melangyna viridiceps is an australian hoverfly , known as the common hover fly .

it is found widely across eastern australia .

it is one of the two most common hoverflies in australia , alongside simosyrphus grandicornis , with which it has often been confused , but can be distinguished by its all black thorax .

the adult flies feed on pollen and nectar which they gather from flowers , while the larvae feed on aphids .

some sources indicate that the species is also present in new zealand , either on the kermadec islands only , or on both the kermadecs and the mainland .

most recent sources , however , do not record this species as being present outside of australia .

miller 's 1921 mention for the kermadec was found to be a misidentification for simosyrphus grandicornis , and macfarlane et al. failed to cite specimens or published reports for their claim of the species ' presence in the kermadec .

melangyna viridiceps

melangyna viridiceps is found in queensland , new south wales , victoria , south australia , western australia and tasmania .
the ecology of melangyna viridiceps and simosyrphus grandicornis ( diptera : syrphidae ) and their impact on populations of the rose aphid , macrosiphum rosae / by ebrahim soleyman - nezhadiyan .
the ecology of melangyna viridiceps and simosyrphus grandicornis ( diptera : syrphidae ) and their impact on populations of the rose aphid , macrosiphum rosae /  by ebrahim soleyman - nezhadiyan .
a common hoverfly , melangyna viridiceps , perched on a blade of grass , swifts creek , victoria image by fir0002 / flagstaffotos - gnu free documentation license . ( view image details )
the ecology of melangyna viridiceps and simosyrphus grandicornis ( diptera : syrphidae ) and their impact on populations of the rose aphid , macrosiphum rosae / by ebrahim soleyman - nezhadiyan . - version details - trove
this thesis studies the influence of the two common syrphid species on populations of rose aphids in rose gardens in adelaide . the study determines whether the provision of attractive flowers increases the suppressive effect of syrphids on rose aphids and analyses some ecological and biological aspects of two syrphid species - - melangyana viridiceps ( macquart ) and simosyrphus grandicornis ( macquart ) - - in a mediteranean climate to obtain a better understanding of their biological control potential .
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curran , c . h . & bryan , e . h . jr 1926 ,
new australian syrphidae ( diptera ) in the bishop museum .
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 51 , pp . 129 - 133
hull , f . m . 1936 ,
a checklist of the described species of syrphidae from australia and the regional islands .
, journal of the federated malay states museums , vol . 18 , pp . 190 - 212
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 20e4ab98 - f2e5 - 4b28 - 91cb - e3c40fa3a3eb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 58f28031 - ce90 - 4308 - 994c - 0902ffb57f41
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7bc42150 - 7d04 - 4b83 - 9a86 - d3a1021a0792
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c0a11912 - 6804 - 4a56 - 9bed - 698a975a25a7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 139d6cb7 - 45d0 - 46bb - b1f9 - 4126ee081956
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 467211
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xiii , 255 leaves : ill . ( some col . ) ; 30 cm .
thesis ( ph . d . ) - - university of adelaide , dept . of crop protection , 1997 .
title page , contents and summary only at http : /  / web4 . library . adelaide . edu . au / theses / 09ph / 09phs685 . pdf
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .
the common hover fly is a slim bodied fly with reddish brown eyes , dark thorax and black and yellow banded abdomen . the larvae is brownish grub . this fly is sometimes mistaken for a wasp .
adult flies feed on nectar and pollen , and can be seen hovering over flowers before landing .
female flies lay eggs on leaves . the eggs hatch into grubs like maggots which feed on aphids
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dromius quadrimaculatus is a species of ground beetle native to the palearctic ( including europe ) and the near east .

in europe , it is found in austria , belarus , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , bulgaria , corsica , the czech republic , mainland denmark , estonia , finland , mainland france , germany , great britain including the isle of man , mainland greece , hungary , the republic of ireland , mainland italy , kaliningrad , latvia , liechtenstein , lithuania , luxembourg , the republic of macedonia , malta , moldova , northern ireland , mainland norway , poland , russia , sardinia ( doubtful ) , slovakia , slovenia , mainland spain , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands , ukraine , and yugoslavia .

dromius quadrimaculatus

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
tammenrunkokiitäjäinen
to
dromius quadrimaculatus
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
vierfleckige rindenläufer
to
dromius quadrimaculatus
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
vierfleckiger rennkäfer
to
dromius quadrimaculatus
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
vierfleckiger rennläufer
to
dromius quadrimaculatus
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
vierfleck - rindenläufer
to
dromius quadrimaculatus
.
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length 5 to 6 mm . this beetle has a blackish head , but a shiny red pronotum . the legs and antennae are pale straw coloured . the dark elytra show two large pale patches on each and are sharply truncate leaving the terminal abdominal segment exposed .
generally associated with deciduous trees and also pine in woodland , wooded pasture and parkland , gardens etc . they fly well and may be found in almost any situation .
widespread and fairly frequent in england and wales , rather more local elsewhere in britain .
fairly frequent in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 101 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .
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description : a 5 . 2 - 6 . 4mm long , rather flattened dark brown ground beetle with four prominent white spots on the elytra . found beneath bark and on trunks of trees . widely distributed .
world distribution : a european temperate species ( 73 ) distributed across europe , except the extreme north , east to the caucasus .
ecology : arboreal and mostly on deciduous trees . a breakdown of recent records : sycamore ( 11 ) ; alder alnus glutinosa ( l . ) gaert . ( 3 ) ; european spruce ( 3 ) ; willow salix sp . ( 2 ) ; apple malus sp . ( 2 ) ; sitka spruce ( 2 ) ; lime tilia sp . ( 1 ) ; horse chestnut ( 1 ) .
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loxostege albiceralis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by grote in 1878 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from southern california and nevada to texas .

the habitat consists of arid areas and deserts .

the length of the forewings is 13 – 18 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing from march to october .

the larvae feed on lycium carolinianum var . quadrifidum .

loxostege albiceralis

biological notes on loxostege floridalis ( pyralidae ) john b . heppner . 1975 . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 29 ( 4 ) : 236 - 243 .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
allred , d . m . , 1969 . notes . lepidoptera at the nevada test site . the great basin naturalist 29 ( 1 ) : 42 .
, a . r . 1874 . preliminary studies on the north american pyralidae .
. the wedge entomological research foundation . p . 61 ; pl . 4 , figs . 69 - 72 .
powell , j . a . & p . a . , opler 2009 . moths of western north america . university of california press . pl . 22 , fig . 41 ; p . 175 .
the moths of america north of mexico - fascicle 13 . 2a - pyralidae : pyraustinae eugene munroe . 1976 . the wedge entomological research foundation .
contributed by jason d . roberts on 29 august , 2008 - 10 : 25pm additional contributions by mike quinn , maury heiman , randy hardy last updated 8 december , 2014 - 4 : 20pm
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munroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2a , p . 61 ; pl . 4 . 69 - 72 . order
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 22 . 41f ; p . 175 . book review and ordering
pretty sure this is correct id for this pyraustine moth , but please correct me if i ' m wrong . thanks !
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pteria penguin , commonly known as the penguin 's wing oyster , is a species of marine bivalve mollusc in the family pteriidae , the pearl oysters .

it is native to the western and central indo-pacific region and is used for the production of cultured pearls .

the generic name comes from greek πτερον ( pteron ) meaning wing .

