the mangrove monitor , mangrove goanna , or western pacific monitor lizard ( varanus indicus ) is a member of the monitor lizard family with a large distribution from northern australia and new guinea to the moluccas , solomon islands , marshall islands , caroline islands , and mariana islands .

it grows to lengths of 3.5 to 4 ft ( 1.1 to 1.2 m ) .

mangrove monitor

since then , it has been believed that monitor lizards on new ireland belong to the mangrove monitor ( varanus indicus ) .
( mangrove monitor ) was introduced to the island of kosrae in micronesia for ant control . (
spiny - tailed monitor – v . acanthurus ( also ridge - tailed monitor )
( mangrove monitor ) feeds on domesticated chickens and their eggs in many locations where it has been introduced . (
hopwood junior high school . undated . mangrove monitor lizard . commonwealth of the norther mariana islands public scools system . urltoken
. there are two different color variants of the blue - tailed monitor based on location . the ones from sorong are darker with smaller yellow body spots than the mangrove monitor and the blue - tailed monitors from merauke have much brighter yellow spots than the mangrove monitor . the tongue color of
the mangrove monitor is semi - aquatic and arboreal by nature , spending much of their time in or near water . captive mangrove monitors need a warm , humid , spacious cage with branches for climbing and basking and a large water container for swimming and soaking . hide boxes or other shelters are also recommended for the mangrove monitor species .
yuwono . 1997 . varanus doreanus the blue - tailed monitor . herpetology of indonesia . summary : provides information about a recently rediscovered species that is closely related to the mangrove monitor .
it opens by stating that mangrove forests were once generally dismissed as swampy wasteland .
( mangrove monitor ) was introduced to the island of kosrae in micronesia for ant control . populations grew significantly , and the country introduced
hans - martin braun added the english common name
ceram mangrove monitor
to
varanus cerambonensis philipp , böhme & ziegler 1999
.
woods , i . g . 2007 . varanus indicus ( mangrove monitor ) liapari island . biawak 1 ( 2 ) : 90 - get paper here
monitor lizards produce by sexual reproduction ; however , some monitor lizards are apparently capable of parthenogenesis ( smith 2006 ) .
varanus indicus ( mangrove monitor ) was introduced to the island of kosrae in micronesia for ant control . ( howarth , 1990 ) in 1980 , 13 , 000 varanus indicus ( mangrove monitors ) were traded around the world . ( bennett , 1995 ) .
at first , a small mangrove monitor will appear shy especially when feeding , you might need to leave the room until the monitor is brave enough to exit his or her shelter and feed . repeat this process until they’ve warmed up to you .
sprackland , r . g . ( 2004 ) : evolution , systematics , and variation of pacific mangrove monitor lizards . lizard biology 2 ( 1 ) : art . 1 ( urltoken )
was similarily introduced to palau island for mangrove monitor control . lizard popluations declined on palau but an increase was evident in the population of beetles known to be a major coconut pest . (
the most common monitor lizard among the three found in singapore is the malayan water monitor ( varanus salvator ) that can grow up to 3m long . the other two species , the clouded monitor lizard ( varanus nebulous ) , and the rarest dumeril’s monitor ( varanus dumerilii ) can grow to a length of 1 to 1 . 5m . monitor lizards are mostly carnivorous ; some also scavenge on carrion . it can be found in forests , mangrove swamps , and even man - made canals !
mangrove forests also provide refuge and nursery grounds for juvenile fish , crabs , shrimps , mollusks , and other invertebrates .
ucides cordatus . percentage of ovigerous females caught during the study period , in a mangrove at iguape , são paulo .
but will a monitor lizard actually attack if confronted ? yes ! if approached , the monitor may lunge and attack . the monitor lizard is much like a momma lion who’s babies are threatened , in that it will attack relentlessly .
occupies / forages mainly around back swamps and paleochannels of floodplain . a male mangrove monitor has a home range of 0 . 4ha , while the female has a range of 0 . 9ha . (
lenticels in the exposed portions of mangrove roots are highly susceptible to clogging by crude oil and other pollutants , attacks by parasites , and prolonged flooding from artificial dikes or causeways . over time , environmental stress can kill large numbers of mangrove trees .
like snakes , monitor lizards have forked tongues which they use to sense odors .
do not buy any monitor lizard products , such as meat and skin products .
despite the redefinition of indicus , the taxonomy of this species - complex is far from settled . many ' mangrove monitor ' forms exist from different localities whose true taxonomy is yet to be settled . these animals ( varanus c . f . indicus ) commonly turn up the the reptile market labeled generically as ' mangrove monitors ' .
was similarily introduced to palau island for mangrove monitor control . lizard popluations declined on palau but an increase was evident in the population of beetles known to be a major coconut pest . ( bennett , 1995 )
( mangrove monitor ) is a terrestrial - arboreal monitor lizard that has been introduced to several locations for its meat , skin or as a biological control agent . it has created a nuisance on many islands preying on domesticated chickens and scavenging the eggs of endangered sea turtles . bufo marinus ( cane toad ) was introduced to control mangrove monitor populations in several locations , but this has led to devastating consequences . in many places both of these species are now serious pests , with little potential for successful control .
- since then , it has been believed that the monitor lizards on new ireland belong to the common mangrove monitor ( varanus indicus ) that occurs widely in northern australia , new guinea and surrounding islands . however , new morphological and genetic studies confirmed that the monitor lizards of new ireland have lived in isolation for a long time and developed into a separate species , says weijola .
( mangrove monitor ) is darkly coloured with small yellow spots . it has a long , narrow head attached to a long neck . it has four strong legs , each with five sharp claws . the tail of
in tamil and malayalam , monitor lizards are known as
udumbu
and in australia , they are known as goannas . in kannada , monitor lizards are known as
uda .
in sinhalese the monitor lizard is known as
kabaragoya .
varanus indicus spinulosus is distinguished by spiny scales on its back and neck and a shorter , bulkier snout that the mangrove monitor . its nostrils are closer to its snout tip , and it has dark colored , dirty yellow spots on its back . v . indicus spinulosus comes from ysabel island in the solomon islands where mangrove monitors are also found .
varanus indicus ( mangrove monitor ) is a terrestrial - arboreal monitor lizard that has been introduced to several locations for its meat , skin or as a biological control agent . it has created a nuisance on many islands preying on domesticated chickens and scavenging the eggs of endangered sea turtles . bufo marinus ( cane toad ) was introduced to control mangrove monitor populations in several locations , but this has led to devastating consequences . in many places both of these species are now serious pests , with little potential for successful control .
( mangrove monitors ) are excellent swimmers and visit islets near guam ' s shore : populations on these islets are uncertain . ( perry
yuwono . 1997 . varanus doreanus the blue - tailed monitor . herpetology of indonesia .
nile monitor lizards consume crocodile eggs and may act as population control in some areas .
captive mangrove monitors will consume fish , frogs , lizards , snakes , eggs , mice , small rats and canned cat or dog food .
the rock monitor ( varanus albigularis ) , also called the legavaan or white - throated monitor , is a species of monitor lizard found in central , east and southern africa . it is the second - longest lizard found on the continent , and the heaviest bodied .
suggests monitor lizards ( including goannas ) are venomous and have oral toxin - producing glands .
ziegler ' s water monitor , v . s . ziegleri , is from obi island .
introduction pathways to new locations biological control : varanus indicus ( mangrove monitor ) was introduced to the island of kosrae in micronesia for ant control . ( howarth , 1990 ) natural dispersal : varanus indicus ( mangrove monitors ) are excellent swimmers and visit islets near guam ' s shore : populations on these islets are uncertain . ( perry et al , 1998 ) . pet / aquarium trade : in 1980 , 13 , 000 varanus indicus ( mangrove monitors ) were traded around the world . ( bennett , 1995 ) .
some monitor lizards have sharper teeth than others . but teeth don’t necessarily make a difference , as monitor lizards will typically swallow their prey whole . the epiglottis prevents food and water from entering the larynx , allowing a monitor lizard to breathe while it swallows its food . a monitor lizard’s teeth , unlike human teeth , are replaced on a regular basis throughout their life .
install a basic timer to your lights on a 12 - hour timer . mangrove monitors need 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark .
warner gf . 1967 . life history of the mangrove tree crab , aratus pisoni . j zool 153 : 321 - 335 . [ links ]
mangrove forests provide many of the resources upon which coastal people depend for their survival and livelihood . at low tide , people can walk across the tidal flats to collect clams , shellfish , and shrimp . at high tide , fish move in to feed among the protection of mangrove roots , turning the marshy land into rich fishing grounds . the mangrove trees themselves provide fuel , medicines , tannins , and wood for building houses and boats
the mangrove monitor ( varanus indicus ) is native to australia , new guinea & other surrounding islands . . they can live 10 - 20 years and grow to 3 - 5 feet . their conservation statis is least concern ( lc ) .
propagules may float for extended periods ( depending on the species ) , up to a year , and still remain viable . viviparity and the long - lived propagules allow mangrove species to disperse over wide areas . mangrove ecology workshop manual ( feller & sitnik editors , pdf 1 . 23 mb )
uetz , p . 1996 . family varanidae ( monitor lizards ) . embl reptile database . urltoken
charismatic water monitor ( v . salvator ) . image by tony gamble , used with permission .
