cisthene kentuckiensis , the kentucky lichen moth , is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by dyar in 1904 .

it is found from new jersey south to northern florida , and west to kentucky and mississippi .

it has also been recorded from missouri .

the wingspan 15 – 19 mm .

there is a yellow-orange strip along the inner margin the forewings , merging with the median band .

adults are on wing from july to october .

they feed on flower nectar .

the larvae feed on lichens .

cisthene kentuckiensis

species cisthene kentuckiensis - kentucky lichen moth - hodges # 8061 - bugguide . net
fothergill , k . , m . g . smart , & p . e . koenig ( 2011 ) cisthene kentuckiensis ( dyar ) lepidoptera : erebidae : arctiinae ) first record for missouri . midsouth entomologist : 6 - 8
found at uv light near pond in wooded area of a flood plain . 0955 kentucky lichen 8061 – cisthene kentuckiensis at : mpg supported by dna barcoding . bold lpokb798 - 09 this specimen is shown here : bold : aac4254
thin - banded lichen moth ( cisthene tenuifascia ) - yellow - orange basal streak is narrow and may or may not merge with pm band ; pm band is typically much narrower than kentucky ; ground color typically slate gray , not black .
a revision of the species of cisthene known to occur north of the mexican border ( lepidoptera : arctiidae : lithosiinae ) carroll b . knowlton . 1967 . transactions of the american entomological society , 93 ( 1 ) : 41 - 100 .
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adult is best identified by the black ground color , dark thoracic disk , and wide orange or yellow basal streak which is well connected to the wide pm band .
the basal edge of the pm band is broadly and evenly concave ( contrast with one - banded ) .
new jersey , ohio , and indiana , south to n . florida and louisiana , west to rarely e . oklahoma and n . e . texas ( covell , 1984 ; bugguide , inaturalist records ) .
uncommon pictured lichen moth has an all orange thorax ; distribution mainly in s . great plains .
covell , c . v . ( 1984 ) field guide to moths of eastern north america . pp . 60 , pl . 12 , f . 16
dyar , h . g . ( 1904 ) descriptions of new forms of the genus illice walker . proc . ent . soc . washington 6 ( 1 ) : 198
field guide to moths of eastern north america charles v . covell , jr . 2005 .
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contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
the specimen number lpokb798 - 09 and bold bin aac4254 refer to c . picta , which the present specimen resembles with its all orange thorax . unless there ' s a transcription error in the description above , this should be moved to c . picta .
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kentucky lichen moth on the worcester / wicomico co . line , maryland ( 9 / 11 / 2014 ) . photo by mike burchett . ( mbp list )
a kentucky lichen moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 9 / 1 / 2015 ) . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )
a kentucky lichen moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 9 / 5 / 2011 ) . determined by robert lord zimlich / bugguide . photo by eric gofreed . ( mbp list )
a kentucky lichen moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 9 / 8 / 2002 ) . photo by john glaser . ( mbp list )
use of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .


the spangled drongo ( dicrurus bracteatus ) is a bird of the family dicruridae .

it is the only drongo to be found in australia where it can be recognised by its black , iridescent plumage and by its characteristic forked tail .

it feeds on insects and small vertebrates , and its comical behaviour has led to the use of the word " drongo " to refer to an " idiot " .

it has complex and varied calls and is a mimic of the sounds it hears .

it arrives in queensland in late spring and breeds high in an isolated tree , producing three to five young each year .