pteria penguin

live micro - algae are not required for successful hatchery culture of pteria penguin .
information on pteria penguin is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - oyster ( pteria penguin )
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morpholino design and morphological phenotype analysis of morphants of p . penguin d - shaped larva
citation :
penguin ' s wing oysters , pteria penguin ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
en - penguin wing oyster , fr - huître perlière ailée , sp - ostra perlera viuda .
matthew wassnig , paul c . southgate ; embryonic and larval development of pteria penguin ( röding , 1798 ) ( bivalvia : pteriidae ) , journal of molluscan studies , volume 78 , issue 1 , 1 february 2012 , pages 134–141 , urltoken
a , immunostaining of late trochophore and d - shape larva of pteria penguin was performed using anti - ppl1 and anti - ppl2a mouse antibodies , combined with alexafluor488 - labeled anti - mouse igg antibody or hrp - conjugated anti - mouse igg antibody . arrowheads indicate the mantle . b , immunostaining of late trochophore and d - shape larva of pteria penguin using specific antibodies against ppl2 α , β and γ subunits . anti - actin antibody was used as a control . arrowheads indicate the mantle .
while visiting a
pinctada maxima
pearl farm in mergui archipelago we collected several wild
pteria penguin
oyster . in one of these large oysters we were lucky to find a tiny natural pearl . . .
palei
in burmese . more info : urltoken
citation : naganuma t , hoshino w , shikanai y , sato r , liu k , sato s , et al . ( 2014 ) novel matrix proteins of pteria penguin pearl oyster shell nacre homologous to the jacalin - related β - prism fold lectins . plos one 9 ( 11 ) : e112326 . urltoken
( of pteria macroptera ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
hi , pteria penguin ( in japanese mab ? - gai ) is typically used to culture half pearls with . most of these only have a thin nacre layer that is cut off the shell , filled with epoxy glue and backed with mother of pearl . pteria penguins come in a large variety of colors , most of them stunningly beautiful . keshis can be grown in them , but the growing time to get big ones ( 6 years ) is generally not economical . under the thread overtone vs . orient there should soon be some good pictures of p . p . keshis . big white ones . zeide
a , affinity chromatography of the secreted fluid of pteria penguin mantle on a trehalose - sepharose 4b column . arrows indicates elution buffer : 0 . 2 m trehalose in 10 mm tris - hcl buffer ( ph 7 . 5 ) containing 0 . 5 m nacl and 5 mm cacl 2 . b , cation - exchange chromatography of adsorbed fraction of trehalose - affinity chromatography of secreted fluid of pteria penguin mantle on a resource s column ( 6 . 4×30 mm ) . flow rate was 1 ml / min . c , sds - page ( 15 % ) profiles of ppl2a and ppl2b under non - reducing ( −me ) and reducing ( + me ) conditions after ion - exchange chromatography . lanes 1 , 2 and 3 correspond to fractions nos . 1 , 2 and 3 in fig . 1b , respectively . d , 2d gel electrophoresis of ppl2s .
this study describes embryonic and larval development in p . penguin with the aid of high - resolution imagery achieved using scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) . the images of embryogenesis and of early shell formation add to existing knowledge of these processes in bivalves . the findings of this study will form the basis for future research on hatchery culture of p . penguin and the monitoring of recruitment in wild populations .
research pteria penguin » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
pteria penguin eggs are roughly spherical and possess an uneven and highly contoured surface . this study provides the first high - magnification image of a sperm from a pteriid species . the sperm nucleus is ovoid in shape with a short broad acrosome situated at the tip . the morphology is similar to that of sperm from crassostrea virginica ( ostreidae ) , but differs from the arched head and elongated acrosome seen in the families dreissenidae , mytilidae and veneridae ( niijima & dan , 1965 ; mouëza , gros & frenkiel , 1999 , 2006 ; mcanlis , lynn & misamore , 2010 ) . the spiralian pattern of cleavage described for p . penguin is typical of that observed in other bivalve species ( henry & martindale , 1999 ; kin , kakoi & wada , 2009 ) .
monteforte m . and aldana c . 1994 . spat collection , growth and survival of pearl oyster pteria sterna under extensive culture conditions at bahía de la paz , south baja california , méxico . abstracts , pearls’94 international conference , honolulu , usa . j . shellfish res . 13 : 340–341 .
growth models for the shell of pteria penguin larvae from d - stage on day 1 to settlement on day 22 . anteroposterior measurement ( apm ) ( solid line ) described by 0 . 39 x 2 − 2 . 09 x + 92 . 3 ( r 2 = 0 . 97 ) and dorsoventral measurement ( dvm ) ( dashed line ) described by 0 . 27 x 2 − 0 . 14 x + 72 . 0 ( r 2 = 0 . 96 ) . vertical lines represent the standard error at each sampling time .
previously , we isolated ppl1 from the mantle and secreted fluid of p . penguin [ 23 ] . ppl1 was a monomeric protein of 18 . 0 kda , which includes two tandem - repeat domains being homologous to the rbls from fish eggs . ppl1 has strong agglutinating activity against gram - negative bacteria including aeromonas salmonicidae [ 23 ] . here , we isolated and characterized two novel jacalin - related lectins ( jrls ) , ppl2a and ppl2b , from the mantle of p . penguin .
pteria penguin larvae possess a large flat umbo , rather than the conical umbo typical of pinctada species ( rose & baker , 1994 ; doroudi & southgate , 2003 ) , and show skewed shell growth towards the posterior end of the deepest valve . this species typically settles in areas of strong current ( ito , 1999 ) , where an asymmetrical shell shape may decrease resistance of the shell to fast - flowing water , therefore reducing susceptibility to detachment . a pronounced hinge is present in the adult to aid in supporting the asymmetrical shell shape , but this does not begin to develop until after larval settlement .
hello , i recently bought a
pearl in a shell
of pteria penguin claiming to be from philippines . it looks like a blister put on the shell to get a mabe from , if someone can confirm my idea . . . as it shines so wonderfully , i would like to know more about these beauties : - are they cultivated , - are they available on the market , - who sell them , - what are the current specifications : average sizes , shapes , colors , keshis and so . . . i am most grateful in advance for all replies you will get . best regards
previously , we isolated an 18 kda lectin , ( which we now refer to as ppl1 ) from the mantle of pteria penguin large - winged pearl shells , and determined its primary structure and molecular properties [ 23 ] . ppl1 has two tandem carbohydrate recognition domain ( crd ) structures in its sequence , which has sequence homology with rhamnose - binding lectins ( rbls ) from various fish eggs , and a galactose - binding lectin ( suel ) from sea urchin eggs [ 24 ] . ppl1 recognizes d - galactose , methyl - d - galactopyranoside , and n - acetyl - d - lactosamine , and also has a strong agglutinating activity against the marine bacteria aeromonas salmonicidae , indicating that ppl1 may act as a biodefense molecule in p . penguin . in addition to ppl1 , the unadsorbed fraction of the mucin - sepharose 4b column chromatography retained strong hemagglutination activity , indicating that other novel lectin ( s ) existed in the mantle and its fluid .
embryonic development of pteria penguin . a . single sperm on egg surface . b . fertilized egg displaying polar body ( 0 . 5 hpf ) . c . embryos after first and second divisions ( 1 . 25 hpf ) . d . embryo after fourth division ( 1 . 5 hpf ) . e . morula ( 2 . 5 hpf ) . f . blastula ( 4 . 5 hpf ) . g . gastrula ( 6 hpf ) . h . early trochophore ( 7 hpf ) . i . trochophore prior to shell formation ( 7 . 5 hpf ) . abbreviations : at , apical tuft ; b , blastopore ; pb , polar body ; pl , polar lobe .
the secreted fluid from the outer mantle epithelium of bivalves are believed to contain various components of the shell matrix including proteins , glycoproteins , and polysaccharides , together with the mineral precursors required during the calcification process [ 28 ] . this raised the possibility that lectins from the secreted fluid of p . penguin could be involved not only in biodefense but also in shell formation . in the present study , two jacalin - related lectins named ppl2a and ppl2b were isolated from the mantle and secreted fluid of p . penguin . characterization of their structures and biochemical activities revealed that these ppl2s are matrix substrates required for the process of biomineralization .
