acanthophis ceramensis is a species of venomous snake in the family elapidae .

it is endemic to the maluku islands , indonesia , and known from the seram island and tanimbar islands .

acanthophis ceramensis

a severe case of stomatitis ( canker or mouthrot ) in a death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) associated with a reovirus infection . boydii ( autumn 2004 ) : 16 - 17 . treatment
acanthophis is a genus of elapid snakes . commonly called death adders , they are native to australia , new guinea and nearby islands , and are among the most venomous snakes in the world .
hoser , r . ( 1998 ) : death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies . monitor 9 ( 2 ) : 20 - 30 , 33 - 41 . available online
27 . kuch , u . , j . a . mcguire , and f . b . yuwono . 2006 . death adders ( acanthophis laevis complex ) from the island of ambon ( maluku , indonesia ) . herpetozoa 19 : 81 - 82 . click here for pdf copy
maddock , s . t . , r . j . ellis , p . dougthy , l . a . smith & w . wüster ( 2015 ) : a new species of death adder ( acanthophis : serpentes : elapidae ) from north - western australia . zootaxa 4007 : 301–326 . available online ( pdf )
hoser , r . ( 2002 ) : death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an updated overview , including descriptions of 3 new island species and 2 new australian subspecies . crocodilian - journal of the victorian association of amateur herpetologists , september 2002 : 5 - 11 , 16 - 22 , 24 - 30 , front and back covers . available online
aplin , k . p . & s . c . donnellan ( 1999 ) : an extended description of the pilbara death adder , acanthophis wellsi hoser ( serpentes : elapidae ) , with notes on the desert death adder , a . pyrrhus boulenger , and identification of a possible hybrid zone . records of the western australian museum 19 : 277 - 298 .
acanthophis is a genus of elapid snakes . commonly called death adders , they are native to australia , new guinea and nearby islands , and are among the most venomous snakes in the world . the name of the genus derives from the ancient greek acanthos / ἄκανθος ( ' spine ' ) and ophis / ὄφις ( ' snake ' ) , referring to the spine on the death adder ' s tail .
wüster , w . , a . j . dumbrell , c . hay , c . e . pook , d . j . williams & b . g . fry ( 2005 ) : snakes across the strait : trans - torresian phylogeographic relationships in three genera of australasian snakes ( serpentes : elapidae : acanthophis , oxyuranus and pseudechis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 34 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 . available online ( pdf ) archived 17 july 2011 at the wayback machine .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322cf308 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322cf46e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3232d197 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3479f9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
uetz p . & hošek j . ( 2018 ) . the reptile database ( version dec 2015 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 4dd1e3bb - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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79 . benham , p . m , a . m . cuervo , j . a . mcguire , and c . c . witt . 2014 . biogeography of the andean metaltail hummingbirds : contrasting evolutionary histories of tree - line and habitat - generalist clades . journal of biogeography . click here for a pdf copy
77 . iskandar , d . t . , b . j . evans , and j . a . mcguire . 2014 . a novel reproductive mode in frogs : a new species of fanged frog with internal fertilization and birth of tadpoles . plos one 9 ( 12 ) : e115884 . click here for a pdf copy
75 . weinstein , b . g . , b . tinoco , j . parra , l . m . brown , j . a . mcguire , f . g . stiles , and c . h . graham . 2014 . taxonomic , phylogenetic and trait betadiversity in south american hummingbirds . american naturalist 184 : 211 - 224 . click here for pdf copy
74 . peñalba , j . v . , l . l . smith , m . a . tonione , c . sass , s . m hykin , p . l . skipwith , j . a . mcguire , r . c . k . bowie , and c . moritz . 2014 . sequence capture using pcr - generated probes ( scpp ) : a cost - effective method of targeted hgh - throughput sequencing for non - model organisms . molecular ecology resources 14 : 1000 - 1010 . click here for a pdf copy
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69 . projecto - garcia , j . , c . natarajan , h . moriyama , r . e . weber , a . fago , z . a . cheviron , r . dudley , j . a . mcguire , c . c . witt , and j . f . storz . 2013 . repeated elevational transitions in hemoglobin function during the evolution of andean hummingbirds . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states 110 ( 51 ) : 20669 - 20674 . click here for pdf copy
68 . devitt , t . j . , s . e . cameron devitt , b . d . hollingsworth , j . a . mcguire , and c . moritz . 2013 . montane refugia predict population genetic structure in the large - blotched ensatina salamander . molecular ecology 22 : 1650 - 1665 . click here for pdf copy
67 . blackburn , d . c . , c . d . siler , a . c . diesmos , j . a . mcguire , d . c . cannatella , and r . m . brown . 2013 . an adaptive radiation of frogs in a southeast asian island archipelago . evolution 67 : 2631 - 2646 . click here for pdf copy
66 . fujita , m . k . , a . d . leaché , f . t . burbrink , j . a . mcguire , and c . moritz . 2012 . coalescent - based species delimitation in an integrative taxonomy . trends in ecology and evolution 27 : 480 - 488 . click here for pdf copy
65 . brown , r . m . , c . d . siler , l . l . grismer , i . das , and j . a . mcguire . 2012 . phylogeny and cryptic diversification in southeast asian flying geckos . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 65 : 351 - 361 . click here for pdf copy
64 . linkem , c . w . , r . m . brown , c . d . siler , c . c . austin , d . t . iskandar , a . c . diesmos , j . supriatna , n . andayani , and j . a . mcguire . 2013 . stochastic faunal exchanges drive diversification in widespread wallacean and pacific island lizards , ( squamata : scincidae : lamprolepis smaragdina ) . journal of biogeography 40 : 507 - 520 . click here for pdf copy
