .
tuco - tucos : ctenomyidae - behavior and reproduction
( on - line ) . accessed march 11 , 2010 at urltoken .
mauro n . tammone , brian r . lavin , ulyses f . j . pardiñas , eileen a . lacey ; post - extinction discovery of a population of the highly endemic colonial tuco - tuco ( ctenomys sociabilis ) , journal of mammalogy , volume 97 , issue 6 , 5 december 2016 , pages 1753–1763 , urltoken
lacey , e . a . 2001 . microsatellite variation in solitary and social tuco - tucos : molecular properties and population dynamics . heredity 86 : 628 - 637
the mean lifespan in the wild for conover ' s tuco - tucos is probably less than three years , as they are an important prey species in the chaco .
in all our 3 continuous observations , subterranean tuco - tucos emerged above - ground very often , exposing themselves to light on a daily basis . the upper actogram sections of
the manubrium is short and triangular from a rostral view . there is a very prominent and robust lateral process continuing into a wide inserting margin . the tympanic membrane seems to be directly attached to the entire length of the manubrium ( fig . 1a ) . the central part of the manubrium is thin , the internal margin slightly thickened . the muscular process for the insertion of the m . tensor tympani ( fig . 2 ) , roughly one - third of the way down the length of the manubrium , forms a thickened knob .
rio negro tuco - tucos generally inhabit sand dunes and areas with sandy soils near the mouth of the rio uruguay , along the rio parana , and near the rio negro .
little is known about the subtleties of the ecological role of rio negro tuco - tucos . birds of prey , large snakes , and several carnivorous mammals prey on this rodent , and presumably some parasites would use them as hosts , although this is not well - studied . rio negro tuco - tucos are shy and solitary and are not commensals with humans .
o objetivo da biologia da conservação deve estar relacionado com a preservação das espécies e também com os processos evolutivos e ecológicos que foram responsáveis por sua formação e que continuam ocorrendo . este trabalho revisa o status de conservação das espécies de tuco - tuco ( ctenomys torquatus , c . lami , c . minutus e c . flamarioni ) do sul do brasil , assim como a relação entre estas informações e a história geológica de uma região de especial importância , a planície costeira dos estados do rio grande do sul e santa catarina . são também discutidas as implicações do conhecimento acumulado sobre as espécies de tuco - tuco no sul do brasil em relação aos aspectos evolutivos e a ameaça de extinção que estas espécies de roedores subterrâneos sofrem .
ctenomys flamarioni , called the
tuco - tuco of the dunes
, is endemic to the first line of dunes , the most recent depositional system in the coastal plain . its range is bounded by arroio teixeira city on the north ( freitas , 1995 ) and by the chuí river on the south ( fernández - stolz et al . , 2007 ) .
rio negro tuco - tucos are found in four populations : one occupies a small region of western uruguay in the department of rio negro , and the remaining three are found in the entre rios province in eastern argentina .
lessa , e . 1998 . the molecular phylogenetics of tuco - tucos ( genus ctenomys , rodentia : octodontidae ) suggests an early burst of speciation . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 9 ( 1 ) : 88 - 99 .
. as a genus , tuco - tucos are considered to exhibit considerable ecologic plasticity . the fossil record dates back to the pliocene in this range . currently , it is thought that a vicariant event cannot explain present distributions .
rio negro tuco - tucos are not known to benefit humans , but because three fur phenotypes exist within relatively small isolated populations and because of profound differentiation within the species , they are currently being intensely studied by evolutionary biologists .