spangled drongo

no description for spangled drongo trail has been added yet ! submit one here .
frontal view of an immature spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of c . hayne )
protection / threats / status : spangled drongo is common and widespread in its range .
spangled drongo ( dicrurus bracteatus ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .
spangled drongo with a gecko it has just caught ; click here to see how a spangled drongo turns its prey before swallowing ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , january 2018 ]
cooper creek wilderness ( 2010 ) . report of spangled drongo nesting . previously on website urltoken now archived .
range : spangled drongo is found in eastern and northern australia , but also in new guinea and eastern indonesia .
banfield , e . j . ( 1908 ) . the spangled drongo - shrike . emu 7 , 178–181 .
the word drongo originates as a word for a type of bird . the spangled drongo ( dicrurus bracteatus ) is the only species of the drongo family found in australia . the name originally comes from malagasy , the indigenous language of madagascar ( where there are quite a few drongo species ) .
lateral view of a spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , april 2017 ]
dorsal view of a spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ darwin , nt , july 2013 ]
so if you get called a drongo this australia day remember poor old drongo , who was neither a bird nor a flyer .
habitat : spangled drongo lives mainly in wet forests , mangroves and urban parks . this species usually avoids too dense forests .
diet : spangled drongo feeds on insects taken in flight or from foliage and bark . it also consumes fruit and nectar .
holland , l . ( 1967 ) . field - notes on the spangled drongo . australian bird watcher 3 , 37–38 .
robertson , j . s . ( 1967 ) . movements of the spangled drongo . australian bird bander 5 , 5 .
spangled drongo also forages in foliage or searches for food under the bark . they can gather in flocks for hawking flying insects .
vol : spangled drongo performs acrobatic flights , swooping and twisting after flying insects . it has swift and erratic flight outside hunting .
d . wilczynska reports spotting a spangled drongo , race
atrabectus
, at daintree np , qld , in march 2015 .
frontal view of an immature spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of l . tonnochy ) [ near townsville , qld , january 2011 ]
spangled drongo is usually seen alone or in pairs , but they often migrate in flocks . it often flicks its tail when perched .
lateral view of a spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ rapid creek , darwin , nt , may 2018 ]
spangled drongo pairs strongly defend the nest - site against intruders and predators . this species can be aggressive , and often kills smaller birds .
near - frontal view of an immature spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of l . tonnochy ) [ near townsville , qld , january 2011 ]
close - up lateral view of an immature spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ cairns , qld , july 2018 ]
close - up dorsal view of an immature spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ cairns , qld , july 2018 ]
wood , k . a . ( 1996 ) . breeding records of the spangled drongo dicrurus bracteatus . sunbird 26 ( 2 ) , 25–35 .
. the range of the spangled drongo extends from west papua ( eastern indonesia ) via new guinea to the solomon islands and southwards to australia .
close - up lateral view of an immature spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of l . tonnochy ) [ near townsville , qld , january 2011 ]
lateral view of an immature spangled drongo devouring a large cicada ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , april 2017 ]
lateral view of a spangled drongo going for a drink ( photo courtesy of r . russell ) [ mount molloy , qld , january 2012 ]
this spangled drongo was observed hustling a willie wagtail ( photo courtesy of c . booker ) [ thornlands , redlands , qld , june 2013 ]
sorry to advise but the spangled drongo is no more . you will have to visit to see what type of restaurant / cafe has replaced it .
frontal view of a spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , july 2013 ]
frontal view of a spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , july 2014 ]
lateral view of a spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , may 2013 ]
lateral view of a spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , july 2013 ]
dorsal view of a spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , july 2013 ]
so you think you can identify a bird by it ' s call . . . . here ' s a spangled drongo mimicking a number of bird calls
near - dorsal view of a spangled drongo going for a drink ( photo courtesy of r . russell ) [ mount molloy , qld , august 2010 ]
vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . spangled drongo ( dicrurus bracteatus ) - current and future species distribution models . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken drongo ( dicrurus bracteatus ) / suitability
vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . spangled drongo ( dicrurus bracteatus ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken drongo ( dicrurus bracteatus ) / occurrences
longmore , n . w . & scoular , r . m . ( 1989 ) . a display of the spangled drongo dicrurus bracteatus . corella 13 , 160–161 .
close - up near - frontal view of a spangled drongo ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ sandy camp wetlands , brisbane , qld , april 2018 ]
lateral view of an immature spangled drongo seen far south ( photo courtesy of r . plumtree ) [ near ensay south , east gippsland , vic , may 2008 ]
direct comparison of the size of a spangled drongo with a bar - shouldered dove ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , april 2017 ]
spangled drongo waiting to pick off insects disturbed by foraging grey - crowned babblers ( photo courtesy of r . russell ) [ mount molloy , qld , july 2011 ]
spangled drongo on its deep hanging basket nest ( photo courtesy of l . scott ) [ roseberry creek valley , near toonumbar np , northern nsw , november 2016 ]
lateral view of a spangled drongo before going into the bathtub . . . ( photo courtesy of a . campbell ) [ mount mceuen , qld , october 2016 ]
close - up ventral view of a spangled drongo in flight ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , july 2014 ]
frontal view of a spangled drongo scavenging a piece of meat ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , august 2012 ]
in october 2015 a spangled drongo , race
bracteatus
, was found in timmallallie np , in the southern pilliga scrub and in december 2015 we heard a spangled drongo , race
bracteatus
, calling at the break of dawn ca . 5 km south of mudgee , nsw . these locations are on the western edge of the species ' range .
lateral view of a juvenile spangled drongo ; this bird was heard begging for food ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ rapid creek , darwin , nt , may 2018 ]
voice : sounds by xeno - canto spangled drongo utters some metallic notes , and it performs sometimes mimicry of other species . it is a noisy bird , uttering whistles and grating sounds .