ppl2a showed unique carbohydrate binding activity for trehalose as mentioned above . thus , to identify the presence of sugars and polyols in p . penguin organs , the free sugars extracted from p . penguin organs including adductor muscle , gill , body fluid and mantle , were analyzed by tlc . single sugar was mainly detected in the body fluid , while some carbohydrates were detected in the adductor muscle , gill and mantle ( figure s1 in file s1 ) . the main sugar in the body fluid gave the same r f value as sucrose , which was converted into glucose and fructose by treating with invertase , and gave glucose spot ( figure s1 in file s1 ) . on the other hand , glucose , maltose and maltotriose were detected in the adductor muscle , while trehalose and sucrose were detected in mantle ( figure s1 in file s1 ) . thus , trehalose , which is one of specific binding sugars of ppl2a , was found to be abundant in p . penguin mantle .
thirty adult pteria penguin with anteroposterior shell sizes of 155–237 mm were collected from orpheus island , off the north queensland coast of australia ( 18°36′24′′s , 146°29′10′′e ) . they were induced to spawn using the standard method of thermal stimulation ( e . g . rose & baker , 1994 ; southgate & beer , 1997 ) . fertilized eggs were stocked at a density of 50 ml −1 in three replicate 500 - l incubation tanks filled with uv treated , 1 - µm filtered sea water ( fsw ) at a temperature of 27 ± 1°c ( southgate et al . , 2008 ) . the broad - spectrum antibiotic streptomycin sulphate was added to the incubation tanks at a concentration of 5 mg l −1 to reduce the proliferation of harmful bacteria ( wassnig & southgate , 2011 ) .
early shell formation in pteria penguin . a . trochophore displaying initial sfi ( 8 hpf ) . b . trochophore with elongated sfi ( 8 . 5 hpf ) . c . early shell material ( circled ) on either side of the narrow crevice that will form the hinge ( 9 hf ) . d . partially everted hinge region ( 10 hpf ) . e . shell extended over the trochophore surface to form a ‘saddle’ shape ( 12 hpf ) . f . developing shell and flat surface of hinge region ( 13 hpf ) . g . spread of shell material over the surface of heart - shaped trochophore ( 14 hpf ) . h . lateral compression of trochophore approaching d - stage ( 15 hpf ) . i . trochophore completely covered with shell material before calcification . abbreviations : b , blastopore ; h , hinge ; sfi , shell - field invagination .
( of pinctada penguin röding , 1798 ) kilburn r . n . ( 1975 ) . taxonomic notes on south african marine mollusca ( 5 ) : including descriptions of new taxa of rissoidae , cerithiidae , tonnidae , cassididae , buccinidae , fasciolariidae , turbinellidae , turridae , architectonicidae , epitoniidae , limidae and thraciidae . . annals of the natal museum 22 ( 2 ) : 577 - 622 , figs . 1 - 25 . [ details ]
knowledge regarding early development of p . penguin is also necessary to discover morphological characteristics that can be used to identify the species within plankton communities . this in turn will facilitate the investigation of patterns of dispersal , settlement and recruitment in wild populations ( gribben and hay , 2003 ; da costa , darriba & martinez - patino , 2008 ) . a chronological description of early developmental stages of a bivalve can only be achieved by culturing the species .
to analyze the direct involvement of p . penguin lectins in the biomineralization process , knockdown studies were conducted for d - shell structure formation at larval stage using translational - blocking mos specific to ppl2a ( γ subunit ) . after introducing mos of each gene , the rate of d - shell formation for each experiment was estimated by scoring 4 morphological types determined from sem micrographs ( figs . 5a and 5b , and figure s7 in file s1 ) .
larval development of pteria penguin . a . early d - stage larvae with calcified shell ( 1 dph ) . b . d - stage with prodissoconch i and ii ( 6 dph ) . c . d - stage hinge of a single valve and a section of broken shell shown magnified in d ( 7 dph ) . d . section of broken shell showing three shell layers . e . early umbone stage ( 8 ph ) . f . umbone hinge ( 12 dph ) . g . late umbone stage ( 14 dph ) . h . pediveliger ( 21 dph ) . i . edge of pediveliger shell showing the peeling back of the inner prismatic layer to reveal the internal shell matrix . abbreviations : acc , amorphous calcium carbonate ; bs , section of broken shell ; ct , central cardinal tooth ; g , granular shell layer ; ip , inner prismatic shell layer ; op , outer prismatic shell layer ; p , periostracum ; s , socket opposing hinge tooth ; t , hinge tooth .
cultured large winged pearl shells ( pteria penguin , 6 - years - old ) and their larva were kindly provided by amami south sea & mabe pearl co . ltd . ( former amami - branch , tasaki & co . ltd . ) , kagoshima , japan . the mantle was collected and stored at −80°c until use . resource s column , sephadex g - 15 and sepharose 4b gels were purchased from ge healthcare ( nj , usa ) . tskgel sugar axi , tskgel ods 120t , and tskgel amide 80 columns were from tosoh ( tokyo , japan ) . trehalose - sepharose 4b gel was prepared according to the method of matsumoto et al . [ 29 ] . mucin type i from bovine submaxillary glands and mucin type ii from porcine stomach were purchased from sigma chemical ( st . louis , mo , usa ) . achromobacter protease i and staphylococcus aureus v8 protease were purchased from wako pure chemical ( osaka , japan ) . glycopeptidase a was purchased from seikagaku kogyo ( tokyo , japan ) . trehalose was purchased from hayashibara ( okayama , japan ) . all the other reagents were of the purest grade commercially available .
the percentage of complete d - shaped larva including small size was similar among three control experiments ( 84 % –92 % ) . these results indicated that there was no effect of endo - porter and / or control mos on the morphology during p . penguin larva development although some effects of endo - porter were detected on the size of d - shaped larva ( fig . 5b ) . in contrast , 54 % of larva treated with mo - ppl2a had no shell ( 20 % ) and incomplete shell ( 34 % ) ; only 16 % had normal d - shaped shell formation ( fig . 5b ) . on the other hand , ppl1 showed no effect on p . penguin larva development ( figure s7 in file s1 ) . thus , the knockdown of ppl2a expression affected d - shaped shell formation , suggesting that ppl2a γ subunit affected on the shell molphologies via two possibilities as a regulatory factor causing the disruption of a number of different developmental processes and / or as a shell matrix construction material .
in this study , to assess the involvement of p . penguin lectins in the biomineralization process , knockdown studies of ppl2a was conducted for d - shell structure formation at larval stage using molpholino oligos . the knockdown by mo - ppl2a showed distinct effects on d - shell structure formation but not ppl1 ( fig . 5 and figure s7 in file s1 ) , suggesting that ppl2a was involved in the shell formation during the late larva to d - type larva stage ( fig . 5 ) . preliminary knockdown experiment of ppl2b also showed the defective development effects on d - shell structure formation at larval stage as well as ppl2a although the ppl2b expression in morphant could not be sufficiently assessed by western blot and itraq method probably due to the low - expression yields of ppl2b in larvae and / or post - translational modifications ( figure s7 in file s1 ) . moreover , we observed that ppl2s were distributed and included in the nacreous layer of p . penguin as matrix proteins ( fig . 6 ) . ppl2s were primarily localized in the boundary surfaces between the aragonite crystals ( fig . 6e ) .
we thank to masahiro anraku and mitsuaki kyoya ( amami south sea & mabe pearl co . ltd . , former amami - branch , tasaki & co . ltd . ) for providing the mantle and secretory fluid of p . penguin , and its larva . we also thank to dr . shosaku hattori at amami laboratory of injurious animals , institute of medical science , university of tokyo , for the use of facility and instruments . we also thank to takeo soejima ( jasco co . , tokyo , japan ) for analyzing the laser micro - raman spectroscopy of caco 3 crystals .
this study is the second to observe a change in shape during the trochophore stage of a pearl oyster , suggesting it is a common phenomenon in the pteriidae . doroudi & southgate ( 2003 ) observed that pinctada margaritifera trochophores extend along their longitudinal axis , resulting in the anterior region becoming broader than the posterior region . there is a similar transformation from ovoid to conical in p . penguin , with the blastopore present at the centre of the broad anterior region while shell formation initiates on the dorsoposterior surface . early shell material compresses the trochophore laterally , giving rise to a distinctive heart shape for the few hours preceding d - stage .
immunostaining of late trochophore and d - shape larvae of p . penguin was performed using anti - ppl2 mouse - antibody and alexa488 fluor - labeled anti - mouse igg or each anti - ppl2 subunit rabbit - antibody against ppl2α , ppl2β , and ppl2γ and alexa488 fluor - labeled anti - rabbit igg antibody , respectively . the nuclear dna was stained by dpai ( 4′ , 6 - diamidino - 2 - phenylindole ) ( invitrogen , ca ) . the samples were observed by using an olympus fv1000 confocal laser - scanning microscope ( olympus , tokyo , japan ) or fluorescence microscope bz - x700 ( keyence co . , osaka , japan ) .
