tarebia granifera , common name ( in the aquarium industry ) the quilted melania , is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family thiaridae .

this snail is native to south-eastern asia , but it has become established as an invasive species in numerous other areas .

tarebia granifera

canonical name : tarebia granifera mauiensis name string : tarebia granifera subsp . mauiensis brot , 1877
in some specialized literature these species can be named tarebia granifera or tarebia laterilia .
no one has contributed data records for tarebia granifera granifera yet . learn how to contribute .
fig . 2 . map showing the known distribution of tarebia granifera in south africa .
summary of physical and chemical parameters , and tarebia granifera populations in maputaland estuaries and coastal lakes .
average distribution of tarebia granifera activity ( % ) classified into . . . | download scientific diagram
[ a preliminary study of variation in tarebia granifera ( lamarck ) , río hatibonico , camagüey ] .
[ importance of tarebia granifera in the control of a population of biomphalaria peregrina introduced in cuba ] .
ecophysiology and population dynamics of the alien invasive gastropod tarebia granifera in the isimangaliso wetland park , south africa .
chen , k - j . , 2003 . a preliminary study on the reproductive ecology of the freshwater snail tarebia granifera
genus tarebia h . adams and a . adams , 1854 ( type species : melania granifera lamarck , 1816 ) .
[ a preliminary study of variation in tarebia granifera ( lamarck ) , río hatibonico , camagüey ] . - pubmed - ncbi
[ importance of tarebia granifera in the control of a population of biomphalaria peregrina introduced in cuba ] . - pubmed - ncbi
[ the distribution and possible competition between melanoides tuberculata and tarebia granifera ( prosobranchia : thiaridae ) in lake hanabanilla , cuba ] .
fig . 1 . adult tarebia granifera from lake st lucia , kwazulu - natal , south africa ( shell height 22 . 0 mm ) .
[ the distribution and possible competition between melanoides tuberculata and tarebia granifera ( prosobranchia : thiaridae ) in lake hanabanilla , cuba ] . - pubmed - ncbi
invasive mollusks tarebia granifera lamarck , 1822 and corbicula fluminea müller , 1774 in the tuxpam and tecolutla rivers , mexico : spatial and seasonal distribution patterns .
a t . granifera = shell height ≥10 mm ; t . granifera juveniles = shell height ≤5 mm ; all other gastropods were adults .
madhyastha , a . and j . dutta . 2012 . tarebia granifera . the iucn red list of threatened species 2012 : e . t165813a1102513 . downloaded on 11 september 2015
tarebia lateritia ( lea and lea , 1851 ) is a likely synonym ( cowie , 1997 ) .
in addition to the two lymnaeids , other snail species were found in the five studied sites : pomacea poeyana , physa cubensis , pyrgophorus coronatus , corbicula fluminea , and tarebia granifera .
table 2 . selected reproductive characteristics of t . granifera and m . tuberculata .
measurement of c , n , and p stoichiometry of t . granifera body tissue .
ben - ami , f . , 2006 . first report of the invasive freshwater snail tarebia granifera ( lamarck , 1816 ) ( gastropoda : thiaridae ) from israel . ― the nautilus 120 : 156 - 161 .
yong , m . , r . sanchez , g . perera , r . ferrer , & o . amador , 1987 . seasonal studies of two populations of tarebia granifera . ― walkerana 2 : 159 - 163 .
miranda , nelson a . f . ; perissinotto , renzo ; appleton , christopher c . ( 2010 ) salinity and temperature tolerance of the invasive freshwater gastropod tarebia granifera , south african journal of science 106 : 1 - 7
introduction of tarebia granifera ( gastropoda : thiaridae ) to the west indies occurred via both accidental and intentional pathways ( fig . 1 ) . initial introduction of this parthenogenetic snail to the neotropics from asia is presumed to have been a consequence of the aquarium trade , though intentional introductions have occurred in an attempt to reduce schistosomaisis outbreaks [ 21 ] . tarebia granifera is now found worldwide throughout the topics and subtropics , though the ecological impacts of invasion remain largely unknown .
appleton , c . c . & d . s . nadasan , 2002 . first report of tarebia granifera ( lamarck , 1816 ) ( gastropoda : thiaridae ) from africa . ― journal of molluscan studies 68 : 399 - 402 .
the shells of this species are very polymorphic . a highly invasive species that has spread throughout the tropical world and can displace native gastropods as well as causing damage to water systems by clogging pipes and machinery . tarebia does not yet occur in australia but is mentioned here as there is a possibility tarebia granifera could be introduced via the aquarium trade or by some other means .
this study focuses only on situations where spatial overlap existed between the invasive gastropod tarebia granifera and another single native gastropod species . yet the spatial distribution of t . granifera can simultaneously overlap with that of several species at a time [ 26 ] . however , this study does not address the greater complexity of interactions between multiple gastropod species in the same area .
chaniotis , br , butler , jm , ferguson , ff , and wr jobin . 1980 . bionomics of tarebia granifera ( gastropoda : thiaridae ) in puerto rico , an asiatic vector of paragonimiasis westermani . carib j sci . 16 ( 1 - 4 ) .
ferrer lópez , j . r . , g . perera de puga , & m . yong cong , 1989 . estudio de la morfometría de los 4 poblaciones de tarebia granifera en condiciones de laboratorio . ― revista cubana de medicina tropical 43 : 26 - 30 .
benson , a . j . , 2018 , tarebia granifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 3 / 7 / 2017 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of tarebia granifera are found here .
vega , r . de la , l . d . fernández , a . q . espinosa & a . m . h . garcia , 2003 . modificación del coeficiente peso / area del pié en relación en tarebia granifera . ― revista da saúde pública 37 : 297 - 302 .
tarebia granifera populations tended to be concentrated in dense patches . to assess spatial overlap between t . granifera and other gastropods , 4 point transects were placed parallel to the shore line and across patches of t . granifera . transects were selected where t . granifera overlapped with a single native gastropod species . transect lengths varied depending on the area covered by the t . granifera patch . points were placed at even spaces so that points 1 and 4 were at the edge of the t . granifera patch and points 2 and 3 were within the patch . samples were collected in triplicate with a zabalocki - type ekman grab ( sampling area 0 . 0236 m 2 ) and fixed in 10 % formalin . in the laboratory , gastropods were counted and densities ( ind . m −2 ) were calculated . shell heights ( sh ) were measured with vernier calipers . salinity was measured with a ysi 6920 multiprobe .
stoichiometry of t . granifera body tissue . mean ( ±1se ) body tissue c : n and c : p of t . granifera ( shell removed ) in open and closed canopy habitat . ram = ramdeen stream , ari = aripo river .
granifera snails are more slow compared to melanoides tuberculata . this concerns both the speed they move and adaptivity and breeding progress .
fernández , l . d . , a . e . casalis , a . m . masa & m . v . perez , 1992 . estudio preliminar de la variación de tarebia granifera ( lamarck ) , río hatibonico , camagüey . ― revista cubana de medicina tropical 44 : 66 - 70 .
citation : moslemi jm , snider sb , macneill k , gilliam jf , flecker as ( 2012 ) impacts of an invasive snail ( tarebia granifera ) on nutrient cycling in tropical streams : the role of riparian deforestation in trinidad , west indies . plos one 7 ( 6 ) : e38806 . urltoken
chaniotis , byron n . ; butler , j . miles jr . ; ferguson , frederick f . ; jobin , william r . ( 1980b ) bionomics of tarebia granifera ( gastropoda : thiaridae ) in puerto rico , an asiatic vector of paragonimus westermanni , caribbean journal of science 16 : 81 - 90
michelson , e . , 1992 . thiara granifera : a victim of authoritarianism ? ― malacological review 25 : 67 - 71 .
chaniotis , b . n . , j . m . butler , f . f . ferguson & w . r . jobin , 1980a . bionomics of tarebia granifera ( gastropoda : thiaridae ) in puerto rico , an asian vector of paragonimiasis westermani . ― caribbean journal of science 16 : 81 - 89 .
