tropheus kasabae is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika where it is found in areas with rocky substrates in the southern portion of the lake .

this species can reach a total length of 11.1 cm ( 4.4 in ) .

it can be found in the aquarium trade .

tropheus kasabae

this species is known only from the southern portion of lake tanganyika . it is a more recently described species . it was given a species status by nelissen in 1977 . as most of the tropheus cichlids were once all grouped together under tropheus moorii , you may find it listed as tropheus moorii kasabae .
endemic to lake tanganyika where it is only known from the south end of lake . the southernmost shorelines of the lake , between the borders of zambia with congo and tanzania have yielded a set of local tropheus races that have been described by nelissen as the subspecies tropheus moori kasabae .
besides the blunthead cichlid , there are 5 more tropheus cichlids that are scientifically described . then there’s a sixth group , simply called tropheus sp . , that contains the many undescribed species .
however , you can usually keep two different types tropheus species together with much less chance of mixed breeding .
the rock - dwelling african cichlids are all handsome fish , but the multitude of color selections found in the tropheus moorii cichlids tops them all . still , the other tropheus species are also incredible beauties with a number of their own impressive variations .
with just this one species , you can select from around 50 different fabulous color varieties . then go even further and add another type from the seven groups of tropheus cichlids listed below !
these attractive rock - dwelling african cichlids originate from lake tanganyika . the tropheus moorii can be found spread throughout this enormous lake at almost every single reef , and each area has a unique color variety . tropheus cichlids are similar to their zebra cichlid counterparts found in lake malawi , commonly known as the mbuna . mbunas are handsome rock - dwellers too , but there are a lot more species .
brichardi cichlids were called ‘blue - eyed tropheus’ by hobbyists well before they were scientifically described . this is because the iris of their eyes can be a fabulous blue color if they are kept in optimal conditions .
the tropheus moorii , commonly called the blunthead cichlid , is an exotic fish with a spunky nature . design your aquarium with a palette of reds , blues , oranges , greens , or a multitude of hues found in this fish , to create a spectacular and lively effect !
for a beautiful tank with colors that remain true , it’s best to keep only a single gorgeous group of the same type tropheus moorii . they are constantly sparing to dominate their territory and they may even breed ! mixing multiple types may result in interbreeding , with the colors becoming diluted and possibly even dull .
there are over 120 color varieties of tropheus cichlids , spread out across only six species . mbuna on the other hand , are comprised of many species and are found in 9 separate genera . as a general rule the mbuna coloring is blue males and yellow females , sometimes with black bars and yellow hues mixed in .
maréchal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . tropheus . p . 521 - 525 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5713 )
total of 38x tropheus moorii ilangi kasaba bay including 15 wild caught , 13 lakeside bred and 10 f1 . these have been sourced from 5 different suppliers at different times in order to achieve strong fry if they breed . have been brought together in this 750l fish tank for a week now so are still settling in . join me and many other fish keepers on the ultimate forum - urltoken for everything and anything there is to know about fish keeping amongst a vast array of other discussion areas . full profile , images and info can be found on our forum - urltoken
tropheus species “black , ” “red , ” “ikola , ” “mpimbwe , ” and a whole bunch more are undescribed species . they are recognized as distinctive varieties , but they have not yet been described . each has a different color patterning depending on the locale from which they originate . color morphs can vary greatly , ranging from solid colored with a broad band and a large mid - section blotch or two of yellow or red . they have various amounts of coloring on the head , fins , and upper back . they can also have a striped patterning on the body or they can have various other combinations .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : widely distributed throughout its range in the south of lake tanganyika with no known major widespread threats . local varieties / races may , however , be threatened by over collection for the aquarium trade .
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greek , tropaion = defeat , a memorial of a fighting war , trophy ; because of their specialized teeth were such an obvious feeding adaptation ( ref . 45335 )
africa : endemic to lake tanganyika . occurs in the south end of the lake .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 1 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5713 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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blunthead cichlids are lively fish and a colony of 12 or more can make an amazing display . but these beauties are quite aggressive and don’t do well mixed with other types of cichlids . you don’t want to design their aquarium in a willy - nilly manner . fish selection , aquarium setup and tank maintenance go hand in hand for a successful display .
juveniles are so adorable ! they are all black with white to bluish polka dots . but they change as they mature , with the adults have a bluish head , a dark slate to almost black body and fins , and a bold contrasting yellow band around their middle . for this they are often called the blue - faced duboisi cichlid . there are 3 basic types with the most popular being the maswa , or yellow band . then there is the karilani with a narrow white band and the kigoma with a wide white band .
this is a unique species because it has a forked caudal fin rather than the fan shaped fin found on the others . in 1977 g . s . axelrod placed it in a category of its own due to it having this ‘lyre’ type tail fin and an individual place of orign at bula point on the eastern side of the lake . a couple other common names they are known by are wimpel moorii and polli and there are at least 3 color morphs .
this species has a form similar to that of t . polli , but is found at the opposite side of the lake . these two species also behave similarly and it has been speculated they may be conspecifics . at some point , t . polli may be determined to be a junior synonym of t . annectens .
african cichlids , dwarf cichlids , and the large cichlids from central and south america are fascinating fish and fun to keep . pictures and information for all kinds of different cichlids can be found in types of cichlids !
clarice brough is a team member at animal - world and has contributed many articles and write - ups .
feel free to leave a comment . . . and oh , if you want a pic to show with your comment , go get a gravatar !


lethacotyle fijiensis manter & prince , 1953 is a species of monogenean of the family protomicrocotylidae .

the species is ectoparasitic on the gills of an unknown carangid fish identified in the original publication as " yellow jack " .

it is the type-species of the genus lethacotyle manter & prince , 1953 .

it has been described from two specimens only by manter & prince in 1953 ; of these , a single specimen , the holotype has been kept in the us national parasite collections and thus was the single specimen of the species , and therefore of the genus , which was available for study .

later , another species of the same genus was described .

l. fijiensis has been found only off fiji by manter & prince in 1953 ( the material of the original description , hence the latin species name , fijiensis , meaning " from fiji " ) and allegedly off andaman islands by ramalingam in 1968 , although other authors have expressed doubt that the later author actually found the same species .

the two specimens of the original material of l. fijiensis are 3.156 and 3.759 millimetres in length .

the body is elongate , flat , there are numerous testes and a single ovary .

the copulatory organs include a sclerotised vagina and male copulatory organ , comprising a ring of 24-25 spines which are 24 µm in length .

the length of the spines of the male copulatory apparatus is the main diagnosis character of the species , which allows its separation from l. vera , the only other species of the genus .

the posterior part of the body of l. fijiensis is asymmetrical .

it bears a terminal lappet which is striated , and there are no clamps - this is a characteristic of the genus lethacotyle .

