the tooth-billed pigeon ( didunculus strigirostris ) , also known as the manumea , is a large pigeon found only in samoa .

it is the only living species of genus didunculus .

a related extinct species , the tongan tooth-billed pigeon ( didunculus placopedetes ) , is only known from subfossil remains in several archeological sites in tonga .

the tooth-billed pigeon is the national bird of samoa and featured on the 20 tālā bills and the 50 sene pieces of the 2008/2011 series .

tooth - billed pigeon

stamps showing tooth - billed pigeon didunculus strigirostris tooth - billed pigeon didunculus strigirostris tooth - billed pigeon didunculus strigirostris 70 . 087 tooth - billed pigeon ioc v2 . 4 : 2001 links will open countrypage in new window - samoa 10 . 03 . 1952 definitives - samoa 10 . 07 . more
* tooth - billed pigeon , didunculus strigirostris * tongan tooth - billed pigeon , didunculus placopedetes - prehistoric subfamily gourinae - crowned pigeons genus goura subfamily n . n . more
cyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of
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“tooth - billed pigeon mount” by gunnar creutz is licensed under cc by - sa 4 . 0 .
, or tooth - billed pigeon in the navigator islands – the nearest living ally to the extinct dodo .
ministry of natural resources & environment ( 2006 ) . recovery plan for the manumea or tooth - billed pigeon (
the tooth - billed pigeon is native to samoa , and is medium in size . the tooth - billed pigeon stands a little over one foot tall and has a darker coloring ; it has reddish feet and a black neck . the tooth - billed pigeon gets its name from the tooth - like projections on its mandible . it feeds on fruits of the dysoxylum and is classified as endangered .
3 . polynesian . polynesia and the adjoining islands . fauna is poor containing only 53 families . tooth - billed pigeon is unique .
jaw and tongue features in psittaciformes and other orders with special reference to the anatomy of the tooth - billed pigeon ( didunculus strigirostris ) .
tooth - billed pigeon kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : columbiformes family : columbidae genus : didunculus species : d . strigirostris
the tooth - billed pigeon is classified as endangered ( en ) , considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .
cyndy parr set
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didunculus strigirostris ( jardine , 1845 )
.
aspects of the topic tooth - billed pigeon are discussed in the following places at britannica . assorted references * description ( in pigeon ( bird ) ) the didunculinae consists of a single species , the tooth - billed pigeon ( didunculus strigirostris ) , which is native to samoa . this fruit - eating , terrestrial pigeon has adopted arboreal ways in response to near extermination by introduced predators . more
uili , m . ( 2014 ) . samoa’s little dodo : saving the tooth - billed pigeon . project id 06141613 . conservation leadership program project final report . unpublished .
occasional natural disasters , the tooth - billed pigeon is evaluated as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species . the tooth - billed pigeon , didunculus strigirostris , also known as samoan pigeon is a medium - sized , approximately 34 cm long , dark green pigeon with red bare skin around eye , chestnut wings , dark red feet and dark brown upperparts plumage . it has a large , curved and hooked orange bill with tooth - like projections on lower mandible . both sexes are similar , but the juvenile is duller with a dark bill . more
tooth - billed pigeon is confined to undisturbed forests of samoa in the pacific . it feeds almost exclusively on the fruits of dysoxylum , a tree in the mahogany family . the tooth - billed pigeon is the national bird of samoa and is locally known as the manumea . the species was probably found in october or november 1839 , by the united states ' exploring expedition under commander wilkes . more
tooth - billed pigeon - didunculus strigirostris diduncule strigirostre = diduncule strigirostre gallery : © john gould site web : urltoken order : columbiformes family : columbidae species : tooth - billed pigeon reference : jogo35410 copy forbidden without prior authorization . who are we ? the association | legal mentions | sources | contact updated on 2010 / 02 / 01 05 : 23 : 44 - © 1996 - 2010 oiseaux . more
and the weird tooth - billed pigeon ( didunculus strigirostris ) of samoa ( photo ) , which is teetering on the brink of extinction and was seen for the first time in more than a decade last december .
the only extant member in the monotypic genus didunculus , the tooth - billed pigeon is confined to undisturbed forests of samoa in the pacific . it feeds almost exclusively on the fruits of dysoxylum , a tree in the mahogany family .
pigeon
and
dove
redirect here . for other uses , see pigeon ( disambiguation ) and dove ( disambiguation ) .
…of a single species , the tooth - billed pigeon ( didunculus strigirostris ) , which is native to samoa . this fruit - eating , terrestrial pigeon has adopted arboreal ways in response to near extermination by introduced predators . unlike most pigeons , it uses its feet to hold down its food while pecking off pieces .
owen , to the tooth - billed pigeon ( didunculus strigirostris ) of the samoan or navigators ' islands . the name was intended to be a diminutive of dodo , ( as its scientific appellation didunculus is of didus ) . the hooked bill of the tooth - billed pigeon presents an outward resemblance to that of the celebrated extinct inhabitant of mauritius . however , didunculus differs remarkably from the dodo , and is part of the columbidae family ( doves and pigeons ) , in which it forms its own subfamily known as didunculinae . more
the tooth - billed pigeon , also called a manumea , is a very special bird . the nickname for this bird is the “little dodo” because it is the closest living relative to the extinct dodo bird . looking at the manumea , it is easy to see the resemblance . it is unlike any common pigeon that one might find in the city .
this is the first critically endangered species to be included on the # beakoftheweek blog . the tooth - billed pigeon is endemic to the samoan islands of upolu and savai’ i ( where is it known as manumea ) and is one of the closest relatives to the legendary extinct dodo . this fascinating pigeon is nicknamed the ‘little dodo’ and unfortunately relatively little is known about it .
a nicobar pigeon bathes at the smithsonian’s national zoo in washington © david j . ringer
in general , the terms
dove
and
pigeon
are used somewhat interchangeably .
the tooth - billed pigeon is an edge ( evolutionarily distinct & globally endangered ) species and it is believed that there is only between 50 - 249 mature individuals left in the wild . drivers of declines in numbers are habitat destruction ( logging and cattle ranches ) , hunting , invasive species and damage by cyclones during the 1990s .
tooth - billed pigeon didunculus strigirostris = described by : jardine ( 1845 ) alternate common name ( s ) : none known by website authors old scientific name ( s ) : none known by website authors photographs no photographs are available for this species range w . samoa ; ex . restricted range ; upolu and savaii is . more
breeding success and predation on artificial nests of the endemic pigeons bolle’s laurel pigeon columba bollii and white - tailed laurel pigeon c . junoniae in the laurel forest of tenerife ( canary islands ) .
i can offer you up some good news today ! back in 2013 a juvenile tooth - billed pigeon was photographed on savai’i which means that they are still breeding even though they are not being spotted very often . hopefully conservation efforts will lead to an increase in this species’ numbers in the near future so that we don’t lose them forever .
who had eaten tooth - billed pigeons , but only in their youth ) . we think the onus on conservation bodies , especially those receiving large grants for work on this species , is now to demonstrate indisputably that the species is still extant . given the apparent scandal of the wrong species ' vocalizations being used to ' census ' tooth - billed pigeons , ' recovery plans ' and the like in samoa should receive no further funding until sure - fire proof of existence is provided . more
tooth - billed pigeon didunculus strigirostris 2009 iucn red list category ( as evaluated by birdlife international - the official red list authority for birds for iucn ) : endangered justification this secretive species qualifies as endangered because it has a very small , fragmented range and population which are declining owing to hunting and habitat loss and degradation ( partly driven by cyclones ) . more
a large , extinct relative of the ( barely ) extant tooth - billed pigeon described above was described in 2006 from remains found in tonga ( steadman 2006 ) . the author notes in the abstract , “as with so many other landbirds in polynesia , the extinction of d . placopedetes occurred since the arrival of people and presumably was due to human impact . ”
tooth - billed pigeon didunculus strigirostris ogea monarch mayrornis personatai long - legged warbler trichocichla rufa samoan white - eye zosterops samoensis rotuma myzomela myzomela chermesina - name e - mail comment enter the correct letters and numbers from the image into the text box . this small test serves as access restriction against malicious bots . simply reload the page if this graphic is too hard to read . more
occasional natural disasters , the tooth - billed pigeon is evaluated as endangered on the i . u . c . n . red list of threatened species . copyright info urltoken does not have the copyright for this image . this photograph or artwork is copyright by the photographer or the original artist . if you are to use this photograph , please contact the copyright owner or the poster . more
thankfully not extinct : western crowned - pigeon ( goura cristata ) at the national zoo © david j . ringer
no xeno canto links calls are available for this species unfortunately , so you will have to sit back and enjoy this cool onezoom animation and explore their nearest relatives . definitely recommend taking a peak at the nicobar pigeon , i do love that pigeon .