, indicating interspecies differences among nocturnal species . higher body conductance that facilitates heat dissipation during the day might explain the tiny tb increment elicited by simulated , vigorous digging activity in tuco - tucos , performed during day - time hours
, which have been better studied . courtship rituals involve aggressive displays between males and chemical and auditory stimulation . rio negro tuco - tucos sing during courtship . males spend time with females before copulating , as females are induced ovulators .
the talas tuco - tuco ( ctenomys talarum thomas , 1898 ) is a south american subterranean rodent that digs using both forelimbs and incisors , the latter being used when animals face hard soils and fibrous roots . in this rodent , the incisors are also used during intermale competition for mates . bite forces were measured on wild females ( n = 21 ) and males ( n = 21 ) ( both adult and young individuals ) . . . [ show full abstract ]
the dull coat color of rio negro tuco - tucos is an example of cryptic coloration , as it would make them difficult to spot on a riverbank . some predators include owls , foxes , armadillos , grison , and some snakes .
found primarily in the southern half of south america , tuco - tucos have a geographic range that extends from southern peru and eastern brazil southward to tierra del fuego . they live at elevations ranging from sea level to about 4 , 000 metres ( 13 , 000 feet ) in a variety of natural habitats , including altiplano , tropical forest , and grasslands . tuco - tucos also live in man - made habitats such as pastures , agricultural fields , and vacant city lots .
very little is known about the courtship of the tuco - tucos , as it takes place underground inside their burrows . it is known that the male takes an aggressive posture and exchanges chemical or acoustic signals with the female . [ 3 ]
this tuco - tuco species , described only 25 years ago , has been included in the national list of species of the brazilian endangered fauna , as vulnerable ( ibama , 2007 ) , and in the list of endangered fauna in rio grande do sul ( fontana et al . , 2003 ) . the genetics , demographics , and environmental characteristics of c . flamarioni urgently require decisions on appropriate management to counteract the risk of extinction of the species ( fernández - stolz et al . , 2007 ) .
vassallo , al . i . , m . j . kittlein , and c . busch . 1994 . owl predation on two sympatric species of tuco - tucos ( rodentia : octodontidae ) . journal of mammalogy . 75 ( 3 ) : 725 - 732
the relationships among the species are debated by taxonomists . it has been described that they are in a state of
taxonomic chaos ,
but banded karyotypes have been used to help make progress on their taxonomic study . [ 4 ] their closest relatives are degus and other octodontids . [ 1 ] all species of tuco - tucos are found in south america from peru and central brazil southward . the tuco - tucos of south america have an ecological role equivalent to that of the pocket gophers of north america .
whether the hearing of ctenomyids is more similar to that of their terrestrial caviomorph relatives , semifossorial prairie dogs , or to that of more exclusively subterranean rodents such as mole - rats can only be established by physiological or behavioral experiments . the results of the present study suggest that the middle ear apparatus of ctenomys sociabilis , although showing features apparently consistent with the fossorial paradigm , is similar in many respects to that of other caviomorphs known to have good low - frequency hearing . in the case of the tuco - tuco , many of these fossorial features might well be plesiomorphic .
parada , a . , g . d’elia , c . j . bidau , and e . p . lessa . 2011 . species groups and the evolutionary diversification of tuco - tucos , genus ctenomys ( rodentia : ctenomyidae ) . journal of mammalogy 92 ( 3 ) : 671 - 682 .
) . tb rhythm was strongly associated with motor activity rhythms , with identical period and stable phase relationship . when tuco - tucos were exposed to ld 12∶12 , after a few transient days , all rhythms readily synchronized to the cycle . highest temperatures and motor activity were concentrated in the dark phase .
castillo , a . h . , m . n . cortinas , and e . p . lessa . 2005 . rapid diversification of south american tuco - tucos ( ctenomys : rodentia : ctenomyidae ) : contrasting mitochondrial and nuclear intron sequences . journal of mammalogy 86 ( 1 ) : 170 - 179 .
fernandes , f . , g . fernández - stolz , c . lopes , and t . de freitas . 2007 . the conservation status of the tuco - tucos , genus ctenomys ( rodentia : ctenomyidae ) , in southern brazil . brazilian journal of biology 67 ( 4 ) : 839 - 847 .
