metarctia rubripuncta is a moth of the family arctiidae .

it was described by hampson in 1898 .

it is found in burundi , cameroon , republic of congo , democratic republic of congo , ethiopia , gabon , kenya , rwanda , tanzania , uganda and zimbabwe .

metarctia rubripuncta

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[ equatorial guinea ] , spanisch guinea , benitogebiet , alén , e . l . 22 . x . 1906 , leg . g . tessmann .
strand e . 1912b . zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach süd - kamerun und spanisch guinea . lepidoptera i . ( saturniidae , brahmaeidae , striphnopterygidae , sphingidae , notodontidae , syntomididae [ sic ] , hypsidae und agaristidae ) . - archiv für naturgeschichte 78 ( a ) ( 6 ) : 139–197 , 1 pl . .
bethune - baker g . t . 1927 . descriptions of new heterocera from africa and the east . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 9 ) 20 : 321–334 .
przybyłowicz ł . & dall ' asta u . 2003 . redescription of the genus melisoides strand , 1912 ( lepidoptera : arctiidae ) with notes on its synonymy . - acta zoologica cracoviensia 46 ( 4 ) : 347–353 .
kiriakoff s . g . 1953a . les thyretidae du musée royal du congo belge ( lepidoptera notodontoidea ) . - annales du musée du congo belge , zoologie [ 3 , arthropodes ] section 2 , catalogues raisonnés 26 : 1–91 , pls . 1–7 .
kiriakoff s . g . 1952d . la position systématique de balacra paradoxa m . hering ( lepid . : thyretidae ) . - biologisch jaarboek dodonaea 19 : 74–79 .
[ democratic republic of congo , equateur ] , congo belge , tshuapa , bokote , 1927 , leg . p . hulstaert .
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moths of rwanda represent about 220 known moth species . the moths ( mostly nocturnal ) and butterflies ( mostly diurnal ) together make up the taxonomic order lepidoptera .
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the green oak tortrix , tortrix viridana , also known as the european oak leafroller and the green oak moth is a distinctive green moth whose larvae feed on tree leaves , especially oak .

an infestation of the larvae can defoliate an oak tree .

the adult female lays its eggs next to leaf buds which the larvae consume when they emerge .

as the larvae grow bigger they eat larger leaves , and then roll themselves up in a full-sized leaf to pupate .

the ichneumon wasp dirophanes invisor is a parasitoid which specializes on t. viridana .

they are commonly found in many parts of britain .

in the butterfly conservation ’s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .

tortrix viridana

tortrix viridana ( green oak tortrix ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
tortrix viridana completes a single generation per year . adults are present from may until early july over most of its range .
majunke , c . 2003 . tortrix viridana information . urltoken accessed february 23 , 2003 . ( translated from german ) .
a very distinctive species , this is the only plain green ' tortrix ' in the british isles .
wingspan 18 - 23 mm . a very distinctive species as this is the only green ' tortrix ' in the british isles .
a . adult t . viridana ( 18 - 23 mm wingspan ) . note pale - green forewings and frayed outer edge .
ivashov , a . v . , g . e . boyko and a . p . simchuk . 2002 . the role of host plant phenology in the development of the oak leafroller moth , tortrix viridana l . ( lepidoptera : torticidae ) . for . ecol . mngt . 157 : 7 - 14 .
adults of this species are unlikely to be confused with any other tortricid . in europe , t . viridana is similar both in size and coloration to earias clorana ( noctuidae : nolinae ) .
most notable among the early season defoliators are oak leaf roller moth tortrix viridana ( below left ) and winter moth ( below right ) . both species have egg hatch time to coincide with bud burst in the spring and the young larvae feed on the newly expanding leaves . when numbers are high , complete defoliation of trees can occur , but a second flush of leaves later in the season partially offsets the negative effect on trees . however , it is likely that severe defoliation does reduce the ability of trees to defend themselves from attack by other agents .
the european oak leafroller ( tortrix viridana ) is a defoliator of hardwood trees and shrubs , stripping these trees and shrubs of its leaves . it is a pest of potential concern that is not known to occur in canada and that is not on the regulated pest list . however , early detection could facilitate the management of this green moth . the european oak leafroller can be distinguished from all other native and naturalized moths in canada by its green bell shape . if you believe you have found suspect specimens , please contact the canadian food inspection agency ( cfia ) .
oak ( quercus sp . ) is the primary host and in outbreak conditions t . viridana can cause extensive defoliation of oak trees . defoliation affects tree growth , reproduction , and increases the chances of damage by other insects and frost . this species is regarded as one of the most important tortricid forest pests in southern europe .
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earias clorana is similar but rests with its wings higher a more ' tent like ' posture .
well wooded areas , particularly deciduous woodland and other areas where oak is present in numbers .
flying during may through to early july from dusk onwards , it can also be found resting in sunshine .
inhabiting oak woodland , it can become a pest . although oak is the main food plant , other deciduous trees are also used , the larvae feeding in a rolled - up or folded leaf . these abundant larvae sometimes completely defoliate trees .
it is common to very common in many parts of britain . in the butterfly conservation’s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .
common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )
it is common to very common in many parts of britain , inhabiting oak woodland , and can become a pest , the abundant larvae sometimes completely defoliating trees .
flying during may and june , from dusk onwards , it can also be found resting in sunshine .
although oak ( quercus ) is the main foodplant , other deciduous trees are also used , the larvae feeding in a rolled - up or folded leaf .