lethacotyle fijiensis

lethacotyle fijiensis manter & prince , 1953 ( urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : da367684 - aac2 - 44d0 - a8e8 - 64894afa647a ) . holotype , slide usnpc 48718 . a , body . b , posterior part of body , different focus . c , d , spines of male copulatory organ , two different focuses . e , sclerotised vagina . original photographs taken by patricia pilitt , usnpc .
the slide containing the single specimen of lethacotyle available for study before this paper : holotype of lethacotyle fijiensi s manter & prince , 1953 ( urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : da367684 - aac2 - 44d0 - a8e8 - 64894afa647a ) , slide usnpc 48718 . our study is another example of the importance of museum collections for modern research , .
ectoparasites face a daily challenge : to remain attached to their hosts . polyopisthocotylean monogeneans usually attach to the surface of fish gills using highly specialized structures , the sclerotized clamps . in the original description of the protomicrocotylid species lethacotyle fijiensis , described 60 years ago , the clamps were considered to be absent but few specimens were available and this observation was later questioned . in addition , genera within the family protomicrocotylidae have either clamps of the
gastrocotylid
or the
microcotylid
types ; this puzzled systematists because these clamp types are characteristic of distinct , major groups . discovery of another , new , species of the genus lethacotyle , has allowed us to explore the nature of the attachment structures in protomicrocotylids . lethacotyle vera n . sp . is described from the gills of the carangid caranx papuensis off new caledonia . it is distinguished from lethacotyle fijiensis , the only other species of the genus , by the length of the male copulatory spines . sequences of 28s rdna were used to build a tree , in which lethacotyle vera grouped with other protomicrocotylids . the identity of the host fish was confirmed with coi barcodes . we observed that protomicrocotylids have specialized structures associated with their attachment organ , such as lateral flaps and transverse striations , which are not known in other monogeneans . we thus hypothesized that the clamps in protomicrocotylids were sequentially lost during evolution , coinciding with the development of other attachment structures . to test the hypothesis , we calculated the surfaces of clamps and body in 120 species of gastrocotylinean monogeneans , based on published descriptions . the ratio of clamp surface : body surface was the lowest in protomicrocotylids . we conclude that clamps in protomicrocotylids are vestigial organs , and that occurrence of
gastrocotylid
and simpler
microcotylid
clamps within the same family are steps in an evolutionary sequence , leading to the absence of these attributes in species of lethacotyle .
technical abstract : ectoparasites face a daily challenge : to remain attached to their host . polyopisthocotylean monogeneans attach to the surface of fish gills by highly specialized structures , the sclerotized clamps . in the original description of the protomicrocotylid species lethacotyle fijiensis , described 50 years ago , the clamp was considered to be absent but few specimens were available and this observation was later questioned . in addition , genera within the family protomicrocotylidae have either clamps of the “gastrocotylid type” and of the more simple “microcotylid type” ; this puzzled systematists because these clamp types are characteristic of distinct , major groups . discovery of another , new , species of the genus lethacotyle , prompted comparisons with other members of the family protomicrocotylidae and has allowed us to explore the nature of the attachment organs in these mongeneans . lethacotyle vera n . sp . is described from the gills of the carangid caranx papuensis off new caledonia . it is distinguished from lethacotyle fijiensis , the only other species of the genus , by the length of the male copulatory spines . sequences of 28s rdna were used to build a tree , in which lethacotyle vera grouped with other protomicrocotylids . the identity of the host fish was determined with coi barcodes . we observed that protomicrocotylids have specialized structures associated with their attachment organ , such as lateral flaps and transverse striations , which are not known in other monogeneans . we thus hypothesized that the clamps in protomicrocotylids were progressively lost during evolution , coinciding with the development of other attachment structures . to test the hypothesis , we calculated the surfaces of clamps and body in 120 species of gastrocotylinean monogeneans , based on published descriptions . the ratio of clamp surface : body surface was the lowest in protomicrocotylids . we conclude that clamps in protomicrocotylids are vestigial organs , and that occurrence of “gastrocotylid” and simpler “microcotylid” clamps within the same family are steps in regressive evolution , leading to the absence of these attributes in species of lethacotyle .
ectoparasites face a daily challenge : to remain attached to their hosts . polyopisthocotylean monogeneans usually attach to the surface of fish gills using highly specialized structures , the sclerotized clamps . in the original description of the protomicrocotylid species lethacotyle fijiensis , described 60 years ago , the clamps were considered to be absent but few specimens were available and this observation was later questioned . in addition , genera within the family protomicrocotylidae have either clamps of the “gastrocotylid” or the “microcotylid” types ; this puzzled systematists because these clamp types are characteristic of distinct , major groups . discovery of another , new , species of the genus lethacotyle , has allowed us to explore the nature of the attachment structures in protomicrocotylids . lethacotyle vera n . sp . is described from the gills of the carangid caranx papuensis off new caledonia . it is distinguished from lethacotyle fijiensi s , the only other species of the genus , by the length of the male copulatory spines . sequences of 28s rdna were used to build a tree , in which lethacotyle vera grouped with other protomicrocotylids . the identity of the host fish was confirmed with coi barcodes . we observed that protomicrocotylids have specialized structures associated with their attachment organ , such as lateral flaps and transverse striations , which are not known in other monogeneans . we thus hypothesized that the clamps in protomicrocotylids were sequentially lost during evolution , coinciding with the development of other attachment structures . to test the hypothesis , we calculated the surfaces of clamps and body in 120 species of gastrocotylinean monogeneans , based on published descriptions . the ratio of clamp surface : body surface was the lowest in protomicrocotylids . we conclude that clamps in protomicrocotylids are vestigial organs , and that occurrence of “gastrocotylid” and simpler “microcotylid” clamps within the same family are steps in an evolutionary sequence , leading to the absence of these attributes in species of lethacotyle .
examples of clamps in various genera of protomicrocotylidae . a , bilaterocotyloides novaeguineae ( rohde , 1977 ) lebedev , 1986 ( usnpc 74800 ) . b , protomicrocotyle sp . ( mnhn jnc1163a5 ) . c , neomicrocotyle sp . ( mnhn jnc3242a4 ) . black : additional sclerite , characteristic of the “gastrocotylid” clamp . bilaterocotyloides and protomicrocotyle have clamps of the “gastrocotylid” type , neomicrocotyle has clamps of the “microcotylid” type , and lethacotyle has no clamp .
lethacotyle vera n . sp ( urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 0b7abe99 - 07af - 4088 - 97f3 - 1a154dba614d ) . a , juvenile ( specimen mnhn jnc3188a1 ) . b , spines of mco in juvenile . c , spines of mco in paratype mnhn jnc3188a2c ( posterior part of body processed for molecular study ) ; d , spines of mco in paratype mnhn jnc1189a2 . e , outline of ovary ( paratype jnc1189a1 ) .
body and clamp surfaces : examples of line drawings used for data extraction in each of the 8 families of the gastrocotylinea . all species drawn to same body length . a , gotocotylidae , gotocotyla niphonii . b , bychowskicotylidae , tonkinopsis transfretanus . c , gastrocotylidae , allopseudaxinoides euthynni . d , neothoracocotylidae , pricea minimae . e , allodiscocotylidae , metacamopia indica . f , pseudodiclidophoridae , allopseudodiclidophora opelu . g , chauhaneidae , cotyloatlantica mediterranea . h , protomicrocotylidae , lethacotyle vera n . sp ( no clamps ) . details in .
lethacotyle vera n . sp ( urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 0b7abe99 - 07af - 4088 - 97f3 - 1a154dba614d ) . a , whole body ; b , spines of male copulatory organ ( mco ) . c , spines of mco in other specimen ( paratype mnhn jnc1189a3 ) . d , sclerotized vagina . e , egg , in utero . f , striations on posterior part of body ; g , h , i , hooks ( paratype mnhn jnc1185a3 ) . a , b , d , f : holotype , mnhn jnc3209a1 .
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justine jl 1 , rahmouni c , gey d , schoelinck c , hoberg ep .
umr 7138
systématique , adaptation , évolution
, muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , cp 51 , paris , france .
pmid : 24278118 pmcid : pmc3838368 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0079155
ratio between clamp surface and body surface in species of gastrocotylinean monogeneans . ratios are ordered in decreasing sequence . red : protomicrocotylids ; blue : species of other families .
ratio between clamp surface and body surface in families of gastrocotylinean monogeneans . ratios are ordered in decreasing order of mean . protomicrocotylids have the lowest mean and lowest minimum . for significance see .
plos one , 8 ( 11 ) , e79155 . free pdf : doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0079155
an annotated list of fish parasites ( isopoda , copepoda , monogenea , digenea , cestoda , nematoda ) collected from snappers and bream ( lutjanidae , nemipteridae , caesionidae ) in new caledonia confirms high parasite biodiversity on coral reef fish .
coral reefs are areas of maximum biodiversity , but the parasites of coral reef fishes , and especially their species richness , are not well known . over an 8 - year period , parasites were collected from 24 species of lutjanidae , nemipteridae and caesionidae off new caledonia , south pacific .
host - parasite and parasite - host lists are provided , with a total of 207 host - parasite combinations and 58 parasite species identified at the species level , with 27 new host records . results are presented for isopods , copepods , monogeneans , digeneans , cestodes and nematodes . when results are restricted to well - sampled reef fish species ( sample size > 30 ) , the number of host - parasite combinations is 20 - 25 per fish species , and the number of parasites identified at the species level is 9 - 13 per fish species . lutjanids include reef - associated fish and deeper sea fish from the outer slopes of the coral reef : fish from both milieus were compared . surprisingly , parasite biodiversity was higher in deeper sea fish than in reef fish ( host - parasite combinations : 12 . 50 vs 10 . 13 , number of species per fish 3 . 75 vs 3 . 00 ) ; however , we identified four biases which diminish the validity of this comparison . finally , these results and previously published results allow us to propose a generalization of parasite biodiversity for four major families of reef - associated fishes ( lutjanidae , nemipteridae , serranidae and lethrinidae ) : well - sampled fish have a mean of 20 host - parasite combinations per fish species , and the number of parasites identified at the species level is 10 per fish species .
since all precautions have been taken to minimize taxon numbers , it is safe to affirm than the number of fish parasites is at least ten times the number of fish species in coral reefs , for species of similar size or larger than the species in the four families studied ; this is a major improvement to our estimate of biodiversity in coral reefs . our results suggest that extinction of a coral reef fish species would eventually result in the coextinction of at least ten species of parasites .
parasites were collected from 17 species of emperors and emperor bream ( lethrinidae ) in the waters off new caledonia , south pacific . host - parasite and parasite - hosts lists are provided , with a total of 188 host - parasite combinations ( 11 per fish species ) , including 81 identifications at the species level . a total of 52 parasites were identified at the species level , and 40 new host records were found . results are presented for larval isopods , copepods ( 16 species ) , monogeneans ( 24 ) , digeneans ( 27 ) , cestodes ( 11 ) and nematodes ( 10 ) . when results were restricted to the four best - sampled fish species for which more than 30 specimens were examined , the number of host - parasite combinations was 22 . 25 per fish species , and the number of parasite taxa identified at the species level was 9 . 5 per fish species . from these data , the total number of metazoan parasite species predicted from all lethrinid species of new caledonia , based on a classification of fish sizes using length in three categories , is 340 , i . e . 13 per fish species . a biogeographical comparison with heron island on the great barrier reef ( queensland , australia ) was possible only for a single fish species , lethrinus miniatus : in a total of 65 host - parasite combinations , only five taxa identified at the species level ( three monogeneans and two digeneans ) were shared at both localities . parasite biodiversity in lethrinids was of similar magnitude to that in groupers ( serranidae epinephelinae ) in the same area , and this study confirms a previous prediction of 10 parasite species per coral reef fish species . although this study required significant sampling and identification , we estimate that only 13 % of the parasites of lethrinids are known in new caledonia .
abstract over a 7 - year period , parasites have been collected from 28 species of groupers ( serranidae , epinephelinae ) in the waters off new caledonia . host - parasite and parasite - hosts lists are provided , with a total of 337 host - parasite combinations , including 146 parasite identifications at the species level . results are included for isopods ( 5 species ) , copepods ( 19 ) , monogeneans ( 56 ) , digeneans ( 28 ) , cestodes ( 12 ) , and nematodes ( 12 ) . when results are restricted to those 14 fish species for which more than five specimens were examined and to parasites identified at the species level , 109 host - parasite combinations were recorded , with 63 different species , of which monogeneans account for half ( 32 species ) , and an average of 4 . 5 parasite species per fish species . digenean records were compared for 16 fish species shared with the study of cribb et al . ( 2002 ) ; based on a total of 90 parasite records identified at the species level , new caledonia has 17 new records and only seven species were already known from other locations . we hypothesize that the present results represent only a small part of the actual biodiversity , and we predict a biodiversity of 10 different parasite species and 30 host - parasite combinations per serranid . a comparison with a study on heron island ( queensland , australia ) by lester and sewell ( 1989 ) was attempted : of the four species of fish in common and in a total of 91 host - parasite combinations , only six parasites identified at the species level were shared . this suggests strongly that insufficient sampling impairs proper biogeographical or ecological comparisons . probably only 3 % of the parasite species of coral reef fish are already known in new caledonia .
parasites of coral reef fish : how much do we know ? with a bibliography of fish parasites in new caledonia .
belgian journal of zoology , 140 ( suppl . ) , 155 - 190 .
a compilation of 107 references dealing with fish parasites in new caledonia permitted the production of a parasite - host list and a host - parasite list . the lists include turbellaria , monopisthocotylea , polyopisthocotylea , digenea , cestoda , nematoda , copepoda , isopoda , acanthocephala and hirudinea , with 580 host - parasite combinations , corresponding with more than 370 species of parasites . protozoa are not included . platyhelminthes are the major group , with 239 species , including 98 monopisthocotylean monogeneans and 105 digeneans . copepods include 61 records , and nematodes include 41 records . the list of fish recorded with parasites includes 195 species , in which most ( ca . 170 species ) are coral reef associated , the rest being a few deep - sea , pelagic or freshwater fishes . the serranids , lethrinids and lutjanids are the most commonly represented fish families . although a list of published records does not provide a reliable estimate of biodiversity because of the important bias in publications being mainly in the domain of interest of the authors , it provides a basis to compare parasite biodiversity with other localities , and especially with other coral reefs . the present list is probably the most complete published account of parasite biodiversity of coral reef fishes . however , it is estimated that the present state of knowledge ( 370 parasite species ) represents only 2 % of the possible number of metazoan parasites of fish present in a coral reef environmen
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justine , j . , rahmouni , c . , gey , d . , hoberg , e . p . 2013 . a monogenean without clamps . plos one . 8 ( 11 ) : e79155 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0079155 .
ectoparasites face a daily challenge : to remain attached to their host . polyopisthocotylean monogeneans ( ectoparasitic flatworms of fishes ) attach to the surface of fish gills by highly specialized structures , the sclerotized clamps . understanding the evolution of these complex structures is provide insights to processes involved in development of host associations and in general adaptations to parasitism . in some parasites in this large and diverse group ( the protomicrocotylidae ) , the clamps are replaced by other specialized attachment organs such as flaps and striations which are unknown in other members of the monogenean flat worms . we hypothesized that the clamps in protomicrocotylids were progressively lost during evolution , coinciding with the development of these other attachment structures . testing this hypothesis , we examined the relative size of clamps with relation to the body , and discovered that the ration of clamp : body surface was lowest among the protomicrocotylids . observations thus supported the contention that clamps in protomicrocotylids are vestigial organs , and that occurrence of simple clamps within the same family are steps in regressive evolution , leading to the absence of these attributes in some species . the conclusions are important as a model for exploring evolutionary processes that lead to major modifications in organs systems in parasites . insights are pertinent to parasitologists and developmental biologists in basis studies of parasites and parasitism .
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the orange-bellied himalayan squirrel ( dremomys lokriah ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .

it is found in bangladesh , china , india , myanmar , nepal and bhutan .

orange - bellied himalayan squirrel

dremomys lokriah ( orange - bellied himalayan squirrel ) . spotted in phobjikha - youtube
the orange - bellied himalayan squirrel is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
a young / baby of a orangebellied himalayan squirrel is called a ' pup , kit or kitten ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a orangebellied himalayan squirrel group is called a ' dray or scurry ' .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species is distributed in northeastern south asia , southern china and western southeast asia . this species has been widely recorded from bangladesh , bhutan , india and nepal in south asia at elevations of 900 to 3 , 000 m asl ( molur et al . 2005 ) . in china , it has been recorded from southern xizang and eastern yunnan ( smith and xie 2008 ) . in southeast asia , it has been recorded from western and northern myanmar .
this species is locally common in india . there appear to be few animals in bangladesh and nepal ( sarkar and shreshta pers . comm . ) .
it is diurnal and arboreal species that also forages on the forest floor . it occurs in subtropical montane evergreen and broadleaved forests ( including moist semi deciduous forest in bangladesh [ sarkar pers comm . ] and oak - rhodedendron forest in nepal [ shrestha pers . comm . ] . ) . it has been found to occupy tree hollows in mid high canopy of dense oak , bamboo , fir and pine forest patches ( molur et al . 2005 ) . in china , it has been recorded from rhododendron forests to subtropical forests at lower elevations , and conifer forests at high elevations ( smith and xie 2008 ) . the species litters of two to five young ( smith and xie 2008 ) .
in nepal and bangladesh the species is threatened by deforestation and fragmentation of habitat ( sarkar and shreshta pers . comm . ) . hunting for consumption is a major threat in northeastern india .
it is known from the following protected areas in south asia - eagle’s nest wildlife sanctuary , kamlang wildlife sanctuary , namdapha national park , pakhui wildlife sanctuary and national park , sessa orchid sanctuary , tale valley wildlife sanctuary and national park in arunachal pradesh , india ; lawachara national park in bangladesh ( molur et al . 2005 ) . survey , life history and monitoring are recommended for this species ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t6821a115084234 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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a curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .
a curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .
projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .
software for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .
a curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .
the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
analyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .
a portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .
the whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .
little is known about the longevity of these animals , but one specimen lived 7 . 1 years in captivity [ 0434 ] .
[ 0455 ] virginia hayssen et al . ( 1993 ) , asdell ' s patterns of mammalian reproduction : a compendium of species - specific data
comments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .
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project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .
sorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .
the open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can
, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .


the indian brown mongoose ( herpestes fuscus ) looks similar to the short-tailed mongoose from southeast asia and is sometimes believed to be only a subspecies of this latter .

the indian brown mongoose is found in southwest india and sri lanka .

indian brown mongoose

information on the indian brown mongoose is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - indian brown mongoose ( herpestes fuscus )
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arkive photo - indian brown mongoose on fallen tree trunk
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they have grayish or brown fur , and some of them have striped coat and ringed tail .
they normally have brown or gray grizzled fur , and a number of species sport striped coats or ringed tails .
murakami , s . m . ( 10 oct 2001 ) . the indian mongoose in hawaii .
) . this high level of dietary flexibility has contributed to the small indian mongoose’s success as an invasive species .
pimentel , d . 1955a . biology of the indian mongoose in puerto rico . journal of mammalogy 36 : 62 - 68 .
pimentel , d . 1955 . biology of the indian mongoose in puerto rico . journal of mammalogy 36 : 62 - 68 .
we are reporting four new records of brown mongoose herpestes fuscus gray , 1837 from four protected areas in western ghats including peppara wildlife sanctuary , shendurney wildlife sanctuary , periyar tiger reserve and pampadum shola national park and one new site record outside a protected area from pambanar tea plantation in idukki dt . situated in kerala part of southern western ghats . an updated distribution map of brown mongoose in western ghats is presented here .
roy , s . ( 8 oct 2001 ) . minimizing the impacts of the introduced small indian mongoose on the native fauna of mauritius . urltoken
sreehari , r . , c . t . fredy , r . anand , c . r . aneesh & p . o . nameer ( 2013 ) . recent records of ruddy mongoose herpestes smithii and brown mongoose herpestes fuscus from kerala , southern western ghats . small carnivore conservation 49 : 34–36 ; urltoken
< p > we are reporting four new records of brown mongoose < em > herpestes fuscus < / em > gray , 1837 from four protected areas in western ghats including peppara wildlife sanctuary , shendurney wildlife sanctuary , periyar tiger reserve and pampadum shola national park and one new site record outside a protected area from pambanar tea plantation in idukki dt . situated in kerala part of southern western ghats . an updated distribution map of brown mongoose in western ghats is presented here . < / p >
hays w , conant s ( 2007 ) biology and impacts of pacific island invasive species . 1 . a worldwide review of effects of the small indian mongoose ,
espeut , w . b . 1882 . on the acclimatization of the indian mongoose in jamaica . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1882 : 712 - 714 .
the small indian mongoose was introduced as a biocontrol agent to control rats in cane fields but not particularly effective and the enormous cost to native species far outweighed any benefit .
the small indian mongoose is a small , slender animal with short legs and small rounded ears located on the side of its head . it has soft short fur , usually pale to dark brown with golden flecks , but may vary seasonally and individually . it has a pale underside and a bushy tail , which is at least two thirds the length of its body . head and body length is from 25 cm to 41 cm . eyes are amber / brown in adults , blue / green in juveniles . adult weight is between 60 to 1200 grams . males tend to be slightly larger than females .
prater sh ( 1971 ) the book of indian animals . bombay natural history society , oxford university press , bombay
hays , w . s . t . and conant , s . 2003 . male social activity in the small indian mongoose herpestes javanicus . acta theriologica 48 : 485 - 494 .
barun , a . , budinski , i . & simberloff , d . 2008 . a ticking time - bomb ? the small indian mongoose in europe . aliens 26 , 14�16 .
roy , s . minimising the impacts of the introduced small indian mongoose on the native fauna of mauritius . mammal research unit , school of biological sciences , university of bristol , uk .
hays , w . s . t . and conant , s . 2007 . biology and impacts of pacific island invasive species . 1 . a worldwide review of effects of the small indian mongoose , herpestes javanicus ( carnivora : herpestidae ) . pacific science , 61 : 3 - 16 . summary : comprehensive review of worldwide effects of the small indian mongoose in it s introduced range
barun , a . ; budinski , i . and simberloff , d . 2008 . a ticking time - bomb ? the small indian mongoose in europe . aliens 26 : 14 - 16 .
coblentz , b . e . and coblentz , b . a 1985 . control of the indian mongoose herpestes auropunctatus on st john , us virgin islands . biological conservation 33 : 281� 288 .
the small indian mongoose ( herpestes javanicus ) was introduced as a biocontrol agent to control rats in cane fields but not particularly effective and the enormous cost to native species far outweighed any benefit .
coblentz , b . e . and coblentz , b . a 1985 . control of the indian mongoose herpestes auropunctatus on st john , us virgin islands . biological conservation 33 : 281– 288 .
the small indian mongoose has had a major impact on native species in the areas where it has been introduced . in most cases the native wildlife in these areas evolved in the absence of predatory mammals so they are particularly threatened by mongoose predation . species considered to have been driven extinct through mongoose predation are the barred - wing rail ( see
some mongooses are legendary snake fighters . the indian gray mongoose is particuarlly known for its fondness of fighting and eating poisonous snakes , such as cobras .
rikki - tikki - tavi
is a short story by rudyard kipling about a young mongoose that fights a cobra .
tvrtkovic , n . and kry�tufek , b . 1990 . small indian mongoose , herpestes auropunctatus ( hodgson 1836 ) on the adriatic islands of yugoslavia . bonner zoologische beitrage 41 : 3 - 8 .
smallest mongoose ( dwarf mongoose ) can reach 10 inch in length and weigh up to 0 , 5 pound . largest ( white - tailed mongoose ) can reach 28 - 30 inches in length and weigh up to 8 pounds .
simberloff , d . , dayan , t . , jones , c . and ogura , g . 2000 . character displacement and release in the small indian mongoose , herpestes javanicus . ecology 81 : 2086 - 2099 .
simberloff , d . , dayan , t . , jones , c . and ogura , g . 2000 . character displacement and release in the small indian mongoose , herpestes javanicus . ecology 81 : 2086 - 2099 .
the egyptian mongoose ( herpestes ichneumon ) is sometimes held as an example of a solitary mongoose , though they have been observed to work in groups also ( bies 2002 ) .
herpestes javanicus ( indian mongoose ) is a small , slim - bodied predator native to areas from iran , through india to myanmar ( burma ) and the malay peninsula . it has been introduced to islands such as mauritius , fij . . .
ranging in size from the 7 - inch - long dwarf mongoose to the 2 - foot - long egyptian mongoose ; these sleek mammals have long bodies with short legs and tapered snouts .
barun , a . ; simberloff , d . and budinski , i . 2010 . impact of the small indian mongoose ( herpestes auropunctatus ) on native amphibians and reptiles of the adriatic islands , croatia . animal conservation . 13 : 549 - 555 .
townsend , jason , 2006 . predation of a golden swallow ( tachycineta euchrysea ) nest by the indian mongoose ( herpestes javanicus ) in the sierta de bahoruco , dominican republic . j . carib . ornithol . 19 : 108 - 109 , 2006 .
there are 34 species of mongoose in 20 genera , according to the university of michigan ' s animal diversity web ( adw ) . with so many different types of mongoose , sizes vary greatly . their bodies range from the dwarf mongoose at 7 inches ( 18 centimeters ) long to the egyptian mongoose , which is 2 feet ( 60 cm ) long , according to national geographic .
many mongoose species have a very strong , unpleasant smell due to secretions from its anal glands .
walsh , m . t . 2007 . island subsistence : hunting trapping and translocation of wildlife in the western indian ocean . azania 42 : 83 - 113 .
some species of mongoose are very social and live in large groups called colonies . colonies can have as many as 50 members , according to adw . other species of mongoose like to live alone .
hoagland , donald b . ; kilpatrick , c . william , 1999 . genetic variation and differentiation among insular populations of the small indian mongoose ( herpestes javanicus ) . journal of mammalogy . 80 ( 1 ) . feb . , 1999 . 169 - 179 .
has already caused at least 7 amphibian and reptile extinctions in puerto rico and other islands in the west indies . the indian mongoose has been linked with either the proximate or ultimate cause of extinction in five endemic vertebrates in jamaica : one lizard - - giant galliwasp (
cirovic , d . ; rakovic , m . ; milenkovic , m . and paunovic m . 2010 . small indian mongoose herpestes auropunctatus ( herpestidae , carnivora ) : an invasive species in montenegro . � [ quick edit ] biological invasions 13 : 393 - 399 .