lateral view of an immature spangled drongo devouring a large cicada - gone down the chute . . . ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , april 2017 ]
frontal view of a spangled drongo feeding on the nectar of a grevillea ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , august 2013 ]
spangled drongo on its deep hanging basket nest , now seen from behind ( photo courtesy of l . scott ) [ roseberry creek valley , near toonumbar np , northern nsw , november 2016 ]
not all birds , it seems , are meant to bring delight to the ears . maybe it’s the job of the spangled drongo to bring a bit of variety and comic relief into the world .
there’s not many names that suit the character of a creature as aptly as the spangled drongo , a sort of yobo of the avian world that’s earned its name through its often comical and clamorous behaviour .
frontal view of a spangled drongo feeding on the nectar of a callistemon ( bottlebrush ) ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , august 2013 ]
j . greaves reports spotting a spangled drongo , race
baileyi
, at alyangula , groote eylandt , nt , in september 2014 , and at paru , melville island , nt , in september 2016 .
also an excellent mimic , the spangled drongo picks up sounds it hears and weaves them into its twisted , cacophonous cackle . interestingly , it’s also often silent , making its behaviour seem even more erratic when in full swing .
near - frontal view of an immature spangled drongo ; note the dark irises , white throat spots and the white tips of the undertail coverts ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , april 2017 ]
the spangled drongo is usually seen perched on an open branch or telegraph wire , where it awaits a passing insect . once seen , its prey is pursued in an acrobatic display , and is caught in the drongo ' s slightly hooked bill . the spangled drongo then returns to its perch to eat its victim . the prey is guided into the bill with the assistance of sensitive , long , wire - like bristles bordering the bill ( rictal bristles ) . insects are also taken from foliage and from under bark ; fruit and nectar also form part of its diet .
the spangled drongo has glossy black plumage , with iridescent blue - green spots ( spangles ) , a long forked tail and blood red eyes . sexes are similar , but the female is slightly smaller . occasional white spotting can be seen on the upper wings of both sexes . young birds are more sooty black without the spangles and the eye is brown . the spangled drongo is noisy and conspicuous , usually active , and frequently aggressive to other species .
just wanted to let everyone know that the spangled drongo has re - opened in the same spot in nimbin . we ' re so pleased it ' s back : ) we ' ll add some photos next time we visit .
close - up near - frontal view of a spangled drongo with its eyebrows raised into something resembling a double crest ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , july 2013 ]
the best bird was a spotted harrier flying over head . but the best thing we saw though was a spangled drongo harrying a black - faced cuckoo - shrike for food . we saw it do it twice . on both occasions the bfcs flew over with a large pray item in it’s bill . the drongo followed closely from below . it kept flying up under the bfcs until , on both occasions , the bfcs dropped the pray which was caught by the drongo .
r . russell finds spangled drongos , race
atrabectus
, semi - regularly at mount molloy , qld .
b . hensen reports spotting spangled drongos , race
baileyi
, in darwin , nt , in july 2013 .
m . eaton reports finding spangled drongos , race
atrabectus
, in cairns , qld , in july 2018 .
this dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways ( rcps ) carbon emission scenarios , 18 global climate models ( gcms ) , and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 , for spangled drongo ( dicrurus bracteatus ) .
spangled drongos usually hunt insect in flight , but will take spiders and beetles from tree bark and small lizards as well .
dorsal view of a spangled drongo in an excited state , in this case demanding food - note the double
crest
and the fanned tail while calling ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , june 2014 ]
spangled drongo is migratory and performs seasonal movements . birds from northern parts of the range migrate northwards to indonesia . birds of southern parts travel to new guinea . some birds on central - east and south - east remain in their area , or occasionally , they migrate to tasmania .
this dataset includes observations of spangled drongo ( dicrurus bracteatus ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :
soon after drongo retired , racegoers started to use his name to describe other horses that were having unlucky careers or that had failed to live up to expectations . the word drongo soon took on a more negative meaning and was applied to people who were hopeless cases , no - hopers or fools .
in any case , the spangled part of this bird’s name comes from the blue highlights that adorn its black coat . spangled , being to sparkle or twinkle . it also has a long and forked tail , which gives the appearance of two distinct feathers being crossed over each other .
in breeding , both sexes take part in building the nest , which is a motley construction of twigs , vines and grass held together with spider webs . this is placed in a horizontal fork of a tree , typically 10 – 20 metres above ground , which the spangled drongo will spiritedly defend .
we are lucky to live nearby and have the spangled drongo as our
local
. either as a place for a quick takeaway on the weekend , or a longer shared meal with friends visiting the northern rivers , it ' s a great spot . our dog is also welcome . . .
a born entertainer , the spangled drongo is known to chase raw meat that’s been tossed into mid - air , accurately catching it with a spectacular swoop . it also eats insects and small birds , nabbing them in similar fashion . long wire bristles bordering the bird’s beak help guide prey into its mouth .
spangled drongos , race
bracteatus
, were seen and photographed by c . kellenberg at plum creek , biggenden , qld , in december 2008 .
since then , p . brown and other contributors report finding spangled drongos , race
baileyi
, regularly in darwin , nt , and surroundings .
typically aggressive towards other species , the spangled drongo can be found throughout northern and eastern australia , as well as new guinea and eastern indonesia . they prefer wet forests , but also subsist in woodlands , parks or amongst mangroves . true to its capricious nature , it’s also known to occasionally turn up in tasmania .
i have observed this behaviour in spangled drongos often and in 1985 published a short note about it in australian birds . i will email you a copy of the note directly . i have also observed the drongo associating with cicadabirds , white - bellied cuckoo - shrikes and barred cuckoo - shrikes , presumably also robbing them .
the true derivation is from the australian racehorse named drongo of the early 1920s ( which had taken its name from the bird ) . now , while every australian reveres phar lap—the thoroughbred that became a national hero a few years later ( during the great depression ) —drongo is little remembered except that his name has passed into australian folklore .
