brontispa longissima ( known as the coconut leaf beetle , the two-coloured coconut leaf beetle , or the coconut hispine beetle ) is a leaf beetle that feeds on young leaves and damages seedlings and mature coconut palms .

it has become an increasingly serious pest of coconuts throughout various growing regions in the pacific , especially over the last 3 decades , including indonesia , solomon islands , vietnam , nauru , cambodia , laos , thailand , maldives , myanmar , hainan island , and aru islands , and most recently , the philippines .

on september 27 , 2007 , philippines ' metro manila and 26 provinces were quarantined due to having been infested with this pest ( to save the $ 800-million philippine coconut industry ) .

control measures include pesticides , and biological control agents such as parasitic wasps ( e.g. , asecodes hispinarum ) .

there is a similar-looking pest species of leaf beetle in a related genus , plesispa reichei , also sometimes referred to as the " coconut leaf beetle " , which is distinguished only with some difficulty from b. longissima ; primarily by its slightly broader body and stronger punctation .

brontispa longissima

brontispa froggatti , sharp brontispa palmivora , gres brontispa simmondsi , mlk . brontispa reicherti brontispa simmondsi oxycephala longipennis oxycephala longissima brontispa castanea brontispa froggatti brontispa longissima , var . javana brontispa longissima , var . selebensis
the project consists of six component studies , namely : survey and mapping of brontispa longissima ( gestro ) occurrence , its hosts and indigenous natural enemies ; mass production of promising natural enemies of brontispa longissima ( gestro ) ; crop loss assessment due to brontispa longissima ( gestro ) infestation ; field testing and integration of control strategies against brontispa longissima ( gestro ) ; information campaign and ipm promotion in brontispa - infested areas in the philippines ; and effects of gamma irradiation on the sterility of brontispa longissima ( gestro ) .
informations on brontispa longissima has been recorded for the following locations . click on the name for additional informations .
chin , deanna and brown , haidee . 2001 . biological control of palm leaf beetle , brontispa longissima tetrastichus brontispae
jircas , 2012 . research highlights . two cryptic species in the coconut hispine beetle , brontispa longissima . research highlights . two cryptic species in the coconut hispine beetle , brontispa longissima . , japan : japan international research centre for agricultural sciences . urltoken
recommended citation : global invasive species database ( 2018 ) species profile : brontispa longissima . downloaded from urltoken on 09 - 07 - 2018 .
was the first to record b . longissima from new caledonia ( tahiti ) ,
the brontispa awareness programme started in march 2003 and has been very successful in increasing awareness on brontispa among the local population .
pestnet > summaries of messages > crops > plantation crops > coconut & oil palm > insects > brontispa > brontispa sp . , maldives
asean ipm knowledge network center . 2007 . the coconut leaf bettle , brontispa longissima ( gestro ) summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
lau csk , 1991 . occurrence of brontispa longissima gestro in hong kong . quarterly newsletter - asia and pacific plant protection commission , 34 ( 3 - 4 ) : 10
brontispa longissima ( coconut hispine beetle ) ; adult . dorsal view . museum set specimen . ( specimen collected 10 october 1989 broome , wa t . fitspatrick ex . palm )
brontispa longissima ( coconut hispine beetle ) ; adult . ventral view . museum set specimen . ( specimen collected 10 october 1989 broome , wa t . fitspatrick ex . palm )
brontispa longissima ( coconut hispine beetle ) ; adult . lateral view . museum set specimen . ( specimen collected 10 october 1989 broome , wa t . fitspatrick ex . palm )
fao , 1981 . the coconut hispine , brontispa longissima . quarterly newsletter , fao plant protection committee for the south east asia and pacific region , 24 : 9 - 10 .
lau csk . 1991 . occurrence of brontispa longissima gestro in hong kong . quarterly newsletter - asia and pacific plant protection commission , 34 ( 3 - 4 ) : 10 .
tan viet , tran . classical biological control of the coconut hispine beetle ( brontispa longissima gestro ) in viet nam summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
asia - pacific forest invasive species network ( apfsin ) . undated . invasive pest factsheet : coconut leaf beetle brontispa longissima summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
hollingsworth r ; meleisea s ; iosefa t , 1988 . natural enemies of brontispa longissima ( gestro ) in western samoa . alafua agricultural bulletin , 13 ( 1 ) : 41 - 45
maulik ( 1938 ) considered the species oxycephala longissima , o . longipennis , brontispa froggatti , b . javana [ b . longissima var . javana ] , b . selebensis [ b . longissima var . selebensis ] , b . castanea , b . simmondsi and b . reicherti as colour varieties and hence synonyms of b . longissima . gressitt ( 1957 ) gave a full synonymy for the species . several physiological races occur , as evaluated by hospitality to the parasite tetrastichus brontispae ( mo , 1965 ) . takano et al . ( 2011 , 2013 ) reported the presence of two cryptic species within b . longissima .
voegele jm , 1989 . biological control of brontispa longissima in western samoa : an ecological and economic evaluation . agriculture , ecosystems & environment , 27 ( 1 - 4 ) : 315 - 329
zhang zhixiang ; cheng dongmei ; jiang dingxing ; xu hanhong , 2004 . spread , damage and control methods of brontispa longissima . entomological knowledge , 41 ( 6 ) : 522 - 526 .
brontispa longissima ( coconut hispine beetle ) ; adult , head and pronotum . dorsal view . museum set specimen . ( specimen collected 10 october 1989 broome , wa t . fitspatrick ex . palm )
voegele , j . m . , 1989 . biological control of brontispa longissima in western samoa : an ecological and economic evaluation . agriculture , ecosystems and environment , 27 ( 1989 ) 315 - 329
the three - year project is expected to develop and promote application of cost - effective , environmentally sound ipm strategies against brontispa longissima that are technically feasible and socio - economically acceptable at the farm level .
the earwig chelisoches morio has been reported as a predator of b . longissima in vanuatu ( risbec , 1933 ) .
6 . it is yet too early to determine the effectiveness of parasitoids in controlling brontispa .
3 . introduction and successful rearing of exotic parasitoids of brontispa in of captivity in the maldives .
nakamura , satoshi ; kazuhiko konishi and keiji takasu . , undated . invasion of the coconut hispine beetle , brontispa longissima : current situation and control measures in southeast asia summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
three wasp parasitoids of b . longissima are known in java . two of these are egg parasitoids : the trichogrammatid hispidophila brontispa ; and the encyrtid ooencyrtus pindarus . one h . brontispa wasp develops per brontispa egg , producing about 15 - 17 percent parasitism ( kalshoven , 1981 ; waterhouse and norris , 1987 ) , and o . pindarus produces about 10 percent parasitism ( kalshoven , 1981 ) . the eulophid , tetrastichus brontispa , which is found in 60 - 90 percent of the pupae ( awibowo , 1934 ) and 10 percent of the larvae , develops in 18 days ; about 20 specimens emerge from one brontispa pupa .
with the alarming situation , the philippine coconut authority ( pca ) spearheaded the brontispa action program . the program seeks to determine the extent of infestation and level of damage of brontispa in the country .
cochereau p . 1965 . notes on an attempt to acclimatise tetrastichus brontispa ferriere ( hym . chalc . eulophidae ) on the host brontispa longissima gestro var froggatti sharp ( col . chrysom . hispinae ) in new caledonia . comptes rendus hebdomadaire des seances de l ' academie d ' agriculture de france , 51 : 661 - 667 .