the honolulu zoo . last updated : 14 oct 2001 . ( 10 oct 2001 ) . mongoose .
in addition , mongoose are carriers of human and animal diseases , including rabies and human leptospira bacterium .
smith , d . g . ; polhemus , j . t . and vanderwerf , e . a . 2000 . efficacy of fish - flavored diphacinone bait blocks for controlling small indian mongoose ( herpestes auropunctatus ) populations in hawaii . ` elepaio 60 : 47 - 51 .
prater , s . h . ( 1971 ) . the book of indian animals . 3rd edn . bombay natural history society and oxford university press , mumbai , 324pp .
is solitary , lives in burrows and is diurnal . it feeds on a wide variety of small vertebrates , eggs and young of larger vertebrates ( e . g . sea turtle eggs ) , large invertebrates and occasionally , fruits and vegetation . the small indian mongoose has well developed carnassial teeth used to tear flesh . its feet have four or five digits each with long non retractile claws , which are adapted for digging up invertebrates . the small indian mongoose is a voracious and opportunistic predator of a variety of native species and live stock on islands where it has been introduced .
hays , w . s . t . and conant , s . 2007 . biology and impacts of pacific island invasive species . 1 . a worldwide review of effects of the small indian mongoose , herpestes javanicus ( carnivora : herpestidae ) . pacific science , 61 : 3 - 16 .
merriam - webster online dictionary . 2007 . mongoose . merriam - webster online dictionary . retrieved january 17 , 2008 .
urich , j . w . 1931 . the mongoose in trinidad . tropical . agriculture 8 : 95 - 97 .
thulin , c . - g . ; gyllenstrand , n . ; mccracken , g . ; simberloff , d . , 2002 . highly variable microsatellite loci for studies of introduced populations of the small indian mongoose ( herpestes javanicus ) . molecular ecology notes . 2 ( 4 ) . december 2002 . 453 - 455 .
mongooses are small carnivores , ranging from around 23 centimeters to 75 centimeters , with a weight from less than 1 kilogram to around 5 or 6 kilograms ( myers 2000 ) . most are brindled or grizzled ; few have strongly marked coats . typical coloration is gray or brown and of a single color , with the exception of the few that have stripes ( ( myers 2000 ) .
most species of mongoose are found in africa , but some also live in southern asia and the iberian peninsula , according to national geographic . some species of mongoose have been introduced into other areas of the world , such as caribbean and hawaiian islands .
veron g , patou m , pothet g , simberloff d , jennings a ( 2007 ) systematic status and biogeography of the javan and small indian mongooses ( herpestidae , carnivora ) . zool scr 36 : 1–10
ryoji fukuhara , takako yamaguchia , hiromi ukutab , sugot roy , junichi tanakaa and go ogura , 2010 . development and introduction of detection dogs in surveying for scats of small indian mongoose as invasive alien species . journal of veterinary behavior : clinical applications and research volume 5 , issue 2 , march - april 2010 , pages 101 - 111
blackpool zoo ( bz ) . 2007 . mongoose , mongeese , or mongooses . blackpool zoo . retrieved january 17 , 2008 .
highest priority . the iucn lists the small indian mongoose as one of the top 100 world ' s worst invaders . most endemic island species are naturally vulnerable , occurring in small isolated populations and ranging over small areas . based on the public health damages , killing of poultry , extinctions of amphibians , reptiles , and destruction of native birds , it is estimated that this mongoose is causing $ 50 million in damages each year in puerto rico and the hawaiian islands alone .
there are several species of mongooses in the traditional herpestidae subfamily galidiinae that some taxonomists now place in another family , eupleridae . this would expand the definition of mongoose to those mammals in the mongoose family herpestidae and those in the subfamily galidiinae of the family eupleridae .
the sri lankan and indian populations may be separate subspecies ; corbet and hill ( 1992 ) recognised four subspecies , fuscus , phillipsi , siccatus and rubidor ) , across the range . there is no recent taxonomic revision .
according to the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) , most mongoose species are listed as threatened , but not extinct .
yamada , 2002 . impacts and control of introduced small indian mongoose on amami island , japan . in turning the tide : the eradication of invasive species : 389 - 392 . veitch , c . r . and clout , m . n . ( eds ) . iucn ssc invasive species specialist group . iucn . gland . switzerland and cambridge . uk .
rasa , a . 1986 . mongoose watch : a family observed . garden city , ny : anchor press , doubleday . isbn 038523175x .
bryan , e . h . jr . 1938 . the much maligned mongoose . paradise of the pacific 50 ( 4 ) : 32�34 .
tomich , p . q . 1969 . movement patterns of the mongoose in hawaii . journal of wildlife management 33 : 576 - 584 .
small indian mongooses are generalist feeders , agile and have the ability to adapt to new surroundings . most islands lack predators and native species have not evolved anti predator tactics , providing a safe environment and an easy food base for mongooses .
baldwin ph , schwartz cw , schwartz er ( 1952 ) life history and economic status of the mongoose of hawaii . j mammal 33 : 335–356
adamski , m . 2004 . traps set to catch mongoose on kauai . star bulletin , february 25 , 2004 . retrieved january 17 , 2008 .
morley , c . g . 2004 . has the invasive mongoose herpestes javanicus yet reached the island of taveuni , fiji ? oryx 38 : 457�460 .
pimentel , d . 1955b . the control of the mongoose in puerto rico . american journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 4 : 147 - 151 .
williams c . b . 1918 . food of the mongoose in trinidad . bulletin of the department of agriculture , trinidad 17 : 167 - 186 .
mongooses live in burrows made of a complex system of tunnels or in trees in many different types of landscapes , including deserts and tropical forests . the bushy - tailed mongoose , for example , lives in lowland forests near rivers . the gambian mongoose lives in areas with grasslands , coastal scrub and forests .
watari , y . , takatsuki , s . , miyachita , t . 2008 . effects of exotic mongoose ( herpestes javanicus ) on the native fauna of amamai - oshima island , southern japan , estimated by distribution patterns along the historical gradient of mongoose invasion . biological invasions 18 : 7 - 17 .
watari , y . , takatsuki , s . , miyachita , t . 2008 . effects of exotic mongoose ( herpestes javanicus ) on the native fauna of amamai - oshima island , southern japan , estimated by distribution patterns along the historical gradient of mongoose invasion . biological invasions 18 : 7 - 17 .
herpestes javanicus ( indian mongoose ) is a small , slim - bodied predator native to areas from iran , through india to myanmar ( burma ) and the malay peninsula . it has been introduced to islands such as mauritius , fiji , the west indies and hawaii to control rats , particularly in sugar cane fields . unfortunately , native mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians and invertebrates proved to be easier prey and the mongoose has been responsible for at least three total species ' extinctions and many other local extinctions . it is also a vector for rabies .
at least seven species of native vertebrates , including mammals , birds , reptiles , and amphibians , have almost disappeared on amami - oshima island since the introduction of the mongoose in 1979 . the mongoose has been shown to have a strong negative effect on the ' endangered ( en ) ' amami rabbit ( see
nellis , d . w . and small , v . 1983 . mongoose predation on sea turtle eggs and nests . biotropica 15 : 159 - 160 .
: trapping is commonly used to remove small indian mongooses from sensitive areas . it is often very successful at removing animals in the short term . unfortunately , trapping programmes need to be run almost constantly as mongooses re - colonise trapped areas very quickly ( roy
hedges , s . 1997 . mongoose ' s secret is to copy its prey . new scientist , january 11 , 1997 . retrieved january 17 , 2008 .
) has had a major impact on native species in the areas where it has been introduced . in most cases the native wildlife in these areas evolved in the absence of predatory mammals so they are particularly threatened by mongoose predation . species considered to have been driven extinct through mongoose predation are the barred - wing rail ( see
hoagland db , horst gr , kilpatrick cw ( 1989 ) biogeography and population biology of the mongoose in the west indies . biogeography of the west indies 1989 : 611–634
pearson , o . and baldwin , p . 1953 . reproduction and age structure of a mongoose population in hawaii . journal of mammalogy 34 : 436 - 447 .
yamada , 2002 . impacts and control of introduced small indian mongoose on amami island , japan . in turning the tide : the eradication of invasive species : 389 - 392 . veitch , c . r . and clout , m . n . ( eds ) . iucn ssc invasive species specialist group . iucn . gland . switzerland and cambridge . uk . summary : eradication case study in turning the tide : the eradication of invasive species .