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oak trees carry a wide diversity of insect species , most of which remain ‘in balance’ with their host trees and cause very little damage . however , if episodes of severe defoliation are a regular factor this could affect the vulnerability of oak trees to the complex of factors that contribute to the overall decline syndrome .
the recent arrival of oak processionary moth thaumetopoea processionea ( left ) from continental europe , and which is currently restricted to the london area , may add a further highly damaging defoliator species to the range of damaging leaf - feeding pests on oak .
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this is the only tortricid species with an unmarked , uniformly green forewing . the exact color varies from bright green to dull pale green , and some individuals have dull - yellow forewings , a condition that can also be caused by exposure of specimens to various killing agents and prolonged sunlight .
male genitalia are distinguished by the following characters : uncus absent ; socii large ; valva sub - rectangular with well developed sacculus . female genitalia are charaterized by broad papillae anales with a patch of flat - headed setae , short apophyses , a long ductus bursae , and a small signum in the corpus bursae .
late instar larvae are appoximately 15 - 20 mm long with a green to gray abdomen . the head varies in color from brown to black and the prothoracic shield varies from near - translucent to black . darkened pinacula , which are more prominent near the anterior end of the abdomen and on the thorax , serve to separate this species from many north american tortricidae larvae . other diagnostic characters include black thoracic legs and an anal comb with eight teeth .
females lay eggs during june and july in the crown of the host tree ; eggs are laid in pairs for a total of 50 - 60 per female . the eggs overwinter and larvae hatch the following april and may . first instar larvae feed on open buds and subsequent instars feed on the leaves . larvae complete five instars and pupation occurs in a folded leaf .
secondary hosts include blueberry ( vaccinium sp . ) , nettle ( urtica sp . ) , and possibly other species not listed here - records on norway spruce ( picea abies ) , poplar ( populus sp . ) , and raspberry ( rubus sp . ) could not be verified .
bradley , j . d . , w . g . tremewan and a . smith . 1973 . british tortricoid moths - cochylidae and tortricidae : tortricinae . the ray society , london , england .
crop protection compendium . 2007 edition . cab international , wallingford , uk , 2007 .
razowski , j . 2002 . tortricidae of europe , vol . 1 , tortricinae and chlidanotinae . frantisek slamka , slovakia . 247 pp .
tortricids of agricultural importance by todd m . gilligan and marc e . epstein interactive keys developed in lucid 3 . 5 . last updated august 2014 .
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larval hosts include representatives of the aceraceae , betulaceae , fagaceae , rosaceae , salicaceae , and urticaceae . some hosts of importance include acer spp . ( maple ) , vaccinium spp ( blueberry ) , fagus sylvatica ( european beech ) , quercus spp . ( oak ) , prunus armeniaca ( apricot ) , populus spp ( aspen , cottonwood ) , salix spp . ( willow ) and urtica spp ( nettle ) .
this is the only tortricid moth that is uniformly green , lacking any pattern elements .
( 1 ) gilligan , t . m . , and epstein , m . e . 2012 . tortricids of agricultural importance website
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approx length ( c . 11 . 5mm ) wingspan ( 18 - 23 mm . )
recorded in 65 ( 94 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 06 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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plant pest credit card - european oak leafroller pdf ( 1 . 0 mb )
adult : front wings are pale - green or yellow - green ; rear wings are brownish - gray to grayish ; both wings have a white , frayed outer edge .
larvae feed on foliage , with the most preferable section being the upper crown .
drought stressed and healthy hosts . pole - sized trees and older trees are preferred .
this insect is known to occur in europe , northern africa , cyprus , iran and israel .
each female lays approximately 50 to 60 eggs in pairs within a cement - like mass .
eggs are deposited on branches , leaves , and branch forks , within the entire crown .
therefore , emerging larvae can only survive if the buds are in synchrony with their development .
as the buds flush , the larvae move to young leaves and flowers and continue feeding .
third instar larvae become more mobile and are thus more visible . similar to other tortricids , when larvae are disturbed , they will drop on a silken thread .
last instar larvae feed upon the expanded foliage as well as the bark of tender young shoots .
dieback complex that results in thinning foliage , progressive die - back , cambial necrosis , epicormic shoot development and tree mortality .
successive defoliation can cause growth loss and can also weaken trees and predispose them to mortality by other organisms .
hannes lemme , sächsische landesanstalt für forsten , image 1220075 , www . forestryimages . org , march 5 , 2004
hannes lemme , sächsische landesanstalt für forsten , image 1260040 , www . forestryimages . org , june 5 , 2004
university of munich insekten wirbeltiere parasitoide . urltoken accessed march 2 , 2003 . ( translated from german ) .
watson , a . and p . e . s . whalley . 1983 . the dictionary of butterflies and moths in color . exeter books . new york . 296 p .
razowski , j . 1966 . world fauna of the tortricini ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . panstwowe wydawnictwo naukowe . kraków . 576 p . 41 pls .
exotic forest pest information system for north america . urltoken accessed february 5 , 2004 .
carter , d . j . 1984 . pest lepidoptera of europe with special reference to the british isles . dr w . junk publishers . boston . 431 p .
oosterbaan , a . and f . leffef . 1987 . decline in health and death of quercus robur l . in the netherlands . nederlands - bosbouwtijdschrift . 59 ( 6 ) : 186 - 192 . ( in dutch ) .
hartmann . g . and r . blank . 1988 . recent outbreak of oak decline in lower saxony – causes and prevention . forst - und - holz . 53 ( 24 ) : 733 - 735 . ( in german ) .