a , purification of matrix proteins from p . penguin nacreous layer by rp - hplc . b , sds - page profiles and western blot analysis of fractions of nacreous layer matrix proteins ( f1 to f4 ) from p . penguin under reducing conditions . proteins were detected by silver staining . c , western blot analysis of nacreous layer matrix proteins and ppl2a using anti - ppl2a antibody . d , western blot analysis of nacreous layer matrix proteins ( mp ) , ppl2a and ppl2b using specific antibodies against ppl2 α , β , and γ subunits , respectively . chemiluminescence signals were detected by ccd cameras with exposure time of 2∼3 sec . mp ( en ) indicated the experiments with enhanced exposure time of 30 sec . m : monomer , d : dimer , p : polymer . e , in situ localization of ppl2 as an organic matrix protein in the nacreous layer detected by combined anti - ppl2a antibody ( mouse ) and hrp - conjugated anti - mouse igg 2ndary antibody . hrp was detected by dab stain and enhanced by osmium tetroxide treatment . arrowheads indicate the positive staining by anti - ppl2a antibody with hrp - conjugated anti - mouse igg antibody and dab - oso 4 . control was treated with hrp - conjugated anti - mouse igg antibody and dab - oso 4 staining without anti - ppl2a antibody .
after fertilization of p . penguin eggs , floating blastulae were selected by decantation to synchronize the embryonic development . mo - ppl2a , mo - ppl2b , mo - ppl1 and control oligo were dissolved in nuclease - free water at 0 . 2 mm , and were transfected into synchronized p . penguin larvae at a final concentration of 10 µm for each oligo per larvae ( 5×10 3 population / ml sterilized artificial sea water ) at late trochophore larval stage by endo - porter ( 8 µm ) . after incubation at 20°c overnight , the morphants and control d - shaped larvae ( treated with or without endo - porter only ) were fixed by adding 20 µl of paraformaldehyde ( final 2 % ) for sem examination . for western blot and lc / ms / ms analyses , each morpahnt sample and control larvae were harvested without fixiation , in part , and stored at −80°c until use . sem images of d - shaped larvae were acquired using a hitachi s - 4200 at an acceleration voltage of 5 kv . phenotypes of morphants ( ca . 50 to 100 ) were counted and scored according to the relative percentage of 4 morphological types ( d - shaped , small d - shaped , incomplete shell , and no shell larvae ) . each experiment was conducted in duplicate and analyzed using chi - square tests .
twenty - four hours after fertilization , d - stage larvae had a shell length ( apm ) ( mean ± se ) of 83 ± 3 . 7 µm ( fig . 4 ) and height ( dvm ) of 63 ± 5 . 1 µm , of which c . 3 . 5 % was attributed to prodissoconch ii . larvae grew in an approximately linear fashion during d - stage ( apm : y = 8 . 42 x + 74 . 6 , r 2 = 0 . 97 ; dvm : 4 . 80 x + 59 . 9 , r 2 = 0 . 98 ) until an umbone was developed at 12 dph , when mean apm ( ±se ) and dvm were 129 ± 6 . 4 and 120 ± 4 . 5 µm , respectively ( fig . 4 ) . shell size increased rapidly between days 12 and 20 , with a mean growth rate of 12 . 3 µm day −1 in apm and 11 . 2 µm day −1 in dvm ( fig . 4 ) . growth slowed after day 20 and by day 22 more than 70 % of surviving larvae had reached the eyed pediveliger stage , with a mean apm and dvm of 233 ± 31 . 3 and 211 ± 25 . 1 µm , respectively ( fig . 4 ) . larvae showed a mean increase in apm of 7 . 2 µm day −1 and dvm of 7 . 0 µm day −1 during the 22 - day larval period . growth of pteria penguin larvae in terms of shell size from initial d - stage to settlement is best modelled by the polynomial equations : apm = 0 . 39 x 2 − 2 . 09 x + 92 . 3 ( r 2 = 0 . 97 ) and dvm = 0 . 27 x 2 − 0 . 14 x + 72 . 0 ( r 2 = 0 . 96 ) ( fig . 4 ) . the data for growth were heteroscedastic , with size becoming more variable with age ( fig . 4 ) .
( of avicula radiata pease , 1863 ) pease w . h . ( 1863 [
1862
] ) . description of new species of marine shells from the pacific islands . proceedings of the zoological society of london . ( 1862 ) : 240 - 243 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 244 [ details ]
sheppard , a ( 1984 ) . the molluscan fauna of chagos ( indian ocean ) and an analysis ot its broad distribution patterns . coral reefs 3 : 43 - 50 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
kilburn r . n . ( 1975 ) . taxonomic notes on south african marine mollusca ( 5 ) : including descriptions of new taxa of rissoidae , cerithiidae , tonnidae , cassididae , buccinidae , fasciolariidae , turbinellidae , turridae , architectonicidae , epitoniidae , limidae and thraciidae . . annals of the natal museum 22 ( 2 ) : 577 - 622 , figs . 1 - 25 . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
tëmkin i . ( 2010 ) molecular phylogeny of pearl oysters and their relatives ( mollusca , bivalvia , pterioidea ) . bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 342 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of avicula macroptera lamarck , 1819 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of avicula lotorium lamarck , 1819 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
erm . ( 2003 ) . the proposed submarine gas pipelines from cheng tou jiao liquefied natural gas receiving terminal , shenzhen to tai po gas production plant , hong kong . eia report . submitted to the hong kong and china gas company limited . [ details ]
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
iredale , t . 1939 ,
mollusca . part 1 . british museum ( natural history ) , london . great barrier reef expedition , 1928 - 29
, scientific reports of the great barrier reef expedition 1928 - 1929 , vol . 5 , no . 6 , pp . 209 - 425 , pls 1 - 75
hedley , c . 1916 ,
a preliminary index of the mollusca of western australia
, journal and proceedings of the royal society of western australia , vol . 1 , pp . 152 - 226
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5ba9b3a7 - 96df - 4b05 - 87de - c1eb69d6f64c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7e416ef7 - 4796 - 4293 - 9323 - d1d8e744e673
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8d541134 - af12 - 4a5a - a2e6 - a1a9f3a24dda
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dadb5555 - d286 - 4862 - b1dd - ea549b1c05a5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0f02f7b5 - d9a1 - 4b2a - 924e - ffeaf122e69c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 476807
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please anyone out there could you let me know , where i could find osmina pearl cabochions ( grey / blue ) only . i would like to buy in quantity from a factory . there was an american company getting them and put them in there catalog but they stopped carrying them and i would like to buy from the source they were buying from . the question is who is the factory making them . please help . i believe the factory is in the philippines
caitlin how to hand - knot pearls without a tool my avatar is a sea of cortez mabe pearl . one of a pair of mexican handmade earrings .
i ve seen those shells for sale at the tucson gem show , as well as in specialized sea - shell stores ( last one i remember in cozumel ) . unfourtunately i don ' t have any more information regarding sources . our
shells ( polished ) with blisters look very much like yours , but we don ' t produce this item anymore ( to costly to produce ) .
shell ( i collect shells of all pearl bearing species ) i have been able to obtain measures some 15 cm ( height ) ( including a large portion of periostracum ) but most of the ones i ' ve seen for sale measure between 7 and 8 cm ( height ) .
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funding : this work was supported by grant - in - aid for scientific research ( b ) ( no . 20350073 ) and scientific research on the innovative area “fusion materials” ( no . 23107505 ) from the ministry of education , culture , sports , science and technology , japan , and “program research” in the center for interdisciplinary research , tohoku university . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
lectins , which are carbohydrate recognition proteins , have been found in viruses , bacteria , fungi , plants , and animals . they agglutinate cells and / or precipitate glycoconjugates via specific interactions with sugar chains [ 25 ] . to date , numerous lectins have been isolated from animals , and classified on the basis of their crd sequences . classes include the c - type lectins ( ctl ) , galectins , p - type , i - type ( siglecs ) , f - type ( pentraxins ) , tachylectin - 2 and rbls [ 24 ] , [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] .
the shells were randomly cut into pieces of 5×5 mm 2 by using a low speed wheel cutter ( model 650 , south bay tech . inc . ) with a diamond blade ( φ101 . 6×0 . 3t×φ12 . 7 , refinetec co . ltd , yokohama , japan ) , and each piece was ground using a sanding machine ( rotopol - 25 , marumoto struers , japan ) to remove the outer shell part ( calcite ) . surface microstructures of the nacreous layer were observed using a scanning electron microscope ( sem ) with sem s - 4300e or s - 4200 ( hitachi , high - tech . co . , japan ) after coating with osmium tetroxide or platinum - palladium for 1 s or 150 s , respectively , using neo osmium coater neoc - st ( meiwafosis , co . , osaka , japan ) .