considering the state of the knowledge about tuco - tucos in brazil , we can affirm that the vulnerability of these subterranean rodents is greater than presently supposed . more studies should be performed at molecular and ecological levels , and protected areas must be set aside to preserve these species and their extraordinary evolution processes .
march 2010 ( top ) , july 2010 ( middle ) and march 2011 ( bottom ) . the underground temperature ( 60 cm deep ) is included in march 2011 data ( bottom ) ( small triangles ) . the timing and frequency of surface emergences of the tuco - tucos is indicated by vertical bars .
our observations revealed that subterranean tuco - tucos emerge to the surface frequently and expose themselves to light during these surface emergences that occur at randomly distributed times during the daylight hours . this is distinct from what is known for other subterranean species such as mole - rats which hardly expose themselves to the above - ground environment
pearson , o . , binsztein , n . , boiry , l . , busch , c . , di pace , m . , gallopin , g . , penchaszadeh , p . and piantanida , mj . , 1968 . estructura social , distribución espacial y composición por edades de una población de tuco - tucos (
conover ' s tuco - tucos are endemic to the chaco in both bolivia and paraguay , occurring at an altitude of 250 m . they are found from 20 degrees s to 23 degrees s and 60 degrees to 63 degrees . this species has one of the smallest ranges of the thirty - eight currently recognized species in the genus
we review the conservation status of tuco - tucos in southern brazil , and relate these data to the geological history of a particular area , the coastal plain of rio grande do sul and santa catarina . the implications of the data on these species for the evolution and risk of extinction of each of these rodents are also discussed .
cutrera , a . p . , m . s . mora , c . d . antenucci , and a . i . vassallo . 2010 . intra - and interspecific variation in home - range size in sympatric tuco - tucos , ctenomys australis and c . talarum . journal of mammalogy . 91 ( 6 ) : 1425 - 1434
tuco - tucos are at risk of predation by humans because they have been considered , for decades , due to their fossorial habit , as agricultural pests ( pearson , 1968 ; massoia , 1970 ) . in brazil , lack of knowledge about these small mammals areas of occurrence and life history has contributed to difficulties in developing preservation initiatives .
conover ' s tuco tucos are noted for building complex , branching tunnel systems , which include nesting chambers and other specialized chambers for food storage . at times the actual burrow openings are plugged , perhaps to deter predators . most tunnels average 14 m long , 5 to 7 cm wide , and 30 cm below the surface . as a fossorial species ,
study area in northwestern patagonia , argentina . a ) the current geographic distribution of the colonial tuco - tuco ( ctenomys sociabilis ) in the sierra cuyín manzano is indicated in dark gray ; the type locality for this species is indicated with a black square . to the south , the location of the putative population of c . sociabilis at laguna nahuelquir is indicated with a black dot ; the area around the laguna that was surveyed is indicated in light gray . b ) the surveyed area is shown in greater detail . locations at which active burrows were recorded are indicated with white markers ; burrows at which animals were captured are indicated with black dots . c ) the habitat around laguna nahuelquir is shown .
cutrera , a . p . , m . s . mora , c . d . antenucci , and a . i . vassallo . 2010 . intra - and interspecific variation in home - range size in sympatric tuco - tucos , ctenomys australis and c . talarum . journal of mammalogy 91 ( 6 ) : 1 , 425 - 1 , 434
is a primarily fossorial species . conover ' s tuco - tucos are found in areas of sandy or loamy soils . in the paraguayan chaco , the landscape is primarily savannah grassland and shrub forest . the shrub forest is characterized by thorny bushes , shrubs , and cacti , with scattered trees up to 13 m high . the dominant species in the forest include
was historically based on pelage and morphological differences ; it is now shifting to dna and molecular sequencing , due to their substantial chromosomal variation . this species is highly understudied and misunderstood by local inhabitants . they are often persecuted by people , and desire and funding to study this species is often low . conover ' s tuco tucos are not listed by cites or iucn .
