the palmate newt ( lissotriton helveticus ) is a species of newt found in most of western europe , including great britain .

it is protected by law in all countries where it occurs , and is thought to be extremely rare to endangered in the netherlands , belgium , and luxembourg , and vulnerable in spain and poland , but common elsewhere .

palmate newt

palmate newt , gravid female . note the dark dorsolateral line on this specimen .
the palmate newt has a distinct preference for shallow ponds on acid - rich soils .
in great britain , the palmate newt is protected only from sale and trade in any form .
male palmate newt in breeding condition and , right , close - up of the hind foot .
male palmate newt in an aquarium set - up . note the black , webbed hindfeet and tail filament .
data from : secondary compounds from exotic tree plantations change female mating preferences in the palmate newt ( lissotriton helveticus ) .
they derive their name “palmate newt” from the palm - like appearance of the webbed feet of the males during mating season .
the palmate newt looks similar to the smooth newt , but favours shallow pools on acidic soils like heathlands . during the breeding season , males grow distinctive black webbing on their hind feet .
data for experiment 2data from : secondary compounds from exotic tree plantations change female mating preferences in the palmate newt ( lissotriton helveticus ) .
palmate newts have the most distinctive communities of the three native newt species . most of the ponds that support palmate newts also have common frogs rana temporaria but have neither of the other two newt species ( 60 % ) . these are the large numbers of fairly acidic moorland and disused quarry ponds in the western , upland areas . common toads bufo bufo are also usually present in the quarry ponds but only rarely in the moorland pools . the second most frequent palmate community is at lower altitudes , where ponds generally have a more neutral ph , and both smooth and palmate newts are present ( 30 % ) . the proportions of the two species can vary considerably . less than 10 % of palmate newt ponds have all three newt species . ponds supporting palmate and great crested newt but not smooth newt are very rare .
data for experiment 2data from : secondary compounds from exotic tree plantations change female mating preferences in the palmate newt ( lissotriton helveticus ) . - dryad
the palmate newt is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . sale or commercial exchange of palmate newts is prohibited in britian by the wildlife and countryside act , 1981 ( 3 ) .
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common newt the common newt ( triturus vulgaris ) is also known as the smooth newt and is one of the commonest amphibians in europe , however , they are absent from iberia , southern france , southern italy and most mediterranean islands . they are also found in russia and western asia . the common newt is one of three native newt species .
they are one of smallest newt species in the world . the adult females look quite similar to the female smooth newts . palmate newts have a shiny appearance .
the palmate newt is named after the black webbing which develops on the male ' s back feet during the breeding season - something other newts do not have .
telling smooth newts apart from palmate newts can be trying . both are brown in colour , with a yellow / orange underbelly , and both species rarely exceed 10cm . the best way to tell females apart is the fact that the throat of the smooth newt is spotted and that of the palmate newt is plain pink or yellow . the male , in breeding condition , is easy to tell apart from the smooth newt . palmate newt males have a filament at the tip of the tail and black webbing on the back feet , neither of which are present in smooth newts .
reproductive habitat : slow - flowing or still waters , often temporary waterbodies such as puddles or ditches . in contrast to the smooth newt , the palmate newt typically colonises ponds with a lower ph ( more acidic ) , often with more shade and clearer water .
this is the smallest of the three newt species found in the wild in britain . ( at 6cm in length when fully mature , it is only slightly smaller than the common newt . ) note the skin between the toes of the palmate newt - the feet are rather like palms of the hand , from which this amphibian gets its common name .
palmate newts will breed in very shallow pools and larger bodies of water , they are often found in the same ponds as the smooth newt ( triturus vulgaris ) . they are however more tolerant of acidic waters than the smooth newt . often small garden ponds are used for breeding .
palmate newt is a small newt species mainly found in western europe . these newts are protected by various laws in the countries they exist . they are considered to be threatened in many countries including belgium , luxembourg and netherlands . in spain and poland this species is considered to be vulnerable .
iglesias - carrasco m , head ml , jennions md , cabido c ( 2017 ) data from : secondary compounds from exotic tree plantations change female mating preferences in the palmate newt ( lissotriton helveticus ) .
all newts are amphibians . the common newt has the widest distribution of our native newts .
during the mating season , the male palmate newts develop webbed feet that help them to move in their water habitat .
palmate newts are eaten by many kinds of animals including grass snakes as well as grey herons and other water birds .
where to find the smooth newt , how to identify them , their lifecycle and protection status .
female palmate newts are easily confused with those of smooth newts , but the unspotted pink throat is a good distinguishing feature .
our smallest newt , the palmate newt is peachy - yellow underneath , with a few spots on the belly , but none on the throat . in the breeding season , males develop black webs on their hind feet and have a thin filament at the end of their tail . females are difficult to distinguish from female smooth newts .
where to find the great crested newt , how to identify them , their lifecycle and protection status .
the female deposits her eggs individually on aquatic plants , carefully wrapping each egg in a leaf . it is impossible to distinguish the eggs of the palmate newt from those of the smooth newt in the field . the adults remain in the pond until july , the young newts or
efts
leave the pond during august / september .
it can be very difficult to distinguish the palmate newt from the smooth newt ( triturus vulgaris ) . smooth newts tend to be larger , typically 8 - 11 cm in length . male smooth newts have a much more developed wavy crest on their backs in the breeding season and no tail filament , they have a rounder body than palmates newts which appear square in cross - section . the most consistent difference is that palmate newts usually do not have spotted or speckled throats .
palmate newts are found in the western regions of europe including great britain . their distribution range includes united kingdom , wales and scotland .
palmate newts hybernate emerge from hibernation in march , and they breed soon afterwards . towards the end of september , palmate newts find dense leaf litter and there they hibernate until the following spring . apparently able to cope fairly well in dry conditions , palmate newts sometimes wander a long way away from any ponds or streams . in contrast , common newts tend to turn up nearly always in fairly damp locations
responses to different densities of males in the smooth newt , triturus vulgaris . “one at a time , please”
although the palmate newt is not threatened at present , there has been a dramatic and worrying global decline in amphibians . in britain , widespread species , including the palmate newt have declined . it is thought that changes in agriculture are largely to blame , including the massive reduction in the number of farm ponds . in the last century , a staggering 70 percent of britain ' s pools and marshes have been destroyed . furthermore , remaining ponds are often polluted with agricultural chemicals ( 3 ) .