chaniotis , b . n . , j . m . butler , f . f . ferguson & w . r . jobin , 1980b . presence of males in puerto rican thiara ( tarebia ) granifera ( gastropoda : thiaridae ) , a snail thought to be parthenogenetic . ― caribbean journal of science 16 : 95 - 97 .
appleton , c . c . , forbes , a . t . , & demetriades , n . t . ( 2009 ) . the occurrence , bionomics and potential impacts of the invasive freshwater snail tarebia granifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) ( gastropoda : thiaridae ) in south africa . zool med leiden 83 : 525 - 536 .
moslemi , jennifer m . ; snider , sunny b . ; macneill , keeley ; gilliam , james f . ; flecker , alexander s . ( 2012 ) impacts of an invasive snail ( tarebia granifera ) on nutrient cycling in tropical streams : the role of riparian deforestation in trinidad , west indies , plos one 7 : e38806
. . . scabra ) and tarebia granifera ( t . granifera ) are the primary intermediate host for h . taichui , h . pumilio , c . formosanus [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] , while t . granifera and stenomelania newcombi are the primary intermediate hosts for stellantchasmus falcatus [ 19 ] . in northern thailand , there have been a number of a rt i c l e i n f o a b s t r ac t objective : to investigate the prevalence of pleurophocercous cercariae infection in thiarid snails from natural infection in 12 provinces of northern thailand . . . .
a study was carried out along three years , on distribution and possible competence between the two thiarid species present in lake hanabanilla , cuba : melanoides tuberculata and tarebia granifera . both species presented significant differences as to its abundance within a determined microhabitat , but they could match their densities for the total sampled area . these variations were mainly due to the ratio of juveniles in each species . interaction was only detected when high abundance values were reached and some limitation resource existed ( mainly in the nearest area to the shore ) . both thiarids presented a high nest width , but tarebia granifera was slightly higher ; besides , this species was dominant at the end of the study at most of the sampled areas .
chaniotis , byron n . ; butler , j . miles jr . ; ferguson , frederick f . ; jobin , william r . ( 1980a ) thermal limits , dessication tolerance , and humidity reactions of thiara ( tarebia ) granifera mauiensis ( gastropoda : thiaridae ) host of the asiatic lung fluke disease , caribbean journal of science 16 : 91 - 93
fig . 3 . one of two malformed t . granifera ( 15 . 4 mm ) recovered from the nseleni river , northern kwazulu - natal .
lately , another kind of melanoides snails has appeared in tanks – melanoides granifera . in my opinion , they are more good - looking than their relatives .
fig . 5 . size distributions of t . granifera sampled in ( a ) the nseleni river and ( b ) lake msingazi in northern kwazulu - natal .
this study aimed to address two questions : 1 ) is gastropod community structure influenced by a small number of key environmental factors ? 2 ) what are the longer term effects of environmental change on t . granifera within a variable estuarine setting ? the size structure of t . granifera ( in terms of shell height size classes ) has previously only been described for freshwater bodies and in the laboratory . differences in population density and size structure over time and under different environmental conditions revealed how t . granifera populations persisted during unfavorable periods and then recovered . t . granifera ' s reproductive output was tentatively assessed in terms of number of unborn juveniles in the brood pouch .
data were collected at catalina bay , in the st . lucia estuary from 2007 to 2011 at quarterly intervals . the black horizontal bar represents a closed mouth phase , the white bar represents the presence of a freshwater pond , and the grey bar represents the desiccation of most of the sampling area . species : tarebia granifera , assiminea cf . ovata , aplexa marmorata , haminoea natalensis and stylocheilus striatus .
pearson correlations ( r is the correlation coefficient ; n = 60 for every case ) between microphytobenthic ( mpb ) biomass , tarebia granifera , native gastropod densities and corresponding contribution of mpb to their diets . diets were estimated by a stable isotope mixing model . samples were collected at three coastal lakes in maputaland . native gastropods were haminoea natalensis , assiminea cf . ovata , bulinus natalensis and melanoides tuberculata .
. . . scabra ) and tarebia granifera ( t . granifera ) are the primary intermediate host for h . taichui , h . pumilio , c . formosanus [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] , while t . granifera and stenomelania newcombi are the primary intermediate hosts for stellantchasmus falcatus [ 19 ] . in northern thailand , there have been a number of a rt i c l e i n f o a b s t r ac treports that have dealt with the occurrence of pleurophocercous cercaria ( heterophyid trematode ) in thiarid snails . dechruksa et al . discovered the parapleurolophocercous cercaria and xiphidiocercaria in thairid snails with an overall prevalence of 0 . 90 % at phitsanulok province [ 20 ] . . . .
tarebia granifera is both parthenogenetic and ovoviviparous , characteristics which are undoubtedly key to its success as an invader . although no males have been found amongst hundreds dissected from kwazulu - natal , it is probable that a few are present . males were found in most ( 6 / 7 ) populations examined in puerto rico by chaniotis et al . ( 1980b ) but were generally uncommon at up to 22 . 7 % of the population ( mean 4 . 6 % ) . live sperm were present in the testes of these males but the genitalia were apparently non - functional . tucker abbott ( 1952 ) failed to find sperm in the gonads of male t . granifera from florida . most t . granifera are therefore clones of the female parent .
it is important to note too that three of the mollusc species mentioned above , viz . c . ferruginea , l . ovum and c . wahlbergi , reach the southern limits of their african distributions in north - eastern kwazulu - natal ( appleton , 1977 ) – the area now colonized by t . granifera . being at the limits of their ranges , these species may be particularly vulnerable to interference from dense populations of t . granifera . studies on the ecological impact of t . granifera are urgently needed .
naranjo - garcía , e . , m . e . diupotex - chong , & r . f . gonzalez , 2005 . tarebia granifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : pachychilidae ) en el lago de catemaco , veracruz , méxico . ― abstracts of vi congreso latinamericano de malacologia , instituto smithsonian de investigaciones tropicales , panamá , república de panamá , 4 - 7 julio , 2005 : 89 .
prentice ma 1983 . displacement of biomphalaria glabrata by the snail thiara granifera in field habitats in st lucia , west indies . ann trop med parasitol 77 : 51 - 59 .
granifera snail habits differ a bit from the ones of its relatives . besides , these snails are more thermophilic , more demanding as for the substrate content , but at the same time they are less attached to it . an ideal substrate for granifera snail is the one with grains size 1 - 2 mm , i . e . only large grained sand .
this study aims to : ( 1 ) use gut content and stable isotope analyses to estimate the diets of t . granifera and other dominant gastropod populations ; and ( 2 ) estimate dietary niche overlap between invasive t . granifera and native gastropods . the framework of this field - based study also assesses spatial overlap between gastropods as well as availability of food in the form of benthic microalgae . the potential of t . granifera to affect trophic dynamics , and compete with native gastropods for food resources , is discussed in light of the findings .