bennett , d . 1995 . a little book of monitor lizards : a guide to the monitor lizards of the world and their care in captivity . aberdeen : viper press . isbn 095266321x .
monitor lizards are important predators and altogether approximately 90 different species are known to live in africa , asia , australia and the pacific islands . most monitor lizards occur in australia and on the pacific
monitor lizards are also much more difficult to care for than other reptiles . because of their high metabolism , they must be fed more often than other reptiles . this can be quite cost prohibitive , as the smaller monitor lizards may eat more than $ 40 worth of food daily , and larger monitor lizards eat much more . whether it is because prospective monitor lizard owners fail to do the necessary research or because the vendors selling the lizards fail to inform prospective buyers , most people who purchase monitor lizards are unaware of these important facts and of the responsibilities that owning a monitor will entail .
sprackland , robert 1995 . evolution , systematics , and variation of pacific mangrove monitors phd thesis , university college london , 249 pp . - get paper here
weijola v , sweet ss . 2015 . a single species of mangrove monitor ( varanus ) occupies ambon , seram , buru and saparua , moluccas , indonesia . amphibian & reptile conservation 9 ( 1 ) [ general section ] : 14–23 - get paper here
for the most part , in common names ,
goanna
and
monitor
are interchangeable .
malayan water monitor – varanus salvator . ecologyasia . com . retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 22 .
the monitor’s saliva contains over 50 bacteria that infect and kill their prey slowly . is this true ?
baby mangrove monitors can be kept in a 29 gallon cage but they grow quickly and will soon need larger housing . adult mangrove monitors should be kept in a cage that is at least 6’ x 2’ x 4’ . these lizards are excellent swimmers and a large water bowl so they can completely submerge themselves is highly recommended .
the carrion meat that get stuck in the monitor’s teeth are teeming with bacteria that can cause infections in the bite wound . however , the main cause of death of preys is the venom secreted by the monitor .
recent research has also indicated that mangroves are incredible carbon sinks , sequestering more carbon than any of their terrestrial counterparts . mangrove forests sequester approximately 1 . 5 metric tons / hectare / yr of carbon , or 3 . 7 lbs / acre / day of carbon ( 1336 lbs / acre / yr ) . mangrove substrate may contain 20 - 25 % carbon , which may also help explain the high productivity and biodiversity of these ecosystems . follow the link for a comprehensive list of mangrove species found in florida
dumeril ' s monitor in profile : note nostril position and the large nuchal scutes . image by darren naish .
australian spotted tree monitor ( v . scalaris ) ; image ( c ) stephen zozaya , used with permission .
another monitor lizard , varanus semotus , was described from mussau island last year by the same team of scientists .
was popular in the international pet trade in the late 1970 ' s and early 1980 ' s . in 1980 , 13 , 000 mangrove monitors were traded around the world (
the timor monitor has always been of special interest since it seems to be one of the so - called odatrians , a monitor group otherwise considered unique to australia . dna - based studies find v . timorensis to be especially close to mitchell ' s water monitor v . mitchelli and the rusty monitor v . semiremex , with v . scalaris , the black - headed monitor v . tristis and others as more distant relatives ( ast 2001 , vidal et al . 2012 , pyron et al . 2013 ) . whatever , it’s deeply nested within the otherwise australian odatria .
ngo estimates show that only 40 % of mangrove saplings have been able to reach maturity in recent years . but pilot results from the project show an improvement of 50 % in their mortality rate . this implies that with the “connected mangrove” approach , for every 1 , 000 saplings , around 700 or more could reach adulthood than normally would be the case .
you might be wondering can lizards bite ? yes . but , while the lizard teeth of the monitor lizard are small , they are quite sharp . therefore , monitor lizard owners must be constantly wary of their pet’s tendency to lash out and attempt to take a chunk out of them whenever the opportunity arises . as one monitor lizard owner relates ,
mangrove distribution is primarily determined by sea level and its fluctuations . other secondary factors are : air temperature , salinity , ocean currents , storms , shore slope , and soil substrate . most mangroves live on muddy soils , but they also can grow on sand , peat , and coral rock . zonation often characterizes mangrove forests . certain species occupy particular areas , or niches , within the ecosystem . some mangrove species occur close to shores , fringing islands , and sheltered bays ; others are found further inland , in estuaries influenced by tidal action .
mount the females during copulation and orient themselves head to head with their mate . the pair then travel 360° in a slow rotation , the male remaining on top of the female . after copulation , male mangrove monitors will rub the dorsum of female monitor ' s head and forequarters with their chin . female mangrove monitors are smaller than most varanids , and therefore yield a smaller clutch size , between 2 - 12 eggs . ( hjhs , undated ) . when food is abundant ,
bennett , d . 1995 . a little book of monitor lizards . viper press , aberdeen , u . k .
steel , r . 1996 . living dragons : a natural history of the world’s monitor lizards . blandford , london .
poaching of monitor lizards exists in singapore . however , they are often not brought to the attention of local authorities .
hopwood junior high school . undated . mangrove monitor lizard . commonwealth of the norther mariana islands public scools system . summary : this site provides very useful information that spans life history through introductions . it is a very informative resource for v . indicus . available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 december 2006 ]
mangroves vary in height according to species and environment , from mere shrubs to 40 meter ( app . 131 feet ) tall trees . the prop roots of some mangrove species , such as rhizophora spp . , or red mangrove , and the pneumataphores ( unique breathing roots ) of others , such as avicennia spp . , or black mangrove , contain many small “breathing” pores , called “lenticels . ” these allow oxygen to diffuse into the plant and down to the underground roots by means of air space tissue in the cortex , called “aerenchyma . ” the lenticels are inactive during high tide .
if there are no mangrove forests , then the sea will have no meaning . it is like having a tree with no roots , for the mangroves are the roots of the sea .
scientists have known for a long time that there are monitor lizards on the island but it has been unclear which species they belong to . french naturalist rené lesson discovered the monitor lizard when visiting the island with the la coquille exploration ship in 1823 , and later named the species varanus douarrha which , according to lesson , means monitor lizard in the local siar - lak language .
when listing the dangers of keeping a certain animal as a pet , the physical dangers of the animal ( such as their teeth or claws ) are the obvious considerations . however , the most dangerous trait the monitor lizard possesses may be its aggressive and extremely ferocious personality . however , the monitor lizard cannot be tamed . the monitor lizard also knows no loyalty to its owner .
a goanna is any of several australian monitor lizards of the genus varanus , as well as to certain species from southeast asia .
or protect in a hollow tree stump . most species of monitor lizard have a predominantly carnivorous diet , eating eggs , smaller reptiles , fish , birds and small mammals . some species of monitor lizard also eat fruit and vegetation depending on where they live .
crickets , mealworms , waxworms , and roaches should be considered required items in the monitor diet . many roach species are now available to monitor owners , and keepers are strongly encouraged to maintain a small breeding colony of them as a constant source of feeders .
raise awareness by sharing with your friends and family about the threats to monitor lizards , and what can they do to help .
pinheiro maa and hattori gy . 2003 . embryology of the mangrove crab ucides cordatus ( linnaeus , 1763 ) ( brachyura , ocypodidae ) . j crust biol 23 : 729 - 737 . [ links ]
frydlova , petra , jan hnizdo , petr velensky , olga simkova , veronika cikanova , lenka chylikova and daniel frynta . 2013 . easy life of males ? indirect evidence that growth is easier than egg production in mangrove - dwelling monitor lizards ( varanus indicus ) . acta herpetologica 8 ( 2 ) : 105 - 113 - get paper here
frýdlová , petra ; velenský , petr ; šimková , olga ; cikánová , veronika ; hnízdo , jan ; rehák , ivan ; frynta , daniel 2011 . is body shape of mangrove - dwelling monitor lizards ( varanus indicus ; varanidae ) sexually dimorphic ? . amphibia - reptilia 32 ( 1 ) : 27 - 37 - get paper here
the daily distance traveled by a monitor lizard varies based on the season , their habitat , and the monitor lizard size . males tend to be more active than females , primarily because they eat more food ( and thus have more energy ) , and they grow faster as well . some monitor species will spend most of their time in one location , while others will constantly be in motion .
in florida , the nile monitor lizard population is growing steadily . despite efforts to control the population growth of the animal by trapping and relocating the creatures to more suitable environments , their presence in the state still continues to grow at an alarming rate . this may not seem to be a pet owner’s problem , but it is a direct result of carelessness on the part of monitor lizard owners , and it is a danger to society , particularly because the nile monitor is one of the largest and most powerful species of monitor .
ucides cordatus . percentage of adult females ( a ) and males ( b ) with mature gonads , maturing gonads , and immatures caught during the study period , in a mangrove at iguape , são paulo .
captive dumeril ' s monitor , photographed by katerina zareva ; licensed under creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license .
in tamil nadu and all other parts of south india , catching or killing of monitor lizards is banned under the protected species act .
hans - martin braun added the english common name
ambon monitor
to
varanus cerambonensis philipp , böhme & ziegler 1999
.