63 . gonzález - caro , s . , j . l . parra , c . h . graham , j . a . mcguire , c . d . cadena . 2012 . sensitivity of metrics of phylogenetic structure to scale , source of data and species pool of hummingbird assemblages along elevational gradients . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e35472 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0035472 . click here for pdf copy
62 . rahmi , y . , m . kamsi , j . a . mcguire , d . p . bickford , and d . t . iskandar . 2012 . the distribution of gonocephalus species ( reptilia , iguania , agamidae ) on sumatra , indonesia . the 2nd international symposium for sustainable humanosphere pgs . 119 - 128 . click here for pdf copy
61 . swei , a , j . j . l . rowley , d . rödder , m . l . l . diesmos , a . c . diesmos , c . j . briggs , r . m . brown , t . t . cao , t . l . cheng , r . a . chong , b . han , j . - m . hero , h . d . hoang , m . d . kusrini , d . t . t . le , j . a . mcguire , m . meegaskumbura , m . - s . min , d . g . mulcahy , t . neang , s . phimmachak , d . - q . rao , n . m . reeder , s . d . schoville , n . sivongxay , n . srei , m . stöck , b . l . stuart , l . s . torres , d . t . a . tran , t . s . tunstall , d . vieites , and v . t . vredenburg . 2011 . is chytridiomycosis an emerging infectious disease in asia ? plos one 6 : e23179 . click here for pdf copy
60 . swei , a , j . j . l . rowley , d . rödder , m . l . l . diesmos , a . c . diesmos , c . j . briggs , r . brown , t . t . cao , t . l . cheng , r . a . chong , b . han , j . - m . hero , h . d . hoang , m . d . kusrini , d . t . t . le , j . a . mcguire , m . meegaskumbura , m . - s . min , d . g . mulcahy , t . neang , s . phimmachak , d . - q . rao , n . m . reeder , s . d . schoville , n . sivongxay , n . srei , m . stöck , b . l . stuart , l . s . torres , d . t . a . tran , t . s . tunstall , d . vieites , and v . t . vredenburg . 2011 . prevalence and distribution of chytridiomycosis throughout asia . froglog 98 : 33 - 34 . click here for pdf copy
59 . riyanto , a . , mumpuni , and j . a . mcguire . 2011 . morphometry of striped tree frogs , polypedates leucomystax ( gravenhorst , 1829 ) from indonesia with description of a new species . russian journal of herpetology 18 : 29 - 35 . click here for pdf copy
58 . mcguire , j . a . , and r . dudley . 2011 . the biology of gliding in flying lizards ( genus draco ) and their fossil and extant analogs . integrative and comparative biology 51 : 983 - 990 . click here for pdf copy
57 . parra , j . p . , c . rahbek , j . a . mcguire , and c . h . graham . 2011 . contrasting patterns of phylogenetic structure along environmental gradients for hummingbird clades . journal of biogeography 38 : 2350 - 2361 . click here for pdf copy
56 . setiadi , m . i . , j . a . mcguire , r . m . brown , m . zubairi , d . t . iskandar , n . andayani , j . supriatna , and b . j . evans . 2011 . adaptive radiation and ecological opportunity in sulawesi and philippine fanged frog ( limnonectes ) communities . american naturalist 178 : 221 - 240 . click here for pdf copy
55 . buermann , w . , j . chaves , r . dudley , j . a . mcguire , t . smith , and d . l . altshuler . 2011 . projected changes in elevational distribution and flight performance of montane neotropical hummingbirds in response to climate change . global change biology 17 : 1671 - 1680 . click here for pdf copy
54 . parra , j . p . , c . h . graham , and j . a . mcguire . 2010 . incorporating lineage identity in analyses of phylogenetic community structure : an example with hummingbirds . american naturalist 176 : 573 - 587 . click here for pdf copy
53 . brown , r . m . , c w . linkem , c . d . siler , j . sukumaran j . a . esselstyn , a . c . diesmos , d . t . iskandar , d . bickford , b . j . evans , j . a . mcguire , j . supriatna , and n . andayani . 2010 . paradoxical distribution of genetic diversity in a
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52 . esselstyn , j . a . , c . h . oliveros , r . g . moyle , a . t . peterson , j . a . mcguire , and r . m . brown . 2010 . integrating phylogenetic and taxonomic evidence illuminates complex biogeographic patterns along huxley’s modification of wallace’s line . journal of biogeography 37 : 2054 - 2066 . click here for pdf copy
51 . fujita , m . k . , j . a . mcguire , s . c . donnellan , and c . moritz . 2010 . diversification and persistence at the arid - monsoonal interface : australia - wide biogeography of the bynoe’s gecko ( heteronotia binoei ; gekkonidae ) . evolution 64 : 2293 - 2314 . click here for pdf copy
50 . altshuler , d . l , r . dudley , s . m . heredia , and j . a . mcguire . 2010 . allometry of hummingbird lifting performance . journal of experimental biology 213 : 725 - 734 . click here for pdf copy
49 . genome 10k community of scientists ( 66 co - authors ) . 2009 . genome 10k : a proposal to obtainwhole - genome sequences for 10 , 000 vertebrate species . journal of heredity 100 : 659 - 674 . click here for pdf copy
48 . kirchman , j . j . , c . c . witt , j . a . mcguire , and g . r . graves . 2009 . dna from 100 - year old holotype confirms the validity of a potentially extinct hummingbird species . biology letters 6 : 112 - 115 . click here for pdf copy
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44 . leaché , a . d . , m . s . koo , r . n . fisher , and j . a . mcguire . 2009 . quantifying ecological , morphological , and genetic variation to delimit species in the coast horned lizard species complex ( phrynosoma ) . pnas 106 : 12418 - 423 . click here for pdf copy
43 . macedonia , j . m . , a . k lappin , e . o . loew , j . a . mcguire , p . s . hamilton , m . plasman , y . brandt , j . a . lemos - espinal , and d . j . kemp . 2009 . conspicuousness of dickerson ' s collared lizard ( crotaphytus dickersonae ) through the eyes of conspecifics and predators . biological journal of the linnean society 97 : 749 - 765 . click here for pdf copy
42 . brandley , m . c . , a . d . leaché , d . l . warren , and j . a . mcguire . 2009 . homoplasy and clade support . systematic biology 50 : 184 - 198 . click here for pdf copy
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37 . hayden , c . j . , r . m . brown , g . gillespie , m . i . setiadi , umilaela , c . w . linkem , d . bickford , a . riyanto , mumpuni , and j . a . mcguire . 2008 . a new species of bent - toed gecko cyrtodactylus gray 1827 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from the island of sulawesi , indonesia . herpetologica 64 : 109 - 120 . click here for pdf copy
