fusinus rutilus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

fusinus rutilus

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : fusinus rutilus k . nicolay & berthelot , 1996 - id : 1972654430
parvulus
monterosato , 1884 *
fusinus rushii
( dall , 1889 ) *
fusinus rusticulus
( monterosato , 1880 ) *
fusinus rutilus
nicolay & berthelot , 1996 *
fusinus saundersi
hadorn & rolán , 2009 *
fusinus schrammi
( crosse , 1865 ) *
fusinus sectus
( locard , 1897 ) * *
fusinus sectus
var .
parvulus
monterosato , 1884 *
fusinus rushii
( dall , 1889 ) *
fusinus rusticulus
( monterosato , 1880 ) *
fusinus rutilus
nicolay & berthelot , 1996 *
fusinus salisburyi
fulton , 1930 *
fusinus saundersi
hadorn & rolán , 2009 *
fusinus schrammi
( crosse , 1865 ) *
fusinus sectus
( locard , 1897 ) * *
fusinus sectus
var .
species fusinus panamensis dall , 1908 accepted as fusinus spectrum ( a . adams & reeve , 1848 )
pettyes busa ( aristichthys nobilis ) , ezüstkárász ( carassius auratus ) , kárász ( c . carassius ) , közönséges ponty és koi ponty ( cyprinus carpio ) , fehér busa ( hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) , ) , domolykó ( leuciscus spp ) , bodorka ( rutilus rutilus ) , vörösszárnyú keszeg ( scardinius erythrophthalmus ) és compó ( tinca tinca )
subgenus fusinus ( sinistralia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815
a gens tagjaira az alábbi cognomenek voltak jellemzőek : asellio , atratinus , blaesus , densus , gracchus , longus , musca , pitio , rufus , rutilus , sophus , tuditanus .
species fusinus sagamiensis kuroda & habe , 1971 accepted as fusinus nigrirostratus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species fusinus alternatus settepassi , 1985 accepted as fusinus alternatus buzzurro & russo , 2007 ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )
species fusinus colombiensis m . a . snyder & n . c . snyder , 1999
fasciolariidae » fusinus meyeri , id : 805148 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
species fusinus altus p . marshall , 1919 † accepted as falsicolus alta ( p . marshall , 1919 ) †
species fusinus corrugatus p . marshall , 1918 † accepted as lepidocolus corrugata ( p . marshall , 1918 ) †
species fusinus orcutti dall , 1915 accepted as trachypollia lugubris ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( synonym )
species fusinus valdiviae hadorn & fraussen , 1999 accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
» species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 )
species fusinus hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species fusinus monksae dall , 1915 accepted as fusinus robustus ( trask , 1855 ) accepted as harfordia robusta ( trask , 1855 ) ( unnecessary nom . nov . for fusus robustus trask , 1855 , by dall believed to be preoccupied by f . robustus beyrich , 1856 . )
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p . [ details ]
species fusinus felipensis h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis felipensis ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus fredbakeri h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis fredbakeri ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
species fusinus maorium p . marshall & murdoch , 1919 † accepted as coluzea maoria ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1919 ) †
species fusinus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 ) accepted as granulifusus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 )
» species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of propefusus iredale , 1924 ) callomon p . & snyder m . a . ( 2008 ) . on the genus fusinus in japan iv : f . longissimus ( gmelin , 1791 ) and two new species . venus , 67 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 13 [ details ]
( of fusus bruguière , 1789 ) iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
fusus bruguière , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . see nomenclatural note below . )
taxonomy established as a substitute name for
fusus lamarck
[ = fusus bruguière , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the . . .
taxonomy established as a substitute name for
fusus lamarck
[ = fusus bruguière , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the iczn on the official list by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . [ details ]
( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) hinds r . b . ( 1843 ) . descriptions of new shells from the collection of captain sir edward belcher , r . n . , c . b . annals and magazine of natural history . 11 : 255 - 257 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 256 [ details ]
( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi , 152 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]
( of exilifusus gabb , 1876 † ) gabb , w . m . ( 1876 ) notes on american cretaceous fossils , with descriptions of some new species . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 28 , 276–324 . [ details ]
( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 79 [ details ]
snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) couto d . , bouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , simone l . r . l . & giribet g . ( 2016 ) . a multilocus molecular phylogeny of fasciolariidae ( neogastropoda : buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 309 - 322 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) crosse h . ( 1885 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee , pel marchese di monterosato [ book review ] . journal de conchyliologie 33 : 139 - 142 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]
( of fusus bruguière , 1789 ) snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gracilipurpura jousseaume , 1880 ) jousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division méthodique de la famille des purpuridés . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cossmann , m . ( 1901 ) . essais de paléoconchologie comparée . quatrième livraison . paris , the author and société d ' éditions scientifiques . 293 pp . , 10 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 8 [ details ]
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rudd ( scardinius erythrophthalmus ) tench ( tinca tinca ) north african catfish ( clarias gariepinus ) , catfish ( ictalurus spp . ) , black bullhead ( ameiurus melas ) , channel catfish ( ictalurus punctatus ) , pangas catfish ( pangasius pangasius ) , pike perch ( sander lucioperca ) , wels catfish ( silurus glanis ) atlantic halibut ( hippoglossus hippoglossus ) , flounder ( platichthys flesus ) , atlantic cod ( gadus morhua ) , haddock ( melanogrammus aeglefinus ) noble crayfish ( astacus astacus ) , signal crayfish ( pacifastacus leniusculus ) , redswamp crayfish ( procambarus clarkii )
a 2 . oszlopban felsorolt fajokba tartozó , tenyésztett víziállatokat csak akkor kell az 1 . oszlopban felsorolt betegségek tekintetében kórokozó - átvivőnek tekinteni , ha olyan gazdaságból származnak , ahol az adott betegségre fogékony fajok jelen vannak .
bighead carp ( aristichthys nobilis ) , goldfish ( carassius auratus ) , crucian carp ( c . carassius ) , common carp and koi carp ( cyprinus carpio ) , silver carp ( hypophtalmichthys molitrix ) , chub ( leuciscus spp ) , roach
rudd ( scardinius erythrophthalmus ) , tench ( tinca tinca ) north african catfish ( clarias gariepinus ) , northern pike ( esox lucius ) catfish ( ictalurus spp . ) , black bullhead ( ameiurus melas ) , channel catfish ( ictalurus punctatus ) , pangas catfish ( pangasius pangasius ) , pike perch ( sander lucioperca ) , wels catfish ( silurus glanis )
bighead carp ( aristichthys nobilis ) , goldfish ( carassius auratus ) , crucian carp ( c . carassius ) , common carp and koi carp ( cyprinus carpio ) , silver carp ( hypophtalmichthys molitrix ) , chub ( leuciscus spp ) , roach
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sepiadarium nipponianum is a species of cuttlefish native to the western pacific ocean ; it occurs off the japanese islands of shikoku , kyūshū , and southern honshū .