kishida , k . 1929 . a new monitor from the island of saipan , south sea islands . lansania 1 : 13 - 16
water monitor – varanus salvator : waza : world association of zoos and aquariums . waza . retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 22 .
principal source : bennett , d . 1995 . a little book of monitor lizards . viper press , aberdeen , u . k .
unlike your standard household pet , monitor lizards don’t need to be groomed . their skin falls off itself , just like you’ll see with other reptile skins , including snakes . it’s important that you furnish your water monitor cage with materials that will keep the nails trimmed .
watch this two - minute video to see the monitor lizard and its aggressive behavior in action as it goes after a crocodile’s eggs .
principal sources : bennett , d . 1995 . a little book of monitor lizards . viper press , aberdeen , u . k .
we have some spectacular captive bred mangrove monitors for sale at the best possible prices . this south pacific species is mottled with yellow markings and reaches a length of approximately four feet . it is known for occasionally consuming young crocodiles in the wild . when you buy a nile monitor from us , you automatically receive our 100 % live arrival guarantee .
diele k and koch v . 2010 . growth and mortality of the exploited mangrove crab ucides cordatus ( ucididae ) in n - brazil . j exp mar biol ecol 395 : 171 - 180 . [ links ]
nordhaus i and wolff m . 2007 . feeding ecology of the mangrove crab ucides cordatus ( ocypodidae ) : food choice , food quality and assimilation efficiency . mar biol 151 : 1665 - 1681 . [ links ]
bennett , d . 1994 . dumeril’s monitor lizard ( varanus dumerilii ) . the reptilian magazine 3 ( 3 ) , 35 - 37 .
q . i recently bought a baby nile monitor . i’m having a hard time finding much information about it . what i need is a way to check its sex for possible breeding later on . is it realistic to even consider breeding this species in captivity ? also , exactly how do you tell a nile monitor from a water monitor ? they seem much the same to me . elijah church terre haute , ind .
there are at least 50 known species of monitor lizards , with new ones being discovered all the time . some have been known to be as small as 8 inches , but most ( such as the nile monitor lizard that has become popular in florida ) can be quite large .
evolutionary adjustments to varying coastal marine environments have produced some astounding biological characteristics within mangrove plant communities . certain species of mangroves exclude salt from their systems , others actually excrete the salt they take in via their leaves , roots , or branches . in species that exclude salt , the mangrove root system is so effective in filtering out salt that a thirsty traveler could drink fresh water from a cut root , though the tree itself stands in saline soil .
böhme , w . 1991 . new findings on the hemipenial morphology of monitor lizards and their systematic implications . mertensiella 2 , 42 - 49 .
monitor lizards belong to the family varanidae , which is a group of lizards that includes the largest living lizard , the komodo dragon . varanidae contains only a single genus , varanus . many believe that such creatures have inhabitated the earth since prehistoric times . monitor lizards have been known to grow up to 33 feet long . the largest monitor lizard ever recorded was approximetly 365 pounds ( komodo dragon ) . monitor lizards are very fierce predators , which live in many different countries such as africa , asia , arabia , the east indies , and australia , as well as indonesia .
tupinambis indicus daudin 1802 : 46 tupinambus indicus daudin 1802 — böhme et al . 2016 ( in error ) varanus guttatus merrem 1820 : 58 ( nom . subst . fide cogger 1983 ) monitor kalabeck lesson 1830 : 52 monitor chlorostigma gray 1831 : 26 varanus chlorostigma — duméril & bibron 1836 : 489 monitor doreanus meyer 1874 : 130 monitor indicus — peters 1876 monitor chlorostigma — günther 1879 : 84 varanus indicus — boulenger 1883 varanus indicus — boulenger 1885 : 316 varanus indicus — de rooij 1915 : 148 varanus indicus indicus — mertens 1926 varanus indicus rouxi mertens 1926 varanus tsukamotoi kishida 1929 ( fide böhme 2002 ) varanus leucostigma — hediger 1934 : 497 ( in error for monitor chlorostigma ) varanus indicus — böhme 1994 varanus indicus — cogger 2000 : 368 varanus ( euprepiosaurus ) indicus — ziegler et al . 2007 varanus ( euprepiosaurus ) indicus — bucklitsch et al . 2016 : 50
to go along with its venomous razor - sharp bite , the monitor lizard has other weapons at its disposal . on each of its paws are sharp claws used to grab and rip into its prey . while the risk of being sliced up by the monitor lizard is scary enough , its tail may be its most formidable weapon . the lizard’s tail is very muscular and can badly injure a person . if you are looking for a pet that you can pal around with or show off to your friends , the monitor lizard is a poor choice . as one monitor lizard owner relates :
koch a , arida e , schmitz a , böhme w , ziegler t . 2009 . refining the polytypic species concept of mangrove monitors ( squamata : varanus indicus group ) : a new cryptic species from the talaud islands , indonesia , reveals the underestimated diversity of indo - australian monitor lizards . australian journal of zoology 57 ( 1 ) : 29 - 40 - get paper here
- . 1999 . a new species of monitor ( squamata : varanidae ) from indonesia . reptile hobbyist 4 ( 6 ) , 20 - 27 .
. in the east - coast states of malaysia , this species is very common in roadkill . in thailand , all monitor lizards are protected species .
the name ,
monitor ,
is also used for a species in different , but closely related , family , the earless monitor ( lanthanotus borneensis ) in lanthanotidae , a semi - aquatic , brown lizard from borneo . this article will be restricted to discussion of the varanids ( varanidae ) .
mangrove monitors originate from northern australia and surrounding countries so they are very used to hot temperatures , it’s important to have the correct heating and lighting within the enclosure to make sure your lizard gets the best chance at a long life .
photo courtesy of jody pieper . note : the mangrove monitors from the aru islands were originally described as a distinct subspecies , varanus indicus rouxi ( mertens 1926 ) , a name which is now considered a junior synonym of varanus indicus .
sant ' anna bs , pinheiro maa , mataqueiro m and zara fj . 2007 . spermathecae of the mangrove crab ucides cordatus : a histological and histochemical view . j mar biol assoc uk 87 : 903 - 911 . [ links ]
vicente av et al . 2012 . black yeast - like fungi associated with lethargic crab disease ( lcd ) in the mangrove - land crab , ucides cordatus ( ocypodidae ) . vet microbiol 158 : 109 - 122 . [ links ]
illegal logging , fire , soil pollution and fish farming has cut mangrove cover by half in the past 10 years and this must be reversed . mangrove forests are ecosystems that lie at the confluence of freshwater rivers and salty seas . while they make up only 0 . 7 percent of the world ' s forests , they have the ultimate potential to store about 2 . 5 times as much carbon dioxide as humans produce globally each year , if their growth is heavily revived .
many monitor lizard owners share similar experiences with their exotic scaly pets , and nile monitors in particular will not hesitate to attempt to bite their caregivers . there is no denying that a bite from any species of monitor lizard can be downright painful , as monitors have been known to crush bones in humans .
( mangrove monitors ) are 3 . 5 - 5cm in length , oblong and white , and take approximately 7 - 8 months to hatch . no parental care is given to the young when they hatch . ( hjhs , undated ) .
the skin of varanus indicus ( mangrove monitors ) is used on ceremonial drums and as leather ( bennett , 1995 ) . v . indicus was introduced to micronesia during the japanese occupation as a food source and for rat population control ( buden , 2000 ) . v . indicus was popular in the international pet trade in the late 1970 ' s and early 1980 ' s . in 1980 , 13 , 000 mangrove monitors were traded around the world ( bennett , 1995 ) .
ericsson’s connected mangroves project , the first of its kind in the world , combines cloud , machine - to - machine and mobile broadband to help the local community in selangor , malaysia , to better manage the growth of new mangrove saplings .
large scale exploitation
of monitor lizards is undertaken for their skins , which are described as being
of considerable utility
in the leather industry .
the andaman islands water monitor , v . s . andamanensis , is found on the andaman islands ; the type locality is port blair , andaman islands .
uetz , p . 1996 . family varanidae ( monitor lizards ) . embl reptile database . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 12 march 2010 ]
buffrenil , v . , j . castanet . 2000 . age estimation by skeletochronology in the nile monitor ( varanus niloticus ) , a highly exploited species .
it is hard to distinguish a male monitor from a female one based purely on physical appearance . monitor lizards are able to identify other males and females with their sense of smell . the lizards release pheromones , and mark their territory in similar fashion to other animals ( dogs for example – by urinating ) .
uses the skin of varanus indicus ( mangrove monitors ) is used on ceremonial drums and as leather ( bennett , 1995 ) . v . indicus was introduced to micronesia during the japanese occupation as a food source and for rat population control ( buden , 2000 ) . v . indicus was popular in the international pet trade in the late 1970 ' s and early 1980 ' s . in 1980 , 13 , 000 mangrove monitors were traded around the world ( bennett , 1995 ) .
other goannas are adapted to swampy coastal environments , such as the mangrove goanna ( v . semiremex ) . further still , the mertens ' water monitor ( water goanna – v . mertensi ) , found in lagoons and rivers across northern australia , is streamlined for swimming , using its tail as a paddle . most other goannas are good swimmers , but tend not to voluntarily venture into the water .