it is australia day this week so i have chosen a most australian word as the word of the week . if you get called a drongo it is likely you have done something rather unintelligent in front of your mates . drongo is a uniquely australian , mild form of insult , defining a person’s wit as being at a level only slightly cleverer than idiot .
behaviour : spangled drongo feeds mainly on insects caught in the air . it perches on exposed place , waiting for insects . then , it pursues its prey in an acrobatic flight , and catches it with the bill . it returns to its perch for eating the prey . the long bristles surrounding the base of the bill guides items into the mouth .
the nest of the spangled drongo is usually suspended from a branch , and has been likened to a cradle or a hammock . each nest is neatly woven from rootlets , vine tendrils and pieces of grass , and any potential threat that approaches is readily attacked , and they often mob owls and other birds of prey , sometimes striking them . spangled drongoes can also be aggressive away from the nest , and often chase other birds , especially cuckoo - shrikes , to steal food from them . drongoes are also often unafraid of people .
reproduction : breeding season occurs from october to january . spangled drongo’s nest is found in horizontal fork in tree , at about 10 to 20 metres from the ground . both adults build the nest . it is a shallow cup made with twigs , grasses and vine tendrils . materials are held with spider webs . nest hangs in slender fork , hidden in dense vegetation .
many australian species mimic in the wild . lyrebirds and magpies have the most varied forms of mimicry , followed by parrots and parakeets , satin bowerbirds , spangled drongos and many others .
spangled drongos can often be found in wet forest , but also in drier woodland . they adapt to the presence of humans well and are often also found in urban parks and gardens .
the breeding season of spangled drongos depends on geographic latitude and can , in principle , extend from august to may . the time range listed in the table above is the core breeding season .
several contributors have reported spotting spangled drongos , race
bracteatus
, all along the australian eastern seaboard , from near townsville , qld , in the north , all the way down to vic .
what a co - incidence i was watching a drongo chasing a black faced cuckooshrike with a luzard in its beak at cattana wetlands on thursday . the cuckooshrike got away but the drongos harrassed the whole family for over an hour . dom
frontal view of two spangled drongos , with an adult on the left and a juvenile on the right ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ highland park , gold coast , qld , august 2014 ]
spangled drongos normally have only one clutch per season . both adults participate in building the nest , which is a simple , shallow cup of twigs , vine tendrils and grasses , held together with spider web . it is placed in a horizontal fork of tree , normally toward outer edges and up to 10 m – 20 m above the ground . both sexes incubate the eggs and care for the young . spangled drongos actively defend the nest against intruders .
the farthest southern sighting was made by r . plumtree , who reports spotting spangled drongos , race
bracteatus
, along the tambo river , sandy creek road , ensay south , east gippsland , vic , in may 2008 .
we also spotted spangled drongos , race
bracteatus
, in the wetlands of capricorn resort , yeppoon , qld , in july 2009 . special access to the wetlands kindly granted by the owners of capricorn resort is most gratefully acknowledged .
spangled drongos are found throughout northern and eastern australia . also found in new guinea and eastern indonesia . closely related species occur through south - east asia to india , china , and the philippines and on some south - west pacific islands .
spangled drongos prefer wet forests , but can also be found in other woodlands , mangroves and parks . they tend to avoid more dense forest types and rainforest interiors . birds are more common in the north , and are often seen either singly or in pairs .
drongo was not a particularly bad horse , he ran several seconds and a third in major races and even came fifth in the 1924 sydney cup . although he came very close to winning major races , in 37 starts he never won a race ( phar lap on the other hand won 37 races from 51 starts including the melbourne cup in 1930 ) .
rocamora , g . , yeatman - berthelot , d . , christie , d . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . hair - crested drongo ( dicrurus hottentottus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
it is commonly suggested that the slang use of drongo came about as a reference to the bird’s apparently manic and almost comical behaviour as it swoops and dives in flight chasing insects . the strange behaviour was then metaphorically applied to people who were behaving idiotically . another suggestion is that it refers to the idea that some species of the bird migrate to colder regions in winter , which is contrary to commonsense . however , the birds’ behaviour or migratory habits are not things that most australians would be familiar with and are considered incorrect derivations .
spangled drongos are oriole - sized birds with an all glossy black plumage with a bluish to turquoise sheen . on the chest they have reflective spangles . above the eyes they have erectile ear tufts that can form a small double crest . the tail is long , wide and conspicuously flared and forked at the tip . the eyes have red irises . the strong , slightly down - curved bill is black . the legs and feet are dark - grey . juveniles have duller colours , some white scalloping on the front and some chevrons on the undertail coverts . their eyes have brown irises .
spangled drongos are a partly sedentary and partly migratory species in australia . on the australian continent there are three races that , taken altogether , populate the north and east coast and parts of the great dividing range . nominate race
bracteatus
resides from about ingham , qld , southwards to about woollongong , nsw . on cape york peninsula , down to ingham , qld , race
atrabectus
is found . both these races can extend their range into the ranges behind the coastal fringe . race
bracteatus
may reach the south coast , up to near melbourne , vic . another race ,
carbonarius
, does not reach the australian mainland , but stays further north , reaching the australian islands along the torres strait . birds of these races are all breeding migrants to australia from the north , with race
bracteatus
being endemic breeders . race
baileyi
is found along the far north coast of the nt and of the kimberley in wa . this race is endemic to australia .
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several other species are glossy black with red eyes . the metallic starling , aplonis metallica , ( 21 cm - 24 cm ) is found on the north - east coast , and has black plumage , brightly glossed with green and purple , a bright red eye and long tapered tail . the trumpet manucode , manucodia keraundrenii , ( 28 cm - 32 cm ) is restricted to northern cape york peninsula ; it has slender plumes on the nape and throat . the adult male common koel , eudynamys scolopacea , ( 40 cm - 46 cm ) is larger and lacks the spangles and fish tail .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the population in australia is estimated to number 500 , 000 individuals ( s . j . garnett and g . c . l . dutson in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22706996a111052288 .
