perophora is a sea squirt genus in the family perophoridae .

most species are found in shallow warm water but a few are found in higher latitudes .

a colony consists of a number of zooids which bud off from a long slender stolon .

perophora

perophora fasciata monniot c . , 1991 accepted as perophora fascia monniot c . , 1991 accepted as perophora bermudensis berrill , 1932
species perophora fascia monniot c . , 1991 accepted as perophora bermudensis berrill , 1932 ( synonym )
species perophora fasciata monniot c . , 1991 accepted as perophora fascia monniot c . , 1991 accepted as perophora bermudensis berrill , 1932 ( literature misspelling )
( of perophora orientalis ärnbäck , 1935 ) arnback , c . l . ( 1935 ) . a notable case of relation in perophora . arkiv f . zool . 28 ( 9 ) : 1 - 6 . [ details ]
( of perophora dellavallei neppi , 1921 ) neppi , v . ( 1921 ) . descrizione di una nuova specie di perophora del golfo di napoli . pubbl . staz . zool . napoli . 3 : 33 - 38 . [ details ]
oka , a . ( 1927 ) . uber eine perophora aus japan . proc . imp . acad . 2 ( 8 ) : 588 - 560 . [ details ]
search for ' perophora ' returned 30 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]
arnback , c . l . ( 1935 ) . a notable case of relation in perophora . arkiv f . zool . 28 ( 9 ) : 1 - 6 . [ details ]
goodbody , i . ( 1994 ) the tropical western atlantic perophoridae ( ascidiacea ) : i . the genus perophora . bulletin of marine science , 55 ( 1 ) : 176 - 192 .
( of perophora formosana ( oka , 1931 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
introduced species remark in japan ( nation ) : in japan , where perophora japonica is native , it has been reported to foul cultured oysters ( arakawa 1990 , cited by da rocha et al . 2009 ) . [ details ]
monniot , c . & monniot , f , 1985 . apparition de l ' ascidie perophora japonica sur les côtes et dans les ports de la manche . compte rendu de la société de biogéographie , 61 , 111 - 116 .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . perophora listeri forbes , 1848 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
baldock , b . & bishop , j . d . d . , 2001 . occurrence of the non - native ascidian perophora japonica in the fleet , southern england . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 81 , 1067 .
nishikawa , t . bishop , j . d . d . & sommerfeldt , a . d . , 2000 . occurrence of the alien ascidian perophora japonica at plymouth . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 80 , 955 - 956 .
( of perophora africana millar , 1953 ) millar , r . h . ( 1953 ) . on the collection of ascidians from the gold coast . proc . zool . oc . london . 123 ( 2 ) : 277 - 325 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of perophora formosana ( oka , 1931 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
goodbody , i . ; cole , l . ( 1987 ) . a new species of perophora ( ascidiacea ) from western atlantic , including observations on muscle action in related species . bull . mar . sci . 40 ( 2 ) : 246 - 254 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bishop , j . 2005 . perophora japonica a sea squirt . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
shenkar , n . ; gittenberger , a . ; lambert , g . ; rius , m . ; moreira da rocha , r . ; swalla , b . j . ; turon , x . ( 2018 ) . ascidiacea world database .
sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
monniot , c . ( 2001 ) . ascidiacea & sorberacea . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 352 - 355 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of tibiania ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the tropical western atlantic perophoridae ( ascidiacea ) : i . the g . . . : ingenta connect
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( of ecteinascidia multiclathrata sluiter , 1904 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1904 ) . die tunicaten der siboga - expedition . part 1 . die socialen und holosomen ascidien . siboga - exped . 56a : 1 - 126 . [ details ]
( of ecteinascidia euphues sluiter , 1904 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1904 ) . die tunicaten der siboga - expedition . part 1 . die socialen und holosomen ascidien . siboga - exped . 56a : 1 - 126 . [ details ]
( of ecteinascidia formosana oka , 1931 ) oka , a . ( 1931 ) . uber eine neue species von ecteinascidia aus formosa . proc . imp . acad . tokyo . 7 ( 4 ) : 173 - 175 . [ details ]
kott , p . ( 1985 ) . the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia . mem qd mus . 23 : 1 - 440 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
izquierdo - muñoz , a . ; díaz - valdés , m . ; ramos - esplá , a . a . ( 2009 ) . recent non - indigenous ascidians in the mediterranean sea . aquatic invasions . 4 ( 1 ) : 59 - 64 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
nishikawa , t . ( 1991 ) . the ascidians of the japan sea 2 . publ . seto mar . biol . lab . 35 ( 1 / 3 ) : 25 - 170 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
verrill , a . e . ( 1871 ) . descriptions of some imperfectly known and new ascidians from new england . amer . jour . sci , ser . 3 . 1 : 54 - 58 , 93 - 100 , 211 - 212 , 288 - 294 , 443 - 446 . [ details ]
van name , w . g . ( 1945 ) . the north and south american ascidians . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 84 : 1 - 476 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rocha , r . m . ; moreno , t . r . ( 2000 ) . ascidians associated with eudistoma carolinense van name , 1945 . with description of a new species of polycarpa . ophelia . 52 ( 1 ) : 9 - 16 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
rocha , r . m . ; bonnet , n . y . k . ( 2009 ) . ascídias ( tunicata , ascidiacea ) introduzidas no arquipélago de alcatrazes , são paulo . iheringia , sér . zool . 99 ( 1 ) : 27 - 35 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
cole , l . and g . lambert . 2009 . tunicata ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1209–1216 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
marchini , a . ; ferrario , j . ; sfriso , a . ; occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ( 2015 ) . current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice , a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea . biological invasions . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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image courtesy of john bishop , marine biological association , plymouth , uk . image shows ( a ) a colony overgrowing the bryozoan membranipora membranacea on kelp and ( b ) the characteristic bright yellow terminal buds of p . japonica .