as previously noted , the results obtained in the present study allowed us to define the “andada”period more reliably for iguape . the results also suggest that it is best to prohibit the catching of both sexes in december and january , or during the days of full and new moon , in these mangrove forests . however , in order to implement these recommendations for species protection , similar studies should be carried out in other brazilian mangrove areas , to confirm this pattern of the “andada” phenomenon among localities .
has been reported to seize a 1 . 4 m long nile monitor , and within half and hour had swallowed it head first . crocodiles also take monitors on occasion . a defensive nile monitor will arch its back and stand at full stretch on its legs , hissing as the body inflates and flicking the tail sideways . as a last resort a cornered nile monitor will bite savagely and eject foul - smelling matter from the cloaca to deter attack or throw off a pursuer .
you don’t . nile monitors will decide on their own whether to allow you to interact . however , putting them in a densely populated area of your home , not giving them a hide until they calm down a little , having a piece of clothing with your scent in their cage and constant interaction is great . just remember they are cheap for a reason . a water monitor or even more so a savannah monitor is a much butter choice for a new monitor keeper .
spatial variation , or zonation , is a common trait for mangrove forests both horizontally and vertically . certain species are found in monospecific bands parallel to the shore or in mosaics ; however , patterns of distribution vary with location , both locally and regionally . there are many hypotheses about how and why zonation occurs , but no consensus has been reached . interspecific variation is also quite high ; mangrove height ranges from only a few feet to over one hundred feet and species exhibit different adaptations to salinity .
kishida , k . 1929 . a new monitor from the island of saipan , south sea islands . lansania . 1 ( 1 ) : 13 - 16 .
das , indraneil 1988 new evidence of the occurrence of water monitor ( varanus salvator ) in meghalaya j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 86 : 253–255
mangrove monitors require temperatures ranging between 82 and 90 degrees fahrenheit , with a warmer basking spot ( up to about 95 or 97 degrees fahrenheit ) . nighttime temperatures can be lowered to around 70 or 75 degrees fahrenheit . a thermal gradient is recommended .
bezerra lea and matthews - cascon h . 2007 . population and reproductive biology of the fiddler crab uca thayeri rathbun , 1900 ( crustacea : ocypodidae ) in a tropical mangrove from northeast brazil . acta oecol 31 : 251 - 258 . [ links ]
graser m and diele k . 2004 asymmetric outcomes : assessing central aspect of biological , economical and social sustainability of a mangrove crab fishery , ucides cordatus ( ocypodidae ) , in north brazil . ecol econ 49 : 361 - 373 . [ links ]
varanus indicus ( mangrove monitor ) feeds on domesticated chickens and their eggs in many locations where it has been introduced . ( bennett , 1995 ) . on tetepare island in the western province of the solomon islands , v . indicus is known to scavenge the nests of turtles , including the endangered leatherback sea turtle ( see dermochelys coriacea in iucn red list of threatened species ) ( read & mosby , 2006 ) .
the water monitor ( varanus salvator ) is a large lizard native to south and southeast asia . water monitors are one of the most common monitor lizards found throughout asia , and range from bangladesh , sri lanka and india to indochina , the malay peninsula , and various islands of indonesia , living in areas close to water .
a mangrove monitor can easily be housed as a pet and with the proper care , they can live up to 20 years . they originate from northern australia and are a widespread reptile on many of the pacific islands such as the solomon islands and the marshall islands . they can grow up to 5 feet so you can imagine , even as hatchlings , they’re fairly big in comparison to most lizards and they grow fast !
water monitor lizard ( varanus salvator ) at pak lah’s house | mutakhir . urltoken ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) . retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 22 .
hi all…i just got a nile monitor and i immediately liked owning one but i am not experienced enough to tame it… . any tips on how to do that .
general impacts varanus indicus ( mangrove monitor ) feeds on domesticated chickens and their eggs in many locations where it has been introduced . ( bennett , 1995 ) . on tetepare island in the western province of the solomon islands , v . indicus is known to scavenge the nests of turtles , including the endangered leatherback sea turtle ( see dermochelys coriacea in iucn red list of threatened species ) ( read & mosby , 2006 ) .
boeger wa , pie ma , vicente v , ostrensky a , hungria d and castillo gg . 2007 . histopathology of the mangrove land crab ucides cordatus ( ocypodidae ) affected by lethargic crab disease . dis aquat org 78 : 73 - 81 . [ links ]
pinheiro maa and hattori gy . 2006 . relative growth of the mangrove crab ucides cordatus ( linnaeus , 1763 ) ( crustacea , brachyura , ocypodidae ) at iguape , são paulo , brazil . brazilian arch biol technol 49 : 813 - 823 . [ links ]
the eggs of varanus indicus ( mangrove monitors ) are 3 . 5 - 5cm in length , oblong and white , and take approximately 7 - 8 months to hatch . no parental care is given to the young when they hatch . ( hjhs , undated ) .
volunteers planted mangrove saplings that have been equipped with sensors that can monitor real - time information about soil and weather conditions , fires , water levels and any intrusion from third parties to ensure positive growth and rehabilitation of eroded coastlines . data is compiled and sent directly to a cloud system where users , such as farmers , ngos , analysts and authorities , can have access to it to understand more about the current status of the saplings .
goannas are found throughout most of australia , except for tasmania , and manage to persist in a variety of environments . most species are known to climb trees or outcrops ; several primarily arboreal species are known . the lace monitor ( v . varius ) is probably the best - known amongst these , but is not the most common . the lace monitor is the second - largest of all goannas , reaching lengths of up to 2 m . other more common tree goannas , such as the timor tree monitor ( v . timorensis ) and mournful tree monitor ( v . tristis ) do not grow to quite such lengths , averaging only a few feet nose - to - tail .
the discovery of venom in monitor lizards , as well as in agamid lizards , has led to the toxicofera hypothesis : that all venomous reptiles share a common venomous ancestor .
various factors contribute to a monitor lizards’ size . these include diet and nutrition , climate and habitat conditions . in general , male lizards will exceed female lizards in size .
monitors are well adapted to their environment and well camouflaged , which helps them avoid potential predators . snakes are considered to be the monitor lizard’s most feared predator . young monitor lizards are able to rely on color and behavior for defense – they are more spread out than adults , and they are able to take cover more quickly and effectively .
as my apartment is very small , i’m considering ackie monitors . these are a species of dwarf monitor which can grow to adult size up to about 27 or 30 inches . could you point me to websites or books with information on keeping these small monitor lizards ? i would only aspire to good and responsible animal husbandry . thank you .
the head of the monitor is large which allows the organism to swallow large prey such as birds , reptiles , small mammals , their own eggs , and insects . the monitor lizards are brutal predators . they are sometimes also scavengers . because its mouth carries a virulent bacteria , when its prey is bitten , it may be fatal because of bacteria that enters into the body . also , to help control prey , monitor lizards also have venom - secreting glands in their mouth that give off low amounts of venom .
they have long necks and sturdy limbs . their claws are very sharp , and their tails typically account for half of their body length . most species of monitor lizards stick to the ground , but some prefer to make their homes in trees or near water . almost all species of monitor lizards are carnivorous , though a few will eat fruit .
mangrovewatch is an environmental health monitoring program for shorelines . it has been established to address the urgent need to preserve and protect threatened tidal wetland ecosystems , especially threatened mangrove and saltmarsh habitats . our practices and framework help address both scientific and environmental management needs in the community .
magalhães a , costa rm , silva m and pereira lcc . 2007 . the role of women in the mangrove crab ( ucides cordatus , ocypodidae ) production process in north brazil ( amazon region , para ) . ecol econ 61 : 559 - 565 . [ links ]
pinheiro maa , baveloni md and terceiro osl . 2003 . fecundity of the mangrove crab ucides cordatus ( linnaeus , 1763 ) ( crustacea , brachyura , ocypodidae ) at iguape , sp , brazil . int j invert repr dev 43 : 19 - 26 . [ links ]
the “connected mangroves” project was awarded under the momentum for change ict solutions focus area because it is a shining example of how ict and mobility can be used together to restore dwindling mangrove plantations and thus help absorb carbon emissions while protecting residents from natural disasters such as flooding .
a calcium and vitamin supplement should be put on all food that does not contain bones . when feeding your monitor mice , rats , or fish , no supplement is needed .
experts claim that the monitor lizard is a tremendously fertile breeder . females are known to lay anywhere between 40 to 80 eggs at a time , once or twice per year . the nile monitor lizard is a particularly ferocious carnivore and has become a major threat to many of florida’s endangered species , including the endangered ground owl and the gopher tortoise . because of the nile monitor lizard’s appetite for eggs , it is a threat to the alligator and the american crocodile population , as their ground nests make easy targets for the lizard .
the real danger in a monitor lizard’s venomous bite is for small animals or infants . the venom stops blood from clotting , causes a rapid drop in blood pressure , and heightens the pain associated with the bite . researchers have even found that monitor lizard venom contains crotamine , the same poison found in rattlesnake venom . though it should be noted that it is present in such small amounts that it is not fatal to humans , it is still a sobering thought . the monitor lizard’s venom acts as a sort of knockout punch to small mammals and birds , so if you have a small child or a cat , dog , or other pet , it would be unwise for you to adopt a monitor lizard .
lifecycle stages the eggs of varanus indicus ( mangrove monitors ) are 3 . 5 - 5cm in length , oblong and white , and take approximately 7 - 8 months to hatch . no parental care is given to the young when they hatch . ( hjhs , undated ) .
mangrove roots collect the silt and sediment that tides carry in and rivers carry out towards the sea . by holding the soil in place , the trees stabilize shorelines against erosion . seedlings that take root on sandbars help stabilize the sandbars over time and may eventually create small islands .
mangrovewatch is a not - for - profit organisation that focuses on the research , education and conservation of mangrove and tidal wetland environments globally . much of our work is channeled through our flagship program that is built on partnerships between scientists , community volunteers and traditional owners . see mangrovewatchers !