newts are amphibians , breeding in ponds during the spring and spending most of the rest of the year feeding on invertebrates in woodland , hedgerows , marshes and tussocky grassland . they hibernate underground , among tree roots and in old walls . the palmate newt is very similar in appearance to the smooth newt , but prefers shallow pools on acidic soils . as such , it is more likely to be found in upland areas and on heaths and moorlands than other newt species .
it is therefore most commonly found on heathland in the south and west , and in the north on moorland and bogs . palmate newts seem able to withstand dryer conditions than the smooth newt and are often found further from water during their terrestrial phase .
iglesias - carrasco m , head ml , jennions md , cabido c ( 2017 ) secondary compounds from exotic tree plantations change female mating preferences in the palmate newt ( lissotriton helveticus ) . journal of evolutionary biology 30 ( 10 ) : 1788–1795 . urltoken
palmate newts emerge from hibernation in early march and the breeding season continues until late may . during july the adult newts leave the water , males absorbing their crests and tail filaments and becoming more drab in appearance . they are fully terrestrial during august and september , preparing for hibernation by feeding on worms and other small invertebrates . the palmate newt typically hibernates in deep leaf litter in late september .
the lifecycle of the palmate newt is very similar to that of the smooth newt and they also eat very similar prey ( including frog tadpoles ) . eggs are laid individually on plant leaves during the spring and the newt larvae ( efts ) that hatch out have a ' frill ' of external gills behind their head . the larvae grow their front legs first , unlike frogs and toads , and leave the water in the summer months once they have lost their gills . palmate newts eat various invertebrates and outside of the breeding season they are often found on land , in damp areas of the garden under logs or other debris .
predation of newt eggs ( triturus alpestris and t . helveticus ) : identification of predators and protective role of oviposition behavior
( a ) tank configuration ( n = 24 ) with an individual goldfish ( n = 12 ) and 4 palmate newts ( one of each phenotype and each sex ) , ( b ) the 2 newt phenotypes : the paedomorph ( on the left ) and the metamorph , and ( c ) infrared image showing the presence of palmate newts in the risky habitat ( i . e . , the open area ) at night .
diel profile of behaviour in the smooth newt , triturus vulgaris ( l . ) : an analysis of environmental cues and endogenous timing
the smooth or common newt ( triturus vulgaris ) is britain ' s most widespread newt ( 4 ) . both males and females have greenish - brown upperparts , with a whitish belly and cheeks and an orange streak on the belly , which is more pronounced in males ( 5 ) . the body is covered in black spots , which are larger and more obvious in males than females . furthermore , during the breeding season males develop an impressive crest that extends from the head to the tail , as well as flaps of skin on the toes . in general , females are much more dull in colour and patterning than males ( 5 ) . the smooth newt is often confused with palmate newts ; the presence of spots on the whitish throat provides a sure - fire way of distinguishing a smooth newt from a palmate newt ( which never have spots on the throat ) , although these spots may be less obvious in females ( 5 ) . juveniles are similar in appearance to females ( 3 ) .
in the uk , the common newt is protected under schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act ( 1981 ) with respect to sale only . it is therefore illegal to sell individuals of the species , but their destruction or capture is still permitted . they are also listed under annex iii of the bern convention . the common newt is the only newt native to ireland and it is protected there under the wildlife acts [ 1976 and 2000 ] . it is an offence to capture or kill a newt in ireland without a licence .
description this is the data for the experiment 2 for the manuscript “secondary compounds from exotic tree plantations change female mating preferences in the palmate newt ( lissotriton helveticus ) ” . data was collected by mic and cc . all methods are described in the associated manuscript . column headings are described in the excel spreadsheet .
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the smallest of the three native newt species , the palmate newt lissotriton helveticus grows up to nine cm in length with the females slightly larger than the males . the upper surface is olive green / brown and the underside is lemon , or pale lemon - cream , or sometimes a pale orange . most individuals have some spots on the belly which are smaller than smooth newt lissotriton vulgaris spots . the throat is usually pale pink or cream and almost always spotless . the most strongly coloured and spotted females can be more colourful and spotted than some female smooth newts , which can cause confusion .
larvae : newt larvae can be recognised by the feathery gills they develop , and by the development of the forelimbs earlier than the hindlimbs in development ( the reverse is true of frog larvae ) . newt larvae are translucent brown in colour , and may be lightly speckled with black .
palmate newts are reasonably common in britain , although they are not as plentiful as the common newt ( lissotriton vulgaris ) . if you live in an acid soil area and you have a garden pond with shallow , weed - fringed margins , there is a very good chance that this species will move in from the surrounding countryside .
in breeding condition , male palmate newts become highly distinctive , developing obvious web bing between the digits of the hind feet and a 5 mm long black tail filament extending from the trunctated end of the fins ( outside this breeding season , this is noticeable only as a small dark spot at the tip of the tail ) . male palmate newts do not develop a prominent crest , but a low crest develops on both the head and tail which has smoother , less undulating edges than that of the s mooth newt .
palmate newts are the most widespread of the newt species in our region , with a predominantly upland bias . they are able to breed in ponds that are slightly more acidic than smooth newts can tolerate , though not in the very acidic sphagnum pools . they survive well in woodland ponds , including ponds and ditches in conifer woods . eastern coastal areas generally lack palmate newts , but not always . their distribution has been expanded by introductions , particularly to garden ponds in the lowland areas , which is blurring their original range .
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although the palmate newt isn ' t threatened with extinction at present , the long - term survival of all britain ' s native amphibians and reptiles remains in the balance ( 3 ) . interest in reptiles and amphibians has increased massively in the last 30 years and there are now conservation charities dedicated to these fascinating and often overlooked species , such as the herpetological conservation trust ( 5 ) . the ecology and habits of this species are well understood , and effective monitoring is in place , which will enable the state of the palmate newt population to be tracked carefully . any decline will therefore be apparent and informed conservation action can swing into action . although sale of this newt is prohibited under the wildlife and countryside act of 1981 , it is unfortunate that the species is not yet fully protected by law in britain ( 3 ) .
with a western european distribution , the palmate newt is found from northern germany through france to the north of portugal and spain . in britain it has a widespread but rather patchy distribution . it is rare or completely absent from the midlands , east anglia , and parts of southern england and is most common in wales and scotland ( 3 ) .