chaniotis , br , butler , jm , ferguson , ff , and wr jobin . 1980 . bionomics of tarebia granifera ( gastropoda : thiaridae ) in puerto rico , an asiatic vector of paragonimiasis westermani . carib j sci . 16 ( 1 - 4 ) . abbott , rt . 1952 . a study on an intermediate snail host ( thiara granifera ) of the oriental lung fluke ( paragonimus ) . in : proceedings of the united states national museum . vol 102 ( p . 71 - 116 ) . online sources : urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken experts : david rogowski - texas tech university - david . rogowski @ urltoken
the quilted melania , tarebia granifera is a relatively small freshwater snail with an operculum ranging in size from 6 - 40mm , average of 25mm . the shell is elongate and spiraled with several rows of beads which gives the shell a
quilted
appearance . it ' s color is light to yellowish brown , often flecked with reddish - brown spots . the shell has between 7 - 11 whorls at adulthood . maturity is reached , on average , 122 days after birth .
the quilted melania , tarebia granifera is a relatively small freshwater snail with an operculum ranging in size from 6 - 40mm , average of 25mm . the shell is elongate and spiraled with several rows of beads which gives the shell a
quilted
appearance . it ' s color is light to yellowish brown , often flecked with reddish - brown spots . the shell has between 7 - 11 whorls at adulthood . maturity is reached , on average , 122 days after birth .
w . h . o . , 1981 . data sheet on the biological control agent thiara granifera ( lamarck ) . ― world health organization , geneva , vbc / bcds / 81 . 17 .
the generalist diet of t . granifera may certainly contribute to its successful establishment . however , although competition for resources may take place under certain salinity conditions and if food is limiting , there appear to be other mechanisms at work , through which t . granifera displaces native gastropods . complementary stable isotope and gut content analysis can provide helpful ecological insights , contributing to monitoring efforts and guiding further invasive species research .
on and in sediment , rocks and on water weeds in estuarine and freshwater rivers and streams , irrigation canals and ornamental ponds . a detritus and algal feeder . parthenogenic and broods eggs and larvae in a brood pouch in the head which contain shelled juveniles in different stages of development . this subhemocoelic brood pouch is modified as a “pseudoplacenta” that , via matrotrophy apparently helps to nourish the developing juveniles . tarebia granifera is a host of oriental lung fluke ( paragonimus westermani ) and therefore of medical and economic importance .
the shells of 14 snail taxa collected in this study . ( a ) bithynia siamensis . ( b ) gyraulus sp . ( c ) indoplanorbis exustus . ( d ) lymnaea auricularia . ( e ) clea helena . ( f ) tarebia granifera . ( g ) thiara scabra . ( h ) melanoides tuberculata . ( i ) pomacea sp . ( j ) filopaludina doliaris . ( k ) sinotaia sp . ( l ) filopaludina speciose . ( m ) filopaludina martensi . ( n ) filopaludina polygramma .
pointier jp , samadi s , jarne p , delay b 1998 . introduction and spread of thiara granifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) into martinique island , french west indies . biodiv conserv 7 : 1277 - 1290 .
t . granifera population density was not significantly different in terms of year×season at catalina bay ( two - way anova : f 2113 = 1 . 051 , p > 0 . 05 ) . t . granifera density was however significantly different between locations ( catalina bay , mgobozeleni estuary , lake sibaya and lake nhlange , 2007–2010 wet seasons only ) ( anova : f 3 , 31 = 30 . 359 , p < 0 . 05 ) . t . granifera densities at the freshwater sibaya and nhlange lakes were significantly different from densities at the brackish st . lucia and mgobozeleni estuaries ( tukey ' s hsd : p < 0 . 05 ) .
prentice , m . a . , 1983 . displacement of biomphalaria glabrata by the snail thiara granifera in field habitats in santa lucia , west indies . ― annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 77 : 51 - 59 .
salinity is indeed one of the most important factors influencing the distribution of gastropods in coastal lakes of maputaland [ 26 ] . although there was a significant ido between t . granifera and h . natalensis , there was very little spatial overlap between the two , since h . natalensis preferred the saltier conditions outside the seepage area . high salinity conditions were also associated with a . cf . ovata [ 26 ] . when salinity dropped below 20 , t . granifera expanded its range and density . assiminea cf . ovata was recorded in the st . lucia estuary at low salinities , but only when t . granifera was either absent or present in relatively low densities . this suggests that t . granifera may displace a . cf . ovata only under specific salinity conditions . this also supports the theory that vulnerable native species can resist invasion by non - native species under certain conditions [ 68 ] .
tucker abbott , r . , 1952 . a study of an intermediate snail host ( thiara granifera ) of the oriental lung fluke ( paragonimus ) . ― proceedings of the united states national museum 102 : 71 - 116 .
abbott r . t . ( 1952 ) . a study of an intermediate snail host ( thiara granifera ) of the oriental lung fluke ( paragonimus ) . proceedings of the united states national museum 102 : 71 - 116 .
therefore , if the appearance of common mts snails on a tank walls , decorations and plants means that the climate in the lower tank layers isn’t good , the same behavior won’t mean a thing in case of melanoides granifera .
prentice , m . a . 1983 . displacement of biomphalaria glabrata by the snail thiara granifera in field habitats in st . lucia , west indies . ann . trop . med . parasitol . 77 : 51 - 59 .
there has been some interest in the use of thiara ( t . ) granifera as a biologic agent in the control of intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis . however , little information has been published concerning the field use of this snail .
if the substrate is composed of more bulky particles it’s difficult for the snail to burrow its wide shell into it . on the other hand , melanoides granifera spent more time in sight , spending their time on snags and large rocks .
in my opinion , granifera snails tend to become one of the popular objects of scenic tanks . the fact that they are good - looking and live in slow motion – both fact will surely play their part in its future popularity .
abbott , r . t . 1952 . a study of an intermediate snail host ( thiara granifera ) of the oriental lung fluke ( paragonimus ) . proc . u . s . nat . mus . 102 : 71 - 116 .
anova for δ 13 c and δ 15 n of t . granifera from catalina bay , lake sibaya and lake nhlange ( different locations in maputaland ) , and from 2007 , 2009 and 2010 at catalina bay ( different times ) .
thiara ( t . ) granifera has also been listed ( abbott 1952 ) as a first intermediate host for metagonimus yokogawai ( katsurda ) . however , i cannot find this substantiated by any reported field collection or laboratory report of infection . there is a well - substantiated report of finding t . ( t . ) granifera infected with the heterophyid haplorchis taichui ( nishigori ) , an occasional parasite of man ( faust and nishigori 1926 ) , as well as a number of flukes that do not regularly parasitize man ( ito 1964 , malek 1962 , and sodeman 1991 ) . transfer of t . ( t . ) granifera to new areas would seem to pose a small , if any , parasitologic risk for man .
tarebia granifera has become invasive on at least three continents , north and south america and africa . it occurs in several southern states of the u . s . a . , hawaii , many caribbean islands as well as mexico , venezuela , south africa and israel ( tucker abbott , 1952 ; prentice , 1983 ; pointier et al . , 2003 ; appleton & nadasan , 2002 ; pointier et al . , 2005 , pointier , 2008 ; naranjo - garcia et al . , 2005 ; ben - ami , 2006 ) . initial introductions were presumably via the aquarium trade .
propagule pressure can be described in terms of quantity of released propagules , the quality of the propagules and the quantity of release events [ 51 ] . t . granifera reaches high population densities and a single adult with several brooded juveniles may start a new population . the brood pouch plays an important role in the internal cycle of propagule production and dispersal [ 11 ] , which ensures t . granifera persistence and spread even if there is no further input from an external propagule pool . juveniles grow within the protection of the brood pouch , thus increasing their chance of survival and reducing the time to maturity after birth . this may ensure year - round continuity in t . granifera reproductive output , despite unfavorable and unpredictable events .