36 . devitt , t . j . , t . j . laduc , and j . a . mcguire . 2008 . a multivariate statistical analysis of morphological variation in the trimorphodon biscutatus complex ( squamata : colubridae ) . copeia 2008 : 370 - 387 . click here for pdf copy
35 . jiang , zhi j , t . a . castoe , c . c . austin , f . t . burbrink , m . d . herron , j . a . mcguire , c . l . parkinson , and d . d . pollock . 2007 . comparative mitochondrial genomics of snakes : extraordinary substitution rate dynamics and functionality of the duplicate control region . bmc evolutionary biology 7 : 123 . click here for pdf copy
34 . mcguire , j . a . , c . w . linkem , m . koo , d . w . hutchison , a . k . lappin , d . o . orange , j . lemos - espinal , b . r . riddle , and j . jaeger . 2007 . mitochondrial introgression and incomplete lineage sorting through space and time : phylogenetics of crotaphytid lizards . evolution 61 : 2879 - 2897 . click here for pdf copy
33 . mcguire , j . a . , c . c . witt , d . l . altshuler , and j . v . remsen , jr . 2007 . phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds : bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy . systematic biology 56 : 837 - 856 . click here for pdf copy
32 . mcguire , j . a . , r . m . brown , mumpuni , a . riyanto , and n . andayani . 2007 . the flying lizards of the draco lineatus group ( squamata : iguania : agamidae ) : a taxonomic revision with descriptions of two new species . herpetological monographs 21 : 180 - 213 . click here for pdf copy
31 . bickford , d . p . , j . supriatna , n . andayani , d . t . iskandar , b . j . evans , r . m . brown , t . townsend , umilaela , d . azhari , and j . a . mcguire . 2007 . indonesia’s protected areas need more protection – suggestions from island examples . in sodhi , n . s . , g . acciaioli , m . erb , and a . k . - j . tan ( eds . ) biodiversity and human livelihoods in protected areas . cambridge university press , cambridge uk , pp 53 - 78 . click here for pdf copy
30 . dudley , r . , g . byrnes , s . p . yanoviak , b . borrell , r . m . brown , and j . a . mcguire . 2007 . gliding and the functional origins of flight : biomechanical novelty or necessity ? annual review of ecology , evolution , and systematics 38 : 179 - 201 . click here for pdf copy
29 . grismer , l . lee , j . l . grismer , and j . a . mcguire . 2006 . a new species of pitviper of the genus popeia ( squamata : viperidae ) from pulau tioman , pahang , west malaysia . zootaxa 1305 : 1 - 19 . click here for pdf copy
28 . leaché , a . d . , and mcguire , j . a . 2006 . phylogenetic relationships of horned lizards ( phrynosoma ) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data : evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 : 628 - 644 . click here for pdf copy
26 . brandley , m . c . , a . d . leaché , d . l . warren , and j . a . mcguire . 2006 . are unequal clade priors problematic for bayesian phylogenetics ? systematic biology 55 : 138 - 146 . click here for pdf copy
25 . mcguire , j . a . , and r . dudley . 2005 . the cost of living large : comparative gliding performance in flying lizards ( draco ) . american naturalist 166 : 93 - 106 . click here for pdf copy
24 . altshuler , d . l . , r . dudley , and j . a . mcguire . 2004 . resolution of a paradox : hummingbird flight at high elevations does not come without a cost . pnas 101 : 17731 - 736 . click here for pdf copy
23 . kuch , u . , and j . a . mcguire . 2004 . range extensions of lycodon capucinus boie , 1827 in eastern indonesia . herpetozoa 17 : 191 - 193 .
22 . evans , b . j . , r . m . brown , j . a . mcguire , j . supriatna , n . andayani , a . diesmos , d . j . melnick , and d . c . cannatella . 2003 . phylogenetics of fanged frogs : testing biogeographical hypotheses at the interface of the asian and australian faunal zones . systematic biology 52 : 1 - 29 . click here for pdf copy
21 . mcguire , j . a . 2003 . allometric prediction of locomotor performance : an example from southeast asian flying lizards . american naturalis t 161 : 347 - 369 . click here for pdf copy
20 . hillis , d . m . , d . d . pollock , j . a . mcguire , and d . j . zwickl . 2003 . is sparse taxon sampling a problem for phylogenetic inference ? systematic biology 52 : 124 - 126 . click here for pdf copy
19 . pollock , d . d . , d . j zwickl , j . a . mcguire , and d . m . hillis . 2002 . increased taxon sampling is advantageous for phylogenetic inference . systematic biology 51 : 664 - 671 . click here for pdf copy
18 . grismer , l . l . , j . a . mcguire , r . a . sosa , and h . kaiser . 2002 . revised checklist and comments on the terrestrial herpetofauna of pulau tioman , peninsular malaysia . herpetological review 33 : 26 - 29 .
17 . hallermann , j . , and j . a . mcguire . 2001 . a new species of pseudocalotes ( squamata : agamidae ) from bukit larut , west malaysia . herpetologica 57 : 255 - 265 . click here for pdf copy
16 . mcguire , j . a . , and kiew , b . - h . 2001 . phylogenetic systematics of southeast asian flying lizards ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) as inferred from mitochondrial dna sequence data . biological journal of the linnean society 73 : 203 - 229 . click here for pdf copy
15 . brown , r . m . , j . a . mcguire , j . w . ferner , n . icarangal , jr . , and r . s . kennedy . 2000 . amphibians and reptiles of luzon island , ii : preliminary report on the herpetofauna of aurora memorial national park , philippines . hamadryad 25 : 175 - 195 . click here for pdf copy
14 . mcguire , j . a . 2000 . crotaphytus vestigium smith and tanner , 1972 ( reptilia , squamata ) : proposed conservation of the specific name . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 57 ( 3 ) : 1 - 4 .
13 . mcguire , j . a . , and a . c . alcala . 2000 . a taxonomic revision of the flying lizards of the philippine islands ( iguania : agamidae : draco ) , with a description of a new species . herpetological monographs 14 : 81 - 138 . click here for pdf copy
12 . brown , r . m . , j . a . mcguire , and a . c . diesmos . 2000 . status of some frogs related to rana everetti ( anura : ranidae ) ; description of a new species and resurrection of r . igorota . herpetologica 56 ( 1 ) : 81 - 104 . click here for pdf copy
11 . brown , r . m . , j . a . mcguire , j . w . ferner , and a . c . alcala . 1999 . new species of diminutive scincid lizard ( squamata ; lygosominae : sphenomorphus ) from luzon island , republic of the philippines . copeia 1999 : 362 - 370 . click here for pdf copy