morley cg , mclenachan pa , lockhart pj ( 2007 ) evidence for the presence of a second species of mongoose in the fiji islands . pac conserv biol 13 : 29–34
nellis , d . w . 1982 . mongoose influence on the ecology of islands . � transactions of the international congress of game biologists . 14 : 311 - 314 .
seaman , g . a . and randall , j . e . 1962 . the mongoose as a predator in the virgin islands . journal of mammology 43 : 544�546 .
seaman , g . a . and randall , j . e . 1962 . the mongoose as a predator in the virgin islands . journal of mammology 43 : 544–546 .
veron , g . ; patou , m . l . ; pothet , g . ; simberloff , d . and jennings , a . p . 2007 . systematic status and biogeography of the javan and small indian mongooses ( herpestidae , carnivora ) . zoologica scripta 36 : 1 - 10 .
the mongoose emits a high - pitched noise , commonly known as giggling , when it mates . the giggling is also a form of courtship when this animal is choosing a mate .
barun , a . , simberloff , d . , tvrtkovic , n . & pascal , m . , 2011 . impact of the introduced small indian mongoose ( herpestes auropunctatus ) on abundance and activity time of the introduced ship rat ( rattus rattus ) and the small mammal community on adriatic islands , croatia . neobiota 11 ( 2011 ) : 51 - 61 doi : 10 . 3897 / neobiota . 11 . 1819 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed december 1 2011 ]
) are omnivorous and have a very varied diet . diet has not been investigated in the native range but a large number of studies have investigated diet in areas where the species has been introduced . small indian mongoose diet normally consists of mammals , birds , herpetofauna , invertebrates and plant material . proportions of these dietary items vary according to availability and location of the study . some populations are largely insectivorous ; others may eat a diet largely consisting of fruit for part of the year (
veron , geraldine ; patou , marie - lilith ; pothet , geraldine ; simberloff , daniel ; jennings , andrew p . , 2007 . systematic status and biogeography of the javan and small indian mongooses ( herpestidae , carnivora ) zoologica scripta . 36 ( 1 ) . jan 2007 . 1 - 10 .
pearson , o . p . and baldwin , p . h . 1953 . reproduction and age structure in a mongoose population in hawaii . journal of mammalogy 34 : 436 - 447 .
heinz , heather m . ; maley , abigail j . ; savit , aaron z . ; henderson , robert w . ; powell , robert , 2004 . behaviour and time allotment in the west indian snake alsophis rufiventris ( colubridae ) herpetological bulletin . ( 89 ) . fal 04 . 22 - 25 .
pitt , w . c . and sugihara , r . t . 2009 . spatial ( foraging distance ) and temporal ( time and frequency of visitation ) responses of marked small indian mongooses ( herpestes auropunctatus ) to selected food baits in hawaii . usda , aphis , ws , nwrc . hilo , hi , 81 pp .
ogura , go ; sakashita , mitsuhiro ; kawashima , yoshitsugu , 1998 . external morphology and classification of mongoose on okinawa island . honyurui kagaku . 38 ( 2 ) . 1998 . 259 - 270 .
mondadori , a . 1988 . mongoose . in great book of the animal kingdom , by m . p . mannucci and a . minelli , 301 . new york : arch cape press . isbn 0517667916 .
vilella , francisco j . , 1998 . biology of the mongoose ( herpestes javanicus ) in a rain forest of puerto rico . biotropica . 30 ( 1 ) . march , 1998 . 120 - 125 .
morley cg ( 2004b ) . actions speak louder than words : a call for preventing further mongoose invasions in fiji . in : proceedings of the 21st vertebrate pest conference , visalia , 1–4 march 2004 , pp 37–41
baldwin , p . , schwartz , c . w . and schwartz , e . r . 1952 . life history and economic status of the mongoose in hawaii . journal of mammalogy 33 : 335 - 356 .
nellis , d . w . and everard , c . o . r . 1983 . the biology of the mongoose in the caribbean . studies on the fauna of curacao and other caribbean islands 64 : 1�162 .
nellis , d . w . ; eichholz , n . f . ; regan , t . w . and feinstein , c . 1978 . mongoose in florida . wildlife society bulletin 6 : 249 - 250 .
nellis , d . w . and everard , c . o . r . 1983 . the biology of the mongoose in the caribbean . studies on the fauna of curacao and other caribbean islands 64 : 1–162 .
watari , yuya ; junco nagata & kimitake funakoshi , 2011 . new detection of a 30 - year - old population of introduced mongoose herpestes auropunctatus on kyushu island , japan . biol invasions ( 2011 ) 13 : 269�276
famously , some species of mongoose will boldly attack venomous snakes such as cobras . the most celebrated of these is rudyard kiplingâ€™s fictional rikki - tikki - tavi , based on an ancient fable and included in the jungle book .
nakama , h . and komizo , k . 2009 . on the mongoose in kiire - sesekushi - cho kagoshima city , kagoshima prefecture . bulletin of the kagoshima prefectural museum . 28 : 103 - 104 . ( in japanese )
less diverse than the viverrids , the 30 species and 11 genera of mongooses are assigned to only two subfamilies . the subfamily herpestinae comprises 30 species of african and asian mongooses , including the cape gray mongoose , the egyptian mongoose , and the meerkat or suricate . the traditional subfamily galidiinae is a small sub - family of malagasy carnivores . in 2006 , the galidiines were reclassified by some into the family eupleridae , having previously been considered members of the family herpestidae .
peters , d . ; wilson , l . ; mosher , s . ; rohrer , j . ; hanley , j . ; nadig , a . ; silbernagle , m . ; nishimoto , m . and jeffrey , j . 2011 . small indian mongoose � management and eradication using doc 250 kill traps , first lessons from hawaii . in : veitch , c . r . ; clout , m . n . and towns , d . r . ( eds . ) . island invasives : eradication and management . iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) , gland , switzerland , pp . xx .
hoagland , d . b . , horst , g . r . and kilpatrick , c . w . 1989 . biogeography and population ecology of the mongoose in the west indies . biogeography of west indies 1989 : 6111 - 6134 .
various authorities state that technically the plural of mongoose is
mongooses ,
because the irregular plural ( policeman to policemen , goose to geese ) is not used for a compound word that is not of the same nature as the root word ; that is , a mongoose is not a type of goose ( pinker 1999 ; bz 2007 ; viney 2007 ) . there are , however , dictionary references that recognize
mongeese
as an acceptable plural ( merriam - webster 2007 ) .
banded mongoose colonies live , travel and fight together as a team . they stay in one area for around a week , then move in a wave to another location , much like a flock of birds when they migrate , according to animal planet .
hanson , c . c . 2007 . restoring the goat islands for creating a suitable environment for reintroducing jamaican iguanas : goat , cat , and mongoose eradication plan - 2007 - draft - 03 . unpublished report , island conservation , santa cruz , ca .
nagayama , yasuhiko ; ogura , go ; kawashima , yoshitsugu , 2001 . morphometry of skulls and statistical verification of mongoose ( herpestes javanicus ) on okinawa and amami ohshima islands . honyurui kagaku . 41 ( 2 ) . december , 2001 . 159 - 169 .
the mongooses belong to one of four families of terrestrial cat - like mammals descended from the viverravines , which were civet / genet - like mammals . the mongoose family is a close evolutionary relation of the family viverridae and mongooses are sometimes classified as members of this family .
morley , craig g . ; mclenachan , patricia a . ; lockhart , peter j . , 2007 . evidence for the presence of a second species of mongoose in the fiji islands . pacific conservation biology . 13 ( 1 ) . mar 2007 . 29 - 34 .
funakoshi , k . ; kubo , s . ; nakumo , s . ; shioya , k . ; okada , s . , 2007 . the distribution of invasive small indian mongooses , herpestes javanicus , on amami - ohshima island based on the use of tracking - tunnels . japanese journal of conservation ecology [ jap . j . conserv . ecol . ] . vol . 12 , no . 2 , pp . 156 - 162 . nov 2007 .
there hasn’t been much study on the reproduction habits of the mongoose . it is believed that mongooses breed during march to may and october to december , according to adw . mongooses have gestation periods of 42 to 105 days and give birth to one to four offspring at a time .
everard , c . o . r . and everard , j . d . 1985 . mongoose rabies in grenada . in bacon , p . j . ( ed . ) population dynamics of rabies in wildlife , academic press inc . , london , uk : 43 - 69 .
abe , s . ; takatsuki , y . ; handa , y . and nigi , h . 1991 . establishment in the wild of the mongoose ( herpestes sp . ) on amami - oshima island . honyurui kagaku . 31 : 23 - 36 . ( in japanese with english summary )
mongooses are weasel - like creatures that belong to the group of carnivores . there are 33 mongoose species ; they live in europe , asia and africa . mongooses like rocky areas , but they can be found in forests and semi - aquatic areas . since they are easily adaptable , they are not endangered .