for these birds involve a great deal of variation between the terms . the species most commonly referred to as
pigeon
is the
a new paper this year ( heupink et al . 2014 ) showed through genetic analysis that the mysterious spotted green pigeon ( caloenas maculata ) , also known as the “liverpool pigeon , ” was a distinct species closely related to the living nicobar pigeon . the bird today is documented physically by only a single specimen ( a second was lost ) , but where the specimens were collected — and therefore where this species actually lived before its extinction — is unknown .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . tooth - billed pigeon ( didunculus strigirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2014 ) . tooth - billed pigeon ( didunculus strigirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) ( 2014 ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 20 july 2015 ) .
, japan , australia and new zealand . the species is not the only pigeon to have increased its range due to the actions of man ; several other species have become established outside of their natural range after
a large pigeon similar to the nicobar pigeon was described from subfossil bones found in a new caledonian cave in the 1980s . it was called kanaka pigeon ( caloenas canacorum ) by the smithsonian scientists who analyzed the bones ( balouet and olson 1989 ) . the scientists noted that the species was 25 percent larger than its living cousin and that “it would have been a prime source of food for the early human inhabitants of new caledonia . ” it was flight capable ; “there is no indication of reduction in flight capability , ” the authors noted , but the species did not survive contact with the first island settlers in eastern melanesia .
in islam , doves and the pigeon family in general are respected and favoured because they are believed to have assisted the final prophet of islam , muhammad , in distracting his enemies outside the cave of thaw ' r in the great hijra .
but , in the wider view of things , extinction is necessary . it is what drives evolution . extinction is what befalls the species that fails to adapt , to survive , to thrive . most species go extinct . that is just the hard , cold reality of nature , red in tooth and claw .
31 cm . chunky , dark pigeon with heavy , hooked bill . lower mandible has two
teeth
that overlap the upper . mostly greenish - black with chestnut upperparts . bill red at base , then yellow . red eye - ring .
worthy , trevor h . ; hand , suzanne j . ; worthy , jennifer p . ; tennyson , alan j . d . ; scofield , r . paul ( 2009 ) .
a large fruit pigeon ( columbidae ) from the early miocene of new zealand
.
the rock pigeon has been domesticated for hundreds of years . it has been bred into several varieties kept by hobbyists , of which the best known is the homing pigeon or racing homer . other popular breeds are tumbling pigeons such as the birmingham roller and fancy varieties that are bred for certain physical characteristics , such as large feathers on the feet or fan - shaped tails . domesticated rock pigeons are also bred as carrier pigeons , used for thousands of years to carry brief written messages , and release doves used in ceremonies . white doves are also commonly used in magic acts .
here are some facts about the tooth - billed pigeon • it only lives on the samoan islands of upolu and savai’i . • it is the national bird of samoa . • it is endangered ; some estimate only 250 of the birds are left . • its natural habitat is in forests and along the forest edge . • the bird is incredibly secretive , so it is often difficult to count the population . • it has a large hooked bill with two “teeth” on the lower jaw , which is unique among pigeons . • the bill is red and yellow towards the tip . • it has a thick body ( some call it chunky ) and red rings around its eyes . • the average bird is 31 cm long . • its legs and feet are also red . • the body of the birds is a blackish - brown and the wings a lighter chestnut color . • it mostly eats the fruits of the dysoxylum tree , though it does eat some other seeds . • they usually lay two eggs at a time .
the pigeon has contributed to both world war i and ii , notably by the australian , french , german , american , and uk forces . thirty - two pigeons have been decorated with the dickin medal for war contributions , including commando , g . i . joe , paddy , and william of orange .
the dodo and rodrigues solitaire are in all likelihood part of the indo - australian radiation that produced the three small subfamilies mentioned above , with the fruit - doves and pigeons ( including the nicobar pigeon ) . therefore , they are here included as a subfamily raphinae , pending better material evidence of their exact relationships .
the dodo ( raphus cucullatus ) — that towering icon of modern anthropogenic extinctions — was a pigeon . not , as linneaus thought , an ostrich , nor even , as later scientists concluded , a distant cousin of pigeons deserving of family rank , it was an honest - to - goodness pigeon , deeply embedded within the family columbidae . in fact , the dodo belonged to a clade ( sometimes called raphini ) of 15 remarkable , bizarre , intriguing island - adapted pigeons , some of which are still alive today , but eight of which have been hacked from the tree of life , driven to extinction by humans . the painting above is by 17th - century flemish artist roelant savery .
while many species of pigeons and doves have benefited from human activities and have increased their ranges , many other species have declined in numbers and some have become threatened or even succumbed to extinction . among the 10 species to have become extinct since 1600 ( the conventional date for estimating modern extinctions ) are two of the most famous extinct species , the dodo and the passenger pigeon .
the passenger pigeon was exceptional for a number of reasons . it is the only pigeon species to have become extinct in modern times that was not an island species . it was once the most numerous species of bird on earth . its former numbers are difficult to estimate , but one ornithologist , alexander wilson , estimated one flock he observed contained over two billion birds . the decline of the species was abrupt ; in 1871 , a breeding colony was estimated to contain over a hundred million birds , yet the last individual in the species was dead by 1914 . although habitat loss was a contributing factor , the species is thought to have been massively overhunted , being used as food for slaves and , later , the poor , in the united states throughout the 19th century .
2 . australian . australia and tasmania . there are 98 families of vertebrates and the region is home of monotremes and marsupials . monotremes include short - nosed echidna , long - nosed echidna and duck - billed platypus . marsupials include marsupial rat kangaroos , tasmanian devil , koala , the horny possum , marsupial mole and rabbit - eared bandicoot . tasmanian wolf ( thylacinus cynocephalus ) became extinct in 1936 . there are scrub birds , lyre birds , emus and plenty of cobras . tailed amphibians are absent .
the henderson archaic pigeon ( bountyphaps obsoleta ) is another recent discovery , this one discovered in the 1990s and described in 2008 ( worthy and wragg 2008 ) from remains found on henderson island , which is roughly halfway between australia and south america . the bones are fragmentary but suggest a placement in raphini for this large and apparently partially flighted bird that was driven to extinction when the island was temporarily settled by polynesians 600 - 900 years ago .
the program qdate was used to estimate divergence times as in ( 8 ) with a simple modification for cases in which only a single fossil calibration point is available . the pigeon fossil record is too poor to provide an internal calibration point for the molecular rate calculations , so the well - dated divergence between penguins and procellariformes ( 58 mya , 9 ) , as well as the less constrained chicken / guinea fowl split ( 40 mya , 9 ) were used as external calibrations in separate analyses . the quartets consisted of the calibration pair and either the solitaire / dodo or solitaire / nicobar pigeon . divergence date estimates were similar using either calibration ( within the 95 % ci ) , as were additional molecular clock analyses using non - parametric rate smoothing ( 10 ) with the penguin / albatross calibration point . dates given in the text were generated using the penguin / albatross calibration and no rate smoothing .
it is the 100th anniversary of the extinction of the passenger pigeon , once one of the most abundant species in the world . in order to raise our awareness , to remind us of what we have lost , and to inspire us to fight for every . single . species . we are hosting extinction week here on 10 , 000 birds from 7 september to 13 september . come back , click through , read , learn . and get angry and take action .