10 . smith , h . m . , l . e . brown , d . chiszar , l . l . grismer , g . s . allen , a . fishbein , b . d . hollingsworth , j . a . mcguire , v . wallach , p . strimple , and e . a . liner . 1998 . crotalus ruber cope , 1892 ( reptilia , serpentes ) : proposed precedence of the specific name over that of crotalus exsul garman , 1884 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 55 ( 4 ) : 229 - 232 .
9 . messenger , s . l . , and j . a . mcguire . 1998 . morphology , molecules , and the phylogenetics of cetaceans . systematic biology 47 ( 1 ) : 90 - 124 . click here for pdf copy
8 . mcguire , j . a . 1998 . phylogenetic systematics , scaling relationships , and the evolution of gliding performance in flying lizards ( genus draco ) . ph . d . dissertation , university of texas at austin . click here to access a pdf version of my dissertation
7 . mcguire , j . a . 1996 . phylogenetic systematics of crotaphytid lizards . bulletin of the carnegie museum no . 32 : 1 - 143 . click here for pdf copy
6 . grismer , l . l . , and j . a . mcguire . 1996 . the systematics , classification , and biogeography of the sceloporus magister complex . herpetologica 52 ( 3 ) : 416 - 427 . click here for pdf copy
5 . mcguire , j . a . 1994 . a new species of collared lizard ( iguania : crotaphytidae ) from northeastern baja california , méxico . herpetologica 50 ( 4 ) : 438 - 450 . click here for pdf copy
4 . grismer , l . l . , j . a . mcguire , and b . d . hollingsworth . 1994 . a report on the herpetofauna of the vizcaíno peninsula , baja california , méxico , with a discussion of its biogeographic and taxonomic implications . bulletin of the southern california academy of sciences 93 : 45 - 80 .
3 . mcguire , j . a . , and l . l . grismer . 1993 . the taxonomy and biogeography of thamnophis hammondii and t . digueti ( reptilia : squamata : colubridae ) in baja california , méxico . herpetologica 49 ( 3 ) : 354 - 65 . click here for pdf copy
2 . grismer , l . l . , and j . a . mcguire . 1993 . the oases of central baja california , méxico . part i . a preliminary account of the relictual mesophilic herpetofauna and the status of the oases . bulletin of the southern california academy of sciences 92 : 2 - 24 .
1 . cooper , w . e . , and j . a . mcguire . 1993 . progesterone induces bright orange throat coloration in female petrosaurus mearnsi . amphibia - reptilia 14 : 213 - 221 .
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seven species are listed by itis , [ 2 ] though it remains unclear how many species this genus includes , with figures ranging from 4 to 15 species being quoted .
although the death adders resemble vipers of the family viperidae , they are actually members of the family elapidae , being more closely related to cobras , mambas , and coral snakes .
death adders are very viper - like in appearance , having a short , robust body , triangular shaped heads and small subocular scales . they also have vertical pupils and many small scales on the top of the head . their fangs are also longer and more mobile than for most other elapids , although still far from the size seen in some of the true vipers . despite their name , they are not related to adders , which are members of the family viperidae , and their similar appearance is due to convergent evolution .
they normally take 2–3 years to reach adult size . females are generally slightly larger than the males . they can also be easily distinguished from other australian snakes because of a small , worm like lure on the end of their tail , which is used to attract prey . most have large bands around their bodies , though the color itself is variable , depending on their locality . colours are usually black , grey or red and yellow , but also include brown and greenish - grey .
death adders were originally called ' deaf adders ' by early settlers of australia . [ 20 ] unlike other snakes that tend to run away from human disturbance , the death adder is inclined to hold its ground , leading to the notion that the death adder cannot hear . however , death adders , like other snakes , perceive ground vibrations .
death adders can inject on average 40–100 mg of highly toxic venom with a bite . the ld 50 of the venom was reported as 0 . 4–0 . 5 mg / kg subcutaneous and it is completely neurotoxic , containing neither haemotoxins nor myotoxins , unlike most venomous snakes .
a bite from a death adder can cause paralysis which seems minor at first but can cause death from a complete respiratory shutdown in six hours . symptoms of envenomation can be reversed through the use of death adder antivenom , or using anticholinesterases , which break the synaptic blockade by making acetylcholine more available to the parasympathetic nervous system , thus mitigating the effects of the venom .
before antivenom was introduced , it is reported that about 50 % of death adder bites were fatal . deaths are much rarer nowadays as the anti - venom is widely available and the progression of envenomation symptoms is slow .
wüster , w . , b . bush , j . s . keogh , m . o ' shea & r . shine ( 2001 ) : taxonomic contributions in the
amateur
literature : comments on recent descriptions of new genera and species by raymond hoser . litteratura serpentium 21 : 67 - 79 , 86 - 91 . available online ( pdf ) archived 9 august 2007 at the wayback machine .
williams , d . , w . wüster & b . fry ( 2006 ) : the good , the bad and the ugly : australian snake taxonomists and a history of the taxonomy of australia ' s venomous snakes . toxicon 48 : 919 - 930 . available online ( pdf ) archived 25 december 2006 at the wayback machine .
( sep 14 , 2015 ) . new species of venomous snake discovered in australia .
daudin fm . 1803 . histoire naturelle , générale et particulière des reptiles ; ouvrage faisant suite aux œuvres de leclerc de buffon , et partie du cours complet d ' histoire naturelle rédigé par c . s . sonnini , membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes . tome cinquième [ volume 5 ] . paris : f . dufart . 365 pp . ( acantophis , new genus , pp . 287–288 ) . ( in french ) .
the reptilian magazine ; volume 3 , number 4 , pp . 7–21 and volume 3 , number 5 , pp . 27–34 .
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cisthene liberomacula is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by dyar in 1904 .