perez , jose gomez ; vargas , mercedes ; malek , emile a . ( 1991 ) displacement of biomphalaria glabrata by thiaria granifera under natural conditions in the dominican republic , memorias do instituto oswaldo cruz rio de janeiro 88 : 341 - 347
the t . granifera population density did not appear to undergo seasonal patterns and year - round births were recorded . the average number of juveniles per brood pouch , which was assumed to indicate reproductive output , did appear to increase when the salinity suddenly increased in the st . lucia estuary in 2007 and also when the population was recovering in 2009 ( table s1 ) . an increase in average number of juveniles per brood pouch was also measured during t . granifera ' s recovery at the mgobozeleni estuary . t . granifera may increase its reproductive output in response to disturbances , such as sudden salinity increases that negatively affects the population , therefore accelerating its recovery . however , size classes were not taken into account in this interpretation .
abbott , rt . 1952 . a study on an intermediate snail host ( thiara granifera ) of the oriental lung fluke ( paragonimus ) . in : proceedings of the united states national museum . vol 102 ( p . 71 - 116 ) .
it was observed that the tarebia granifera plays a significant role in the control of a biomphalaria peregrina population introduced in a permanent water body . the densities of this planorbid , which had reached high levels , were notably reduced by two important events : an increase of the water level due to heavy rains , and the introduction of the competitor , whose effectiveness had been tested in a different habitat . knowledge on the ecology and biology of the competitor and the host in permanent water bodies helped to elaborate the measures of control which led to the reduction of the host densities while those of the competitor increased .
( a ) four - point 3 m transect showing gastropod densities and microphytobenthic ( mpb ) biomass ( as chl - a concentration ) . ( b ) carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures of gastropods ( number in brackets : trophic position ) and their potential food sources , such as detritus ( dtr ) and sedimentary organic matter ( som ) . siar boxplots show the proportional contribution ( % ) of different sources to the diet of ( c ) tarebia granifera and ( d ) bulinus natalensis . samples were collected in november 2009 . this lake has no connection to the sea and contains pure freshwater .
there is a need for a broader study on the reproductive biology of t . granifera ( including the previously overlooked “brood pouch ecology” ) , which affects population dynamics and may be relevant to other parthenogenetic nis , such as melanoides tuberculata and potamopyrgus antipodarum .
( a ) four - point 3 m transect showing gastropod densities and microphytobenthic ( mpb ) biomass ( as chl - a concentration ) . ( b ) carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures of gastropods ( number in brackets : trophic position ) and their potential food sources , such as detritus ( dtr ) and sedimentary organic matter ( som ) . siar boxplots show the proportional contribution ( % ) of different sources to the diet of ( c ) tarebia granifera and ( d ) melanoides tuberculata . samples were collected at lake nhlange in kosi bay , in november 2008 . at the time , the site was dominated by freshwater conditions .
it is probable that dispersal of t . granifera from one waterbody or river catchment to another occurs passively via birds , notably waterfowl , which eat them and void them later , perhaps in another habitat . evidence for this comes from the finding of many small t . granifera 5 - 7 mm in height and still containing the soft parts in unidentified bird droppings from the bank of the mhlali river . even though the shell of t . granifera is thick , most of these juveniles had been partially crushed with only a few still intact . both the intact and damaged specimens could have been alive when passed and perhaps survived had they been deposited in water . none was large enough to have been reproductively mature ( see below ) and would have needed to survive in any new habitat for several months before reproducing .
malaysian trumpet snails population grows extremely fast . it’d be quite enough for a couple of adult shellfish to get into a tank ( they are species with virginal reproduction , that requires a partner ) and just in a month or two there will be dozens of them in the tank . to get the same population number granifera snails will need 6 - 8 month minimum . there is another one difference . if common malaysian snails spread equally all around the bottom substrate , granifera snails form some kind of local communities on some specific bottom area each .
. . . adults of haplorchis pumilio have been recovered from the digestive tracts of mammals , birds , and reptiles ( sommerville 1982a ; umadevi and madhavi 2006 ; díaz et al . 2008 ) . first intermediate hosts reported for h . pumilio are the thiarid snails melanoides tuberculata ( müller , 1774 ) and tarebia granifera ( lamark , 1822 ) ( umadevi and madhavi 2006 ; tolley - jordan and owen 2008 ) . haplorchis pumilio metacercariae parasitize a broad range of second intermediate fish hosts , where they are found encysted in the soft tissue of the fin insertions , and the cartilage of the head ( sommerville 1982b ; lo and lee 1996b ) . . . .
besides , the number of mts snails ( if the adult species aren’t removed from the tank ) grows exponentially and in the end the substrate literally moves due to the number of snails burrowing it . at that granifera snails will slowly explore the bottom substrate and their colony won’t grow that rapidly .
pointier , j . p . , samadi , s . , jarne , p . , & delay , b . 1998 . introduction and spread of thiara granifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) in martinique , french west indies . biodiversity & conservation , 7 ( 10 ) : 1277 - 1290 .
thiara ( t . ) granifera came to medical attention in 1917 when it was identified as a first intermediate host of paragonimus westermani ( kerbert ) by nakagawa ( 1917 ) . nakagawa was working in taiwan searching for the then unknown intermediate stages of p . westermani . he erroneously identified cercaria shed from t . ( t . ) granifera as p . westermani . he quickly established that this association was erroneous and published a correction . the initial error was published in english in the journal of experimental medicine and received wide circulation . the subsequent correction appeared in a paper in tokyo iji shinshi no . 2062 ( nakagawa 1918 ) in japanese and apparently was overlooked . the error has become imbedded in parasitologic folklore . i can find no authentic reports of t . ( t . ) granifera identified as a first intermediate host for p . westermani or of successful laboratory infection of this snail by p . westermani .
but it would be wrong to consider this kind a monotypic one , because actually it has at least two more species : melanoides riqueti ( grateloup , 1840 ) that inhabit in freshwaters of singapore and melanoides granifera ( lamarck . 1822 ) that inhabit in small rivers and streams of west part of malaysia .
1 . thiara ( t . ) granifera is an effective agent for the control of b . glabrata in environments with slowly moving water . thiara ( t . ) granifera and b . glabrata do not share optimum environments . biomphalaria do best in still water , while thiara do best where there is a substantial current . where the current flow is light , both snails are capable of establishing substantial populations but they are not capable of sharing this environment . the more thiara
friendly
the environment , the smaller need be the initial inoculum size . natural population expansion will reach the size necessary to provoke suppression .