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a variety of sounds , including some distinctive metallic notes like a stretched wire being plucked , and occasional mimicry of other bird species .
migratory ; individuals from the northern areas of western australia and the northern territory migrate northwards to indonesia , while the eastern australian birds migrate to new guinea . some drongos in the south - east and central - east , however , remain in the same area or head south , occasionally turning up in tasmania .
each time this bird vocalised it leant forward and spread its tail . in a tall tree at the edge of the forest .
several birds were interacting in the canopy , including this one calling in flight .
2 birds responding to each other , at the edge of logged / primary forest .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dicrurus bracteatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
the sound this bird makes has been likened to that of a stifled sneeze , followed by a strangled cat - like noise , which is then followed by something that resembles strings being inharmoniously plucked and stretched in an overexerted frenzy .
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white bellied sea eagles are one of australia’s most striking birds of prey . sometimes confused with the wedge - tailed eagle , white - bellied sea - eagles are easily distinguished by their white belly and silver / grey
the cairns tropical writers festival ( 10 – 12 august 2018 ) is the preeminent literary event on the north queensland calendar . established in 2008 , the cairns tropical writers festival brings together
world oceans day is celebrated across the globe on friday june 8 with hundreds of events planned . no matter where you are located around the world , there is bound to
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glossy black with iridescent blue - green spots , red eye and a long forked , “fish - like” tail .
glossy black plumage , with iridescent blue - green spots ( spangles ) , a long “fish - like” tail and blood red eyes . sexes are similar , but the female is slightly smaller . occasional white spotting can be seen on the upper wings in both sexes . young birds are more sooty black in colour , without the spangles , and the eye is brown .
wet forests , but can also be found in woodlands , mangroves and parks .
it is a migratory species , moving southwards in late spring and returning north in early autumn .
usually seen perched on an open branch or telegraph wire , where they await passing insects . once seen , its prey is pursued in an acrobatic display , and is caught in its slightly hooked bill , before the bird returns to its perch to eat it . insects are also taken from foliage and from under bark . fruit and nectar also form part of its diet .
it has a variety of calls , including some distinctive metallic notes like a stretched wire being plucked , and occasional mimicry of other bird species .
both adults participate in building the nest , which is a simple , shallow cup of twigs , vines and grasses , held together with spider web . normally have only one clutch per season . both sexes incubate the eggs and care for the young .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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dicrurus bracteatus bracteatus : e australia ( burdekin r . , queensland to south coast of nsw )
dicrurus bracteatus baileyi : n australia ( kimberley to arnhem land and melville i . )
dicrurus bracteatus atrabectus : islands of s torres straits and cape york pen . s to burdekin r .
dicrurus bracteatus carbonarius : aru is . , new guinea ( incl . n torres strait ) , louisiade arch . , d ' entrecasteaux arch
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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adult male has black glossy plumage , with metallic blue - green iridescent “spangles” . small white spots are visible on breast and upper wings . long black tail is out curved and forked . undertail coverts have whitish edges .
head is black . black bill is heavy , with base bordered with black bristles . eyes are red . legs and feet are blackish .
juvenile has sooty - black plumage and lacks spangles . its eyes are brown .
female lays 3 to 5 eggs . incubation is shared by both parents , and they brood and feed the young . this species produces only one brood per season .
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observation records were filtered from the atlas of living australia & apos ; s ( ala ) database based on ala & apos ; s & apos ; assertions & apos ; , expert - derived range polygons and expert opinion , and those observations inappropriate for modelling were excluded . only species with > 20 unique spatiotemporal records were used for modelling .
current climate was sourced as monthly precipitation and temperature minima and maxima from 1975 until 2005 at a 0 . 05° grid scale from the australian water availability project ( awap - urltoken ) ( jones et al 2007 , grant et al 2008 ) .
used in the modelling were annual mean temperature , temperature seasonality , max and min monthly temperature , annual precipitation , precipitation seasonality , and precipitation of the wettest and driest quarters for current and all rcp scenarios ( rcp3pd , rcp45 , rcp6 , rcp85 ) at 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 .
species distribution models were run using the presence - only modelling program maxent ( phillips et al 2006 ) . maxent uses species presence records to statistically relate species occurrence to environmental variables on the principle of maximum entropy . all default settings were used except for background point allocation . we used a target group background ( phillips & dudik 2008 ) to remove any spatial or temporal sampling bias in the modelling exercise .
the dataset is a tarred , zipped file ( . tar . gz ) , approximately 5gb in size and contains 609 ascii grid files :
associated with maximum entropy modelling of species geographic distributions uri : 10 . 1016 / j . ecomodel . 2005 . 03 . 026
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open the advanced search popout and ensure you are on the ‘search terms’ tab . two query rows should be displayed by default .
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automatic vetting based on the ala & apos ; s & apos ; assertions & apos ; whereby observations were assessed as inappropriate for modelling ( ie . & apos ; zero _ coordinates & apos ; , & apos ; invalid scientific name & apos ; ) ;
determining if the observations fell within expert - derived range polygons . these polygons were supplied by birdlife australia to represent , for each species , its core breeding habitat , non - breeding , historic , irruptive , or invasive ranges . records that fall outside these ranges were marked as inappropriate for modelling ; and