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fofonoff pw , ruiz gm , steves b , simkanin c , & carlton jt . . national exotic marine and estuarine species information system . urltoken . access date :
colonies consist of large numbers of small transparent zooids connected by basal stolons . the branchial sac , orange - brown stomach and chains of grey faecal pellets can all be seen inside the zooid when it is alive . 5mm x 4mm x 2mm . there is no other common small ascidian in the british isles with separate zooids connected by a stolon . see also
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of tissue . the vaselike individuals are only slightly taller than they are wide , and are a translucent yellowish or grayish - green . the
have 5 - 6 lobes . the ovary and testis are within the curve of the gut . individual
are about 2 - 3 mm wide x 3 - 5 mm tall ; colony up to 10 cm or more across . colony may resemble a cluster of tiny green seedless grapes .
of this species may be well separated , or may be fairly closely packed together or their tunics may even be partially fused together . this species broods its larvae . some of the darker yellow spots on the individuals above are likely larvae .
this species concentrates vanadium up to 9 ppt dry weight , mainly in blood cells .
in california these colonies grow rapidly in spring , sexually reproduce in summer or early fall , and degenerate over winter .
though small , this translucent species is excellent for studying heartbeat , blood flow , ciliary beating on the pharyngeal basket , and characteristics of stolon growth .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
colonies of small , translucent zooids ( approximately 4 mm long ) budded from stolons and generally rather closely packed . young parts of colony are yellow or greenish - yellow . stolons may bear angular , often star - shaped , terminal buds , which are bright yellow .
recorded in queen anne ' s battery marina , plymouth sound ; the fleet , dorset approximately 130 km from plymouth , and in guernsey .
also recorded from the english channel coast of france . originally described in japan , and reported from korea .
at plymouth , it grows on fucoid algae , hydroids and artificial settlement panels on the underside of a floating pontoon . in france , it is reported growing on
spp . , sponges , solitary ascidians , oysters , and directly on floating pontoons .
in the fleet , dorset approximately 130 km from plymouth . it was recorded in guernsey in 2003 ( richard lord pers comm . ) .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
description : colonies consist of large numbers of small transparent zooids connected by basal stolons . the branchial sac , orange - brown stomach and chains of grey faecal pellets can all be seen inside the zooid when it is alive . 5mm x 4mm x 2mm .
habitat : found in sheltered places from lower shore to 30m growing on a variety of substrata , especially on hydroids and bryozoans , even on crabs such as hyas araneus .
similar species : there is no other common small ascidian in the british isles with separate zooids connected by a stolon . see also protostyela heterobranchia - description in millar .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
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masachussets , north carolina , new england , florida , bermuda , jamaica , belize , puerto rico , guadaloupe , suriname , guyana , brazil , azores , sierra leoa , new caledonia , french polynesie .
zooids with body musculature comprises by 12 short longitudinal fibers in the dorsal region , extending on each side of the mantle . branchial sac has 4 rows of stigmata , 17 - 20 stigmata per row . in living animals , the stomach is orange .
van name , w . g . ( 1945 ) the north and south american ascidians bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . , 84 : 1 - 476 .
rocha , r . m . & moreno , t . r . 2000 . ascidians associated with eudistoma carolinense van mame , 1945 . with description of a new species of polycarpa . ophelia 52 ( 1 ) : 9 - 16 .
rocha , r . m . & n . y . k . bonnet . 2009 . ascídias ( tunicata , ascidiacea ) introduzidas no arquipélago de alcatrazes , são paulo . iheringia , sér . zool . , 99 ( 1 ) : 27 - 35 .
belize , bermuda , jamaica , puerto rico , netherlands antilles , and it is widely distributed in the indo - pacific region .
zooid 2 . 0 - 2 . 5 mm long . the body musculature is comprised by two boundles of transverse fibers , which are perpendiculars to the dorsal margin of the body and towards to the ventral margin . there are 5 rows of stigmata in the pharynx and 15 - 20 stigmata per row .
kott , p . ( 1985 ) the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia mem . qd mus . 23 : 1 - 440 .
millar , r . h . ( 1953 ) on the collection of ascidians from the gold coast proc . zool . oc . london , 123 ( 2 ) : 277 - 325
rocha , r . m . , faria , s . b . , and moreno , t . r . ; marine invertebrate taxonomy workshop i , bocas del toro , august 2003 .
rocha r . m . , et al . ascidians from bocas del toro , panama . i . biodiversity . caribbean journal of science , vol . 41 , no . 3 , 600 - 612 , 2005 .
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three new genera of neotropical mimallonidae ( lepidoptera , mimallonoidea , mimallonidae ) with descriptions of three new species . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
three new genera of neotropical mimallonidae ( lepidoptera , mimallonoidea , mimallonidae ) with descriptions of three new species .
cornell university , comstock hall , department of entomology , ithaca , ny 14853 - 2601 usa .
pmid : 27047246 pmcid : pmc4797205 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 566 . 7344
tostallo albescens adults , a recto , b verso . 1 holotype ♂ , brazil , são paulo ( bmnh ) 2 ♂ , brazil , são paulo , guapiara , paivinha , 800 m ( cgcm ) 3 ♀ , brazil , rio grande do sul ( bmnh ) . scale bar = 1 cm .
tostallo albescens male genitalia , a ventral , b lateral , c phallus . brazil , são paulo , alto da serra [ st . laurent diss . : 10 - 21 - 15 : 4 ] ( bmnh ) . scale bar = 1 mm .