the type specimen was collected off japan and is deposited at the national museum of natural history in washington , d.c. .

sepiadarium nipponianum

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : sepiadarium nipponianum s . s . berry , 1932 - id : 4700000025
citation :
japanese bottletail squid , sepiadarium nipponianum ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
berry , s . s . ( 1932 ) . cephalopods of the genera sepioloidea , sepiadarium and idiosepius . the philippine journal of science . 47 ( 1 ) : 39 - 55 . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]
research sepiadarium nipponianum » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
yes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .
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expedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .
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has been assessed as data deficient as very little is known about it . it inhabits shallow coastal waters that are most susceptible to anthropogenic influences and has a relatively small range in japan . more data are required on its population size and life history before we can assess the potential impact of threats .
this species occurs off southern japan ( reid 2005 ) in shallow coastal waters .
species tend to occur on soft sediments into which they bury during the day , emerging nocturnally to feed on small crustaceans and fish ( norman 2003 ) . very little is known about
research is required to determine the population size and monitor trends in this . further information on the life history of this species is also required .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
reid , a . ( 2005 ) . family sepiadariidae . pp . 204 - 207 , in p . jereb & c . f . e . roper eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( nautilidae , sepiidae , sepiolidae , sepiadariidae , idiosepiidae and spirulidae ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 1 ) : 262 pp . 9 pls . page ( s ) : 207 [ details ]
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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sweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .
systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )
sweeney , m . j . , c . f . e . roper , and f . g . hochberg
taxon validity : [ fide nesis ( 1987a : 137 ) ] . repository : nmnh holotype 816462 [ fide sweeney et al . ( 1988 ) ] . type locality : sagami bay , japan
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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the telephone-pole beetle ( micromalthus debilis ) is a beetle native to the eastern united states , and the only living representative of the otherwise extinct family micromalthidae ( i.e. , a " living fossil " ) .

classification of m. debilis was historically controversial and unsettled .

the species , first reported by leconte in 1878 , was long considered one of the polyphaga , and placed in the lymexylidae or telegeusidae , or as a family within the cantharoidea .

however , characteristics of larvae , wings , and male genitalia show that it is in the suborder archostemata , where it has been placed since 1999 .

the beetle is elongated , ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 mm in length , and a dark brown to blackish color , with brownish-yellow legs and antennae .

the larvae are wood-borers that feed on moist and decaying chestnut and oak logs .

they have also been reported as causing damage to buildings and poles ( hence the name ) .

the lifecycle is unusual in that the cerambycoid stage of the larva can either develop into an adult female , or give birth to caraboid larvae .

a recent study by bertone et al 2016 found telephone-pole beetles in a survey of the indoor arthropod fauna in 50 houses located in and around raleigh , north carolina