( 1992 ) . the necropsy and internal anatomy of a white - throated monitor lizard ( varanus albigularis daudin , 1802 ) . varanews 2 ( 1 ) : 5 - 6 .
in the wild , the staple diet of many monitor species is insects and other invertebrates . recent studies have shown that presumed rodent eaters such as savannah monitors , actually consume mostly termites , millepedes , and scorpions . in captivity , these foods may be difficult to procure , but other insect species are readily available , and should be part of every monitor diet .
rough - necked monitor ( v . rudicollis ) , one of the weirdest members of varanidae . mertens considered it distinct enough for its own subgenus , dendrovaranus . photo by darren naish .
mangrove monitors have very sharp claws and teeth surrounded by a powerful jaw . they will not hesitate to bite / scratch if they feel uncomfortable so it’s important to take extra care when dealing with them . they can do a fair amount of damage to humans – and they are very quick .
1994 , dryden and ziegler 2004 ) . it is most commonly found along shorelines and in mangrove forests , but it has also adapted well to coconut and oil palm plantations . in closed forest environments and beyond tidal influence on larger islands , it is usually replaced by related species , such as
diele k , koch v and saint - paul u . 2005 . population structure , catch composition and cpue of the artisanally harvested mangrove crab ucides cordatus ( ocypodidae ) in the caeté estuary , north brazil : indications for overfishing ? aquat liv resour 18 : 169 - 178 . [ links ]
( bonn , germany , 29 september 2016 ) – a ground - breaking technology project in malaysia and initiated by telecommunications firm ericsson that uses sensors to provide near real - time information to restore dwindling mangrove plantations was announced today as one of 13 winners of a united nations climate change award .
blood cell morphology and count are not uniform across species . recently , between - species comparisons revealed that the size of red blood cells is associated with body size in some lizard taxa , and this finding was interpreted in the context of the metabolic theory . in the present study , we examined the numbers and the size of blood cells in 2 species of monitor lizards , the mangrove - dwelling monitor ( varanus indicus ) and the savannah monitor ( v . exanthematicus ) , and we compared these traits in individuals of different body size . the results revealed that during the course of ontogeny , the size of red blood cells increases with body mass . because the mass - specific metabolic rate decreases with body size and the cell volume - to - surface ratio decreases with the cell size , changes in the erythrocyte size might be the result of oxygen transport adjustment .
mangrove forests provide habitat for thousands of species at all levels of marine and forest food webs , from bacteria to barnacles to bengal tigers . the trees shelter insect species , attracting birds which also take cover in the dense branches . these coastal forests are prime nesting and resting sites for hundreds of shorebirds and migratory bird species , including kingfishers , herons , and egrets . crab - eating macaque monkeys , fishing cats , and giant monitor lizards hunt among the mangroves , along with endangered species such as olive ridley turtles , white breasted sea eagles , tree climbing fish , proboscis monkeys , and dugongs . and the soft soil beneath mangrove roots enables burrowing species such as snails and clams to lie in wait . other species , such as crabs and shrimp , forage in the fertile mud .
) . ovarian mass is greater during the dry season for females . male mangrove monitors have testicular sperm all year round and their fat body mass does not differ between seasons , unlike females who have higher fat contents during the dry season , mainly for egg production . ( hjhs , undated ) .


oregonia gracilis , commonly known as the graceful decorator crab , is a species of crab belonging to the family oregoniidae .

like other decorator crabs it habitually attaches other organisms to its back as camouflage or to warn off predators .

oregonia gracilis

this oregonia gracilis is festooned with hydroids and ( tunicates ? ) . from 100 m depth , san juan channel . photo by dave cowles , july 2001
scientific articles : berke , sarah k . and sarah a . woodin , 2009 . behavioral and morphological aspects of decorating in oregonia gracilis ( brachyura majoidea ) . invertebrate biology 128 : 2 pp 172 - 181
decorator crab - misc decorated with sponge , plant , zoanthids , palys etc - mixed lot ! ! oregonia gracilis the saltwater decorator crab is a perfect crab for a reef tank as it helps propagate soft . . .
↑ berke , s . k . and s . a . woodin . ( 2009 ) . behavioral and morphological aspects of decorating in oregonia gracilis ( brachyura : majoidea ) . invertebrate zoology . 128 : 172 - 181 .
video of o . gracilis wafting as an additional form of crypsis . video by s . rosewall
oregonia gracilis belong to the phylum arthropoda , subphylum crustacea , and are further grouped into the class malacostraca . as with all arthropoda they grow through shedding their exoskeletons and as with crustacea , experience a distinct larval stage . [ 1 ]
octopus , sea otters , and multiple species of fishes feed on adult o . gracilis . [ 9 ]
decorator crab ( oregonia gracilis ) the saltwater decorator crab is a perfect crab for a reef tank as it helps propagate soft corals through the aquarium . they generally decorate their shells with algea , soft corals , or sponge as a method to camoflauge themselves . the saltwater decorator crab is a nocturnal crab and hunts at night .
oregonia gracilis , commonly known as the graceful decorator crab , is a
true crab
. it often decorates itself with objects from its surroundings in order to blend in with its natural environment . this form of crypsis is used to avoid predation . because of this crypsis , it can be difficult to spot in its habitat .
almost always decorated by algae , sponges , hydroids , and other invertebrates , the graceful decorator crab , oregonia gracilis , can be found intertidally and subtidal to 436 m , on mixed bottom types . in the family oregoniidae , this crab is found from the bering sea to monterey bay , california , and also in japan . carapace length is to 39 mm ( 1 . 5 in . )
as zoea and megalopa , o . gracilis join the complicated trophic food web of the epipelagic and are most likely consumed by larger zooplankton and nekton . [ 10 ]
scientific name : greek orego ( to stretch , reach ) and ia ( quality or state of being ) ; and latin gracilis ( slender , thin , simple ) .
oregonia gracilis decorates by cutting small pieces of material with its chelipeds and fraying and softening the material with its mouth parts . once the material is soft , it rubs the material onto its carapace until the material adheres to the setae on the carapace . [ 5 ] individuals will use virtually any material available to decorate themselves to the environment . in captivity , individuals will change their decorations to better match the environmental colors offered . [ 4 ]
references cowles , d . ( 2005 ) . oregonia gracilis dana , 1851 . invertebrates of the salish sea . rosario beach marine laboratory . accessed 01 / 04 / 2014 . harbo , r . m . ( 1999 ) . whelks to whales : coastal marine life of the pacific northwest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 76 . hart , j . ( 1984 ) . oregonia gracilis dana , 1851 . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2012 . e - fauna bc : electronic atlas of the fauna of british columbia . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . accessed 01 / 04 / 2014 . jensen , g . c . ( 1995 ) . pacific coast crabs and shrimp . monterey , ca : sea challengers . p . 23 . authors and editors of page kelly fretwell and brian starzomski ( 2014 ) .
for most of its life cycle , o . gracilis lives solitarily , except during breeding season . while courtship behaviors have been reported , it is believed that chemical cues play the most significant role in mate acquisition . [ 6 ]
using its chelipeds , o . gracilis cuts and grasps small pieces of food that are pushed passed the maxillepeds and inward to the mandibles . while the mandibles hold the food , the maxillae rip the food into smaller pieces . finally , once the food pieces are small enough , they are passed through the mouth for digestion . chelipeds of o . gracilis are not built to crush shells or strong exoskeletons , but are used to pluck soft , small marine organisms and to scavenge the sea floor . [ 6 ]
like all malacostraca , o . gracilis have three body segments : head , thorax , and abdomen . the head and thorax are fused into a cephalothorax , as in most crustaceans , and are covered by a carapace ( continuous exoskeleton ) . they have large , stalked , compound eyes and 2 sets of antennae . the cephalothorax also bears three pairs of small appendages for feeding , the mandibles and 1st and 2nd maxillae . [ 1 ]
they belong to the order decapoda , meaning they have 5 paired pereopods ( thoracic walking legs ) and the first 3 pairs generally assist in feeding and are called maxillipeds . like most crabs , the first pair of pereopods have pincher - claws and are called chelipeds , which are usually for feeding or defense ; o . gracilis also use these claws to decorate themselves . the abdominal segments each bear a pair of appendages called pleopods that function to generate respiratory currents and brood offspring . [ 1 ]
while brooding , embryos experience an unseen naupliar life stage and then hatch as zoea , a more advanced larval stage with compound eyes and a spiny carapace . these zoea larvae drift upwards and become part of the pelagic plankton in the water column . [ 1 ] during the zoea life stage , o . gracilis uses its maxillipeds to swim , making it relatively agile compared to other zooplankton . [ 8 ] after a period of growth and development , zoea larvae metamorphose into a megalopa stage which looks very similar to the adult form except that the abdomen is not yet under the thorax . [ 1 ] the megalopa life stage is the final larval stage before entering the benthic , adult stage . [ 8 ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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composed of two spinelike processes . it also has a large curved postorbital spine just behind each eye (
) . its legs are long and slender . it often liberally decorates itself with algae , sponges , bryozoans , or hydroids which it attaches by hooking to fine , hooked setae . carapace length , including rostrum , up to 5 cm . carapace color is usually brown or tan , sometimes gray . fingers of
how to distinguish from similar species : this is the only decorator crab with the long hooked spine behind the eye . the carapace does not have a sharp anterolateral projection as seen in pugettia producta .