it is found along the coast of california .

the habitat consists of areas with coastal live oaks .

the length of the forewings is 8 – 10 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing in april and from june to november .

the larvae feed on lichens growing on oaks .

cisthene liberomacula

cisthene martini knowlton , 1967 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 93 : 96
cisthene bisigna berg , 1875 ; acta acad . nac . cordova , 1 ( 4 ) : 75
cisthene coronado knowlton , 1967 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 93 : 95 ; tl : arizona
cisthene petrovna schaus , 1892 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1892 : 283 ; tl : brazil , petropolis
cisthene lactea stretch , 1885 ; entom . amer . 1 : 103 ; tl : providence mtn , bernardino co . , california
cisthene minuta butler , 1877 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1877 : 327 ; tl : colombia , sta . marta
cisthene hilaris felder , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 139 , f . 3
cisthene polyzona druce , 1885 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 123 , 3 pl . 12 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , presidio
cisthene ( ozodania ) juanita barnes & benjamin , 1925 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 27 ( 6 ) : 123 ; tl : baboquivari mts , pima co . , arizona
cisthene metoxia hampson , 1898 ; trans . ent . soc . 1898 ( 3 ) : 243 , pl . 17 , f . 8 ; tl : st . vincent ; grenada , balthazar
cisthene unifascia ; godman & salvin , 1885 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 123 ; [ nacl ] , # 8060 ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 3
cisthene ( cisthenina ) ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 3 ; scott , zaspel , chialvo & weller , 2014 , syst . ent . 39 : 288 ; turrent , 2016 , rev . soc . mex . lep . ( ns ) 4 ( 1 ) : 25
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 46 . 14m ; p . 265 . book review and ordering
930350 – 8038 . 1 © canadian nat ' l . coll . hypocrita celina
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
santee , san diego county , california , usa august 29 , 2013 size : forewing length 9 . 5mm
80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .
o ' neill land conservancy , orange county , ca . 8 / 19 / 07 . © peter j . bryant .
= ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 254 ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 3
= ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 254
= ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 3 ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 254
= illice ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 668 ; [ nhm card ]
illice abala schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 200 ; tl : st . jean , french guiana
illice abala ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 670 , pl . 35 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ]
illice albizonea hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 103 ; tl : peru , r . ucayale , contamino
illice angelus dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 4 ) : 198 ; tl : bright angel , arizona
illice batialis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 371 , pl . 29 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]
illice biota dyar , 1910 ; zoologica , n . y . 1 ( 4 ) : 127 , pl . 41 , f . 5 ; tl : hoorie , british guiana
illice biota ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 672 , pl . 35 , f . 20 ; [ nhm card ]
illice bisigna ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 675 , pl . 35 , f . 28 ; [ nhm card ]
illice blanda jones , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 ( 1 ) : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : alto da serra , santos
illice blanda ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 675 ; [ nhm card ]
illice bonitensis schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 25 ; tl : bonito , pernambuco , brazil
hipocrita calochroma snellen , 1878 ; bol . acad . nac . cienc . argent . 2 : 391 ; tl : argentina , cordoba
illice calochroma ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 369 , pl . 29 , f . 28 ; [ nhm card ]
illice citrina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 372 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 677 ; [ nhm card ]
illice conjuncta barnes & mcdunnough , 1913 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 3 ) : 102 , pl . 9 , f . 14 ; tl : san benito , texas
illice croesus hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 678 , pl . 35 , f . 36 ; tl : colombia , muzo
illice cryptopyra hampson , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 64 ) : 348 ; tl : brazil , organ mtns , tijuca
illice cryptopyra ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 676 , pl . 35 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ] ; beccacece & navarro , 2013 , shilap revta lepid . 41 ( 163 ) : 368
illice discistriga dognin , 1912 ; mém . soc . ent . belg . 19 : 126 ; tl : st - laurent du maroni , french guiana
illice discistriga ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 671 , pl . 35 , f . 17 ; [ nhm card ]
maepha ditrigona schaus , 1899 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 7 : 215 ; tl : brazil , novo friburgo
illice ditrigona ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 370 , pl . 29 , f . 8 ; [ nhm card ]
zanoda dives schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 ( 4 ) : 150 ; tl : são paulo , se . brazil
illice dives ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 364 , pl . 29 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ]
illice dorsimacula dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 4 ) : 199 ; tl : los angeles , california
illice endoxantha hampson , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 64 ) : 347 ; tl : brazil , petropolis
illice endoxantha ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 669 , f . 210 ; [ nhm card ]
brazil ( são paulo , paraña , rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]
zanoda [ sic ] fasciata schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 ( 4 ) : 150 ; tl : brazil , são paulo
illice fasciata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 364 , f . 280 ; [ nhm card ]
illice flagrans hampson , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 64 ) : 347 ; tl : argentina , goya
illice flagrans ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 674 , pl . 35 , f . 25 ; [ nhm card ]
illice flavizonata dognin , 1916 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 11 : 6 ; tl : pacho , colombia ( 2200m )
paraprepia fuscilingua dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 168 ; tl : panama , porto bello ; la chorrera
paraprepia fuscilingua ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 823 ( unrecognized ) ; [ nhm card ]
odozana griseola rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 196 ; tl : rio janeiro ; san jacinthe valley , theophil ottoni , minas geraes
illice griseola ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 674 , pl . 35 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ]
illice hilaris ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 366 ; [ nhm card ]
illice introbasalis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 : 264 ; tl : manaos , river amazon
clemensia lactea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 712
illice leuconotum dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 167 ; tl : la chorrera , panama
illice leuconotum ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 823 ( unrecognized ) ; [ nhm card ]
illice lincea schaus , 1921 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 59 ( 2372 ) : 350 ; tl : chejel , guatemala
odozana longistriga rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 196 ; tl : rio huacamayo , carabaya , peru , 3100ft
illice longistriga ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 671 , pl . 35 , f . 19 ; [ nhm card ]
lycomorphodes ( draudt , 1918 ) ( illice ) ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 260 , pl . 33 d
illice mediofasciata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 199 ; tl : buenavista , east bolivia , 750m
illice mediofasciata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 668 , pl . 35 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]
illice metoxia ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 366 ; [ nhm card ]
illice minuta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 369 , pl . 29 , f . 17 ; [ nhm card ]
nigromaculata ( reich , 1933 ) ( illice ) ; int . ent . zs . 27 : 364
maepha opulentana walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1014 ; tl : amazons , ega
illice opulentana ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 372 , pl . 28 , f . 19 ; [ nhm card ]
illice orbonella hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 372 , pl . 29 , f . 32 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro
illice pacata schaus , 1929 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 31 ( 3 ) : 45 ; tl : santa catharina
hypoprepia packardii grote , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 5 ; tl : pennsylvania
illice unifascia var . perrosea dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 4 ) : 198 ; tl : los angeles , california
illice persimilis hampson , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 64 ) : 348 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro
illice persimilis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 675 , pl . 35 , f . 30 ; [ nhm card ]
illice petrovna ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 371 ; [ nhm card ]
illice phaeoceps hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 366 , pl . 29 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , presidio
texas , missouri , north carolina , maryland , wisconsin , . . . . see [ maps ]
= illice injecta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 673 ; [ nhm card ]
mexico , dominica , brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]
illice polyzona ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 367 ; [ nhm card ]
illice pygmaea schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 200 ; tl : st . jean , french guiana
illice pygmaea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 672 , pl . 35 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ]
illice rhodocraspis hampson , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 89 ) : 436 ; tl : argentina , sta fé , ocampo
illice rhodocraspis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 674 , pl . 35 , f . 26 ; [ nhm card ]
talara rosacea schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 ( 4 ) : 148 ; tl : são paulo , se . brazil
illice rosacea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 367 , f . 282 ; [ nhm card ]
illice roseiceps hampson , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 89 ) : 436 ; tl : paraguay , sapucay
illice rubricollis schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 200 ; tl : cayenne , french guiana
illice rubricollis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 675 ; [ nhm card ]
illice ruficollis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 373 , pl . 29 , f . 5 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 678 ; [ nhm card ]
sexalata ( draudt , 1918 ) ( illice ) ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 257 , pl . 33 a
illice subrubra schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 200 ; tl : cayene , french guiana
illice subrubra ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 671 , pl . 35 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ]
ozodania subrufa barnes & mcdunnough , 1913 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 1 ) : pl . 2 , f . 18 ; tl : san benito , texas
illice tessellata dognin , 1912 ; mém . soc . ent . belg . 19 : 127 ; tl : ximenez , rio dagua , colombia ( 500m )
illice tessellata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 677 , pl . 35 , f . 35 ; [ nhm card ]
illice trimaculata jones , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 ( 1 ) : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : castro , paraná
illice trimaculata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 668 ; [ nhm card ]
illice triplaga hampson , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 89 ) : 436 ; tl : paraguay , sapucay
illice triplaga ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 669 , pl . 35 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; beccacece & navarro , 2013 , shilap revta lepid . 41 ( 163 ) : 368
illice triplagiata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 200 ; tl : huatuxco , vera cruz , mexico
illice triplagiata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 676 , pl . 35 , f . 32 ; [ nhm card ]
lithosia tyres druce , 1897 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 2 : 400 , 3 pl . 78 , f . 14 ; tl : guatemala , dueñas
illice tyres ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 370 ; [ nhm card ]
uniplaga ( reich , 1936 ) ( illice ) ; ent . rundsch . 53 : 421
vilaricensis ( schaus , 1938 ) ( illice ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 11 ) 2 : 506
illice xanthospila hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 562 , pl . 35 , f . 8 ; tl : brazil , goyaz
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
lithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships . i . - definition of new or resurrected tribes ( lepidoptera : arctiidae )
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
additions to the catalogue of u . s . lepidoptera , no . 3 - 5
descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil , mexico , and peru . part i & ii
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement
characters of undescribed lepidoptera in the collection of w . w . saunders , esq
walker , 1864 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 27 : 1 - 286 ( 1863 ) , 28 : 287 - 562 ( 1863 ) , 29 : 563 - 835 ( 1864 ) , 30 : 837 - 1096 ( 1864 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .


the giant kingbird ( tyrannus cubensis ) is a species of bird in the tyrant flycatcher family tyrannidae .