telephone - pole beetle

a family of coleopteran insects in the superfamily cantharoidea ; the single species is the telephone pole beetle .
let ' s do some zoology ! - telephone - pole beetle ( micromalthus debilis ) …a . . .
the telephone - pole beetle , micromalthus debilis , is a beetle native to the eastern united states , and the only living representative of the otherwise extinct family micromalthidae ( i . e . , a
living fossil
) .
telephone - pole beetle ( micromalthus debilis ) , female , in wisconsin , usa . video credit : david r . madison license : cc by 3 . 0 : urltoken details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s
about
page . link to this video’s license : urltoken in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
“we were pretty surprised with what we found , such as the smallest wasp in the world , which is just 1mm long , ” he said . “i saw a lot of things in homes that i had never seen in the wild before , things we’ve previously tried to trap . there is a weird species of beetle , called telephone pole beetles , where the babies can produce babies . and tiny crickets called ant - loving ants because they are found near ant nests . i’ve never seen one of those before . ”
the beetle is elongate , ranging from 1½–2½ mm in length , and a dark brown to blackish , with brownish - yellow legs and antennae . the head is larger than the thorax , with large eyes protruding from either side .
…a species of archostematan beetle that is native to the eastern united states . m . debilis is the only extant member of the family micromalthidae and is considered by many to be a “living - fossil” . the larvae of m . debilis are wood - borers and will feed on decaying chestnut and oak logs . they also have been known to cause damage to poles and buildings ( thus the name ) . the larvae are also unique in that during the cerambycoid stage the larvae can either develop into an adult female , or give birth to caraboid larvae .
cobweb - producing spiders were found in 65 % of the homes . photograph : darko vojinovic / ap
if you’re ever feeling lonely at home , you can now rest assured that you are far from alone . the average home is crawling with more than 100 species of invert
ebrates , such as spiders , lice and centipedes , according to research conducted by us scientists .
in what’s thought to be the first study to quantify exactly what is scurrying or flying around the standard american home , researchers scoured 50 houses and found they were inhabited by 579 different types of arthropods , as well as humans . arthropods are invertebrate animals with segmented bodies and jointed limbs , such as insects and spiders .
the homes , on average , each had around 100 arthropod species . the most commonly found species were flies , spiders , beetles , ants and book lice . cobweb - producing spiders were found in 65 % of the homes .
matthew bertone , an entomologist at north carolina state university , said he was amazed at the variety of species found in what he stressed were “clean and normal” homes in raleigh , north carolina .
i saw a lot of things in homes that i had never seen in the wild before , things we’ve previously tried to trap .
a team of entomologists found the species just by looking from floor to ceiling in each room , without prying open drawers or ripping up carpets . in one home , the presence of several flesh flies led to the discovery of a rotting rodent carcass killed by a pet cat .
the houses picked for the research were detached homes measuring up to 5 , 000 square feet in size . apartments were ruled out for the research due to the shared bugs within apartment buildings .
many of the small animals found in homes come in from outside and promptly die , while others live the life of predators .
“there are lots of cobweb spiders and also the house centipede , which is a really creepy looking creature to some people but i find them fascinating , ” said bertone . “they are very fast and if you’re a cockroach , you’re likely to be on their menu . most of these things aren’t pests , they peacefully co - habit with people .
“i never thought i’d see such biology in homes that were clean , not filled with junk , just normal homes . my hope is that this doesn’t freak people out but people need to know their houses aren’t sterile environments . ”
the research , led by bertone with the aid of the california academy of sciences and the north carolina museum of natural sciences , was published in the journal peerj . the entomologists hope to build upon the research by learning more about the role that each species plays in the home and the significance of living so closely to them .
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micromalthus debilis is one of the more amazing beetles , with a very complex life cycle . it lives in rotting wood , and most specimens one finds in the wood are all females , and are larviform , either larvae or are developed enough that they can reproduce but look like larvae . mature female
larvae
generally give birth to living larvae ( without laying eggs ) ; these young larvae are active , and with legs , and are called a
triungulin
. a triungulin moults into legless female larva , which can then develop either into ( 1 ) a pupa that then emerges as awinged adult , ( 2 ) a larviform female that will itself will give birth to triungulins , ( 3 ) a larviform female that lays a single male egg that hatched into a larva that eats its mother , ( 4 ) a larviform female that can reproduce in both of the latter ways .
micromalthus debilis , active first instar larva . © 2007 alex wild . dan young ( university of wisconsin ) provided the specimens
micromalthus debilis , female larvae . © alex wild . specimens provided by dan young ( university of wisconsin )
the larvae are wood - borers that feed on moist and decaying chestnut and oak logs . they have also been reported as causing damage to buildings and poles ( hence the name ) ; however , reports of the species are infrequent and it is unknown whether they are rare , or common and unrecognized . the life cycle is unusual in that the cerambycoid stage of the larva can either develop into an adult female , or give birth to caraboid larvae . the species has been spread to various parts of the world by human commerce , probably in timber .
classification of micromalthus debilis was historically controversial and unsettled . the species , first reported by leconte in 1878 , was long considered one of the polyphaga , and placed in lymexylidae or telegeusidae , or as a family within cantharoidea . however , characteristics of larvae , wings , and male genitalia show that it is in the suborder archostemata , where it has been placed since 1999 ( arnett et al . ) .
ross h . arnett , jr . and michael c . thomas , american beetles ( crc press , 2001 ) , chap . 2
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
american beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
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contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
micromalthus debilis leconte has a complicated life cycle involving hypermetamorphosis , paedogenesis and parthenogenesis . ( barber 1913a , b )
barber , h . s . 1913a . the remarkable life history of a new family ( micromalthidae ) of beetles . proc . biol . soc . wash . 26 : 185 - 90 .
barber , h . s . 1913b . observations on the life history of micromalthus debilis lec . proc . ent . soc . wash . 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 38 .
beutel , r . g . and t . hoernschemeyer . 2002 . larval morphology and phylogenetic position of micromalthus debilis leconte ( coleoptera : micromalthidae ) . systematic entomology 27 ( 2 ) : 169 - 190 .
leconte , j . l . 1878 . descriptions of new species . in : h . g . hubbard and e . a . schwarz . the coleoptera of michigan . proceedings of the american philosophical society 17 : 593 - 669 .
philips , t . k . 2001 . a record of micromalthus debilis ( coleoptera : micromalthidae ) from central america and a discussion of its distribution . florida entomologist 84 ( 1 ) : 159 - 160 . full pdf
pollock , d . a . and b . b . normark . 2002 . the life cycle of micromalthus debilis leconte ( 1878 ) ( coleoptera : archostemata : micromalthidae ) : historical review and evolutionary perspective . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 40 ( 2 ) : 105 - 112 .
dictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .
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hi , i ' m andrew and i’m just a simple zoology student and crustacean researcher from ohio . this blog centers around animal ids so feel free to send me any unknown species ( and its location ) that you have and i will take my best shot at iding it ! i also occasionally post random zoology / animal factoid things . disclamer : none of the pictures are mine unless stated
animalia - arthropoda - insecta - coleoptera - archostemata - micromalthidae - micromalthus - m . debilis


scrobipalpa clintoni , the atlantic groundling , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found from north-western europe to latvia , belarus , european russia and ukraine .

the habitat consists of shingle beaches and sandy beaches .

the wingspan is 10 – 12 mm .

adults are on wing from may to june and again from july to august .

the larvae feed on rumex crispus and rumex confertus .

they feed within the stem of their host plant .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

scrobipalpa clintoni

slightly variable in colour and markings , it can resemble scrobipalpa pauperella and paler forms of s . acuminatella . specimens with pale veins contrasting against a darker background are rather characterisitic and the lack of red - brown colouration normally help separate it from other scrobipalpa species . sometimes the forewing has a slight pinkish flush when fresh . dissection of worn moths is recommended .
stems of rumex acetosa were checked at the r . obtusifolius site and are considered unsuitable for s . clintoni as they are hollow and contain no pith ( beavan & heckford , 2014 ) .
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a new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .
a new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !
a new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets” , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .
mariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel
identification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley
if you have any good quality photographs and would like to contribute , please contact me by email at ian @ ukmoths . co . uk .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
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very local , restricted to the west and southwest coast of scotland and can be locally abundant as a larva whereas adults are rarely encounteed . it was searched for in western ireland and orkney during the late 1960s and early 1970s without success .
rumex crispus ( curled dock ) , see plant distribution map and , in 2014 , found for the first time on rumex obtusifolius ( broad - leaved dock ) . in europe ( latvia ) it has been found on rumex confertus along river banks .
the larva feeds in the stems of the foodplant making small holes usually near the nodes where it ejects pale brown frass ( see note below under ' finding the moth ' ) .
restricted to stony seashores , sandy and shingle beaches and grassy areas very close to high water mark . in europe , it has additionally been found on dry coastal commons where the foodplant occurs and , in latvia , on river banks using rumex confertus ( present at only a few widely scattered locations in the british isles as an introduction ) .
larva : feeds in all parts of the stems during july ejecting pale brown frass from holes usually near the nodes . later it overwinters as a pupa in the stem adjacent to a small hole . cautioned should be exercised as similar holes occur in stems believed to be caused by beetle larvae and away from known sites it is suggested the larva or pupa is checked to ensure the feeding is lepidopterous .
very few flight dates are available as it is rarely seen as an adult . in parts of europe it is double - brooded occuring from may to june and again from the middle of july into august .
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
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ponomarenko , m . - gelechiidae in pp . 87 - 106 , 327 - 329 . in : s . yu sinev ( ed . ) , 2008 . katalog cheshuekrylykh ( lepidoptera ) rossii ( catalogue of the lepidoptera of russia ) . - kmk scientific press ltd . , st . petersburg - moscow . 424 pp . 2008
junnilainen , j . , karsholt , o . , nupponen , k . , kaitila , j . - p . , nupponen , t . & olschwang , v . - the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part ii : list of recorded species with taxonomic notes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . in zootaxa 2367 : 1 - 68 . 2010
huemer , p . & karsholt , o . - gelechiidae 2 ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini . in microlepidoptera of europe 6 . stenstrup . i n prep . 2010
museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
first was of several larvae on rumex crispus at carrick near borgue on 29th june 1988 by e . c . pelham - clinton .
first for dumfries & galloway was of a few larvae on rumex crispus found at cairnryan on 28th june 1988 by e . c . pelham - clinton .
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. each record tells when . see dataset links for citations & terms of use .