biology / natural history : this crab decorates more liberally than any of the other decorator crabs in this area . during decoration , pieces of material are attached to specialized hooked setae and also interact with pappose setae . the crab ' s chelae are small and delicate . in males the chelipeds are longer than the walking legs , but in females they are shorter . will eat carrion . predators include pacific halibut ( hippoglossus stenolepis ) . in puget sound area , eggs may be carried during most seasons . recently hatched eggs are orange - red ; eggs nearly ready to hatch are reddish - brown .
here is the underside of another individual . note the long , thin legs and chelipeds , and the long hydroid attached to the rostrum . photo by dave cowles , july 2005
visible in one or more of the lower photos are curved hairs on the walking legs , and curved spines behind each eye . both features distinguish the slender decorator crab from the longhorn decorator crab . the bottom right photo shows the differences in size , leg length , and decoration between decorator crabs ( left ) and kelp crabs ( right ) . photos by gillian harvey , georgia brander , and julia fisher .
intriguing info this crab decorates itself the most of all northern decorator crabs . see this friday harbour labs post for further information on this process . the video at right shows a decorator crab busy decorating . adult males and adult females can differ significantly in appearance , and were once thought to be separate species . see the e - fauna page for this species for more information
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this species has a triangular - shaped carapace that is usually tan in color and matches bryozoans , sponges , and hydroids usually found on its body and legs . [ 2 ] with its small body and long , thin legs , it is the most spidery , in appearance , of all the intertidal majid ( spider ) crabs on the north pacific coast . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] the carapace can reach lengths of 5 to 7 . 5 cm . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
its carapace is covered with setae , long hairs , and tubercles . it has two rostral spines that are near - parallel and a sharp , curved spine directly posterior to each eye that protrudes out ( postorbital spine ) . the 2nd set of antennae are longer than the rostral spines and the tips of the chelae are orange . [ 5 ]
in mature males , the chelipeds are longer than the pereopods . in mature females , the chelipeds are shorter than the pereopods . [ 5 ]
this species has a carapace covered with larger , more distinct spines and chelae are tipped with white not orange .
this species has shorter , flatter rostral horns and shorter , less spider - like legs .
generally , this species can be found from northern alaska , along the bering strait , to central california as well as the pacific coast of japan . it tends to live on the rocky bottoms and mixed bottoms of the low intertidal up to roughly 400 m depth . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
the first and second abdominal appendages of males are used to transefer spermatophores ( sperm packets ) to females . normal sexual reproduction , fertilizing an egg with sperm , occurs and females produce eggs that they carry attached to their abdominal segments . abdominal setae produce a substance that binds the eggs to the setae . [ 7 ] [ 6 ]
this species relies heavily on drifting kelp and algae as a main food source and employs a waiting strategy to maintain crypsis and avoid predation . [ 9 ] [ 6 ]
as zoea and megalopa , they are mostly carnivorous and most likely feed on smaller zooplankton . [ 10 ]
individuals commonly waft their legs and body through the water while remaining attached to a substrate with their last set of pereopods . this activity is thought to be cryptic , resembling seaweeds and other sea life moving in the waves . it is used to avoid predation . [ 11 ]
a study from 2009 found males to decorate significantly less than females and for males to decrease decorating with aging more than females . it is thought that individuals decorate less as they age because they are no longer as susceptible to predation with their increased size . as individuals age , they also have less setae present on their carapaces . individuals were also found to decorate the anterior part of the carapace , near the rostum , most heavily . anecdotally , individuals tend to decorate the rostrum first . this may be due to the valuable and relatively vulnerable appendages near this area including the stalked eyes and antennae . [ 12 ]
↑ 1 . 0 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 pechenik , j . a . ( 2010 ) . biology of the invertebrates : 6th edition . boston : mcgraw hill .
↑ 2 . 0 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 kozloff , e . n . ( 1993 ) . seashore life of the northern pacific coast : an illustrated guide to northern california , oregon , washington , and british columbia . seattle : univ . of wa press .
↑ 3 . 0 3 . 1 3 . 2 gotshall , d . w . ( 2005 ) . guide to marine invertebrates : alaska to baja california 2nd edition ( revised ) . santa barbara : shoreline press .
↑ 4 . 0 4 . 1 4 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 4 lamb , a . and b . p . hanby . ( 2005 ) . marine life of the pacific northwest : a photographic encyclopedia of invertebrates , seaweeds , and selected fishes . british columbia : harbour publishing .
↑ 5 . 0 5 . 1 5 . 2 rathbun , m . j . ( 1925 ) . the spider crabs of america . bulletin 129 of the united states national museum .
↑ 6 . 0 6 . 1 6 . 2 6 . 3 cattle point : where fashion is the best defense . friday harbor labs , university of washington . urltoken
↑ 8 . 0 8 . 1 plankton . friday harbor labs , university of washington . urltoken
↑ 9 . 0 9 . 1 daly , b . and b . konar . ( 2009 ) . temporal trends of two spider crabs ( brachyura , majoidea ) in nearshore kelp habitats in alaska , usa . crustaceana . 6 : 659 - 669
↑ 10 . 0 10 . 1 castro , p . and m . e . huber . ( 2010 ) . marine biology : 8th edition . new york : mcgraw hill .
↑ hultgren , k . m . and j . j . stachowicz . ( 2009 ) . evolution of decoration in majoid crabs : a comparative phylogenetic analysis of the role of body size and alternative defense strategies . the american naturalist . 173 : 566 - 578 .
this page was last modified on 11 march 2011 , at 00 : 24 .
the blueberry gorgonian is a filter feeder which requires strong non lateral flow and phytoplankton / zooplankton to be fed to the tank at least once per week . due to the fact it is non . . .
decorated with sponge / macro algae etc this arrow crab makes for interesting tank conversation .
the saltwater peppermint shrimp ( lysmata wurdemanni ) is also known as veined shrimp and caribbean cleaner shrimp . it is a natural predator of the nuisance anemone - aiptasia , while some peppermint . . .
live copepods for sale & amphipods make great fish and coral food * * * * * * please note - this item does not ship free by itself . you must purchase a package that comes with free . . .
emerald crab mithrax sculptus common name : emerald crab scientific name : mithrax sculptus size available : ~ 1 / 2 inch minimum tank size : 1 per 25 gallons are level : moderately easy reef . . .
the saltwater blue porcelain crab is a filter feeder and a reef safe crab that is great for beginners . it is similar to the saltwater red porcelain crab but is slightly more docile . very bright and . . .
porcellana sayana the saltwater porcelain crab is a great addition to any reef aquarium as they are algae eaters and are very colorful . saltwater porcelain crabs are also filter feeders and have a . . .
( clibanarius tricolor ) xlg blue leg hermit crabs = 1
the blue leg hermit crab is a reef safe hermit crab which eats algae and left over food . it is a nice addition to the aquarium as . . .
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digital photo by jan haaga . references ( a complete list ) in the text include : jensen ( 1995 ) , williams et al . ( 1988 ) , barr ( 1983 ) , or hart ( 1982 ) .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
williams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
california , and honshu island , japan . shallow water to 212 fathoms . ” [ rathbun , 1925 , p . 79 ] .
among algae . ( doflein ) on zostera marina . ( way ) among eel grass . ( hart ) on wharf piling .
masking with hydroid polyps , etc . , affording the animal marked concealment . ( doflein ) often
adorned with sponges , algae , bryozoans , and hydroids . ( mackay ) barnacle - bedecked . ( lenz )
: shallow water to 212 fathoms . ( rathbun ) specimens examined came from depths of
from 3 to 74 fathoms . [ garth , 1958 , p . 139 ] .
size of carapace . the series at hand includes males ranging in size from 13 . 5 mm to the 60 mm
specimen measured above and females ranging from 11 . 3 to 45 mm . ovigerous females show
great disparity in size , ranging from 11 . 3 to 44 . 6 mm . the largest specimen on record is the
65 . 7 x 39 mm male measured by rathbun ( 1925 ) . [ garth , 1958 , p . 139 ] .
stimpson , 1857b , p . 456 . spence bate , 1866 , p . 269 . lockington , 1877c , p . 74 . miers ,
johnson and snook , 1927 , p . 365 , text - fig . 315 . g . m . smith , 1928 , pp . 164 , 165 . yokoya ,
ricketts and calvin , 1939 , p . 249 . stephensen , 1945 , p . 218 .
dana , 1851a , p . 270 ; type locality , puget sound ; type not extant ; 1852 , p .