the large , crested choiseul pigeon ( microgoura meeki ) inhabited choiseul and perhaps nearby islands in the solomon islands . solomon islanders say that the species was driven to extinction by cats and dogs introduced by europeans . specimens were collected in 1904 , and the bird has not been recorded with certainty since . in this video solomon islands naturalist myknee sirikolo examines five specimens housed at the american museum of natural history in new york and — speaking in a mix of pijin and english — tells other solomon islanders about the bird and makes a plea for conservation of the plant and animal species in their forests , other lands , and ocean so that future extinctions can be avoided .
six avian families had previously been suggested to have close associations with the columbiformes ( 6 ) : pterocliidae ( sandgrouse ) , gruidae ( cranes ) , turnicidae ( buttonquails ) , laridae ( gulls , skuas , etc ) , coliidae ( mousebirds ) , psittidae ( parrots ) . we obtained 12s and cytochrome b sequences for 18 genera in these families from genbank , and generated the same data from a sandgrouse , pterocles . the ml analyses consistently showed the columbidae to be most closely related to the gulls ( laridae ) . while the support for this arrangement was moderate , it was recovered under a wide variety of parameters . while a shorebird - pigeon relationship has often been raised ( 6 , 7 ) this appears to be the first molecular evidence in support of the relationship . consequently , we used two species of laridae ( great skua , catharacta skua , u76807 , u76772 and parasitic jaeger , stercorarius parasiticus , u76826 , u76766 ) as outgroups in the columbiform phylogenetic analyses .
flight of the dodo beth shapiro , dean sibthorpe , andrew rambaut , jeremy austin , graham m . wragg , olaf r . p . bininda - emonds , patricia l . m . lee , and alan cooper
feather samples were obtained from extant taxa , while tissue ( single toe pad ) and bone samples were obtained from museum specimens of rare or extinct taxa ( details available on request ) . we obtained 1cm 2 of cortical bone from a tarsal of the oxford university museum of natural history dodo specimen and from a solitaire femur found in the caverne bambara cave system on rodrigues island . the samples were cleaned and dna was extracted using organic solvents and standard ancient dna techniques ( 1 ) . samples from museum skins were rinsed with 0 . 5m edta to remove chemicals used for preservation purposes ( e . g . alum and arsenic ) before extraction . pcr amplifications were performed as in ( 2 ) . primer sequences are available from the authors on request . sequences have been deposited in genbank ( accession numbers af483281 - af483353 ) .
ml bootstrap consensus values were generated using parameters as for the main analysis , but with starting trees generated by neighbor joining . bayesian posterior probabilities were estimated for each branch of the tree using a mcmc approach ( 5 ) . four chains were run , starting from random trees , for 1 , 000 , 000 generations sampling trees every 500 generations . the first 40 , 000 generations were discarded to allow the chains to converge . the bayesian posterior probabilities are then approximated by the frequency that a particular bipartition of taxa appears within the set of 1920 trees .
1 . cooper , a . , poinar , h . science 289 , 1139 ( 2000 ) . 2 . cooper , a . et al . nature 409 , 704 - 707 ( 2001 ) . 3 . kishino , j . , hasegawem , l . j . mol . evol . 29 , 170 ( 1989 ) . 4 . swofford , d . l . paup * phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) sinaur , sunderland , ma ( 1998 ) . 5 . huelsenbeck , j . p . , ronquist , f . neilsen , r . , bollback , j . p . science in press . 6 . sibley , c . g . , ahlquist , j . e . phylogeny and classification of birds : a study in molecular evolution ( yale university press , new haven and london , 1990 ) . 7 . cracraft , j . the auk 98 , 681 ( 1981 ) . 8 . rambaut , a . , bromham , l . mol . biol . evol . 15 , 442 ( 1999 ) . 9 . cooper , a . , penny , d . science 275 , 1109 ( 1997 ) . 10 . sanderson , m . j . mol . biol . evol . 14 , 1218 ( 1997 ) .
© 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter . science issn 1095 - 9203 .
newton , alfred , 1829 - 1907 ; gadow , hans , 1855 - ; lydekker , richard , 1849 - 1915 ; roy , charles s . ( charles smart ) ; shufeldt , robert w . ( robert wilson ) , 1850 - 1934
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
atherton , j . , beichle , u . , collar , n . , freifeld , h . , hobcroft , d . , o ' brien , m . , scott , d . & stirnemann , r .
ashpole , j , benstead , p . , dutson , g . , mahood , s . , o ' brien , a . , shutes , s . , stattersfield , a . , symes , a . , taylor , j .
this species is listed as critically endangered because it is estimated to have an extremely small population that is inferred to be in decline owing to the interacting threats of human - driven habitat loss , habitat damage caused by cyclones , invasive species and non - target mortality caused by hunters . there is now an urgent need for intensive conservation actions to halt the species ' s perilous slide towards extinction .
where it is known as manumea . its total population was estimated at 4 , 800 - 7 , 200 birds in the mid - 1980s ( beichle 1987 ) , but in the 1990s the population showed a drastic decline owing to the effects of cyclones such that in 2000 fewer than 2 , 500 mature individuals were believed to survive . in 1999 and 2000 , surveys on savai ' i showed that it had become rare with pairs scattered in suitable habitat . an eleven - month survey in 2005 - 2006 reported the species from only ten locations , and the population was estimated to number only a few hundred , although the remote and largely intact uplands of savai ' i remained largely unsurveyed ( ministry of natural resources and the environment , samoa 2006 )
. small numbers were recorded in a few locations on upolu in 2009 . surveys for the species conducted by the ministry of natural resources and the environment on savai ' i in 2013 yielded one record , of a juvenile bird that was photographed , this being the first confirmed sighting on savai ' i for almost a decade . an adult bird was also observed in the same area during the survey ( uili
and , using crude estimates of the area of remaining forest , extrapolated to a total world population of 4800–7200 , rounded to 5000–7000 in beichle ( 1991 ) . the total population was estimated ‘a few hundred for both savaii and upolu’ , albeit with‘a good population’ at tafua on savaii , based on fieldwork in 2005 and 2006 ( beichle 2006 ) . no definitive records were made during surveys in 2012 in upland savaii ( atherton and jefferies 2012 ) . one juvenile was photographed on savaii in 2013 ( e . g . anon . 2014 ) . several other targeted surveys have not recorded the species , but reliable local hunters reported a steady decline during the past decades , but that it still exists at uafato , malololelei , aopo and taga forests ( serra
2016 ) . based on these very few numbers , despite significant survey effort , the total population is plausibly < 250 mature individuals with possibly no more than 50 mature individuals in each of the two presumed subpopulations , on upolu and savai ' i .
no new data are available on population trends , but the species is suspected to have undergone a very rapid decline over the past three generations ( estimated at 20 years ) , based on the low number of recent records , and owing to the partially synergistic effects of forest degradation by cyclones and invasive tree species , as well as accidental mortality from hunting and direct loss of habitat through agricultural expansion . consensus among reliable hunters reiterate this downward trend (
serra 2016 ) . this assessment of the rate of decline may be conservative given the perceived change in abundance since the 1990s and the potential impacts of severe tropical cyclone evan in december 2012 ( r . stirnemann in litt . 2012 ) . it is suspected that a very rapid decline will take place over the next three generations if conservation actions are not increased , owing to the expected impacts of intermittent powerful cyclones and the inherent consequences of the species ' s extremely small population size .
it occurs in primary forest from sea - level to 1 , 600 m , also occurring in forest edge , along forest roads and sometimes visiting clearings where native trees remain ( beichle 1987 , blockstein 1987 , u . beichle
. juvenile bills are unsuitable to open seeds , and is plausible that juveniles feed disproportionately on the ground until their bills develop ( collar 2015 ) . local hunters report that the species ' s preferred fruiting trees are the
it is fully protected by law and hunting is banned , although this has not been well enforced . it occurs in some proposed and a few existing protected areas , but these have suffered cyclone damage and the o le pupu pu ` e national park on upolu is threatened by logging and cattle - farming ( beichle and maelzer 1985 )
. to create offshore island refuges for several samoan species threatened by invasive pests , in 2009 rat eradication from nu’ulua was successful but failed on nu’utele ( tye and butler 2013 ) . a species recovery plan was published by the samoan ministry of natural resources and environment , and components of the plan are being implemented with the samoan conservation society , a local ngo formed in 2015 . communities were visited in 2013 - 2014 to survey for sightings by local people and raise awareness of the species , potentially reducing hunting and increasing the chances of future sightings ( ministry of natural resources and the environment , samoa
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : didunculus strigirostris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
31–38 cm ; 400 g . robust , with a short tail ; unique bill is stout and curved , with two notches and three projections in either side of lower mandible , yellow , red at . . .
advertising call by male is delivered from atop tree , a drawn - out “oooo” that often rises and falls . . .
found in both primary and secondary native forest , but nowadays apparently almost exclusively . . .
virtually nothing known . nest reported to be well hidden in thick foliage about 5–12 m above the ground , though no detailed . . .
no information on movements . flies strongly when flushed from the ground , rising with loudly . . .
critically endangered . population estimated to be 5000–7000 birds in mid - 1980s , when listed as vulnerable , but this may have been an overoptimistic reckoning ; listed as . . .
