anoplogaster cornuta , the common fangtooth , is a species of deep sea fish found in temperate and tropical oceans worldwide .

it is found at depths of from 2 to 5,000 metres ( 10 to 16,400 ft ) with the adults usually found from 500 to 5,000 metres ( 1,640 to 16,400 ft ) and the young usually found near the surface .

this species grows to a total length of about 18 cm ( 7 in ) .

while a source of food for pelagic carnivorous fishes , this species is of no interest for human fisheries .

anoplogaster cornuta

anoplogaster cornuta is an uncommon deep - sea fish ( moore in press ) .
shimizu , t . 1978 . record of the beryciform fish , anoplogaster cornuta , from the western north pacific .
anoplogaster cornuta
( on - line ) . marine species identification portal . accessed march 22 , 2011 at urltoken .
a fangtooth , anoplogaster cornuta , from the gulf of mexico . source : danté fenolio , deepend consortium / urltoken license : cc by attribution
meek , r . , j . childress . 1973 . respiration and the effect of pressure in the mesopelagic fish anoplogaster cornuta ( beryciformes ) .
post , a . 1986 .
anoplogaster cornuta , common fangtooth
( on - line ) . fishbase . accessed february 23 , 2011 at urltoken .
childress , j . j . 1973 . observations of the feeding behavior of a mesopelagic fish anoplogaster cornuta : beryciformes . copeia 1973 , 602 - 603 .
childress , j . j . 1973 . observations of the feeding behavior of a mesopelagic fish anoplogaster cornuta : beryciformes . copeia 1973 : 602 - 603 .
iwamoto , t . 2015 . anoplogaster cornuta . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t18123960a21910070 . urltoken downloaded on 21 june 2017 .
shimizu , t . 1978 . record of the beryciform fish , anoplogaster cornuta , from the western north pacific . japanese journal of ichthyology 25 , 65 - 67 .
shimizu , t . 1978 . record of the beryciform fish , anoplogaster cornuta , from the western north pacific . japanese journal of ichthyology 25 : 65 - 67 .
to cite this page : malhotra , r . 2011 .
anoplogaster cornuta
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
fangtooth fishes ( anoplogaster cornuta , anoplogaster brachycera ) are a genus of deep sea beryciform fishes , classified as being in the family anoplogastridae ( unarmed stomach ) . the common names for the two currently recognized species are : the common fangtooth , and the shorthorn fangtooth .
mcgrouther , m . 2010 .
fangtooth , anoplogaster cornuta ( valenciennes , 1833 )
( on - line ) . australian museum . accessed february 23 , 2011 at urltoken .
bailly , n . 2010 .
anoplogaster cornuta ( valenciennes , 1833 )
( on - line ) . world register of marine species . accessed february 24 , 2011 at urltoken .
ho , j . 1987 . tautochondria dolichoura n . g . , n . sp . , a copepod parasitic on the bathypelagic fish anoplogaster cornuta ( valenciennes ) in the western north atlantic .
gordon , m . 1976 . comparative studies on the metabolism of shallow - water and deep - sea marine fishes . iv . patterns of aerobic metabolism in the mesopelagic deep - sea fangtooth fish anoplogaster cornuta .
meek , r . p . & childress , j . j . 1973 . respiration and the effect of pressure in the mesopelagic fish anoplogaster cornuta ( beryciformes ) . deep - sea research 20 : 1111 - 1118 .
2005 .
fact files : anoplogaster / fangtooth
( on - line ) . bbc . accessed february 24 , 2011 at urltoken .
these fearsome - looking teeth aren’t just for show . this common fangtooth ( anoplogaster cornuta ) is an aggressive hunter , and members of its species have been observed eating fish one - third their size . it has the largest teeth of any marine species relative to the size of its body .
davenport , j . 2005 . ventilation of the gills by the pectoral fins in the fangtooth anoplogaster cornutum : how to breathe with a full mouth .