3 . there is yet no indication of a reduction in the number of trees damaged by brontispa .
liu sd ; lin sc ; shiau jf , 1989 . microbial control of coconut leaf beetle ( brontispa longissima ) with green muscardine fungus , metarhizium anisoplip var . anisoplip . journal of invertebrate pathology , 53 ( 3 ) : 307 - 314
in the philippines , brontispa feasted on the most ubiquitous palm , the coconut . from august 2007 to march 2011 , brontispa longissima , with its invasive and destructive infestation , has already affected more than three million coconut trees . thus , the silent pest made a resonant impact to the coconut industry – a threat that cannot be allowed to intensify .
brown es ; green ah , 1958 . the control by insecticides of brontispa longissima ( gestro ) ( coleopt . , chrysomelidae - hispinae ) on young coconut palms in the british solomon islands . bulletin of entomological research , 49 : 239 - 272 .
long pg , 1974 . report of investigations into the infestation of coconut palms in american samoa by the coconut hispid beetle ( brontispa longissima ) and recommendations on quarantine procedures for western samoa . apia , western samoa : department of agriculture , fisheries and forestry .
long pg . 1974 . report of investigations into the infestation of coconut palms in american samoa by the coconut hispid beetle ( brontispa longissima ) and recommendations on quarantine procedures for western samoa . apia , western samoa : department of agriculture , fisheries and forestry .
fenner , t . l . 2003 . agnote : palm leaf beetle ( brontispa longissima ) . [ 371 no . i54 march 2003 agdex no : 620 issn no : 0157 - 8243 ] summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
b . longissima was detected in hong kong in 1988 infesting 30 petticoat palms in a nursery ( lau , 1991 ) . though it was eradicated , some reports show its establishment in hong kong and suspected that b . longissima was introduced from china , probably from the shenzhen area of guangdong province .
peters a ; skatulla u ; aukuso o ; meleisea s ; hammans h , 1984 . the coconut hispid beetle - brontispa longissima . crop protection leaflet . apia , western samoa : department of agriculture , forestry and fisheries and samoan crop protection project , 2 .
liu , s . d , lin s . c . , shiau j . f . 1989 . microbial control of coconut leaf beetle brontispa longissima with greent muscardine fungus metarhizium anisopliae var . anisopliae , journal of invertebrate pathology 53 ( 3 ) : 307 - 314 .
yihai , zhong , li hong , liu kui , wen haibo , jin qi an & peng zhengqiang . 2005 . effects of temperature on brontispa longissima population growth , yingyong shengtai xuebao 16 ( 12 ) : 2369 - 2372 . summary : abstract : the study on the development , survival and reproduction of brontispa longissima at 5 different temperature ( 16 , 20 , 24 , 28 , 32 degrees c ) showed that the threshold temperature and effective accumulative temperature for the whole generations of brontispa longissima were 11 . 08 degrees c and 966 . 22 degrees c i respectively , and 4 similar to 5 generations could occur in a year in danzhou , hainan province . one generation had the highest survival rate ( 92 . 5 % ) at 28 degrees c , but failed to survive at 32 degrees c . brontispa longissima reared at 28 degrees c had the greatest intrinsic increasing rate ( r ( m ) = 0 . 0260 ) , finite increasing capacity ( lambda = 1 . 0263 ) , and population trend index ( i = 50 . 8 ) . the shortest mean generation time ( 123 . 1 d ) and population doubling time ( 26 . 7 d ) were obtained at 20 degrees c and 28 degrees c , respectively . the temperature from 24 degrees c to 28 degrees c was suitable for the development and reproduction of brontispa longissima .
gallego vc ; gallego mce ; torre ijde la , 2013 . some biological and behavioral studies of the tetrastichus sp . ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) , a pupal parasitoid of brontispa longissima gestro ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) . cord , 29 ( 2 ) : 37 - 45 .
cochereau p , 1969 . establishment of tetrastichus brontispae ferr . ( hymenoptera , eulophidae ) , parasite of brontispa longissima gestro , var . froggatti sharp ( coleoptera chrysomelidae , hispinae ) in the noumean peninsula . cahiers orstom ( serie biologie ) . , no . 7 : 139 - 141
takasu k ; takano si ; konishi k ; nakamura s , 2010 . an invasive pest brontispa longissima ( gestro ) ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) attacks an endemic palm in the yaeyama islands , japan . applied entomology and zoology , 45 ( 1 ) : 137 - 144 . urltoken
occasionally , brontispa larvae have been killed by a bacterial disease ( froggatt and o ' connor , 1941 ; o ' connor , 1940 ) or by the fungus metarhizium anisopliae in papua new guinea ( waterhouse and norris , 1987 ) . the fungus which was found to affect larvae , pupae and adult of brontispa ( maddison , 1983 ) may be effective in managing b . longissima . m . anisopliae caused 15 - 20 percent mortality of both adults and larvae of brontispa in american samoa ( waterhouse and norris , 1987 ) .
7 . a training programme developed and implemented for researchers , extension officers and farmers in the control of brontispa in coconut .
in 2002 , ministry of fisheries , agriculture and marine resources tentatively confirmed the identity of the pest . samples of the beetle collected in february 2003 were identified by dr peter maddison , of field studies , auckland , new zealand , as the
coconut hispid beetle
brontispa longissima gestro .
halfpapp , keith . 2001 . introduction of tetrastichus brontispae for control of brontispa longissima in australia in : proceedings of the sixth workshop for tropical agricultural entomologists darwin - may 1998 . [ technical bulletin no 288 ] published may 2001 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
in australia , large numbers of torn , empty egg shells of brontispa have been found in a nest of the ant , tetramorium simillimum , but the significance of this ant in influencing numbers of the pest is unknown ( fenner , 1984 ) . the ant pheidole megacephala attacks t . brontispa in new caledonia and both young larvae and parasitized pupae of brontispa ( cochereau , 1965 ) .
mo tt , 1965 . the occurrence of two strains of brontispa longissima ( gestro ) ( col . , hispidae ) based on resistance or non - resistance to the parasite tetrastichus brontispae ( ferriere ) ( hym . , eulophidae ) in java . bulletin of entomological research , 55 : 609 - 614 .
brumley , c . , 2008 . coconut hispine beetle ( brontispa longissima ) pest and diseases image library . updated on 4 / 24 / 2008 12 : 17 : 50 pm . available online : urltoken summary : available from : urltoken / viewpestdiagnosticimages . aspx ? id = 1138 [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
sindhusake , chalerm and amporn winothai . 2004 . outbreaks and management of coconut hispine beetle ( brontispa longissima ) thailand . thailand country report : submitted to expert consultation on the control of coconut beetle outbreaks in apppc member countries : 26 - 27 october 2004 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
takano s ; mochizuki a ; takasu k ; konishi k ; alouw jc ; pandin ds ; nakamura s , 2013 . rapid discrimination of two cryptic species within brontispa longissima ( gestro ) ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) by pcr - rflp . journal of pest science , 86 ( 2 ) : 151 - 155 . urltoken
zhang zhi xiang , cheng dongmei , jiang ding xing & xu han hong . 2004 . spread , damage and control methods of brontispa longissima , entomological knowledge 41 ( 6 ) : 522 - 526 . summary : abstract : b . longissima was ranked as the second class quarantinable dangerous pest forbidden to be introduced into the mainland of china in 1994 . it was first found in panyu , guangdong province , china , in september 1999 and was found in hainan province in june 2002 . at present , it has spread to cause damage in hainan , guangdong , taiwan and hongkong . the hosts , damage symptom , spread and control methods of b . longissima are summarized in this paper .