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in shapiro et al . 2002 . science 295 : 1683 , its closest relatives are goura , caloenas nicobarica and the dodo and the solitaire , and not gallicolumba
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very distinctive genus of uncertain affinities , perhaps most closely allied to gallicolumba . some early workers placed it in its own family , didunculidae , but recent molecular analyses indicate that it is basal to a clade containing goura , caloenas , raphus and pezophaps # r . single species survives , although a larger , extinct member of the genus has been found in cave deposits on ‘eua ( s tonga ) .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
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the manumea is endangered , and many people are worried that it will follow the path of its relative , the dodo bird , to extinction . the bird is endangered due to hunting and shrinking of its habitat . for years , it was part of the local culture to have a huge annual hunt for the birds . this hunt is now illegal , but in the past , it resulted in thousands of birds dying . several reasons explain the loss of habitat . forests have been demolished to make way for farmland and other developments , and the powerful cyclones that hit the island often destroy forest . hope for survival still exists for the manumea , though . many people are working to protect their forests and support the species .
it is the national bird of samoa and is legally protected from hunting although this is not enforced . conservation efforts are targeted at bringing this species back from the brink of extinction , such as habitat restoration and extending hunting bans to including all native pigeons to prevent accidental killing . establishment of captive populations and translocation to rat - free islands are also being considered as possible steps .
the dodo , unfortunately extinct but manages to be one of the most well known birds ever to have existed .
little is known about breeding in this species except that they are thought to nest in thick foliage about 5 - 12m from the ground and lay 2 eggs per clutch .
birdlife international ( 2015 ) species factsheet : didunculus strigirostris . downloaded from urltoken on 20 / 07 / 2015 .
“the dodo” by biodiversity heritage library is licensed under cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 321 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
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picture of didunculus strigirostris above has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - share alike license . original source : isidro mart author : isidro mart permission : some rights reserved
bird mounted standing on a perch , with head turned slightly towards its pl side .
the color is blackish ; the total length is about 14 inches ; the beak besides being toothed is remarkably large and strong , with a very convex culmen , like that of a bird of prey .
william & robert chambers encyclopaedia - a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people ( philadelphia , pa : j . b . lippincott & co . , 1881 )
copyright © 2004–2018 florida center for instructional technology . clipart etc is a part of the educational technology clearinghouse and is produced by the florida center for instructional technology , college of education , university of south florida .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
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< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain nadh dehydrogenase ( complex i ) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis . complex i functions in the transfer of electrons from nadh to the respiratory chain . the immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone .
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the < a href =
urltoken
> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
urltoken
> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
urltoken
> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
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pigeons and doves constitute the bird family columbidae , which includes about 310 species .
pigeons and doves are stout - bodied birds with short necks , and short slender bills ( and in some species , these bills feature fleshy ceres ) . they primarily feed on seeds , fruits , and plants . this family occurs worldwide , but the greatest variety is in the indomalaya and australasia ecozones .
doves and pigeons build relatively flimsy nests – often using sticks and other debris – which may be placed in trees , on ledges , or on the ground , depending on species . they lay one or two eggs at a time , and both parents care for the young , which leave the nest after seven to 28 days .
(
the only other group , however , which shows the same behaviour , the pteroclididae , is placed near the doves just by this doubtlessly very old characteristic .
the columbidae are usually divided into five subfamilies , probably inaccurately . for example , the american ground and quail doves , which are usually placed in the columbinae , seem to be two distinct subfamilies .


terebra pedroana is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family terebridae , the auger snails .

the subspecies terebra pedroana hemphilli vanatta , 1924 has become a synonym of terebra hemphilli vanatta , 1924

terebra pedroana

terebra bruguière , j . g . , 1789 type species : terebra subulata linnaeus , c . , 1758
terebra ( amanda - group ) type species : terebra ( amanda - group ) amanda hinds , r . b . , 1844
terebra ( panamensis - group ) type species : terebra ( panamensis - group ) panamensis dall , w . h . , 1908
terebra ( picta - group ) type species : terebra ( picta - group ) picta hinds , r . b . , 1844
terebra ( textilis - group ) type species : terebra ( textilis - group ) textilis hinds , r . b . , 1844
terebra ( variegata - group ) type species : terebra ( variegata - group ) variegata gray , j . e . , 1834
terebra ( alba - group ) type species : terebra ( alba - group ) alba gray , j . e . , 1834
terebra ( elata - group ) type species : terebra ( elata - group ) elata hinds , r . b . , 1844
terebra subulata lamarck , 1816 synonym of terebra areolata a . adams & reeve , 1850 , itself a synonym of myurella kilburni ( burch , 1965 )
terebra ( textilis - group ) textilis roseata ( var . ) ( 4 )
terebra ( variegata - group ) specillata balaenorum ( var . ) ( 1 )
terebra ( bathyrhaphe - group ) bridgesi dushaneae ( var . ) ( 4 )
terebra ( elata - group ) elata montijoensis ( var . ) ( 2 )
terebra bruguière , 1789 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 14 september 2010 .
terebra mindanaoensis aubry , 2008 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 7 april 2010 .
terebra ( bathyrhaphe - group ) type species : granuliterebra bathyrhaphe smith , e . a . , 1875
cinguloterebra oyama , k . , 1961 type species : terebra hedleyana pilsbry , h . a . , 1905
pristiterebra taki , i . & k . oyama , 1954 type species : terebra tsuboiana yokoyama , m . , 1922
species strioterebrum grayi ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) accepted as terebra grayi e . a . smith , 1877
terebra kilburni r . d . burch , 196 5 : synonym of myurella kilburni ( r . d . burch , 1965 )
species strioterebrum weisbordi j . gibson - smith & w . gibson - smith , 1984 accepted as terebra dislocata ( say , 1822 )
impages smith , e . a . , 1873 type species : terebra caerulescens lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
terebra ( predatory gastropods ) is prey of : urophycis floridana prionotus scitulus prionotus tribulus sediment poc based on studies in : usa : florida ( estuarine ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
lectotype for terebra ( strioterebrum ) balaenorum dall , 1908 catalog number : usnm 110599 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry collector ( s ) : united states fish commission year collected : 1888 locality : ballenas bay , sw of , baja california , mexico , north pacific ocean depth ( m ) : 10 . 1 to 10 . 1 vessel : albatross r / v
paralectotype for terebra ( strioterebrum ) balaenorum dall , 1908 catalog number : usnm 610318 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry collector ( s ) : united states fish commission year collected : 1888 locality : ballenas bay , sw of , baja california , mexico , north pacific ocean depth ( m ) : 10 . 1 to 10 . 1 vessel : albatross r / v
terebra ( predatory gastropods ) preys on : brachiodontes exustus bivalvia crepidula fornicata crepidula convexa argopecten irradians chione cancellata acteon punctostriatus cadulus carolinesis swartziella catesbyana acetocina candei truncatella pulchella nassarius vibex olivella mutica haminoea succinea mangelia plicosa paralichthyes albigutta strongylura marina urophycis floridana prionotus scitulus prionotus tribulus anchoa mitchilli menidia beryllina leiostomus xanthurus laridae cyprinodon variegatus anatidae fundulus confluentus fundulus similis adinia xenica based on studies in : usa : florida ( estuarine ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
terryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates . [ details ]
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
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full reference : e . vredenburg . 1925 . description of mollusca from the post - eocene tertiary formation of north - western india : cephalopoda , opisthobranchiata , siphonostomata . memoirs of the geological survey of india 50 ( 1 ) : 1 - 350
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell 75 . 0 x 18 . 0
lectotype : dall , w . h . 1908 . bull . mus . comp . zool . 43 ( 6 ) : 252 .