the mantle was homogenized with 50 mm tris - hcl ( ph 7 . 5 ) containing 0 . 5 m nacl and 5 mm cacl 2 ( tbs ) . after centrifuged at 23 , 000×g for 20 min at 4°c , the supernatant was subjected to affinity chromatography on mucin - sepharose 4b . the adsorbed fraction gave ppl1 , of which sequence and biological properties have been previously reported [ 23 ] . since the unadsorbed fraction retained strong hemagglutination activity that inhibited by trehalose , unadsorbed substances were purified by trehalose - sepharose 4b affinity column . adsorbed proteins were further purified by cation exchange chromatography on a resource s column in 20 mm 2 - mopholinoethansulfonic acid ( mes ) buffer ( ph 7 . 0 ) using a linear gradient of 0 to 2 m nacl .
the proteins were isoelectrofocussed using the ipgphor , isoelectric focusing ( ief ) system ( amersham ) with immobilized ph gradient ( ipg ) strips with ph 3–10 or 3 - 11nl ( 11 cm length each ) according to the manufacturer’s directions . for ipg strips of 3 - 11nl , the protein sample was rehydrated in 8 m urea , 2 m thiourea , 4 % chaps , 40 mm dtt , and 0 . 5 % ipg buffer ph 3 - 11nl . ief was carried out with the following program : 500 v constant for 1 h , gradient to 1000 v for 1 h , gradient to 6000 v within 2 h then 6000 v for 50 min for a total of 20000 vh .
the strip was then subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( sds - page ) for 2d - page . sds - page was performed on 15 % slab gels according to the method of laemmli in the presence or absence of 2 - mercaptoethanol , and protein bands were stained using coomassie brilliant blue r - 250 or silver staining kit ( wako pure chemical . , osaka , japan ) .
samples were serially diluted with 50 µl of 0 . 15 m nacl on microtiter plates and mixed with equal volume of 2 % rabbit erythrocyte suspension for 1 h . the hemagglutination activity was defined as the titer value of maximum dilution with positive agglutination of 2 % rabbit erythrocytes . the inhibitory effects of saccharides on hemagglutination were also assayed . briefly , the saccharide solutions ( 25 µl ) were diluted 2 - fold in series on microtiter plates and incubated with 25 µl of the lectin solution having hemagglutination titer values of 2 −3 for 15 min . the rabbit erythrocytes suspension ( 2 % , 50 µl ) was added to the mixture and incubated for another 30 min . the inhibitory activities were estimated by the minimum concentration of sugar needed to cause negative hemagglutination .
to identify sugars in the mantle , adductor muscle , gill and body fluid , free sugars and polyols were analyzed by silica - gel thin layer chromatography ( tlc ) . the mantle , adductor muscle and gill were homogenized in 10 mm tris - hcl buffer ( ph 7 . 5 ) containing 0 . 5 m nacl and 5 mm cacl 2 , respectively . after centrifuged at 8 , 000×g for 30 min at 4°c , the supernatant and body fluid were lyophilized . each sample was dissolved in 300 µl of ethanol , and heated at 90°c for 10 min , bath - sonicated for 15 min , and centrifuged at 5000×g for 3 min . this extraction steps were repeated twice . the supernatants were pooled , frozen at −80°c and freeze - dried . each sample was re - suspended in 10 µl of 50 % ethanol with vortexing . five microliters of each suspension was loaded on a thin layer plate ( silica gel 60 , merck ) . samples and standards were developed by ethyl acetate / acetic acid / methanol / water ( 60∶15∶15∶10 ) , and were visualized by the orcinol - sulfuric acid method [ 30 ] .
purified ppl2a and ppl2b were reduced by dithiothreitol , s - carboxamidomethylated , and digested using endoproteinase achromobactor protease i ( substrate / enzyme ( s / e ) , 100∶1 ) , endoproteinase arg - c ( s / e , 100∶1 ) , and s . aureus v8 protease ( s / e , 50∶1 ) , respectively . each digest was separated by reversed - phase hplc on a tskgel ods 120t column ( 4 . 6×250 mm ) using a linear gradient of acetonitrile in 0 . 1 % trifluoroacetic acid ( tfa ) . the amino acid sequences of isolated proteins and peptides were determined by a gas - phase protein sequencer ( ppsq - 10 ; shimazu , kyoto , japan ) .
the positions of the disulfide bonds in ppl2 subunits were identified by analyzing the peptide fragments derived from the unmodified proteins upon endoproteinase lys - c cleavage . the amino acid sequences of isolated peptide fragments were determined by the combined use of a protein sequencer and maldi - tof mass spectrometer .
by the guanidium thiocyanate / phenol / chloroform method , and poly ( a ) + rna was purified using the micro - fast track mrna isolation kit ( invitrogen , carlsbad , calif . ) as previously reported
. a cdna library was constructed from poly ( a ) + rna using the marathon cdna amplification kit ( clontech , palo alto , calif . , usa ) . to amplify the cdnas of ppl2a and ppl2b , we designed the sense and anti - sense gene - specific primers ( gsps ) based on the partial amino acid sequences of ppl2a and ppl2b , respectively ( table s1 in
) . pcr was performed with kod polymerase ( toyobo co . , tokyo , japan ) for 30 cycles of repeating denaturation at 96°c for 30 sec , annealing at 45°c for 30 sec and extension at 68°c for 1 min using cdna library as a template and primers . full - length cdna sequences of ppl2 subunits were determined by 3′ - and 5′ - rapid amplification of cdna ends ( race ) with gsp for each ppl2 subunit ( table s1 in
. each amplified cdna fragment was subcloned into a pcr–blunt ii - topo plasmid ( invitrogen ) , and the nucleotide sequence was determined by applied biosystems model 377 or 310 dna sequencers . the nucleotide sequences of cdnas encoding ppl2α , ppl2β , and ppl2γ subunits were deposited in genbank database under accession numbers ab425237 , ab425238 , and ab425239 , respectively .
sequences were searched by blast program . the amino acid sequences of ppl2a ( α and γ subunits ) and ppl2b ( β subunit ) were compared with other jacalin - related lectins using a multiple alignment computed by clustal w program [ 31 ] . a total 10 crds of jacalin - related lectins were retrieved from the ncbi / ddbj / embl database . the source of the sequences used in the structural comparison are as follows ; jacalin : galactose - binding lectin from a . integer ( aaa32677 ) ; mpa : maclura pomifera lectin ( p18674 ) ; banana - jrl : musa acuminata lectin ( abs86034 ) ; cca : castanea crenata lectin ( p82859 ) ; heltuba : helianthus tuberosus lectin ( aad11575 ) ; grfin : griffithsia sp . lectin griffithsin ( p84801 ) ; mouse - zg16 : mouse zymogen granule protein 16 ( np081194 ) ; rat - zg16 ( bac24023 ) ; human - zg16 ( bac20361 ) . a phylogenetic tree was constructed by the improved neighbor - joining algorithm , bionj [ 32 ] using the phyml ( ver 3 . 1 ) program [ 33 ] in seaview package ( ver . 4 . 5 . 3 ) [ 34 ] after the aligned sequences of mature protein regions of jrls were treated with gblocks program [ 35 ] . the degrees of confidence for internal lineages in phylogenetic tree were determined by the bootstrap procedure [ 36 ] with 1 , 000 replicates in seqview package .
after removed the outer calcite layer by grinding , the nacreous layer pieces were decalcified by soaking in 1 m acetic acid for 4 to 6 days at rt with gentle stirring , and the matrix proteins were extracted with 70 % formic acid for 2 days at 37°c .
for 2d page analysis , the 70 % formic acid - extracted nacreous matrix proteins were precipitated by acetone , and dissolved in 2d electrophoresis sample rehydration buffer ( 5 m urea with 2 m thiourea , 0 . 5 % np40 and 20 mm dtt ) . dephosphorylation of nacreous matrix proteins was conducted by incubating with bacteria alkaline phosphatase ( bap , 0 . 6 u ) at 30°c overnight in 50 mm tris - hcl buffer ( ph 9 . 0 ) containing 1 mm mgcl 2 . furthermore , to identify the matrix proteins from nacreous layer , nanolc - maldi tof ms / ms analysis was achieved for urea - extracted and 70 % formic acid - extracted matrix proteins , respectively . the extracted proteins were concentrated by acetone precipitation , and reduced by tcep , alkylated , and digested with trypsin ( wako pure chemical . , osaka , japan ) at 37°c overnight . then , the resulting peptide pools were separated by nano lc system , and spotted onto maldi target plates after desalted by using sep - pak cartridge column . the molecular mass and sequence of peptides on maldi target plates were analyzed as described above .
anti - ppl2a and anti - ppl2b antisera were raised in mice ( icr - mice , 17–19 g , 4 weeks old , males ) by repeated intraperitoneal injections of purified ppl2a and ppl2b ( 100 µg each ) emulsified at a 1∶1 v / v ratio with freund’s complete adjuvant ( initial immunization only ; pierce biotechnology , rockford , il ) , respectively . the specificities of antibodies were checked by dot blot and western blot analyses . after four booster injections of ppl2a and ppl2b at > 3 - week intervals , respectively , antisera were collected and stored at −80 ° c . the specificities of antibodies were checked by dot blot and western blot analyses . finally , anti - ppl2a antibody , which shows the antigen specificities against ppl2a α and γ subunits and also ppl2b β subunit , was obtained . anti - ppl1 antibody was prepared using purified ppl1 as antigens .