similar to the prairie dog controversy in the american west , conover ' s tuco - tucos create burrows that damage agricultural and graze areas . additionally , as herbivores , they have done a lot of agricultural damage through their preference for roots , stems , and grasses . many people believe their burrows result in injury and death for livestock , while others feel their foraging habits outcompete domestic livestock .
conover ' s tuco - tucos have a tan dorsum with a faint mid - dorsal line . the top of the head is a gray - brown , lightening to flecking on the back of the head . the cheeks are a brownish - yellow , and touches of white surround the mouth and chin . the ventrum is also a light yellow . generally , the fur is thick and long .
that include chambers for nesting and for storage of roots , stems , and grasses . usually active in early morning and late afternoon , these sedentary rodents remain close to their burrows but will occasionally leave at night to forage . tuco - tucos breed annually and , depending upon the species , give birth to litters of one to seven well - developed young . gestation lasts from 102 to 120 days .
all tuco - tucos exhibited circadian rhythms of tb . these rhythms were closely associated in time with the motor activity rhythms and showed a nocturnal pattern under the 12∶12 ld cycle . synchronization to ld resulted from the entrainment of the oscillator rather than by a direct reaction to light ( masking ) , as evidenced by transient cycles upon ld establishment and the maintenance of the phase determined by ld upon reestablishment of dd (
tuco - tucos ( n = 10 , 7 adult males and 3 females ) were trapped directly from the field and were immediately placed in the laboratory under constant conditions . the trapping was conducted from late may to august 2010 at randomly distributed times throughout the day . by allowing half of the animals access to a running wheel , it was also possible to verify any effect of wheel running in phase determination .
the strong foraging habits of conover ' s tuco - tucos have been crucial to maintaining habitat openings and providing regrowth forage for wild and domestic ungulates ; they also aerate the soil through their burrowing behaviors . they present vital habitat via burrows to many species of mammals , lizards , toads , invertebrates , and , at times , birds . they are also a prey species for a viariety of raptors and carnivorous mammals .
the breeding season of rio negro tuco - tucos occurs during the late austral autumn . in a study by tassino and passos ( 2009 ) , pregnant females were observed during the beginning of austral winter and lactating females were observed during the austral spring . females generally bear 2 to 4 offspring after gestating for 100 days and lactate for about two months . average time to weaning and average birth mass is unknown . in
experiments were conducted in anillaco ( 28° 48′ s ; 66° 56′ w ; 1350 m ) , located in the argentinean province of la rioja . tuco - tucos used in this study were captured within a 3 km radius of anillaco . species identification of the animals found in this area is still undergoing ( for details see [ 11 ] ) . in this paper they will be referred as ctenomys aff . knighti .
, conover ' s tuco - tucos have a broad , flattened skull . they lack a sagittal crest but have prominent ridges along the parietals . the zygomatic arches are strongly bowed outward , and the jugal bone does not contact the lacrimal bone . they are equipped with large auditory bullae and large paroccipital processes . the dental formula is 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 1 / 1 , 3 / 3 = 20 .
tuco - tucos have small eyes , tiny ears , and short muscular legs with strong claws on the digits . their stout , cylindrical bodies measure up to 25 cm ( 10 inches ) long , with a tail of up to 11 cm . the dense fur is short in some species and long in others , and it ranges in colour from solid gray through various shades of brown to almost black ; underparts are lighter .
rio negro tuco - tucos are listed as an endangered species on the iucn red list because
its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km² , its area of occupancy is less than 500 km² , its distribution is severely fragmented , there are only four populations and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat . it may be locally abundant if habitat is available but habitat is being quickly destroyed .