paralectotype : dall , w . h . 1908 . bull . mus . comp . zool . 43 ( 6 ) : 252 .
depth range based on 2 specimens in 2 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 48 - 183 temperature range ( °c ) : 17 . 630 - 21 . 123 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 866 - 7 . 725 salinity ( pps ) : 36 . 289 - 36 . 338 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 515 - 4 . 795 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 129 - 0 . 618 silicate ( umol / l ) : 2 . 064 - 3 . 471 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 48 - 183 temperature range ( °c ) : 17 . 630 - 21 . 123 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 866 - 7 . 725 salinity ( pps ) : 36 . 289 - 36 . 338 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 515 - 4 . 795 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 129 - 0 . 618 silicate ( umol / l ) : 2 . 064 - 3 . 471 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
christian rr , luczkovich jj ( 1999 ) organizing and understanding a winters seagrass foodweb network through effective trophic levels . ecol model 117 : 99124
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
this section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( april 2010 )
aubry ( 2008 ) . malacologia mostra mondiale 59 ( 2 ) : 12 - 13 . world register of marine species , retrieved 7 april 2010 .
terryn , y . ( 2010 ) . perirhoe circumcincta ( deshayes , 1857 ) . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 05 - 19
species strioterebrum angelli j . gibson - smith & w . gibson - smith , 1984 accepted as euterebra angelli ( j . gibson - smith & w . gibson - smith , 1984 )
species strioterebrum quadrispiralis ( weisbord , 1962 ) accepted as euterebra angelli ( j . gibson - smith & w . gibson - smith , 1984 )
species strioterebrum trispiralis ( weisbord , 1962 ) accepted as euterebra angelli ( j . gibson - smith & w . gibson - smith , 1984 )
species strioterebrum wilkinsi dance & eames , 1966 accepted as euterebra fuscobasis ( e . a . smith , 1877 )
( of brevimyurella oyama , 1961 ) oyama k . ( 1961 ) . on some new facts of the taxonomy of terebridae . venus . 21 ( 2 ) : 176 - 189 . page ( s ) : 187 [ details ]
( of punctoterebra bartsch , 1923 ) terryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates . [ details ]
( of brevimyurella oyama , 1961 ) terryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates . [ details ]
clathroterebra oyama , k . , 1961 type species : clathroterebra fortunei deshayes , g . p . , 1857
duplicaria dall , w . h . , 1908 type species : duplicaria duplicata linnaeus , c . , 1758
euterebra cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1932 type species : euterebra tristis tristis deshayes , g . p . , 1859
granuliterebra oyama , k . , 1961 type species : granuliterebra bathyrhaphe smith , e . a . , 1875
hastula adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : hastula strigilata linnaeus , c . , 1758
hastulopsis oyama , k . , 1961 type species : hastulopsis melanacme smith , e . a . , 1873
myurella hinds , r . b . , 1844 type species : myurella affinis gray , j . e . , 1834
oxymeris dall , w . h . , 1903 type species : oxymeris maculatus linnaeus , c . , 1758
pellifronia terryn , y . & m . holford , 2008 type species : pellifronia jungi lai , k . y . , 2001
perirhoe dall , w . h . , 1908 type species : perirhoe circumcincta deshayes , g . p . , 1857
strioterebrum sacco , f . , 1891 type species : strioterebrum basteroti nyst , p . - h . , 1843
triplostephanus dall , w . h . , 1908 type species : triplostephanus triseriatus gray , j . e . , 1834
terenolla iredale , t . , 1929 type species : terenolla pygmaea hinds , r . b . , 1844
i newer passion , but how difficult it is to enjoy taking a walk on the beach looking at shells .
file should be in the following format : taxon name , description . csv should not contain a header row .
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terryn , y . ( 2007 ) terebridae : a collectors guide : conchbooks & natural art . 59pp + plates .
terryn , y . ( 2007 ) . terebridae : a collectors guide . < em > conchbooks & natural art . < / em > 59pp + plates .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .


paleoparadoxia ( " ancient paradox " ) is a genus of large , herbivorous aquatic mammals that inhabited the northern pacific coastal region during the miocene epoch ( 20 to 10 million years ago ) .

it ranged from the waters of japan ( tsuyama and yanagawa ) , to alaska in the north , and down to baja california , mexico .

paleoparadoxia was about 2.2 m ( 7 ft 3 in ) long .

paleoparadoxia

cords , annette . paleoparadoxia earliest site visitor . the interaction point , july 1991 .
tokunaga 1939 named the genus cornwallius but reinhart 1959 synonymized it as a species of paleoparadoxia .
panofsky , adele i . stanford paleoparadoxia fossil skeleton mounting . slac - pub - 7829 , sep 1998 . 143pp .
doty , andy . paleoparadoxia reassembled : adele panofsky ' s inspirational journey . : stanford historical society , sandstone & tile v21 no . 1 ( winter 1997 )
paleoparadoxia ( left : desmostylia , paenungulata ) and ambulocetus ( right : cetacea , cetartiodactyla ) in two different ways of reconstructions - - top : terrestrial / semi - aquatic ; bottom : obligate aquatic .
our results indicate that the depositional environment of desmostylus specimens was restricted to the inner sublittoral zone shallower than 30 m in depth whereas that of paleoparadoxia specimens ranged from the inner sublittoral ( 0–50 m ) to upper bathyal zone ( between 150 and 400 and 500 m ) . this finding indicates that desmostylus lived in nearshore water while paleoparadoxia foraged in a relatively deep , offshore water . the depositional segregation of these two genera most likely reflects their different habitat preferences .
paleoparadoxia is thought to have fed primarily on seaweeds and sea grasses . the jaws and the angle of the teeth resemble a backhoe bucket . its bulky body was well adapted for swimming and underwater foraging , but not for extended deep - sea living or deep diving . originally interpreted as amphibious , paleoparadoxia is now thought to have been a fully marine mammal like their living relatives , the sirenians , spending most of their lives walking across the sea bottom like marine hippos .
adele panofsky , wife of slac’s founding director , creating a cast model of a rare fossilized skeleton of the ancient marine mammal neoparadoxia repenningi ( formerly paleoparadoxia ) . the fossil was discovered in 1964 during construction of the lab’s 2 - mile linear accelerator .
taru , h . & kohno , n . , 2013 . reconsideration of the paleoparadoxia skeleton from the middle miocene yanagawa formation , date city , fukushima , japan . 162th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( yokohama national university , kanagawa , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 18 . ( in japanese )
further reading -  a review of the sirenia and desmostylia ,  r .  h .  reinhart  -  1959 . -  the stanford skeleton of paleoparadoxia ( mammalia :  desmostylia )  ,  n .  inuzuka  -  2005 . -  a new early miocene species of paleoparadoxia ( mammalia :  desmostylia ) from california ,  j .  m .  clark  -  1991 . -  an outline of the miocene cetotheres of japan ,  t .  kimura and y .  hasegawa  -  2004 . -  desmostylian fossils from the yatsuo group in toyama prefecture ,  central japan and their paleoenvironments ,  k .  kaneko and n .  inuzuka  -  1992 . -  miocene marine vertebtates from san clemente island ,  california ,  e .  d .  w .  mitchell and j .  h .  lipps  -  1964 . -  a partial skeleton of paleoparadoxia from san - yama ,  ogano - cho ,  saitama prefecture ,  central japan ,  h .  saegusa  -  2002 . -  a smaller manus of the paleoparadoxia ( mammalia :  desmostylia ) from the haratajino formation ,  tomioka group ,  gunma ,  japan ,  h .  yoshikazu ,  k .  toshiyuki & m .  ryosuke  -  2006 . -  desmostylian tooth remains from the miocene tokigawa group at kuzubukuro ,  saitama ,  japan ,  k .  shimada & n .  inuzuka  -  1994 . -   paleoparadoxia tabatai from yanagawa - machi ,  fukushima prefecture ,  northeastern japan ,  y .  hasegawa and y .  taketani  -  1994 .