orthetrum taeniolatum is an asian freshwater dragonfly species .

the common name for this species is small skimmer .

its range of distribution spreads from eastern europe to china , and the species itself is locally common throughout the range .

it prefers medium to slow-flowing marshy streams .

adults are common around open rocky and sandy beds of the streams .

orthetrum taeniolatum

orthetrum taeniolatum has a wide distribution , ranging from eastern europe and arabia to china .
orthetrum _ taeniolatum _ 20130607 _ imgp8948 _ akoeren . jpg uploaded on feb . 20 , 2014
orthetrum _ taeniolatum _ 20130608 _ imgp8994 _ aladag . jpg uploaded on feb . 20 , 2014
orthetrum _ taeniolatum _ 20130608 _ imgp9119 _ aladag . jpg uploaded on feb . 20 , 2014
information on the small skimmer ( orthetrum taeniolatum ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
justification : orthetrum taeniolatum is a widespread and common species which is not threatened at the global scale . it is therefore listed as least concern .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - small skimmer ( orthetrum taeniolatum )
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this small orthetrum is mainly asian in distribution and is replaced in africa by its sister taxon orthetrum kollmannspergeri buchholz , 1959 . all north african records of o . taeniolatum therefore need re - examination ( dumont & veschuren 2005 ) .
mitra , a . 2013 . orthetrum taeniolatum ( schneider , 1845 ) ; the iucn red list of threatened species 2013 . urltoken accessed on 30 november 2017 .
the small skimmer ( orthetrum taeniolatum ) is the smallest member of its family but the all - blue males need careful scrutiny where it appears with other orthetrum species , particularly the keeled skimmer – orthetrum coerulescens . the island of lesvos in the aegean is about the most westerly edge of its range which extends as far east as india .
schneider , w . 1985 . the types of orthetrum anceps ( schneider 1845 ) and the taxonomic status of orthetrum ramburii ( selys 1848 ) . senckenbergiana biologica 66 : 97 - 104 .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . orthetrum taeniolatum schneider , 1845 . [ online ] bhutan biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . orthetrum taeniolatum ( schneider , 1845 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
this small species of orthetrum is mainly asian in distribution and is replaced in africa and southwestern arabia by its sister taxon orthetrum kollmannspergeri buchholz , 1959 . according to dumont and veschuren ( 2005 ) and clausnitzer and dijkstra ( 2005 ) , all african and west - arabian records of o . taeniolatum should be ascribed to o . kollmannspergeri buchholz , 1959 . unfortunately the name kollmannspergeri buchholz , 1959 will fall into synonymy of an earlier available name ( ober in prep . ) .
dumont , h . j . and verschuren , d . 2005 . odonata from the ennedi and ounianga regions of northern chad , with a note of the status of orthetrum kollmannspergeri buchholz , and a checklist of the species currently known from the republic of chad . odonatologica 34 : 291 - 297 .
justification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) eu 27 assessment : least concern ( lc ) orthertrum taeniolatum is mainly an asian species which just reaches europe and occurs on the islands of cyprus , rhodos and lesbos . the species is fairly common on these islands and there are no specific threats to its habitat . the species is therefore assessed as least concern .
joshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .
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afghanistan ; bangladesh ; bhutan ; china ( chongqing , hainan , tibet [ or xizang ] ) ; cyprus ; greece ( east aegean is . ) ; india ( andhra pradesh , arunachal pradesh , bihar , chattisgarh , delhi , gujarat , himachal pradesh , jammu - kashmir , karnataka , kerala , madhya pradesh , maharashtra , nagaland , punjab , rajasthan , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttaranchal , west bengal ) ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; jordan ; lebanon ; nepal ; oman ; pakistan ; palestinian territory , occupied ; saudi arabia ; syrian arab republic ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia )
5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 2 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent / irregular rivers / streams / creeks suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 9 . wetlands ( inland ) - freshwater springs and oases suitability : suitable major importance : yes 15 . artificial / aquatic & marine - > 15 . 7 . artificial / aquatic - irrigated land ( includes irrigation channels ) suitability : suitable major importance : no 15 . artificial / aquatic & marine - > 15 . 9 . artificial / aquatic - canals and drainage channels , ditches suitability : suitable major importance : no
al - houty , w . 1985 . some odonata from kuwait . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 121 : 62 .
blom , w . l . 1982 . list of odonata collected during various lepidopterological trips in iran ( 1971 - 1974 ) . notulae odonatologicae 1 : 150 - 151 .
carfi , s . 1974 . contribution to the knowledge of somalian odonata . monitore zoologico italiano ( n . s . ) suppl . 5 : 141 - 181 .
clausnitzer , v . and dijkstra , k . - d . b . 2005 . the dragonflies ( odonata ) of ethiopia , with notes on the status of its endemic species and the description of a new one . entomologische zeitschrift . 115 : 117–130 .
fraser , f . c . 1918 . indian dragonflies part 3 . journal of the bombay natural history society 26 : 141 - 171 .
iucn . 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2013 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 12 june 2013 ) .
kulkarni , p . p . and talmale , s . s . 2008 . odonata from five conservation areas and two wetlands of maharashtra , india . fraseria ( n . s . ) 7 : 55 - 60 .
kumar , a . and mitra , a . 1998 . odonate diversity at sahastradhara ( sulphur springs ) , dehra dun , india , with notes on their habitat ecology . fraseria ( n . s . ) 5 : 37 - 45 .
mahato , m . 1988 . dragonfly inventory of the surveys in eastern and mid - western nepal , with records of five species new to the fauna of nepal ( odonata ) . opuscula zoologica fluminensia : 1 - 9 .
mitra , a . 2002 . dragonfly ( odonata : insecta ) fauna of trashigang dzongkhag , eastern bhutan . in : t . gyeltshen and sadruddin ( eds ) , environment and life support systems of the bhutan himalaya , pp . 40 - 70 . sherubtse college , kanglung .
mitra , a . 2006 . current status of the odonata of bhutan : a checklist with four new records . the journal of renewable natural resources bhutan 2 : 136 - 143 .
mitra , a . 2008 . dragonfly ( odonata : insecta ) fauna of bhutan - an annotated and updated check - list with ten new records . fraseria ( n . s . ) 7 : 105 - 109 .
prasad , m . and varshney , r . k . 1995 . a check - list of the odonata of india including data on larval studies . oriental insects 29 : 385 - 428 .
ris , f . 1909 . libellulinen monographisch bearbeitet . 2 . collections zoologiques du baron edm . de selys longchamps , catalogue systématique et descriptif . coll . selys longchamps fasc . 10 : 121 - 244 .
schmidt , e . 1961 . ergebnisse det deutschen afghanisatn - expedition 1956 der landessammlungen für naturkunde karlsruhe sowie der expeditionen j . klapperich , bonn 1952 - 53 und dr . k . lindberg , lund ( schweden ) 1957 - 60 . beiträge zur naturkundlichen forschung in südwestdeutschland 19 : 399 - 435 .
subramanian , k . a . 2009 . a checklist of odonata ( insecta ) of india . zoological survey of india : 33 .
tariq chauldry , m . 2010 . systematics of dragonflies ( anisoptera : odonata ) of pakistan . department of entomology , arid agriculture university , faculty of crop and food sciences .
vick , g . s . 1989 . list of the dragonflies recorded from nepal , with a summary of their altitudinal distribution ( odonata ) . opuscula zoologica fluminensia : 1 - 21 .
waterston , a . r . 1980 . insects of saudi arabia . odonata . fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 57–70 .
waterston , a . r . and pittaway , a . r . 1991 ( 1989 ) . the odonata or dragonflies of oman and neighbouring territories . journal of oman studies 10 : 131 - 168 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
amphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths ( external site ) bug guide ( external site ) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada , j . pelham , 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state
note : please inform dennis paulson ( dennispaulson @ comcast . net ) of any errors of commission or omission . thank you .
we were recently presented with a list of
mystery synonyms
of species that had been posted on inaturalist but were not in this world list . considerable effort was expended to solve this problem , and it led to a substantial number of errors being corrected on this list . we thank matthew muir , greg lasley and john abbott for calling our attention to this and the opportunity to make the corrections . the list was considered updated as of 21 september 2017 .
subsequently an attempt was made to have the list of world odonata used by the iucn in its red list assessments conform to the world odonata list , and this also pointed out some errors in the wol . we thank caroline pollock of iucn for making this possible and k - d dijkstra , viola clausnitzer and rory dow for furnishing information of importance as we worked out the problems . as of 30 march 2018 , the list is considered updated .
genera modified after 30 march 2018 : amphicnemis , anisogomphus , argia , coeliccia , coenagrion , cora , drepanosticta , euthore , forcepsioneura , heliogomphus , indocypha , mattigomphus , microgomphus , miocora , nososticta , protosticta . genera in which the changes involve only addition of synonyms or orthographic changes are not listed here .