although often unrecognized , conover ' s tuco - tucos do provide positive services for humans . through their burrowing habits , they maintain wildlife habitat , which assists resource managers and ecotourists . their excrement also provides a fertilizer for the soil and crops . similarly , their burrowing habits may aid agriculturists in aerating and maintaining the soil . their foraging habits oftentimes stimulate faster plant growth rather than halting it . more research is being conducted on them as interest in the chacoan ecosystem and
to provide a voucher specimen for the current population of tuco - tucos at the laguna nahuelquir site , one of the individuals captured was euthanized via overdose with isoflurane , after which the animal was prepared as a museum specimen ( cnp 2353 ) . all field methods were approved by the animal care and use committee at the university of california , berkeley , and followed the guidelines of the american society of mammalogists ( sikes et al . 2011 ) for the use of mammals in research .
according to villwock et al . ( 1989 ) , along the development of the rio grande do sul coast , four geological barriers were created during the pleistocene and early holocene by at least four successive transgression - regression marine cycles . combining the evolution of the coastal plain and the geographic distribution of the tuco - tuco species in this region , we observe that c . lami lives in the first barrier ( coxilha das lombas ) formed by the first transgression - regression marine cycle in the pleistocene ( estimated at 400 , 000 ya ) ; c . minutus and c . torquatus populations with 2n = 46 live in the second and third barriers ( originated about 325 , 000 ya and 120 , 000 ya , respectively ) ; and c . flamarioni and c . minutus populations with 2n = 46a and 50a inhabit the last barrier ( freitas , 1995 ; fernández - stolz , 2007 ; fernández - stolz et al . , 2007 ; freitas , 2007 ) formed by the transgression - regression marine cycle in the holocene ( tomazelli et al . , 2000 ) .
to verify endogenous , circadian rhythmicity and photic entrainment , six tuco - tucos ( # 54 , # 56 , # 52 , # 69 , # 97 and 98 # ) were kept under dd for 25–60 days . next , animals were exposed to ld 12∶12 for 14–41 days followed by reestablishment of dd for 15–21 days . different time intervals , in each condition for each animal , were due to individual differences in achievement of steady state entrainment and free - runs without aftereffects . ( table s1 shows the exact number of days to which each animal was exposed in each condition ) .
to verify the effect of running - wheel on rhythmic parameters , the running wheel was removed immediately after the previous protocol ( while the animals were still in dd ) and the tuco - tucos were exposed to the same series of conditions : 1 ) dd for 25–60 days ; 2 ) ld for 14–41 days ; 3 ) dd for 16–21 days ( see table s1 ) . after wheel removal , we only relied on the intraperitoneal transmitter to monitor motor activity . instead of measuring displacement , as was the case of the running wheels , this transmitter detects activity every time its angle relative to the receiver antenna changes .
tuco - tucos have heavily built cylindrical bodies with short legs and their pelage ranges in color from black to light grey . [ 3 ] their skin is loosely applied , possibly to slide about the tunnels they create . they have long fore feet for burrowing , and bristled hind feet for grooming . they also have large heads , small ears , and hairy tails . their bodies range in size from 15–25 cm ( 5 . 9–9 . 8 in ) in length , and they can weigh as little as 100 grams ( c . pundti ) to more than 1000 grams ( c . conover ) . [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
our march , ( summer ) observations occurred exactly one year apart in radically different environmental conditions . rains in the study area are variable among different years , but are always low ( 100–300 ml / year ) , and the climate , consequently , is usually dry . nevertheless , the summer of 2011 was exceptionally rainy ; consequently , the amount of vegetation in the study area was spectacularly much higher than in the previous year . under this new condition , tuco - tucos exhibited fewer excursions , carrying a greater amount of plant material to the burrows . as a consequence , less time was spent in foraging , compared to the other observations (
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bidau , c . j . 2015 . family ctenomyidae lesson , 1842 . in : patton , j . l . , pardiñas , u . f . j . and d’elía , g . ( eds ) , mammals of south america , pp . 818 - 877 . the university of chicago press .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : listed as data deficient due to continuing uncertainty on the species distribution , threats and conservation measures . this species is suspected to be threatened , however , there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirement ; thus it is not possible to assess the species against criteria for threat . further taxonomic information may change species status in the future .