furthermore , to obtain more specific antibodies against each subunit , ppl2α , ppl2β , and ppl2γ , polyclonal antibodies were obtained from medical biology laboratory ( mbl ) co . ( japan ) . antibodies were prepared by immunization of rabbits with the synthetic peptide epitope - klh conjugates , of which sequence were predicted with the high - antigenicity as follows ; csqyltkvggnggga for ppl2α ( 3–17 ) , lkggaftdkskanngdic for ppl2β ( 14–30 ) , and dnwwkrgsmkeytlgac for ppl2γ ( 64–79 ) , respectively . the specificities and sensitivities of antibodies were checked by elisa ( data not shown ) and western blotting analyses .
for western blot analysis , proteins separated by sds - page were transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride ( pvdf ) membranes under semidry conditions with iblot gel transfer system ( invitrogen ) . the blotted pvdf was blocked with 1 % bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) in phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) containing 0 . 1 % tween 20 ( tpbs ) overnight at 4°c . after washing 3 times with tpbs , the membrane was incubated with anti - ppl1 and anti - ppl2s mouse iggs , respectively . anti - ppl2α ( 3–17 ) , anti - ppl2β ( 14–30 ) , and anti - ppl2γ ( 64–79 ) rabbit polyclonal antibodies were also used . each pvdf membrane was washed 3 times with tpbs , and then membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase ( hrp ) - conjugated anti - mouse goat igg or hrp - conjugated anti - rabbit igg . the detection was carried out with 0 . 2 % of 3 , 3′ - diaminobenzidine ( dab ) for hrp or ecl plus ( amersham ) for chemiluminescence method . the chemiluminescence images were directly acquired in a chemiluminescent imaging system equipped with highly - cooled ccd cameras , ae9300 - ez - capture mg , and analyzed by densitograph software , cs analyzer ( ver 3 . 0 ) ( atto , tokyo , japan ) .
the pieces of nacreous layer were partially demineralized by incubating with 10 ml cation - exchange resin ( dowex 50×8 ) in 4 % formaldehyde solution containing 0 . 5 % cetylpyridinium chloride ( cpc ) in a sealed dialysis membrane ( 3 , 500 mw cut - off ) . after decalcification , the pieces were washed with distilled water , and then were suspended with 1 % bsa in tpbs overnight at 4°c . after washing 3 times with tpbs , the pieces were incubated with anti - ppl2a antibody . subsequently , the pieces were washed 3 times with tpbs , and incubated with hrp - conjugated anti - mouse igg . the detection was performed by sem using enzymatic substrate of peroxidase , dab in the presence of h 2 o 2 , and osmium tetroxide , which enhanced the electron density of dab precipitate .
lectin , mo - ppl2a corresponding to the antisense nucleotides from the initiator codons of ppl2a were designed to block their translation , respectively , and were synthesized using gene tools ( philomathe , or , usa ) . mo - ppl1 was designed for ppl1 as control . these sequences are as follows :
the crystal system of caco 3 such as calcite polycrystals was confirmed by using a laser micro - raman spectroscopy nrs 5100 model ( jasco co . , tokyo , japan ) .
cd spectra were measured at room temperature using a jasco j - 720 spectropolarimeter ( jasco , tokyo , japan ) in the range of 210–260 nm with a 0 . 5 cm path length . protein solutions were prepared at 0 . 1 % ( w / v ) in 50 mm tris - hcl ( ph 7 . 5 ) and left for 2 h at room temperature before measurements .
to investigate the sugar - binding specificities of ppl2a and ppl2b , a number of carbohydrates including trehalose ( α1 , 1 ) and its related sugars containing α - glucosidic linkage such as kojibiose ( α1 , 2 ) and isomaltose ( α1 , 4 ) were used . in the hemagglutination inhibition assay using rabbit erythrocytes , isomaltose and trehalose were the most potent saccharide inhibitors for ppl2a ( table s2 in file s1 ) . d - glcnac and d - fructose showed inhibitory effects toward ppl2a . on the other hand , kojibiose showed only weak inhibitory effect for ppl2b among mono or oligo saccharides . asialofetuin showed strong inhibitory activities against both ppl2a and ppl2b , while asialomucin ( types i and ii ) and heparin showed no inhibitory activity . sialoglycoproteins such as fetuin and mucin showed inhibition against ppl2b but not against ppl2a . thus , ppl2a and ppl2b had clearly different carbohydrate - binding specificities .
nucleotide residues and amino acid residues identical to those of ppl2α subunit are indicated by ‘dot’ symbol , respectively . dash ( – ) symbol indicates the deletion of nucleotides and amino acids . underline indicates the putative polyadenylation signal , aataaa . shaded region indicates the signal peptide region .
aligned amino acid sequences of ppl2 subunits ( a ) , jacalin - related lectins ( b ) , and phylogenetic tree of the crds of jacalin - related lectins ( c ) .
the sequences were aligned using clustal w program and represented by using boxshade 3 . 21 . the residues identical to the column - consensus were presented by inverse character ( black background ) , while the residues , which are not identical but at least similar to the column - consensus , were presented by gray background . c1 to c5 indicates the half cysteine residues with inter - and intra - disulfide bonds . secondary structural element ( β strands ) were shown as arrows ( β1–β11 ) . the gg loop , recognition loop , and binding loop were parts of carbohydrate recognition domain . phylogenetic tree was constructed by the improved neighbor - joining algorithm , bionj , using the phyml ( ver 3 . 1 ) program with the aligned sequences treated with gblocks program in seaview package ( ver . 4 . 5 . 3 ) . the numbers associated with the nodes are the percent reproductions of branches in 1000 bootstrap reconstructions . scale bar : 0 . 1 substitutions per site . jacalin : galactose - binding lectin from a . integrifoli a ; mpa : m . pomifera lectin ; banlec : m . acuminata lectin ; cca : c . crenata lectin .
blast research , multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of ppl2s subunits , ppl2α , ppl2β and ppl2γ , revealed that each ppl2 subunit showed the sequence homology with the jacalin - related lectins ( jrls ) , and only eight amino acid residues in crds were invariant between jrls ( figs . 3b and 3c ) .
anti - ppl2a and anti - ppl2b mouse antisera were prepared by injections of purified ppl2a and ppl2b , respectively . the specificities of these antibodies were checked by dot blot and western blot analyses , showing that anti - ppl2a antibody cross - reacted with ppl2b βsubunit in addition to ppl2a α and γ subunits ( figure s6 in file s1 ) . on the other hand , anti - ppl2b mouse antibody with sufficient reactivity could not be obtained .
to obtain more specific antibodies against each subunit , ppl2α , ppl2β , and ppl2γ , polyclonal antibodies were prepared by immunization of rabbits with the synthetic peptide epitope - klh conjugates , respectively . the specificities of antibodies were checked by western blot analyses ( figure s6c in file s1 ) . they can recognize specifically each subunit of ppl2s without any cross - reactivity among ppl2s subunits , respectively .
figures 4a and 4b shows the immunohistochemical analysis of ppl2 subunits and ppl1 at the late gastrula and d - type larva stages . these demonstrat that the ppl2 subunits , especially ppl2αand ppl2γ subunits , in addition to ppl1 distributed in most cells of late gastrula and in the mantle of d - type shells .
lectins , ppl2 s , in the late gastrulae and d - shaped lavae .
specific reduction of targeted protein was assessed by western blotting analysis using anti - ppl2a antibody and the multiplexed relative protein quantitation by nanolc - maldi - tof / tof - ms analysis combined with itraq regents , respectively ( fig . 5c and table s5 in file s1 ) . compared with the controls , endo - porter treated or control oligo - soaking , ppl2a expression levels decreased to < 10 % with mo - ppl2a soaking group ( fig . 5c ) . to determine the relative ratios of expressed proteins in d - shell larvae , multiplexed relative quantitation was also conducted by itraq - lc - maldi - tof / tof - ms analysis . it showed the specific reduction of ppl2a for mo - ppl2a - treated sample ( decreased to 34–48 % ) compared with control ( untreated group ) although the detected peptide fragments were very limited to small part of proteins including ppl2a in the nanolc - maldi - tof / tof - ms analysis ( table s5 in file s1 ) .
to examine whether ppl2a and ppl2b affect on the calcium carbonate crystallization directly , in vitro crystal growth experiments were performed by using ppl2a and ppl2b in addition to ppl1 and bsa . optical microscope images showed that the number of contact polycrystalline calcites , of which morphology was quite different from a calcite crystal , was increased depending on the concentration of ppl2a , while only the calcite crystal having a trigonal system were formed without ppl2a . this polycrystalline calcite was confirmed to be calcite by microscopic raman spectroscopy ( figure s9 in file s1 ) . while bsa or ppl1 showed no effect on the morphology and number of crystals ( fig . 7a ) . thus , the rate of polycrystalline caco 3 tended to be increased according to the concentration of ppl2a ( fig . 7a ) . on the other hand , ppl2b showed the small but distinct dose - dependent increasing of the number of floriform ( flower petal - like shape ) crystals at the low concentration ranging from 0 to 16 . 7 µg / ml ( fig . 7a ) .