bao - qian , lu , chen yi - qun , bao yan ; han rui - dong & peng zheng - qiang . 2005 . the feasibility of the controlling coconut leaf beetle ( brontispa longissima ) with introducing natural enemies asecodes hispinarum , chinese bulletin of entomology42 ( 3 ) : 254 - 258 . summary : abstract : the new invaded pest insect brontispa longissima ( gestro ) has been spread to 11 counties of hainan province since it was found in haikou in 2002 . it may diffuse into the higher latitudinal provinces according to the latitude , climate , and host distribution analyses . it directly affected the development of agriculture , forestry , and travel industry . analysis the ecological condition of hainan province and the character of b . longissima s hosts and natural enemies . we suggested that introducing natural enemies is a good method to control the pest .
cochereau p , 1965 . notes on an attempt to acclimatise tetrastichus brontispae ferriere ( hym . chalc . eulophidae ) on the host brontispa longissima gestro var froggatti sharp ( col . chrysom . hispinae ) in new caledonia . comptes rendus hebdomadaire des seances de l ' academie d ' agriculture de france , 51 : 661 - 667 .
thi loc , nguyen , vo thi bich chi , nguyen thi nhan , nguyen duc thanh , tran thi be hong and pham quang hung . 2004 . biocontrol potential of metarhizium anisopliae against coconut beetle , brontispa longissima , omonrice 12 : 85 - 91 ( 2004 ) summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
metarhizium anisopliae is available in sri lanka . the natural enemies listed here and some other new natural enemies which are highly effective in controlling b . longissima could be present in sri lanka and other counties . these natural enemies and their role in manipulating the pest level below economic injury level could be explored and it would be much useful in formulating a suitable ipm package to control b . longissima .
lever rjaw , 1936a . control of brontispa in celebes by the parasite tetrastichodes of java . british solomon islands protectorate agricultural gazette , 3 : 6 .
stapley jh , 1980 . coconut leaf beetle ( brontispa ) in the solomons . alafua agricultural bulletin , 5 ( 4 ) : 17 - 22 .
lever rjaw . 1936a . control of brontispa in celebes by the parasite tetrastichodes of java . british solomon islands protectorate agricultural gazette , 3 : 6 .
liu shanda , 1994 . the application of fungicide resistant entomopathogenic green muscardine fungus in taiwan : biological control of coconut leaf beetle ( brontispa longissima ) and diamondback moth ( plutella xylostella ) . technical bulletin - food and fertilizer technology center taipei , taiwan ; food and fertilizer technology center for the asian and pacific region , no . 138 : 10 pp .
takano s ; mochizuki a ; konishi k ; takasu k ; alouw jc ; pandin ds ; nakamura s , 2011 . two cryptic species in brontispa longissima ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) : evidence from mitochondrial dna analysis and crosses between the two nominal species . annals of the entomological society of america , 104 ( 2 ) : 121 - 131 . urltoken
continued work with tetrastichus , haekeliana , metarhizium , beauveria and chelisoches . at present , the brontispa problem in the philippines is not as critical as it was several years ago , and there is confidence in the development of an ipm program for brontispa . in addition , insecticide use has been drastically reduced .
shafia , aminath . 2004 . integrated control of coconut hispid beetle brontispa longissima ( gestro ) in the maldives , in : report of the expert consultation on coconut beetle outbreak in apppc member countries . food and agriculture organisation of the united nations regional office for asia and the pacific : bangkok . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
awibowo r , 1934 . the coconut leaf beetle , brontispa froggatti var selebensis and its biological control in celebes . landbouw , 10 : 76 - 92 .
awibowo r . 1934 . the coconut leaf beetle , brontispa froggatti var selebensis and its biological control in celebes . landbouw , 10 : 76 - 92 .
lu , baoqian , tang , chao , peng , zhengqiang , la salle , john & wan , fanghao . 2008 . biological assessment in quarantine of asecodes hispinarum boucek ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) as an imported biological control agent of brontispa longissima ( gestro ) ( coleoptera : hispidae ) in hainan , china . biological control 45 ( 1 ) : 29 - 35 .
the enemy creeps in silently , attacking unopened young fronds . as the spear unfurls , it moves on to its next victim . brontispa longissima ( gestro ) or coconut leaf beetle entered into the philippines through the shipments of ornamentals . with the palms as its point of interest , the insect chews leaflets causing the young leaves to appear scorched as a result of damage .
parasitized larvae may die before pupation , but parasitoids will emerge . however , the level of parasitization by t . brontispa is not always high and lange ( 1950 ) recorded an average of only 16 percent in pupae . the life cycle of t . brontispa is 16 - 21 days ( lever , 1936a , b ; lange , 1953 ) . tetratichus brontispa ( fern . ) was introduced to taiwan from guam to control b . longissima in 1983 . the percentage of parasitism recorded from field recoveries made in chen - chin - hu and lin - bien were 21 . 2 - 79 . 2 percent and 9 . 3 - 36 . 2 percent , respectively . ( urltoken ) .
the pest is now spreading to other coconut growing areas slowly . further , it is noted that the stage of the damage , symptoms and morphology of the pest reported as p . reichei , is quite similar to those of b . longissima . since b . longissima is present in our neighbouring island maldives and many exchanges occur in between both countries daily , chances are higher to introduce the pest to our country . this suggests the necessity of re identification of the pest . if the pest b . longissima is already present , great care has to be taken to prevent its spread to other coconut growing areas as its damage is fatal .
sri lanka grows coconut as a main plantation crop . it occupies 440 000 ha of coconut lands in the country ( liyanage , 1999 ) . coconut plantations in sri lanka face many types of pest and disease problems . among the pests , infestation of chrysomelid beetles is one of the problems to coconut industry . mainly two types of chrysomelid beetles , brontispa longissima and plesispa reichei are reported to be attacking coconut palms in the world . however , p . reichei is still considered as a minor coconut pest whereas b . longissima is not reported in sri lanka ( fernando , 2004 ) .
stapley jh , 1971 . the introduction and establishment of the brontispa parasite in the solomon islands . south pacific commission information circular , 30 : 2 - 6 .
6 . a control strategy developed and recommended for the control of brontispa in coconut in the maldives , including appropriate improved agronomic practices that ensure good plant health .
brontispa longissima is a serious pest to the coconut trees and it has been known to occur in myanmar since early 2004 . it was introduced by unknown path way and the situation is under investigation . the fao resident representative office is encouraged to investigate the infestation at the department ' s earliest convenience and notify the scientists concerned from the fao regional office for their information and requesting technical advice .
he , l . s . , ong , k . h . , yik , c . p . , fong , y . k and chan , h . j . a . 2005 / 06 . chemical control of hispid beetles ( brontispa longissima ) on palms . singapore j pri ind 32 : 80 - 92 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
b . longissima gestro , was first found in pingtung , taiwan in 1975 ( anon 2004a ) . later , it spread to north and east hualien and taitung , and has since become a serious pest to coconut palms .
nguyen ht ; oo tt ; ichiki rt ; takano s ; murata m ; takasu k ; konishi k ; tunkumthong s ; chomphookhiaw n ; nakamura s , 2012 . parasitisation of tetrastichus brontispae ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) , a biological control agent of the coconut hispine beetle brontispa longissima ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) . biocontrol science and technology , 22 ( 8 ) : 955 - 968 . urltoken
lever rjaw , 1936b . brontispa leaf beetles and their parasite tetrastichodes in the austro - malayan region . british solomon islands protectorate agricultural gazette , 3 : 10 - 11 .