tostallo albescens female genitalia , a ventral , b dorsal . 5 brazil , rio grande do sul [ st . laurent diss . : 10 - 21 - 15 : 6 ] ( bmnh ) 6 brazil , paraná , curitiba [ c . mielke diss . : 51 . 381 ] ( com ) . scale bar = 1 mm .
distribution of tostallo albescens . the square represents a generalized ( center of the state ) locality for rio grande do sul , a state for which detailed locality data is lacking .
auroriana adults , a recto , b verso . 8 auroriana colombiana holotype ♂ , colombia , meta , río negro , 800 m ( bmnh ) 9 auroriana florianensis holotype ♂ , french guiana , piste du dégrad florian , pk 12 [ photo courtesy of mnhn ] ( mnhn ) 10 auroriana florianensis ♂ , french guiana , st . jean du maroni , plateau des mines , pk 1 . 3 [ photo courtesy of mnhn ] ( mnhn ) 11 auroriana florianensis ♀ , french guiana , réserve des nouragues , inselberg [ photo courtesy of cpc ] ( mnhn ) 12 auroriana gemma holotype ♂ , brazil , santa catarina , são bento do sul , rio natal , 550 m ( dzup ) . scale bar = 1 cm .
auroriana colombiana male genitalia , a ventral , b lateral , c phallus . 13 holotype , colombia , meta , río negro , 800 m [ st . laurent diss . : 11 - 3 - 15 : 1 ] ( bmnh ) 14 paratype , colombia , meta , río negro , 800 m [ st . laurent diss . : 10 - 21 - 15 : 3 ] ( bmnh ) . scale bar = 1 mm .
auroriana male genitalia , a ventral , b lateral , c phallus . 15 auroriana florianensis , french guiana , massif du mitaraka , 300 m [ st . laurent diss . : 11 - 19 - 15 : 1 ] ( ras ) 16 auroriana gemma holotype , brazil , santa catarina , são bento do sul , rio natal , 550 m [ c . mielke diss . : 27 . 473 ] ( dzup ) . scale bar = 1 mm .
auroriana florianensis female genitalia . french guiana , réserve des nouragues , inselberg , 110 m [ c . gibeaux diss . prep : 7759 ] ( mnhn ) . photo courtesy of c . gibeaux . scale bar = 1 mm .
auroriana florianensis female genitalia , detail . as for figure . scale bar = 1 mm .
micrallo minutus adults , a dorsal , b ventral . 20 holotype ♂ , brazil , piauí , oeiras , 200 m ( dzup ) 21 paratype ♀ , brazil , piauí , oeiras , 200 m ( usnm ) . scale bar = 1 cm .
micrallo minutus male genitalia , a ventral , b lateral , c phallus . holotype ♂ , brazil , piauí , oeiras , 200 m [ st . laurent diss . : 10 - 21 - 15 : 1 ] ( dzup ) . scale bar = 1 mm .
micrallo minutus female genitalia , a ventral , b dorsal . 23 paratype ♀ , brazil , piauí , oeiras , 200 m , before extension [ st . laurent diss . : 10 - 21 - 15 : 2 ] ( usnm ) 24 as for figure , after extension . scale bar = 1 mm .
forbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
millar , r . h . ( 1970 ) . british ascidians , tunicata : ascidiacea : keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 1 . academic press : london . isbn 12 - 496650 - 0 . 92 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
kott , p . ( 1952 ) . the ascidians of australia . 1 . stolidobranchiata lahille and phlebobranchiata lahille . aust . j . mar . freshw . res . 3 : 205 : 335 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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aoraia is a genus of moths of the family hepialidae .

there are 13 described species , all endemic to new zealand .

the type species of this genus is porina dinodes meyrick , 1890 .

this genus contains some large species with a wingspan of up to 150 mm .

aoraia

aoraia macropis female . © brian patrick aoraia enysii . mt taranaki , new zealand
aoraia insularis dugdale , 1994 ; fauna of new zealand 30 : 45 ; tl : ne . big south cape
aoraia aspina ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia flavida ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia hespera ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia insularis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia lenis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia macropis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia oreobolae ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia orientalis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia rufivena ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
genus : aoraia dumbleton , 1966 . n . z . j . sci . 9 : 928 [ key ] , 930 .
aoraia enysii ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list ) ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 43
aoraia aurimaculata ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 42 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia dinodes ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 42 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia senex ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 50 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
aoraia ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 40 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
1 . species for which it proved impossible to find or borrow good enough specimens for photography . the following species are in this category : hepialidae : aoraia hespera , a . oreobolae ; geometridae : pseudocoremia hollyae , p . hudsoni , austrocidaria prionota , chloroclystis impudicis ; noctuidae : agrotis ceropachoides .
walter buller named the huge porina mairi moth ( later reclassified aoraia mairi ) after his brother in law and friend , gilbert mair , who had accompanied him on his expedition . he presented a description to the wellington philosophical society in 1872 and it was published along with this illustration ( in both latin and english ) in transactions of the royal society of new zealand . neither the specimen nor the moth have been seen since the late 1800s .
the following moth families are covered by this online guide : hepialidae , zygaenidae , sesiidae , geometridae , saturniidae , sphingidae , erebidae ( includes the former families arctiidae and lymantriidae ) , nolidae , noctuidae .
brief general introductions to these and some of the included genera are presented below ; no key to families is given here , as characters tend to be rather technical and involve specialised preparation techniques ; it is quite easy , however , to learn to recognise which family a moth belongs to , especially in the limited new zealand fauna .