thanks to john abbott ( special thanks ) , yahya abdal - aziz , pekka alestalo , matjaz bedjanic , viola clausnitzer , prosenjit dawn , cyrille deliry ( special thanks for ongoing detective work ) , k - d dijkstra , rory dow , günther fleck , heinrich fliedner , ryo futahashi , dirk gassmann , arjen van het hof , marcel hospers , rasmus hovmoller , kwang - soo jung , vincent kalkman , oleg kosterin , noppadon makbun , alan manson , andreas martens , michael may , jose martin meléndez quinto , sarah miller , johann hendrik nüss , fons peels ( special thanks ) , felix reimann , richard rowe , dominic rupprich , csilla vajda , don - alexander van bergen , nancy van der poorten , martin villet , liang - jong wang , florian weihrauch , keith wilson , reiner work , xin yu , ondrej zicha and dan zimberlin ( special thanks ) for corrections and additions over the years . and thanks to martin lindeboom for his early contributions to this list .
this is an ongoing attempt to list all of the valid species of odonata . it is based on past compilations by the authors listed below and constant additional literature research . it includes the author and year of description for all genera and species . it also includes all synonyms for new world species ( from garrison 1991 ) and the great majority of synonyms for african and australian species , but the effort for eurasia is still quite incomplete . nevertheless , we consider the list a good starting point for estimates of biodiversity in this insect order . we must also point out that many typographical errors were introduced into the list when it was first typed , and as we continue to find these we correct them , but some of them persist . the list is not error - free . in fact , it is presently in a stage of making changes almost every week as these errors are discovered by the work of cyrille deliry , and
we have been asked if there is any way that revisions of the list can be shown clearly . right now this is impractical , both because the revisions are frequent , at least several times per month , and we have not come up with a method that would make this both easy on the compiler and easily recognized by the user . because of the volume of changes , we also cannot cope with the responsibility of informing other workers who are maintaining their own versions of the list about every little change ( e . g . , correcting typographical errors in names or dates ) . we are listing the genera in which substantive changes ( e . g . , new species , new synonymies , taxonomic changes ) have been made since the last
edition .
we have not recognized any subspecies of odonata . instead , we have listed all named subspecies as synonyms of the species under which they were named . we are not able to judge the validity of these subspecies , and as many of them have been questioned , we chose to treat them all in the same fashion .
the list includes zygoptera through coenagrionidae , then anisozygoptera for epiophlebiidae , then anisoptera . within each suborder the families are in some semblance of phylogenetic order , then the genera and species are in alphabetical order within the family . indented names ( not indented very far on some browsers ) indicate ( a ) generic placement in the original description if different from the current generic placement , and ( b ) synonyms following
syn .
you can use the find function in your web browser to locate families , genera , and species .
bridges , c . a . 1993 . catalogue of the family - group , genus - group and species - group names of the odonata of the world ( second edition ) . c . a . bridges , urbana , illinois .
davies , d . a . l . , & p . tobin . 1984 . the dragonflies of the world : a systematic list of the extant species of odonata . vol . 1 . zygoptera , anisozygoptera . societas internationalis odonatologica rapid comm . ( suppl . ) no . 3 , utrecht .
davies , d . a . l . , & p . tobin . 1985 . the dragonflies of the world : a systematic list of extant species of odonata . vol . 2 . anisoptera . soc . int . odonatol . rapid comm . ( suppl . ) no . 5 . , utrecht .
dijkstra , k - d . b . , g . bechly , s . m . bybee , r . a . dow , h . j . dumont , g . fleck , r . w . garrison , m . hämäläinen , v . j . kalkman , h . karube , m . l . may , a . g . orr , d . r . paulson , a . c . rehn , g . theischinger , j . w . h . trueman , j . van tol , n . von ellenrieder , & j . ware . 2013 . the classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) . zootaxa 3703 ( 1 ) : 36 - 45 .
dijkstra , k - d . b . , v . j . kalkman , r . a . dow , f . r . stokvis & j . van tol . 2014 . redefining the damselfly families : a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of zygoptera ( odonata ) . systematic entomology 39 ( 1 ) : 68 - 96 .
garrison , r . w . 1991 . a synonymic list of the new world odonata . argia 3 ( 2 ) : 1 - 30 .
tsuda , s . 1991 . a distributional list of world odonata . published by author , osaka .
slater museum of natural history 1500 n . warner st . # 1088 tacoma , wa 98416 253 . 879 . 3356
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
describes biorhythms - those states or conditions characterised by regular repetition in time , whether on the scale of seconds , hours , days , or seasons . it could also cover phenomena such as
plant flowering
or
chewing rates
. life cycles are treated in the field for life cycle . seasonal migration and reproduction are usually treated separately .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
male : wing spot : ochreous eye : greyish blue small to medium sized pale blue dragonfly with very slender pale blue abdomen . female : wing spot : similar to male eye : pale brown very different ; brownish thorax with olivaceous and blackish brown stripes ; olive tinged yellow with a black mid - dorsal line .
describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .
perches on sand or on rocks , sometimes squat on the surface , with a slight curve to the abdomen . becomes common just before the rains .
describes behaviour and behaviour patterns of an organism , including actions and reactions of organism in relation to its biotic and abiotic environment . includes communication , perception , modes and mechanisms of locomotion , as well as long term strategies ( except mating and reproductive strategies , covered under reproduction ) .
sandy and rocky beds of rivers and streams in dry regions . drying pools in large rivers .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
bargarh , sambalpur . all over w . and c . india ; mediterranean and middle east . easy to spot at : debrigarh wls .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
the present study was undertaken to examine the diversity , occurrence and distribution pattern of d . . .
odonates were surveyed in coimbatore district from september 2012 to january 2016 . the survey sites . . .
the diversity of the odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) was studied in seven districts of southe . . .
an inventory of odonata was carried out in six districts of central gujarat from 2012 to 2014 . a t . . .
new records of dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) from the western ghats of maharashtra , i . . .
odonates were surveyed across 10 localities from western ghats of maharashtra state , india during 2 . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of nagaland , with an addition to the indian odonate fau . . .
we surveyed odonates in the districts of kohima , peren and wokha in the state of nagaland , northeas . . .
habitat and seasonal distribution of odonata ( insecta ) of mula and mutha river basins , maharashtra , in . . .
catchment landscape degradation and habitat modifications of freshwater ecosystems are a primary ca . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata : insecta ) of tropical forest research institute , jabalpur , madhya . . .
dragonfly and damselfly ( odonata ) species diversity and status were studied in the urltoken campus . . .
the study reports the results from surveys for odonates in the state of goa over 19 months during 2 . . .
odonata are freshwater insects spread world - wide . tropical areas are high odonata diversity area . . .
a list of odonates from sahyadri tiger reserve and amboli with discussion on habitat requirement . . .
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de knijf , g . , ferreira , s . & riservato , e .
is found in the indian peninsula and southwest asia . it extends from the indian subcontinent to the middle east and reaches the mediterranean coast in israel , lebanon , syria , southern turkey , and some greek islands . records south of jordan and israel need re - examination as these might belong to
( clausnitzer and dijkstra 2005 , dumont and verschuren 2005 ) . in europe it is confined to cyprus and the greek islands of rhodos and lesbos ( boudot
2009 , lopau and adena 2002 ) . the species might benefit from climate change .
the species is generally common within its range . it is fairly common on the three european islands of cyprus , rhodos and lesbos .
the small skimmer is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
nhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6003 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planetâ€™s species and habitats from destruction .
this species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .
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map data based on j . - p . boudot & v . j . kalkman ( eds . ) , atlas of the european dragonflies and damselflies
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on pathway , very close to trickling water crossing path . temperature around 40c .
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mitra , a . ( 2002 ) . dragonfly ( odonata : insecta ) fauna of trashigang dzongkhag , eastern bhutan . environment and life support systems of the bhutan himalaya 1 : 40–70 .
an overview is given of literature containing distribution records of dragonfies and damselfies . . .
odonata records from western bhutan , with six new records and a note on the synonymy of himalagrion wi . . .
records of 56 species of odonata collected from western bhutan between 03 - and 15 - viii - 2015 are . . .
the males somewhat shorter and more slender tapering abdomen is not obvious . at close range the colour and pattern of the sides of the thorax and the colour of the top of the eyes are key features to look for . a black line runs down the front side of the thorax followed by two creamy stripes . the upper part of the eyes are brown and the pterostigma are yellow .
females are noticeable in having a strong black line running down the centre of the top of the abdomen .