o ' connor ba , 1940 . notes of the coconut leaf hispa , brontispa froggatti sharp and its parasites . new guinea agricultural gazette , 6 : 36 - 40 .
the quarantine regulation imposed under this campaign is to prohibit inter island movement of fresh coconut leaves / fronds , mature coconut palms and coconut seedlings from a brontispa infected island .
lever rjaw . 1936b . brontispa leaf beetles and their parasite tetrastichodes in the austro - malayan region . british solomon islands protectorate agricultural gazette , 3 : 10 - 11 .
o ' connor ba . 1940 . notes of the coconut leaf hispa , brontispa froggatti sharp and its parasites . new guinea agricultural gazette , 6 : 36 - 40 .
marschall , karl j . , agnes m . vargo & sipaia fatuesi . undated . application of a new strain of metarhizium anisopliae ( fungi imperfecti ) as a means of biological control against the coconut leaf hispid brontispa longissima ( coleoptera : hispidae ) in samo [ land grant technical report 27 ] . american samoan community college land grant program summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
wu qing , liang guang - wen & zeng ling . 2006 . host plants and natural enemies for coconut leaf beetle , brontispa longissima , in shenzhen , chinese bulletin of entomology 43 ( 4 ) : 530 - 534 . summary : abstract : there are 36 species in 26 genus recorded as host plants for coconut leaf beetle brontispa longissima ( gestro ) in shenzhen , china . among them , several species , such as cocos nucifera , roystonea regia , archontophoenix alexandrae , caryota ochlandra , areca triandra , syagrus romenzoffiana , caryota cmingji , phoenix hanceana and ravenea rivulari were seriously damaged by the beetle . eleven predatory natural enemies and three pathogenic microorganism species were recorded as effective factors on palm leaf beetle population in shenzhen . the important species were formica sp . , cheatospania sp . , parattenodera sinensis and metarhizium anisopliae .
building on earlier r & d outputs and field experiences , the research team of ms . cynthia gallego of pca - davao research center proposed a project titled “development of an integrated pest management ( ipm ) against brontispa longissima ( gestro ) , an invasive pest of coconut and other palm species” . this is in collaboration with pca’s albay research center ( pca - arc ) and the philippine nuclear research institute .
due to the seriousness of the pest and the failures in attempted control measures , the mfamr requested food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) for special assistance and the project : tcp / mdv / 2904 ( a ) integrated pest management of coconut hispid beetle ; brontispa longissima was launched in september 2003 , to address the pest problem in the maldives . the overall objective of the project is :
wickramananda , r . 2007 . the coconut leaf beetle , brontispa longissima . crop protection division , coconut research institute of sri lanka summary : available from : http : / / 210 . 212 . 229 . 11 : 8080 / dspace / bitstream / 123456789 / 3880 / 1 / r . wickramananda % 20 - % 20icj % 20 - jan07 - 20 - 21 . pdf [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
a biological control programme for b . longissima using t . brontispae is currently in progress in taiwan ( chiu and chien , 1989 ) . in 1984 , an undescribed heterocoptid mite from papua new guinea and the solomon islands was introduced to , and became established in , western samoa . it is thought to be a predator and many individuals are capable of killing a newly moulted adult brontispa ( waterhouse and norris , 1987 ) . brontispa can be controlled on young palms by spraying suspensions of m . anisopliae . the fungus is capable of spreading rapidly during wet weather , killing more than half of the brontispa larvae and adults present ( waterhouse and norris , 1987 ) . two field trials of microbial control of b . longissima were conducted in the pingtung area of taiwan in 1986 and 1987 . the pest could not be detected after three applications of m . anisopliae - 1 , formulated as a homogeneous biomass , in granules or in a conidial suspension ( liu et al . , 1989 ; liu , 1994 ) . there is merit in considering the introduction of suitable strains of this parasite from java or from other countries where they are now established , where b . longissima is an important pest and where t . brontispae is not present or produces low mortality . experience in american samoa , demonstrated that it is necessary to release substantial numbers of the parasite into suitable populations of brontispa to ensure establishment . the compatibility of strains of tetrastichus should be evaluated before release , using a strain or strains of brontispa collected from the country which is contemplating introduction ( waterhouse and norris , 1987 ) .
was introduced from the solomon islands to papua new guinea in 1939 because brontispa occasionally caused damage . the parasite became established but the impact of this introduction has not been recorded (
two native wasp parasitoids are known in the rabaul district of papua new guinea : the non - specific egg parasitoid , trichogrammatoidea nana , and the eulophid larval parasitoid , chrysonotomyia sp . a large percentage of brontispa eggs are attacked by t . nana , which has also been bred from brontispa eggs in the solomon islands . chrysonotomyia sp . is comparatively rare .
lack of strict quarantine on the movement of palms ( particularly ornamentals ) is considered as a major factor in the spread of b . longissima ( fao 2007 ) . it is suspected that this pest was accidentally introduced into vietnam , the maldives and the philippines with shipments of ornamentals . the beetle can travel long distances by various means of transportation ( jian 2007 ) . the spread of b . longissima and other coconut pests in oceania is mainly attributed to human activities ( dharmaraju 1984 , in fao 2007 ) .
recently , b . longissima has spread to singapore , vietnam , nauru , cambodia , laos , thailand , maldives , myanmar and hainan island , china ( rethinam and singh , 2007 ) . it is feared that it will spread from the maldives to sri lanka and southern parts of india . the distribution map includes some records based on specimens of b . longissima from the collection in the natural history museum ( london , uk ) : dates of collection are noted in the list of countries ( nhm , various dates ) .
identification of symptoms : young leaves appear burned or scorched resulting from the feeding damage of b . longissima ( asean ipm 2007 ) . larvae and adults feed on unopened fronds chewing narrow lines parallel to the midrib causing the leaf to look striped ( french 2006 ) .
chin d ; brown h , 2001 . biological control of palm leaf beetle , brontispa longissima ( gestro ) ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) with the wasp parasitoid , tetrastichus brontispae ( ferriere ) ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) in darwin . technical bulletin - department of primary industry and fisheries , northern territory of australia [ proceedings of the sixth workshop for tropical agricultural entomology , darwin , australia , 11 - 15 may 1998 . ] , no . 288 : 61 - 65 .
it does not matter if the pest is b . longissima or p . reichei , but it is interesting to note that the pest is spreading slowly . this may be attributed to the tolerance of palms , occurrence of natural enemies and some other unknown factors prevails in sri lanka . these should be explored and the findings could be exploited to control the pest under sri lankan conditions . the information could be very useful in formulating a sustainable ipm programme against b . longissima in other countries too , as both pests belong to the same family .
hispid beetles brontispa longissima are palmivorous insects ( creighton 1973 , lever 1979 , in he et al . 2005 / 06 ) . the larvae and adults are mostly found in the partly opened young leaflets of palms . both adult and larvae typically feed on the epidermis and parenchyma of the leaves removing strips of tissues from the leaflets and destroying the growing points of the palms ( fenne 1996 , howard et al . 2000 , in he et al . 2005 / 06 ; gutierrez 1978 ) .
risbec j , 1933 . an enemy of brontispa froggatti sharp in the new hebrides . comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l ' academie des sciences ( paris ) , 197 ( 22 ) : 1357 - 1358 .
risbec j . 1933 . an enemy of brontispa froggatti sharp in the new hebrides . comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l ' academie des sciences ( paris ) , 197 ( 22 ) : 1357 - 1358 .
coconut has not been an important industrial crop to the country . however , oil palm is gaining significance with the emergence of oil palm industry in line with the country ' s ambition to produce sufficient amount of edible oil . the survey will be done in a few months for infestation of brontispa in areas of oil palm lands . the plant protection team leaders from those areas have reported problems other than brontispa infestation that require further specific survey .
dejon , roberto c . 2008 . dreaded brontispa infests coco trees , ormoc city government website summary : available from : urltoken ; = view & id ; = 64 & itemid ; = 35 [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
like some other nations in this region , myanmar would like to share experiences and knowledge in this particular pest from any national or international agencies and has suggested obtaining opportunity for implementing regional tcp programme for coconut hispine beetle , brontispa .