this species occurs in northwestern argentina , in tucumán province west of the mountains to 3 , 000 m ( woods and kilpatrick , 2005 ) . it occurs in two disjunct populations ( ojeda pers . comm . ) .
it is relatively abundant in its northern range ( ojeda pers . comm . ) .
it inhabits humid plains to 3 , 000 m in rather compact , loamy and humous soils ( reig et al . 1990 ) .
habitat loss to agricultural expansion is a major threat to this species ( ojeda pers . comm . ) .
there is no information on any conservation actions in place or needed for this species . this species is listed as vulnerable on the argentine red list ( ojeda and diaz 2000 ) .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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. . . this could be the rea - son for the male - biased ssd in plateau zokors ( john - alder , cox , & taylor , 2007 ) . remarkably , the most consistently dimorphic traits were the length of the skull and the lower incisor length ( figures 2 , 3 , and 4 ) that were significantly higher in males and might be re - lated to the excavation of soil for constructing and maintaining burrows , and keeping the bigger home range ( becerra , casinos , & vassallo , 2013 ) . . . .
. . . masses of these muscles were obtained from 14 males and 11 females , considering the age classes described above . the muscles were dissected under an olympus sz6 stereomicroscope , weighed to the nearest 0 . 01 g , and stored at - 16 °c for further analysis , following becerra et al . ( 2013 ) . the origins and insertions of the muscles were assessed and mapped onto skull photographs based on previous studies such as those by woods ( 1972 ) and . . .
. . . the mammalian jaw is frequently treated as a lever for the purposes of biomechanical analysis ( e . g . , crompton , 1963 ; bramble , 1978 ; greaves , 1978 ; greaves , 1982 ; greaves , 2000 ; gingerich , 1979 ; thomason , 1991 ; satoh , 1998 ; satoh , 1999 ; spencer , 1998 ; spencer , 1999 ; satoh & iwaku , 2006 ; satoh & iwaku , 2009 ; davis et al . , 2010 ; druzinsky , 2010 ; cornette et al . , 2012 ; becerra , casinos & vassallo , 2013 ; santana , 2015 ) . more specifically , it is frequently considered to be a third - class lever i . e . , one in which the input force sits between the fulcrum and the output force ( kerr , 2010 ) . . . .
. . . for example , within argentina , they are found from the coastal sand - dunes ( occupied by c . australis rusconi , 1934 ; luna and antinuchi , 2007 ; cutrera et al . , 2010 ) to the compact soil in highland grasslands near
el infiernillo
, tucumán province ( c . tuconax thomas , 1925 ; becerra et al . , 2013 ) and the desert and rocky soil of the north - western mountains ( c . knighti thomas , 1919 ) . . . .
. . . for instance , their upper incisor procumbency is highly variable , showing significant differences between species ( e . g . , see mora et al . , 2003 ) . several authors analyzed the possible ecological effect of incisor procumbency in rodents , and the general conclusion was that the degree of tooth - digging displayed by a species is associated with this trait , beyond the allometric effects ( see landry , 1957 ; agrawal , 1967 ; hildebrand , 1985 ; lessa and patton , 1989 ; lessa , 1990 ; lessa and stein , 1992 ; neveu and gasc , 1999 ; bacigalupe et al . , 2002 ; becerra et al . , 2013 ) . on the other hand , it was suggested that procumbency angle is related to soil hardness . . . .
. . . we predicted that an increase in procumbency will increase the out - lever arm ( l o ) and , in turn , will result in a lower mechanical advantage of a specific muscle . we also assessed the role of two other relevant morphological traits in this genus : the mandibular width - a proxy for masseter muscle development ( see becerra et al . , 2013 becerra et al . , , 2014 ) - and the diastema length ( a proxy for rostral size and a good indicator for incisor root insertion in ctenomys ; mora et al . , 2003 ) in jaw biomechanics . we hypothesized that the relative mandibular width across the masseteric crests is associated with the in - lever arm of the deep masseter ( pm ) , and hence , influences its mechanical advantage . . . .