the lettered aracari ( us / ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri / ahr-ə-sahr-ee , uk / ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri / arr-ə-sahr-ee or / ˌɑːrəˈkɑːri / arr-ə-kahr-ee ) , or lettered araçari ( pteroglossus inscriptus ) , is a species of bird in the toucan family .

lettered aracari

lettered aracari ( pteroglossus inscriptus ) is a species of bird in the ramphastidae family .
below , a lettered aracari holding food in its bill . in the upper napo region of ecuador .
the pale - mandibled aracari has red skin around eye ; red rump ; yellow underparts with black breast spot and black belt ; mainly pale bill . similar to : fiery - billed aracari . fiery - billed aracari has red belt ; pale - mandibled aracari has black belt .
the fiery - billed aracari has an orange - red upper mandible ; blackish lower mandible ; black head , throat ; yellow breast with dark spot ; red belt ; yellow belly . similar to : pale - mandibled aracari . fiery - billed aracari has red belt ; pale - mandibled aracari has black belt .
habitat / range : the humboldt’s lettered aracari inhabits the tropical lowland forest , including seasonally flooded forest and secondary forest in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador and peru .
the lettered aracari is one of the smaller toucans , weighing 130 g ( 4 . 6 oz ) and being 29 cm ( 11 . 5 inches ) in length .
diet : this aracari feeds on fruit , insects and nestlings of other birds .
weight : heaviest - toco toucan , up to 1 . 9 pounds ( 860 grams ) ; lightest - lettered aracari pteroglossus inscriptus inscriptus , 3 . 4 ounces ( 95 grams )
the lettered aracari is one of the smaller toucans , with an average length of 11 . 5 inches ( 29 cm ) and weighing about 4 . 6 oz ( 130 g ) .
lettered araçari , pteroglossus inscriptus , swainson , 1822 , also known as the lettered toucan , lesser araçari or as the maroon - banded araçari , photographed at mitú , vaupés , colombia ( south america ) .
the lettered aracari is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , and peru . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical swamps , and heavily degraded former forest .
an aracari with a rather small range , on the pacific slope of sw costa rica and w panama . ( s8 )
lettered aracari were seen perching high up , on several occasions , in the upper napo region of ecuadorian amazonia . they are so named because of the inky markings on their upper bill . like many other aracaris they often sit perched with a small fruit in their bills . attractive birds and not uncommon .
the black - necked aracari has a black hood ; dark brown back ; yellow underparts with red band ; ivory upper mandible ; black lower mandible .
the red - necked aracari has a red upperback , nape ; black head , throat ; white narrow frontal collar ; red breast ; yellow belly .
description : lettered aracaris are named for the row of black inscriptions or letters that accent the upper mandible . the humboldt’s lettered aracari is a subspecies that can be distinguished from the nominate race by its size and coloring , especially the bill . its head and throat are black ; the chest is deep yellow ; the breast - belly border has a rusty tinge ; the wings , back and tail feather are dark green ; the rump area feathers are red ; the thighs are cinnamon colored and the legs are gray . the bill of the humboldt’s is longer than other lettered aracari species . the mandible ( bottom ) is completely black ; the maxilla ( top ) is orange to gold and the coloring extends farther to the tip ; the culmen ( upper ridge of the bill ) and the tip are black ; and the basal line is orange .
lettered aracari is suspected to form a superspecies with green aracari ( pteroglossus viridis ) of the guiana shield , while lettered occurs , very widely , over southern and far western amazonia , with a tiny outlying population in the atlantic forest of extreme northeast brazil , in pernambuco and alagoas . the species inhabits primary lowland forest , including seasonally flooded areas and riverine forest within the cerrado region . it has been recorded to at least 1200 m in the foothills of the andes , but chiefly is found some distance below this elevation . lettered aracari is principally green above , with a red rump , and yellow below , with a black head ( rufous in females ) marked by an extensive blue patch of orbital skin . the bill is largely yellow , with vertical black marks ( script or
letters
) along the cutting edge of the maxilla . the mandible also is marked with black , or , in the east amazonian subspecies , is wholly black . this eastern subspecies occasionally has been regarded as a separate species , although the two subspecies interbreed in the region of the rio madeira in south central amazonia .
the lettered aracari has yellow underparts ; black head ( male ) or dark brown ( female ) ; blue bare skin around eyes . one subspecies has plain yellowiish upper mandible ; dark lower mandible . another subspecies has mainly yellow bill with dark
teeth
; lower mandible has some black near base . it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , and peru .
some time will be spent atop the the two 160 - foot canopy towers for better views of canopy specialists . possibilities in the canopy include black - girdled barbet , lettered aracari , curl - crested aracari , red - necked aracari , gould ' s toucanet , ringed woodpecker , cream - colored woodpecker , the recently described kawall ' s parrot , red - fan parrot , and pompadour cotinga . also possible are sightings of the locally rare black - necked aracari in early mornings especially . sometimes a mixed flock passes through near the towers , giving canopy views of species such as bar - breasted piculet , yellow - throated woodpecker , tooth - billed wren , red - billed pied tanager , and yellow - shouldered grosbeak . as the day heats up thermals bring out soaring raptors such as gray - headed kite , double - toothed kite , white - browed hawk , and perhaps rarer species such as crested eagle and harpy eagle , best viewed from the towers .
the chestnut - eared aracari has a black head ( dark chestnut colored
ears
usually not visible ) ; black throat , bib ; yellow underparts with red belt . some subspecies have chestnut colored head .
response : this is a female lettered araçari , pteroglossus inscriptus , one of the smaller members of the toucan and barbet family , ramphastidae . for those of you not familiar with portuguese , araçari is pronounced
ahr - uh - sahr - ee
.
the lettered araçari is found in moist tropical and subtropical lowland rainforests and swamps south of the rio negro and rio amazon in bolivia , colombia , ecuador , peru and even throughout brazil . interestingly , you can also find these cavity - nesting birds in heavily disturbed rainforests .
the many - banded aracari has two bands on yellow underparts ; blue bare skin around eyes ; black hood , lower mandible ; yellowish uppermandible with black top . it is found in brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela .
the curl - crested aracari has a black curl - like head with white freckles ; white face with small black freckles ; yellowish - white throat with possible freckles ; yellow underparts with red belt . it is found in peru , bolivia , brazil .
the collared aracari has ( difficult to see ) reddish collar on hind neck ; light colored upper mandible with dark tip ; black lower mandible ; white bordered base of bill ; black hood ; yellow eyes ; yellow underparts with dark belt ; often black patch on breast .
the ivory - billed aracari has an ivory colored bill ; brown upperparts ; dark brown head ; red upper - breast band ; black lower - breast band ; yellow belly ; red rump . it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela .
short , l . l . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . lettered araçari ( pteroglossus inscriptus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
show any child a photo of a bird with an extraordinarily large beak , and they will tell you that it ' s a toucan ! perhaps the most well known tropical bird , the toucan is a symbol of playfulness and intelligence that has been used quite successfully by advertisers and business owners . there are several species of birds in the toucan family , some with names like aracari or toucanet , but they all sport that large , comical bill .
early morning will be spent birding dry forest near the lodge . the birding is easy along flat trails through open woodland . possibilities include tataupa tinamou , white - wedged piculet , golden - green woodpecker , pale - crested woodpecker , band - tailed antbird , red - billed scythebill , narrow - billed woodcreeper , fuscous flycatcher , rufous casiornis , ashy - headed greenlet , purplish jay , and masked gnatcatcher . open brushland around the lodge offers additional species such as variable oriole , pileated finch , and orange - backed troupial . feeders around the lodge attract chestnut - eared aracari , yellow - billed cardinal , silver - beaked tanager , grayish saltator , and grayish baywing . after lunch another boat trip along the pixaim river . night at southwild jungle lodge .
urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
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the ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .
the ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .
the ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .
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ioc world bird list 3 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 2
ioc world bird list 3 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 1
gill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
nc brazil s of amazon ( from r madeira e to maranhão , nw piauí ) , s to n bolivia , sw mato grosso ( in upper r paraguay drainage ) and upper r tocantins ; also e brazil in pernambuco and e alagoas .