all t . granifera found in this study were female . an inspection of the gonads and digestive gland also revealed no trematode infections . specimens with shell height smaller than 6 mm had under - developed brood pouches , which did not contain shelled juveniles . variable sizes of juveniles were found within the brood pouch .
the shells of t . granifera were most severely damaged at catalina bay , where in 2009 and 2010 on average 78 % of the population showed signs of shell erosion and sh was reduced by an average of 12 . 3 % . the damage was concentrated in the size classes 6–13 . 99 mm sh .
a similar coexistence of a biomphalaria species and t . ( t . ) granifera was observed at a fish farm outside of san jose , costa rica , in 1983 ( sodeman , unpublished ) . here native b . obstructa ( morelet ) were abundant in rearing ponds , while t . ( t . j granifera , thought to be brought in when tilapia were introduced to the farm , share ponds and outflow ditches . what is missing is data that could identify whether this coexistence represents a response to a particular environment , a stable longterm balance into which the snails settle , or in fact a much reduced and partially controlled population of biomphalaria .
mean ( ±1 se ) areal n excretion by t . granifera in 2008 . ram = ramdeen stream , ari = aripo river , yar = yarra river . closed and open bars represent data collected in closed and open canopy sites , respectively . canopy effect was significant across all streams ( p < 0 . 0001 ) .
( of thiara granifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) vinarski m . v . & kantor y . i . ( 2016 ) . analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of russia and adjacent countries . moscow : a . n . severtsov institute of ecology and evolution of russian academy of science . 544 pp . [ details ]
in view of its spread into the saline st lucia estuary system ( see above ) and other estuaries and lagoons along the kwazulu - natal coast , t . granifera is likely to impact on another indigenous thiarid , the poorly known thiara amarula . this species has been recorded from the brackish reaches of several estuaries along the coast of kwazulu - natal and mozambique . both t . amarula and t . granifera occur in the nhlabane estuary and in july 2006 , the latter was present at between 2000 and 6000 m - 2 ( table 1 ) while only two specimens of the former were found . previous collections at the same site showed t . amarula to be fairly common .
passive dispersal may also occur via weed on boats and boat trailers and via water pumped from one waterbody to another for industrial and irrigation purposes . in the nseleni river juvenile t . granifera were commonly found with another invasive snail , lymnaea columella say , 1817 , on floating clumps of water hyacinth eichhornia crassipes which provide a vehicle for rapid downstream dispersal .
size class ( mm shell height ) distribution of t . granifera specimens ( percentages ± sd ) and average numbers of unborn shelled juveniles ( ± sd ) per adult size class ( 6–30 mm shell height ) collected by triplicate ekman grab in november 2010 at ( a ) , mgobozeleni estuary ( b ) lake sibaya and ( c ) lake nhlange .
analysis of covariance ( ancova ) using size class as a covariate was used to assess differences in average number of unborn juveniles per brood pouch between sampling events , and between locations . a two - way analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to determine if t . granifera densities differed temporally ( in terms of year×season ) at catalina bay , st . lucia estuary . an anova and tukey ' s honestly significant difference ( hsd ) multiple comparisons were conducted to determine if t . granifera densities differed between locations . the relationship between shell height and number of juveniles in brood pouch was analysed with pearson ' s correlation . all data were log - transformed to meet normality requirements . the statistical package pasw version 18 for windows was used .
table 1 . densities ( d , no . m - 2 ) and shell heights ( h , in mm ) of t . granifera at five sites in northern kwazulu - natal . mandeni data were calculated from eight replicate quadrat samples on reservoir walls ( appleton & nadasan , 2002 ) , the other sites from three replicate benthic grab samples in ± 60 cm water ( numbers m - 2 ) .
tests for significance of riparian canopy effect across streams were conducted using a mixed effects anova model using canopy cover as a fixed effect and stream as a random effect . tests of canopy effects within individual streams were conducted using student’s t ( sas institute , 2009 ) . data on t . granifera biomass density and n excretion rates were log 10 - transformed to satisfy anova assumptions of normality and equal variance .
size class ( mm shell height ) distribution of t . granifera specimens ( percentages ± sd ) and average number of unborn juveniles ( ± sd ) per adult size classes ( 6–30 mm shell height ) collected by triplicate ekman grab at catalina bay , in the st . lucia estuary during ( a ) february 2007 , ( b ) may 2007 , ( c ) june 2009 and ( d ) november 2010 .
little is known of the long term population fluctuations of t . granifera and findings seem to be contradictory . studies in cuba ( yong et al . , 1987 ; ferrer lópez et al . , 1989 ; fernández et al . , 1992 ) indicate that the snail lives for more than a year though maximum densities were recorded at different times of the year in different habitats . using a catch per unit effort netting technique , yong et al . ( 1987 ) and ferrer lópez et al . ( 1989 ) found highest densities in summer when temperatures reached their maximum whereas fernández et al . ( 1992 ) found highest densities in november ( late autumn ) when temperatures reached their minimum . fernández et al . ( 1992 ) also suggested that t . granifera density was positively correlated with ca + + concentrations and negatively with nh 4 concentrations .
typically half or more of these snails were buried in the sediments and were not visible from the surface . this was also noticed in aquaria where they actively buried themselves in sand . this raises questions about the species’ behaviour , viz . what proportion of a t . granifera population is buried at any time , how long can snails remain buried and is there some kind of alternation between periods of ‘surface activity’ and ‘sub - surface quiescence’ .
a great deal remains unknown concerning the interactions of thiara and biomphalaria . the most important unknown is the mechanism of this interaction . the long term interactions between these two snails , especially in environments where sites are periodically dry , is unknown . there is little information concerning the response of snails other than b . glabrata to the introduction of thiara ( t . ) granifera . with the limited information in hand , several observations can be made .
we are indebted to frank sokolic ( educare , durban ) and karen hope ( university of kwazulu - natal ) for preparing the figures and to dr dai herbert ( natal museum ) for help with literature . dra e . naranjo - garcia ( u . n . a . m . ) helped by translating some of the spanish language literature . we also acknowledge the numerous collectors who have reported finding t . granifera and sent material for confirmation .
robart et al . ( 1976 ) reported the presence of t . ( t . ) granifera in haiti with all of the snails found east of 72°15 ' . subsequent studies ( sodeman unpublished ) show an extension of the range of the snail throughout the country . many of the sites now colonized by thiara also contain biomphalaria , either biomphalaria havenensis ( pfeifferi ) , b . helophila ( orbigny ) or b . glabrata . stable colonies of thiara and biomphalaria coexist .
. . . t . granifera and m . tuberculata are invasive species now occurring throughout the caribbean in a wide range of freshwater habitats ( pointier et al . 2005 , pointier 2008 ) . major concerns are its ability to displace native species and its role as an intermediate host of trematodes that parasitize mammals ( pointier et al . 2005 , mckoy et al . 2011 ) . thus , these species warrant further study because of their potential public health significance . . . .