ironically , in the 1800s mongooses were introduced to hawaii and the west indies to control rodent populations at sugarcane plantations . this introduction in turn caused many species of birds and other animals to almost become extinct . in fact , the small asian mongoose is listed as one of the world ' s 100 worst invasive alien species .
mongoose ( plural mongooses ) is the common name for any member of the small
cat - like
carnivorous mammals comprising the old world family herpestidae , characterized by a long , slender body , short legs , long tail , small and round head with short muzzle , and ears low on the side of the head .
the small indian mongoose is reported to prefer dry habitats and this is supported by the observation that trap success falls to zero in rainy weather in most cases . habitat preferences in the native range have not been investigated but it seems the species prefers grassland and secondary growth to dense forest . mongooses are also found around human habitation . studies on caribbean islands have shown a clear preference for dry natural areas are preferred over rainy areas . mongooses reach dense population on hawai’i and in this case they begin to exploit wet areas ( hays and conant , 2007 ) . in mauritius tended to be found in rocky areas , riparian habitats and mature forest over scrub , long grass ( sugar cane plantations ) , short grass and paths ( roy et al . 2002 ) . in puerto rico male mongooses from the rain forest areas were larger than those in dry forests ( vilella , 1998 ) .
) suffered drastic decline in numbers in the 19th century presumably due to predation by mongoose ( capable of taking incubating adults ) and rats ( birdlife international 2004 ) . mongooses have also been implicated in the decline of many other bird , reptile and mammal species . mongooses also eat invertebrates but the impact of this predation on invertebrate populations has not been studied .
leighton , patrick a . ; horrocks , julia a . ; krueger , barry h . ; beggs , jennifer a . ; kramer , donald l . , 2008 . predicting species interactions from edge responses : mongoose predation on hawksbill sea turtle nests in fragmented beach habitat . proceedings of the royal society biological sciences series b . 275 ( 1650 ) . nov 7 2008 . 2465 - 2472 .
ogura , go ; sasaki , takeshi ; toyama , masanao ; takehara , kenji ; nakachi , manabu ; ishibashi , osamu ; kawashima , yoshitsugu ; oda , sen - ichi , 2002 . food habits of the feral small asian mongoose ( herpestes javanicus ) and impacts on native species in the northern part of okinawa island . honyurui kagaku . 42 ( 1 ) . june , 2002 . 53 - 62 .
horst , g . r . ; hoagland , d . b . and kilpatrick , c . w . 2001 . the mongoose in the west indies - the biogeography of an introduced species . in : woods , c . a . and sergile , f . e . ( eds . ) . biogeography of west indies : new patterns and perspectives , crc press , boca raton , florida , pp . 407 - 422 .
roy , s . s . , c . g . jones and s . harris . , 2002 . an ecological basis for control of mongoose herpestes javanicus in mauritius : is eradication possible ? in turning the tide : the eradication of invasive species : 266 - 273 . veitch , c . r . and clout , m . n . ( eds ) . iucn ssc invasive species specialist group . iucn . gland . switzerland and cambridge . uk .
mongooses are a common spectacle for road - side shows in india . snake - charmers typically keep mongooses for mock fights with snakes . in okinawa , japan , there is a tourist attraction where a mongoose and a type of local venomous snake , the habu ( one of various trimeresurus species ) , are placed in a closed perimeter and allowed to fight , while spectators watch . however , due to pressure from animal rights activists , the spectacle is less common today .
roy , s . s . , c . g . jones and s . harris . , 2002 . an ecological basis for control of mongoose herpestes javanicus in mauritius : is eradication possible ? in turning the tide : the eradication of invasive species : 266 - 273 . veitch , c . r . and clout , m . n . ( eds ) . iucn ssc invasive species specialist group . iucn . gland . switzerland and cambridge . uk . summary : eradication case study in turning the tide : the eradication of invasive species .
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, ihre systematik , ökologie , verbreitung und ihre zusammenhänge mit den afrikanischen arten . z säugetierkunde 14 : 113–219
corbet gb , hill je ( 1992 ) the mammals of the indomalayan region : a systematic review . oxford university press , oxford
gilchrist js , jennings ap , veron g , cavallini p ( 2009 ) family herpestidae . in : wilson d , mittermeier ra ( eds ) handbook of the mammals of the world , vol 1 , carnivores . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp 262–328
( carnivora : viverridae ) in the fijian islands . j zool 175 : 273–278
( carnivora : viverridae ) relative to the evolution of social viverrids . j zool 187 : 65–73
honacki jh , kinman ke , koeppl jw ( eds ) ( 1982 ) mammal species of the world . allen press inc . and the association of systematics collections , lawrence , ks
husson am ( 1960 ) het voorkomen van de mungo in surinam . lutra 2 : 12–13
kuruyawa j , osborne t , thomas n , rounds i , morrison c , morley cg ( 2004 ) . distribution , abundance and conservation status of the fijian ground frog (
mudappa d ( 1998 ) use of camera - traps to survey small carnivores in the tropical rain forest of kalakad - mundanthurai tiger reserve , india . small carnivore conservation 18 : 9–11
in the tropical forests of the western ghats , india . dissertation , bharathiar university coimbatore
palmeirim jm , champion a , naikatini a , niukula j , tuiwawa m , fisher m , yabaki - gounder m , thorsteinsdottir s , qalovaki s , dunn t ( 2007 ) distribution , status and conservation of the bats of the fiji islands . oryx 41 : 509–519
pernetta jc , watling d ( 1978 ) the introduced and native terrestrial vertebrates of fiji . pac sci 32 : 223–244
pocock ri ( 1937 ) the mongooses of british india , including ceylon and burma . j bombay nat hist soc 39 : 211–245
watling d ( 2001 ) a guide to the birds of fiji and western polynesia , including american samoa , niue , samoa , tokelau , tonga , tuvalu and wallis & futuna . environmental consultant ( fiji ) ltd , suva , fiji
wenzel e , haltenorth t ( 1972 ) system der schleichkatzen ( viverridae ) . säugetierkunde mitt 20 : 110–127
wozencraft cw ( 1993 ) order carnivora . in : wilson de , reeder dm ( eds ) mammal species of the world , 2nd edn . smithsonian institution , washington , dc , pp 279–348
wozencraft cw ( 2005 ) mammal species of the world . in : wilson de , reeder dm ( eds ) a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd edn . smithsonian institution press , washington & london
zug gr ( 1991 ) the lizards of fiji : natural history and systematics . bishop museum press , honolulu
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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we have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .
r . sreehari , sandeep das , m . gnanakumar , k . p . rajkumar , k . a . sreejith , navaneeth kishor , dhaneesh bhaskar , p . s . easa , p . o . nameer
herpestes fuscus ; peppara wildlife sanctuary ; shendurney wildlife sanctuary ; pampadum shola national park .
corbet , g . b . and j . e . hill ( 1992 ) . mammals of the indo - malayan region : a systematic review . oxford university press , oxford , uk .
iucn . ( 2012 ) . iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 . second edition . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk : iucn . iv + 32pp .
johnsingh , a . j . t . ( 2001 ) . the kalakad - mundanthurai tiger reserve : a global heritage of biological diversity . current science 80 ( 3 ) : 378–388 ; urltoken
karanth , k . u . ( 1986 ) . status of wildlife and habitat conservation in karnataka . journal of bombay natural history society 83 : 166–179 .
mudappa , d . ( 1998 ) . use of camera - traps to survey small carnivores in the tropical rainforest of kalakad - mundanthurai tiger reserve , india . small carnivore conservation 18 : 9–11 ; urltoken
mudappa , d . ( 2002 ) . observations of small carnivores in the kalakad - mundanthurai tiger reserve , western ghats , india . small carnivore conservation 27 : 4 - 5 ; urltoken
mudappa , d . ( 2013 ) . herpestids , viverrids and mustelids , pp . 471–498 . in : johnsingh a . j . t . & n . manjrekar ( eds . ) . mammals of south asia , volume 1 , university press , hydrabad , india , lxviii + 613pp .
mudappa , d . , b . r . noon , a . kumar & r . chellam ( 2007 ) . responses of small carnivores to rainforest fragmentation in the southern western ghats , india . small carnivore conservation 36 : 18–26 ;
muddapa , d . , a . choudhury , c . wozencraft & p . yonzon ( 2008 ) . herpestes fuscus . in iucn 2014 . 2014 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 09 march 2015 ; urltoken
nameer , p . o . ( 2015 ) . checklist of mammals of south asia , pp . 720–739 . in : johnsingh a . j . t . & n . manjrekar ( eds . ) . mammals of south asia , volume 2 . university press , hydrabad , india , lxxv + 739pp .