33–40 cm ; 95–140 g . green and yellow , with red rump , unusual bill marks . male with black head ; bill with yellow basal line , oval yellow patch with black script - . . .
less vocal than other , larger araçaris . common call a fast series of “kik” or . . .
data from specimens indicate season as aug–mar . displays , nest , eggs and other aspects all undescribed in detail . known to enter tree . . .
not globally threatened . this species’ diverse use of habitats suggests adaptability . possibly some threats locally , as in case of isolated ne brazilian population of . . .
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i would like commenting that the map shows this especie just in brazil and bolivia , but this especie also is registered in colombia and i registered it there recently .
note that hbw alive splits pteroglossus humboldti from the present species ; humboldti is the bird that you observed in colombia .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 92 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 90 seq . a )
calls from a fairly distant bird in response to playback . while calling it was perched on top of a tall , exposed dead tree .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 371 side b track 2 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 371 side b track 2 seq . b )
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image : nick athanas / tropical birding , 9 june 2011 ( with permission ) [ velociraptorize ] . canon eos 7d . i encourage you to purchase images from the photographers who freely share their beautiful work with us .
question : i am sure the regular
mystery birders
will all identify this colombian mystery bird in five seconds , but the image is so stunning that i had to share it anyway . besides , there are plenty of people out there who just like to see gorgeous bird photography , so this image is especially for you . however , that said , can you identify this bird ' s taxonomic family and species ? how about its gender ? and can you tell me what purpose that dramatic bill serves ?
we know this is a female based on her chestnut face , whereas males have a black face . other than that , both sexes look the same . these birds have yellow underparts and a blue patch around their dark eyes . the unusual common name comes the row of short black lines (
letters
) that extend upwards from the lower edge of the upper mandible .
the large , distinctive bill is used for species recognition ( courtship ) and for reaching out to grab fruit , insects and the unfortunate nestlings of birds such as swallows and finches , that are located on perches that are too small to support the weight of this bird .
you are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .
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it lives in the subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and swamps of bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador and peru .
aracaris generally roost socially throughout the year . up to five adults and their fledged offspring sleep in the same hole with their long tails folded over their backs .
their most distinctive feature is the oversized yellow bill , with a row of short black lines (
letters
) on the upper bill leading away from the edge .
it has a compact body that is entirely yellow below - without the bands or spots that can be seen on the other aracaris species . its tail is rounded and its neck is short and thick . the area around the eyes is blue .
as is the case with toucans in general , their wings are relatively small and their legs are strong and short .
the gender can easily be identified by the color of the face ; the male has a black face , while the female has a chestnut - colored face .
they nest in trees with appropriate hollows , most of which are previously made by woodpeckers . other hollows are the result of a branch break and ensuing rotting of the heart wood from rain over a period of time .
both the male and female share the incubation and chick rearing duties . the eggs are incubated for about 16 days .
the newly hatched chicks are blind and naked with short bills and thick pads on their heels to protect them from the rough floor of the nest . both parents , as well as their previous offspring and / or possibly other adults , feed the chicks . the young fledge after about 6 weeks . the adults continue to feed them for several weeks after fledging .
these active aracaris require large , planted flights . aracaris are generally docile and can be kept with smaller birds - - but not birds so small that they ( or their young ) could be considered as prey by these large birds , such as finches . breeding pairs are best kept alone . captive birds may breed in nest boxes with a concave bottom ; however , they generally prefer natural nests constructed from palm tree logs , which allows them to dig their nest chambers deeper .
toucanets and aracaris . . . all require the same space . the smallest breeding flight i have used was 4 ' x 10 ' x 6 feet high and the flights i currently use are 8 ' x 12 ' x 8 feet high and the newest flights are 8 ' x 16 ' x 8 feet high .
they need the proper diet , a nest log and the pairs must be compatible .
i would start with the easiest , so when you have babies you will feel a sense of accomplishment and want to continue . if you start with a difficult species you will have much less luck and may become discouraged .
( source : jerry jennings , president / director of emerald forest bird gardens )
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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size : they range in size from 13 - 16 inches ( 33 - 41cm ) including the bill and weigh 4 - 6 . 5 ounces ( 113 - 185 gr ) .
behavior : they roost socially throughout the year . the small group usually consists of five to six adults and their fledged offspring .
reproduction : nesting is done in hollows of trees . the female lays two to four white eggs that are incubated for about 16 days by both parents . once hatched , the blind and naked chicks are fed by their parents and older offspring for about six weeks . after fledging , they are fed by their parents for several more weeks .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
pteroglossus inscriptus and p . humboldti ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as p . inscriptus following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 23 . 5 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 21 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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humboldt ' s araçari ( p . i . humboldti ) - wagler , 1827 : originally described as a separate species . found in south - eastern colombia and western brazil to northern bolivia
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the order piciformes is made up of the woodpecker family picidae plus 8 other families . picidae make up about half of the species . in general , the piciformes are insectivorous , but some exceptions eat mostly fruit . nearly all piciformes have parrot - like feet—two toes forward and two back , an arrangement that has obvious advantages for birds that spend much of their time on tree trunks . and most piciformes do not have down feathers at any age , only true feathers . all nest in cavites .
are birds of ramphastidae family . they reside in the neotropics ( i . e . southern mexico , central , south american , and caribbean region ) . the family is most closely related to the american barbets . they are brightly marked and have large , colorful bills which is the hallmark of toucans . despite its size , the bill it is very light , being composed of bone struts filled with spongy tissue between them . the large bill of the toucan is a highly efficient thermoregulation system . also , it allows the bird to reach deep into treeholes to access food ( they eat mostly fruit ) unavailable to other birds . the bills of female toucans are usually smaller .
toucans range in size 29 - 63 cm . the wings are small , as they are forest - dwelling birds that only need to travel short distances . the legs of a toucan are strong and rather short . the majority of toucans do not show any sexual dimorphism in their coloration . the rear three vertebrae are fused and attached to the spine by a ball and socket joint . because of this , toucans may snap their tail forwards until it touches the head . this is the posture in which they sleep . they make their nests in tree hollows and holes excavated by other animals .
the mountain - toucans are found in humid highland in northern south america . they have brownish - olive backs and black caps .
the black - billed mountain - toucan has brownish - olive upperparts , wings ; light blue underparts ; white throat ; black bill ; yellow orbital skin .
the gray - breasted mountain - toucan has brownish - olive upperparts , wings ; black cap ; blue - gray underparts ; bluish - gray hind collar ; black orbital skin ; yellow rump ; red undertail coverts . the bill has a black band near the base on a yellow - green background ; red nearer the tip .
the hooded mountain - toucan has chestnut upper - back fading to green and yellow ; blackish head ; bare blue skin around eyes ; blue nape patch ; greenish - yellow bill with black tip ; dark blue - green underparts with chestnut in vent .
the plate - billed mountain - toucan has brownish - olive upperparts , wings ; blue underparts with yellow flanks ; black crown and nape ; black bill with rectangular ivory patch near base of upper mandible ; yellow rump ; yellow skin below eye ; yellow - green skin above eye .
the blue - banded toucanet has mainly green plumage ; blue breast band ; gray bill with lighter tip ; white throat . similar to : yellow - browed toucanet . yellow - browed toucanet has white at base of bill ; blue - banded toucanet does not .