4 . brontispa and parasitoid populations vary considerably between individual trees , and it appears that they both are in a ' flux ' , typical of population dynamics in a host - parasitoid interactions , when the beneficial is increasing in numbers .
the presence of two cryptic species within b . longissima , one distributed over a limited area ( australia , papua new guinea , east timor and sumba island ) and the other collected from a wide area of asia and the pacific region , should also be considered when natural enemies are introduced ( jircas , 2012 ) .
lange wh , 1950 . the biology of the mariana coconut beetle , brontispa mariana spaeth , in saipan and the introduction of parasites from malaya and java for its control . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society , 14 : 143 - 162 .
maulik s , 1938 . on the structure of larvae of hispine beetles . - v . ( with a revision of the genus brontispa sharp ) . proceedings of the zoological society of london , series b , 108 : 49 - 71 .
lange wh . 1950 . the biology of the mariana coconut beetle , brontispa mariana spaeth , in saipan and the introduction of parasites from malaya and java for its control . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society , 14 : 143 - 162 .
bao - qian , lu , peng zheng - qiang , tang chao , wen hai - bo , jin qi - an , fu yue - guan & du yu - zhou . 2005 . biological characteristics of asecodes hispinarum boucek ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) , a parasitoid of brontispa longissima ( gestro ) ( coleoptera : hispidae ) , acta entomologica sinica 48 ( 6 ) : 943 - 948 . summary : abstract : asecodes hispinarum boucek , an important larval endoparasitoid of brontispa longissima ( gestro ) , was introduced into hainan province of china from vietnam in march , 2004 . the morphology , development , reproduction and reproductive potential of this wasp parasitoid were studied . the results showed that under the laboratory condition of 24 degrees c + / - 2 degrees c and rh 75 % + / - 10 % , the mean developmental duration of egg , larva and pupa were 2 . 8 days , 6 . 7 days , and 7 . 5 days , respectively ; the longevity of adults without nutritional supplement was 2 . 5 days on average . both the temperature and nutritional supplement affected the longevity of adults , and the mean longevity of female adults was longer than that of male adults . fecundity ( per female ) was 43 on average and the peak of oviposition occurred within 12 hours after mating . the functional response of a . hispinarum to 4th instar larvae of b . longissima belonged to holling s type ii , and the parasitization efficiency of a . hispinarum decreased with the increasing of a . hispinarum density .
b . longissima was originally described from the aru islands . it is native to indonesia , possibly to irian java , and also to papua new guinea , including the bismarck archipelago , where it seldom causes serious problems . it was reported from the solomon islands in 1929 and from vanuatu in 1937 ( risbec , 1942 ) . risbec ( 1942 ) stated that it had been present in new caledonia for several years . b . longissima was reported from new caledonia ( tahiti ) ( cohic , 1961 ) , american samoa ( long , 1974 ) and western samoa ( anon , 1981 ) . it is also present in northern australia ( fenner , 1984 ) and taiwan ( shiau , 1982 ) .
nishikawa , masaru , cuc , nguyen , thi thu & kunimi , yasuhisa . 2006 . second record of chelisoches variegatus ( burr , 1917 ) ( dermaptera , chelisochidae ) from vietnam , with consideration as a biological control agent of coconut leaf beetle , japanese journal of systematic entomology 12 ( 2 ) : 207 - 214 . summary : abstract : chelisoches variegatus ( burr ) is secondary recorded from vietnam and redescribed . a key to the vietnamese species of the genus chelisoches was provided . preliminary studies on the potential to use c . variegatus in the biological control against the coconut leaf beetle brontispa longissima are also presented .
b . longissima attacks several species of palmae ( arecaceae ) , however , coconut is the primary host . in addition , b . longissima attacks sago palms , areca or betel palm ( areca catechu ) , royal palms ( roystonea regia ) , oil palm and ornamental palms in papua new guinea . in northern australia , hosts include areca palms ( a . catechu ) , nicobar palm ( bentinckia nicobarica ) , carpentaria palm ( carpentaria acuminata ) and fish tail palm ( caryota mitis ) . in hong kong , it is also reported from ivory nut palm ( phytelephas ) , petticoat palm ( washingtonia robusta ) , king palm ( archontophoenix alexandrae ) and dwarf date palm ( phoenix roebelenii ) . ( crop protection compendium , cabi international 2002 ) .
xiao guang - jiang , lu yong - yue & zeng ling . 2007 . toxicity and control effect of avermectin on the palm leaf beetle , brontispa longissima , chinese bulletin of entomology 44 ( 4 ) : 530 - 533 . summary : abstract : palm leaf beetle , brontispa longissima ( getro ) , is an invasive pest for palm plants in south china . some species of palmae were seriously damaged by the beetle in some localities of south china , especially in hainan . toxicity and control effect of avermectin to palm leaf beetle were reported in this paper . ld50 of avermectin to the eggs , larvae , pupae and adults were 8 . 119 x 10 ( - 6 ) , 4 . 152 x 10 ( - 6 ) , 9 . 458 x 10 ( - 6 ) , 7 . 609 x 10 ( - 6 ) and 8 . 434 x 10 ( - 6 ) mu g / egg , respectively , and ld90 were 1 . 044 x 10 ( - 4 ) , 5 . 545 x 10 ( - 5 ) , 6 . 663 x 10 ( - 5 ) and 1 . 466 x 10 ( - 4 ) mu g / egg . respectively . control effect of avermectin on palm leaf beetle in the field was nearly 100 % , which would be maintained about 1 month .
observation of naturally infested coconuts and other related species of plants are very critical for the plant protection division due to inadequate information sources , expertise and equipments . therefore , plant protection teams of two states and four divisions have been assigned to conduct the specific survey for brontispa with available support .