causeyella causeyae , causey 's cave millipede , is a millipede , ghostly white in color , which was first noticed , but not identified , in 1964 .

it was discovered in caves in arkansas in 2004 .

it has been found in 10 caves in izard , independence , and stone counties .

causeyella causeyae

the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . shear , w . a . 2003 . zootaxa .
figures 22 – 26 . causeyella dendropus loomis , 22 , gonopods , anterior view . c . causeyae , n . sp . , 23 , 24 . 23 , gonopods , anterior view . 24 , male ninth legs , anterior view . c . youngsteadtorum , n . sp . , 25 , 26 . 25 , gonopods , anterior view . 26 , male ninth legs , anterior view . scale lines = 0 . 1 mm ( 100 µm ) for figs . 22 , 23 , 25 , 0 . 5 mm ( 500 µm ) for figs . 24 , 26 .
shear , william a . , 2003 , the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) , zootaxa 321 , pp . 1 - 36 : 30 - 31
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
types : male holotype , male paratype and 2 female paratypes from arkansas , independence co . , foushee cave , 6 miles west of locust grove , collected by unknown person or persons , may , 1978 ( fsca
) . the following are paratypes : arkansas : independence co . , cushman cave , 0 . 5 miles from cushman , 8 july 1974 , g . harp , four males , 3 females ; dodd cave , 14 december 2001 , g . greening , d . fenolio , male ( sbp ) . izard co . , clay cave , 7 mi sw melbourne , 11 october 1974 , g . harp , numerous males and females ; donovan cave , 2 mi sw calico rock , 24 january 1964 , d . martin , male ; goat ( prison ) cave , 22 november 2002 , b . wagner , d . kempwerth , male ( sbp ) . stone co . , hell’s creek cave , 2 . 5 mi n mountain view , 26 january 1974 , v . r . mcdaniel , 2 males ; blanchard springs cave , 27 september 1967 , t . c . barr , juveniles probably this species ; rowland cave , 12 june 2001 , g . greening et al . , male ( sbp ) ; alexander cave , 24 march 2001 , m . slay , l . moritz ; gustafson cave , 6 october 2002 , g . graening et al . , male ( sbp ) .
with lamellate branches of the gonopod colpocoxites ; frontal coxal setae somewhat thickened and blunt .
male holotype : length , 13 . 5 mm , width 0 . 9 mm . unpigmented , eyeless . segmental shoulders well developed , paranotalike ; segmental setae 65–70 % of body width . legpairs 3–7 noticeably enlarged compared to legpairs 12 and posterior ; no podomeres modified . gonopods ( fig . 23
) with well developed sternal lobes . anterior surfaces of coxae entirely covered with prominent scaly trichomes becoming larger distally ; about 15 setae on each coxa , not separated into groups ; mesal coxites in anterior view slightly spatulate , ectal coxites only about half their length , broad in lateral view . lamellate branch of colpocoxite very large , curled at tip , roughened with rows of blunt trichomes , extending anterior of mesal coxites . ninth legpair ( fig . 24
) with coxae laterally flattened , mesally excavated , bearing vestigial glands , articulation of prefemora offset laterally ; prefemora longer than coxae , two or three vaguely indicated articles distally , claw short , twisted . legpairs 10 , 11 with glands , unmodified .
female paratype : length , 13 . 5 mm , width 1 . 05 mm . nonsexual characters as in male .
distribution : independence , stone , and izard counties , arkansas , as listed under “ types ” above . literature records : arkansas : izard co . , bergren cave , needles cave ; stone co . , hell creek cave ( as “
n . sp . ” in mcdaniel and smith , 1976 ) . these records were not verified ; the wherabouts of the specimens are unknown . it appears that this species occurs on both sides of the white river . records of “
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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plerogyra sinuosa is a species of " bubble coral " .

it has grape-sized bubbles which increase their surface area according to the amount of light available : they are larger during the day , but smaller during the night , when tentacles reach out to capture food .

this species requires low light and a gentle water flow .

common names for plerogyra sinuosa include " grape coral " , " bladder coral " , " pearl coral " and " branching bubble coral " .