uno , h . , yoneda , m . , taru , h . , & kohno , n . , 2006 . estimation of dietary and habitat preferences of desmostylus and paleoparadoxia based on carbon and oxygen stable isotope and trace element analyses . 66th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( ottawa , canada ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology . 26 ( suppl . to 3 ) : 134a .
our index lets us conclude that ambulocetus and two desmostylians ( paleoparadoxia and neoparadoxia ) could not have supported themselves on land ; they were exclusively aquatic ,
ando says .
but the findings were inconclusive for the third desmostylian ( desmostylus ) . we may need to perform additional studies on the intermediate group of semiaquatic species , include a bone density variable in our model , or improve our data on the body mass of extinct species to refine the index .
desmostylus and paleoparadoxia are extinct marine mammals belonging to the order desmostylia that existed in the period between the late oligocene and middle miocene . all occurrences of their fossils are limited to marine strata along the coasts of the north pacific ocean . although these two genera have similar body form , their paleoecologies including habitat preferences are thought to be different because their cranial structures are distinctive as well as they have been known separately in different localities . we estimated the depositional depths of their fossil occurrences on the basis of the associated mollusks and benthic foraminiferal assemblages from 45 desmostylian localities . only data on complete or partial skeletal specimens were considered in order to exclude cases of reworking and pre - burial drift of carcasses that would confound our inference .
name : paleoparadoxia  ( ancient puzzle )  . phonetic : pay - le - o - pah - rah - dox - e - ah . named by : r .  h .  reinhart  -  1959 . classification : chordata ,  mammalia ,  desmostylia . species : p .  tabatai ( type )  ,  p .  media ,  p .  repenningi ,  p .  weltoni . diet : herbivore . size : around 2 . 5 meters long . known locations : japan  -  haraichi formation ,  haratajino formation ,  kurosedani formation ,  nagura formation ,  niwaya formation ,  satiama prevecture ,  sekinohana formation ,  tonokita formation ,  ushikubitoge formation ,  yamanouchi formation .  usa ,  california  -  ladera sandstone formation ,  monterey formation ,  oclese sand formation ,  santa margarita formation ,  skooner gulch formation ,  temblor formation ,  topanga formation .  mexico ,  baja california  -  torgugas formation . time period : aquitanian through to the tortonian of the miocene . fossil representation : remains of multiple individuals .
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full reference : s . tokunaga . 1939 . a new fossil mammal belonging to desmostylidae . journal of the geological society of tokyo 31 ( 371 ) : 289 - 300
see also domning 1996 , inuzuka et al . 2006 , matsui and kawabe 2015 , reinhart 1959 and shikama 1966
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( barnes 2013 , 2 . 2m long ; miocene , 20 - 10 mya ) was a desmostylian derived from a sister to cambaytherium and was basal to behemotops and desmostylus .
no prior studies have recovered the hippo and desmostylian relationship , but several prior papers have noted the convergent size , body type and lifestyle with hippos . rather most studies ally desmostylian with sirenians and elephants .
the nares continue to move to the dorsal skull on paleoparadoxi a , ideal for breathing while otherwise underwater . note the vertical orientation of the pelvis and procumbent incisors . only four fingers were present here , as in whale paddles and mesonychid hooves .
barnes lg 2013 . a new genus and species of late miocene paleoparadoxiid ( mammalia , desmostylia ) from california . contributions in science 521 : 51 - 114 .
carroll rl 1988 . vertebrate paleontology and evolution . w . h . freeman and co . new york .
cope ed 1872 . descriptions of some new vertebrata from the bridger group of the eocene . proceedings of the american philosophical society 12 : 460 - 465
reinhart rh 1959 . a review of the sirenia and desmostylia . university of california publications in geological sciences 36 ( 1 ) : 1–146 .
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post : slac archives and history office , m / s 82 , 2575 sand hill road , menlo park , ca 94025 .
barnes , lawrence g . a new genus and species of late miocene paleoparadoxiid ( mamalia , desmostylia ) from california . 11 september 2013 , contributions in science , 521 : 51 - 114
significant fossil find on site . slac quasi - periodical internal newsletter special edition october 14 , 1964
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responsibility adele i . panofsky . imprint stanford , ca : stanford linear accelerator center , stanford university , 1998 . physical description vi , 143 p . : ill . ; 28 cm . series slac - pub ; 7829 .
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subject fossils > collection and preservation . fossils > california > stanford > collection and preservation . stanford ( calif . ) > antiquities .
stanford university , which owns the land slac sits on , donated the original fossil to the uc berkeley museum of paleontology . berkeley scientists made plaster copies of each bone and gave a set to panofsky .
over the course of more than two decades , she filled in missing pieces and assembled the skeleton for exhibition in the slac visitor center . her cast model is now awaiting display at the san mateo county history museum .
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researchers have developed a new index based on rib and body weight measurements that predicts whether a mammal lived on land , in water , or both . when applied to extinct mammalian species , the index showed that some could not have supported their own weight while walking or crawling , and thus must have been restricted to an aquatic life . the index reveals the habitats of extinct species and enables reconstruction of their lifestyles and the anatomical changes that accompanied adoption of an exclusively aquatic lifestyle .
despite the extensive fossil record of mammals , it is often difficult to use fossil data to reconstruct the lifestyles and habitats of extinct species . the fact that some species spent all or part of their time underwater , respectively similar to modern - day whales and seals , further complicates this .
konami ando and shin - chi fujiwara , researchers at nagoya university , addressed this by developing a new index for predicting if a species lived its entire life in the water . the index is based on how the ribs must be relatively strong for an animal to walk or crawl over land , but not for it to swim . after establishing the index via measurements of living terrestrial , semiaquatic , and exclusively aquatic species , ando and fujiwara used it to predict that some extinct species could not have supported themselves on land .
although mammals originally evolved as terrestrial organisms , cladistics shows that some returned to aquatic lives , and that this sometimes occurred independently . examples include whales , dolphins , and manatees , which never leave the water , and seals and hippopotamuses , which split time between land and water . studies of fossils of extinct species also suggest some species spent all or some of their time in the water . however , inability to use fossil records alone to determine a species ' lifestyle has made this hard to confirm .
in their study , reported in the journal of anatomy , ando and fujiwara analyzed rib cages and their resistance to vertical compression in a range of mammalian species . this important factor represents an animal ' s ability to support its body weight against gravity while walking or crawling ; a trait aquatic organisms do not need . the researchers investigated 26 modern - day terrestrial , semiaquatic , and exclusively aquatic species , including the killer whale , polar bear , dugong , giraffe , and hippopotamus . they used their data to establish an index for differentiating between groups with different habitats . they then applied the index to four extinct mammalian species , all of which had retained their four limbs but showed signs of having been partially or completely aquatic , to shed light on their potential lifestyles .
we selected mammals with different habitats from a range of taxa and analyzed fossils for which the bones in the thoracic region were well - preserved ,
fujiwara says .
we focused on the fracture loads of ribs . we found the sum of the fracture loads of all true ribs directly connected to the sternum divided by the body weight effectively separated the extant species groups by habitat . exclusively aquatic species were clearly differentiated .
after establishing that the index could correctly classify living species with known habitats and lifestyles , the researchers applied it to extinct groups : ambulocetus , an early ancestor of whales , and three desmostylian species , which are the keens of elephants and sea cows . this was to confirm or reject earlier hypotheses about these groups ' lifestyles , which were based on other morphological findings .
the new index should help in both reconstructing the lifestyles and habitats of extinct mammals and clarifying anatomical changes associated with mammals shifting to a life partly or exclusively in the water .
nagoya university .
new index reveals likelihood of terrestrial or aquatic lifestyles of extinct mammals .
sciencedaily . urltoken ( accessed july 25 , 2016 ) .
farewell to life on land - thoracic strength as a new indicator to determine paleoecology in secondary aquatic mammals .