quirante , ninfa b . 2007 . brontispa infests 52 cocotrees in paranas , samar . philippine information agency . summary : available from : urltoken ; = reader & rp ; = 2 & fi ; = p070925 . htm & no ; = 11 & date ; = [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
) . t . brontispae was re - introduced in 1968 and released in the russell island group ; it became established and widespread . the introduction reduced the incidence of brontispa from 95 % to 5 % of newly planted federal malay states palms , and the spraying of young palms is now seldom necessary (
guang - jiang , xiao , zeng ling , li qing & lu yong - yue . 2006 . cold hardiness of palm leaf beetle , brontispa longissima , chinese bulletin of entomology 43 ( 4 ) : 527 - 530 . summary : abstract : supercooling points and freezing points of all stages of palm leaf beetle brontispa longissima ( gestro ) were measured in a laboratory population from futian , shenzhen city . the mean supercooling points of the egg , first instar larva , second instar larva , third instar larva , forth instar larva , fifth instar larva , pupa , male and female adults were - 9 . 8 , - 4 . 3 , - 3 . 9 , - 4 . 9 , - 5 . 0 , - 4 . 2 , - 9 . 0 , - 5 . 5 and - 5 . 9 degrees c respectively while their freezing points were - 5 . 5 , - 1 . 3 , - 0 . 3 , - 1 . 3 , - 1 . 1 , - 0 . 8 , - 5 . 4 , - 2 . 4 and - 2 . 7 degrees c . the results revealed stronger cold hardness in pupa and egg stages than in other stages . an analysis based on the data of air temperature over the years in guangdong area suggested that all stages of the pest could survive in winter in most of guangdong , but mainly were adults and pupae due to its biological character .
government of philippines . 2007 . establishing emergency measures to control and eradicate the spread and damage of brontispa in the philippine coconut industry and designating the philippine coconut authority as the lead agency for the purpose [ malacanang manila executive order no . 664 ] summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
discussions between mfamr staff and management of sun island resort found that ornamental palms were imported in 1999 from nurseries in malaysia and indonesia . in the absence of adequate legislation stipulating quarantine intervention and its enforcement , the introduction of ornamentals into the maldives is allowed provided a phytosanitary certificate is obtained from state authorities in the exporting country . however , the importation of coconuts and coconut planting materials from any country is prohibited by law . it is most probably that the brontispa infestation originated from adult or immature stages of the pest that were concealed in these palms , as brontispa is believed to be endemic to the indonesian and papua new guinean region .
lange wh , 1953 . observations on the life history of the mariana coconut beetle , brontispa mariana spaeth , and the introduction of parasites for its control . proceedings of the seventh pacific science congress of the pacific science association . 2 - 22 february 1949 . auckland and christchurch , new zealand , 4 : 249 - 253 .
lange wh . 1953 . observations on the life history of the mariana coconut beetle , brontispa mariana spaeth , and the introduction of parasites for its control . proceedings of the seventh pacific science congress of the pacific science association . 2 - 22 february 1949 . auckland and christchurch , new zealand , 4 : 249 - 253 .
tin , kyu kyu swe . 2004 . current status of brontispa infestation in myanmar , in : report of the expert consultation on coconut beetle outbreak in apppc member countries . food and agriculture organisation of the united nations regional office for asia and the pacific : bangkok . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 decemeber 2008 ]
) . this outbreak was eradicated , but in late 1991 , a few mature coconuts ( > 30 years old ) were affected , indicating that the pest may be established in hong kong . since most of the locally grown ornamental palms , including petticoat palms , king palms and dwarf date palms were imported from china in recent years , it is suspected that b . longissima was introduced from china , probably from the shenzhen area of guangdong province .
although the number of surveyed palms were low ( n = 5 ) , palms infested with brontispa with no parasitization shows higher numbers of adults and larvae . there is a two to three fold increase in the number of beetles and larva without the presence of the biological control agent . the conclusion from the on - going assessment studies include :
bao - qian , lu , peng zheng - qiang , xu chun - ai , tang chao , fu yue - guan , du yu - zhou & wan fang - hao . 2006 . biological characteristics of tetrastichus brontispae ferriere ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) , a parasitoid of brontispa longissima ( gestro ) ( coleoptera : hispidae ) , acta entomologica sinica 49 ( 4 ) : 643 - 649 . summary : abstract : tetrastichus brontispae ferri re , an important endoparasitoid of the coconut leaf beetle brontispa longissima ( gestro ) at pupal stage , was introduced into hainan from taiwan in 2004 . morphology , behavior , development , survival and reproduction of the parasitoid were studied under laboratory conditions . the results showed that t . brontispae female was bigger than male in body size , with obvious ovipositor . the number of parasitoid emerged from each host was averaged 21 . 5 with 77 . 4 % females . the wasps could mate soon after emerging , and the mating behavior last 1 - 2 min . the peak of oviposition occurred 24 h after mating , and the temperature could affect the oviposition in the wasp . sweet resources such as honey , sucrose , and glucose , especially honey , could prolong the longevity of adults , increase the fecundity and parasitism of females effectively . laboratory experiments showed that the optimal temperature for development , survival i and reproduction of the parasitoid ranged from 20 degrees c to 28 degrees c , and the temperatures below 16 degrees c or above 30 degrees c were unfavorable for its survival . the developmental threshold and the effective accumulated temperature of t . brontispae were 9 . 6 degrees c and 324 . 9 day - degrees , respectively .
the programme also involves a brontispa reporting mechanism . when the island community suspects the beetle in the island , they are requested to report mofamr . upon reporting a scrutinizing team consisting of professionals who could identify symptoms , adults and young stages of hispid beetles visit the island and verify the situation . so far none of the reported islands is infected with the beetle .
introduction of the pest into new areas will have a serious impact on production levels of coconuts for local consumption or for sale to nearby tourist resorts and markets in major population centres such as the capital male ' . the imposition of internal quarantine restrictions on the export of leaves for roof thatch or other tourist products made from leaves from brontispa infested islands further affects the income of the local population .
plant protection division of the myanmar agriculture service had organized a workshop to initially investigate where the infestation of brontispa occurred in myanmar . the plant protection team leaders from kayin state , mon state and tanintharyi division sharing borders with thailand had attended . apart from those , other plant protection team leaders from yangon division , bago division and ayerwady division where coconut trees and ornamental plants are widely produced also participated .
host - plant resistance coconut varieties in the solomon islands vary considerably in their susceptibility to brontispa attack and planting introduced , susceptible cultivars may have upset the previous balance in some areas . rennell , a variety from the isolated renell island in the solomon islands , is scarcely attacked , whereas varieties from malaysia such as fms ( federated malay states ) and dwarf red and yellow palms are highly susceptible . the susceptibility of malaysian dwarfs is carried into their hybrids . some varieties from the ivory coast and fiji also show high degrees of resistance ( stapley , 1980a , 1981 ) . of six local coconut cultivars were tested in western samoa , five were highly susceptible , and green dwarf was fairly resistant ( fao , 1983 ) . integrated pest management young palm trees are sprayed with a suspension of m . anisopliae and permethrin in western samoa ( waterhouse and norris , 1987 ) . b . longissima has been controlled in taiwan by the use of parasites in conjunction with insecticides ( chang , 1991 ) .
further studies conducted in september 2004 , revealed that the parasitization level is increasing . this survey was only carried out from sun island resort , however , depending on the data further islands will be selected for surveying . the surveyed palms showed that parasitization level is increasing ( table 2 ) , compared to that of earlier studies . the studies also looked into detail counts of different stages of the parasitoid on palms showing brontispa infestation .
voegele , j . m . ; klingauf , f . ; engelhardt , t . , 1989 . economics of biological pest control : a case study from western samoa . gesunde pflanzen ( germany , f . r . ) - issn 0367 - 4223 v . 41 ( 7 ) p . 255 - 258 ( 1989 ) summary : abstract : an analysis is given about the costs and benefits of a biological control strategy against the coconut pest , brontispa longissima in western samoa . this beetle was accidentally introduced in 1980 and brought under control with the introduction and establishment of two parasite species . despite relatively high initial costs of 450 000 ws $ ( = dm ) for the collection , introduction , mass - rearing and country - wide release of the parasites , positive net returns were already achieved within the fourth year of the project . the internal rate of return exceeds 40 per cent for a ten year period . all farmers benefit from the biological control strategy . there are no additional cost at farm level .