scientific synonyms and common names anoplogaster cornuta valenciennes , 1833 synonyms : hoplostethus cornutus valenciennes , 1833 , in cuv . val . , hist . nat . pois . , 9 : 470 ( southwestern part of the atlantic ocean ) . holotype : mnhn no . 7443 . caulolepis longidens gill , 1884a , proc . u . s . natn . mus . , 6 : 258 ( northwestern part of the atlantic ocean ) . holotype : usnm no . 33270 . caulolepis subulidens garman , 1899 , mem . mus . comp . zool . , 2a : 60 ( gulf of panama ) . holotype : mcz no . 28761 . anoplogaster cornuta : grey , 1955b : 292 , fig . 53 ( references ) . common names : none
anoplogaster cornuta have shortened , deep bodies with a characteristically large mouth lined with sharp , fang - like teeth , giving them their common name , fangtooth . this deep - sea fish can be found worldwide . they are commonly seen between 600 and 6 , 500 feet but have been observed as deep as 16 , 000 feet . the common fangtooth reaches a maximum length of just 6 inches .
known as the scientific world anoplogaster cornuta , this formidable creature inhabits the deep waters of many of the world ' s oceans . sabretooth received its eloquent name because of the very impressive looking fanged mouth . the teeth of this fish is considered the longest in proportion to body size among all the inhabitants of the seas . during his grotesque appearance saber he earned the nickname
fish - ogre .
the juveniles of this species were misidentified and placed in a separate family until the work of grey in 1955 . notably it was mainly on distinct juvenile features , that the two species of anoplogaster were distinguished . juveniles of anoplogaster cornuta have long temporal spines protruding off the body , while a . brachycera lack these long spines ( kotlyar , 1986 ) . these characters gave rise to the common names for these respective species , the longhorn fangtooth and shorthorn sabertooth ; these fishes are also commonly known as ogrefishes , sabretooth fishes and in japan as the devil berycoid , “oni - kinme” ( shimizu , 1978 ; kotlyar , 2003 ) .
( of anoplogaster cornutus ( valenciennes , 1833 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
looking like it just swam out of a horror movie is the amazing fangtooth . known scientifically as anoplogaster cornuta , this menacing creature haunts the deep waters of many of the world ' s oceans . the fangtooth gets its name from its rather impressive looking teeth , which are actually the largest teeth of any fish in the ocean when taken in proportion to body size . because of its unusually grotesque appearance , the fangtooth has earned the nickname
ogrefish
. it is also referred to by some as the common sabretooth .
anoplogaster cornuta is a deep - sea species that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones . it has a maximum size of 16 cm sl . juveniles feed on crustaceans , while adults feed on fishes . this species may swim in small groups at times ( moore in press ) . off of hawaii , this species is found between 135 m to 980 m depth at night and migrates to deeper water between 650 m to 2 , 915 m during the day ( mundy 2005 ) . it is reportedly a common prey item of the longnose lancetfish , alepisaurus ferox ( fujita and hattori 1976 ) . larval size for a . cornuta have been reported as follows : 3 . 9mm preflexion , 4 . 7mm to 9 . 1mm sl postflexion , and a 15 . 7mm sl juvenile ( konishi 1999 ) .
a second species in the genus anoplogaster was described using seven juveniles ( 20 mm to 60 mm sl ) in 1986 . a . brachycera differs from the fangtooth by a combination of characters including less dorsal fin rays ( 16 to 17 versus 17 to 19 ) , shorter head spines ( the name brachycera is derived from greek and means
short - horned
) , and differences in the growth of the fangs and scales .
greek , ana = up + greek , oplon = shield + greek , gaster = stomach ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 2 - 4992 m ( ref . 50610 ) , usually 500 - 2000 m . deep - water ; 65°n - 46°s , 180°w - 180°e
worldwide in tropical to temperate seas . in the western atlantic it is also known from the flemish cap ( ref . 5951 ) .
maturity : l m ? , range 13 - ? cm max length : 18 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5951 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 17 - 20 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 9 ; vertebrae : 28 . body uniformly blackish or dark blackish brown ( ref . 27363 ) . lateral line an open groove , bridged by scales at intervals . swim bladder present . juveniles : long cephalic and preopercular spine ; big eye ; teeth on jaws small , multiserial on premaxilaries ; no teeth on palatine and vomer ; gill rakers long and slender . adult : no cephalic and preopercular spines ; eye small ; gill rakers tooth - like in groups on bony bases .