normality and equality of variance of stable isotope data were confirmed , and analysis of variance ( anova ) was used for comparisons between locations and times . pearson correlation was used to assess relationships between availability of food , gastropod abundance and diet . a t - test was used to compare trophic position between t . granifera and native gastropods . a linear regression was used to assess the relationship between gut content and stable isotope results . analyses were done with the statistical package spss version 19 for windows .
top row of panels are 2007 data and bottom row are 2008 data . size classes were based on 5 mg afdm increments . ram = ramdeen stream , ari = aripo river , yar = yarra river . gray and white bars represent data collected in closed and open canopy sites , respectively . canopy type had a significant impact on t . granifera areal biomass ( f = 22 . 06 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . note log scale . no data were collected in yar in 2007 .
most localities in south africa ( 93 % ) lie below an altitude of 300 m above sea level where an estimated area of 39 500 km 2 has been colonized . the only known localities outside this area are the umsinduzi river in pietermaritzburg and its confluence with the umgeni river which lie closer to 500 m . tucker abbott ( 1952 ) noted that on guam island , t . granifera occurred in streams and rivers at 983 m altitude but that these watercourses were consistently above 24°c indicating that temperature may be an important determinant of distribution .
tarebia granifera densities were estimated for each habitat type from randomly assigned transects ( ram ) or quadrats ( ari and yar ) using a hand net ( 2 mm mesh size ; 5 total sites for each habitat type ) . cross - stream transects of a constant width ( 0 . 15 m ) from the edge to the midpoint of stream wetted width were used in ram ( n = 16 ) . quadrats ( 0 . 33 m 2 ) in ari ( n = 16 ) and yar ( n = 12 ) were divided evenly between random locations across the width of streams to account for edge effects . total length of individual snails was measured to the nearest 0 . 1 mm using digital calipers . snails smaller than 2 mm were not included in the study . snail biomass was measured as mg of ash - free dry mass ( afdm ) and calculated using a length - mass regression ( log afdm = 2 . 35 l –1 . 83 , where l is log of shell length in mm ; n = 34 , r 2 = 0 . 98 ) or an aperture - mass regression if shell tips were eroded or broken ( log afdm = 2 . 45 a –0 . 08 , where a is log of shell aperture width in mm ; n = 25 , r 2 = 0 . 96 ) .
the acute toxicity of endosulfan to three freshwater snails , melanoides tuberculata ( muller , 1774 ) , thiara granifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) and planorbella duryi ( weatherby , 1879 ) , was determined in jamaica . these three species are exotic to the island . the 24 hr lc50 values were 7 . 74 , 5 . 35 and 4 . 26 mgl - 1 , respectively . the 96 hr lc50 values were 2 . 30 , 1 . 74 and 1 . 35 mgl - 1 , respectively . the three . . . [ show full abstract ]
the thiarid snails displayed a high susceptibility for cercarial infections , which is in accordance with the previous report that had concluded that thiarid snails harbor the larvae of intestinal and blood flukes [ 29 ] . furthermore , m . tuberculata and t . granifera ( thiaridae ) are considered to be medically important because they can serve as the primary intermediate host for intestinal flukes [ 30 ] . hence , these snail species were found to have infected with many species of trematodes that display a very low level of specificity and that are known to be susceptible to trematode infections .
original name : melania granifera lamarck , 1816 . lamarck , j . b . p . a . d m . c . d ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres , présentant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux , leur distribution , leurs classes , leurs familles , leurs genres , et la citation des principales espèces qui s ' y rapportent ; précédée d ' une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l ' animal , sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels , enfin , l ' exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie : paris , déterville & verdière .
t . granifera shell height and number of unborn juveniles in brood pouch were positively correlated ( pearson ' s correlation coefficient : r = 0 . 806 , p < 0 . 01 , n = 186 ) . there was no significant difference in average number of unborn juveniles per brood pouch between sampling events at catalina bay ( ancova : f 11 , 59 = 1 . 626 , p = 0 . 115 ) . there was also no significant difference in average number of unborn juveniles per brood pouch between locations ( ancova : f 3 , 57 = 1 . 174 , p = 0 . 328 ) .
incidental observations were also made at a site on the plaine du nord , also on the north coast of haiti . this rice field harbors biomphalaria glabrata and thiara ( t . ) granifera . the snails were first reported in 1977 ( robert et al . 1976 ) and both have remained , coexistent , through 10 years of observation ( raccurt et al . 1985 ) . this field is alternately flooded and dried with wet rice cultivation . thiara survive in an adjacent pool and biomphalaria aestivate in the mud in the rice field during the intervals when standing water is not present . during the wet periods the two populations remain balanced and tolerant of one another .
the spearman correlation coefficient between the index of diversity of shannon - weaver ( h ' ) and the lymnaeids abundances show a positive and significant association for the two species ( table ii ) , yet this relationship is stronger for f . cubensis in the urban sites and for p . columella in the rural sites ( data not shown ) . curiously , the correlation between the abundances of lymnaeids and those of t . granifera show a positive and significant association for p . columella but negative and significant for f . cubensis . this negative effect of the thiarid on f . cubensis is still present when the same analysis is repeated considering only the urban sites ( data not shown ) .
mutual exclusion between f . cubensis - p . columella had already been observed by perera ( 1996 ) in some localities of the isle of youth , of santa clara , and in lake hanabanilla . in all the analyses carried out by this author it can be systematically noted a negative correlation between the abundances of the two species , indicating that they rarely occur together in the same habitat . this
dislike for coexistence
was also evident in the present study . our observations suggest that lymnaeids prefer to coexist with other snail species rather than with the other lymnaeid . an exception is perhaps the association between f . cubensis and t . granifera , where the correlations are always significant and negative .
the prevalence of pleurolophocercous cercariae in naturally infected m . tuberculata , t . granifera , and t . scabra in this study was relatively high ( 21 . 7 % ) , and higher than in the previous study ( 5 . 3 % ) because the crushing method which was employed in this study show more sensitivity and accuracy than those of shedding method that acquired previously [ 13 ] . kumchoo et al . [ 4 ] reported high prevalence ( 91 . 4 % ) of h . taichui in cyprinoid fish from mae taeng district of chiang mai province . nithikathkul and wongsawad found a high infection rate of h . taichui and haplorchoides sp . ( 83 . 90 % ) in this area [ 10 ] .
our results suggest that invasive snails were heterogeneously distributed along streams due to differences in light availability . human - mediated removal of riparian vegetation can therefore create hotspots of invasive snail excretion and subsequent impacts on aquatic n cycling . the greater influence of t . granifera in open canopy sites was linked to increased snail density and , to a lesser extent , increased mass - specific excretion rates relative to shaded sites . studies have shown that invasive mollusks can alter nutrient cycles in aquatic systems in temperate [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] and tropical [ 12 ] zones ; here , we have shown that the potential of a single invasive species to impact n cycling in tropical streams is modified by the removal of vegetation in adjacent riparian areas .