plerogyra sinuosa

here are an assortment of bubbles , all belonging to specimens of plerogyra sinuosa .
plerogyra sinuosa . tanzania . this species is sometimes common in turbid lagoons . charlie veron .
plerogyra sinuosa . ryukyu islands , japan . vesicles of a 20cm wide colony . charlie veron .
plerogyra sinuosa . red sea . colony on a shallow reef slope . mary stafford - smith .
plerogyra sinuosa . red sea . a large colony with vesicles retracted showing the sinuous shape of the valleys . mary stafford - smith .
bubble coral plerogyra sinuosa ( dana , 1846 ) tentacles reaching out to capture plankton . photo by lorenzo borella , pulau redang , malaysia . urltoken
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - bubble coral ( plerogyra sinuosa )
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descriptions and articles about the bubble coral ( plerogyra sinuosa ) .
brief summary . eol . web . 17 mar 2014 . < urltoken > .
plerogyra sinuosa . philippines . the shape and size of vesicles is variable and probably changes with time . these two adjacent colonies had no skeletal distinctions . charlie veron .
tropimundo on twitter :
bubble coral plerogyra sinuosa ( dana , 1846 ) tentacles reaching out to capture plankton . photo by lorenzo borella , pulau redang , malaysia . … urltoken
plerogyra sinuosa . null . small colonies with vesicles at different states of retraction . the vesicles are covered with nematocysts which are capable of stinging humans . they retract slowly and only if disturbed . null .
plerogyra sinuosa . indonesia . small colonies with vesicles at different states of retraction . the vesicles are covered with nematocysts which are capable of stinging humans . they retract slowly and only if disturbed . charlie veron .
plerogyra sinuosa . papua new guinea . small colonies with vesicles at different states of retraction . the vesicles are covered with nematocysts which are capable of stinging humans . they retract slowly and only if disturbed . valerie taylor .
this small plerogyra sinuosa is fighting the coral over it , and appears to be winning . its sweeper tentacles aren ' t visible now , but you can see the discolored areas on the edge of the other coral where it has been stung .
citation :
rounded bubblegum corals , plerogyra sinuosa ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2010 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
the bubble coral ( plerogyra sinuosa ) is a rather strange looking coral , aptly named because of the grape - sized bubbles that enlarge its surface area and expose the symbiotic algae , or ‘zooxanthellae’ , to more light . the bubbles protrude during the day , but shrink during the night when the tentacles expand to capture food ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
this video has an incredible description of various plerogyra . they need at least 50 gallons and should be fed when the sweeper tentacles are out . they need to be placed at least 7 to 8
away from all other corals to avoid stinging them . do not keep with large colonies of leather corals with your plerogyra , since they will not grow and leather toxins can eventually kill them .
it is found in protected reef environments except in high energy environments . p . sinuosa is commonly found from 9 - 15 m in the south china sea and gulf of siam ( titlyanov and titlyanova 2002 ) . this species is found from 3 - 35 m .
research plerogyra sinuosa » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
( of plerogyra laxa milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) milne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . mémoire 4 . monographie des astréides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]
( of plerogyra excavata milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) milne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . mémoire 4 . monographie des astréides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]
( of euphyllia sinuosa dana , 1846 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of plerogyra laxa milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of plerogyra excavata milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of euphyllia sinuosa dana , 1846 ) dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
also note that regardless of the species / overall skeletal form , their skeletons are always topped by a series of particularly large septa ( especially those of plerogyra spp . ) , which are the petal or blade - like structures that line the upper part of their skeletons and can sometimes be seen bulging through their soft tissues . they ' re especially easy to see when the bubbles are not fully distended .
taxonomic note : taxonomic note : colonies with very large ( up to 10 mm wide ) and exsert ( over 10 mm high ) septa were formerly considered to be a distinct species , plerogyra eurysepta . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron and pichon ( 1980 ) . additional identification guides : randall and myers ( 1983 ) , veron ( 1986 ) , sheppard and sheppard ( 1991 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : the most important known threat for this species is extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats , however , this species is also heavily harvested for the aquarium trade . specific population trends are unknown but population reduction can be inferred from estimated habitat loss ( wilkinson 2004 ) . it is widespread and common throughout its range and therefore is likely to be more resilient to habitat loss and reef degradation because of an assumed large effective population size that is highly connected and / or stable with enhanced genetic variability . therefore , the estimated habitat loss of 20 % from reefs already destroyed within its range is the best inference of population reduction since it may survive in coral reefs already at the critical stage of degradation ( wilkinson 2004 ) . this inference of population reduction over three generation lengths ( 30 years ) does not meet the threshold of a threat category . however , since this population reduction estimate is close to a threatened threshold , and because this species is moderately susceptible to a number of threats , it is likely to be one of the species lost on some reefs currently at the critical stage of degradation and therefore is near threatened . predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification make it important to reassess this species in 10 years or sooner , particularly if the species is actually observed to disappear from reefs currently at the critical stage of reef degradation .
in the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the red sea and the gulf of aden , the southwest and northern indian ocean , the central indo - pacific , australia , south - east asia , japan and the east china sea , the oceanic west pacific , and the central pacific .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
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dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
type locality
east indies
( veron , 1986 ) . [ details ]
description this forms sub - massive to massive colonies , usually not exceeding 40 cm across in this region . series are meandroid and . . .
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
( of euphyllia cultrifera dana , 1846 ) dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
( of euphyllia cultrifera dana , 1846 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
depth range based on 139 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 99 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 1 - 65 temperature range ( °c ) : 25 . 106 - 28 . 954 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 083 - 1 . 979 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 101 - 35 . 273 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 505 - 4 . 740 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 081 - 0 . 356 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 523 - 6 . 846 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 1 - 65 temperature range ( °c ) : 25 . 106 - 28 . 954 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 083 - 1 . 979 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 101 - 35 . 273 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 505 - 4 . 740 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 081 - 0 . 356 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 523 - 6 . 846 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
the most important known threat for this species is extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats , however , this species is also heavily harvested for the aquarium trade . specific population trends are unknown but population reduction can be inferred from estimated habitat loss ( wilkinson 2004 ) . it is widespread and common throughout its range and therefore is likely to be more resilient to habitat loss and reef degradation because of an assumed large effective population size that is highly connected and / or stable with enhanced genetic variability . therefore , the estimated habitat loss of 20 % from reefs already destroyed within its range is the best inference of population reduction since it may survive in coral reefs already at the critical stage of degradation ( wilkinson 2004 ) . this inference of population reduction over three generation lengths ( 30 years ) does not meet the threshold of a threat category . however , since this population reduction estimate is close to a threatened threshold , and because this species is moderately susceptible to a number of threats , it is likely to be one of the species lost on some reefs currently at the critical stage of degradation and therefore is near threatened . predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification make it important to reassess this species in 10 years or sooner , particularly if the species is actually observed to disappear from reefs currently at the critical stage of reef degradation .