ptychocroca apenicillia is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in chile ( aconcagua province , santiago province , maule region and coquimbo region ) .

the wingspan is about 26 mm .

the forewing pattern is variable and can consist of a well-defined black-and-white contrasting pattern or is variably obscured with grey overscaling .

ptychocroca apenicillia

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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word apenicillia . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word apenicillia and , of course , apenicillia synonyms and on the right images related to the word apenicillia .
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ptychocroca . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ptychocroca and , of course , ptychocroca synonyms and on the right images related to the word ptychocroca .
figures 1 – 3 . male genitalia of ptychocroca ; valvae spread , aedeagus removed ( to left of capsule ) . 1 , p . apenicillia ; 2 , p . nigropenicillia ; 3 , p . keelioides .
figures 16 – 21 . female genitalia of ptychocroca and haemateulia . 16 , p . apenicillia ; 17 , p . nigropenicillia ; 18 , p . keelioides ; 19 , p . lineabasalis ; 20 , p . galenia ; 21 , p . crocoptycha ;
figures 28 – 35 . adult males of ptychocroca . 28 , p . apenicillia ; 29 , p . nigropenicillia ; 30 , p . keelioides , 31 , p . lineabasalis ; 32 , p . crocoptycha ; 33 , p . crocoptycha ; 34 , p . galenia ; 35 , p . s i m p l e x .
brown , john w . & razowski , józef , 2003 , description of ptychocroca , a new genus from chile and argentina , with comments on the bonagota razowski group of genera ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : euliini ) , zootaxa 303 , pp . 1 - 31 : 6 - 7
ptychocroca , new genus , is described and illustrated . as presently defined , the genus includes eight species : p . apenicillia , new species , from chile ; p . nigropenicillia , new species , from chile ; p . lineabasalis , new species , from chile ; p . keelioides , new species , from chile ; p . simplex , new species , from chile ; p . crocoptycha ( meyrick ) , new combination , from argentina and chile ; p . wilkinsoni ( butler ) , new combination , from chile ; and p . galenia ( razowski ) , new combination , from chile . we present brief diagnoses for the related genera apotomops powell and obraztsov , bonagota razowski , haemateulia razowski , and acmanthina brown , along with descriptions of two new species of apotomops ( a . boliviana and a . spomotopa , new species ) . we also propose two new combinations , apotomops carchicola ( razowski and becker ) and a . sololana ( razowski ) , and the synonymy of bonagota cranaodes ( meyrick ) with b . salubricola ( meyrick ) .
ptychocroca , new genus , is described and illustrated . as presently defined , the genus includes eight species : p . apenicillia , new species , from chile ; p . nigropenicillia , new species , from chile ; p . lineabasalis , new species , from chile ; p . keelioides , new species , from chile ; p . simplex , new species , from chile ; p . crocoptycha ( meyrick ) , new combination , from argentina and chile ; p . wilkinsoni ( butler ) , new combination , from chile ; and p . galenia ( razowski ) , new combination , from chile . we present brief diagnoses for the related genera apotomops powell and obraztsov , bonagota razowski , haemateulia razowski , and acmanthina brown , along with descriptions of two new species of apotomops ( a . boliviana and a . spomotopa , new species ) . we also propose two new combinations , apotomops carchicola ( razowski and becker ) and a . sololana ( razowski ) , and the synonymy of bonagota cranaodes ( meyrick ) with b . salubricola ( meyrick ) .
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appears to be a moderately variable species in both facies and male genitalia . although more than one species may be involved , continuous variation is present in specimens from the same locality , suggesting a single , variable species . the forewing pattern can be either well defined ( with the typical blackandwhite contrasting pattern ) or variably obscured with gray overscaling , and the venter of the valva can be weakly to moderately sinuate . the latter may be partially an artifact of slide mounting . males of
) without tuft of upraised scales at base of costa . male hindwing without hairpencil in fold of vein cup , but with small patch of cream scales adjacent to vein . male genitalia ( fig . 1
) with uncus , socii , and gnathos as described for the genus . transtilla with moderate medial lobe . valva widest near middle immediately beyond distinct rounded excavation near midventer , triangular in distal 0 . 33 ; ventral margin variably undulate . aedeagus as described for genus ; vesica with larger cornuti near middle and smaller cornuti in distal 0 . 25 . female genitalia ( fig . 16
) with sterigma bearing large , dorsally rounded , mesal portion , strongly sclerotized along dorsal edge ; invaginated , membranous area anterad of sterigma with a pair of shallow , sublateral , vshaped pockets ; antrum well defined , with narrow split ventrally and patch of irregular sclerotization in anterior portion .
holotype , ɗ , chile , aconcagua province , 38 km e los andes , 13 dec 1982 , r . brown ( usnm
paratypes . chile : aconcagua province : same data as holotype ( 4 ɗ , 5 ψ ) ( mem ) . los molles , ca 10 km s pichidangui , 25 m , 15–17 nov 1981 ( 5 ɗ ) , d . and m . davis ( usnm
) . 10 km e san felipe , 14 dec 1982 ( 1 ɗ , 2 ψ ) , r . brown ( mem ) . río blanco , 10 mar 1968 ( 5 ɗ , 1 ψ ) , flint and peña ( usnm
) . coquimbo , 1 jul– 19 oct 1883 ( 2 ɗ ) , walker ( bmnh ) . santiago province : santiago , 28 feb 1987 ( 1 ψ ) , r . l . zuparko ( ucb
is known only from aconcagua and santiago provinces in chile . nothing is known of the early stages . the capture of two males from “ 1 july– 19 oct ” is somewhat unusual for the genus , as most species appear to fly from november to february .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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john w . brown systematic entomology laboratory , psi , agricultural research service , u . s . department of agriculture , c / o national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20560 - 0168
józef razowski institute of systematics and evolution of animals , pas , ul . slawkowska 17 , 31 - 016 krakow , poland
brown , j . w . ( 1989 ) generic reassignments for neotropical tortricid moths ( tortricidae ) . journal of the lepidopterists’ society , 43 , 313–322 .
brown , j . w . ( 1998 ) a new genus of tortricid moths from chile and argentina related to varifula razowski ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . journal of the lepidopterists’ society , 52 , 177–181 .
brown , j . w . ( 2000a ) a new genus of tortricid moths injurious to grapes and stone fruits in chile ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . journal of the lepidopterists’ society , 53 , 60–64 .
brown , j . w . ( 2000b ) acmanthina : a new genus of tortricid moths ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) from chile and argentina . journal of the new york entomological society , 108 , 106–113 .
brown , j . w . & mcpherson , t . ( 2002 ) review of rebinea razowski and eliachna razowski ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : euliini ) — sister genera endemic to chile and argentina . journal of the lepidopterists’ society , 55 ( 2001 ) , 129–139 .
brown , j . w . & passoa , s . ( 1998 ) . larval foodplants of euliini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) : from abies to vitis . pan - pacific entomologist , 74 , 1–11 .
brown , j . w . & powell , j . a . ( 1991 ) systematics of the chrysoxena group of genera ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : euliini ) . university of california publications in entomology , 111 , 87 pp . + figs .
butler , a . g . ( 1883 ) heterocerous lepidoptera collected in chili by thomas edmonds , esq . transactions of the entomological society of london , 1883 , 49–90 .
chambon , j . - p . , basso , c . & scatoni , i . b . ( 1997 ) présence de bonagota cranaodes ( meyrick ) en uruguay ( lep . , tortricidae ) . bulletin de la société entomologique de france , 102 , 455–456 .
clarke , j . f . g . ( 1958 ) catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick , volume 3 . trustees of the british museum , london . 600 pp .
clarke , j . f . g . ( 1963 ) catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick , volume 4 . trustees of the british museum , london , 521 pp .
coracini , m . s . a . , reckziegel , a . , bengtsson , m . , lofqvist , j . , eiras , a . e . , vilela , e . f . & witzgall , p . ( 1999 ) sex pheromone of the brazilian leafroller , bonagota cranaodes ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) : effect of geometric isomers on male attraction to ( e , z ) - 3 - 5 - dodacadenyl acetate . iobcwprs bulletin , 22 , 43–47 .
eiras , a . e . , kovaleski , a . , vilela , e . f . , chambon , j . - p . , unelius , c . r . , borg - karlson , a . - k . , liblikas , i . , mouzuraitis , r . , bengtsson , m . & witzgall , p . ( 1999 ) sex pheromone of the brazilian leafroller , ( bonagota cranaodes meyrick ) ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . zeitschrift für naturforkunde ( c ) journal of nioscience , 54 , 595–601 .
horak , m . ( 1984 ) assessment of taxonomically significant structures in tortricinae ( lep . , tortricidae ) . bulletin société entomologique suisse , 57 , 3–64 .
meyrick , e . ( 1931a ) micro - lepidoptera from south chile and argentina . annales museo nacional historio natural , buenos aires , 36 , 377–415 .
park , c . p . , gil , j . m . , sung , j . - w . & oh , d . - y . ( 1998 ) a concise synthesis of the sex pheromone of phtheochroa cranaodes ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . tetrahedron letters , 39 , 2583–2584 .
powell , j . a . ( 1986 ) synopsis of the classification of neotropical tortricinae , with descriptions of new genera and species ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist , 62 , 372–398 .
powell , j . a . , razowski , j . & brown , j . w . ( 1995 ) tortricidae : tortricinae , chlidanotinae . in : heppner , j . b . ( ed . ) , atlas of neotropical lepidoptera , checklist part ii : hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea . association for tropical lepidoptera , scientific publishers , gainesville , florida , pp . 138–151 .
querino , r . b . , moraes , r . c . b . & zucchi , r . a . ( 2002 ) relative warp analysis to study morphological variations in the genital capsule of trichogramma pretiosum riley ( hymenoptera : trichogrammatidae ) . neotropical entomology , 31 , 217–224 .
razowski , j . ( 1986 ) descriptions of new neotropical genera of archipini and rectification of the deltinea problem ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . sciences nat , 52 , 21–25 .
razowski , j . ( 1995 ) proeulia clarke , 1962 , the western neotropical tortricidae genus ( lepidoptera ) , with descriptions of five new species and two allied genera . acta zoologica cracoviensia , 38 , 271–283 .
razowski , j . ( 1999a ) tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the dominican republic . acta zoologica cracoviensia , 42 , 307–319 .
razowski , j . ( 1999b ) tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from ecuador . acta zoologica cracoviensia , 42 , 321–342 .
razowski , j . ( 1999c ) euliini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) of chile . polskie pismo entomologiczne , 68 , 69–90 .
razowski , j . & becker , v . o . ( 2000 ) revision of the new world euliini — genus bonagota razowski , with notes on apotomops powell et obraztsov ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . polskie pismo entomologiczne , 69 , 65–76 .
razowski , j . & gonzález , r . h . ( 2003 ) . descriptions of two chilean euliini species ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . shilap revista lepidopterolgia , 31 , 61–64 .
yadav , j . s . & reddy , e . j . ( 2000 ) synthesis of ( 3e , 5z ) - 3 , 5 - dodecadienylacetate , the sex pheromone of phtheochroa cranaodes ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . bioscience , biotechnology and biochemistry , 64 , 1713–1721 .
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hypatima isopogon is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1929 .