zelleria maculata was first described by alfred philpott in 1930 .

zelleria maculata

zelleria maculata is an ermine moth species that is endemic to new zealand . it feeds on peraxilla tetrapetala as well as peraxilla colensoi , mistletoe species that are also endemic to new zealand .
edge effects , florivory , herbivory , loranthaceae , parasitoid wasp , peraxilla colensoi , p . tetrapetala , plant reproduction , pollination
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the guanay cormorant or guanay shag ( leucocarbo bougainvillii ) is a member of the cormorant family found on the pacific coast of peru and northern chile .

the face is red with a green eye-ring .

it has roseate feet .

there are up to three nests per square meter in high-density colonies .

it feeds mainly on the peruvian anchoveta , engraulis ringens , and the peruvian silverside , odontesthes regia , which thrive in the cold humboldt current .

the guanay cormorant is the main producer of guano .

habitat loss and degradation and over-fishing have resulted in a steady decline of the population of about 30 % from an estimated figure of 3 million birds in 1984 .

some taxonomic authorities , including the international ornithologists ' union , place this species in the genus leucocarbo .

others place it in the genus phalacrocorax .

the scientific name commemorates the french explorer louis antoine de bougainville .

guanay cormorant

calls and songs : the guanay cormorant , like other cormorant species , is usually silent outside the breeding season . they are vocal at breeding colonies , and these sounds are mainly related to breeding behaviour . males are more vocal than females , producing croaking , groaning , barking and gargling sounds . females may produce softer sounds and hissing .
habitat : the guanay cormorant is a marine bird . it feeds at sea , in the humboldt current’s cold waters . the breeding areas are on remote headlands of the mainland coast and offshore islands off c peru , usually on gentle slopes .
the guanay cormorant or guanay shag ( phalacrocorax bougainvillii or leucocarbo bougainvillii ) is a member of the cormorant family found on the pacific coast of peru and northern chile . ( the argentinian population on the patagonian atlantic coast appears to be extirpated . ) after breeding it spreads south to southern parts of chile and north to ecuador , and has also been recorded as far north as panama and colombia – probably a result of mass dispersal due to food shortage in el niño years . its major habitats include shallow seawater and rocky shores .
the guanay cormorant feeds by pursuit - diving . the prey is caught with the bill after rapid pursuit underwater . the bird propels itself thanks to the webbed feet . this cormorant may fish alone , or in large mobile groups . the birds are on the water , close to each other in a fan - shape . they swim forwards in co - ordinated motion , diving and swimming in unison .
within its range could be confused with red - legged cormorant , but latter is grey not black and has distinctive white neck patch .
range : the guanay cormorant is a monotypic species . it is found along the coasts of peru and n chile . larger populations occur off c peru . it is also present on the coast of sc argentina , with a small population established in late 1960s , but now almost extinct .
the guanay cormorant moves n to ecuador and s to sc chile after breeding . these dispersions are closely associated to food resources fails due to el niño’s warm waters . some vagrants outside the normal range may reach panama , and extreme s of south america . others follow rivers and move inland .
the guanay cormorant performs powerful flight with regular , continuous wingbeats , sometimes interspersed with occasional glides . over water , it usually flies low over the surface , but over land and on long - distance flights , it flies at greater heights . the flocks fly in v - shape or in line .
breeding occurs year round with a peak in november and december . the nest is built of guano on flat surfaces on offshore islands or remote headlands . there are up to three nests per square meter in high - density colonies . the guanay cormorant lays two or three eggs of approximately 63 x 40 mm in size .
behaviour in the wild : the guanay cormorant feeds at sea , mainly on anchoveta ( engraulis ringens ) . it is very dependent on this food , and the numbers are closely related to food sources’ quantities . the scarcity of these fish due to natural cycles or overfishing by humans , involves rapid repercussions on populations of this species and numerous other seabirds .
protection / threats / status : the guanay cormorant has suffered large declines due to guano exploitation and overfishing . the main threat is the consumption by humans of around 20 000 birds each year in n peru . predation by gulls is an important problem too . conservation measures are in progress with marine protected areas , but currently , this species is classified as near threatened .
2003 ) . from historical times the guanay cormorant has been the dominant avian species in the peruvian coastal current in terms of numbers and consumption of marine resources . the population in peru was estimated as < 4 million birds during the period 1909 - 1920 ; 21 million were estimated in 1954 and 3 . 7 million were estimated on the north - central peruvian coast in 1996
the guanay cormorant is similar in coloration to the rock cormorant , phalacrocorax magellanicus , but larger , measuring 78 cm from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail . its bill is grayish with some red at the base . the face is red with a green eye - ring . it has roseate feet . the head , neck and back are black as are the outer parts of the thighs . the throat patch , breast and belly are white . in breeding plumage it has a few white feathers on the sides of the head and neck .
reproduction of this species : the guanay cormorant can breed all year round , but the peak of laying occurs in november / december . it breeds in huge , dense colonies , usually with peruvian brown pelican ( p . o . thagus ) and peruvian bobby ( s . variegata ) . the colony is established on flat or gentle slopes . the nest is a pile of excreta , and feathers and debris are added .
the guanay cormorant is a black - and - white cormorant of the pacific coast of south america . adults have black upperparts , white bellies , red facial skin , and reddish legs . this species feeds in the open waters of the humboldt current off chile and peru , and breeds on islands and coastal headlands . particularly during el niño years , birds may disperse north to panama and south to cape horn . it feeds almost entirely on the schooling fish anchoveta ( engraulis ringens ) by diving from the surface , often in flocks that feed cooperatively . birds also nest together in large , dense colonies on relatively flat terrain . breeding success is heavily tied to food availability , and can vary dramatically between years .
introduction : the guanay cormorant , also named « the most valuable bird in the world » or « the billion dollar bird » , was the greatest producer of guano in peru , involving phenomenal quantities of money . between 1848 and 1875 , more than 20 000 million tons were sent by ship from peru to europe and north america . for over a century , the guano constituted the main source of peru’s national income , but the lack of control led to the depletion of the reserves . the continuous extraction of guano caused a great decrease in cormorant’s populations with breeding failures , destruction of the breeding habitat , egg and bird consumption by humans and constant disturbance . this species is today classified as near threatened .
the guanay cormorant breeds in dense colonies where 3 nests / m2 are common . it has brighter red facial skin during the breeding season . its courtship displays are poorly known , but like other cormorants , the male displays from the nest - site to attract a female . many cormorants perform “wing - waving” and bill pointed upwards or forwards , in order to display the bright red facial skin and the throat pattern . when a female is accepted by the male , it performs “greeting - displays” . the female remains at the nest - site to guard it , while the male is collecting nest materials . copulation takes place at the nest - site . the pair defends a small area around the nest , and fights may occur among rivals . intruders approaching the nest are attacked and pecked .
2003 ) . from historical times the guanay cormorant has been the dominant avian species in the peruvian coastal current in terms of numbers and consumption of marine resources . the population in peru was estimated as < 4 million birds during the period 1909 - 1920 ; 21 million were estimated in 1954 and 3 . 7 million were estimated on the north - central peruvian coast in 1996 ( zavalaga and paredes 1999 ) . mass dispersal , breeding failures and temporary declines have resulted periodically from el niño southern oscillation ( enso ) events , and both fish - stocks and the populations of seabirds that depend on them are adapted to these fluctuations . although the species is now protected in peru , and the guano industry is adequately regulated , there are concerns that this species has been badly affected by the enso event of 1998 ( g . engblom
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
phalacrocorax bougainvilliorum ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously listed as p . bougainvillii .
76 cm . upperparts black , with blueish tinge to neck and head , white neck , chest , belly and undertail . deep red skin around eyes and base of the bill is pink . feet are also pink ( koepcke 1964 ) .
this species is suspected to have experienced moderately rapid declines in the past three generations ( 33 years ) and as a result it is classified as near threatened .
. 2003 ) , and that declines now approach 30 % over three generations ( 33 years in this species ) .
zavalaga and paredes ( 1999 ) estimated the population at 3 . 7 million individuals , hence the population is best placed in the band 2 , 500 , 000 - 4 , 999 , 999 individuals .
the species has fluctuated in numbers in the past , but overall declines in the region of 20 - 30 % are suspected in the past three generations ( 33 years ) .
1992 ) . these threats are now managed to some degree . competition with the industrial fishery represents the biggest current threat ( duffy 2000 ) . consumption of birds still represents a threat with around 20 , 000 birds taken each year in northern peru ( p . majluf
. 1992 ) , and the start of the industrial fishery ( duffy 2000 ) .
several breeding colonies lie within managed guano reserves or in marine protected areas . education and awareness on the importance of the conservation of this species has helped raise its local profile .
development of a standardised methodology to estimate the population size throughout the breeding range . evaluate the impact of anchovy fishery on foraging behaviour , breeding seasonality and population dynamics . evaluate the human consumption of the species in peru and chile . protect important colonies and regulate , or if necessary halt , exploitation .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
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l’encyclopedie mondiale des oiseaux - dr christopher m . perrins - bordas - isbn : 2040185607
the adult has slender body . head , neck and upperparts are black with bluish - green gloss . the upperwing is blackish with bronzy or brown - olive gloss . the tail is blackish . on the underparts , the plumage is white on central throat , lower foreneck and entire breast and belly area . thighs and undertail - coverts are blackish . underwing and axillaries are blackish too . head and neck show some short , white ornamental feathers during the breeding season , and there is an erectile crest on the crown . the bill is grey to horn - coloured , with blacker culmen and paler lower mandible . the eyes are dark brown , surrounded by narrow , indistinct , whitish outer ring . the eyering is rather yellowish to greenish . the facial skin is red , turning darker or blackish on lores . gape , base of lower mandible and gular pouch are black . legs and webbed feet are pale pink with grey tinge .
the adult in non - breeding plumage is duller , rather browner , with lacking or reduced crest . both sexes are similar in plumage , but the female is slightly smaller than the male . the juvenile is browner than non - breeding adult . the underparts are speckled brown , and the foreneck is variably whitish . the eyes are greyish . the facial skin is dull brownish , like the bill . legs and feet are greyer . the immature has dull orange - pink facial skin and dark eyes . the plumage still shows brown wash on the dark areas .
the female lays 2 - 3 eggs . incubation lasts between 22 and 26 days . the chicks are naked and helpless at hatching , but they are covered with grey - brown woolly down after a week . both parents take part in nesting duties . the young fledge about 28 days after hatching . nest failure may occur , due to fail of food sources .
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reference : j . navig . thet . esperance [ bougainville ] 2 p . 331
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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( zavalaga and paredes 1999 ) . mass dispersal , breeding failures and temporary declines have resulted periodically from el nio southern oscillation ( enso ) events , and both fish - stocks and the populations of seabirds that depend on them are adapted to these fluctuations . although the species is now protected in peru , fishing for anchoveta is banned , and the guano industry is adequately regulated , there are concerns that this species has been badly affected by the enso event of 1998
2003 ) , and that declines now approach 30 % over three generations ( 33 years in this species ) .
clements , j . f . , t . s . schulenberg , m . j . iliff , d . roberson , t . a . fredericks , b . l . sullivan , and c . l . wood . 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . 9 . downloaded from urltoken
breeding occurs year round with an egg - laying peak in november - december ( on the northern coast of per , breeding starts in june ) . it breeds on offshore islands and remote coastal headlands and feeds exclusively in the inshore environment usually within 3 km of colonies
( zavalaga and paredes 1999 ) . unlike other cormorants it is not primarily a benthic feeder but preys mainly on the schooling peruvian anchovy
zavalaga & paredes ( 1999 ) estimated the population at 3 . 7 million individuals , hence the population is best placed in the band 2 , 500 , 000 - 4 , 999 , 999 individuals .
1992 ) . these threats are now managed to some degree . consumption of birds perhaps represents the biggest current threat with around 20 , 000 birds taken each year in northern peru ( p .
several breeding colonies lie within managed guano reserves or in marine protected areas . closure of the anchovy fishery has reduced impact of declining food sources . education and awareness on the importance of the conservation of this species has helped raise its local profile .
development of a standardised methodology to estimate the population size throughout the breeding range . evaluate the human consumption of the species in peru and chile . protect important colonies and regulate , or if neccesary halt , exploitation .
habitat loss and degradation and over - fishing have resulted in a steady decline of the population of about 30 % from an estimated figure of 3 million birds in 1984 . this species is listed as near threatened by iucn .
de la peña , martín r . ; rumboll , maurice ( 1998 ) . birds of southern south america and antarctica . london : harpercollinspublishers . isbn 0 - 00 - 220077 - 5 .
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these islands are known for their many caves and arches that serve as . . .
these islands are known for their many caves and arches that serve as shelter to more than 1500 species of marine birds and a large number of sea lions .
the tour boat takes off from the jetty at el chaco , a touristy little village comprising restaurants , souvenirs shops and tour agencies . the ride takes about 40 mins each way and lasts about 2 hours . on the way to the islands , there is a stop at the
candelabra of the andes
, a prehistoric geoglyph found along the shore of the . . .
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mordellistena unicolor is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .

it was described by leconte in 1862 .

mordellistena unicolor

larva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .
would need to confirm the ridge counts please . looks to be 3 on tibia ( not counting sub - apical ) , 3 or 4 on first tarsal , 2 on second tarsal , and none on third tarsal . could be m . unicolor , or possibly close to one i posted here . accurate ridge counts should settle it .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
formerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .
small , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings
plants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .
ford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .
nomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .
taxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .
american beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
a manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .
peterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .
the book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .
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contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
march 29 , 2013 : collected goldenrod , solidago sp . stems with goldenrod gall fly , eurosta solidaginis , galls april 2013 : 1 goldenrod gall fly emerged may 18 , 2013 : found 1 gall midge and 2 different wasps july 7 , 2013 : found 1 live mordellid , a couple of dead mordellids , lots of tiny wasps and some slightly bigger wasps i thougth about tossing the goldenrod after the first fly emerged .
you are correct : 3 on tibia ( not counting sub - apical ) , 3 on first tarsal , 2 on second tarsal , and none on third tarsal .
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) . it uses a long ovipositor to pierce the gall and lay its egg in the fly ' s chamber .
is arrhenotokous ( females emerge from fertilized eggs males from unfertilized eggs ) . the success of attack is dependent on the thickness of the gall wall and on the parasitoid ' s
attack season extends from the end of june until august ( although hardening of the gall wall may end attack by late july ) . once hatching takes place , the wasp larva quickly eats the
may use visual host cues when searching for galls and only probe with its ovipositor on gall surfaces . interestingly , there is a bimodal emergence of
wasps . while about 90 % of the wasp larva overwinter in the gall , the other 10 % emerge in late summer . researchers have been unable to find an alternate host for the wasp . even if the late emergers overwinter as adults ( outside the gall ) , they do not attack new galls any earlier the next summer . the fate of these early emergers is unknown .
. photo 1 shows a small male ( lower right of photo ) approaching a prospective mate . he ' s in no danger of being eaten like a male spider or praying mantis , as adult eurytoma feed on nectar from flowers . however , the female is more than three times his size ! photo 2 shows the male jumping onto the female ' s back . in photos 3 , 4 , and 5 the male is riding on the female ' s back while
bopping
her antenna with his own . this is apparently some sort of courtship behavior . in the final photo ( no . 6 ) the male is trying to climb back over the female ' s wings to the tip of her abdomen , probably to attempt copulation . the female has begun to insert her ovipositor into the gall and probably not interested in mating . a moment later the male fell off her wings and began searching for another mate .
is thelytokous ( parthenogenic females , no males ) and oviposits into the host egg or larva while the host is still in the goldenrod bud . the
larva remains quiescent inside the host larva until autumn . in autumn , the parasitoid induces early pupation in the
tunnel in the stems of goldenrods and eat only plant matter . however , some adults lay their eggs on galls and their larva may eat the
would not be seen feeding on goldenrod pollen , because the adult beetles are active in late spring to late - summer .