bathypelagic ( ref . 58426 ) . adults occur mainly between 500 and 2 , 000 m , but ranging from near the surface ( young ) to 5 , 000 m . form schools , swim in small groups or solitary . carnivorous ( ref . 27155 ) , feeding on crustaceans when young and on fish mainly when adults ( ref . 4737 ) . serve as food for pelagic fishes such as tuna , albacore , and marlin ( ref . 5951 ) . oviparous , with planktonic larvae ( ref . 36624 ) .
post , a . , 1986 . anoplogasteridae . p . 767 - 768 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 4737 )
) : 2 . 3 - 9 . 1 , mean 4 ( based on 5006 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 53 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming tmax > 3 ; k = 0 . 86 questionable ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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is found worldwide in tropical to temperate and subartctic seas , specifically within the range 65°n - 46°s , 180°w - 180°e . it is typically reported as a temperate to tropical species , though it has also been documented in the subarctic waters of the pacific and western atlantic . it is native to at least 48 countries across the globe , and is found in regions such as azores exclusive economic zone , european waters , the gulf of mexico , madagascar , mozambique , new zealand exclusive economic zone , the north west atlantic , south africa , and the spanish exclusive economic zone . in australia ,
is an exclusively marine species and exists from bathypelagic to mesopalagic depths ranging from 2 m to 4992 m below sea level ; however , it is most common between 500 m and 2000 m . adults are commonly captured at depths ranging from 75 to 5000 m , juveniles at 45 to 3100 m , and larvae at 2 m or more .
have shortened , deep bodies with characteristically large mouth lined with sharp , fang - like teeth from which the species gained its common name . relative to body size , they have the largest teeth of any marine species , with one of their most prominent features being a pair of long anterior fangs in the upper jaw . the length of their teeth prohibits them from completely closing their mouth . they are uniformly dark brown to black in color , and most of their body is covered with thin , prickly scales and spines . lateral lines are seen as distinctly open grooves on either side of the body , and are partially covered with scales at various intervals . they typically have between 17 and 20 dorsal soft rays , seven to nine anal soft rays , and 28 vertebrae . they lack both dorsal and anal spines . swim bladders are present , and relative to most other deep - sea fish , fangtooths have powerful muscles . fangtooths are sexually dimorphic as adult females tend to be larger than their male counterparts .
juvenile and adult fangtooths exhibit vast morphological differences . juveniles have a long cephalic and preopercular spine . their eyes are large , but their teeth are small and are not found on the palatine or the vomer . however , they have multiserial teeth on their premaxilaries . juvenile gill rakers are described as long and slender . they have long head spines and are more lightly colored than adults . in contrast , adults do not have cephalic or preopercular spines . their eyes are comparatively small , and their gill - rakers are tooth - like and are found in groups with bony bases . juveniles begin to look like adults when they reach approximately 8 cm in length , and adults generally grow to a length of 17 cm .
is stenothermic and is adapted to temperatures between 4°c and 6ºc . due to the depths at which adults are typically found , various mechanisms have been proposed for its survival under high hydrostatic pressure in the oxygen minimum layers of the ocean . one study found that there was a significant positive relationship between oxygen consumption rates and critical oxygen tension , leading to at least two possible explanations . one is that
only occasionally visits the oxygen minimum zone and that it is capable of sustained oxygen debt during these visits . alternatively , these organisms might only engage in anaerobic metabolism in the oxygen minimum zone .
adult and juvenile fangtooths are so morphologically dissimilar that they were believed to be separate species in the 1800s . in addition to differences in their physical appearance , they also consume different prey . juveniles begin to look like adults after reaching approximately 8 cm in length , and they typically grow to 17 cm in length , with a maximum recorded length of 18 cm , although other sources report a maximum length of 16 cm . length at reproductive maturity has been reported to be approximately 13 cm . individuals are found at different depths during different stages of their life cycle , with larvae occuring closer to the surface and adults occuring at depths of up to 5000 m . however , overlap of habitats with respect to depth does occur at various stages of maturity .
is found at different depths during various stages of its life cycle and occupies a wide range of temperatures throughout its life . juveniles may be captured at relatively shallow depths of 45 m in the tropics , where temperatures can rise above 15ºc . this suggests that while they are a stenothermal species with adults often captured at depths with temperatures between 4ºc and 6ºc , adults may be able for survival across a much broader thermal range .