it is endemic to cuba , although there are historical records of it on other islands .

the species is probably mostly closely related to the loggerhead kingbird , which also occurs in cuba as well as several other nearby caribbean islands .

this species averages 23 cm ( 9 in ) long .

despite their name , this species ( though large ) is not the largest tyrant flycatcher nor even the largest kingbird , since the thick-billed kingbird is slightly bigger .

the giant kingbird is found in tall lowland forest .

in particular it favours pine forests and the wooded borders of waterways .

it is also found in mixed pine barrens , open woodlands , swamps and savanna .

it has also been seen in cloud forest .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

giant kingbird

comments on george f . gaumer and the provenance of a giant kingbird tyrannus cubensis specimen from mexico
the giant kingbird is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
article : comments on george f . gaumer and the provenance of a giant kingbird tyrannus cubensis specimen from mexico
details - comments on george f . gaumer and the provenance of a giant kingbird tyrannus cubensis specimen from mexico - biodiversity heritage library
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the giant kingbird is resident in cuba and isle of pines . it is a good flier . its agile flight allows it to pursue the prey in the air .
during the breeding season , the giant kingbird is monogamous with long term pair bonds . it is highly territorial and defends strongly the territory around the nest against intruders and predators .
range : the giant kingbird is found in cuba and isle of pines . it is mostly rare and local in cuba , and occurs mainly around moa ( ojito de agua ) .
introduction : the giant kingbird is named « kingbird » because of the orange crown feathers that are raised during displays , giving the bird a distinct rear - crested profile . this species is restricted to cuba and isle of pines ( isle of youth ) . it is endemic to cuba where it lives in forested areas near rivers and swamps . the giant kingbird has decreasing population , due to loss of suitable habitat through deforestation . it is currently listed as endangered .
is smaller ( especially bill ) , darker crown and white tail - band . eastern kingbird
protection / threats / status : the giant kingbird has very restricted range in which it is threatened by deforestation through logging , involving the loss of suitable large trees for singing and nesting . agriculture expansion involves habitat loss too . the small population is estimated to number 250 / 999 mature individuals , and it is still decreasing . the giant kingbird is considered endangered at the national level in cuba .
recommendations for conserving this species include protecting the giant kingbirds remaining habitat wherever it still survives ( 6 ) .
the giant kingbird feeds primarily on insects , which it catches using a hunting behaviour called ‘aerial hawking’ . the bird sits in a crouched position on an exposed perch , usually in a tall tree , and will sally out to catch flying insects before returning back to the same perch . to make prey easier to swallow , the giant kingbird will often re - orientate its prey by tossing it back up in the air after it has been caught . the giant kingbird may also prey on lizards and the fledglings of other birds , whilst fruits are known to form a significant part of its diet during the dry season ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
generally , the giant kingbird inhabits tall lowland forests , especially pine forests , as well as the wooded borders of rivers and swamps ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . it is also frequently recorded in semi - open woodland , riparian forest , and open forest with tall trees in montane areas ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the giant kingbird had also been known to occur in low elevation cloud forest ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
the giant kingbird ( tyrannus cubensis ) belongs to the family tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers . the tyrants owe their name to the notoriously aggressive behaviour of some species within the family , a trait which is particularly true of the kingbirds ( 3 ) .
generally monogamous , the giant kingbird will form pair bonds , which last for life , during the breeding season ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . breeding occurs between march and june , with a clutch of two or three eggs usually produced in may . the giant kingbird builds an unlined , cup - shaped nest out of roots , dry grasses and small twigs , which is normally placed on a horizontal branch , high up in a large tree ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the eggs are incubated by the female , but both adults contribute to feeding the young ( 3 ) . a highly territorial species , the giant kingbird aggressively defends a large area around the nest site against intruders ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .
a project to discover more about the breeding ecology of the giant kingbird is currently being carried out in the sierra de najasa region of cuba , while surveys are also underway to define the species’ precise distribution , especially around moa and in pinar del río province .
the giant kingbird has dark grey upperparts including the wings . wing - coverts and flight - feathers show conspicuous whitish edges . the tail is slightly darker than the back . it is slightly notched with pale - tipped rectrices . the underparts are white , with pale grey wash on the upper breast .
following this species’ presumed extinction ( there are no recent records ) in the southern bahamas and on the turks and caicos , the giant kingbird is now considered a de facto cuban endemic . furthermore , its range and population have declined considerably on cuba and the isle of youth too , with no recent records from the last - named island , and although there are sightings from several areas scattered across western and central parts of mainland cuba , the giant kingbird is now largely confined to the sierra de najasa and parts of the extreme east . as a result , the species is listed as endangered , and birdlife international speculates that fewer than 1000 individuals perhaps survive . although the species inhabits a range of wooded habitats , at least in one of its strongholds the giant kingbird appears to be dependent on scattered woodland with some grazing and other open ground , provided there are suitable tall ceiba trees in which to nest .
23 cm . large two - toned kingbird with massive bill . grey above , white below and blackish crown and nape . orange coronal strip normally concealed .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the giant kingbird gives a long , deep chatter “tooe - tooe - tooee - tooee - tooe” . we can also hear a call including four distinct syllables . both mates may sing together , but usually , the male starts singing and the female joins in towards the last notes .
while the giant kingbird occurs in naturally low densities , it is becoming increasingly rare throughout cuba . the reasons for the decline of this species are currently unclear , but it is likely that the major threats are from habitat loss due to logging and the conversion of existing habitat for agriculture ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
the giant kingbird is native to cuba and the isle of pines ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . this species was formerly found in the southern bahamas and the turks and caicos islands , but recent surveys have failed to find this species and it is presumed locally extinct ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
this species’ call is a loud , far - reaching , rolling “ tooe - tooe - tooee - tooee - toee ” chatter ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the giant kingbird also utters four distinct syllables and an unusual sounding duet , when the male usually begins a song , with the female joining in for the final few notes ( 2 ) .
ty - jour ti - comments on george f . gaumer and the provenance of a giant kingbird tyrannus cubensis specimen from mexico t2 - bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . vl - 121 ur - urltoken pb - british ornithologists ' club , cy - london : py - 2001 sp - 249 ep - 252 sn - 0007 - 1595 au - smith , p william er -