this species is common and very widely distributed . there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future . the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years . see the supplementary materialfor further details on population decline and generation length estimates .
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include
grape coral
,
bladder coral
,
pearl coral
and
branching bubble coral
.
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colonies are flabello - meandroid with valleys more or less connected by a light blistery coenosteum . sometimes living parts of colonies are separated by dead basal parts . vesicles are the size of grapes and usually have the shape of grapes but may be tubular , bifurcated or irregular , depending primarily on the state of inflation .
habitat : protected reef environments , especially , but not necessarily , in turbid water .
© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0
as in other colony - forming corals , colonies of the bubble coral are composed of numerous small soft - bodied anemone - like animals called polyps , ( 3 ) . however , despite having numerous polyps , bubble coral colonies only have one large oral opening ( 4 ) , where the food is digested in a sac - like body cavity ( 3 ) . the colonies have irregularly - shaped septa , which produces a ragged appearance , and are initially shaped like an inverted cone , but become long and straight with age ( 6 ) . each polyp secretes a hard skeleton , called a ‘corallite’ , which over successive generations contributes to the formation of a coral reef . the coral skeleton forms the bulk of the colony , with the living polyp tissue comprising only a thin veneer ( 3 ) . living bubble coral colonies tend to be green or blue ( 4 ) .
like many coral species , the bubble coral is zooxanthellate , which means that its tissues contain large numbers of single - celled algae called zooxanthellae . the coral and the algae have a symbiotic relationship in which the algae gain a safe , stable environment within the coral’s tissues , while the coral receives nutrients produced by the algae through photosynthesis . by harnessing the sun’s energy in this way , corals are able to grow rapidly and form vast reef structures , but are constrained to live near the water’s surface . while , on average , a zooxanthellate coral can obtain around 70 percent of its nutrient requirements from the photosynthesis of the zooxanthellae , the coral may also feed on zooplankton ( 3 ) .
very little is known about the specific reproductive biology of the bubble coral , although it is likely to be able to reproduce both sexually and asexually . asexual reproduction occurs via fragmentation , in which a branch breaks off a colony , reattaches to the substrate and grows . sexual reproduction occurs via the release of eggs and sperm into the water . some of the resulting larvae from these spawning events settle quickly on the same reef , whilst others may drift around for months , finally settling on reefs that may be hundreds of kilometres away ( 3 ) .
the bubble coral is found in the indian and pacific oceans , ranging from the red sea , gulf of aden and southwest indian ocean , across the northern indian ocean to southeast asia , japan and the east china sea , and into the west and central pacific ocean ( 1 ) .
the bubble coral is most frequently found on protected reefs in lagoons , where it grows on vertical faces or under overhangs . large colonies are often found on flat surfaces in turbid waters . it is known to occur between depths of 3 and 35 metres ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .
the bubble coral is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
with an estimated 20 percent of the world’s coral reefs already destroyed , the bubble coral faces many of the threats that are affecting coral reefs globally ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . worldwide , there is increasing pressure on coastal resources resulting from human population growth and development . there has been a significant increase in domestic and agricultural waste in the oceans , poor land - use practices that result in an increase in sediment running on to the reefs , and over - fishing , which can have ‘knock - on’ effects on the reef ( 7 ) .
however , the major threat to corals is global climate change , with the expected rise in ocean temperatures increasing the risk of coral ‘bleaching’ , in which the stressed coral expels its zooxanthellae , often resulting in the death of the coral ( 8 ) . climate change may also lead to more frequent , severe storms , which can damage reefs , and rising carbon dioxide levels may make the ocean increasingly acidic . such stresses can also make corals more susceptible to disease , parasites and predators , such as the crown - of - thorns starfish ( acanthaster planci ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) .
in addition to being listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which makes it an offence to trade this species without a permit , the bubble coral also forms part of the reef community in numerous marine protected areas ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . to specifically conserve this coral , recommendations have been made for a raft of studies into aspects of its biology , population status , habitat and threats to its survival ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
veron , j . e . n . ( 2000 ) corals of the world . australian institute of marine science , townville , australia .
veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus and robertson publishers , uk .
dai , c . f . and horng , s . ( 2009 ) scleractinia fauna of taiwan . ii . the robust group . national taiwan university press , taipei , taiwan .
wilkinson , c . ( 2004 ) status of coral reefs of the world : 2004 . volume 3 . australian institute of marine science , townsville , australia .
carpenter , k . e . et al . ( 2008 ) one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts . science , 321 : 560 - 563 .
miththapala , s . ( 2008 ) coral reefs . coastal ecosystems series ( volume 1 ) . ecosystems and livelihoods group asia , iucn , colombo , sri lanka .
tim wijgerde coral publications livingstonelaan 1120 utrecht 3526js netherlands tel : + 31 ( 0 ) 617 692 027 wijgerde @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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never forget , regardless of how difficult it may be , it ' s better to be patient and thoroughly check out a potential purchase , rather than acting hastily and having something die in your aquarium .
f all the corals hobbyists can choose from , the bubble corals are definitely some of the most unique in appearance . topped with oddly - shaped , swollen vesicles , these are eye - catchers in any aquarium . there ' s a lot more to them than the pretty bubbles though , as they can be very aggressive and need their
personal space
, and are eager eaters , too . nevertheless , they can be great choices for reef aquariums due to their hardiness and ability to live under a relatively broad range of conditions . so , i ' ll go over their basic biology and what you need to know about caring for them .
whatever the form may be , the bubbles are typically translucent cream , white , or green in color , and many have little details on their surfaces that are quite interesting . a few have a shimmering band down the middle and are sometimes called
cat ' s eye bubbles
, while many other bubbles have something of a fingerprint pattern covering them . really , you could fill a large aquarium with various bubble coral specimens that all had slightly ( or not so slightly ) different colors , skeletal forms , bubble forms , and bubble details .
all three of these corals are also zooxanthellate , meaning they carry symbiotic algae in their bodies and rely on them for some of their nutritional needs . these entrapped algae create food for their coral host when exposed to light , and the bubbles are thought to be specialized tentacles that can regulate the amount of light that the algae receive ( borneman 2001 ) . the structures can expand to increase their surface area , thus increasing the area exposed to light , or they can contract to reduce their exposure . thus , they ' re typically filled with water and expanded during the day , then deflated and retracted into the skeleton at night when they ' re not needed .
when the bubbles are contracted , and sometimes when they aren ' t , you can easily see that bubble corals also have rather normal - looking feeding tentacles that can usually be extended up to a couple of inches in order to collect a wide range of food items . these look like typical coral tentacles , usually being clear or white and thin , and they ' re armed with stinging cells , like those of other types of corals , as well .
on top of the bubbles and feeding tentacles , they also possess some even longer and specialized tentacles produced specifically for stinging other corals that may be growing too close . these are called