the burnet and forester moths are an unusual family of day - flying lepidoptera , many of which are brightly coloured and distasteful to birds and other vertebrate predators . they are naturally absent from new zealand , and only a single introduced species , the bamboo moth ( artona martini ) is present , having first been detected in whangarei in 1996 . it is has now spread as far as auckland ; the hairy larvae can cause conspicuous defoliation of bamboos in gardens and parks and sometimes occur locally in huge numbers . the diurnal adults are less conspicuous . artoni martini originates in south - east asia , and was presumably introduced accidentally through trade .
the clearwings are another unusual family of day - flying moths , most of which are mimics of wasps or bees , with partially transparent wings . they are day - flying but often very hard to find as adults ; caterpillars are internal feeders in a wide range of plants . there is only a single introduced european species in new zealand : the currant clearwing ( synanthedon tipuliformis ) , which as its name suggests , feeds as a caterpillar inside stems of cultivated currants ( ribes spp . ) . adults may occasionally be seen flying around the currant bushes in sunshine . they are rarely found north of the central north island .
the loopers are a very large family of moths ( over 20 , 000 species worldwide ) , well represented in new zealand by over 250 species , where most species are endemic . the common name comes from the larvae , which do not have the full complement of abdominal prolegs ( usually they have prolegs only on segments 6 and 10 ) , and therefore progress in the characteristic ‘inchworm’ looping motion . an important feature of the family is the presence of tympanal organs ( ‘ears’ ) at the base of the abdomen .
subfamily sterrhinae . only a single species of this cosmopolitan subfamily ( usually called ‘waves’ ) occurs in new zealand ; this is scopula rubraria , which also occurs widely in australia . it is a very common species in pastures , roadsides and weedy places , especially in late summer , flying by day . larvae feed on a variety of herbaceous plants , including plantain ( plantago spp . ) .
the very large and unmistakeable gum emperor moth ( opodiphthera eucalypti ) is our only species of this family of silk moths , and was introduced from australia in the early 20th century . it is now widespread in new zealand , larvae feeding chiefly on eucalyptus spp . in gardens and parks , but also on schinus ( pepper tree ) .
the hawk - moths are a family of large streamlined moths ; many species are powerful fliers and migratory in habit . only one cosmopolitan species occurs regularly and breeds in new zealand , the convolvulus hawk - moth ( agrius convolvuli ) , with larvae feeding on convolvulaceae , including kumara ( sweet potato , ipomoea batatas ) . the silver - striped hawk - moth ( hippotion celerio ) occurs rarely as a migrant to new zealand : there appear to be very few recent records .
this family name has recently been revived ; the erebidae now include the former families arctiidae ( tiger moths ) and lymantriidae ( tussock moths ) along with several subfamilies formerly assigned to noctuidae . like noctuidae , erebidae have tympanal organs ( ‘ears’ ) on the metathorax . the family is very diverse in the tropics , but there are very few truly native species in new zealand .
subfamily lymantriinae . naturally absent from new zealand , the tussock moth subfamily is recorded here based on two accidentally introduced species which established briefly in the auckland area , but were subsequently eradicated . teia anartoides , the painted apple moth , originates from australia . the female has strongly reduced wings and is flightless ; males are day - flying . orgyia thyellina , the white - spotted tussock moth , originates from south - east asia , and has both winged ( flying ) and brachypterous ( flightless ) forms of the female . both species have hairy larvae with characteristic ‘toothbrush’ tufts on the dorsum ; larvae feed on a wide range of host plants , though teia prefer wattle ( acacia spp . ) .
two species of this family ( previously often treated as a subfamily of noctuidae ) are found in new zealand . larvae , as in arctiinae , have many secondary setae . the endemic nola parvitis is a rare species whose larvae feed on the endemic shrub helichrysum lanceolatum . the gum - leaf skeletoniser , uraba lugens , was accidentally introduced from australia and is now common in the northern north island , feeding on various myrtaceae , especially eucalyptus and lophostemon .
this is a huge worldwide family has about 140 named species in new zealand , which by world standards is an extremely limited fauna . adults have tympanal organs ( ‘ears’ ) on the metathorax , as do erebidae . it should be noted that the species of declana ( geometridae : ennominae ) resemble noctuidae superficially with their robust bodies and narrowish forewings .
subfamily agaristinae . only the australian phalaenoides glycinae ( grapevine moth ) has been found in new zealand . the conspicuous black , white and red caterpillar feeds mainly on members of the plant family vitaceae ( including vitis , grapevine , and parthenocissus , virginia creeper ) , but is also recorded from other plants including cultivated fuchsia . formerly common in northern new zealand , this moth seems to have declined greatly here , and there have been few records ( if any ) in the last 10 years .
subfamily condicinae . only condica illecta ( formerly platysenta illecta ) has been recorded in new zealand , where it occurs rarely as an immigrant . overseas it is found in australia and throughout south - east asia and the pacific , where the larvae feed on various herbaceous plants in the family asteraceae .
subfamily heliothinae . the rare endemic heliothine australothis volatilis is known only from a few sites in central otago , where larvae feed on vittadinia ( asteraceae ) . adults are day - flying . our two species of helicoverpa are immigrant pest species ; h . armigera is by far the commoner species .
the large and highly enigmatic titanomis sisyrota is known only from ten specimens ( two of them lost ) , collected from scattered localities from the central north island to the southern south island . the last ( one of the lost specimens ) was collected in 1959 . the life history is unknown , but the very elongate , probing ovipositor of the female suggests that larvae are internal feeders . family placement of titanomis has never been satisfactorily resolved ; a recent published assignment to the micro - moth family glyphipterigidae is almost certainly incorrect , since morphology of the base of the abdomen suggests a more advanced position in ditrysia . extinction is a possibility , but as the moth has only ever been collected extremely rarely at long intervals , and was apparently widespread , it may well await rediscovery .
apart from unnamed species and species only recorded from the kermadecs , or only captured once in new zealand , there are a number of species of larger moth that are not represented in the image galleries . these fall into three categories :
2 . species of dubious taxonomic status , i . e . named species in unrevised groups that lack clear diagnostic features , that are not separated as species in nzac , and that require further taxonomic investigation . some may still prove to be valid species . the following species are currently in this category : geometridae : austrocidaria praerupta ( not distinguished from a . callichlora ) , dasyuris strategica , homodotis amblyterma , ‘ hydriomena’ canescens ( not distinguished from ‘ h . ’ clarkei ) , notoreas galaxias , n . isoleuca , pasiphila acompsa , p . punicea , p . vieta , xanthorhoe lophogramma ( not distinguished from x . semifissata ) ; noctuidae : ‘ aletia ’ cyanopetra ; ‘ a . ’ probenota ( not distinguished from ‘ a . ’ obsecrata ) ; ichneutica homerica ( not distinguished from holotype of i . cana , but an undescribed species is often called cana in collections ) ; meterana coctilis ( not distinguished from m . praesignis ) ; m . badia ( not distinguished from m . inchoata ) .
3 . species for which no known specimen survives , and which have never been recognised since their original description : hepialidae : ‘ porina ’ mairi ; geometridae : ‘ hydriomena’ iolanthe .
distribution new zealand . only one species in the north island ( a . enysii ) . some species are widely distributed , most are localized .
. largest genus of new zealand hepialidae . antennae plumose , wings intricate patterns of brown , tan and white . position of puncture la and seat l3 in the larvae is similar to that of
but evaluation of the phylogenetic significance of t his simmilarity will require larval analysis of all exoporian genera .
some species have brachpterous females ( see images ) . larvae tunnel into soil or turf layer subtending plants such as
sp . constructs a vertical tunnel with one or two lateral chambers where faecal pellets are stored . at the surface of the
( butler , 1877 ) southeastern north island , western south island ( map 5 , dugdale , 1994 ) flight : february - may ( esp . march ) holotype : natural history museum , london
dugdale , 1994 stewart island ( map 8 , dugdale , 1994 ) flight : january - march ( esp . february ) holotype : new zealand arthropod collection
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type - species : porina dinodes meyrick , 1890 . trans . n . z . inst . 22 : 206 . [ bhl ]
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nielsen , e . s . , g . s . robinson , d . l . wagner . 2000 . ghost - moths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia ( mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea ) ( lepidoptera ) . journal of natural history 34 ( 6 ) : 823 - 878 .
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= ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 40 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
porina aurimaculata philpott , 1914 ; trans . n . z . inst . 46 : 121 ; tl : the hermitage , mount cook
porina dinodes meyrick , 1890 ; trans . n . z . inst . 22 : 206 ; tl : new zealand
= ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 43 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
= ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 50 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 844 ( list )
notes on lepidoptera collected by h . hamilton in various localities in queenstown district , otago , between november , 1907 , and march , 1908
philpott , 1927 new zeakabd lepidoptera : notes and descriptions trans . n . z . inst . 57 : 703 - 709
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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dugdale , john s . , 1994 , hepialidae ( insecta : lepidoptera ) , fauna of new zealand 30 , pp . 164 - 164 : 164 - - 1
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moths can be regarded as a domestic inconvenience . they spin in awkward orbits about lamps , invade our cereal , snack on our woollens . but look closer ; theirs is a remarkable world of gluttony , dramatic transformations , mind - bending scents and wild sex .
the iconic puriri moth is the elephant of new zealand’s 30 species of swift moth . its life is brief . the adult moth lives for only 48 hours after as long as five years as a larva . and with no mouthparts , a meal is out of the question . its only task is to mate . the hind legs of the males are equipped with brush - like organs that exude pheromones , attracting female moths after dusk . the male will die after mating , and as her last act , the female will fly about scattering batches of up to 2000 eggs , each just a millimetre round . entomologist mike meads has likened the falling eggs in the forest to the sound of rain on leaves . when hatched , a puriri larva eats leaf litter , fungi and dead wood on the forest floor for two to three months before climbing a tree ( often a puriri , sometimes a kanuka , beech or putaputaweta ) where it will bore a hole and live as a caterpillar for up to five years before pupating . approximately six months later it emerges , with only one thing on its mind .
all butterflies and most moths have two pairs of overlapping wings , each comprised of two thin membranes . tubular veins radiate from the base of the wings , making them rigid and supporting oxygen exchange . lepidoptera , the order to which both butterflies and moths belong , means’ scale wings’ , and therein lies the secret of their iridescent colour . the wings are covered in tiny scales—the powder that is rubbed off when you hold a moth in your hands . they are modified bristles made of chitin—the same material as insect exoskeletons—and are layered from the end of the wing in the fashion of roofing tiles . the lustrous shimmer in a butterfly or moth wing is caused by interference between the light waves diffracting off microscopic ridges and holes in the scales . this is known as structural colour . together with the pigment of the chitin itself , the colour of the wings includes and astonishing variety of hues—from metallic gold to fluorescent orange , iridescent green sapphire blue—and even colours invisible to the human eye , notably those rendered in the ultraviolet spectrum .
new zealand’s economy is at the mercy of moths—as pollinators , and as agents of destruction .
the flashy red cinnabar moth , tyria jacobaeae , was imported by the cawthron institute in 1929 to combat ragwort , an invasive weed that can poison livestock . cinnabar moths munch through the flowers , limiting seed production and completely defoliating plants if larvae numbers are high . with the help of breeding programmes in the 1980s , this moth is now established nationwide .
while the cinnabar moth might be a farmer’s friend , the native porina moth devastates pasture , and the common forest looper , pseudocoremia suavis , also a native , moved from its natural host , the beech tree , to defoliate plantations of pine and douglas fir . the guava moth caterpillar bores into fruit—citrus , feijoa , guava and macadamia . the light brown apple moth’s leafroller caterpillar rolls and binds leaves with silk on 265 plant species , causing hundreds of millions of dollars in damage to foliage and fruit in orchards and plantations . and aucklanders will recall with consternation the aerial spraying campaign of 2006 to rid the western suburbs of painted apple moth that happily defoliated 92 plant species .
for decades , scientists have engaged in a battle of wits with such invasive species . one way to beat them , it has been found , is to employ the moths’ own carnal urges . while unimaginable gluttony is the prerogative of the caterpillar phase , for a winged adult moth , foremost on the agenda is sex .
male moths are easy to seduce : in order to breed , the females release a pheromone plume , an assortment of acetates and aldehydes that advertise her location . the molecules alight on the male’s feathery antennae and nerve impulses spark the ganglions in the brain .
the ratio of chemicals is specific to the species , a factor biological control scientists have turned to their advantage in controlling native and exotic pest species such as leafrollers and codling moths . since the 1800s , orchardists have been able to disperse synthetic hormones as “lure and kill” systems , or simply saturate the air , creating a pheromone noise termed ‘mating disruption’ so that the male moths can’t possibly locate the females .
these techniques , along with introduced parasitoids , sterile insect release and selective insecticides are all part of a new bag of chemical tricks with which scientists can protect new zealand’s environment and economy from the ravages of introduced predators .
while new zealand has 24 species of butterflies , the over whelming majority of the lepidoptera order found here is comprised of moths—at least 1700 species , 90 per cent of them found nowhere else in the world . they range from gossamer - thin , delicate beings to bombastic , whirring machines of the night . some are even flightless . moths are diverse ; mostly nocturnal , many diurnal , some vibrant with bright greens or yellows , some—such as the primitive izatha taingo infused with the colour of their lichen - clad surroundings , imperceptible to predators until they move .
many species are host - specific , a feature which has been to their detriment in the modern world— archyala opulenta larvae can grow only in the dung of the endangered short - tailed bat , and houdinia flexilissima larvae are found only in the thin stems of an endangered rush - like plant , sporadanthus ferrugineus , which is confined to just three wetland sites in the waikato .
generally speaking , moths can be described as creatures of the night which hold their wings horizontally when at rest and possess feathery vibration - and pheromone - sensing antennae with tapering ends . butterflies typically fly during the day , fold their wings together at rest and have smooth antennae which terminate in clubs . but the terms moth and butterfly are not recognised in scientific classifications and many species in the lepidoptera order defy this common description . new zealand’s ensemble is no exception : some moths , especially in the alpine zones , are brightly coloured and fly during the day , and some of the butterflies would be lost in collections with their muted and unremarkable wings .
“one way to look at it , ” says south island entomologist brian patrick , “is that butterflies are just a few sophisticated , highly evolved families of moths . in some languages , the word for butterfly and moth is the same . ”
patrick’s current research focuses on the genus notoreas , a colourful day - flying moth thought to include 45–50 species distributed from northland to stewart island , from coasts to mountains . they’re beautiful , undescribed and elusive , he says , “all the things that a moth - hunter likes” .
to collect notoreas specimens , patrick embarks on light - trapping field trips , sometimes driving for hours into the wilderness with a sheet and a sodium lamp to summon his subjects . while it is possible to disperse tailor - made cocktails of pheromones to attract specific species , light - trapping allows moth enthusiasts to record nocturnal species that are present in an area .
small flies and caddis arrive first , followed by chafer beetles , porina moths and small moths . larger moths follow , some not arriving until after midnight .
on a typical summer’s night , 50–80 species can be observed with equipment no more complicated than a sheet and a light source . in ideal conditions—warm , overcast nights with no moon and minimal wind—thousands of moths representing more than 100 species can gather about the lamp , the confused creatures fluttering into hair , faces , clothing . it’s not unusual to swallow a few .
collected specimens are transferred to a portable fridge in the car to calm them ( where they lie still alongside the chocolate that patrick considers just as mandatory for the light - trapping as the rest of the equipment ) . back in the lab , the moths can be examined in detail . and like forensic pathology , the smallest clues may provide the solution to the most vexing mysteries . one tiny moth has changed our understanding of the past 80 million years of new zealand history .
many of the large groups of ‘highly evolved’ moths are not present in new zealand . instead , this country crawls with unique and primitive species , their larvae eschewing flowers targeted by more evolved species and instead devouring lower - order plants such as mosses , algae , fungi , lichens , leaf litter and the wood of fallen trees .
new zealand’s primitive species have helped entomologists to understand the evolutionary path of moths and butterflies and , intriguingly , the process and timescale for the break - up of the gondwanan supercontinent , which included the continental land masses of south america , africa , new zealand , australia and antarctica . was new zealand completely submerged during the ‘oligocene drowning’ ( in which the zealandia continent sank 34–24 million years ago ) or did pockets stay above the waterline ? was there continuous land between new zealand and new caledonia ? the answer to some of these largest questions of palaeogeology may flutter in the form of a tiny metallic moth .
moths in the family micropterigidae are found worldwide . they live relatively sedentary lives in forests and are so primitive in form that the adults grind pollen with their mandibles rather than sip nectar , hence their common name ‘jaw moths’ . this feeding behaviour is typical of the earliest interactions between moths and flowers , as if this moth’s evolution was frozen in time . ( later , when plants ‘realised’ that having nectar was a better sacrifice to feed the pollinators , other lepidoptera species developed long , unfurling proboscises to take advantage of this sweet , liquid food source . jaw moths , however , just never moved on . )
brian patrick examines nocturnal arrivals that gather on his 3172nd light - trapping expedition since 1970—this one at canterbury’s kaitorete spit . the expeditions are either lone vigils or sociable nights ; he and photographer rod morris whiled away the night spinning yarns around their sodium light “campfire” .
sabatinca is a genus of this ancient moth family and is found only in new zealand and new caledonia .
entomologist george gibbs compared the dna of the sabatinca genus in both countries with long - extinct species in the fossil record . he discovered that sabatinca began diversifying on the zealandia continent as it split from gondwana 83 million years ago , while the new caledonian species could have colonised that island as early as 60 million years ago .
gibbs’ results indicate that new zealand was not entirely inundated during the oligocene , and that new zealand and new caledonia were probably connected for some time . it also illustrates how the history of massive continents can be stored in the genetic memory of their smallest inhabitants for millions of years .
lining the walls of the landcare research facility in mt wellington , auckland , are framed specimens of exotic atlas moths , contrasting with spectacular macro photographs of their smaller local cousins . filling a laboratory—strictly regulated to 48 per cent humidity and 18ºc—are chests of drawers brimming with hundreds of thousands of little moths , stuck through with pins . termed the ‘synoptic collection’ , it’s a summary of new zealand’s moth species using the best - preserved specimens , many of them collected by alfred philpott from the turn of last century .
native moth expert robert hoare has the task of poring through the massive collection using philpott’s technique of classifying moths according to the genitalia of the male of the species , an area of study integral to the world of insect classification .
ricardo palma , curator of insects at te papa , peers into one of the nine kauri cabinets holding the private collection accumulated by george vernon hudson while working at the wellington post office . hudson published some of new zealand’s definitive entomological texts , the first when he was only 19 .
while other physical characteristics such as markings and wingspan—can vary within a species , the male sexual organs are very different . they have unique grooves , hooks , valves and features which make each as unique as keys for a lock . ( some are embellished with alarming spikes called cornuti . in the genus ixatha , they snap off inside the female during mating , possibly to prevent her mating with another . )
by characterising the genitalia , hoare is working towards correctly describing new zealand’s lepidoptera species , consolidating some that were thought to be different species , and perhaps discovering new ones in their midst .
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most of the threatened or endangered invertebrates in new zealand are large , conspicuous , or flightless , and hence fall easy prey to introduced mammals . others are restricted to habitats which have been largely modified or destroyed . there are some , however , that would be facing a n uncertain future , even without the arrival of humans , a changing landscape and numerous predators .
myer ' s cicada is small , camouflaged , and able to fly , but it has not adapted to the changes which have shaped new zealand ' s present landscape , and is now isolated in a few rocky screes near turakirae head , wellington . its
, from g . v . hudson , 1928 ,
butterflies and moths of n . z .
from w . l . buller , 1873 , by courtesy of the royal society of n . z .
new zealand ' s largest moth may well be rarer than the black robin or the kakapo . buller ' s moth , a relative of the agricultural pest species the porina , is known only from a single specimen caught in the ruahine ranges by sir walter buller ( the famous victorian ornithologist ) and his brother - in - law , captain gilbert mair , while they were searching for huia during summer of 1867 .
the moth was reported to have a wingspan of almost 6 inches ( 150 millimetres ) , being as large as the huge bright green puriri or ghost moth which is occasionally attracted to house and street lamps on moist nights mainly during spring . the moth was described by buller and illustrated in the
of 1872 , and the specimen then lay for over 20 years in his son ' s collection . in 1890 , the moth was reportedly sent to the british museum on the barque
sank not on its way to england , but on the return journey , and so te present location of the specimen ( if it still exists ) remains a mystery .
the second part of the mystery lies with two caterpillars collected in 1975 from silver beech forest in the orongorongo valley , near wellington . these caterpillars , which tunnel in the soil and emerge at night to feed on the surrounding vegetation , are new to science . are they the caterpillars of the mysterious buller ' s moth , or a new species of large moth ?
attempts were made to rear the caterpillars on both natural and artificial diets , but without success , and trapping for adult moths has so far failed . until we are successful , the only record we have of this giant moth is a painting of a single moth caught more than 120years ago !
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a database of
missing
and recently extinct species of plants and animals .
the species comes from the island of chichijima in the ogasawara island group , japan and is considered most likely extinct .
depiction from : ‚henry august pilsbry : papers on mollusca of japan . philadelphia 1901 - 12 ‘
the genus hyperbaena contains about 70 species of trees that are distributed over the caribbean , as well as over central - and south america .
the egg - leaved hyperbaena , described in 1925 , was restricted to the provinces of guantánamo and holguín in the east of cuba .
[ 1 ] r . berazaín : the extinct flora of cuba . bissea 3 ( 2 ) . 2009
the large - eyed bembidion was described in the year 1877 , at a time when it was obviously already very rare .
see thomas vernon wollaston in the year 1877 ( coleoptera sanctae - helenae ) . :
“ it is only within the damp and rotten stems of the old tree ferns that i have observed the b . megalops ; and as i merely obtained three examples , it may be presumed to be of the greatest rarity . they were all found on the lofty , densely - wooded central ridge , in the neighbourhood of actaeon and diana’s peak . ”
the most recent searches in the years of 2005 to 2006 were unsuccessful , and the species must be considered most likely extinct .
[ 1 ] t . v . wollaston : coleoptera sanctae - helenae . london : john van voorst , paternoster row 1877 [ 2 ] h . mendel ; p . ashmole ; m . ashmole : invertebrates of the central peaks and peak dale , st helena . 2008
the species was a multi - branched shrub and reached sizes of 2 to 4 m .
the many - flowered clermontia is apparently known exclusively from specimens that had been collected in 1870 and , as it was never found since , is considered extinct .
photo from : ‘joseph f . rock : a monographic study of the hawaiian species of the tribe lobelioideae , family campanulaceae . memoirs of the bernice pauahi bishop museum of polynesian ethnology and natural history 7 : 1 - 394 . 1918’
the irregular leptachatina snail was described in 1855 . [ or 1856 , according to which source ]
this species , if it is accepted as one , is apparently only known from one collection [ or even from only one specimen ? ] , that was collected somewhere on the “sandwich islands” , the exact origin is not known .
the the irregular leptachatina snail , however , has not been accepted by all authors , and if it has been , it was sometimes placed into the genus amastra , it is now thought to most certainly be identical with leptachatina fusca newcomb . [ 1 ]
[ 1 ] george w . tryon ; henry a . pilsbry ; a . o . : manual of conchology . second series : pulmonata . vol 21 : achatinellidae ( amastrinae ) . 1911
rock’s phyllostegia is known from three collections which were made in the east of the island of maui , hawaiian islands . the last of which was collected in the year 1912 , the species is most likely extinct . [ 1 ]
[ 1 ] warren l . wagner : nomenclator and review of phyllostegia ( lamiaceae ) novon 9 ( 2 ) : 265 - 279 . 1999
the putnam minute moss beetle was described in 1910 based on material that had been sieved from the debris near a spring at a hillside somewhere in putnam county in indiana , usa .
the beetle is about 0 , 15 cm long , head and thorax are bronze colored , the elytra are glossy black , the legs are reddish brown . [ 1 ]
the species was apparently never found again since and is thus considered probably extinct , however , given the very small size of the beetle and the fact that the exact type locality is not known , there is a high possibility that it still exists .
[ 1 ] w . s . blatchley : an illustrated descriptive catalogue of the coleoptera or beetles ( exclusive of the rhynchophora ) known to occur in indiana . indianapolis , w . b . burford , contractor for state printing 1910
depiction from : ‘philip don perkins : aquatic beetles of the family hydraenidae in the western hemisphere : classification , biogeography and inferred phylogeny ( insecta : coleoptera ) . quaestiones entomologicae 16 : 3 - 554 . 1980’
this species from the island of sri lanka appears in lists that deal with extinct plant species and is thus mentioned here . [ 1 ]
unfortunately , i cannot say anything further about this species , it may indeed be extinct .
[ 1 ] the 2007 red list of threatened fauna and flora of sri lanka , colombo , sri lanka . xiii + 148 pp . iucn sri lanka and the ministry of environment and natural resources 2007
depiction from : ‘henry trimen : a hand - book to the flora of ceylon : containing descriptions of all the species of flowering plants indigenous to the island , and notes on their history , distribution , and uses : with an atlas of plates illustrating some of the more interesting species . ii : connaraceae – rubiaceae . london : dulau & co . 1894’
this form is known from several subfossil remains that had been recovered from a site at mauna kea on the island of hawai’i , hawaiian islands , at an elevation of 1450 .
the small hawaii crake falls within the size range of the hawaiian crake ( zapornia sandwichensis ( gmelin ) ) and may in fact turn out to be identical with that species . [ 1 ]
[ 1 ] storrs l . olson & helen f . james : descriptions of thirty - two new species of birds from the hawaiian islands : part i . non - passeriformes . in : ornithological monographs 45 . 1991
tagged hawai ' i , hawai ' i islands , porzana sp . ' hawai ' i 1 ' , rallidae , zapornia , zapornia sp . , zapornia sp . ' hawai ' i 1’
the saint helena swamphen was described in 1973 based on subfossil remains that had been found on the island of saint helena in the middle of the atlantic ocean .
the saint helena swamphen , like almost all of saint helena’s endemic bird species , disappeared at the beginning of the 16th century , shortly after the island was occupied by european settlers which brought with them several foreign animals . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
[ 1 ] storrs l . olson : evolution of the rails of the south atlantic islands ( aves : rallidae ) . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 125 . 1973 [ 2 ] storrs l . olson : paleornithology of st . helena island , south atlantic ocean . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 23 . 1975 [ 3 ] storrs l . olson : a synopsis of the fossil rallidae . in : s . dillon ripley : rails of the world : a monograph of the family rallidae . david r godine , boston : 339 - 373 . 1977
achatinellidae agrotis akamaru alabama amaranthaceae amastra amastridae anatidae apiaceae asteraceae australia austral islands barbodes bembidion brazil british overseas territory bythinella bythinellidae california campanulaceae capromyidae carabidae carelia charopidae chichijima chile chilonopsis cook islands cuba curculionidae cyanea cyprinidae ecuador endodontidae erebidae euphorbia euphorbiaceae fiji florida fringillidae galápagos islands gambier islands haiti hawai ' i hawai ' i islands hemignathus hispaniola jamaica japan kaua ' i leptachatina lesser antilles madeiran islands malvaceae mangareva marquesas maui mauritius mexico mindanao minidonta moloka ' i myrtaceae new mexico new zealand noctuidae o ' ahu ogasawara islands partula partulidae partulina philippines pleuroceridae poaceae portugal psittacidae queensland ra ' iatea rallidae rapa nui rarotonga rubiaceae rurutu saint helena society islands south africa sri lanka subulinidae tahiti taravai texas tonga tunisia unionidae usa vespertilionidae western australia zapornia zapornia sp .
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extinct waterbirds ( shorebirds , waterfowl , grebes , wading birds , and seabirds . )
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