pca initiated an aggressive and sustained information campaign ; conducted emergency control activities using pesticides ; and trained personnel and farmers on available control strategies . however , the application of pesticides provided only temporary relief since recurrence and re - infestation occur as soon as the effect wore off . such observation , considering the economics and environmental impact , paved the way for the use of biological control as an alternative approach that can effectively and sustainably manage brontispa population .
following the exposure of the first generation of parasitoids ( i . e . those that emerged from the mummies imported from viet nam ) to brontispa host larvae for parasitization , a representative sample ( some 100 dead parasitoids preserved in a vial with 80 percent ethanol ) were sent to the natural history museum , london , united kingdom , for verification and confirmation of the identity of a . hispinarum . this follows international protocols to ensure that the only the desired species is imported and used for mass rearing in the recipient country .
coconut plays a major role in the economy of maldives directly by providing food and income from coconut products , and indirectly as an important component of the landscape , where tourism plays a key role in the economy . the pest brontispa was first noticed in december 1999 on sun island resort ( local name : nalaguraidhoo ; 1 600 by 380 meters ) in south ari atoll , but uncertainty about the potential impact of the pest delayed its reporting by resort management to ministry of fisheries , agriculture and marine resources ( mfamr ) until early 2000 .
however , the impact of the pest is as much feared for its direct impact on the tourist industry : the damaged leaves affect the aesthetic appearance of the palm trees which forms a major attraction for tourists . with the national economy heavily dependent on the tourism industry - the majority of the maldivians directly or indirectly depend on this sector - the risk of spread and potential impact of the pest is a major concern for the government . brontispa is therefore a serious threat to the continued income generation and as such , the country ' s food security .


hilarographa uthaithani is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in thailand .

the wingspan is about 14 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is olive ochreous with brownish suffusions in the form of two postbasal interfasciae separated by olive brown parallel fascia with bluish refraction .

the hindwings are brown , but darker on the peripheries .

hilarographa uthaithani

this is the place for uthaithani definition . you find here uthaithani meaning , synonyms of uthaithani and images for uthaithani copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word uthaithani . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word uthaithani and , of course , uthaithani synonyms and on the right images related to the word uthaithani .
uthaithani razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : w . thailand , uthai thani , huai kha khaeng , khao nang ram . holotype : bmnh . male .
hilarographa jonesi , the psychedelic jones moth , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .
dulciana meyrick , in wagner , 1913 ( hilarographa ) , lepid . cat . ( 13 ) : 24 . no type
bryonota meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 479 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . holotype : bmnh . male .
buruana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 270 . tl : buru , holotype : bmnh . male .
eriglypta meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 478 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . holotype : bmnh . male .
methystis meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 479 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . lectotype : bmnh . male .
thaliarcha meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 328 . tl : brazil , par . lectotype : bmnh . male .
euphronica meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 328 . tl : brazil , r trombetas . lectotype : bmnh . male .
iquitosana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 213 . tl : peru , iquitos . holotype : bmnh . male .
parambae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 215 . tl : ecuador , paramba . holotype : bmnh . male .
plectanodes meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 480 . tl : peru , ro napo . lectotype : bmnh . male .
baliana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 265 . tl : malaysia , bali . holotype : bmnh . male .
charagnotorna razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 210 . tl : bolivia , cuatro ojos . holotype : bmnh . male .
perakana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 265 . tl : malaysia , perak . holotype : bmnh . female .
xanthotoxa meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 329 . tl : brazil , amazonas , teffe . holotype : bmnh . male .
belizeae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 215 . tl : belize , upper raspacula valley . holotype : bmnh . male .
mariannae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 212 . tl : brazil , parana , castro . holotype : bmnh . male .
temburonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : brunei , ulu temburong . holotype : bmnh . male .
uluana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : brunei , ulu temburong . holotype : bmnh . male .
bellica meyrick , 1912 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 37 . tl : suriname , dutch guiana ( paramaribo ) . holotype : bmnh . male .
hainanica razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : china , hainan , porten . holotype : bmnh . male .
johnibradleyi razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : thailand , doi suthep pui . holotype : bmnh . male .
marangana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : sw . sumatra , marang . holotype : bmnh . male .
rampayoha razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 271 . tl : brunei , rampayoh r . . holotype : bmnh . male .
robinsoni razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 276 . tl : brunei , rampayoh r . . holotype : bmnh . female .
sipiroca razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 271 . tl : sumatra , utara , sipirok . holotype : bmnh . female .
ancilla razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 266 . tl : india , bombay , castle rock . holotype : bmnh . female .
calyx razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 276 . tl : formosa [ taiwan ] , kanshirei . holotype : bmnh . female .
obinana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : moluccas islands , obi major island . holotype : bmnh . female .
orthochrysa meyrick , 1932 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 274 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , neu - bremen . holotype : nhmv . female .
soleana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : indonesia , seram , operation releigh . holotype : bmnh . male .
auroscripta razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : amboyna [ indonesia , maluku islands ] , holotype : bmnh . female .
khaoyai razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : thailand , khao yai nat . park . holotype : bmnh . male .
renonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 274 . tl : siam , renong , low country forest . holotype : bmnh . male .
bosavina razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 270 . tl : papua new guinea , southern highlands , bosavi . holotype : bmnh . female .
celebesiana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 264 . tl : s . celebes ,
low country
. holotype : bmnh . male .
hexapeda meyrick , 1913 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 99 . tl : guyana , british guiana [ guyana ] ( bartica ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .
muluana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 273 . tl : sarawak , guanong , mulu nat . park . holotype : bmnh . male .
pahangana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 264 . tl : malaysia , west pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .
gentinga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : malaysia , w . pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .
tasekia razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : malaysia , perak , tasek , temenggor , sungei halong . holotype : bmnh . male .
fergussonana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 268 . tl : papua new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux islands , fergusson island . holotype : bmnh . male .
odontia razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 113 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .
meekana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 266 . tl : papua new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux is . , fergusson island . holotype : bmnh . female .
castanea razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 157 . tl : ecuador , prov . pichincha , pacto , r ? o mashpi . holotype : mzuj . male .
shehkonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 273 . tl : hong kong , kadoorie agric . research centre , shek kong n . t . . holotype : bmnh . male .
gunongana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 274 . tl : sarawak , gunong mulu national park , r . g . s . expedition base camp . holotype : bmnh . male .
pyranthis meyrick , 1907 ( hilarographa ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 32 : 91 . tl : new guinea . new guinea ( st . aignan island ) . holotype : unknown . unknown .
sepidmarginata razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 112 . tl : colombia , cauca department , western cordillera , pasto - tumaco rd . , cerro cuesbi forest res . , nambi . holotype : mzuj . female .