107 ; atlas , 1855 , pi . 3 , figs . 3a , 3b . stimpson , 1857b , p . 546 . spence bate , 1866 , p . 269 .
spence bate , 1864 , p . 663 ; type locality , esquimalt harbor ,
vancouver island ; type in british museum ; 1865 , p . 487 ; 1866 , p . 267 , pl . facing p . 262 ,


eulima chionea is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .

the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus , eulima .

eulima chionea

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have a definition for eulima chionea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
gofas , s . ( 2004 ) . eulima chionea bouchet & warén , 1986 . in : molluscabase ( 2016 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken ; = 139801
eulima exlactea sacco , 1892 : synonym of eulima lactea a . adams , 1854
eulima masseneti de folin , 1867 : synonym of eulima fulvocincta c . b . adams , 1850
eulima conica verkrüzen fide paetel , 1887 : synonym of eulima subconica e . a . smith , 1890
eulima nitida a . adams , 1861 : synonym of eulima adamsii g . b . sowerby ii , 1866
eulima lineata sowerby g . b . ii , 1834 : synonym of eulima glabra ( da costa , 1778 )
eulima lesbia ( angas , 1871 ) : synonym of eulima acutissima ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1866 )
eulima acerrima ( r . b . watson , 1883 ) ( taxon inquirendum )
eulima pelluscens [ sic ] : synonym of eulimella pellucens a . adams , 1861
eulima angulosa ( f . p . jousseaume in fisher - piette & nicklès , 1946 )
eulima altavillensis seguenza g . , 1876 : synonym of melanella doederleini ( brusina , 1886 )
eulima bonifaciae nordsieck , 1974 : synonym of sabinella bonifaciae ( f . nordsieck , 1974 )
eulima caledonica morelet , 1881 : synonym of parvioris fulvescens ( a . adams , 1866 )
eulima luchuana pilsbry , 1901 : synonym of melanella cuspidata ( a . adams , 1854 )
eulima bilineata adams & reeve , 1850 : synonym of leiostraca bivittata h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of eulima bivittata ( h . adams & a . adams , 1853 )
eulima acuta a . adams , 1854 : synonym of hypermastus acutus ( a . adams , 1854 )
eulima angulata a . adams , 1861 : synonym of melanella angulata ( a . adams , 1861 )
eulima candida marrat , 1880 : synonym of melanella martinii ( a . adams in sowerby , 1854 )
eulima chrysallida a . adams , 1861 : synonym of melanella chrysallida ( a . adams , 1861 )
eulima clavula a . adams , 1861 : synonym of melanella clavula ( a . adams , 1861 )
eulima cumingii a . adams , 1851 : synonym of melanella cumingii ( a . adams , 1851 )
eulima cuspidata a . adams , 1854 : synonym of melanella cuspidata ( a . adams , 1854 )
eulima debilis a . adams , 1861 : synonym of melanella debilis ( a . adams , 1861 )
eulima fulvescens a . adams , 1866 : synonym of parvioris fulvescens ( a . adams , 1866 )
eulima glabra jeffreys , 1884 : synonym of melanella pseudoglabra ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1912 )
eulima lentiginosa adams a . , 1861 : synonym of sticteulima lentiginosa ( a . adams , 1861 )
eulima martyni [ sic ] : synonym of melanella martinii ( a . adams in sowerby , 1854 )
eulima mundula a . adams , 1861 : synonym of melanella mundula ( a . adams , 1861 )
eulima obesula a . adams , 1854 : synonym of peasistilifer obesula ( a . adams , 1854 )
eulima pandata a . adams , 1861 : synonym of melanella pandata ( a . adams , 1861 )
eulima pinguicula a . adams , 1861 : synonym of curveulima pinguicula ( a . adams , 1861 )
eulima robusta a . adams , 1861 : synonym of melanella robusta ( a . adams , 1861 )
eulima subula a . adams , 1861 : synonym of melanella subula ( a . adams , 1861 )
eulima teinostoma a . adams , 1854 : synonym of melanella teinostoma ( a . adams , 1854 )
eulima xiphidiopsis dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1896 : synonym of melanella frielei ( jordan , 1895 )
eulima antarctica , ( h . strebel , 1909 ) : synonym of melanella antarctica ( h . strebel ,
eulima rossinsulae preston , 1916 : synonym of melanella attenuata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1866 )
eulima sandwichensis [ sic ] : synonym of apicalia sandvichensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 )
eulima anglica sowerby g . b . ii , 1834 : synonym of melanella alba ( da costa , 1778 )
eulima balteata preston , 1908 : synonym of melanella acuformis ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )
eulima exulata e . a . smith , 1915 : synonym of melanella exulata e . a . smith , 1915
eulima jamaicensis ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) : synonym of melanella eburnea ( mühlfeld , 1824 )
eulima subangulata sowerby g . b . ii , 1834 : synonym of melanella alba ( da costa , 1778 )
eulima is a genus of small , ectoparasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family eulimidae . [ 1 ]
eulima conoidalis g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 : synonym of melanella cumingii ( a . adams , 1851 )
eulima monterosatoi ( monterosato , 1890 ) : synonym of melanella pyramidalis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1866 )
eulima picta g . b . sowerby ii , 1866 : synonym of melanella cumingii ( a . adams , 1851 )
eulima algoensis ( e . a . smith , 1901 ) : synonym of melanella algoensis ( e . a . smith ,
eulima atlantica e . a . smith , 1890 : synonym of melanella atlantica ( e . a . smith , 1890 )
eulima baptocephala dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1896 : synonym of fuscapex baptocephalus ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 )
eulima costellata dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1897 : synonym of melanella costellata ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1897 )
eulima dilecta e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of parvioris dilecta ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
eulima fuscopunctata e . a . smith , 1890 : synonym of sticteulima fuscopunctata ( e . a . smith , 1890 )
eulima grandis ( a . adams , 1854 ) : synonym of melanella gracilis ( c . b . adams , 1850 )
eulima halorhaphe dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1896 : synonym of melanella halorhaphe ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 )
eulima insignis dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1896 : synonym of eulitoma insignis ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 )
eulima machaeropsis dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1896 : synonym of campylorhaphion machaeropsis ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 )
eulima martinii a . adams in sowerby , 1854 : synonym of melanella martinii ( a . adams in sowerby , 1854 )
eulima natalensis e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of parvioris natalensis ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
eulima pachya dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 : synonym of sabinella pachya ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 )
eulima pseudoglabra dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1912 : synonym of melanella pseudoglabra ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1912 )
eulima richardi dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1896 : synonym of melanella richardi ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 )
eulima solitaria e . a . smith , 1915 : synonym of melanella solitaria ( e . a . smith , 1915 )
eulima spiridioni dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1896 : synonym of melanella spiridioni ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 )
eulima talaena dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1897 : synonym of bathycrinicola talaena ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1897 )
eulima arcuata , c . b . adams , 1850 : synonym of vitreolina arcuata ( c . b . adams , 1850 )
eulima acuta g . b . sowerby i , 1834 : synonym of hypermastus acutus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
eulima articulata g . b . sowerby i , 1834 : synonym of pictobalcis articulata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
eulima brevis g . b . sowerby i , 1834 : synonym of parvioris brevis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
eulima brunnea g . b . sowerby i , 1834 : synonym of niso brunnea ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
eulima gracilis ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) : synonym of melanella gracilis ( c . b . adams , 1850 )
eulima gracillima g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 : synonym of amamibalcis gracillima ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 )
eulima hastata g . b . sowerby i , 1834 : synonym of melanella hastata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
eulima imbricata g . b . sowerby i , 1834 : synonym of niso imbricata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
eulima interrupta g . b . sowerby i , 1834 : synonym of niso interrupta ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
eulima marmorata g . b . sowerby i , 1834 : synonym of niso marmorata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
eulima mucronata g . b . sowerby ii , 1866 : synonym of hypermastus mucronatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1866 )
eulima opaca g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 : synonym of melanella opaca ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 )
eulima producta g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 : synonym of hypermastus productus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 )
eulima pusilla g . b . sowerby i , 1834 : synonym of hypermastus pusillus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
eulima retrorsa g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 : synonym of melanella retrorsa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 )
eulima sandvichensis g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 : synonym of apicalia sandvichensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 )
eulima solida g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 : synonym of melanella solida ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 )
eulima splendidula g . b . sowerby i , 1834 : synonym of niso splendidula ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
eulima acuformis g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 : synonym of melanella acuformis ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )
eulima trifasciata ( j . adams , 1800 ) : synonym of cingula cingillus ( montagu , 1803 ) : synonym of cingula trifasciata ( j . adams , 1800 )
bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . eulima risso , 1826 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 01 - 13
the animal shows subulate tentacles , approaching at the base , . the eyes are large and nearly sessile . the foot is truncated in front . the foot of eulima secretes a mucous filament which assists to sustain it in the water . the mentum is bilobed . the opercular lobe is winged on each side . the branchial plume is single .