the chestnut - tipped toucanet has mainly green plumage ; black bill with varying amounts of red ; red - tipped tail ( most subspecies ) .
the crimson - rumped toucanet has mainly green plumage ; red rump ; black bill with reddish stripe ; white at base of bill ; pink bare skin around eye ; green throat ; bluish breast . it is found in ecuador , columbia , venezuela .
the groove - billed toucanet has mainly green plumage ; grooved bill ; thin white border at base of bill ; blue below eye ; dark gray skin around eye ; light colored chin . the yellow - billed toucanet subspecies ( ) has mainly yellow on the upper mandible .
the emerald toucanet has mainly green plumage . subspecies can be identified by differences in their bills and the coloration around it . some of the subspecies may be elevated to species . the nominate subspecies has olive upper manbible ; black lower mandible . the blue - throated toucanet has yellowish - olve upper mandible ; black lower mandible ; white at base of bill ; blue throat . the violet - throated toucanet has a black bill ; white at base of bill ; violet chin .
the southern emerald toucanet has mainly green plumage ; rufous vent , tail - tip ; black and yellow bill ; blackish eye - ring . throat color varies by subspecies . the southern emerald toucanet and northern emeral toucanet were previously conspecific and know as the emeral toucanet .
the yellow - browed toucanet has mainly green plumage ; yellow supercilium , undertail coverts ; white throat ; white at base of bill ; bill black varies to light gray towards tip ; blue breast band . similar to : blue - banded toucanet . yellow - browed toucanet has white at base of bill ; blue - banded toucanet does not .
the aracaris are brightly colored and have large bills that can often an identifying feature .
the saffron toucanet has orange - yellow ( saffron ) head , shoulders ; olive back , tail ; greenish - yellow underparts ; red rump , ocular skin ; greenish - yellow bill with some red near base ; yellow eye .
these toucans all have black wings , tails , and thighs . they mainly eat fruit but will eat insects and small prey . these toucans are larger than the
the channel - billed toucan has dark upperparts , crown , nape ; white face ; white bib with probable yellow area ; black belly ; red breast - belly border ; blue feet , skin around the eye . the bill has mainly black or reddish - brown color ; blue base of lower mandible ; blue or yellow base of upper mandible . similar to : white - throated toucan . channel - billed toucan and white - throated toucan almost identical . white - thoated tucan has proportially larger bill .
the black - mandibled toucan has mainly black plumage ; yellow face , bib ; creamy rump ; scarlet anal area ; lemon yellow upper bill ; blackish lower bill becoming brown close to base . similar to : chestnut - manbiled toucan . range of chestnut - mandibled toucan and black - mandibled toucan do not overlap . they used to be considered the same species .
chestnut - mandibled toucan has mainly black plumage ; yellow face , bib ; white uppertail coverts ; red rump ; blue legs . bill has yellow above and dark chestnut below , colors diagonally separated . it is found from eastern honduras to northern colombia to western ecuador . similar to : black - manbiled toucan . range of chestnut - mandibled toucan and black - mandibled toucan do not overlap . they used to be considered the same species .
the keel - billed toucan has mainly black plumage ; yellow face , bib ; white uppertail coverts ; red rump ; blue legs ; mainly green bill with red tip and orange sides . it is found from southern mexico to columbia and venezuela .
the red - breasted toucan has black upperparts ; yellow throat , upper breast ; red lower breast ; belly , skin around eye ; green bill with black near base .
the toco toucan has black upperparts ; white throat , upper breast ; black lower breast , belly ; yellow - orange bill with black base and large spot near tip .
the white - throated toucan has dark upperparts , crown , nape ; white face , bib ; black belly ; red breast - belly border ; blue feet , skin around the eye . the bill has mainly black or reddish - brown color ; blue base of lower mandible ; yellow base of upper mandible . similar to : channel - billed toucan . channel - billed toucan and white - throated toucan almost identical . white - thoated tucan has proportially larger bill .
these toucanets are found in rainforests of south america with the yellow - eared toucanet also found in central america . all of the species have green upperparts and red under - tail coverts . all male have a black cap , nape , throat , breast . they also have an orange or yellow stripe behind the eye . females resemble the males , but may have black replaced by reddish - brown or gray in the case of the guianan toucanet .
the golden - collared toucanet has green back , tail ; yellow ear coverts extending to golden hind - collar . the bill is broadly black tipped with a brownish - red base or a bluish - gray base . male has black cap ; black underparts with yellow flanks . female has chestnut cap ; chestnut underparts with yellow flanks . it is found in the western amazon rainforest .
similar to : spot - billed toucanet . the gould ' s toucanet has a black bill ; spot - billed toucanet has gray bill .
the guianan toucanet has green back , tail ; red undertail coverts ; dark bill with dark red near the base ; yellow ear coverts ; orange hind - collar . male has black cap ; black underparts with lighter flanks . female has dark cap ; gray underparts with lighter flanks . it is found in brazil , french guiana , guyana , suriname , and venezuela .
the spot - billed toucanet has green back , tail ; red undertail coverts ; relatively smalll gray bill with large tooth - like dark spots ; yellowish hind - collar . male has black cap ; black underparts with yellow flanks ; yellow ear coverts . female has chestnut cap ; chestnut underparts with yellow flanks . similar to : gould ' s toucanet . the gould ' s toucanet has a black bill ; spot - billed toucanet has gray bill .
the male tawny - tufted toucanet has mainly green upperparts ; yellow cheeks , rump ; black underpart . female similar to male but black replaced by rufous .
the tepui toucanet has mainly green plumage ; black bill with varying amounts of red ; sometimes red - tipped tail .
the yellow - eared toucanet has green back , tail ; red undertail coverts ; dark bill with dark red near the base ; black underparts with yellow flanks ; yellow ocular skin . male has yellow ear covert ; black cap . female has chestnut cap .
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the largest toucan , and it has become symbolic of the family ( e . g . guinness beer ) . it was visiting a feeder at the lodge and playing with its food . . . ( s6 )
until recently this race was considered a distinct monotypic species , chestnut - mandibled toucan . ( s8 )
another toucan species that has seen a major taxonomic revision in recent years . this is the nominate red - billed race from ne south america , formerly split off as red - billed toucan . ( d3 )
canopy lodge , el valle de antón , coclé province , panama . sometimes called rainbow - billed toucan , a far better name in my opinion . it is widespread in lowlands rainforest from southern mexico to northwestern venezuela . ( s8 )
this widespread south american species is sometimes split up due to significant plumage differences - compare with the next shot . when separated , the one in this shot is called yellow - ridged toucan
this is one of the more colorful subspecies , found in much of brazil south of the amazon . plumage is similar to
below , but is easily separated by bill coloration . if split , it is called ariel toucan
a gaudy toucan from se south america . it occurs mainly in the atlantic forest , but does occur locally outside it . ( s6 )
another shot , this time looking down on it from the balcony of the hotel . ( d3 )
there is a huge amount of racial variation in this species , and many ornithologists believe that some of the races deserve full species status . sacc has not really addressed the issue yet . this is one of the andean subspecies from the north end of the colombian western andes . ( s5 )
el rancho de jairo ( restaurant ) , km 31 mosquera - la mesa highway , cundinamarca , colombia .
this race is endemic to the highlands of costa rica and panama . ( d3 )
another of the potential splits , this one endemic to the sierra nevada de santa marta of northeastern colombia . the yellow on the upper mandible is much reduced . ( d3 )
yet another subspecies that is sometimes split . this one is restricted to the sierra madre del sur of southern mexico . ( s13 )
i ' m not sure if it is named after the color of the tip of the bill or the tip of the tail . it has a disjunct range along the east slope of the andes and in the tepui region . ( d3 )
yet another of the many green toucanets in the neotropics . this one is best told by the extensive chestnut on the bill . ( s8 )
this toucanet is found in east slope cloudforest in peru and bolivia . ( s8 )
this spectacular toucan inhabits high andean temperate forest from colombia to peru . ( s8 )
nearly endemic to ecuador , only barely reaching across the colombian border . this is the bird on the cover of the ridgely & greenfield field guide . ( d3 )
differs from the race in the previous shot mainly by the red patch at the base of the lower mandible . ( d3 )
male . some poor , distant shots of this rarely - seen toucan , which is restricted to parts of eastern colombia , southern venezuela , and northwestern brazil . the blue spots at the base of the bill and the yellow tip distinguish it from the similar golden - collared toucanet . some sources make out that this species has vertical black stripes on the bill , but these birds clearly don ' t have them . ( s6 )