navya , r . , v . athreya , d . mudappa & s . raman ( 2014 ) . assessing leopard occurrence in the plantation landscape of valparai , anamalai hills . current science 107 ( 9 ) : 1381–1385 ; urltoken
pocock , r . i . ( 1939 ) . the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma . vol . 1 . taylor and francis , london , 503pp .
srinivas , g . , s . babu , h . n . kumara & s . molur ( 2013 ) . assessing the status and distribution of large mammals in high wavy and its environs , southern western ghats , technical report . zoo outreach organisation & cbsg south asia , coimbatore , india , 64pp .
wilson , d . e . & r . a . mittermeier ( 2009 ) . handbook of mammals of the world . vol . 1 . carnivores . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain , 727pp .
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mongooses are primarily found in africa , their range covering most of the continent . some species occupy parts of southern asia and the iberian peninsula . they are generally terrestrial mammals , but some are semi - aquatic , and others are at home in the treetops .
mongooses live in burrows and are nondiscriminatory predators , feeding on small animals such as rodents , birds , reptiles , frogs , insects , andworms . some species supplement their diet with fruits , nuts , and seeds . creative hunters , they are known to break open bird eggs by throwing them with their forepaws toward a solid object .
in the 1800s mongooses were introduced to several islands in hawaii and the west indies in order to control the rodent populations on sugarcane plantations . today this effort has come back to haunt these islands as mongooses threaten the survival of various native species , particularly birds . however , in their natural environments mongooses are currently threatened themselves due to habitat loss .
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afghanistan , bangladesh , bhutan , burma , cambodia , china , india , indonesia , iran , malaysia , nepal , pakistan , thailand , vietnam .
found on the islands of hawaii , maui , molokai and oahu . so far , it has been successfully kept out of kauai .
established in antigua , anguilla , caribbean , comores , costa rica , cuba , dominican republic , fiji , hawaii ( 1883 ) , jamaica ( 1872 ) , japan , mauritius , puerto rico , surinam , west indies ( 1870 ' s ) , and the island of korcula in the mediterranean , and other tropical regions .
introduced to islands for biological control of rats and snakes in agricultural ( sugarcane ) habitats , from which the animals have quickly spread throughout the surrounding areas .
has both a high rate of reproduction ( breeds two or three times a year , litters of three ) and a young age of first reproduction ( females can breed at the age of 10 weeks ) . a female can produce up to 36 individuals in a typical four year life span .
is a predator of birds ( especially ground nesters ) , small mammals and reptiles ( especially snakes and iguanas ) . its impact on invertebrates is not known . it is a vector and reservoir of rabies and leptospirosis in puerto rico and other islands and causes economic losses to game species and the poultry industry .
trapping has been used extensively on many nature reserves . animals have also been shot or poisoned , using either drops of poison or baiting with poisoned carrion . the success of these control methods was not noted . because of the widespread destruction to native fauna , it is currently illegal to import mongooses into the united states . laws should discourage further human facilitated introductions on island or other non - native habitats . more studies need to be done on the ecology , population structure , density , distribution and rates of recolonization after population removal from selected areas of
to develop models to evaluate the effectiveness of different management regimes . one such study was proposed for mauritius , using methods such as mark and recapture , radio telemetry and dietary analysis .
creekmore , t . e . et al . 1994 . field evaluation of baits and baiting strategies for delivering oral vaccine to mongooses in antigua , west indies .
hussain , s . a . ( 10 oct 2001 ) . mustelids , viverrids and herpestids of india : species profile and conservation status .
invasive species specialist group . last updated : 10 sept 2001 . ( 8 oct 2001 ) global invasive species database
pimental , d . et al . 12 june 1999 . ( 8 oct 2001 ) . environmental and economic costs associated with non - indigenous species in the united states .
the smithsonian institution . 1993 . ( 8 oct 2001 ) . msw scientific names .
mongooses are long , furry creatures with a pointed face and a bushy tail . despite popular belief , mongooses are not rodents . they are members of the herpestidae family , which also includes civets and meerkats .
mom , elvina , and dad , elmo , are busy with the playful babies .
mongooses are active during the day and sleep at night . throughout the day , they chatter incessantly to each other , and combine discrete units of sound somewhat like human speech , using vowel and syllable combinations to possibly coordinate group movements , foraging information and other important messages .
mongooses are omnivores , which means they eat both meat and vegetation . typically , they prefer to eat small animals such as birds , reptiles , fish , snakes , crabs , rodents , frogs , insects and worms . they will also supplement their diet with eggs , nuts , fruits , roots , berries and seeds . to get into eggs , mongooses are known to crack the eggs against hard objects , according to national geographic .
baby mongooses are called pups and a group of offspring is called a litter . it is believed that mongooses become fully mature between 9 months to 2 years of age and live from 6 to 10 years in the wild .
mongooses can live for up to 20 years in captivity , according to national geographic .
poachers tried to kill rhinos in south african reserve . instead , a pride of lions killed them .
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mongooses are carnivores ( meat - eaters ) . they eat rodents , birds , frogs , insects , eggs .
they use solid object to crash the shell of the egg or they throw eggs to the hard surface to break them .
mongooses are very fast and agile creatures . they can defeat venomous snake thanks to these features .
they have become immune to snake toxins and they can survive more than one snake bite in their lifetime .
some mongooses are solitary , while other live in large groups called
packs
.
large group of mongooses protect their young by attacking predators with their sharp claws .
they have non - retractable claws , which mean that they can ' t hide them when they want . their claws are visible all the time .
once annually , they produce high - pitched sounds called
giggling
to inform others that they are ready for mating .
female has one litter per year that consists of 4 babies . they are born blind .
mongooses live around 4 years in the wild and up to 20 years in captivity .
mongooses are popularly known , particularly because some have a noted ability to kill venomous snakes . mongooses also have been utilized by people to kill household pests like rats , and , being easily domesticated , they are often kept as pets . ecologically , they are important for terrestrial ecosystems as part of food chains , feeding on insects , birds , crabs , lizards , rodents , and eggs , and being food for larger carnivores and birds of prey .
mongooses are members of carnivora , an order of placental animals that includes such familiar groups as bears , foxes , cats , hyenas , skunks , otters , raccoons , and so forth . carnivora is typically divided into the suborders caniformia ( dog - like ) and feliformia ( cat - like ) . mongooses are placed in the suborder feliformia , and together with the hyenas ( family hyaenidae ) and malagasy carnivores ( eupleridae ) are placed in the superfamily herpestoidea .
until recently , species in the herpestidae family were classified in the viverridae family with civets ( postanowicz 2007 ) . however , as shown in the works of wilson and reeder ( 1993 ) , the herpestids are genetically and morphologically distinct from the viverrids ( postanowicz 2007 ) .
mainly african , mongooses also are widely distributed in asia , the caribbean , and southern europe . there are more than thirty species . myers ( 2000 ) lists 34 species in about 20 genera , with several of these genera restricted to madagascar and placed in their own subfamily , galidiinae . note , however , that in 2006 some have reclassified the galidiines into another family eupleridae , and list only one subfamily of mongooses , the herpestinae , consisting of about 29 or 30 species .
in contrast to the arboreal , nocturnal viverrids , mongooses are more commonly terrestrial and many are active during the day .
some species of mongooses will usually lead solitary lives , seeking out food only for themselves , while others travel in groups , known as mongaggles . in these larger groups , they will tend to cooperate and share food among themselves .