it is found in southern india .

the wingspan is about 12 mm .

the forewings are grey with a slight yellowish tinge , the disc sprinkled white towards the base .

there is an elongate black dot beneath the costa near the base and a fusiform dark fuscous streak extending along the costa from one-fourth to two-thirds , trisected by two fine oblique white strigulae , preceded by a similar strigula and followed by a white dot .

the first white strigula is located within the costal blotch extended to the middle of the disc , preceded there by some darker suffusion and a dark fuscous tuft , a white and dark fuscous tuft on the fold nearly beneath this .

there are longitudinal streaks of dark fuscous suffusion from these tufts to a similar apical patch , the upper marked with a black dot and there is an irregular series of white specks crossing the wing at this point , with some scattered white scales towards the apex .

the hindwings are subhyaline grey , with the veins and terminal edge suffused darker grey .

hypatima isopogon

hypatima isopogon ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria isopogon meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : belke , kanara , india
hypatima antsianakella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 209
hypatima issikiana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima manjakatompo viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 211
hypatima perinetella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 210
hypatima venefica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
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hypatima anguinea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37
hypatima antiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima apparitrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima aridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima caryodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima cirrhospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima corynetis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima ericta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima indica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima instaurata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima isoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima isotricha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima lactifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima melanocharis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima nodifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima orthomochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima parichniota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima particulata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima phacelota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima pilosella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima rhicnota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima silvestris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima syncrypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima tephroptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima tonsa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima verticosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima xerophanta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima xylotechna ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima acicula park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 326 ; tl : s . thailand , khaoyai
hypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 331 ; tl : s . thailand , khaoyai
hypatima mangiferae satter , 1989 ; bull . ent . res . 79 ( 3 ) : 412 ; tl : kenya
hypatima disetosella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : nantou co . , taiwan
hypatima issikiana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 77 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan
hypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 47
hypatima rhomboidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ fe ]
hypatima spathota ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima excellentella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 617 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
hypatima venefica ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 616 ; tl : barbash - levada , primorskii krai
hypatima disetosella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 325 ; tl : nw . thailand , chiang mai , doi suthep - pui np , 1380m
hypatima arignota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 330
hypatima haligramma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 332
hypatima iophana ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 322
hypatima teramotoi ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , sakai city
hypatima acris park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : taiwan , tainan co . , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling , ca . 350m
hypatima excellentella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
hypatima ( chelariini ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ fe ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 182 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 166 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 189 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 192 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 249 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 167 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 198 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
chelaria agriogramma meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft
chelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 264 , pl . 12 , f . 34 ; tl : spring vale
chelaria ammonura meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 430 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
chelaria anguinea meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 161 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
anthotypa ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( chelaria ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54
chelaria antiastis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : andamans , port blair
chelaria apparitrix meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 164 ; tl : java , preanger , 5000ft
chelaria aridella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 639 ; tl : sarawak , borneo
artochroma diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 20
chelaria attenuata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
chelaria baliodes lower , 1920 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 44 : 66 ; tl : warra , s . queensland
chelaria binummulata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : natal , weenen
chelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : fiji , lautoka
chelaria caryodora meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
chelaria cirrhospila meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 302 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
chelaria corynetis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
cryptopluta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 21
nothris cyrtopleura turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin ; n . queensland , kuranda
chelaria demonstrata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 303 ; tl : new guinea , kei is .
chelaria dermatica meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 432 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
taiwan , thailand , philippines , ceylon , andaman is . , borneo , sulawesi , queensland . see [ maps ]
tituacea [ sic ] deviella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43
chelaria discissa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 581 ; tl : queensland , cairns
disposita ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 71
nothris dissidens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 301 ; tl : waterval onder
ephippias ( meyrick , 1937 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 95
chelaria ericta meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
chelaria euchorda meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 31 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins
cymatomorpha euplecta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; quorn , south australia
larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria formidolosa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 581 ; tl : natal , pinetown
chelaria haligramma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 382 ; tl : anakapalli , s . india
larva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria harpophora meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
psoricoptera hora busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 14 ; tl : alhajuela , panama
chelaria improba meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton
gelechia indica swinhoe , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 884 ; tl : bombay , india
chelaria instaurata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
chelaria iophana meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon
chelaria isoptila meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : kandy , ceylon
chelaria isotricha meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 164 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
chelaria lactifera meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 161 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
chelaria lecticata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : transvaal , pilgrims rest
chelaria loxosaris meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas
chelaria mancipata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : three sisters
chelaria melanecta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 246 ; tl : transvaal , johannesburg
chelaria melanocharis meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 511 ; tl : telawa , java
chelaria meliptila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .
chelaria metaphorica meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 430 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
chelaria microgramma meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 301 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
mycetinopa ( meyrick , 1934 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 451
chelaria nimbigera meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : new ireland , new hanover i .
chelaria nodifera meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 724 ; tl : tonkin
chelaria orthomochla meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : java
chelaria orthostathma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
chelaria parichniota meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 4 ; tl : likiang , china
chelaria particulata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
chelaria phacelota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon
gelechia pilosella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 640 ; tl : sarawak , borneo
chelaria probolaea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : barberton
allocota procax meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274
chelaria rhicnota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : shevaroys , s . india
larva on mangifera indica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ nhm card ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ nhm card ]
larva on betula spp . , alnus spp . , corylus avellana , carpinus betulus , populus spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
chelaria scopulosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : karwar , kanara
cymatomorpha scotia turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 160 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
chelaria silvestris meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
allocota simulacrella meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
chelaria solutrix meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 ; tl : woodbush village
sorograpta ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70
chelaria spathota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : konkan , bombay
larva on mangifera indica , lannea grandis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
deuteroptila sphenophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
chelaria stasimodes meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70
subdentata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 17
gelechia sublectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 640 ; tl : sarawak , borneo
chelaria syncrypta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
chelaria tenebrosa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 301 ; tl : south australia , quorn
chelaria tephroplintha meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 30 ; tl : fiji , labasa
chelaria tephroptila meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70 ; tl : mahableshwar , bombay
larva on quercus acutissima , quercus serrata , q . variabilis , q . glauca , q . phillyraeoides ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 85
chelaria tessulata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : queensland , cairns
semodictis tetraptila meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 16 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; tl : kranspoort , pretoria
chelaria tonsa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
episacta toreuta turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 162 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda , near cairns
chelaria trachyspila meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354
chelaria triannulata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 ; tl : woodbush village
tricosma ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 355
larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
chelaria verticosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
chelaria xerophanta meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 724 ; tl : tonkin
chelaria xylotechna meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : java
chelaria zesticopa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : texas , alpine , fort davis , 5000 - 8000ft ; new mexico , bent , 7000ft
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
the natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905
walsingham , 1881 on the tortricidae , tineidae , and pterophoridae of south africa trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 219 - 288 , pl . 10 - 13
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
hi betty , i ' m hoping you might run this thru euclid . i ' m unsure about eugenioides in the bega valley , but this stringybark had definite pedicles on the fruit , 2 - 2 . 5mm long on a fruit which was 7mm wide x 5mm deep . the one measured adult leaf was 9 . 8cm x 2 . 6cm and an intermediate leaf in some epicormic shoots was 7 x 2 . 3cm . there were a lot of stringybarks in the tsr , but we didn ' t check if they all had these characteristics .
i think this one might have to go off to the rbg for confirmation too . the distinction between globoidea and eugenioides is pretty subtle !
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