, are believed to share similar reproductive mechanisms . they generally reach reproductive maturity at 13 cm in length . in many species , males are typically smaller than females , and tend to be parasitic of females , firmly latching onto their mate’s body with their jaws . fertilization subsequently occurs , and its efficacy is dependent upon the female’s circulatory system . it is not known where the species reproduces , but it is believed that it has no special spawning areas .
fangtooths spawn from june to august . little else is known of reproduction in this species . ceratioid
ensure that both sexes are together at spawning time , which might also be occur in fangtooths .
fangtooths are oviparous and have planktonic larvae . there is no parental care . larvae , juveniles , and adults live in completely different regions of the ocean and little overlap occurs between habitats .
is highly mobile and is an aggressive hunter relative to other deep - sea species . they can either be found swimming alone or in schools . many teleost fish share the same general mechanism of gill ventilation , with a buccal force pump and an opercular suction pump working together to maintain a consistent flow of water through the mouth and over the gills . however , when
consumes large prey , it employs a different mechanism whereby its opercula are greatly distended , which visibly exposes all of the gill arches and allows one to see into the posterior buccal cavity . this species maintains opercular distension while handling its prey , ceasing only after prey has been swallowed . when fangtooth’s have a full mouth , they are prohibited from efficiently pumping water over the gills for respiration . opercular distension produces large gaps between its gill arches , and it subsequently uses its pectoral fins to fan seawater over the gills from behind . reverse direction ventilation is unique to
has large lateral lines along each side of its body . lateral lines are essential in detecting changes in temperature and are important in detecting prey movements . although they have eyes , their usefulness in perceiving the local environment has not been documented . sunlight does not penetrate to bathypelagic depths at which adults may be found , and they are not bioluminescent . thus , it is unlikely that their eyes are of much necessity at greater depths .
. they have been observed to feed on fish one - third their size , necessitating the mechanism of reversed direction ventilation when feeding . their large size allows them to swallow most prey whole . due to their high mobility relative to other pelagic teleosts , it has been speculated that they are aggressive hunters . other studies have suggested the contrary , describing them as voracious ambush predators .
. their dark brown to black color likely reduces predation risk at depths with little to no sunlight penetration .
parasitizes them . no other parasites have been reported . although the nature of its interaction with fangtooths was not studied ,
have not been documented . thus , the potential conservation and management needs of this species are unknown .
rishi malhotra ( author ) , the college of new jersey , matthew wund ( editor ) , the college of new jersey , john berini ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .
the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .
living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
a distribution that more or less circles the arctic , so occurring in both the nearctic and palearctic biogeographic regions .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
islands that are not part of continental shelf areas , they are not , and have never been , connected to a continental land mass , most typically these are volcanic islands .
found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
an aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean , far from land , does not include sea bottom ( benthic zone ) .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
chakrabarty , p . 2009 .
fangtooth
( on - line ) . digital fish library . accessed march 21 , 2011 at urltoken .
fothergill , a . 2001 .
fangtooth in the abyss - blue planet - bbc wildlife
( on - line video ) . youtube . accessed february 24 , 2011 at urltoken .
fujita , k . 1976 . stomach content analysis of longnose lancetfish , alepisaurus ferox in the eastern indian ocean and the coral sea .
kotlyar , a . 1986 . classificiation and distribution of fishes of the family anoplogasteridae ( beryciformes ) .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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one look at a fangtooth and it ' s easy to see how this fish got its name : like many deep sea fishes , a fangtooth has large , sharp teeth for capturing food that comes its way .
when a fish or shrimp swims nearby , a fangtooth simply opens its big mouth and sucks the animal inside . animals caught in its trap have little chance of wriggling free .
the deep sea may seem remote , but what we send down will eventually cycle back up into our lives . deep - sea animals are part of a thriving ecosystem . our trash and chemicals may harm them if we are careless with our waste .
young fangtooths have a single row of teeth ; adults have ferocious - looking fangs .