phtheochroa perspicuana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from arizona and texas .

the wingspan is about 23 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing in january and august .

phtheochroa perspicuana

species phtheochroa modestana - modest phtheochroa moth - hodges # 3819 - bugguide . net
perspicuana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . , paradise . holotype : usnm . female .
drenowskii razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type
flavana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 103 no type
gracilimana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type
hybriata razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type
ochodes razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type
ecballiella huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 273 . tl : spain , cadiz . holotype : bmnh . male .
rafalskii razowski , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , genus 8 : 176 . tl : mexico , durango , durango . holotype : amnh . male .
sinecarina huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 275 . tl : morocco , fez . holotype : bmnh . male .
variolosana christoph , in romanoff , 1887 ( phtheochroa ) , mm lpid . 3 : 115 . tl : turkestan , holotype : bmnh . male .
annae huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 276 . tl : austria , burgenland , neusiedl . holotype : tlmf . female .
larseni huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : turkey , anatolia , kizilcahamam . holotype : nhmv . female .
osthelderi huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : syria , taukrus , marasch . holotype : zsm . female .
aarviki razowski & brown , 2012 ( phtheochroa ) , zootaxa 3222 : 3 . tl : kenya , central province , kereita forest . holotype : nmk . male .
chriodes razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .
circina razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 4 : 175 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .
deima razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 137 tl : mexico , 10 km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .
natalica razowski , 2005 ( phtheochroa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 74 : 502 . tl : south africa , natal , karkloof . holotype : tmp . male .
pecosana kearfott , 1907 ( phtheochroa ) , can . ent . 39 : 124 . tl : usa , new mexico , beulah . lectotype : amnh . male .
albiscutellum walsingham , 1900 ( phtheochroa ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 487 tl : japan . holotype : bmnh . female .
ingridae huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nachrbl . bayer . ent 39 : 83 . tl : italy , sudtirol kalterer , leuchtenburger forst . holotype : tlmf . male .
veirsi razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 376 tl : mexico , durango , 30 mi w durango . holotype : eme . female .
zerena razowski & becker , 1993 ( phtheochroa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 21 : 234 . tl : mexico , veracruz , zangolica . holotype : mnrj . male .
imitana derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 298 . tl : turkey . hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . male .
ochodea razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 177 tl : mexico , durango , el salto , rancho nuevo . holotype : sdnh . male .
piptmachaeria razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 373 tl : mexico , durango , 10 mi w el salto . holotype : eme . male .
schreieri derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 296 . tl : turkey , hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . female .
tubulata arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 79 . tl : uzbekistan , north kugitangtau , leilakhansei . holotype : arenc . female .
berberidana danilevsky , 1955 ( phtheochroa ) , ent . obozr . 34 : 118 . tl : central asia . central asia ( alma ata . ) . lectotype : zmas . female .
kenyana aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 83 . tl : kenya , rift valley prov . , turi . holotype : bmnh . male .
amphibola razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 133 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .
chlidantha razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 131 tl : mexico , oaxaca , 17 km se oaxaca , ruinas dainzu . holotype : eme . male .
eulabea razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 136 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .
syrtana ragonot , 1888 ( phtheochroa ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( bulletin ) ( 6 ) 8 : lxxxviii . tl : tunisia , gabes . holotype : mnhn . female .
weiserti arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 78 . tl : uzbekistan , uzbekistan ( north kugitangtau , lielakhansei ) . holotype : arenc . male .
ciona razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , nayarit , 49 . 4 mi ne venado , mesa nayar . holotype : sdnh . male .
faulkneri razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .
pulvillana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 tl : germany , frankfurt . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
chriacta razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi s yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .
hydnum razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , mexico ( chihuahua , sierra de catarina , 81 mi sw buenaventura . holotype : lacm . male .
dilectana kennel , 1901 ( phtheochroa ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 243 . tl : russia . vol - gograd r , sarepta . holotype : mnhu . male .
hybrista razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 171 tl : mexico . mexico ( jalisco , 14 . 7 mi sw yahualica , el aguacate . holotype : sdnh . male .
cistobursa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .
chaunax razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .
descensa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 173 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .
hyboscia razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .
noema razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .
amandana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 . tl : germany . bayern ( regensburg ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
gloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 194 . tl : philippine islands . batan [ philippine islands ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
johnibrowni razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , mexico ( jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 45 . holotype : sdnh . male .
thiana staudinger , 1900 ( phtheochroa ? ( cochylis ? ) ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 ( 1899 ) : 348 . tl : central asia , central asia ( thian shan ) . holotype : mnhu . female .
lonnvei aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 82 . tl : ethiopia , oromia reg . , bale zone , 43 km sw goba , bale mts . nat . park , darwin camp . holotype : nhmo . male .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
holotype ♂ collected 2 july 1905 in pittsburgh , allegheny county , pennsylvania . collector : h .
busck , a . , 1907 . a review of the tortricid subfamily phaloniinae with descriptions of new american species .
a review of the tortricid subfamily phaloniinae with descriptions of new american species august busck . 1907 . journal of the new york entomological society , 15 : 19 - 36 .
check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .
a list of the lepidoptera of maine . part 2 , the microlepidoptera . section 1 & 2 auburn e . brower . 1984 . maine agricultural experiment station technical bulletin 114 : 1 - 70 .
world catalogue of insects , vol . 5 : tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) john wesley brown , joaquin baixeras . 2005 . apollo books .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 12 october , 2013 - 9 : 40am additional contributions by randy hardy last updated 5 february , 2018 - 10 : 45am
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aegrana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , oregon , jackson co . , rogue river . lectotype : bmnh . male .
agelasta razowski , 1967 ( aethes ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 192 tl : costa rica , san jos . holotype : bmnh . female .
albiceps walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : mexico , guerrero , amula . lectotype : bmnh . male .
alphitopa clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 7 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . male .
aureoalbida walsingham , 1895 ( hysterosia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 498 . tl : usa , colorado , loveland . lectotype : bmnh . male .
aureopunctana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 189 . tl : syria , etikettiert . holotype : mnhn . male .
baracana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , missouri , st louis . holotype : usnm . male .
tiscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : usa . new jersey , caldwell . lectotype : amnh . male .
vigilans meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
birdana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , new york , rye . holotype : usnm . female .
canariana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , white mountains . holotype : usnm . male .
cartwrightana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : canada , manitoba , cartwright . lectotype : amnh . male .
chalcantha meyrick , 1912 ( pharmacis ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 20 . tl : turkey , alma dagh . holotype : bmnh . male .
cymatodana rebel , 1927 ( conchylis ( phalonia ) ) , z . st . ent . verz . 12 : 117 . tl : spain , sierra d ' espua , korb . lectotype : nhmv . male .
hermosa schmidt , 1933 ( phalonia ( conchylis ) ) , boln . soc . espa . hist . nat . 33 : 401 . tl : spain . sierra espua , murcia province . holotype : mncnm . male .
decipiens walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : syria , shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . female .
rocharva obraztsov , 1943 ( hysterosia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 33 : 91 . tl : russia . rocharv , vallis flum pjandzh . holotype : zmku . male .
dodrantaria razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 94 . tl : lebanon , beirut . holotype : mnhu . male .
drenowskyi rebel , 1916 ( euxanthis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 42 . tl : bulgaria , demir kapia . lectotype : nhmv . male .
duponchelana duponchel , in godart , 1843 ( sericoris ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 143 . tl : italy , naples . holotype : mnhn . unknown .
duponcheliana costa , 1847 ( sericoris ) , annali accad . aspir . natur . napoli 4 : 77 . tl : italy . naples . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
gloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 5 , fig . 31 . no type
syriaca walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 446 tl : syria . shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . male .
durbonana lhomme , 1937 ( phalonia ) , amat . papillons 8 : 202 . tl : europe , westalpien ( alps ) [ europe ] . holotype : mnhn . male .
exasperantana christoph , 1872 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross 9 : 9 . tl : russia , vol - gograd region , sarepta . holotype : bmnh . female .
cornigera razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 93 . tl : tajikistan . murgavskoje gosudarstwo . holotype : zmas . male .
exasperatana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 53 . no type
farinosana herrich - schaffer , 1856 ( conchylis ) , neue schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 30 , fig . 154 . tl : russia , sarepta . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