[ 3 ]
we are very sad to learn about the loss of dr j . frederick ( fred ) grassle . fred is one of the godfathers of obis . we are extremely thankful for all his support and great wisdom and hope with obis we can keep his dreams and vision alive .
several major marine animal telemetry networks met at the obis project office and agreed to use the obis - env - data darwin core standard for the exchange and publication of detection data through obis ( both acoustic and satellite ) and work with obis and the scientific community to calculate species home ranges , migration pathways and movement patterns .
quantitative aquatics ( philippines ) and the tulane university biodiversity research institute ( usa ) , which host fishbase and fishnet2 respectively , joined the iode network as associate data units ( adus ) and jointly will operate the global thematic fish obis node .
ioc invests in obis2 . 0 , a major re - engineering of the obis platform
through extra - budgetary funding , the ioc of unesco invests us $ 170 , 000 to further modernise the obis infrastructure and technology stack which will support real - time data integration , quality control , and analysis of rich marine data streams . the release of obis2 . 0 is expected around the end of 2018 .
the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) is looking for a senior computer scientist ( m / f / x , 100 % employment , permanent contract ) for immediate employment to support us at the unesco / ioc project office for iode in oostende ( belgium ) .
the us integrated ocean observing system ( ioos ) and the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) organized a training workshop to develop a community of practice around the management and analysis of biological ocean observing data . outcomes from the workshop include a collection of software and scripts available on a github repository to aid in the curation of biological data and an expanded network of ioos , canadian and obis collaborators that are all motivated to expand the global repository of marine biodiversity information . the training materials are also available on the oceanteacher website .
a study of the marine invertebrates living in the seas around antarctica reveals there will be more ‘losers’ than ‘winners’ over the next century as the antarctic seafloor warms . the results are published in the journal nature climate change .
a team at british antarctic survey ( bas ) examined the potential distribution of over 900 species of shelf - dwelling marine invertebrates under a warming scenario produced by computer models . the authors used the known distributions of 963 benthic species with ≥20 records , from < 1 , 000 m depth , from south of 40 °s . the records came from the scar biogeographic atlas of the southern ocean & obis . the climate models used were an ensemble of 19 different models from the cmip5 database of mean seafloor temperatures for 2099 under the ipcc rcp8 . 5 scenario ( the most extreme of all the scenarios where emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century ) .
southern ocean seafloor water temperatures are projected to warm by an average of 0 . 4 °c over this century with some areas possibly increasing by as much as 2°c . the team conclude that , while some species in some areas will benefit , within the current century , warming temperatures alone are unlikely to result in wholesale extinction or invasion affecting antarctic seafloor life . however , 79 % of antarctica’s endemic species do face a significant reduction in suitable temperature habitat ( an average 12 % reduction ) . their findings highlight the species and regions most likely to respond significantly ( negatively and positively ) to warming and have important implications for future management of the region .
reference : griffiths , huw j . , andrew js meijers , and thomas j . bracegirdle .
more losers than winners in a century of future southern ocean seafloor warming .
urltoken .
marine megafauna populations are challenging to assess , thanks to their cryptic nature and patchy availability to many forms of remote sensing . the duke university marine robotics and remote sensing lab ( marrs ) strives to advance marine wildlife assessment methodology by fusing unoccupied aerial vehicles ( uav ) , advanced sensor packages and computer vision algorithms . this combination promises to improve the efficiency , economy and safety for surveys that are often tedious and dangerous for those that conduct them in remote parts of the world .
as uavs proliferate and more data is collected , analysis becomes a bottleneck for getting relevant information to resource managers and decision makers . combining uavs with computer vision is a way to stay ahead of the curve and ensure that big data is an advantage and not a stumbling - block for wildlife management .
in total , 3 , 355 grey seals were counted in this case study led by alexander seymour and his team at the duke university marine laboratory , north carolina , usa and fisheries and oceans canada . the locations of the identified grey seals are available through the obis web site titled “atlantic grey seal breeding colonies in hay and saddle islands , nova scotia” at urltoken . the more detailed information , georeferenced rgb pictures and thermal images are available through the obis - seamap web site at urltoken .
reference : seymour , a . , dale , j . , hammill , m . , halpin , p and johnston , d . 2017 . automated detection and enumeration of marine wildlife using unmanned aircraft systems ( uas ) and thermal imagery . scientific reports . 7 : 45127 . urltoken .
climatological conditions are currently changing at an unprecedented rate and anthropogenic activities displace species out of their native area across the globe . both processes have the potential to alter biological communities and reduce ecosystem services . knowing under which environmental conditions species may maintain or establish viable populations therefore is more critical than ever . species distributions are increasingly modelled for conservation and ecological purposes . a better understanding of mechanisms shap - ing species distributions allows for more accurate predictions of future distributions of species in a rapidly changing world .
thanks to the availability of an increasing number of online distribution records ( e . g . , obis , gbif ) , pre - processed environmental data layers ( e . g . , worldclim , climond , bio - oracle , marspec ) and modelling algorithms accessible through various statistical packages , sdm has become a widely applied technique in ecology and conservation biology .
altough the importance for sdm of selecting biologically relevant predictors , and its impact on model uncertainty and transferability has been highlighted by several studies , to date no comprehensive study on the relevance of the predictors of marine species distributions across taxa has been performed .
in this study , bosch et al . ( 2017 ) created the marine species with environmental data ( marinespeed ) dataset and used it to : ( 1 ) identify the most relevant predictors of marine species distributions and ( 2 ) identify which parts of the sdm process impact the relevance of predictors the most .
for marinespeed , we selected well - studied and identifiable species from all major marine taxonomic groups . distribution records were compiled from public sources ( e . g . , obis , gbif , reef life survey ) and linked to environmental data from bio - oracle and marspec . using this dataset , predictor relevance was analysed under different variations of modelling algorithms , numbers of predictor variables , cross - validation strategies , sampling bias mitigation methods , evaluation methods and ranking methods . sdms for all combinations of predictors from eight correlation groups were fitted and ranked , from which the top five predictors were selected as the most relevant .
we collected two million distribution records from 514 species across 18 phyla . mean sea surface temperature and calcite are , respectively , the most relevant and irrelevant predictors . a less clear pattern was derived from the other predictors . the biggest differences in predictor relevance were induced by varying the number of predictors , the modelling algorithm and the sample selection bias correction . the distribution data and associated environmental data are made available through the r package marinespeed and at urltoken .
bosch s . , tyberghein l . , deneudt k . , hernandez f . , & de clerck o . ( 2018 ) in search of relevant predictors for marine species distribution modelling using the marinespeed benchmark dataset . diversity and distributions , 24 . urltoken
bouchet , p . & warén , a . ( 1986 ) . revision of the northeast atlantic bathyal and abyssal aclididae eulimidae , epitonidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . bollettino malacologico . suppl . 2 : 297 - 576 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .
bouchet p . & warén a . ( 1986 ) . revision of the northeast atlantic bathyal and abyssal aclididae , eulimidae , epitonidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . bollettino malacologico suppl . 2 : 297 - 576
bouchet p . , gofas s . & rosenberg g . ( 2015 ) . worms mollusca : world marine mollusca database ( version feb 2013 ) . in : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 26th august 2015 ( roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , kunze t . , flann c . , bailly n . , kirk p . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , eds ) . digital resource at urltoken . species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . 2001 . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 :
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gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
bouchet & warén , 1986 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
bouchet & warén , 1986 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 139801 on 2018 - 07 - 09
costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
revision of the northeast atlantic bathyal and abyssal aclididae , eulimidae , epitoniidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) bollettino malacologico , supplemento 2 297 - 576 . [ stated date : - - may 1986 . ]
the genus appeared early in the secondary and became abundant in forms during the tertiary period .
the shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the aperture is ovate and entire with the peristome incomplete behind . the outer lip is thick and even . [ 2 ]
the imperforate shell is subulate , many - whorled , polished , and porcellanous its spire is usually curved or twisted to one side , bearing on one side only , a series of varices forming ribs internally and marking the position of successive mouths . the apex is acute . the aperture is oval , entire , pointed above , rounded below . the lip is simple and a little thickened . the columellar margin is reflected . the operculum is corneous and pancispiral . its nucleus is near the inner lip .
risso a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 + 1 carta [ 1826 ] . vol . 2 : vii + 482 + 8 pl . ( fiori ) [ novembre 1827 ] . vol . 3 : xvi + 480 + 14 pl . ( pesci ) [ settembre 1827 ] . vol . 4 : iv + 439 + 12 pl . ( molluschi ) [ novembre 1826 ] . vol . 5 : viii + 400 + 10 pl . ( altri invertebrati )
warén a . ( 1984 ) a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies suppl . 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 43
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180–213
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