23–26 cm . large kingbird with large and almost rounded , flat - looking head . has blackish crown and nape , orange coronal patch ( usually concealed ) ; upperparts mostly dark . . .
habitat : the giant kingbird frequents tall lowland forests , and especially pine forests ( pinus ) . it can be seen too in the wooded borders of rivers and swamps , and up to 400 metres of elevation in cloud forest . it needs large trees that provide it exposed perches and nesting sites . during the dry season , it forages in large trees and palms , often in more open areas .
mobley , j . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . giant kingbird ( tyrannus cubensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
a fairly large species of flycatcher , the giant kingbird has a large , flat - looking head that is black on the crown and back of the neck , with a circular orange patch on top of the head which is generally concealed by the darker feathers ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the upperparts are mostly dark and the wings are greyish , with prominent narrow whitish or greyish - white margins on the wing coverts and flight feathers . the tail is slightly notched and darker than the back , with pale tips to some of the feathers . the giant kingbird is entirely white on the underparts , but may sometimes have a pale greyish wash to the feathers across the upper breast . the legs and the stout , heavy - set bill are blackish . the juvenile is similar in appearance to the adult , but lacks the orange patch on the head ( 2 ) .
behaviour in the wild : the giant kingbird is primarily an insect - eater . it takes large flying insects such as hymenopterans . however , its diet also includes fruits , especially in dry season , and anolis lizards . this large tyrannidae may occasionally catch young birds of other species . it catches flying insects by sallies from exposed perches high in trees . the largest prey items are flipped in the air to receive them properly in the bill . they are often seen in pairs .
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reproduction of this species : the breeding season takes place between march / april and june . the giant kingbird nests exclusively in ceiba trees ( kapok ) . it builds a cup - shaped nest high in tree , between the forked twigs of a horizontal branch . the nest is made with roots , dried grasses and small twigs . there is no lining . it is often placed up to 6 metres above the ground . the female lays 2 - 3 brownish - white eggs with scattered greyish speckles only on one end . she incubates alone , but the chicks are fed by both parents .
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this species has declined rapidly for largely unknown reasons , and is extinct on two of the three island groups that it formerly occupied . it is classified as endangered because it now has a very small and severely fragmented range and population , which continues to decline significantly .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tyrannus cubensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
is slighter with much smaller bill , paler crown and white tail - band .
endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1
where although always scarce it has become increasingly rare , for largely unknown reasons . it is now very locally distributed , and is most common ( still few recent records ) around moa (
. there have been no recent records from historic localities in pinar del río province or the zapata swamp ( a . mitchell
. there are old records from the south bahamas and the turks and caicos islands ( to uk ) , but surveys of the larger uninhabited islands in the turks and caicos in 1999 failed to find the species , and it is presumed locally extinct ( g . hilton
the population is estimated to number 250 - 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 375 - 1 , 499 individuals in total , rounded here to 350 - 1 , 500 individuals . trend justification : there are no recent trend data , but the species is suspected to be experiencing a moderately rapid and ongoing decline , owing to habitat loss .
although sometimes recorded in woodland , especially pine forest , and even in low elevation ( c . 400 m ) cloud - forest on serpentine soils ( rompré
. pair bonds are life - long and birds occupy large territories ( mean size 27 . 5 ha ) ( regalado 2002 )
the precise reasons for this species ' s decline are unclear , but habitat loss , and especially loss of large trees suitable for nesting , from logging and agricultural conversion is presumably at least a contributory factor .
survey to define the species ' s precise distribution , especially around moa and at historic locations in pinar del río province ( including the rarely - visited guanahacabibes peninsula ) ( a . mitchell
. continue the project in the sierra de najasa and make further efforts to better define its ecological requirements ( a . mitchell
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
probably closest to t . caudifasciatus ; further study required . see also t . vociferans . monotypic .
locally in cuba , where formerly widespread ; old records from s bahamas and turks and caicos is , where now extinct # r .
loud , burry “tooe - tooe - tooee - tooee - toee” chatter , also a call of 4 distinct syllables ; . . .
appears to have fairly wide diet ; feeds primarily on large flying insects ( mainly hymenopterans ) , but also consumes considerable amounts of . . .
breeds mar / apr–jun ; eggs recorded in may . nest cup - shaped , composed of roots , dried grasses and small twigs , no lining , usually . . .
endangered . restricted - range species : present in cuba eba . now extinct in two of the three island groups where it was historically known to occur . existing populations in . . .
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highly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1–4 separate families .
based on molecular data # r # r , forms a group with myiozetetes , empidonomus and griseotyrannus , and probably also conopias and phelpsia . close relationship with empidonomus and griseotyrannus supported by conspicuous notching on inner webs of outer primaries in all three genera . as currently constituted , present genus may be polyphyletic # r ; more complete study needed .
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dubi shapiro , david lingard , petemorris , holger teichmann , desmond allen , allan hopkins , arthur grosset , dusan m . brinkhuizen , hal and kirsten snyder , mikko pyhälä .
birdlife international . ( 1992 ) threatened birds of the americas . birdlife international , cambridge . available at : urltoken
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cloud forest a tropical mountain forest , with a high incidence of cloud cover throughout the year . coverts small feathers concealing the bases of larger flight feathers , usually on the wings or tail . flight feathers the feathers at the end of the wing , involved in flight . incubation the act of incubating eggs , that is , keeping them warm so that development is possible . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair . montane of mountains , or growing in mountains . riparian forest forest that is situated along the bank of a river , stream or other body of water . territorial describes an animal , a pair of animals or a colony that occupies and defends an area .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 2004 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 9 : cotingas to pipits and wagtails . lynx edicions , barcelona .
perrins , c . ( 2009 ) encyclopedia of birds . oxford university press , oxford .
bond , j . ( 1993 ) a field guide to birds of the west indies . peterson field guides , houghton mifflin company , new york .
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on the head , crown and nape are blackish with an orange crown patch often invisible . chin , throat and lower cheeks are white . the massive bill is black and shows a relatively arched culmen . the eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are blackish . male and female are similar . the juvenile resembles adult but it lacks the orange crown feathers .