frigidana guenee , 1845 ( eupoecilia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 298 . tl : sweden , dalarna [ dalecarlia , sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
andorrana milliere , 1865 ( conchylis ) , iconogr . descr . chenilles lpid . indits 2 : 167 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
flavidana guenee , 1846 ( cochylis ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 66 . tl : france . south france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
schawerdae rebel , in schawerda , 1908 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 58 : 255 . tl : kosovo . kosovo ( vucija bara ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
sulphurana guenee , 1845 ( aphelia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 67 . tl : france . pyrnes . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
sulphurosana razowski , 1970 ( aphelia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 73 . no type
fulvicinctana constant , 1894 ( cochylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 62 ( 1893 ) : 403 . tl : france , alpes maritimes . holotype : mnhn . unknown .
fulviplicana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , california , shasta co . , hatchet creek . lectotype : bmnh . male .
fermentata meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 . no type
homanana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 84 . tl : usa . nevada , verdi . lectotype : amnh . male .
komonana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 121 . tl : usa . california , santa clara co . , alma . lectotype : usnm . male .
refuga meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
gigantica busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 8 : 87 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , mexico city . holotype : usnm . female .
gracillimana rebel , 1910 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 24 : 7 . tl : spain , castilia , cuenca . lectotype : mgab . male .
huachucana kearfott , 1907 ( commophila ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 79 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . . lectotype : amnh . male .
inopiana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 469 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . lectotype : oum . male .
centrana herrich - schaffer , 1850 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 53 , fig . 373 . no type
centrana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( euchromia ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 205 . tl : switzerland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
excentricana erschoff , 1877 ( tortrix ( idiographis ) ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia . siberia , irkutsk . syntypes : zmas . 2 females .
hinnuleana krulikowsky , 1908 ( hysterosia inopiana ab . ) , societas ent . 23 : 18 . tl : russia . wjatka and kasan [ russia ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
obscurana kennel , 1913 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , palaear . tortr . : 350 . tl : russia . amur . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
pallidana caradja , 1916 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 55 . tl : russia . khabarovsky krai , kazakevich . lectotype : mgab . male .
tripsiana eversmann , 1844 ( tortrix ) , fauna lepid . volgo - ural . : 491 . tl : russia . kasan , orenburg . syntype ( s ) : zmas . unknown .
iodes clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 4 . tl : guatemala , volcan santa mara . holotype : usnm . male .
issikii razowski , 1977 ( hysterosia ) , ty to ga 28 : 35 . tl : japan , hokkaido , maruyama . holotype : usnm . female .
jerichoana amsel , 1935 ( phalonia ) , mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 : 291 . tl : palestine , jericho . holotype : lnk . male .
kenneli obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 70 . tl : russia , volgograd region , sarepta . syntypes : mnhu . 2 females .
krulikowskiji obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 69 . tl : russia , viatka province , sarapul . holotype : zmku . male .
kazakhstanica danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 109 . tl : khazakhstan . alma ata [ almaty ] . holotype : zmas . male .
kazakhstanika danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 82 . no type
loricata razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 568 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .
lucentana kennel , 1899 ( cochylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 30 . tl : syria , holotype : mnhu . unknown .
melasma clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 9 . tl : guatemala , chejel . holotype : usnm . male .
meraca razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 54 : 570 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .
modestana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .
noctivaga razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 569 . tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . female .
obnubila razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 571 . tl : mexico , hidalgo , jacala . holotype : eme . female .
ochralana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 300 . tl : tunisia , lectotype : mnhn . male .
bedeella lucas , 1946 ( phalonia ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : tunisia . sfax . lectotype : mnhn . male .
ochrolana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 52 . no type
ochrobasana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 301 . tl : algeria , algeria ( biskra ) . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
undulata lucas , 1946 ( argyrotoxa ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : algeria . algeria ( el golea ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .
palpana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 195 . tl : turkey , hadjin . holotype : mnhn . male .
pistrinana erschoff , 1877 ( cochylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia , siberia , irkutsk . syntype : zmas . male .
coreana walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : korea . gensan . holotype : bmnh . male .
heptopotamica obraztsov , 1944 ( propira pistrinana ssp . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 68 . tl : kazakhstan . central asia ( dzharkent ) [ kazakhstan ] . holotype : unknown . male .
primula walsingham , 1914 ( hysterosia ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 299 . tl : mexico , popocatepetl . holotype : usnm . female .
procerana lederer , 1863 ( conchylis ) , wien . ent . monatschr . 7 : 45 . tl : bulgaria , holotype : mnhu . male .
dispuncta kuznetzov , 1976 ( hysterosia pulvillana ssp . ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 64 : 3 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , vinogradovka . holotype : zmas . female .
purana guenee , 1845 ( argyrolepia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 64 . tl : france , syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
limbatana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 18 , fig . 125 . no type
limbatana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( cochylis ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 191 . tl : yugoslavia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
purissima osthelder , 1938 ( phalonia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 28 : 24 . tl : iran , holotype : zsm . male .
quaesita razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 570 . tl : mexico , zacatecas , 9 mi s fresnillo . holotype : eme . female .
rectangulana chretien , 1915 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 299 . tl : algeria , algeria . lectotype : mnhn . female .
reisseri razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 91 . tl : crete , west crete ( omalos ) . holotype : isez . male .
retextana erschoff , 1874 ( conchylis ) , lepid . turkestan : 93 . tl : turkestan , laxartem , sir - daria . holotype : zmas . female .
riscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , glenburn . lectotype : amnh . male .
vincta meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
rugosana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 14fig . 82 . tl : germany , wrttenberg , marbach / neckar . neotype : tlmf . male .
albana kennel , 1913 ( phalonia ) , palaear . tortr . : 299 . no type
v - albana donovan , [ 1806 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 11 : 31 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
schreibersiana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 53 . tl : germany , wrtemberg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
simoniana staudinger , 1859 ( cochylis ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 20 : 227 . tl : spain , andalusia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
sociana esartiya , 1988 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 67 ( 4 ) : 137 . tl : georgia , georgia ( grunzia , lagodekhi reserve ) . holotype : zmas . male .
karadaghina budashkin , 1992 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 69 : 415 . tl : ukraine . ukraine ( crimea ) . holotype : zmas . male .
sodaliana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 436 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
subfumida falkovitsh , 1963 ( hysterosia ( propira ) ) , zool . zhurn . moskva 42 : 697 tl : armenia , eriwan . holotype : zmas . male .
superbissima razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53 : 571 tl : mexico , veracruz , 2 mi w el joyita , hwy . 140 . holotype : eme . male .
terminana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .
merrickana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 59 . tl : usa . pennsylvania , new brighton . lectotype : amnh . male .
undulata danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( hysterosia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 113 . tl : central asia , central asia ( dshungarian ala - tau ) . holotype : zmas . female .
unionana kennel , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 : 135 . tl : russia , caucasus . syntypes : mnhu . 2 males .
vicina walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : guatemala , vera paz , pancina . holotype : bmnh . female .
villana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 34 . tl : usa , colorado , adams co . , denver . holotype : usnm . male .
vitellinana zeller , 1875 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 243 . tl : usa , maine or massachusetts . holotype : unknown . male .
vulneratana zetterstedt , 1839 ( tortrix ) , insecta lapponica descripta : 979 . tl : sweden , lappland ( laponia [ sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : uzil . unknown .
exsulana lederer , 1855 ( tortrix ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 117 . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
meincki amsel , 1932 ( euxanthis ) , dt . ent . z . berlin 1932 : 19 . tl : germany . holotype : meinc . unknown . [ lost ]
niponica kawabe , 1982 ( hysterosia ) , moths japan 2 : 182 . no type
nipponica matsumura , 1931 ( phalonia vulneratana form ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1074 tl : japan . hokkaido & honshu . syntype ( s ) : eihu . unknown . [ lost ]
waracana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : canada , alberta , regina . lectotype : usnm . female .
dicax meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
zacualpana busck , 1913 ( commophila ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 1 : 141 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , zacualpan . holotype : usnm . female .
unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018