sweeper
tentacles , and they can be as much as 3 or 4 times as long as the rest of the tentacles . again , these generally stay out of sight between the bubbles during the day , but not always .
the sweeper tentacles possessed by bubble corals can reach several inches at times , meaning they ' ll need plenty of room in an aquarium .
most corals are spawners that spew out clouds of sperm and eggs in to the water from time to time as a means of sexual reproduction , and some hobbyists have been lucky enough to have this occur in their aquariums . however , i haven ' t heard of any cases of a bubble coral doing so while in captivity . still , these corals have been known to reproduce asexually in two ways , so it is possible to find more in your tank than you add .
the first form of asexual reproduction is
budding
, which can be seen when a small growth arises from the lower edge of a specimen ' s flesh . this growth can increase in size over time , and can eventually develop a small skeleton of its own . as it gets larger and heavier it will sag down , and eventually drop away , coming to rest somewhere and attaching to the substrate ( borneman 2001 and fossa & nilsen 1998 ) . in aquariums , hobbyists can often speed things up a bit by clipping off buds before they drop , and can then place them in an appropriate location .
while this sort of budding is also typical of many other types of coral , the second method these particular species employ is quite unusual . unlike many other corals with similar skeletal structures , the flesh of the bubble corals can wrap up and over the top of the skeleton and sometimes all the way down the sides , too . when it does , the soft tissue can actually spread out and over adjacent areas of substrate , as well . then , such extensions of tissue can , at times , give rise to a whole new coral ( borneman 2001 ) .
at times , bubble corals may produce reproductive buds that can drop down to the substrate , become attached , and grow to full - size specimens .
these corals can accordingly thrive under various conditions in an aquarium , but there ' s one thing in particular to keep in mind when it comes to lighting . while hobbyists can choose what lighting to go with , specimens that were collected from dimmer areas around reefs are indeed susceptible to light shock if they are over - illuminated when introduced to an aquarium . so , if you intend to place a bubble coral in a very brightly - lit area in your tank ( as in directly under metal halide lighting ) , i recommend that you first place the specimen lower in the aquarium ( or in a shaded area ) , then slowly move it to brighter and brighter locations over a period of at least a couple of weeks . this will give the coral some time to adapt to the new conditions .
water flow should also be low to moderate , and turbulent flow rather than a constant stream from one direction is best . it should be at least strong enough to get the tentacles moving around a bit and not just sitting still , but it also should never be so strong that it prevents expansion . none of these corals will open up and extend their tentacles if the current is too strong , as doing so could lead to tissue damage caused by any of the sharp edges found on their own skeleton . oddly enough , i ' ve found that sweeper tentacles are most often produced in higher currents , too . not when it ' s strong enough to hurt them , but when flow is tolerable but fast . so , if you have troubles with sweepers , reducing the flow a little often helps .
when it comes to exact placement , as long as lighting and current are acceptable , the other thing to consider is what ' s nearby . the sweeper tentacles that can reach out several inches , so any specimen will need plenty of room . there are exceptions , though . while bubble corals can burn other corals up with their sweepers , they don ' t seem to mind each other at all , at least when i ' ve put specimens of the same species right next to each other . i haven ' t tried putting different species in contact with each other though , so i ' d be wary of doing so without a little experimentation first .
lastly , bubble corals will do best if given some food from time to time . under good lighting ( and assuming you have acceptable water quality ) they may look fine and grow , but feeding them appropriate foods will help them really thrive . essentially anything meaty will suffice , as they can be hand - fed anything from brine shrimp to chopped fish , clam , or shrimp , and will also capture much smaller zooplankton - type foods . feeding them directly by using a large needle - less syringe or baster full of food works great , too . still , you never want to overfeed anything , as any leftover foods typically become great fertilizer for unwanted algal growth in your aquarium . so , don ' t overdo it .
in general , if any of these corals survive the first few weeks , i ' ve found them to be quite durable and have few troubles . in fact , i ' d say almost all problems are encountered very early on , being the result of injuries that occur during collection and shipping . the fact that these corals have such oversized and sharp skeletal septa makes them prone to skeletal damage and / or cuts if bumped and banged around , even when in a bag , and the septa may damage a specimen ' s flesh , or even break off inside its body . thus , it ' s not uncommon to see a poorly handled specimen come in with broken pieces of septa , sometimes barely hanging on by strands of cut / torn flesh . still , aside from such injuries , other typical problems are overwhelmingly due to poor water quality , which would be your own fault , and thus would not be a sign that bubbles corals are inherently weak by nature .
here you can see that one of the septa has been broken away from the skeleton , but is still enclosed within the soft tissue ( for now ) .
unfortunately , when the above mentioned injuries occur they ' re often followed by brown jelly infections , which are typically fatal . when this happens , the cut areas become covered with a brown - colored mass of microbes that attack the injured area and look something like globs of mucus forming over the wound . and , they can increase in numbers quickly and consume the flesh of a victim within just a day or two , or maybe even in as little as a few hours in extreme cases .
the other problems are tissue recession and the growth of algae on the skeleton when it becomes exposed due to recession or injury . as noted , under normal conditions a bubble coral ' s soft tissue can extend well beyond the top part of the skeleton where the septa are , and can cover much , or even all of it . even in the case of branched specimens , the soft tissue reaches down from the top of each branch and wraps a portion of the skeleton . so , the problem is that sometimes this extra tissue that covers these areas can start to essentially peel back from them and recede towards the top of the skeleton where the bubbles are , leaving previously covered areas naked in the process .
this malady is usually a symptom of unacceptably low alkalinity and / or low calcium and / or high phosphate levels , but might be brought on by other unknown factors , too . these can interfere with the precipitation of new skeletal material , and can make it difficult for a specimen ' s flesh to stay attached where it should . thus , it ' ll be up to you to see that this doesn ' t happen by using additives that keep the alkalinity and calcium concentrations at acceptable levels , and by using all means possible to keep phosphate levels at a minimum .
keep in mind that if recession starts and is allowed to continue , in the worst cases the entire coral animal can end up peeling right out of its skeleton . they can just wither away until there ' s nothing left . in addition , any newly exposed areas of skeleton are especially vulnerable to the growth of unwanted algae , and if it starts growing on the skeleton it can shorten the time to death . when this occurs , even if the conditions that led to the recession in the first place are remedied , specimens will have great difficulty reclaiming these areas . so , it is imperative that you act quickly if you see such recession .
many of this specimen ' s septa have cut through its soft tissue and are now being covered by algae .
this specimen has just about reached its end . the soft tissue has receded to the extent that there ' s not much left , and the skeleton has been overgrown by algae .
lastly , when looking for good specimens , the key is to look closely for any visible damage to the skeleton or the soft tissues . as mentioned above , these corals are prone to injury during collection and shipping , so if you do see anything that looks suspicious , i recommend that you move on to another specimen .
aside from that , it ' s also best to choose a specimen that has its bubbles well expanded after the lights have been on for a while . if the bubbles are closed up during the day , there may be trouble . if a particular specimen is a new arrival and has not had time to acclimate to its surroundings at a shop , it may be fine later . however , if it continues to stay closed after several days , i would again suggest that you keep looking elsewhere . never forget , regardless of how difficult it may be , it ' s better to be patient and thoroughly check out a potential purchase , rather than acting hastily and having something die in your aquarium .
by the way , on occasion a clownfish will take up residence in a bubble coral when there ' s no appropriate host anemone available .