palmate newts are opportunistic predators that will take most terrestrial invertebrates . occasionally larger animals may take juvenile slow worms or other small vertebrates . when adults return to the water during the breeding season , they feed largely on frog and newt eggs and larvae ( potentially including their own ) , small crustaceans and insect larvae . in contrast to great crested newts (
the smooth newt is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . the smooth newt is protected in britain under schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act ( 1981 ) with respect to sale only ( 2 ) . listed under annex iii of the bern convention ( 3 ) .
eggs are laid singly in a folded leaf and are about 3 mm across . these are indistinguishable from smooth newt eggs and smaller than great crested newt triturus cristatus eggs which are about four to five mm across . the aquatic efts , or larvae , are very difficult to distinguish from smooth newt efts . efts have over - wintered in the aquatic phase in recent mild winters . terrestrial efts are similar to terrestrial adults but smaller and without , or with fewer , smaller dark spots on the underside .
the palmate newt eggs take around 2 to 3 weeks to hatch into larva . feathery external gills are located behind their heads . these larvae start to metamorphose 6 to 9 weeks after hatching . in extremely cold regions , the larvae spend the winter within the water . they start their metamorphosis in the next year . the larvae leave their water habitat and move to terrestrial land , once they lose their gills .
this little amphibian is tolerant of acid waters and so it is the most common newt species on heath and moorland , where it breeds in shallow ponds and other small waterholes in the springtime .
the great crested newt ( triturus cristatus ) , our only other native tailed amphibian , is a much larger creature at 15 - 18 cm . very dark in appearance with distinctly warty skin .
their diet is very broad , and includes zooplankton , freshwater shrimps and hoglice ; when they are on land they eat a wide range of invertebrates , the capture of which is aided by the possession of a sticky tongue . they are active at twilight and / or just before sunrise . this secretive newt spends most of the day in thick aquatic vegetation , coming out into open water only after dark . palmate newts hibernate from november to late february / march .
confusion is less likely with the great crested newt ( triturus cristatus ) , which is larger ( up to twice as long in some cases ) , darker and less distinctly patterned . male great crested newts in breeding condition have a tall , jagged crest that has a ' toothed ' appearance . great crested newt larvae are larger , possess prominent black blotches on the body and tail , and a tail filament .
the natural england site of special scientific interest ( sssi ) criteria assessment is the same as for smooth newts : less than 10 palmate newts netted or counted by torchlight is a “low” population , 10 to 100 is a “good” population and more than 100 is an “exceptional” population ( nature conservancy council , 1998 ) . a great number of our populations would be “good” on this basis which perhaps means that this criterion is slightly too generous . in the upland quarry ponds favoured by palmate newts they are readily seen by torchlight and counts of over 100 are easily achieved .
the smooth newt is , with the common frog ( rana temporaria ) , britain ' s most widespread amphibian . it occurs throughout england , scotland and wales , but becomes less frequent to the north and west ( 5 ) . elsewhere , it is found throughout much of europe , but absent from northern scandinavia , parts of russia and the ukraine , and most of the southwest including spain , portugal , southern france and italy ( 4 ) . it is the only newt in ireland ( 3 ) . there are thought to be seven subspecies of the smooth newt in europe , but the nominate race ( triturus vulgaris ) occurs in britain and ireland ( 5 ) .
palmate newts are very similar in general habits and behaviour to smooth newts . they are crepuscular , with activity peaking at dusk and dawn . this secretive newt ( 2 ) spends most of the day in thick aquatic vegetation , coming out into open water only after dark ( 3 ) . their diet is very broad , and includes zooplankton , freshwater shrimps and hoglice ; when they are on land they eat a wide range of invertebrates , the capture of which is aided by the possession of a sticky tongue ( 3 ) .
this newt is quite easy to take care of and can make a great pet . it is a semi aquatic species , which means it needs both land and water . here is some information about its housing , feeding and caring .
interactions between ( a ) diel period and fish and ( b ) between diel period and phenotype on the use of the risky habitat ( i . e . , the open area of the aquaria ) by palmate newts ( mean ± se ) . newts not present in the open area were hidden under a shelter . see table 2 for results of the statistical analyses . the left white side and the right gray side represent observations during the day and nighttime , respectively . meta : metamorphs and paedo : paedomorphs , the 2 newt phenotypes .
the italian newt has a throat that is darker than the belly ( that of the palmate is paler ) , is smaller and lighter in colour , and males in breeding condition can be easily distinguished by their lack of webbing or a tail filament . the alpine and montandon ' s newts both have bellies that are entirely yellow or red ( rather than just the midline ) . alpine and italian newts have only a single groove on the top of the head . montandon ' s and italian newts lack stripes on the side of the head .
various large fishes and grass snakes are considered to be the main predators for this newt species . other predators include kingfishers , ducks and great crested newts . water beetles , large fishes , dragonfly nymphs and larger newts feed on the larvae .
the palmate newt breeds in a range of still and occasionally running water , including ponds , puddles , woodland and heath pools and even mountain lake edges . it shows a marked preference for shallow soft - water pools on acid soils , which explains why the species is common on heathland in the south and west of england , and in moorland and bogs in the north . ponds and ditches that do not support fish are preferred , and it is often found in garden ponds . all amphibians require good quality undisturbed terrestrial habitats around the breeding ponds .
color : both males and females are brown or olive - green in color . they sometimes have dark spots covering their backs . the pale orange or yellow belly may or may not have dark spots . females have pale yellow or pink throat without any markings . this helps to identify the female palmate newts .
eiliff’s mill is a small complex of ponds next to an allotment site . the size of the alpine newt population there is not known , but the site is a local wildlife site on account of its having all five native north east amphibian species .
varied , being found in hills , mountains and , in lowland areas , grasslands , heaths , deciduous woodland , marshes and brackish coastal pools . this is a disturbance - tolerant species that may colonise garden ponds , although generally more rarely than the smooth newt .
the palmate newt breeds in a range of still and occasionally running water , including ponds , puddles , woodland and heath pools and even mountain lake edges ( 2 ) . it shows a marked preference for shallow soft - water pools on acid soils , which explains why the species is common on heathland in the south and west of england , and in moorland and bogs in the north ( 5 ) . ponds and ditches that do not support fish are preferred , and it is often found in garden ponds ( 3 ) . all amphibians require good quality undisturbed terrestrial habitats around the breeding ponds ( 3 ) .
a single alpine newt was recovered from a wheel - wash facility at a landfill site at carlin howe near guisborough in 2004 and brought to the author to confirm its identity . the complex of ponds at carlin howe had been the subject of several amphibian surveys over several years prior to 2004 due to the need to fill in and provide replacement ponds as part of the landfill operations . none of the surveys prior to 2004 found any definite records of alpine newts and it remains to be seen whether this newt was an isolated individual or part of a population .
the reproductive period in middle - and western europe extends from the middle of february until may . the reproductive period on the iberian peninsula can occur from january until august , depending on the altitude . the courtship takes place in water , and is superficially like that of the smooth newt ,
while alpine newts are normally very dark dorsally , the alpine newts in the eaglescliffe area are unusual in that the dorsal colour is usually brown , similar to that of typical smooth / palmate newts though still with mottling present . a very small male found in a pond in eaglescliffe by the author was initially of normal colouration but then changed to this light - brown colour within a few weeks .
the smooth newt is often found in garden ponds , particularly where there are no fish , but lives in a range of habitats , including ditches and pools with a lot of submerged vegetation ( 5 ) . unlike many other amphibians , the habitat surrounding the water body does not seem to be very important ( 5 ) .
the palmate newt is rather small , reaching around 9 cm in total length . basic colouring is brown or greenish , with dark spots on the flanks , these being more numerous in the male . the belly is pale orange or yellow , often with some spotting , although the throat is not spotted . males have marked dorsolateral ridges , giving them a rather square cross - section . individuals in breeding condition also have a low , straight - edged crest along the body and tail , a thin filament at the end of the tail , and dark webbing is present on the hind feet . . the tail itself has two rows of large dark spots bordering a thin central orange band . the male ' s cloacal swelling is dark in colour .
the alpine newt is native to much of central , continental europe and occurs up the coasts of northeast france through to holland but it does not appear to have been native to the british isles . as its name suggests it can be found in montane habitats up to 2 , 500 metres in altitude but it can also be abundant in lowlands , and it will use a variety of waterbodies including both shallow and deep ponds and slow flowing streams ( griffiths , 1995 ) . steward ( 1969 ) considers that it appears to be more adaptable than other newt species , wandering more widely from breeding habitats , being more inclined to enter water outside of the breeding season and being hardier than either great crested or smooth newts .
variations found in our region are mainly in size . some populations of palmate newts have quite small animals , mainly five to seven cm long , and generally darker than usual . occasional individuals or populations have a sandy yellow - brown dorsal surface instead of the usual brown . neotonous males have been recorded from hamsterley forest . aquatic males with one webbed hind foot and the other not webbed , or one dark foot and one light foot , are regularly found .
firstly , the male newt has a single black line running down the centre of the spine , the females have two parallel lines either side of the centre . secondly , on closer inspection , one can clearly see that the males cloaca ( the posterior opening from which they excrete both urine and faeces ) is very swollen , whilst the females is nearly invisible .
length : up to 9 cm . the palmate newt is the smallest british amphibian , and earns its english name from the strongly webbed hind feet that males develop during the breeding season . both sexes have smooth skin , with olive green or brownish coloured upperparts and a yellow belly featuring a scattering of small black spots . the throat is not spotted and is pinkish in colour . males are slightly smaller than females and have a ' boxy ' appearance as a result of two ridges that pass along the back . in addition to the webbed feet , they also develop a very low , smooth crest during the breeding season , which extends along the back to the tail , where it forms a deep ' fin ' . the tail has an orange central line passing along its length , bordered by two rows of dark blotches .
fewer spots or unspotted in females . the throat is white or pinkish , and is unspotted . a dark stripe passes from the snout through the eye , which has a black and gold iris . three grooves are present on the top of the head , which is rather short and rounded in appearance . there is a short ridge running along the back in males , and ridges at either edge of the dorsum in both sexes , giving the newt a rather square appearance .
breeding season is the best time to tell the male from the female common newt . during this period the male develops a wavy , transparent crest along the spine and tail . each wave is topped by a black mark . the bright orange belly has black spots . females are smaller and also develops spots , but not on the stomach area , which is paler than the males and their spots are generally smaller . the females do not develop crests . as they grow , common newts shed their skin once a week . males are also distinguishable from females by their fringed toes .
in the breeding season the aquatic males develop webbed hind feet like a duck , from which the name “palmate” is derived , and these are usually dark in colour . a tail filament , occasionally up to 10 mm long , develops on the blunt - ended tail and this is often nipped short by predators . a tiny crest , scarcely visible , runs along the midline of the male’s back . the dorsal surface has indistinct darker spots , which form two parallel lines on the tail . males in good condition have an orange flash between the rows of spots on the tail , underlined by a narrow white stripe . aquatic females lack the tiny crest , tail filament and the dark , webbed hind feet . they have fewer and less distinct spots ( beebee and griffiths , 2000 ) .
during courtship the male newt ‘displays’ for his prospective mate by vibrating his tail in front of the female and waft glandular secretions towards her by fanning his tail in her direction . this stimulates the female to approach him . the male then deposits a sperm - containing capsule , known as a spermatophore , in front of his mate , who manoeuvres herself into a position whereby she can pick up the capsule with her cloaca – fertilization occurring inside the female . after a few days , the female begins to lay eggs individually , usually under aquatic plant leaves at a rate of 7 to 12 eggs per day . altogether a total of 400 eggs may be produced over the season .
elementis is also a local wildlife site on account of its amphibian populations , which were annually censused over a period of years . alpine newts were first recorded at elementis in 2003 and by 2007 had increased in number and colonised all of the ponds . this led to concerns that the decline in the numbers of palmate newts on the site may have been related to the increase in alpine newts . a decision was taken to reduce the numbers of alpine newts and in october 2009 400 adult newts were removed from a single pond ( maxine reid , pers . comm . , 2009 ) . this may have done little to diminish its numbers in that area as in 2011 an ecological survey of a site at urlay nook less than one km away from both elementis and coatham stob found large numbers of alpine newts , estimated to be well into four figures ( graeme skinner , pers . com . , 2012 ) .
adult : a ' typical ' newt , with relatively short hindlimbs and well - developed tail fins that end in a blunt tip . the tail is shorter than the snout - vent length . the upper body is light or dark brown or olive , typically with green or brown speckling . a dark dorsolateral line may be present in females . the tail has two rows of prominent dark spots , one towards the top and the other at the base , and inbetween the tail is yellow or orange . the hind feet are olive brown to black . there is a paler ventral surface , with a flush orange or straw - yellow running down the midline of the bell y , w hich is lightly spotted in males and either with
after 2 to 3 weeks ( depending on water temperature ) the eggs hatch to a larval form – a tadpole . for a few days the tadpoles live off the food reserves contained within their yolk sacs ( left over from the egg stage ) . after this they start to eat freshwater plankton , and later insect larvae and mollusks . unlike frog tadpoles , newts are carnivorous throughout their life . the larvae have external gills , which absorb oxygen directly from the water . about 10 weeks later they have metamorphosed into air - breathing juveniles . they are known as ‘efts’ at this time and some may leave the water . they become sexually mature at 3 years of age . the average life span of a newt is 6 years although it is possible for them to survive for 20 years .
a garden pond in south shields is known to have had alpine newts , along with the three native british newt species , for several years . these do not appear to have spread widely as a public survey of garden ponds by south tyneside council’s countryside service in 2007 found no evidence of them in spite of having had a good response from across the borough , including from garden ponds on the same estate as the known site . however in 2011 alpine newts turned up in a garden pond some 2 . 5 km away in another part of south shields . this came to light when the house owner was surprised to find them in the pond in his garden and , on making enquiries , found that they had originated from the pond next door where his neighbour had some that he had been given ( gary scott , pers . comm . , 2011 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
cox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global amphibian assessment )
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
the species is very common in suitable habitats over much of its range . it is endangered in the netherlands , belgium and luxembourg ( gasc et al . 1997 ) , and uncommon ( with a fragmented range ) in northern portugal and declining in parts of spain ( especially the southern populations of aragón and castilla - león provinces and the ebro river populations of zaragoza and tarragona provinces ) .
it is present in a variety of habitats including marshes , heathlands , moorlands , forests ( where it may be very common ) , pastures and agricultural land . breeding and larval development takes place in a wide variety of small stagnant waters ( including very small and acidic ponds , ditches and ruts ) , or ( rarely ) slow - moving waters . the species is generally less abundant in cultivated areas , but it can survive in some anthropogenic habitats such as gardens . its habitat preferences vary in different parts of its range .
the species is locally threatened by general drainage , pollution and eutrophication of breeding pools , abandonment of traditional farming practices and the introduction of predatory fishes and crayfish ( procambarus clarkii ) ( and possibly non - native vegetation ) . desertification is a threat in southern parts of the range . however , through most of its range , populations are stable and abundant .
it is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention and is protected by national legislation in most parts of its range . the species is listed in a number of national and sub - national red data books and lists , and is present in many protected areas .
jan willem arntzen , trevor beebee , robert jehle , mathieu denoël , benedikt schmidt , jaime bosch , claude miaud , miguel tejedo , miguel lizana , iñigo martínez - solano , alfredo salvador , mario garcía - parís , ernesto recuero gil , paulo sá - sousa , philippe geniez . 2009 .
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you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
crepuscular active at twilight and / or just before sunrise . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . larvae stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce .
beebee , t & griffiths , r . ( 2000 ) the new naturalist : amphibians and reptiles - a natural history of the british herpetofauna . harper collins publishers , london .
arnold , e . n . and burton , j . a . ( 1978 ) a field guide to the reptiles and amphibians of britain and europe . collins , london .
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size : these newts generally grow between 8 cm and 10 cm . the male newts are slightly smaller than the females . their larvae are 8 mm to 10 mm long when they hatch .
body : the two ridges running along the back of the males give them a box - like appearance . these male newts develop a low , smooth crest along their backs during the reproductive season . the crest becomes slightly higher near the tail and ends in a threadlike tip . the males also develop enlarged cloacal regions before the mating season .
head : they have a dark line running across the sides of their head and through the eyes .
feet : the webbed hind feet of the males are developed during the mating seasons . these feet look like the palms of human hands .
tail : the newts of this species have long tails with an orange line along its center . their tails are also marked with rows of dark blotches .
these newts inhabit lakes , ponds , marshes , canals , forests and agricultural lands . they are sometimes found in moorlands and coastal areas . this species spend their mating season in water . but they can tolerate dry conditions and are found away from their watery habitat during their terrestrial phase .
the diet of this carnivorous species consists of various invertebrates , planktonic animals , small crustaceans and frog tadpoles . they are known to display occasional cannibalistic behavior .
during the mating season , the newts remain active both in day and night .
the small toes help them to hold on to objects like rocks and tree branches , especially during their hibernation .
they attain sexual maturity at 2 years of age . mating takes place in water . the male and the female newts move to the mating ponds after they wake up from hibernation . the females lay 100 to 300 eggs in water . these eggs are individually attached to plants and vegetations growing under the water . in warmer areas , these newts may reproduce twice in a year .
the adult newts hibernate from november to march . hibernation generally takes place on dry land under stones and logs . they may occasionally hibernate in water .
housing : a ten gallon tank is ideal for a couple of newts . half of the tank should contain water and the rest should be land . it is ideal to place large pieces of wood in the tank to provide the newts with hiding places where they will hibernate .
feeding : one can feed them with small invertebrates and worms . the pet newts can be provided with a suitable protein supplement once a week , after expert consultation .
handling : it is advisable to wear protective gloves while handling these newts . handling them should be avoided unless it is absolutely necessary .
these newts are included in the “least concern” category by the iucn , which means there are no immediate threats to their existence . but they are considered to be threatened in many areas where they are found .
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upland areas are rarely surveyed for amphibians , so our maps show only a small proportion of the likely number of dots in the western and upland areas .
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a widespread species , found throughout the country , except for the scottish islands , the isle of man the isles of scilly , northern ireland and most of the channel islands .
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gorytvesica cerussolinea is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is endemic to ecuador ( morona-santiago province ) .

the wingspan is 23 millimetres ( 0.91 in ) .

the ground colour of the forewings is vivid brown , but paler terminally , where minute brown strigulae are present .

the lines are snow white .

the hindwings are cream , but more whitish grey in basal half , in distal part tinged with pale ochreous .

gorytvesica cerussolinea

this is the place for cerussolinea definition . you find here cerussolinea meaning , synonyms of cerussolinea and images for cerussolinea copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word cerussolinea . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word cerussolinea and , of course , cerussolinea synonyms and on the right images related to the word cerussolinea .
tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the valley of río gualaceo , east c . . . : ingenta connect
acta zoologica cracoviensia for several years was published as two series : a–vertebrata , and b–invertebrata . from 2012 on it is continued under its former title– without separate series . the journal includes original contributions on systematics , phylogeny , biogeography , ecology and paleontology of terrestrial and fresh - water animals worldwide . all papers are subject to peer reviews . click here to see current issues of this journal .
ingenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .
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kempfidris is a neotropical genus of ants in the subfamily myrmicinae containing the single species kempfidris inusualis .
michaelophorus margaritae is a species of moth in the genus michaelophorus , known from ecuador .
acontista concinna is a species of praying mantis in the acanthopidae family that is native to ecuador .
pachygonidia odile is a moth of the sphingidae family which is endemic to ecuador .
auratonota aurochra is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to ecuador .
auratonota chlamydophora is a species of moth of the tortricidae family and is endemic to ecuador .
bonagota moronaecola is a moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to ecuador .
ernstichthys is a genus of banjo catfishes that occurs in the amazon and orinoco basins .
leptodeuterocopus tungurahue is a moth of the pterophoridae family that is known from ecuador .
oxyrhopus petola , commonly known as the false coral or calico snake , is a species of colubrid snake endemic to south america .
stenoptilodes maculatus is a moth of the pterophoridae family that is known from ecuador .
stenoptilodes medius is a moth of the pterophoridae family that is known from ecuador .
symmachia accusatrix is a butterfly species present in mexico , ecuador , colombia , brazil and french guiana .
doxocopa laurentia , common name turquoise emperor or cherubina emperor , is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family .
choeradodis rhombicollis , common name peruvian shield mantis , is a species of praying mantis native to north america , central america , and south america .
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the uropsilinae or shrew moles are shrew-like members of the mole family of mammals endemic to the forested , high-alpine region bordering china , myanmar , and vietnam .

they possess a long snout , a long slender tail , external ears , and small forefeet unspecialized for burrowing .

although they are similar to shrews in size , external appearance , and , presumably , ecological habits , they are nevertheless talpids and considered true moles , as they share a full zygomatic arch with all other moles , while this arch is completely absent in shrews .

uropsilinae form one of the three main subfamilies of the mole family of mammals , the other two being talpinae , or old world moles and relatives ; and the scalopinae , or new world moles .

five known species of shrew-like moles have been identified , all conforming to the same one basic type or genus , uropsilus .

anderson 's shrew mole ( u. andersoni ) gracile shrew mole ( u. gracilis ) inquisitive shrew mole ( u. investigator ) chinese shrew mole ( u. soricipes ) equivalent teeth shrew mole ( u. aequodonenia ) although each species ' official english common name still calls them " shrew moles " , the uropsilinae today are referred to as " shrew-like moles " to distinguish them from other shrew moles , neurotrichus gibbsii of north america , and the urotrichini , or japanese shrew moles , both of which are morphologically quite different from the uropsilinae and are grouped with the old world moles and relatives .

as a result , the term " shrew-like moles " has been used to refer to the uropsilinae , although specific species are still called " shrew moles " .

although little is currently known regarding any aspect of their natural history , uropsilinae are thought to be the most ancestral group of moles , and as such , very similar to the primitive talpid from which all talpidae have evolved .

uropsilinae

liu yang , liu shaoying , sun zhiyu , et al . a new species of uropsilus ( talpidae : uropsilinae ) from sichuan , china [ j ] . , 2013 , 33 ( 2 ) : 113 - 122 .
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parent taxon : talpidae according to o . g . bendukidze et al . 2009
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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k . campbell / h . suzuki original uploader was neurotrichus at en . wikipedia
kento furui added the japanese common name
ミミヒミズ属
to
uropsilus
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kiinanpäästäismaamyyrä
to
uropsilus soricipes milne - edwards , 1871
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kiinanpäästäiskontiainen
to
uropsilus soricipes milne - edwards , 1871
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
yunnaninpäästäiskontiainen
to
uropsilus investigator ( thomas , 1922 )
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
burmanpäästäiskontiainen
to
uropsilus gracilis ( thomas , 1911 )
.
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
comments : species belonging to this subfamily form the basal branch in a mtdna study of all major mole taxa ( shinohara et al . , 2003 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
species belonging to this subfamily form the basal branch in a mtdna study of all major mole taxa ( shinohara et al . , 2003 ) .
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the mongolian five-toed jerboa or siberian jerboa ( allactaga sibirica ) is a species of rodent in the family dipodidae .

it is found in china , kazakhstan , mongolia , and turkmenistan .

mongolian five - toed jerboa

the mongolian five - toed jerboa is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species has a large population size and a wide distribution . no decline in population size has been detected , and there are no known widespread major threats .
distributed in deserts ( excluding sand deserts ) and dry plane and mountain steppes ( up to 3500 m asl ) in kazakhstan , uzbekistan , kyrgyzstan , n china , mongolia , tuva and transbaikalia ( russia ) .
occurs in protected areas around the range ( approximately 12 % of the species’ range in mongolia ) . further research is recommended .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t859a115053235 .
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kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kiinanjerbo
to
allactaga sibirica ( forster , 1778 )
.
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holden , mary ellen , and guy g . musser / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
shenbrot , g . i . , v . e . sokolov , v . g . heptner , and yu . m . koval ' skaya
translated from russian . robert s . hoffmann and don e . wilson , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : subgenus orientallactaga . reviewed by gromov and erbajeva ( 1995 ) , ognev ( 1963b ) , and shenbrot et al . ( 1995 ) . subspecific revision and additional distributional data provided by shenbrot ( 1993 ) . geographic variation studied by varshavsky ( 1991 ) . karyotype described by vorontsov et al . ( 1969c ) . detailed habitat data provided by naumov and lobachev ( 1975 ) . for synonyms see ellerman ( 1940 ) , ellerman and morrison - scott ( 1951 ) , corbet ( 1978c , 1984 ) , pavlinov and rossolimo ( 1987 , 1998 ) , shenbrot ( . . .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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ypsolopha atrobrunnella is a moth of the family ypsolophidae .

it is known from the southern part of the russian far east and north-eastern china .

the length of the forewings is 8.1 – 8.4 mm .

the larvae feed on crataegus maximowiczii and pyrus species .

ypsolopha atrobrunnella

ypsolopha acerella ponomarenko , sohn , zinchenko & wu , 2011 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank
ypsolopha helva j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha pseudoparallela j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha sordida j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha is a genus of moth of the ypsolophidae family . it is the type genus of the ypsolophidae family and comprises over 120 described species ( about 95 % of the known world diversity of the ypsolophidae family ) . most ypsolopha species have been recorded from the holarctic temperate region . ypsolopha species are variable in shape and color and n . . .
figures 1 – 5 . adults of ypsolopha spp . : 1 , y . atrobrunnella sp . nov . , holotype , russia ; 2 , y . acerella sp . nov . , holotype , russia ; 3 , y . yangi sp . nov . , paratype , russia ; 4 , y . tesselatidorsata sp . nov . , holotype , russia ; 5 , y . lutisplendida sp . nov . , holotype , china .
figures 15 – 17 . female genitalia of ypsolopha spp . : 15 – 15 a , y . atrobrunnella sp . nov . , paratype , russia ; 16 – 16 a , y . acerella sp . nov . , paratype , russia ; 17 – 17 a , y . yangi sp . nov . , paratype , russia . 15 , 16 , 17 , general view ; 15 a , 16 a , 17 a , ventral sclerotization of segment viii .
figures 6 – 14 . male genitalia of ypsolopha spp . : 6 – 7 , y . atrobrunnella sp . nov . , holotype , russia ; 8 – 10 , y . acerella sp . nov . , holotype , russia ; 11 – 12 , y . yangi sp . nov . , paratype , russia ; 13 – 14 , y . tesselatidorsata sp . nov . , holotype , russia . 6 , 8 , 11 , 13 , ventral view ; 7 , 9 , 12 , 14 , aedeagus ; 10 , endophallus .
ypsolopha species are variable in shape and color and no exclusive superficial features have been established for the group . in contrast , the genitalia of both sexes are remarkably homogeneous .
ypsolopha is a genus of moth of the ypsolophidae family . it is the type genus of the ypsolophidae family and comprises over 120 described species ( about 95 % of the known world diversity of the ypsolophidae family ) .
ponomarenko , margarita g . , sohn , jae - cheon , zinchenko , yuliya n . & wu , chun - sheng , 2011 , five new east - asian species of the genus ypsolopha latreille ( lepidoptera : ypsolophidae ) , zootaxa 2760 , pp . 18 - 28 : 21 - 24
adults are nocturnal or rarely diurnal . their resting postures are various , but they often have the head down and the lower body up . ypsolopha acuminata mimics a small broken branch at rest . the larvae usually live in open webs on the leaves of various , primarily woody , plants and mostly feed on a limited range of host plants . they are active primarily at night and have two defensive behaviors that involve wiggling and jumping .
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type material . holotype : 3 , russia , primorskii krai , pogranichnii district , 3 km w barabash - levada , 44 ° 44 ' 55
n 131 ° 23 ' 03
e , 230 m above sea level , 26 vi . 2003 ( ponomarenko leg . ) , gen . slide yps . - 22 mp , ibss ; with red rectangular label written
holotype /
. paratypes : russia , primorskii krai : 33 , 4ƥ , ussuriyskii district , gornotaezhnoe , 5 vii . 1995 ( beljaev leg . ) , gen . slide yps . - 26 ( 3 ) mp ; 2–26 vii . 1994 ; 3 ƥ , same locality , 11 vi . 1990 , emerged from a larva on
; 13 , 1ƥ , shkotovskii district , anisimovka , 43 ° 10 ' 15
n 132 ° 46 ' 03
e , 250 m above sea level , 25 vii . 1998 , gen . slide yps . - 18 yuz ( ƥ ) ; 33 , 1ƥ , 42 km sw ussuriysk , krounovka river , 43 ° 37 ' 18
n 131 ° 29 ' 56
e , 194 m above sea level , 1–2 vii . 2002 , gen . slide yps . - 27 ( 3 ) mp ; 1 ƥ , ussuriyskii district , 4 km s nikolo - lvovskoe vil . , 43 ° 50 ' 20
n 131 ° 22 ' 05
e , 164 m above sea level , 2–4 vii . 2003 ( ponomarenko leg . ) , ibss ; 23 , 1ƥ , ussuriysk , 6–7 vii . 1959 ( falkovich leg . ) , gen . slide 14130 ( ƥ ) ; 13 , shkotovskii district , anisimovka , 3 vii . 1963 , gen . slide 14130 , zin
. korea : 13 , gyonggi province , dongducheon , mt . soyosan , 30 v . 1995 ( ss kim leg . ) , bmnh ; 23 , 1ƥ , gyonggi province , is . ganghwado , mt . manisan , 37 ° 37 ' 05
n 126 ° 26 ' 07
e , 18 . vi . 1994 ( jc sohn leg . ) , gen . slide sjc - 523 ( ƥ ) , 524 ( 3 ) , cbnu ; 13 , gangwon province , wonju , mt . chiagsan , 15 vii . 1992 ( br kim leg . ) , bmnh ; 1 ƥ , gangwon province , chuncheon , gangchon , gugog - pogpo , 37 ° 47 ' 28
n 127 ° 37 ' 05
e , 19 v . 1999 ( jc sohn leg . ) , emerged from a larva on
, cbnu ; 13 , same locality , 3 vi . 1999 ( jc sohn leg . ) , emerged from a pupa found in leaf litters , cbnu ; 13 , same locality , 11 v . 2001 ( jc sohn leg . ) , emerged from a larva on
; 13 province , chuncheon , mt . gubongsan , 37 ° 47 ' 06
n 127 ° 36 ' 53
e , 5 vi . 2002 ( jc sohn leg . ) , cbnu ; 1 ƥ , gangwon province , chuncheon , bongmyongri , 37 ° 45 ' 06
n 127 ° 48 ' 40
e , 9 vi . 2003 ( jc sohn leg . ) , bmnh .
which widely occurs in wester and eastern europe , russia ( northwest of european part , middle and low volga region , north caucasus , south ural ) and transcaucasia ( agassiz & friese 1996 ; sinev 2008 ) . it is also similar in forewing pattern to
in the lack of strong costal strigulation on the forewing , and the anteriorly directed coecum equal 1 / 4 of aedeagus length in the male genitalia .
by the wider forewings and much longer cornuti slightly shorter than half of the aedeagus . the male genitalia of the new species are closest to the east asian
in the wide obovate valva with a costal knob , but differs from the latter by the position of the knob on the costa beyond 3 / 4 of total valva length , the long coecum in the male genitalia , and the long ventral sclerotization of segment viii and signum with two ridges in the female genitalia .
) . head . vertex rough , with piliform grey scales , paler at the base and top ; frons more or less smooth , pale grey . antenna filiform , longer than forewing half ; scape grey , with elongated , whitetipped scales ; each flagellomere narrowly dark brown or almost black basally , widely white distally . labial palpus curved upward , pointed terminally ; all segments covered by tri - coloured scales , each light - grey in basal part , darkbrown at the middle and white at the tip ; second segment as long as third , with more or less quadrangle motley tuft , paler on the inner surface and dorsally ; third segment concolorous with second except paler along dorsal margin .
thorax . tegula and mesonotum with dark grey scales paler at tip . fore - , mid - and hindlegs with femur almost entirely white ; remainder of legs dark grey with evenly diffused dark - brown and white scales ; tarsi slightly darker , each segment with whitish 1 / 4 distally , and dark brown spinules ventrally . forewing length 7 . 8–8 . 3 mm ( n = 9 ) , narrower to base , termen oblique , grey peppered with dark - brown ; dorsal half suffused with pale grey ; two distinct dark brown streaks at basal 1 / 4 and near the middle of the dorsum ; two oblique parallel stripes extended from the dorsal streaks , both often indistinct ; a small , dark brown dot at the apex ; fringe grey , with scattered brown scales . hindwing dark grey , darker in distal half ; fringe dark grey basally and pale grey distally .
) . uncus with wedge - shaped prominence on posterior margin ; socii almost straigth , three times longer than median plate of gnathos , with long setae . gnathos with elongated median plate , 2 . 2 times narrower than uncus . tegumen with two u - shaped anterior lobes and large triangular cut between them that exceeds half of tegumen length . valva obovate , 2 . 2 times longer than maximum width , strongly narrowed towards the base , round distally and with large knob on costa beyond 3 / 4 of valva length ; costa narrow , does not reach apex of valva ; saccular area very narrow , indistinct beyond the 1 / 2 of valva length . vinculum small , narrow band - like ; saccus elongate , 2 . 9 times shorter than aedeagus , slightly dilated in anterior half . anellus setose , almost as wide as valva base . aedeagus relatively narrow , straight ; coecum long , 2 . 4 times shorter than total length of aedeagus ; cornuti as two spines arising from narrow long basal plate , slightly shorter than half of aedeagus length .
a ) . papilla analis semioval , slightly protruding dorsoterminally , setose ; ovipositor long , telescopic , membrane between ix and viii segments 6 . 2 times as long as segment viii . apophysis posterioris slender , slightly broadened anteriorly , slightly short of papilla analis apex , 4 . 2 times longer than apophysis anterioris ; apophysis anterioris y - shaped basally , anterior branch of every apophysis anterioris passes into anterior margin of segment viii , strengthening it lateroventrally . ventral part of segment viii with long bandlike sclerotization and two small , round , setose lobes on posterior margin . ostium bursae large ; antrum coneshaped , separated from ductus bursae by ring - like sclerotization concave inward dorsally , ventral part of which as narrow band and dorsal one goblet - shaped . ductus bursae 1 . 2 times shorter than corpus bursae , tubular , membranous ; bulla seminalis two times shorter than ductus bursae , with long ductus seminalis . corpus bursae obovate ; signum band - like , narrowed at the middle , scobinate , with two transverse ridges .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .


garrha alma is a moth in the oecophoridae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1914 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from victoria .

the wingspan is 20 – 21 mm .

the forewings are brownish , mixed with light rosy-ochreous .

the stigmata is very indistinct and fuscous , the discal spot somewhat approximated and the plical spot hardly beyond the first discal spot .

the hindwings are grey , darker on the margin and mixed with pale yellowish on the posterior half of the disc .

garrha alma

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lacinipolia acutipennis is a moth in the noctuidae family .

it is common throughout xeric , low elevation habitats of western north america .

the core range includes the dry , western portions of the great plains , the great basin , and the western intermontane valleys north of the sonoran zone , from southern saskatchewan and alberta southward to northern arizona and new mexico .

adults are similar to lacinipolia pensilis , but the forewings are more acute and smaller .

also , the brown tones of the medial forewing are more muted giving an overall lower contrast in tone of the medial area with the grey-black antemedial and postmedial areas .

the white spot in the anal angle is often more prominent , particularly in females and the forewing apex has a more contrastingly pale diffuse area that usually extends farther towards the reniform .

adults have been recorded on wing from mid-august to late september .

the larvae are probably general feeders and may ascend shrubs to feed .

lacinipolia acutipennis

home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » owlet moths and kin ( noctuoidea ) » owlet moths ( noctuidae ) » cutworm or dart moths ( noctuinae ) » eriopygini » lacinipolia » lacinipolia acutipennis - hodges # 10394 . 1 ( lacinipolia acutipennis )
adults are similar to
lacinipolia acutipennis
, but have better - defined forewing markings , richer brown tones in the forewing medial area , and no tendency for streaky pale patches in the forewing apical area .
revision of the lacinipolia vicina ( grote ) complex ( noctuidae , noctuinae , eriopygini ) schmidt , b . c . 2015 . zookeys 527 : 103 - 126 .
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( grote ) species complex . highly variable . two forms , great basin ( formerly
grote , a . r . 1880 new species of n . a . moths . the canadian entomologist . 12 : 214
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