megachilinae is a subfamily of bees , the largest subfamily in the family megachilidae , the mason bees .

subfamily megachilinae tribe lithurgini lithurgus microthurge trichothurgus tribe osmiini afroheriades ashmeadiella atoposmia bekilia chelostoma haetosmia heriades have narrow abdominal bands .

they resemble small osmia , but they are oligolectic ( specialized on a few subfamilies of asteraceae ) and use resin from conifers , as well as plant fibers and sand , as cell wall material .

hofferia hoplitis hoplosmia noteriades ochreriades osmia othinosmia protosmia pseudoheriades stenoheriades stenosmia wainia xeroheriades tribe anthidiini acedanthidium afranthidium afrostelis anthidiellum anthidioma anthidium anthodioctes apianthidium aspidosmia austrostelis aztecanthidium bathanthidium benanthis cyphanthidium dianthidium duckeanthidium eoanthidium epanthidium euaspis gnathanthidium hoplostelis hypanthidioides hypanthidium icteranthidium indanthidium larinostelis neanthidium notanthidium pachyanthidium paranthidium plesianthidium pseudoanthidium rhodanthidium serapista stelis panzer and related genera ( stelidine bees ) are cleptoparasites on other megachilidae .

subgenus heterostelis is parasitic on trachusa .

trachusa trachusoides xenostelis tribe dioxyini aglaoapis allodioxys dioxys is a brood parasites of megachile , anthidium and osmia .

ensliniana eudioxys metadioxys paradioxys prodioxys tribe megachilini coelioxys is a brood parasites of megachile .

females have a pointed conic abdominal apex ( tip ) ; males have several spikes on their apex .

megachilinae

immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee dioxys cincta ( apoidea , megachilidae , megachilinae , dioxyini ) . american museum novitates ; no . 3443
details - immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee dioxys cincta ( apoidea , megachilidae , megachilinae , dioxyini ) . american museum novitates ; no . 3443 - biodiversity heritage library
this is the largest subfamily of megachilidae and the only subfamily present in florida . in florida , it includes four tribes . nearly all the megachilinae , with the exception of the lithurgini , use foreign material from outside the nest to form cells , cell walls , and partitions .
ty - book ti - immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee dioxys cincta ( apoidea , megachilidae , megachilinae , dioxyini ) . american museum novitates ; no . 3443 ur - urltoken py - 2004 au - ozbek , hikmet . au - rozen , jerome g . ( jerome george ) er -
@ book { bhl168726 , title = { immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee dioxys cincta ( apoidea , megachilidae , megachilinae , dioxyini ) . american museum novitates ; no . 3443 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { ozbek , hikmet . and rozen , jerome g . ( jerome george ) } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }
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1 . pygidial plate of male present , that of female represented by an apical process or spine ; metapleuron with lower half narrow ( less than half as wide as upper end and five to six times as long as wide ) to linear ; outer surfaces of tibiae , except hind tibiae of some males , with coarse tubercles that do not end in bristles . . tribe lithurgini
pygidial plate absent ; metapleuron with lower half little narrower than upper end ( lower one - fourth sometimes considerably narrowed , about twice as long as wide ) ; outer surfaces of tibiae commonly without tubercles , or with tubercles ending in bristles , but sometimes tuberculate as in lithurgini . . . 2
2 . stigma less than twice as long as broad , inner margin basal to vein r usually little if any longer than width , rarely about 1 . 5 times width ; prestigma commonly short , usually less than twice as broad ; claws of female cleft or with an inner tooth ; outer surface of hind tibiae usually with abundant simple bristles ; body commonly with yellow or white ( sometimes red ) integumental markings . . . tribe anthidiini
stigma over twice as long as broad , inner margin basal to vein r longer than width ; prestigma much more than twice as long as broad ; claws of female usually simple ; outer surface of hind tibiae with hairs , these sometimes plumose , but not bristles ; body almost always without yellow or white integumental markings . . . 3
3 . arolia absent , at least on hind legs , usually on all legs ; preaxilla , below posterolateral angle of scutum , sloping and with small patch of hairs , these as long as those of adjacent sclerites ; body nonmetallic or nearly so . . . tribe megachilini
arolia present ; preaxilla , below posterolateral angle of scutum , vertical , smooth and shining or with some hairs , these much shorter than those of adjacent sclerites ; body sometimes metallic green , blue , or brassy . . tribe osmiini
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
wool carder bees of the genus anthidium in the western hemisphere ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) : diversity , host plant associa . . .
zoological journal of the linnean society , vol . 168 ( 2 ) , pp . 221–425 , 2013
our objective is to provide an up - to - date revision of the genus megachile of this region , including an interactive key to the species , and summaries of biogeographic distribution and life history .
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contributed by john f . carr on 10 september , 2013 - 8 : 44pm
the american midland naturalist . 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 84 , 1939
full text text of 113 pages , with 41 maps and 227 figures at the end of the paper .
by katherine parys , terry griswold , harold w . ikerd , michael christopher orr
contributed by maury j . heiman on 12 june , 2018 - 2 : 43pm
the bees in your backyard : a guide to north america ' s bees .
a wonderfully written , richly and attractively illustrated book , mostly with the authors ' own excellent images ! this is a wonderful introduction to north america ' s over 4000 native bee species . the title page ' s photos communicate at once the great diversity of our bee fauna . a must for everyone who wants to learn about the bees that have evolved with our flora , as well as a useful reference for professionals .
the information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .
hover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .
ozbek , hikmet . rozen , jerome g . ( jerome george ) 1928 -
hans - martin braun added the english common name
white - dotted wool - carder bee
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anthidium punctatum latreille , 1809
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
weißfleckige wollbiene
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anthidium punctatum latreille , 1809
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
punktierte wollbiene
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anthidium punctatum latreille , 1809
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
gartenwollbiene
to
anthidium manicatum ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
garten - wollbiene
to
anthidium manicatum ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hymenoptera name server version 0 . 03 4 . x . 2002 , website ( version 0 . 03 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .