the red eel ( myroconger compressus ) is an eel in the family myrocongridae ( thin eels ) .

it was described by albert günther in 1870 .

it is a tropical , marine eel known from the eastern atlantic ocean , including st. helena , dakar , senegal , and possibly são tomé and principe .

males are known to reach a maximum total length of 53.8 cm .

red eel

here at the red eel press i ' ve been playing with some rather lovely floral borders . . .
as is becoming traditional here at the red eel press , i appear to have accidentally obtained another desktop press . . .
i recently added a new specimen book to the red eel press library . . . click on any image to view slideshow :
red eel press specialises in letterpress & print pieces . a librarian by day i work from a small home studio in the north of england .
i am rather pleased with the results and decided to create the red eel ' s first mixed correspondence notecard set , which are now available on etsy & folksy .
you can see the wonderful submissions from pg members over on the red eel instagram feed or on twitter @ redeelpress . . . a little taster to get you started . . .
3oz ( 90ml ) glass bottle of noodler ' s rattler red eel lubricated fountain pen ink . noodler ' s inks are handcrafted , so there may be slight color variations from batch to batch .
view work from lots of lovely creative makers on the blog & buy sale spring wish list which went live on sunday 17 march , you might spy a red eel press item or two if you take a peek .
i have a bit of a soft spot for centaur , especially in a nice 72pt . so i was very pleased to add some upper and lower case fellas to the red eel cabinets on valentine ' s day . . .
the red eel press has a new addition , a sweet little adana quarto horizontal press ( also known as the adana qh and adana hq ) complete with rolls and roller arms . i am looking forward to finding out what she can do . . .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this week i ' ve been printing some lovely monotype borders in red , in particular no . 167 , 24pt one of my favourites .
being a librarian i felt compelled to identify , index & catalogue the ornaments , borders , corners & blocks in the type cases of the red eel press . you can explore the index in more detail over at urltoken , which i will be expanding & adding to on a regular basis .
here at the red eel press i ' ve been getting to grips with my new flatbed press , maud . her rollers & ink plate have been covered in dark grey & midnight blue inks ; her bed has been filled with floral & fancy borders ; & she has been loaded with card stock . . .
i’ve been letterpress printing since ‘accidently’ purchasing an adana 8x5 ( the red eel ) back in 2011 , and along the way i’ve picked up two adana qh / hq flatbeds , gertrude and maud . then just a month ago , once again through accident and happenstance , i found myself the proud and slightly overwhelmed owner of a peerless treadle made by cropper , charlton & co . , the 8x5 model - henceforth known as lotte .
the scorpio design is definitely an eel house favourite . . . the corner unit ( 1366 ) alongside the border sort ( 1365 ) were designed by david bethel for the monotype corporation in 1958 . . . …
early in my printing adventures i learned to let my work embrace , but not be constrained by , the size limitations of the presses i owned , my self - taught abilities ( or lack thereof ) , the limited size of my print shop and the restricted quantity of lead i could safely add to the red eel collections before the floors in the house gave way under the accumulated weight . embracing these constraints and finding imaginative ways around them helps shape what i produce .
mocking up some b - day cards for a certain person this weekend . wanted something simple , clean & red ( of course ) . tried out some bockingford 300g , new / old 48pt foundry type , took a look through the round window & bingo :
eel management plans ( emps ) have been developed in european countries since 2007 as a stipulation of the eu council regulation no 1100 / 2007 relating to the recovery of the european eel . currently , more than 50 % of the 81 emp progress reports across europe are failing to meet their target silver eel biomass escapement of 40 % in accordance with the regulation , indicating that more work is required ( wkepemp 2013 ) . further , international regulation was enforced for this species in 2007 when cites ( the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) listed a . anguilla on appendix ii ( this came into force in march 2009 ) . since this time , exports outside of europe have been banned due to concern over the decline in recruitment and stocks , however , trade continues within the eu and from non - eu countries within its range to other non - eu countries .
there is a suite of threats that have been implicated in causing the decline in european eel recruitment and stocks : barriers to migration – including damage by hydropower turbines ; poor body condition ; climate change and / or changes in oceanic currents ; disease and parasites ( particularly anguillicola crassus ) ; exploitation and trade of glass , yellow and silver eels ; changing hydrology ; habitat loss ; pollutants ; and predation . the impact of these threats individually or synergistically , are likely regionally specific ; however , more broadly , climate and ocean currents have been suggested to play an important role in the survival and transport of the leptocephalus larvae and recruitment of glass eels to coastal , brackish and freshwater habitat . further research is required to fully understand the complexities of this particular aspect of the eel ' s life history but there are conflicting opinions as to the degree , if any , which oceanic factors contribute to broad fluctuations in eel numbers .
a number of management measures are being implemented in line with emps , for example easing of barriers . the influence of these measures , however , will take time to determine as they have only very recently been implemented and very much focus on the freshwater component of the eel ' s life - history . arguably the most widely practised measure is restocking ; however , there remains a great deal of debate as to whether this benefits eel spawning stocks and thus enhanced future recruitment . measures that apply to silver eels , such as fisheries management , and / or trap and transport programmes , can theoretically have an almost immediate effect on the potential spawning stock , although when carried out in isolation , their benefit is significantly reduced .
anguilla anguilla exhibits facultative catadromy , has multiple life stages , and is semelparous and panmictic ; these life history traits made application of the iucn red list criteria more challenging . anguillids are often referred to as ‘freshwater eels’ , however , it is known that they can exhibit inter - habitat migration and that a proportion may stay in estuaries , lagoons and coastal waters , rarely , if ever , entering freshwater : this element of the population is particularly poorly understood .
greetings fellow starbounders , i am showcasing the red eel hylotl space ship . created by rado1212 . nexusmods ( with install instructions ) : urltoken download shipworld file : urltoken imgur : urltoken reddit : urltoken - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - installation instructions : urltoken [ requirements ] requires the fully customizable ship mod to work . 1 . find the shipworld file of the character you want to use . you can find this file in : c : / program files / steam / steamapps / common / starbound / player the file should look like this : [ file name here ] . shipworld [ can ' t find character ] : if you have a lot of characters and don ' t know which player shipworld file is yours , then this is what you do . log into the character you want to use , then log out and check the player folder again . categorize the folder by the
date modified
tab and your character should be the one that is at the top with the date and time you just logged in . 2 . now you want to copy your characters shipworld filename . for example the shipworld file will look like this : [ file name here ] . shipworld copy the file name and paste it somewhere so you can use it later . 3 . now delete the shipworld file of your character . [ warning ] : deleting your shipworld file will delete all your items , so move your items off your ship first before you delete your shipworld file 4 . download the shipworld file you see above in the download link and the downloaded file should look like this : [ yourcodehere ] . shipworld get the filename you copied earlier from your characters shipworld file and paste over the shipworld filename in [ yourcodehere ] . shipworld 5 . now insert [ copied filename ] . shipworld ( without brackets ) into your player folder and that ' s it . you should now be able to use the red eel space ship .
as stated above , the relationship between life - stages is poorly understood , but it was generally agreed that it is very likely that the low recruitment will ultimately translate , though not linearly , to reduced future escapement for , at best , one generation length ( 15 years ) . further , low recruitment has been proposed to be indicative of low historical breeding stock due to the relatively short time period ( ~ 2 years ) between spawning and subsequent glass eel abundance . as such it was deemed appropriate to assign a . anguilla a critically endangered listing under current observations and future projected reductions of mature individuals ( a2bd + 4bd ) .
other anguilla species have occasionally been stocked in europe , but none have established a self - sustaining population . pure a . rostrata ( american eel ) have been recorded , likely due to stocking attempts , but are relatively rare ( böetius 1976 ) . dna analysis is the best tool to distinguish between european eels and other species , and a . rostrata have fewer vertebrae than a . anguilla ( 102 - 112 , usually 106 - 108 , vs . 111 - 119 , usually 114 - 116 ) . hybrids are known to have been found in iceland where pure a . rostrata and a . anguilla also exist ( albert et al . 2006 ) .
for several decades prior to an eu - wide ban on export in 2010 , a . anguilla was also exported to asia for seed stock in eel farms ( ringuet et al . 2002 ) . this species may well have been introduced in some parts of asia ( through escape or release from farms ) , however these are not thought to contribute to the population and therefore areas of introduction have been excluded in the range information . anguilla anguilla are thought to spawn in the sargasso sea in the west central atlantic between late winter and early spring , before eggs hatch and leptocephalus larvae migrate back across the atlantic to begin the continental phase of their life history ( schmidt 1912 , aarestrup et al . 2009 ) .
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is distributed in the eastern atlantic and is known from cape verde islands , senegal , gulf of guinea and st . helena . there is no known depth information available for this species . there is limited information available on this species ' population status because it is known only from a few specimens . there is very limited information available on this species ' life history characteristics and specific habitat requirements ; it is therefore listed as data deficient with a recommendation for research on its biology and ecology and monitoring of its population status .
is distributed in the eastern atlantic and is known from cape verde islands , senegal , gulf of guinea and st . helena . there is no known depth information available for this species .
there is limited information available on this species ' population status because it is currently known only from a few specimens ( k . tighe pers . comm . 2011 ) .
there is very limited information available on this species ' life history characteristics and specific habitat requirements .
this species is not used in commercial fishery , although it is caught incidentally for food ; specimens from senegal and gulf of guinea have been collected from fish markets ( k . tighe pers . comm . 2011 ) .
there are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species . there is a need for more information about this species ' habitat , population and any possible threats .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 10 march 2014 . available at : http : / / urltoken .
while this status is unchanged from the previous assessment , it is important to highlight that the process of this designation was very different in that it was carried out as part of an anguillid specific workshop , and that new data were incorporated – for example the generation length was reduced . there was general agreement that the situation had improved , albeit slightly , for this species both as far as recruitment and implementation of management measures was concerned . as such it is imperative to highlight that this listing is borderline , and that if the recently observed increase in recruitment continues , management actions relating to anthropogenic threats prove effective , and / or there are positive effects of natural influences on the various life stages of this species , a listing of endangered would be achievable . further , a drive to fill data gaps – particular in relation to the southern range of this species – would allow an even more robust assessment , and we strongly recommend an update of the status in five years .
assessment of this species was carried out during a workshop held at the zoological society of london from july 1st - 5th , 2013 .
i joined the british printing society ' s publishing group ( pg ) back in may & made my first submission to the pg bundle in july . i documented the experience of submitting for the first time for the september 2016 issue of the small printer . . .
. . . by day i keep order in libraryland for a specialist conservatoire - purchasing , cataloguing , shelving and nurturing the books in my charge : by evening , weekend and sometimes into the dark reaches of the night i do things with ink & paper .
i also decided that polymer plates were not for me and that i wanted to stick with lead , wood , lino and the occasional old mounted metal block - anything that had to be set or created by hand . i also decided that despite ( and because of ) these restraints , i was determined to print good quality items that made me smile .
like many of the newer printers on the letterpress block i frequent social media and have a website ; i lurk in corners gathering information and tips from printers across the country , europe and the world ; i take part in print exchanges and absorb the wonderful work of other print nerds . being a shy bod and most comfortable in the company of books , i do all of this remotely by snail mail or online .
during my adventures i’ve fed my love of ornament / pattern , even setting up a new glint club in september 2015 with elizabeth fraser and andrew dolinski – urltoken .
somewhere along the way i stumbled across the british printing society , paid the very reasonable membership fee and joined this inky society of friends . since joining a few years ago i’ve pondered the idea of opting into the publishing group ( pg ) , but never quite had the nerve . then the lovely rachel marsh became chair and after an email chat plus an encouraging nudge , i bit the bullet . i planned my july submission , received the may bundle having completed my own print run and was feeling very positive about the whole thing , then it all went a bit glinty .
rachel wanted to encourage new members to join the pg and make them feel at home , so it was decided that the july bundle would become a bit of a glint mob . the call went out and my mind went blank . the end of term was fast approaching at work and all was busy in libraryland . i had no time to do a glint submission and realised i’d have to forgo the invite to glint and submit what i had already printed and hope it would do .
this wasn’t going to wash . as a founding member of a new glint club a non - glint offering was not going to be acceptable . i pondered and planned ; i panicked and i procrastinated . i tried printing a few pieces , squeezed in between dinner and dragging myself up the stairs to bedfordshire after a day of pimping books… but nothing was working . so by 05 july i had nothing glinty to offer and needed to get my bundle offering packed up and in the post no later than the 12th , this left the weekend to pull something out of the bag .
as i drifted off to sleep on that wednesday night i remembered rachel’s pg call to arms , ‘an eager and earnest exhortation to experiment ! ’ . at some point between getting home from work on the thursday evening and waking up on the friday an idea that i’d have normally discounted for lack of time started to grow . i scribbled some notes , pulled some bits and pieces out of corners of the print shop and rushed off to work .
there followed 72 hours of madness : 5 print runs in 12 hours , manipulation of paper stock , waiting for ink to dry , gluing of 80 pieces of paper stock in one afternoon , pressing and drying of said 80 glued pieces , a 2 day sojourn in libraryland , printing / folding glint club bits and bobs , stuffing 40 envelopes full of glint , licking and sealing 40 envelopes , packing up the bundle and breathing a big inky sigh of relief .
then i waited . rumours started to abound that the submissions to the bundle were higher than usual , a result of new and established members heeding the glinty call to arms perhaps ? brief hints and glimpses of work in progress were spotted on social media - the tension and anticipation began to rise . there was even talk of the bundle having to be upgraded to a bigger than standard envelope for dispatch !
then on friday 29 july i arrived home to discover a padded d1 envelope on the doorstep , lovingly packaged by ron rookes the pg mailer and bursting with offerings from glinters and non - glinters alike . my pulse quickened and i suddenly felt very nervous . what if no one had glinted ? what if my submission wasn’t up to scratch ? what if the envelope still wasn’t big enough ?
all my nerves and fears melted away as i opened the bundle and started to explore its contents : a wonderland of printerly offerings awaited me . i experienced a warm glow as i joyfully handled , viewed and appreciated the work of fellow printers from across the society . pondering the skills and sense of fun that the pg members displayed , i found i couldn’t stop grinning .
so reader , in summary , my first experience of pg membership and the bundle has been a positive one . if you have been thinking of taking the plunge i urge you to do so , it is a wonderful opportunity to print for your fellow society members and to learn from the wide range of folk who make up the group . not only do you get to open a package of bi - monthly printerly joy , but membership and contribution makes you push forward with your practice , encouraging you to experiment and step outside your comfort zone .
and as rachel , our chair , highlights : there will be failures along the way but , as my 72 hour print panic proves , sometimes those failures and challenges lead us somewhere new , somewhere well worth the visit . . .
update : in may 2017 my glinty contribution to the july 2016 pg bundle was awarded the publishing group award at the bps annual convention dinner , with paul hatcher awarded the publishing group cup .
it has been a while since i got down & dirty with maud & gertrude , so i thought i ' d better fill that hole .
this weekend has therefore been all about mocking up some bits and bobs involving holes , ornaments , granby light amongst others . . . & then for kicks trying out some paper manipulation .
last week i treated myself to a couple of bits & bobs from nick loaring at the print project . a few days later two packages arrived from the other side of the valley bearing said purchases . . . plus some odds & sods from the printshop floor . neither the purchases or the extras disappointed . . .
a prize for anyone who can spot the contribution from mr taylor ' s elrod press amongst the odds & sods . . .
you can support nick & his lead licking exploits by taking a look at the print project shop & treating yourself to some letterpress filth . . .
maud & i have been working on a little commission . there are holes , bugra butten & somerset newsprint . . .
to cut a long story short i recently purchased a new set of rollers from caslon , for maud , my existing hq1 . pondering the adana price list , emailed to me by a very helpful lady called cheryl , i noticed a qh flatbed listed with ' tba ' where the price should be .
i took a punt & enquired what the price of a qh1 would be if they had one in stock at a future date . cheryl came back with a price & the happy news that they had one qh1 in the building , which would take a couple of weeks to refurbish & dispatch if i was interested . . . needless to say i snapped cheryl ' s arm off at the elbow .
the ever helpful roy caslon arranged for the preened & polished gertrude to be hand delivered by a lovely chap ( steve ) who drove all the way from st albans to yorkshire on a rainy wednesday morning this week . i arrived home from libraryland that evening to find her lovely greenness sitting in the hall , primed & ready for printing .
shanks , p . m . & sons , ltd ( 1910 ) specimens of printing types . london : p . m . shanks & sons , ltd
i ' ve been lucky enough to add a couple of new borders to the press cabinets over the last month or so , two 24pt sets .
after a little spit and polish these new / old beauties have come up nicely . . .
a tally of types by stanley morison has been added to the print library shelves .
a new addition to the print library arrived this morning from the netherlands . this 5th revised edition of the printer ' s terms : technical terms of the printing industry by rudolf hostettler is a beautifully understated little book . printed in five languages - german , english , french , italian & dutch , containing a tipped in card ruler marked out in didot points , cicero , ems , inches & centimetres . a little gem .
the super ' a suite of fleurons or a preliminary enquiry into the history & combinable natures of certain printers ' flowers conducted by john ryder ' arrived in the post this morning , features the lovely granjon ' s arabesque amongst others .
monotype border , no . 167 , 24pt & monotype border , no . 202 & 204 , 24pt
stephenson , blake & co . ltd ( 1932 ) printing types : borders , initials , electros , brass rules , spacing material , sheffield , stephenson , blake & co . ltd
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a few copies of ‘specimen mapfold | monotype 319 / 20’ are also available from the online print shop . . . . . .
bloomsbury , the ballet russes and . . . tennis , anyone ? in 1913 the famous ballet dancer nijinsky attended a bloomsbury party where duncan grant was playing tennis in bedford square with david garnett , inspiring his sensational ballet jeux . find out more :
a couple of you have asked if it is possible to procure a copy of the ‘parenthesis mapfold | monotype 285 / 86’ . . . so i’ve tailored the final 8 copies of the edition a new coat & popped them…
just a few places left on the intermediate bookbinding course . join us on the 14th of july and make a multi - sectioned , quarter bound journal . link in bio .
july 2nd 1914 . the first edition of blast magazine is published by wyndham lewis . its hot pink cover is referred to as the ' great magenta cover ' d opusculus ' by ezra pound . # modernism365 urltoken
in loving memory of peter firmin . 11 december 1928 - 1 july 2018 urltoken
i ' m @ liverpoollib today for @ lpoolmakefest # letterpress # printing some pacman postcards . thank you to @ hacmanchester for my beebrooch ! ! # livmf18 urltoken
the eels love townend’s monotype border so much they insisted i use it on our calling card . . . . . .
talk on thursday – if you’re interested , please reply to this tweet or to dm us . it’s definitely not one to miss and will be a great chance to meet lovely
i am a monotype girl down to my toe bones . . . but this 18pt linotype corner has won my wanton heart . . . . . .
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naso hexacanthus is a tropical fish found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .

it is commonly known as the sleek unicornfish , sleek unicorn , blacktongue unicorn , blacktounge unicornfish , thorpe 's unicornfish , or the nohorn unicorn .

it is of value in commercial fisheries and as a gamefish , and is also seen in aquaria .

naso hexacanthus

( of priodon hexacanthus bleeker , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of naso thorpei smith , 1966 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of naso vomer ( klunzinger , 1871 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of naso tapeinosoma ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the sleek unicornfish is also called the blacktongue unicornfish or unicorn tang . though it doesn ' t develop a horn like other members of the naso genus ( unicornfish ) , when it reaches just under 10 inches ( 25 cm ) in length it does develop a black tongue . this is probably the largest tang to be sold in the aquarium industry ( over 2 1 / 2 feet in length ) . though a flashy and impressive display fish only the largest tanks can house it .
marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 6 - 150 m ( ref . 30573 ) , usually 10 - 137 m ( ref . 27115 ) . tropical ; 25°c - 28°c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 31°n - 32°s , 30°e - 122°w ( ref . 57251 )
indo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( ref . 9710 ) , including the mascarene islands ( ref . 37792 ) to the hawaiian , marquesas and ducie islands , north to southern japan , south to lord howe island .
maturity : l m 45 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 75 . 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1602 ) ; common length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30573 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 27 - 29 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 27 - 30 . almost fusiform , body grayish to greenish brown , paler below . two weak immovable bucklers on each side of caudal peduncle . without horn ; short groove in front of eye . yellowish brown preopercular margin . over 25 cm with black tongue . skin granulated or velvety . teeth small and slender , close - set and pointed . caudal fin emarginate in young .
inhabits clear lagoon and seaward reef slopes ( ref . 9710 , 48637 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . usually seen in large schools ( ref . 90102 ) . mainly diurnal , it feeds on zooplankton such as crab larvae , arrow worms , pelagic tunicates , and occasionally filamentous red algae . the species is never poisonous ( ref . 4795 ) .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 22 . 1 - 28 . 9 , mean 27 . 5 ( based on 2224 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02138 ( 0 . 01313 - 0 . 03481 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 13 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 33 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tm = 7 ; k = 0 . 221 ; tmax = 44 ; ) .
prior r = 0 . 26 , 2 sd range = 0 . 09 - 0 . 74 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 35 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 52 , based on : 1 k , 1 tgen , 1 tmax , records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 41 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
is widespread in the indo - pacific region . it is common and locally abundant in parts of its range . it is a popular food fish and although common in fish markets and targeted in the philippines , there is no evidence of population declines due to fishing . it is found in a number of well - policed marine protected areas in parts of its distribution . it has a wide depth range and is generally found in deeper waters . it is therefore listed as least concern .
is found from the red sea and east africa including the mascarene islands to the hawaiian , marquesan and ducie islands , northwards to southern japan and southwards to lord howe island . it is reported in the eastern pacific from clipperton island ( robertson and allen 1996 ) and cocos island .
american samoa ; australia ; british indian ocean territory ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; comoros ; cook islands ; costa rica ( cocos i . ) ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; fiji ; france ( clipperton i . ) ; french polynesia ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; guam ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kenya ; kiribati ( gilbert is . , kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; niue ; northern mariana islands ; oman ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; pitcairn ; réunion ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , johnston i . , midway is . , us line is . , wake is . ) ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; wallis and futuna ; yemen
is not common in depths less than about 15 m , but abundant in deeper water , particularly near escarpments ( randall 2001b ) . it was recorded as occasional in terms of relative abundance in the northern bismarck sea , papua new guinea ( allen 2009 ) , occasional but locally common to abundant in milne bay province , papua new guinea ( allen 2003 ) . it is moderately common at raja ampat , indonesia ( allen 2003b ) . it is uncommon in the american samoa national park ( national park of samoa checklist of fishes accessed 21 april 2010 ) . it is common in drop - offs in palau ( r . myers , pers comm . 2010 ) . it is common and locally abundant in the philippines ( r . abesamis and b . stockwell pers . comm . 2010 ) .
using breathhold spearfishing at night during the new moon . hook and line is used during the day . during the peak in jellyfish season ( june - july ) fishers can land up to 60 kg . ( 3 fishers ) . the one fisher average is of 10 fish ( a . candido pers . comm . 2010 ) .
it is uncommon in guam ( j . mcilwain unpub . data ) . it is not recorded in the pohnpei fishery in 2007 ( rhodes
2008 ) . in hawaii an average of 1 , 400 kg / year is harvested .
is the sixth most important acanthurid species ( division of aquatic resources unpub . data ) . it is a commercial species in the tuamotos and french polynesia ( de loma
in kenya , landings during 1978 - 2001 for families that are less important in commercial catches ( e . g . , scarinae and acanthuridae ) showed rising catches ( 1978 - 1984 ) followed by a general decline during the 1990s , but the landings for the scarinae showed a rising trend in recent years ( kaunda - arara
is often seen in large aggregations . it feeds on the larger animals of the zooplankton such as crab larvae , arrow worms and pelagic tunicates ( randall 2001b ) . the diet of this species consists almost exclusively of large gelatinous plankton . juveniles feed on macroscopic and turf algae and strongly associated with reef substrata . it is herbivorous up to age 2 years . juveniles are more common in mid - shelf reefs ( choat
attain the same maximum ages as the other acanthurids , in excess of 40 years for this species . maximum age 44 years ( choat and robertson 2002a ) .
the sexes are separate among the acanthurids ( reeson , 1983 ) . males have characteristic mating colours when courting in open water . caudal knives in males are enlarged ( j . h . choat pers . comm . 2010 ) . this species was observed to form spawning aggregations on the great barrier reef ( johannes 1981 ) . size at sexual maturity 450 mm ( choat and robertson 2002a ) .