journal of anatomy , 2016 ; doi : 10 . 1111 / joa . 12518
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nishioka , y . , kohno , n . & kudo , y . , 2018 . rediscovery of the holotype of proboselaphus watasei matsumoto . 167th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( ehime university , ehime , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 18 . ( in japanese )
kohno , n . & uno , h . , 2018 . potential adaptation to life in water in the basal tethytheres ( mammalia : afrotheria ) as inferred from stable isotope of earliest proboscideans . 167th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( ehime university , ehime , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 24 . ( in japanese )
paterson , r . s . , rybczynski , n . , maddin , h . c . & kohno , n . , 2017 . the evolution of pinnipeds from a terrestrial ancestor : the possibility of parallel evolution within a monophyletic framework . 77th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( telus convention centre , calgary , canada ) . program and abstracts : 175 .
yamada , e . , kubo , m . o . , kubo , t . & kohno , n . , 2017 . three dimensional micro wear analysis with iso surface roughness parameters for exploring the domesticated pig in the past . 77th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( telus convention centre , calgary , canada ) . program and abstracts : 217 .
kawatani , a . , sashida , k . , agematsu , s . & kohno , n . , 2017 . middle miocene radiolarians from the tsurushi formation , sadogashima island , niigata prefecture , japan . 2017 annual meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( kitakyushu museum of natural history & human history , fukuoka , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 39 . ( in japanese )
tsai , c . - h . & kohno , n . , 2017 . multiples ways to the extreme : body size of the stem baleen whales . 8th international meeting on the secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water ( museum fur naturkunde , berlin , germany ) . abstracts : 36 .
tsai , c . - h . & kohno , n . , 2017 . gigantism in early baleen whales ( cetacea : mysticeti ) . 166th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( faculty of education and integrated arts and sciences , waseda university , tokyo , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 19 .
tonomori , w . , sawamura , h . , sato , t . & kohno , n . , 2016 . new skeletal material of the extinct miocene pinniped allodesmus from japan indicates their new systematics and locomotory adaptation . 76th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( salt lake city , utah ) . program and abstracts : 237 .
paterson , r . s . , rybczynski , n . , kohno , n . & maddin , h . c . , 2016 . a complete description and phylogenetic analysis of puijila darwini , a transitional pinniped from the canadian high arctic . 76th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( salt lake city , utah ) . program and abstracts : 202 - 203 .
nagatsuka , m . & kohno , n . , 2016 . first record of proterozetes ulysses ( carnivora , otariidae ) from the western north pacific , and its implications for paleobiogeography of the pleistocene otariid pinnipeds in the north pacific . 76th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( salt lake city , utah ) . program and abstracts : 194 .
kohno , n . , 2016 . evolution , dispersal and extinction of the naumann ' s elephant delineated from ancient dna . 18th annual meeting of the society of evolutionary studies , japan . ( tokyo institute of technology , ookayama campus , tokyo , japan ) . program and abstracts : 83 . ( in japanese )
sasaki , t . , waku , d . , segawa , t . , yonezawa , t . , ishige , t . , ogawa , h . , sasaki , h . , ando , m . & kohno , n . , 2016 . evolutionary history of the japanese river otter based on the analysis of mtdna genome . 18th annual meeting of the society of evolutionary studies , japan . ( tokyo institute of technology , ookayama campus , tokyo , japan ) . program and abstracts : 82 . ( in japanese )
waku , d . , segawa , t . , yonezawa , t . , akiyoshi , a . , ishige , t . , ueda , m . , ogawa , h . , sasaki , h . , ando , m . , kohno , n . & sasaki , t . , 2016 . phylogenetic status of the extinct japanese otter on the basis of mitochondrial dna analysis . iucn otter specialist group , 13th international otter congress : otters & people ; ( singapore ) . programme booklet : talk abstracts 23 .
paterson , r . , rybczynski , n . , kohno , n . & maddin , h . , 2016 . a complete description and phylogenetic analysis of puijila darwini , ( mammalia : carnivora ) and inferences on the plesiomorphic swimming condition of pinnipeds . 11th international congress of vertbrate morphology ( washington , dc ) . anatomical record , 299 ( special feature ) : 235 .
yamada , e . , kubo , m . o . , kubo , t . & kohno , n . , 2016 . dietary reconstruction of sus based on molar surface texture analysis . 4th meeting of the japanese society for zooarchaeology ( tottori city aoya - cho branch office , tottori , japan ) . abstracts with programs : d04 . ( in japanese )
paterson , r . s . , rybczynski , n . , kohno , n . & maddin , h . c . , 2016 . a complete description and phylogenetic analysis of puijila darwini , a transitional pinniped . 4th annual meeting of the canadian society of vertebrate palaeontology ( university of toronto , mississauga , ontario , canada ) . vertebrate anatomy morphology palaeontology csvp 2016 abstracts : 48 .
nagatsuka , m . & kohno , n . , 2016 . phylogenetic positions of middle pleistocene otariid pinnipeds ( mammalia : carnivora ) from japan . 165th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( kyoto university , kyoto , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 21 . ( in japanese )
tonomori , w . , sawamura , h . , sato , t . and kohno , n . , 2016 . phylogenetic position and postcrania of allodesmus ( mammalia : carnivora ) from miocene of hokkaido . 165th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( kyoto university , kyoto , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 22 . ( in japanese )
hiramoto , j . & kohno , n . , 2015 . the oldest delphinid from the serravallian of japan reveals the origin and divergence of oceanic dolphins ( delphinidae : odontoceti : cetartiodactyla ) . 75th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( dallas , texas ) . abstracts of papers : 143 .
kohno , n . , fiorillo , a . r . , jacobs , l . l . , chiba , k . , kimura , y . , kobayashi , y . , nishida , y . , polcyn , m . j . & tanaka , k . , 2015 . desmostylian remains from unalaska ( usa ) . 75th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( dallas , texas ) . abstracts of papers : 157 .
yamada , e . , kubo , m . o . , kubo , t . & kohno , n . , 2015 . tooth enamel surface texture analysis for the extant deer populations with known diet . 75th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( dallas , texas ) . abstracts of papers : 242 .
waku , d . , segawa , t . , yonezawa , t . , akiyoshi , a . , ishige , t . , ogawa , h . , sasaki , h . , ando , m . , kohno , n . & sasaki , t . , 2015 . phyletic evolution of the japanese rever otter based on the mitochondrial dna . 17th annual meeting of the society of evolutionary studies , japan ( chuo univ . korakuen campus , tokyo , japan ) . program and abstracts : 125 . ( in japanese )
kohno , n . , 2015 . 100 - year collections tell us significance of the tooth morphology of desmostylus ( mammalia : afrotheria ) . 17th annual meeting of the society of evolutionary studies , japan ( chuo univ . korakuen campus , tokyo , japan ) . program and abstracts : 94 . ( in japanese )
yamada , e . , kubo , m . o . , kubo , t . & kohno , n . , 2015 . microwear analysis based on iso25178 for extant deer populations . 2015 annual meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( aist , tsukuba , ibaraki , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 18 . ( in japanese )
hiramoto , j . , sashida , k . , agematsu , s . & kohno , n . , 2015 . a paleontological reappraisal of a fossil dolphin from the lower pleistocene imuro formation , kanagawa prefecture , central japan . 2015 annual meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( aist , tsukuba , ibaraki , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 39 . ( in japanese )
mori , h . , marx , f . g . , kohno , n . , nakaya , h . & akazaki , h . , 2015 . a small , archaic neocete humerus from the nichinan group of kushima city , miyazaki prefecture . 2015 annual meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( aist , tsukuba , ibaraki , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 39 . ( in japanese )
hiramoto , j . & kohno , n . , 2015 . origin and rapid dispersal of oceanic dolphins ( odontoceti : cetartiodactyla ) based on the oldest fossil record . japan geoscience union meeting 2015 ( makuhari , chiba , japan ) . abstracts : bpt25 - 05 .
hiramoto , j . & kohno , n . , 2015 . a phylogenetic reappraisal of sinanodelphis izumidaensis from the middle miocene bessho and aoki formations , nagano prefecture , central japan . 164th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( toyohasi city museum of natural history , aichi , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 23 . ( in japanese )
churchill , m . , clementz , m . t . & kohno , n . , 2014 . new insights from a comprehensive database of extinct pinniped body sizes . 7th conference on secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water ( george mason university , virginia , usa ) . abstracts : a - 8 .