the mission of the nonprofit monterey bay aquarium is to inspire conservation of the ocean .
the aptly named fangtooth has enormous pointed fangs . the two fangs at the front of the lower jaw slide into pockets in the roof of the mouth .
the fangtooth has a short deep body with a large head and mouth . the body is covered with small prickly scales . the distinct lateral line is an open groove partially covered by scales . there are mucous cavities on the head separated by serrated ridges . as the common name suggests , this fish has very long pointed teeth . the lower jaw fangs slide into pockets in the roof of the mouth when the jaws close .
adults and juveniles look very different and eat different prey items . juveniles have long head spines and are light grey . they don ' t begin to look like adults until they reach about 8 cm in length . adults and juveniles look so different they were described as a different species in the 1800s .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .
it is known from bathypelagic and mesopelagic depths down to about 5000 m , but is most common between 500 m and 2000 m .
paxton , j . r . in paxton , j . r . & w . n . eschmeyer ( eds ) . 1994 . encyclopedia of fishes . sydney : new south wales university press ; san diego : academic press [ 1995 ] . pp . 240 .
kotlyar , a . n . 1986 . classification and distribution of fishes of the family anoplogasteridae . voprosy ikhtiol . 26 ( 4 ) : 531 - 551 . [ in russian , english translation in journal of ichthyology . 26 ( 4 ) ] .
paxton , j . r . in carpenter , k . e . & v . h . niem . 1999 . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae ) . fao . rome pp . iii - v , 2069 - 2790 .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
is a circumglobally distributed , deep - dwelling , uncommon species with no known threats . it is listed as least concern .
is distributed circumglobally in tropical and temperate regions from 75 m to 5 , 000 m depth ( moore in press ) . it is distributed between 46°n and 46°s in all oceans ( maurin and quero 1982 ) . in the eastern atlantic , this species is known from greenland and iceland south to south africa . there have also been descriptions from the faroe islands east to western norway . in the western north atlantic it is distributed from 640 m to 4 , 900 m depth , in the new england region as well as from greenland south to the caribbean and the gulf of mexico ( moore
2011 ) . this species also ranges from hawaii island to the hancock seamounts from 135 m to 2 , 915 m depth . elsewhere , it ranges between 63°n - 45°s in the gulf of mexico , atlantic , indian and pacific oceans from 75 m to 4 , 992 m depth ( usually between 135 m to 2 , 000 m ; mundy 2005 ) . off of japan , this species has occurred from tohoku district and hokkaido ( nakabo 2002 ) . it has also been recorded from
the sea of okhotsk , in southeastern sakhalin , russia at 47°37′ n , 144°22′ e ( balanov and kharin 2009 ) .
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- like in groups on bony bases . common characters : no spines in fins ;
base ; d 17 - 20 ; a 7 - 9 ; p 14 - 16 ; v 7 .
; adults at greater depths than juveniles . swimming in small groups or singly .
garman , s . 1899 . reports on a exploration off the west coasts of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands in charge of alexander agassiz , by the u . s . fish commission steamer ' albatross ' during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . a . commanding . xxvi . the fishes . mem . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 24 : 1 - 431 , 97 pl . , i map .
gill , t . n . 1884a . diagnosis of new genera and species of deep - sea fish - like vertebrates . proc . u . s . natn . mus . , 6 , 1883 [ 1884 ] : 253 - 260 .
grey , m . 1955b . notes on a collection of bermuda deep - sea fishes . fieldiana , zool . , 37 : 265 - 302 , fig . 45 - 56 .
distribution worldwide in temperate and warm waters ; western atlantic : off northern argentina and the falkland is . to flemish cap
distribution worldwide in temperate and warm waters ; western atlantic : off northern argentina and the falkland is . to flemish cap [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
welshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hoplostethus cornutus valenciennes , 1833 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caulolepis longidens gill , 1883 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caulolepis subulidens garman , 1899 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat adults occur mainly between 500 and 2 , 000 m , but ranging from near the surface ( young ) to 5 , 000 m . form schools , swim in small groups or solitary . [ details ]
relative to body size , it has the largest teeth of any marine species ; one of its most prominent features is a pair of long anterior fangs in the upper jaw . the largest two fangs of the lower jaw are so long in the adult fangtooth that is has a pair of opposing sockets on either side of the brain to accommodate the teeth its mouth is closed . it is uniformly dark brown to black in color , and most of its body is covered with thin , prickly scales and spines . the eyes are relatively small , set high on the head—to compensate for relatively poor eyesight , the fangtooth has developed an unusually prominent lateral line that helps it to sense movement and vibration from the surrounding water .
the encyclopedia of life is a free , collaborative online encyclopedia working to document all of the 1 . 9 million species of animals , plants and other forms of life on earth . the smithsonian was one of the original eol consortium members and the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history hosts the eol headquarters . for more information , visit urltoken .
what did the t . rex say when challenged to an arm - wrestling contest ?
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moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith
paxton , john r . / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .
fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 4 : bony fishes , part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
illustration of fangtooth from plate 55 of oceanic ichthyology by g . brown goode and tarleton h . bean , published 1896 .
the fangtooth family anoplogastridae ( sometimes incorrectly written anoplogasteridae ) , comprises two species of bathypelagic fishes in the pacific , atlantic and indian ocean ( nelson , 2006 ) . the common name for the family comes from the numerous elongate fanglike teeth projecting out of the mouths of adults . their enormous heads are about 1 / 3 of their body length . their heads are punctuated by equivalently enormous jaws of equal length ( hulley , 1986 ) . these fishes are voracious sit - and - wait predators and swallow their prey whole ( childress , 1973 ) ; they have been observed feeding on fish 1 / 3 of their own size ( davenport , 1993 ) . despite their formidable appearance and disposition these fishes reach only about 16cm in length and are generally only a threat to the smaller fish upon which they prey .
is itself a common prey of tunas and marlins ( shimizu , 1977 ) . this specimen from the south pacific ( sw of the society islands ) is deposited in the scripps institution of oceanography marine vertebrate collection ( sio 72 - 303 ) and is 13 . 8 cm in standard length .
the light purple organ is the kidney ; the dark purple is the ovary . also highlighted are the eyes ( the two turquoise orbs ) and the brain ( yellow ) . the associated spinal cord ( in white ) is the rod like projection posterior to the rest of the brain . the two small fingerlike projections of the brain near the eyes are the optic nerves . the large saddle - shaped object is the liver and the small red object below the liver is the heart . the large reddish mass above the abdomen is the lateral musculature . this specimen is a gravid female ; the large , oval structure ( dark purple ) behind the liver is the ovary . because this female is gravid , many of the other internal organs are pushed together and crowded in the abdominal cavity .
the unusual anatomy of this species is additionally notable because the juveniles look very different . juveniles lack the enormous fangs and mouth characteristic of the adults . juveniles are commonly found near the waters surface while adults are generally found in deep waters . this is facilitated by the presence of a swim bladder ( which provides buoyancy control ) in juveniles and ensuing regression of the swim bladder in adults ( kotlyar , 2003 ) . adults occupy a deep water habitat between 500 and nearly 5000m in depth ( fishbase ) .
despite its worldwide occurrence little is known about this family and its phylogenetic position within beryciformes . these scans allow for greater anatomical detail than previously available to morphologists . ( much of the details from these scans await further research . ) with the growing base of comparative material available using this resource , we may soon be able to better explain the unique ontogeny and phylogeny of these interesting fishes .
fishbase . 2003 . froese , r . and d . pauly . ( eds ) 2003 . world wide web electronic publication . www . fishbase . org , version 22 march 2007
grey , m . 1955 . notes on a collection of bermuda deep - sea fishes . fieldiana 37 , 265 - 302 .
hulley , p . a . 1986 . anoplogasteridae . in : smith , m . m . , and hemmstra , p . c . ( eds . ) smiths’ sea fishes . macmillan south africa ltd . , johannesburg
kotlyar , a . n . 1986 . classification and distribution of fishes of the family anoplogasteridae ( beryciformes ) . journal of ichthyology 26 , 133 - 152 .
kotlyar , a . n . 2003 . family anoplogastridae gill 1893 — fangtooths . california academy of sciences annotated checklists of fishes 20 , 1 - 3 .
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although the fangtooth may look like a true monster , it is actually a small fish , reaching a maximum length of only six inches ( 16 centimeters ) . it has a short , deep body and with a large head and mouth . the head contains numerous mucous cavities separated by serrated ridges . these cavities are covered over with thin skin . the body of this fish is covered with small , prickly scales , and its color varies from black to dark brown . it has very small eyes that are set high on the head . to compensate for relatively poor eyesight , the fangtooth has developed an unusually prominent lateral line which helps it to sense movement and vibration from the surrounding water .
undoubtedly the most noticeable characteristic of this species is the teeth . they are so large that the fangs on the lower jaw actually slide into specially formed pockets in the roof of the mouth when the jaw is closed . these pockets extend into sockets on either side of the brain . these teeth become a formidable weapon as the fangtooth hunts squid other small fish . because its eyesight is not good , many researchers think the fangtooth hunts by a process known as chemoreception , where it essentially must bump into something edible as it searches the dark waters . it is believed that these fish migrate to upper layers of the ocean to feed during the night and then return to the murky depths during the day . if a fangtooth wanders too close to the surface , it risks becoming a meal for larger fish species such as marlin or tuna .
fangtooth reproduce by laying eggs that hatch to reveal tiny plankton - sized larvae . their spawning frequency is not well known , although it has been observed between june and august . as the larvae eventually grow into the juvenile stage , they look completely different from the adults . they are light gray in color with long spines on their heads . they also have larger eyes and slightly smaller teeth . this difference in appearance initially caused scientists to assume that it was a different species entirely . unlike the adults , the juveniles feed by filtering plankton from the water using specially formed gill rakes . these gill rakes disappear as they reach maturity . the juveniles begin to resemble the adults when they reach a size of about three inches . at this time they begin to descend down to deeper waters . scientists still do not know how long they live .
the fangtooth is found throughout the world in temperate and tropical ocean regions including the waters off the coast of australia . it is one of the deepest living fish species yet discovered . these fish are commonly seen between 600 and 6 , 500 feet ( 200 - 2 , 000 meters ) , but have been observed as deep as 16 , 000 feet ( 5 , 000 meters ) . the pressure at these great depths is intense and the water temperature is near freezing . the fangtooth is more robust than other deep water species . researchers have been able to keep them alive for months in captivity in spite of the vast differences in temperature and pressure .
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it is easy to see where the common fangtooth gets its name . these fish have mouths that are absolutely full of long , pointed teeth , perfect for catching and hanging on to prey of just about any size that wanders by in the deep sea . common fangtooths are deep - sea predators that have been recorded at depths of well over 16 , 000 feet ( nearly 5000 m ) .
though they spend most of their time in the deep , common fangtooths are known to migrate toward the surface , at night , following their preferred prey of crustaceans and other fishes . common fangtooths are more active than many other deep - sea fishes and seek out food , rather than being purely ambush ( sit and wait ) predators . their huge mouths and very long teeth ensure that they are able to attack prey that they find in the very large , food - poor deep sea .
common fangtooths are dark colored – either solid brown or black – and unlike most deep - sea fishes , they do not have light producing organs or cells for communication or to attract prey . instead , they rely heavily on their sense of smell and benefit from even the slightest bit of sunlight that may make it down to the depths . though the light is not enough to truly see , it may be enough that potential prey species cast a shadow as they pass overhead . in those circumstances , this species seems to have a bit of a “bite first , ask questions later” attitude .
as they live in an extreme environment where scientists have difficulty studying behavior , little is known about the mating preferences of this species . they are known , however , to reproduce via external fertilization , where females release their eggs and males release their sperm into the open water at the same time .
the common fangtooth , along with the only one other species of fangtooth , is more closely related to shallow - water squirrelfishes than to other deep - sea fishes . though they look menacing and are voracious predators , common fangtooths are harmless to humans . they live in the deep sea and only grow to about 7 inches ( 18 cm ) long .
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component of the ubiquinol - cytochrome c reductase complex ( complex iii or cytochrome b - c1 complex ) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain . the b - c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c . contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for atp synthesis .
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the full - length protein contains only eight transmembrane helices , not nine as predicted by bioinformatics tools .
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stenoptilia bipunctidactyla is a moth of the pterophoroidea family .

it is found in europe , asia minor , syria , north africa and iran .

the wingspan is 17 – 25 mm .

the moths fly from march to october depending on the location .

the larvae feed on succisa pratensis , linaria vulgaris , weasel 's snout and knautia species .

stenoptilia bipunctidactyla

stenoptilia bipunctidactyla ( twin - spot plume ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
this widespread and common moth may be an aggregate of species with very similar wings . reported foodplants include devil ' s - bit scabious (
, illustrated on this site , may be due to diet , instar , season or normal intraspecific variation . they have similar genitalia , and larvae found on one foodplant can be reared successfully on the others . alternatively , they may represent two species of the aggregate . the larvae overwinter at a very small size , on both plants .
leaf . as it grows , it develops many secondary setae , and feeds in a folded leaf in may . green coloration supplants the red , until the larva is green with a dark red dorsal line bordered by greenish yellow subdorsal lines .
, usually within 20 cm of the ground . feeding damage causes part of the stem to turn black , and black frass can often be seen exuding from the leaf axil .
the second generation of larvae , in july , feeds in the flowers . up to 3 mm larvae feed inside individual florets , which have frass and holes eaten in the side . larger larvae live between florets . ( see ' show detail ' for full descriptions of second generation larvae on
feeding larvae , is light green with a red dorsal line and reddish caudal tinting . it is attached to the foodplant or a nearby plant stem .
the moths fly from dusk into the night , in two overlapping generations , from late may to early october , and are frequent visitors to the light - trap .
which has similar wings , but distinct differences in the female genitalia ( c . hart pers . comm . ) .
are ochreous brown or reddish brown . the costal cilia are white on unworn specimens of
: dull red , covered in dense shiny spicules . below the level of the spiracles , the spicules are grey - black and give a slightly sooty appearance . the subdorsal line , lateral line , subspiracular line and venter are dull translucent yellow .
: primary setae whitish . black secondary setae beginning to appear , not fully developed .
: whitish yellow , marbled with brown in posterior of epicranium and on adfrontal area . black posterolateral mark . black mark either side of epicranial sulcus at posterior . stemmatal area black . mouth parts light reddish brown .
prothoracic shield yellowish white , paler than head . divided by light medial line which is margined by black dashes and dots . black lateral dot .
: reddish maroon . heavily shagreened by spicules . venter yellowish . whitish subdorsal line . whitish pinacula arranged to form discontinuous lateral and subspiracular lines .
: primary setae whitish translucent . many secondary setae ; larger ones yellowish white , smaller ones black .
: whitish semitransparent . two longitudinal bands of dark reddish brown marks in posterior half of epicranium . adfrontal area stained brown . black posterolateral mark . pitchy black marks either side of epicranial suture . stemmatal area black . mouthparts brown .
: green . large spiracle with black peritreme . prothoracic shield greenish white , divided by a green medial line , which is edged by black dashes and dots . black lateral dot .
dark red dorsal line bordered by greenish white subdorsal line . broken white lateral and subspiracular lines containing white pinacula .
: stout opaque white primary setae . secondary setae shorter and black , except white when located on white lines .
anal segment : greenish . no anal comb . anal plate brownish white translucent with some black dots . red dorsal , and white subdorsal , lines of body extend onto anterior of plate .
: very thin , tubular . greenish white . crochets black . anal prolegs stouter than others , and have yellowish white
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
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; greyish rather than brown , more prominent spots to the forewing giving a peppered look . it is quite likely these two species are being confused and mis - recorded in norfolk .
final instar larvae is usualy green with a dark red dorsal line bordered by yellow / green subdorsal lines .
recorded in 26 ( 38 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1873 . last recorded in 2016 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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notes : common on damp heathland , downland and in flower meadows throughout much of the british isles , where suitable habitat exists . in hampshire and on the isle of wight the species is found sparsely in all three vice - counties . wingspan 17 - 25 mm . larva feeds on flowers and seeds of devil ' s - bit scabious , field scabious and small scabious .