although abundant in many localities and a good food fish , the landings are relatively low due to difficulty in capturing it . it is taken mainly in traps ( randall 2001b ) . it is also harvested using spear and hook and line ( a . candido pers . comm . 2010 ) . it is found in fish markets in the coral triangle region ( j . h . choat pers . comm . 2010 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .
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description inhabits seaward dropoffs , but usually found below 18 m . forms schools . mainly diurnal , it feeds on zooplankton , crab . . .
description inhabits seaward dropoffs , but usually found below 18 m . forms schools . mainly diurnal , it feeds on zooplankton , crab larvae , arrow worms , pelagic tunicates , and occasionally filamentous red algae . the species is never poisonous ( ref . 4795 ) . [ details ]
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of naseus vomer klunzinger , 1871 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
seen in silhouette this species looks like a simple childs drawing of a fish with its classic triangular tail and oval body . this unicornfish gathers in schools over the reef where it feeds on plankton .
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i have a green moray eel that is just too big now , does anyone have a huge tank . . . . 400 + gallons ?
we have seen these fish available only rarely . unlike other unicornfish , neither the male nor the female sleek unicornfish will develop horns !
the sleek unicornfish requires a lot of water turbulence highly saturated with oxygen rather than a placid aquarium . being very active during the day they need a large tank with plenty of room to swim , but will also need some rocks / corals with crevices for retreat and to sleep in at night . in the ocean they feed on zooplankton and filamentous algae . aquarium fare can include such things as various worms , shrimps , and algae . once they get acclimated and become accustom to aquarium foods they are quite hardy and good eaters .
this video is great , showing a sleek unicornfish allowing cleaner wrasses to tend to him . the video clearly shows the immense size of this tang ! by the time they are 5 years old , a male will reach almost 2 feet ! females are about 1 / 3 smaller , reaching only 20 ,
however males will reach 30
and housing them in a tank smaller than 360 gallons is not only unethical , it is deadly for them . these large tangs will not live their typical 30 to 45 years if they are not housed in a properly sized tank and will develop physical and mental illnesses .
this video is great , showing a sleek unicornfish allowing cleaner wrasses to tend to him . the video clearly shows the immense size of this tang ! by the time they are 5 years old , a male will reach almost 2 feet and will ultimately reach almost 30 !
females are about 1 / 3 smaller , reaching only 20 ,
however housing either of them in a tank smaller than 360 gallons is not only unethical , it is deadly for them . these large tangs will not live their typical 30 to 45 years if they are not housed in a properly sized tank and will develop physical and mental illnesses .
the sleek unicornfish or blacktongue unicornfish was described by bleeker in 1855 . they are found in the indo - pacific from the red sea and east africa to japan , lord howe island , hawaii , the marquesas and dulcie island .
in their natural habitat they are found at depths between 20 - 490 feet ( 6 - 150 meters ) . usually they live in schools in clear steeply sloped lagoons and seaward reef slopes . these are areas swept with ocean currents providing highly oxygen saturated waters and carrying planktonic foods .
species will usually be within 32 to 65 feet ( 10 - 20 meters ) of the reef where they can quickly retreat if necessary .
the sleek unicornfish or blacktongue unicornfish has an elongated body shape with a narrower caudal peduncle , features that distinguish this genus from other acanthurids . they have a grayish to green body that is paler on the lower portion and through the anal fin . there is a yellowish brown tone just in front of the gill cover and the caudal fin is bluish , paler on the end . unlike other unicornfish they do not develop a protruding horn , not even a bump . however true to their name ' blacktongue ' , they do develop a black tongue when it they reach just about 10 inches ( 25 cm ) . juveniles are similar but with a slightly concave edge to the caudal fin .
species , they have the ability to quickly and dramatically change , depending on mood or environment . when trying to impress a female or indicate anger / dominance , the male will have a large radiant pale blue area on the head and neck along with blue spots and stripes on the side .
on each side of the caudal peduncle are two fixed spines or
scalpels
used for defense or dominance . having one or two fixed blades are what places the
genus in the subfamily nasinae . caution needs to be exercised when handling surgeonfish as a cut from its scalpel can cause discoloration and swelling of the skin with a high risk of infection . the pain lasts for hours then still ends up having a dull ache . these fish are best captured using a double bag under water , rather than a net .
once eating , sleek unicornfish are hardy and moderately easy to maintain as long as sufficient space is provided . obtain a specimen that is at least 4
long as smaller ones rarely adapt to living in captivity . as they attain around 80 % of their growth in the first 5 years of life , this means they are growing at a rate of approximately 4
per year . space cannot be emphasized enough , as these large restless fish will neither thrive nor survive in too small an environment . they must be housed in a very large tank . it is best not to purchase small with the idea of
getting a bigger tank
later , as these fish will quickly outgrow a smaller tank . too small of an environment can stunt their growth and they can develop ' behavior problems ' . a healthy unicornfish will be swimming the length of the tank during the day . if you see any sulking , hiding behavior , this is an indication of stress . if their reason for sulking is not resolved or they are stressed for too long they may not recover .
they can handle a wide range of water parameters but will do best in an environment that provides vigorous water turbulence along with consistency , not only in water conditions and quality , but also in decor and fellow inhabitants . they can be housed in a fish only tank , but are not considered reef safe . this big rambunctious fish will topple corals while swimming about in fast clips . though it may eat some algae it will also very likely nip on invertebrates .
tangs are continuous feeders and they need to be provided a proper diet . they are susceptible to nutritional disorders which may cause color loss and lld ( lateral line disease ) . supplementing their diet with the addition of vitamin c to their food or adding a vitamin supplement directly to their water can help to avoid or aid in reducing these ailments . they are also susceptible to bacteria resulting from organic buildup which deteriorates water quality . consequently they will need vigorous filtration , protein skimming , and regular small water changes .
members are very colorful , active , and attractive to aquarists . but they do not produce as much skin mucus on their bodies as other fish and can be susceptible to diseases such as marine ich and marine velvet . surgeonfish are definitely a candidate for quarantine when you first receive them . they can be treated successfully with medical care or copper drugs , but because they have an important microfauna in their digestive system , prolonged or continuous use of a copper treatment is not advisable .
sp . ) will help them by taking parasites from their bodies , however these wrasses are extremely difficult to sustain in captivity . alternative fish such as neon gobies (
sp . ) or cleaner shrimp can help them by providing this cleaning service in the home aquarium .
in the wild these fish range over large areas of steep reefs , occasionally picking at filamentous algae , but primarily feeding on large zooplankton like crab larvae , arrow worms , and pelagic tunicates in the open waters .
in the aquarium provide various worms , live brine shrimp , mysis , larger shrimps , and euphausiids along with live marine algae ( attached or free - floating ) and dried algae . you can also offer chunks of prepared frozen formulas containing algae or spirulina , zooplankton , frozen brine and mysis shrimp , and flakes . japanese nori or other seaweed can be adhered to the aquarium glass with a vegetable clip . feed at least 2 to 3 times a day .
providing a vitamin supplement ( including vitamin c ) can help provide for their nutritional needs , and vitamin c can help prevent or reduce lateral line erosion ( lle ) . this can be done by soaking dried pellets with liquid vitamins , adding vitamins to the food , or adding a liquid vitamin into the water . it is also said that pellets soaked in garlic may help fend off marine ich . some hobbyists also report success with supplemental foods such as previously boiled or frozen zucchini , broccoli , spinach , and leaf lettuce .
a quick and agile swimmer it will spend a good deal of its time in the open water and moving in and out of crevices . they may jump out of an open aquarium , so be sure to have a lid . frequent water changes are not necessary , rather normal water changes at 10 % biweekly or 20 % monthly are fine .
members that are delicate and will require more specific care , but most will respond well if you employ a few technical considerations . all surgeonfish need an aquarium with plenty of aeration , a strong current will help to provide good oxygenation . provide a large tank with plenty of space for swimming , especially for adult specimens , along with lots of rocks / corals with crevices for retreating and for sleeping . this decor will lend itself to algae growth which these fish will enjoy grazing on .
a minimum180 gallon ( 680 liters ) , even more for an adult . too small of an environment can stunt their growth and they can develop ' behavior problems ' .
it nature it is found in sunlit and moderate light zones . it can be kept under normal lighting conditions in the aquarium , but can also be kept under very bright light as long as some dimly lit spaces are provided .
this species lives in tropical areas . temperatures between 75 - 82° f ( 24 - 28° c ) will serve them well .
strong brisk water movement . all surgeonfish and tangs thrive with good water movement , need lots of oxygen , and love to have the water rushing over their gills . provide turbid water conditions for this species .
it will spend time in the open water and darting in and out of the rocks / corals . it will sleep in crevices at night .
genus is they are quite peaceful and unobtrusive making them an excellent addition to a community aquarium . the sleek unicornfish get along with most other marine fish and can be kept with a variety of tank mates including other genus ' of surgeonfish . however unless you have a huge ( hundreds of gallons ) system , it is best to house just one
tang to a tank . it is not considered reef safe as this big rambunctious fish will topple corals while swimming about in fast clips . though it may eat some algae it will very likely nip on invertebrates as well .
surgeonfish and tangs can be territorial , sometimes just with their own kind and sometimes with other species . introducing a new surgeonfish into an aquarium that already houses one or more is usually a problem . it is best to initially introduce several species together rather than adding a new one later on . though a large aquarium can help alleviate many problems , be aware of the social behaviors of any species you are considering to prevent compatibility problems .
at times you may put surgeonfish and tangs together with different genus ' as long as there are no similarities . for example a large tank can house a unicornfish , a sailfin tang , and a hippo tang without incident . adding them together initially works best . when adding a new member to an established group , changing the rock work will often alleviate any aggression to the
new guy
. a little chasing will occur , but usually nothing detrimental .
species will be larger and the caudal peduncle will be larger and more pronounced than on the females . on some species the tail is also longer .
some species of surgeonfish have spawned in public aquariums and there have been a few scattered reports of spawning in home aquariums , but regular spawning and the rearing of the young has not yet been reported .
though the sleek unicornfish has not yet been bred in captivity , the unicornfish spawn in pairs in the open water . the males can change part of their body into a brilliant color to court a female . a pair will rise to the surface to release their gametes . the eggs are pelagic with an extended larval phase , which probably accounts for the vast distribution of the unicornfish .
the sleek unicornfish or blacktongue unicornfish is generally rarely available and is moderately expensive .
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body elongate , oval ; upper and lower body profiles symmetrically convex ; forehead without horn ; mouth small , protrusible , low on head ; teeth small , conical , tips slightly depressed & either smooth or with multiple small points ; dorsal fin vi , 27 - 29 ; anal ii , 27 - 30 ; pectoral 17 - 18 rays ; pelvics i , 3 ; 2 pairs of cutting keels on plates on narrow tail base ; tail margin straight , without filaments , concave in juveniles ; scales very small , rough ; lateral line complete .
blue - grey to brown above , shading to yellowish brown ventrally ; r ear margin of operculum and preopercle often dark ; tongue black ; dorsal olive ; tail blue grey , broad olive margin ; anal and pelvics yellow - olive ; pectoral blue grey , dark margin ; courting males can abruptly develop upper head and upper front of body blue , blue lines and spots on front flank .
habitat : reefs and rocky shores ; juveniles on reef crests in sheltered habitats ; adults in midwater around exposed reef fronts .
depth : 0 - 150 m ; juveniles usually 5 - 35 m ; adults usually 10 - 40 m .
an indo - pacific species recorded as a vagrant at clipperton and cocos islands .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
bleeker , p . 1855 ,
zesde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van amboina
, natuurkundig tijdschrift voor nederlandsch indië , vol . 8 , pp . 391 - 434
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9c0b61c7 - 6623 - 448c - a14c - ccc59172d917
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f095717e - 3693 - 4fa2 - b60c - fc3758244be4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 315315
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villalobosius is a genus of crabs in the family pseudothelphusidae , containing a single species , villalobosius lopezformenti .

it lives in the northern part of the state of oaxaca , mexico , on the isthmus of tehuantepec , and is adapted to a troglobitic lifestyle .

villalobosius

the species was originally described as stygothelphusa lopezformenti in 1991 , but the genus name stygothelphusa was discovered to be a junior homonym of stygothelphusa ng , 1989 , and a replacement name , villalobosus , was created in 2000 . this was also found to be a junior homonym , of the subgenus villalobosus holthuis , 1972 in the crayfish genus procambarus , and so it , too , was replaced . the genus is therefore currently known as villalobosius .
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1 : colección nacional de crustáceos , instituto de biología , universidad nacional autónoma de méxico , apartado postal 70 - 153 , mexico 04510 , d . f . , mexico
.
smalleyus tricristatus , new genus , new species , pseudothelphusa parabelliana , new species ( brachyura : pseudothelphusidae ) from los tuxtlas , veracruz , mexico
.
.
freshwater crabs associated with caves in southern mexico and belize , with descriptions of three new species ( crustacea : decapoda )
.
. sistemática de los cangrejos de agua dulce de méxico , tribu pseudothelphusini ortmann , 1897 ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura : pseudothelphusidae ) . análisis filogenético , biogeográfico y descripción de especies nuevas : 1 - 363 . ( ph . d . dissertation , posgrado en ciencias biológicas , unam , mexico ) .
.
los cangrejos de agua dulce de la familia pseudothelphusidae ( decapoda : brachyura : eubrachyura ) de méxico , con un apéndice de las especies citadas para américa hasta 2006
. in :
.
phylogenetic analysis of the mexican freshwater crabs of the tribe pseudothelphusini ( decapoda : brachyura : pseudothelphusidae )
.
h . h . hobbs ; joan p . jass and jay v . huner
database contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families
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ng _ low _ 2010 _ on the generic nomenclature of 9 brachyuran names , 4 nom . nov . , 2 nom . proct . | genus | biological nomenclature
ng _ low _ 2010 _ on the generic nomenclature of 9 brachyuran names , 4 nom . nov . , 2 nom . proct .
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16 _ 2015 _ silva et al - geastrum hirsutum or g . trichiferum ( basidiomycota , geastraceae ) _ mycosphere _ 6 _ 4 _ 7
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pseudothelphusidae is a family of freshwater crabs found chiefly in mountain streams in the neotropics . [ 2 ] they are believed to have originated in the greater antilles and then crossed to central america via a pliocene land bridge . [ 2 ]
pseudothelpshusids are of significance to humans because many species are secondary hosts for lung flukes of the genus paragonimus . [ 3 ] predators of pseuthelphusid crabs include the yellow - spotted river turtle and the tufted capuchin . [ 3 ]
peter k . l . ng , danièle guinot & peter j . f . davie ( 2008 ) .
systema brachyurorum : part i . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world
peter k . l . ng & martyn e . y . low ( 2010 ) .
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leucospilapteryx anaphalidis is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from japan ( the islands of hokkaidō and honshū ) and the russian far east .

the wingspan is 6-7.1 mm .

the larvae feed on anaphalis margaritacea .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine starts as a linear mine on the underside of the leaf , later it becomes a swollen blotch .

the cocoon is made on a fold of the leaf and is elliptical , very elongate and brownish .

leucospilapteryx anaphalidis

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caloptilia acinata ( d . c . yuan & g . s . robinson , 1993 )
caloptilia bimaculata ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia dactylifera ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia dentata ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia flavida ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia garcinicola ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia hamulifera ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia hypodroma ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia jasminicola ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia koelreutericola ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia pekinensis ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia quadripunctata ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia saccisquamata ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia sichuanensis ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia spinulosa ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia striata ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia striolata ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia tricolor ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
caloptilia trimaculiformis ( y . q . liu & d . c . yuan , 1990 )
corythoxestis tricalysiella ( kobayashi , g . h . huang & hirowatari , 2013 )
eucosmophora aspila ( d . r . davis & d . l . wagner , 2005 )
eumetriochroa araliella ( kobayashi , g . h . huang & hirowatari , 2013 )
guttigera schefflerella ( kobayashi , g . h . huang & hirowatari , 2013 )
metriochroa symplocosella ( kobayashi , g . h . huang & hirowatari , 2013 )
phyllocnistis embeliella ( s . k . liu & r . g . zeng , 1989 )
phyllocnistis wampella ( s . k . liu & r . g . zeng , 1985 )
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kloss 's squirrel or kloss squirrel ( callosciurus albescens ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .

it is endemic to northern sumatra , population data is insufficient to assess its endangerment status according to the iucn .

it is sometimes considered a subspecies of c. notatus .

kloss ' s squirrel

have a fact about kloss ' s squirrel ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
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the plantain squirrel , oriental squirrel or tricoloured squirrel , callosciurus notatus is a species of rodents in the family sciuridae found in indonesia , malaysia , singapore , and thailand in a wide range of habitats : forests , mangroves , parks , gardens , and agricultural areas . fruit farmers consider them to be pests .
the
typical
subspecies of prevost ' s squirrels have black backs , white sides , and red - brown undersides . the finlayson ' s squirrel occurs in numerous varieties , three of which are overall red - brown , overall black , or pure white .
the plantain squirrel ( callosciurus notatus ) , is also one of several species called the oriental squirrel or tricolored squirrel . it is found in indonesia , malaysia , singapore and thailand , in a wide range of habitats : forests , mangroves , parks , gardens , agricultural areas . fruit farmers consider them to be pests .
) , includes over 20 subspecies with various colorings . the color of the belly is actually highly variable and may show no red at all . pallas ' s squirrel is found in forests from far eastern
the pallas squirrel may have an unremarkable olive - gray back , while its belly is often –but not always– bright red .
from the thai - malay peninsula ) of prevost ' s squirrel are among the most colourful mammals in the world with their black upperparts and tail , reddish - orange underparts , and whitish thighs and flanks . the markings in some subspecies are duller , and
stuyck , baert , breyne & adriaens ( 2010 ) . invasion history and control of a pallas squirrel callosciurus erythraeus population in dadizele , belgium . instituut voor natuur - en bosonderzoek
ronald m . nowak : walker ' s mammals of the world . johns hopkins university press , 1999 isbn 0 - 8018 - 5789 - 9
thorington , richard w . , jr . , and robert s . hoffman / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
shrestha , n . , sarkar , s . k . , lunde , d . , duckworth , j . w . , lee , b . , tizard , r . j . & molur , s . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus pygerythrus . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
smith , t . s . , and y . xie , editors ( 2008 ) . a guide to the mammals of china . isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 09984 - 2
duckworth , j . w . & hedges , s . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus prevostii . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
duckworth , j . w . , timmins , r . j . & molur , s . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus erythraeus . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
thorington , r . w . , jr . ; hoffmann , r . s . ( 2005 ) .
family sciuridae
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . the johns hopkins university press . isbn 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 4 . oclc 26158608 .
thorington , r . w . , jr . ; hoffmann , r . s . ( 2005 ) .
family sciuridae
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . the johns hopkins university press . pp . 754–818 . isbn 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 4 . oclc 26158608 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
corbet and hill ( 1992 ) considered albescens as a subspecies of callosciurus notatus .
justification : listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its distribution , status and ecological requirements .
these diurnal squirrels are found in primary forests in lowland and riparian and regularly flooded areas , as well as degraded , secondary forest and scrub . this species is herbivorous , but ingests a significant amount of insects ( harrison 1954 ) .
the threats to this species are not known , however , there has been increasing loss of forest in indonesia and in particular an increasing proportion of loss occurring in wetland primary forest , being most intensive in sumatra ( margono et al . 2014 ) .
it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , natural history and threats to this species .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t3592a115065203 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
thorington , richard w . , jr . , john l . koprowski , michael a . steele , and james f . whatton
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : considered a distinct species by medway ( 1977 : 93 ) . corbet and hill ( 1992 : 291 ) considered albescens and albiculus assignable to c . notatus
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several of the species have settled on islands . in total , the genus contains 15 species and numerous varieties and subspecies .
and over 60 subspecies . these squirrels range in length from 13 to 27 cm ( 5 . 1 to 10 . 6 in ) , not including the tail which is often about the same length as the body .
- brown to gray and several have a pale and dark stripe on their side , however a few are very colorful .
most squirrels in callosciurus live in tropical rain forests , but some individuals live in parks and gardens in cities . in the trees , they build their nests out of plant material . they are solitary , and give birth to one to five young . their food consists of nuts , fruits , and seeds , and also of insects and bird eggs .
this species is found throughout china and myanmar , but is listed as
near threatened
by the iucn due to habitat loss .
, the malay peninsula , and numerous small islands . this taxon consists of four subspecies :
) is endemic to northern borneo , and listed as
least concern
by the iucn .
off the west coast of sumatra . it is further dived into three subspecies :
this small isolated population is listed as
vulnerable
by the iucn due to habitat loss .
in japan . as suggested by the name , the belly is usually gray , though sometimes reddish on the sides . depending on subspecies and season , the upperparts are gray , yellowish - olive or reddish .
the body is about 20–30 centimetres ( 7 . 9–11 . 8 in ) long with a similar sized tail . it is greyish / brown with a chestnut underside and a black and white stripe between the two .
its diet consists mostly of leaves and fruits , but also may include insects and bird eggs . plantain squirrels are known to break open twigs that contain ant larvae to eat them ,
. they are very quick and agile in trees , able to jump a few meters between trees and rarely wander on the ground .
far from the tree and drop the seeds when finished with their meal . spread far from the parent tree the seeds have a reduced likelihood to be eaten by other animals and greater opportunity to produce a new generation of plants .
from northeastern borneo is reddish - orange below and black above ( no whitish thighs or flanks ) .
francis , c . m . ( 2008 ) . a guide to the mammals of southeast asia . isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 13551 - 9
payne , j . , and c . m . francis ( 1985 ) , a field guide to the mammals of borneo . isbn 967 - 99947 - 1 - 6
lunde , d . , duckworth , j . w . , lee , b . & tizard , r . j . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus quinquestriatus . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
duckworth , j . w . , lee , b . & tizard , r . j . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus nigrovittatus . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
duckworth , j . w . , lee , b . & tizard , r . j . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus orestes . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
duckworth , j . w . & meijaard , e . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus adamsi . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
duckworth , j . w . & timmins , r . j . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus inornatus . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
duckworth , j . w . , meijaard , e . & gumal , m . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus baluensis . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
meijaard , e . & van strien , n . j . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus albescens . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
lunde , d . , duckworth , j . w . , lee , b . & tizard , r . j . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus melanogaster . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
chiozza , f . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus phayrei . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
duckworth , j . w . , timmins , r . & parr , m . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus finlaysonii . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
duckworth , j . w . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus caniceps . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
duckworth , j . w . , lee , b . & tizard , r . j . ( 2008 ) . callosciurus notatus . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
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its body is about 20–30 cm long with a similar - sized tail . it is greyish / brown with a chestnut belly and a black and white stripe between the two . the genus name callosciurus means beautiful squirrels .
its diet consists mostly of leaves and fruits , but it also eats insects and bird eggs . it is known to break open twigs that contain ant larvae to eat them . it can eat fruits much bigger than itself , such as mangoes , jackfruit , or coconuts . it is very quick and agile in trees , able to jump a few metres between trees , and rarely wanders on the ground .
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