. . . however , most works have focused on either craniodental or postcranial elements , and to a lesser extent , some have addressed both simultaneously ( hopkins and davis , 2009 ; lagaria and youlatos , 2006 ; lessa and stein , 1992 ; lessa and thaeler , 1989 ; lessa et al . , 2008 ; marcy et al . , 2016 ; morgan , 2009a ; samuels and van valkenburgh , 2009 ) . for ctenomys , previous analyses have focused on only few species ( vassallo , 1998 ) or partial arrays of traits ( cranio - dental : e . g . álvarez et al . , 2015 ; becerra et al . , 2012 ; borges et al . , 2016 ; mora et al . , 2003 ; verzi and olivares , 2006 ; vieytes et al . , 2007 ; postcranial : e . g . echeverría et al . , 2014 ; morgan , 2009bmorgan , , 2015morgan and álvarez , 2013 ; morgan and verzi , 2006 ; steiner - souza et al . , 2010 ) . . . .
. . . in summary , the 24 species of the genus ctenomys studied here showed variations in their skull shape associated with bite force . studies on the association between bite force and environmental features are expanding knowledge of the interactions between morphology and the environments where these species occur ( verzi et al . , 2010 ; becerra et al . , 2011 ; becerra , casinos & vassallo , 2013 ; becerra et al . , 2014 ; vassallo et al . , 2015 ) . becerra et al . ( 2014 suggested that , probably , intraspecific differences in the bite force of c . australis could be explained mainly by differences in muscle development . . . .
. . . each session consists of trials that include several bites , until animals refuse to approach the plates . then , experimental values are saved on a computer , and the strongest record is assumed to be the maximal bite performance of each individual ( becerra et al . , 2011becerra et al . , , 2012a becerra et al . , , 2013 ) . differences such as the lateral expansion of the mandible mainly offer a larger insertion site for a stronger adductor musculature , the main cause of a higher bite force ( high pcsa values ; fig . 4 . 2 ) . . . .
. . . the test of this possible ontogenetic integration was the aim of this research . for that goal , the in vivo bite forces , as the outcome of the effective muscle force production ( e . g . becerra et al . 2013 ) , were compared to the incisor strength , estimated by their section modulus ( see , for example , irgens 2008 ) . we assumed the hypothesis of geometrical similarity between structures , along different ontogenetic stages , to predict scaling changes . . . .
subprojeto ( 1 ) : evolução e adaptações do sistema osteomuscular . objetivo ( 1 ) : estudar a locomoção e desenvolver modelos virtuais : modelização virtual do aparato locomotor em roedores caviomorfos e …
[ more ]
the south american subterranean rodent genus ctenomys ( caviomorpha : octodontoidea ) , which uses both claws and teeth to dig , shows striking morphological adaptations to its specialized mode of life . among other traits , the genus has evolved a powerful jaw musculature and procumbent incisors that are used for dento - excavation . behavioral observations indicate that these traits are also used . . . [ show full abstract ]
ontogenetic integration between force production and force reception : a case study in ctenomys ( rode . . .
during ontogeny , complex adaptations undergo changes that sometimes entail different functional capabilities . this fact constrains the behaviour of organisms at each developmental stage . rodents have ever - growing incisors for gnawing , and a powerful jaw musculature . the incisors are long enough , relative to their diameter , to be affected by bending stresses . this is particularly true in the . . . [ show full abstract ]
another one bites the dust : bite force and ecology in three caviomorph rodents ( rodentia , hystricogn . . .
mammals have developed sophisticated strategies adapting to particular locomotor modes , feeding habits , and social interactions . many rodent species have acquired a fossorial , semi - fossorial , or even subterranean life - style , converging on morphological , anatomical , and ecological features but diverging in the final arrangement . these ecological variations partially depend on the functional . . . [ show full abstract ]
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the skin seems loosely applied to the body , possibly making it easier for these animals to turn around in narrow burrows . the soles of the hind feet are equipped with comb - like bristles , composed of hair fringes , and are used to groom dirt from the fur .
is noted for prominent broad and heavy proodont incisors ; each of the anterior surfaces has an inner and outer wide lateral groove and three shallow , narrow median grooves . these incisors , covered by a bright orange enamel , are used to gnaw roots when digging . this species also has kidney - shaped hypsodont molars for chewing vegetation , with the last molar being reduced .
although males are reported to be larger than females , the following measurements apply to both sexes . total length of these animals ranges from 338 to 442 mm ( average = 403 . 3 mm ) ; head and body length varies from 245 to 328 mm ( average = 293 . 3 mm ) ; tail length ranges between 93 and 137 mm ( average = 110 . 0 mm ) ; hindfoot length is between 52 and 62 mm ( average = 58 . 0 mm ) ; and ear length ( notch to tip ) is between 10 and 16 mm ( average = 13 . 4 mm ) . the average adult weighs about 900 grams .
are monoestrus , bearing one litter per year . they construct lined nest chambers , typically below the level of the main tunnel .
range from about 102 to 120 days . litters range in size from 1 to 7 young . young of this genus may be born at varying levels of altriciality . some young are precocious , coming out fully furred and looking like miniature adults . others are only slightly furry at birth , and may have their eyes closed . the condition of
are reportedly able to fend for themselves by about 10 days of age , even though they are not the most precocious members of their genus at birth . nursing is said to continue for 5 weeks , and sexual maturity is reached sometime around 8 months of age , for both males and females . it is likely that
has altricial young . the females are generally responsible for care and feeding of the young . male parental care has not been reported .
uses its strong incisors and hind limbs to excavate burrows . they most often dig during daylight hours , especially early morning and late afternoon . when threatened , they may back rapidly into the burrow , using their almost hairless tail as a sensory apparatus .
although details are not available , it is also likely that these animals communicate with one another through visual signaling . they also are likely to have tactile communication , especially between mates , parents and offspring , and rivals .
is entirely vegetarian , feeding on roots , stems , and grasses of the chacoan region . its preference for plant material makes it a pest because of damage to cultivated crops - - much like the north american pocket gophers ( geomyidae ) . it builds separate food burrows for food storing .
serve as an important food item for many predators , including owls , diurnal raptors , carnivorous mammals such as the maned wolf and the pampas fox , and feral cats . the males are aposematic , meaning that they elicit alarm calls as an antipredatory adaptation ; additionally , the placement of the eyes allows these animals to look out of their burrows without exposing the rest of the body .
species continues to grow . they are also becoming more commonly listed on many pet trade web pages .
conservation efforts for this taxa are frought with taxanomic dispute and disregard for them by ranchers . differentiation of the genus
katie brashear ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor , instructor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having coloration that serves a protective function for the animal , usually used to refer to animals with colors that warn predators of their toxicity . for example : animals with bright red or yellow coloration are often toxic or distasteful .


fusinus leptorhynchus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

fusinus leptorhynchus

fusinus ( fusinus ) leptorhyreus kaicher , s . d . , 1978 ( lapsus )
subgenus fusinus ( sinistralia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815
which taxonomic groups does the genus fusinus belong to and what are the different fusinus species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus fusinus belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .
fusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) : synonym of chryseofusus graciliformis
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors
which are the most common photographed fusinus species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
( g . b . sowerby , ii , 1880 ) , also from western australia .
fusus bruguière , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . placed by the iczn on the official index by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . )
this genus is known in the fossil records from the cretaceous to the quaternary ( age range : from 94 . 3 to 0 . 0 million years ago ) . fossils are found in the marine strata all over the worls . [ 3 ]
snyder , m . a . ( 2003 ) catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , special publication , 21 , iii + 1–431
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