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bathychtra razowski & pelz , 2005 ( heppnerographa ) , entomol . zeit . 115 : 170 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 20 km e baos , san francisco . holotype : smfl . male .
cladara diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 33 . tl : indonesia , east borneo , balikpapan , mentavir river . holotype : ncb . female .
crocochorista diakonoff , 1983 ( thaumatographa ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 86 ( 4 ) : 479 . tl : indonesia , east java , tengger range , nongkodjadjar , mt . toenggangan . holotype : ncb . male .
cymatodes diakonoff , 1983 ( thaumatographa ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 86 ( 4 ) : 482 . tl : indonesia , lesser sunda islands ( sumba island , mao marroe ) . holotype : ncb . female .
dolichosticha diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 32 . tl : indonesia , east java , tengger range , nongkodjadjar . holotype : ncb . female .
dulcisana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 415 . tl : brazil , amazonas , ega . holotype : bmnh . male .
excellens pagenstecher , 1900 ( thaumatographa ) , zoologica 29 : 230 tl : papua new guinea , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
grapholithana razowski & pelz , 2005 ( heppnerographa ) , entomol . zeit . 115 : 170 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proano - inapula , crea - domono . holotype : smfl . male .
macaria diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 46 . tl : indonesia , west java , gede - panggrango mountains , tjibodas . holotype : ncb . female .
mesostigmatis diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 42 . tl : taiwan , rantasian . holotype : usnm . male .
oenobapta diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 28 . tl : indonesia , west java , buitenzorg . holotype : ncb . male .
phlox diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 40 . tl : indonesia , southeast java , mt . smeroe , ranoe daroengan . holotype : ncb . female .
plurimana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 416 . tl : brazil , amazonas , ega . holotype : bmnh . female .
quinquestrigana walker , 1866 ( carpocapsa ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 35 : 1796 . tl : brazil , so paulo . holotype : bmnh . male .
firmana felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( carpocapsa ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 10 . tl : brazil . amazonas . holotype : bmnh . female .
refluxana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 416 . tl : brazil , rio de janeiro . holotype : bmnh . female .
ribbei zeller , 1877 ( setiostoma ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 189 . tl : panama , chiriqui . holotype : bmnh . female .
swederiana stoll , in cramer , 1791 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , papillons exotiques s ( suppl . ) : 75 . tl : surinam , holotype : unknown . unknown .
trabaena felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( grapholitha ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 9 . tl : brazil . amazonas . holotype : bmnh . unknown . [ lost ]
tornoxena diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 50 . tl : indonesia , west java , mt . ged panggrango , tjibodas . holotype : ncb . male .
undosa diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 45 . tl : new guinea , northwest new guinea ( sorong ) . holotype : ncb . female .
unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .
source : shilap revista de lepidopterologia . sep2009 , vol . 37 issue 147 , p261 - 287 . 27p . 68 color photographs .
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biblical meaning : the name uthai is a biblical baby name . in biblical the meaning of the name uthai is : my iniquity .
people with this name are excited by change , adventure , and excitement . they are dynamic , visionary and versatile , able to make constructive use of freedom . they fight being restricted by rules and conventions . they tend to be optomistic , energetic , intelligent , and to make friends easily . they may be changeable , restless , untidy , and rebellious .
people with this name have a deep inner desire for order and physical creativity , and want to be involved in conventional , safe activities .
aankh uthai nahin by asad amanat ali khan from the album t . v hits - asad amanat ali khan
lagee thokar uthai leta to by sushilabai khede from the album lugaai khel ki deewani , vol . 2
better homes and gardens october , 1926 - 1926 by uthai vincent wilcox , m . g . kaine , chesla c . sherlock , et al . edited by chesla c . sherlock
better homes and gardens magazine , october 1926 - lockerbie street - the home of james whitcomb riley - 1926 by lemmon , mrs . robert s . ; wilcox , uthai vincent ; kains , m . g . ; martini , e . a . ; sherlock , chesla c . ; et al
birds of khao nor chuchi - 2000 by philip d . & uthai treesucon round
the birds of the thai - malay peninsula : volume one : non - passerines - 1999 by wells , david ; round , philip d . ; treesucon , uthai
the tina jolliffe nature trail - 1999 by philip d . round and uthai treesucon
uthai thani is one of the provinces of thailand . neighboring provinces are nakhon sawan , chai nat , suphan buri , kanchanaburi , and tak . it is in thailand ' s lower northern region , somewhat off the route between bangkok and chiang mai . it is . . .
uthai thani is a town in thailand , capital of the uthai thani province , in the lower northern region of the country . it includes the entire tambon uthai mai of mueang uthai thani district . the town is on the right bank of the sakae krang river , a few . . .
uthai is a district in the eastern part of ayutthaya province , in thailand .
uthai thani forest football club is a thai semi professional football club based in uthai thani province . the club currently plays in regional league division 2 northern region .
mueang uthai thani is the capital district of uthai thani province , northern thailand .


phalium fimbriata is a species of large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cassidae , the helmet snails and bonnet snails .

phalium fimbriata

what type of species is phalium fimbriata ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the phalium fimbriata species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of phalium fimbriata species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species phalium fimbriata .
how to identify phalium fimbriata marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species phalium fimbriata . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species phalium fimbriata are marked in green .
where is phalium fimbriata found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species phalium fimbriata can be found .
( of phalium fimbriata ) drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la réunion et de l ' île maurice . collection les beautés de la nature . delachaux et niestlé : neuchâtel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la réunion et de l ' île maurice . collection les beautés de la nature . delachaux et niestlé : neuchâtel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
kreipl k . 1997 . recent cassidae . christa hemmen , wiesbaden , 151 p . page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]
verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
steyn , d . g . & lussi , m . ( 1998 ) marine shells of south africa . an illustrated collector’s guide to beached shells . ekogilde publishers , hartebeespoort , south africa , ii + 264 pp . page ( s ) : 68 [ details ]
( of cassis plicaria lamarck , 1822 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of cassis plicata deshayes , 1844 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 005 seconds . )
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
a group of snails that develop rounded , compact , short spired shells , with flaring , strongly toothed appertures ; some species get quite large and heavy ; hence the common name of helmets and bonnets . there are members in this group that develop extremely beautiful shells .
when live , these animals live in sand , and feed on sea urchins .
a medium - sized species , when compared to other caribbean helmets . this species is also less dramatically lipped . however the surface of the dorsum is special within its genus : it is of a very thick porcelaineous material , which is attractively knobbed and highly polished , like a chunk of fine wood .
the bullmouth helmet ; the original cameo shell , and usually caught in great numbers in the east african coast , where it seems to be more common . pictured here is an absolutely superb piece . the dorsum is so dark it looks almost purple , contrasting strongly with the bright vermillion apperture . philippine shells are uncommon an one like this is exceptional .
the caribbean counterpart to the bullmouth helmet : a cute little shell , much less massive and impressive , nontheless , it can develop quite an attractive shell , even with strong parietal shield and good color . pictured here is a shell that i found fresh dead near the beach ; i have to say , a really nice find ! the form is compact and the lip thick and colorful .
a common and wide - spread , yet absolutely gorgeous shell . the species has a few forms throughout its wide range . pictured here is a shell from east java , indonesia that i found particularly stunning because of its baby - blue dorsum covered by a perfectly drawn , dark brown tessellate pattern . in my opinion this is one of the most beautiful of all seashells .
a very uncommon , elegant species ; from the east and north indian ocean . these shells can easily exceed 4
, they have a very pointy spire and the dorsum is framed between two thick checkered margins . the color scheme is similar to that of
a commonly trawled species , this is for me the most beautiful bonnet : the shell´s surface is extremely smooth and adorned with perfectly outlined , burnt orange streaks on a warm grey base . the lip is thick and indentated , solid white with bright orange bands . there is nothing exceptional about the shell pictured here , yet it is so perfect it looks artificial .