male . this individual is from the isolated population in ne brazil , where it lives in rather dry forest . the main population lives in rainforest in the southern and eastern amazon . ( d3 )
male . mainly an atlantic forest endemic , but it does apparently live in gallery forest near the edges of its range . ( d3 )
male . this species occurs mainly on the guianan shield of nothern south america . ( d3 )
female . she is drinking out of a hollow created by a broken branch . ( s6 )
differs from the nominate by the more obvious culmen stripe and chestnut ear coverts . race
one of the most widespread of the aracaris , found throughout most of interior tropical south america . ( s8 )
a funny name , but i suppose that relative to the aracaris that have only one band , two might be considered
many
. . . this species is widespread and often common in the northwestern part of the amazon basic . ( s11 )
this species is wide ranging in central america and northern south america . compare the bill pattern of the various subspecies , some of which were formerly split off as separate species . ( s8 )
this subspecies , which is virtually endemic to ecuador , is sometimes given full species status due to the mostly pale lower mandible . ( s8 )
another subspecies that is sometimes split , with a nearly all black lower mandible and a black stripe on the upper mandible . it lives in lowland rainforest from eastern panama to extreme northwestern ecuador . ( s8 )
this subspecies is found in northeastern colombia and northern venezuela . the white line at the base of the bill is thicker and the
teeth
on the upper mandible are larger . i think the one on the right is the male , since it ' s bill seems longer . they were going to roost in that hole , it didn ' t appear to be a nest . ( d3 )
sex uncertain ; the short bill is more typical of a female , but it has the brighter plumage more characteristic of a male . a unique toucan , often ( and probably better ) placed in its own monotypic genus
, since it really doesn ' t look like anything else . ( d2 )
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bill markings vary widely from individual to individual , some with few thick black lines , others with many thinner lines . the ecuadorian subspecies pictured above is
the nominate subspecies , pictured further below , lives in brazil east of the rio madeira tributary of the amazon , has much yellow on the lower bill , a black mark at base of lower mandible and black at tip .
bill markings vary from individual to individual - below , with many small thin lines .
below , the brazilian subspecies with largely yellow bill , para , brazil , september .
below , the brazilian subspecies in flight . bill mostly yellow . para , brazil , september .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) .
it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , and peru . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical swamps , and heavily degraded former forest .
it is one of the smaller toucans , weighing 130 g ( 4 . 6 oz ) and being 29 cm ( 11 . 5 inches ) in length .
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ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
* this tour is available for any dates of your choosing provided guide services and accommodations are available .
the tour begins in cuiaba . international flights to sao paulo are typically overnight , arriving in early morning . several flights from sao paulo to cuiaba are scheduled each day . we recommend the 2 : 55pm flight on gol airlines to allow for flight delays on the international flight . tour begins in cuiaba . night at hotal fazenda mato grosso in cuiaba .
depart early for the 1½ hour drive to the arid canyon lands of chapado dos guimaraes . upon arrival bird the arid cerrado ( savanna ) around the canyon rim . notable birds likely there include white - eared puffbird , chapada flycatcher , curl - crested jay , white - banded tanager , white - rumped tanager , coal - crested finch , and black - throated saltator . also try for the difficult but possible collared crescentchest . the lovely horned sungem may be present if suitable plants are flowering . as it becomes hotter , bird the trail leading down the canyon and into gallery forest . possibilities there are quite different and include black - fronted nunbird , planalto slaty - antshrike , band - tailed manakin , moustached wren , and saffron - billed sparrow . during the day soaring birds such as king vulture , gray - headed kite , ornate hawk - eagle , black - and - white hawk - eagle , and white hawk . a late afternoon visit to the cliffs above the waterfall are likely to reveal blue - winged macaw and red - and - green macaw . night at pousada do parque .
early morning birding around lodge . some nice forest trails on the lodge ground are habitat for brown jacamar , large - billed antwren , chapada flycatcher , and coal - crested finch . transfer to cuiaba for afternoon flight to alta floresta . en route stop as time permits in a palm grove to look for point - tailed palmcreeper . after arrival in alta floresta , boat transfer to cristolino lodge in southern amazon basin . birding from the boat on the way in is a first opportunity for birds such as the very uncommon and unobtrusive zigzag heron as well as green ibis , green kingfisher , and the like . night at cristolino jungle lodge .
four full days in the southern amazon along the rio cristolino and its tributaries will be spent walking trails around the lodge and birding riverine habitats by boat . the superlatives about the rio cristolino drainage are never ending and never over - stated . the birding is simply beyond superb .
birding by boat is easy and relaxing . possibilities along shorelines in varzea ( seasonally flooded ) forest include red - throated piping - guan , razor - billed curassow , bare - faced curassow , bronzy jacamar , glossy antshrike , bare - eyed antbird , black - spotted bare - eye , white - chinned woodcreeper , amazonian umbrellabird , flame - crowned manakin , and mammals such as giant otter and various monkeys . the giant otters are mostly seen farther up river in an area where huge teak trees abound .
birding trails through terra firma ( never flooded ) forest near the lodge is more challenging but can be very rewarding . most trails are flat and level though one steep trail up to rocky outcrops referred to as
serra
habitat is worth doing . notable among the many possible species are amazonian pygmy - owl , rufous - necked puffbird , rufous - capped nunlet , red - necked woodpecker , white - eyed antwren , rufous - winged antwren , para foliage - gleaner , zimmer ' s tody - tyrant , cinnamon - crested spadebill , and white - crested spadebill . less likely are species such as dark - winged trumpeter and cryptic forest - falcon . some trails go through dense stands of bamboo where bamboo specialists such as amazonian antshrike , striated antbird , manu antbird , dusky - cheeked foliage - gleaner , large - headed flatbill , dusky - tailed flatbill , and rose - breasted chat can be found . hiking the steeper trail up to the rocky outcrops may produce brown - banded puffbird , spotted puffbird , natterer ' s slaty - antshrike , white - fringed antwren , rufous casiornis , brown - crested flycatcher , and white - browed purpletuft . the rare fiery - tailed awlbill is also likely to be seen in this habitat .
morning boat transfer back to alta floresta with some birding en route . early afternoon flight to cuiaba followed by land transfer to the start of the pantanal highway , referred to locally as the transpantaneira . night at pousada piuval .
full day birding this section of the pantanal . the rivers . wetlands , flooded pastures , gallery forest , and open scrub are home to astonishing numbers of birds . on everyone ' s list of most wanted birds is the beautiful blue hyacinth macaw , seen in this area every day . the open cerrado is home to greater rhea and red - legged seriema . other possibilities include southern screamer , maguari stork , jabiru , planalto slaty - antshrike , large - billed antwren , mato grosso antbird , rufous cacholote , white - lored spinetail , the stunning helmeted manakin , and red - crested cardinal . at sunset nacunda nighthawks commonly appear . night at pousada piuval .
morning birding an area near the lodge looking for long - tailed ground - dove , yellow - collared macaw , chotoy spinetail , suiriri flycatcher , rusty - collared seedeater , and scarlet - headed blackbird . after lunch , drive farther into the pantanal , birding en route . after arrival at the lodge along the pixaim river , afternoon boat trip along the pixaim river where possibilities include blue - throated piping - guan , boat - billed heron , black - collared hawk , sungrebe , and the rare agami heron . dusk brings out nacunda nighthawks and the more numerous band - tailed nighthawks . night at southwild jungle lodge .
after breakfast drive south along the transpantaneira with birding stops en route . large numbers of caimans densely congregate around permanent pools as temporary ponds in the pantanal dry up . numerous water birds including herons , egrets , jabirus , wood storks , four species of ibis , and five species of kingfishers along with raptors , parrots , and macaws are everywhere . arrive at porto jofre , marking the end of the transpantaneira , by lunch . porto jofre is a fishing town on the cuiaba river , where we ' ll spend the next two nights . that afternoon we ' ll be cruising the river by motorboat looking for our main target species , the jaguar . numerous boats are on the river searching for jaguars and are all in radio contact . when a jaguar is spotted , everyone is alerted and descend upon the spot in hopes this magnificent mammal will still be there . chances of seeing one or more of these magnficient animals during our stay are very high . night at pousada porto jofre .