borneman , e . 2001 . aquarium corals - selection , husbandry , and natural history . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , nj . 464pp .
fossa , s . and a . nilsen . 1998 . the modern coral reef aquarium , volume 2 . birgit schmettkamp velag , bornheim , germany . 479pp .
veron , j . e . n . 2000 . corals of the world , vol . 2 . australian institute of marine science , townsville , australia , 429pp .
copyright © 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .
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beautiful coral ! but be aware that it is very aggressive and not only with other corals . i had mine for several months without a problem . one of my clown fish . . . ( more ) carlos
is commonly found in the aquarium trade . called the ' grape corals ' , the
will actually inflate or deflate their water filled vesicles ( bubbles ) depending on the light available .
genus comes in branching varieties also . the bubbles on these corals can have little tips on the end . hence the common name for one of the bubble coral ' s close relatives , the
all the grape corals have lightweight skeletons consisting of short thick stalks topped with corallites . this skeleton is hidden by the oval water filled vesicle bubbles . these bubbles only come out during the day . at night they retract , making way for their tapered feeding tentacles to come out and gather prey . be cautious , while the bubble do not have toxins , these feeding tentacles are capable of delivering a sting .
the bubble coral is easy to care for and not too pricey . this makes it a very desirable coral in any of its attractive colors . it comes in shades of bluish green to green , cream , and tan . in the wild , these corals form flat round colony clusters , looking much like clusters of grapes .
are quite content with low lighting and gentle currents . they can do well under stronger lighting too , as long as they are acclimated to it over a period of time . feeding them regularly and being careful to not damage their tissue are the other two ingredients needed for success in keeping them .
the family euphyllidae ,
. . . is a very large family of zooxanthellate scleractinans , that were previously grouped in the family caryophylliidae ( mather , 1994 ) . it includes such genera as
.
source : tropical marine biology ii , classification of scleractinian ( stony ) corals , by pierre madl , university of vienna , 2001 , revised in nov . 2002
genus was described by edwards and haime in 1848 . there are 6 nominal and 3 true species , but the two species that are most familiar are the bubble coral
. names these corals are known for are grape coral , octobubble coral , bladder coral , pearl coral , and branching bubble coral .
was described by dana in 1846 . some common names this species are known for are pearl bubble coral , cat ' s - eye bubble coral , green bubble coral . they have been propagated in captivity .
genus are found in the red sea , indian ocean , and the west pacific ocean from the east china sea all the way to the west , north , and east coasts of australia , then east toward the line islands .
genus are found in gentle water movement on lower reef slopes , inhabiting caves or crevices , and under overhangs . they seem to have no real light preference . they can be found in low light areas that have almost total shade or in shallower brighter waters , yet all habitats have turbid waters .
come in one colony with large water filled
bubbles
. this is a display that is easily recognizable . the
octobubble
term comes from the bubbles on the octobubble coral
, except it has individual branches . these little groupings barely touch each other and are separated with quite a bit of space within the colony .
, with the same flowery look , but each puffy vesicle is connected to a separate branch .
genus , whether branching or not , has a typical lightweight skeletal structure that is easy to cut or sever . they have 1 / 2
to 1
( 1 - 2 . 5 cm ) vesicle bubbles that are oval and water filled , with a higher density of zooxanthellae than most symbiotic corals that have been studied to date . the bubbles are not polyps , but modified tentacles which protect the delicate polyps beneath them . the bubbles will expand or contract as needed for acquiring more or less light during the day , but at night they deflate . then 3 - 4
( 7 . 5 to 10 cm ) feeder tentacles , which can sting , emerge looking for food . the small short tentacles sometimes seen with the bubbles during the day do not sting .
come in shades of bluish green to green , cream and tan with lighter striations on the surface , but will turn brown if the light is too high . there are usually pieces of sharp , delicate , thin
bone
called septa in - between the bubbles . the tissue of the
genus will actually connect and encrust onto nearby substrate . some colonies can reach 3 feet ( 1 m ) in the wild , but most are smaller , only getting to around 7 . 5
( 19 cm ) . their lifespan is unknown .
can be easy to care for . needing only gentle water movement and low to moderate light , this is an easy lps with few demands . when choosing your new charge , make sure the lfs employee gently shakes the coral until most of the bubbles deflate and recede . removing it to air while inflated will cause tears in the flesh , leading to infection . even if the coral is left submerged , the septa can cut into the bubbles against the bag it is being put into . also , make sure there is no algae on the septa once it is visible .
corals have developed several feeding strategies . through a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae , known as zooxanthellae , they receive many of their nutrients . they also capture planktonic organisms , food particles from the water column , and can absorb dissolved organic matter .
in captivity , feed when the feeder tentacles are out in the evening with mysis , rotifers , enriched brine shrimp , cyclopeeze and other similar sized meaty foods . try to not feed large pieces since it makes it difficult for the animal to digest such foods and often results in them regurgitating late at night . when this happens , they are not benefiting from the feeding and it can lead to eventual starvation .
typical water changes of 20 % a month , 10 % biweekly , or 5 % weekly are needed . it has been noted that 5 % weekly water changes replenish many of the needed additives and it is ultimately cheaper than purchasing additives for the water . with higher concentrations of coral with calcareous skeletons though , there may be a need put in additional additives to maintain proper levels for good growth .
380 to 430 ppm . if a large poly stony ( lps ) coral does not have enough calcium , it will not grow . ( seachem makes a calcium additive that states 385 as sufficient )
0 , zero . phosphates are the worst of all and all corals hate them .
1200 - 1350 . magnesium makes calcium available , so if your calcium is low , check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium .
a well - feed live rock / reef environment is what is needed for your bubble coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . a mature tank is recommended .
provide gentle water movement and low to moderate light . do not put under bright lighting . they can do well under stronger lighting too , as long as you slowly increase the intensity over time . feed them regularly and be careful to not damage their tissue . make sure that no other corals can come in contact with your
corals can be aggressive if touching other corals and should be positioned away from all other corals . it needs to be at least 6
away since it sends out sweeper tentacles at night . their sweeper tentacles can punch a powerful sting to other corals as well as humans .
leather corals emit a toxin that will harm them . they have been known to die in the presence of a large leather coral population (
the large polyp stony ( lps ) corals are male and female and can reproduce both sexually and asexually . in the wild they reproduce sexually by releasing eggs and sperm at the same time , resulting in a fertilized egg which then forms into a free - swimming planula larva . eventually the planula larvae settles onto the substrate , becoming plankters . this then forms a tiny polyp which begins to excrete calcium carbonate and develops into a coral . planula larvae are extremely vulnerable to predation , and very few survive . plerogyras reproduce asexually as well .
genus will actually connect and encrust onto nearby substrate and they tend to grow in a vertical orientation . at times , this results in a new
bud
and will start to form a new colony . physical propagation should only be attempted on branching varieties . it needs to be left up to the encrusting behavior of this coral to propagate it . cutting into the tissue will result in damage that can lead to disease . it is best to feed them well and keep them happy , then they will form buds which can be harvested and produce quite a few colonies a year ! just be patient . the larger your coral gets , the more
babies
it will give you .
to propagate branching varieties , you first you need to choose a healthy coral that is not showing any signs of distress . simply cut 2
or more from the head to avoid damage and glue the frag to a plug or rock . you can use the 2 - part epoxy or underwater putties . the slime that the coral will exude should not come in contact with any other corals and gloves are suggested . give the frag ample water flow .