oplurus saxicola ( marked madagascar swift ) is a saxicolous ( rock dwelling ) iguana .

the name of this species , saxicola , comes from the latin saxum , meaning stone or rock , as they live within that environment .

oplurus saxicola

oplurus saxicola grandidier 1869 : 340 hoplurus saxicola — angel 1942 : 86 oplurus saxicola — blanc 1977 : 53 oplurus saxicola — glaw & vences 1994 : 261 opiurus saxicola — tiedemann et al . 1994 : 54 [ in error ] oplurus saxicola — grubenmann 2007
oplurus saxicola is a terrestrial , diurnal species of iguana endemic to madagascar . populations are located in the southwestern portion of the island in either spiny or gallery forest habitats . a focal observation study of o . saxicola was conducted in parcel 2 of andohahela national park over a period of two weeks at the end of the dry season . the aim of this study was to determine and analyze the differences in thermoregulation and feeding behavior of oplurus saxicola living in the spiny forest , as opposed to the corresponding behaviors of individuals living in the gallery forest .
russell , marie ,
how iguanas beat the heat and still find things to eat : thermoregulation and feeding in oplurus saxicola
( 2011 ) . independent study project ( isp ) collection . 1120 . urltoken
data from : defining spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic structure in madagascar ' s iguanid lizards ( genus oplurus ) .
nd1 alignmentdata from : defining spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic structure in madagascar ' s iguanid lizards ( genus oplurus ) .
nd1 alignmentdata from : defining spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic structure in madagascar ' s iguanid lizards ( genus oplurus ) . - dryad
meier , h . 1981 . zur ökologie , ethologie und taxonomie einiger arten der gattung oplurus auf madagascar . salamandra 17 ( 1 - 2 ) : 43 - 54 - get paper here
xml formated infile for estimation of oplurus cuvieri gene tree and divergence times in beast 1 . 6 . 2 . includes sequence data for nd1 and nd1 flanking regions and assumes exponential growth model .
xml formated infile for estimation of oplurus cyclurus gene tree and divergence times in beast 1 . 6 . 2 . includes sequence data for nd1 and nd1 flanking regions and assumes constant growth model .
xml formated infile for estimation of oplurus cyclurus gene tree and divergence times in beast 1 . 6 . 2 . includes sequence data for nd1 and nd1 flanking regions and assumes exponential growth model .
xml formated infile for estimation of oplurus cuvieri gene tree and divergence times in beast 1 . 6 . 2 . includes sequence data for nd1 and nd1 flanking regions and assumes constant population size model .
chan lm , choi d , raselimanana ap , rakotondravony ha , yoder ad ( 2012 ) data from : defining spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic structure in madagascar ' s iguanid lizards ( genus oplurus ) .
münchenberg , tobias , katharina c . wollenberg , frank glaw and miguel vences . 2008 . molecular phylogeny and geographic variation of malagasy iguanas ( oplurus and chalarodon ) . amphibia - reptilia 29 ( 3 ) : 319 - 327
chan lm , choi d , raselimanana ap , rakotondravony ha , yoder ad ( 2012 ) defining spatial and temporal patterns of phylogeographic structure in madagascar ' s iguanid lizards ( genus oplurus ) . molecular ecology 21 ( 15 ) : 3839–3851 . urltoken
xml formated infile for extended bayesian skyline plot analysis of oplurus cuvieri from watershed model ( wilme et al . 2006 ) zone 8 in beast 1 . 6 . 2 . includes sequence data for nd1 , nd1 flanking regions , prlr , and ubn1 .
xml formated infile for extended bayesian skyline plot analysis of oplurus cyclurus from watershed model ( wilme et al . 2006 ) zone 6 in beast 1 . 6 . 2 . includes sequence data for nd1 , nd1 flanking regions , prlr , and ubn1 .
xml formated infile for extended bayesian skyline plot analysis of oplurus cyclurus from watershed model ( wilme et al . 2006 ) zone e in beast 1 . 6 . 2 . includes sequence data for nd1 , nd1 flanking regions , prlr , and ubn1 .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large overall population , and because its population is apparently stable in the absence of apparent threats .
this species is endemic to madagascar where it is found in the south of the island between 15 and 225 m asl . additional localities in the high plateau ( at around 1 , 000 m asl ) need confirmation ( m . vences pers . comm . january 2011 ) . the lizard ' s estimated extent of occurrence exceeds 57 , 500 km² .
this diurnal species is active on large smooth rocks ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .
there are no conservation measures in place or needed for this species . it occurs in some protected areas .
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note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
listed as of doubtful status by boulenger ( 1885 : 129 , cat . liz . ii )
named after latin “saxum” ( = stone , cliff , rock ) and “colere” ( = inhabiting etc . ) .
angel , f . 1942 . les lézards de madagascar . mem . acad . malagache , tananarive xxxvi : 193 pp .
blanc , c . p . 1977 . reptiles sauriens iguanidae . faune de madagascar 45 : 1 - 195
glaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , köln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )
grandidier , a . 1869 . descriptions de quelques animaux nouveaux découverts , pendant l ' année 1869 , sur la côte ouest de madagascar . revue et magazine de zooogie ( paris ) , sér . 2 , 21 : 337 - 342
grubenmann , m . 2007 . madagaskar - leguane - teil 3 . iguana rundschreiben 20 ( 1 ) : 23 - 25
meier , h . 1982 . leguane aus madagaskar . herpetofauna 4 ( 17 ) : 22 - 27 [ erratum in 4 ( 18 ) : 33 ] - get paper here
schlüter , uwe 2013 . madagaskarleguane - lebensweise , pflege und fortpflanzung . kus - verlag , 88 pp . - get paper here
tiedemann , f . ; häupl , m . & grillitsch , h . 1994 . katalog der typen der herpetologischen sammlung nach dem stand vom 1 . jänner 1994 . teil ii : reptilia . kat . wiss . samml . naturhist . mus . wien 10 ( vertebrata 4 ) : 1 - 110
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
this species is endemic to madagascar where it is found in the south of the island between 15 and 225 m asl . additional localities in the high plateau ( at around 1 , 000 m asl ) need confirmation ( m . vences pers . comm . january 2011 ) . the lizard ' s estimated extent of occurrence exceeds 57 , 500 km
jennifer hammock added an association between
madagascar spiny thickets habitat
and
thamnornis chloropetoides
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
madagascar spiny thickets habitat
and
charadrius thoracicus
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
madagascar spiny thickets habitat
and
uratelornis chimaera
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
madagascar spiny thickets habitat
and
monias benschi
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
madagascar spiny thickets habitat
and
monticola imerinus
.
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this species is endemic to madagascar where it is found in the south of the island between 15 and 225 m asl . additional localities in the high plateau ( at around 1 , 000 m asl ) need confirmation ( m . vences pers . comm . january 2011 ) . the lizard ' s estimated extent of occurrence exceeds 57 , 500 km .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large overall population , and because its population is apparently stable in the absence of apparent threats .
extremely depressed reddish - green body , with marked spots . white abdomen . large throat . eyes very - large , of triangular form . the scales of the forefeet are webbed ; the thighs of rear legs are muscular . scales of the similar dimensions on the neck to those of the back .
descriptions de quelques animaux nouveaux découverts , pendant l ' année 1869 , sur la côte ouest de madagascar .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 length–weight allometries in lizards , s . meiri , journal of zoology 281 ( 2010 ) 218–226
ecoregions provided by world wide fund for nature ( wwf ) . wildfinder : online database of species distributions , ver . 01 . 06 wwf wildfinder
protected areas provided by biological inventories of the world ' s protected areas in cooperation between the information center for the environment at the university of california , davis and numerous collaborators .
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. it is most common in the southwest ( m . vences pers . comm . january 2011 ) , and has been recorded between 15 and 240 m asl .
the marked madagascar swift is endemic to the province of toliara in south - west madagascar .
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description alignment of sequence data for nd1 and nd1 flanking regions from all oplurine taxa included in this study .
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xml formated infile for species tree estimation of subset a dataset in * beast . includes nd1 , nd1 flanking regions , prlr , and ubn1 sequences .
xml formated infile for species tree estimation of subset b dataset in * beast . includes nd1 , nd1 flanking regions , prlr , and ubn1 sequences .
alignment of sequence data for nd1 and nd1 flanking regions from all oplurine taxa included in this study .
alignment of sequence data for prlr from all oplurine taxa included in this study . alleles were determined either through ta cloning or computationally using the program phase .
alignment of sequence data for ubn1 from all oplurine taxa included in this study . alleles were determined either through ta cloning or computationally using the program phase .