uno , h . & kohno , n . , 2014 . life history of desmostylus ( mammalia : afrotheria ) as inferred from ƒâ13c and ƒâ18o variation . 7th conference on secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water ( george mason university , virginia , usa ) . abstracts : a - 46 .
uno , h . , taru , h . & kohno , n . , 2013 . intra - tooth variation in multi - elementary isotope analyses along growth - lines of tooth enamel of desmostylus ( mammalia , afrotheria ) . 73rd annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( los angels , california ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology . 33 ( suppl . ) : 229 .
waku , d . , sasaki , t . , yonezawa , t . , kohno , n . , sasaki , h . , ando , m . & ogawa , h . , 2013 . molecular phylogeny of japanese otter based on mitochondrial dna . joint meeting of the 29th japan primate society and the 2013 mammal society of japan ( okayama university of science , okayama , japan ) . abstracts : 26 . ( in japanese )
uno , h . , taru , h . & kohno , n . , 2013 . intra - tooth variation in multi - elementary isotope compositions along growth - lines of tooth enamel of desmostylus ( mammalia : afrotheria : desmostylia ) . 2013 annual meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( kumamoto university , kumamoto , japan ) . abstracts : 30 . ( in japanese )
churchill , m . , clementz , m . t . & kohno , n . , 2012 . body size reconstruction for fossil north pacific pinnipedia ( mammalia : carnivora ) : problems and implications . 72nd annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( raleigh , north carolina ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology . 32 ( suppl . ) : 78 .
waku , d . , sasaki , t . , sasaki , h . , kohno , n . , yonezawa , t . , murai , h . , ando , m . & ogawa , h . , 2012 . comparison of mitochondrial dna of japanese otter and eurasian otter according to the multiplex pcr . 2012 annual meeting of the mammalogical society of japan ( azabu university , kanagawa , japan ) . abstracts : 176 . ( in japanese )
kohno , n . , nishimura , m . & oku , a . , 2012 . possible first discovery of the enigmatic miocene tetythere desmostylus in japan , from hukuoka town , ninohe city , iwate prefecture , northern japan . 161st regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( gunma museum of natural history , gunma , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 17 . ( in japanese )
kohno , n . , 2011 . a day in the life of extinct mammals in water : the case of desmostylus . 2011 annual meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( kanazawa university , ishikawa , japan ) . abstracts : 11 . ( in japanese )
tsubamoto , t . & kohno , n . , 2011 . reappraisal of
brachyodus
japonicus ( mammalia , cetartiodactyla , anthracotheriidae ) from nagasaki , japan . 160th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( kochi university , kochi , japan ) . abstracts : 18 . ( in japanese )
kohno , n . , 2010 . environmental changes and evolutionary diversification of pinnipeds . 70th anniversary meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( pittsburgh , pennsylvania ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology . 30 ( suppl . to 3 ) : 117a .
tanaka , y . & kohno , n . , 2010 . rapid diversification of the odobenids ( carnivora : pinnipedia ) in the middle miocene of the north pacific : implications of a new fossil from hokkaido , japan . 70th anniversary meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( pittsburgh , pennsylvania ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology . 30 ( suppl . to 3 ) : 173a - 174a .
tsubamoto , t . & kohno , n . , 2010 . reappraisal of
brachyodus
japonicus , an oligocene anthracotheriid cetartiodactyl ( mammalia ) from japan . 70th anniversary meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( pittsburgh , pennsylvania ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology . 30 ( suppl . to 3 ) : 177a .
tanaka , y . & kohno , n . , 2010 . diversification of the odobenids inferred from a new fossil odobenid from the middle miocene ichibangawa formation , tobetsu town , hokkaido , japan . the 75th anniversary of the founding and the 2010 annual meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( tsukuba university , tsukuba , japan ) . abstracts with programs : 10 . ( in japanese )
uno , h . , yoneda , m . , taru , h . & kohno , n . , 2010 . ecological reconstruction of fossil vertebrates using isotope analyses . japan geoscience union meeting 2010 ( makuhari , chiba , japan ) . abstracts : bpt011 - 02 .
kohno , n . , taru , h . , uno , h . & yonezawa , m . , 2009 . reconstruction of paleoecology of the desmostylids ( mammalia : tethytheria : desmostylia ) : morphofunctional analysis . 158th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( university of the ryukyus , okinawa , japan ) . abstracts : 20 . ( in japanese )
tanaka , y . & kohno , n . , 2008 . comparisons of scapulae and humeri of the odobenids ( carnivora : pinnipedia ) among the pinnipeds . 68th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( cleveland , ohio ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology . 28 ( suppl . to 3 ) : 150a .
uno , h . , yoneda , m . , taru , h . , & kohno , n . , 2008 . dietary preferences of desmostylians based on isotope , microwear and cranial morphology . 68th annual meeting of the society of vertebrate paleontology ( cleveland , ohio ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology . 28 ( suppl . to 3 ) : 155a .
uno , h . , yoneda , m . , taru , h . , & kohno , n . , 2008 . dietary preference of desmostylians based on isotope , microwear and cranial morphology . 2008 annual meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( tohoku university , sendai , japan ) . abstracts : 20 . ( in japanese )
uno , h . , yoneda , m . , taru , h . , & kohno , n . , 2008 . dietary preference of desmostylians based on isotope , microwear and cranial morphology . 5th conference on secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water ( national museum of nature and science , tokyo , japan ) . abstracts : 77 - 78 .
yonezawa , t . , kohno , n . & hasegawa , m . , 2008 . phylogenetic evolution of sea lions and fur seals ( otariidae ; carnivora ) : its novel evolutionary scenario . 5th conference on secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water ( national museum of nature and science , tokyo , japan ) . abstracts : 86 .
kohno , n . , 2008 . bipolar distributions of the otariid pinnipeds : convergence or vicariance ? 157th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( utsunomiya university , tochigi , japan ) . abstracts : 7 . ( in japanese )
yonezawa , t . , kohno , n . & hasegawa , m . , 2007 . phylogenetics of the mustelidae . 58th annual meeting of the society of chromosome research and 17th annual meeting of the chromosome colloquium , joint annual meeting in 2007 ( graduate university for advanced studies , kanagawa , japan ) . programme and abstracts : 102 . ( in japanese )
kohno , n . , yakushi , d . & kobayashi , h . , 2007 . discovery of an early pleistocene sea cow ( mammalia : sirenia : hydrodamalidae ) from tamagawa river in komae city , tokyo , central japan . 2007 annual meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( osaka city university , osaka , japan ) . abstracts : 16 .
kohno , n . , 2007 . pelagic habitat preference in the origin of the otariid pinnipeds . 11th conference on australasian vertebrate evolution palaeontology and systematics ( museum victoria , melbourne , australia ) . geological society of australia abstracts ( 85 ) : 44 - 45 .
yonezawa , t . , kohno , n . & hasegawa , m . , 2006 . molecular phylogenetic study on the origin and the evolution of mustelidae . 2006 annual meeting of the mammalogical society of japan ( kyoto university , kyoto , japan ) . abstracts : s11 - 1 . ( in japanese )
kohno , n . , 2006 . filter bridges and sweepstakes : isthmi , straits and environmental changes for the mammals in the japanese archipelago . 2006 annual meeting of the mammalogical society of japan ( kyoto university , kyoto , japan ) . abstracts : s4 - 1 . ( in japanese )
kohno , n . , taru , h . , uno , h . & flourich , b . , 2006 . evolution of peculiar tooth replacement and displacement in the genus desmostylus ( mammalia : tethytheria : desmostylia ) as revealed by high - resolution x - ray ct . 155th regular meeting of the palaeontological society of japan ( kyoto university , kyoto , japan ) . abstracts : 22 .
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assorted photographs , maps , letters and documents related to the collections made in san mateo county .
folder 2 : monterey fm . , hemphillian : v99594 fadely ' s lighthouse , 1987
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