triatoma protracta is a species of insect in the family reduviidae .

it is known commonly as the western bloodsucking conenose .

it is distributed in the western united states and mexico .

this species and other " kissing bugs " are vectors of trypanosoma cruzi , the protozoan that causes chagas disease .

this species is between 0.5 and 0.75 inches long .

it is dark brown to black in color with a lighter margin along the abdomen .

the wings lie flat across the back .

the " beak " has three segments and curls beneath the head .

the nymph is similar in appearance but it is smaller and lacks wings .

this insect and others of its genus live in the nests of animals such as pack rats ( genus neotoma ) .

they become pests when they invade houses .

they bite humans , producing irritation to the skin and sometimes severe allergic reactions .

triatoma protracta

triatoma gerstaeckeri next to a penny for scale . photo courtesy s . kjos .
ryckman r 1962 . biosystematics and hosts of the triatoma protracta complex in north america . univ california publ ent 27 : 93 - 239 . [ links ]
theis jh . exotic stock of trypanosoma cruzi ( schizotrypanum ) capable of development in and transmission by triatoma protracta protracta from california : public health implications . am j trop med hyg . 1987 ; 36 ( 3 ) : 523–8 . pmid : 3107409
three subspecies ( protracta , navajoensis , woodi ) have been reported from the u . s . they are polymorphic in appearance . t . protracta woodi is featured in the images here .
citation : shender la , lewis md , rejmanek d , mazet jak ( 2016 ) molecular diversity of trypanosoma cruzi detected in the vector triatoma protracta from california , usa . plos negl trop dis 10 ( 1 ) : e0004291 . urltoken
as for various previously studied triatomine species , such as triatoma brasiliensis neiva , triatoma dimidiata ( latreille ) and triatoma ryckmani zeledón and ponce ( daflon - texeira et al . 2009 , reyes & angulo 2009 , zeledón et al . 2010 , reyes - novelo et al . 2011 ) , the egg eclosion rate was greater than 70 % for two of the three species studied , the exception being t . recurva . all of the species studied had average incubation periods of approximately 19 days , reflecting the favourability of the maintenance conditions for the development of these species . the egg hatching rate for t . protracta ( 72 . 5 % ) was similar to the rates observed for three related former subspecies of t . protracta ( currently synonymised to t . protracta ) : triatoma protracta navajoensis ryckman ( 74 . 2 % ) , triatoma protracta nahuatlae ryckman ( 76 % ) and triatoma protracta zacatecensis ryckman ( 81 . 9 % ) , all of which were fed on rabbits ( ryckman 1962 , martínez - ibarra et al . 2007 ) . the egg eclosion rate of t . rubida in the current study ( 72 % ) was similar to the eclosion rate ( 70 . 5 % ) of the former subspecies triatoma rubida sonoriana ( currently synonymised to t . rubida ) found in a previous study of specimens from caborca , a municipality that is distant from the area from which the founder specimens of our t . rubida colony were collected ( martínez - ibarra et al . 2005 ) . these eclosion rates reflect the potential risk posed by t . protracta and t . rubida in the locations where they are currently distributed ( paredes - gonzález et al . 2001 , licón - trillo 2006 ) .
any member of the family reduviidae . many are predaceous ; others are bloodsucking . panstrongylus , triatoma , and rhodnius are vectors of chagas disease .
vetter , r . 2001 . kissing bugs ( triatoma ) and the skin . derm . online jour . 7 ( 1 ) : 6 .
makes t . protracta even more likely . t . indictiva would probably be most expected in the southern portion of the state .
marshall , n . , m . liebhaber , z . dyer , and a . saxon . 1986 . the prevalence of allergic sensitization to triatoma protracta ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) in a southern california , usa , community . j . med . entomol . 23 ( 2 ) : 117–124 .
sjogren rd , ryckman re . epizootiology of trypanosoma cruzi in southwestern north america . part viii : nocturnal flights of triatoma protracta ( uhler ) as indicated by collections at black light traps ( hemiptera : reduviidae : triatominae ) . j med entomol . 1966 ; 3 ( 1 ) : 81–92 . pmid : 5941571
several species of triatominae are native to the united states , with triatoma protracta ( uhler ) being the most common of the three species endemic to california . triatoma protracta is widespread in california and host specific to woodrats ( neotoma spp . ) , which nest in middens found in a wide range of natural habitats . human bites by t . protracta in houses occur when t . protracta is attracted to lights on warm evenings . 2 the low incidence of autochthonous t . cruzi transmission may be explained by the transmission inefficacy of endemic kissing bugs , especially t . protracta , 3 but also by limited contact of humans with the vectors , or low infection rates of kissing bugs with t . cruzi . autochthonous transmission in the southwestern united states is rare , although studies based on blood bank screenings and serosurveys suggest undiagnosed cases . 4 , 5 such cases remain unverified but suggest the need of constant monitoring . a recent study in arizona showed that a much higher infection rate was found in t . rubida ( uhler ) compared with rates in historical surveys , which suggests temporal variability with regards to infection rates . 6
we report trypanosoma cruzi infection rates of the native kissing bug triatoma protracta in southern california . the rates are within the historically reported range , but differ significantly between the two sites ( 19 % in escondido and 36 % in glendora ) . identification of t . cruzi in t . protracta was conducted for the first time by using partial 18s ribosomal rna and 24sα ribosomal rna sequences . incongruence of 24sα ribosomal rna phylogeny with current t . cruzi genotype classification supports non - clonality of some t . cruzi genotypes .
guarneri aa , carvalho mg , pereira mh , diotaiuti l 2000 . potencial biologico do triatoma brasiliensis . cad saude publica 16 ( suppl . 2 ) : 101 - 104 . [ links ]
martínez - ibarra ja , nogueda - torres b , paredes gonzález e , alejandre - aguilar r , solorio - cibrián m , barreto sp , gómez - estrada hi , trujillo - garcía jc 2005 . development of triatoma rubida sonoriana , triatoma barberi and meccus mazzottii ( heteroptera , reduviidae ) under laboratory conditions . j am mosq cont assoc 21 : 310 - 315 . [ links ]
emphasis has been placed on t . cruzi vector - human transmission being less efficient in the us due to the delayed defecation habits of some us triatomine bug species [ 1 ] . yet experimental studies conducted on immobilized mice have demonstrated that two southwestern us species of triatomines , tr . protracta and triatoma rubida , may defecate upon repletion , that is , immediately after terminating a blood meal and disengaging from the host [ 54 ] . the relevance of these experimental studies with respect to the natural feeding behavior of tr . protracta in human homes is not clear ; however , given that 75 % ( 6 / 8 ) of the observed tr . protracta defecations occurred either before or upon repletion , the risk of t . cruzi vector transmission by this triatomine species cannot be disregarded . furthermore , although the close ecological associations of some us triatomine species ( i . e . tr . protracta and woodrats ) suggest host feeding preferences , bloodmeal analysis has indicated that vectors are not truly host - specific . in studies performed in california and arizona , human blood in addition to other host species ( e . g . chickens , pigs and wildlife ) , were identified from three triatomine species : tr . protracta , triatoma recurva and tr . rubida [ 17 , 71 ] . thus , the risk of vectorial t . cruzi transmission from tr . protracta and other us triatomine species is likely to be greater than has been previously assumed .
large - scale surveys of t . cruzi infection rates of local t . protracta populations in california have not been conducted since the 1980s . to test for the potential of autochthonous chagas disease transmission in southern california , we measured infection rates with t . cruzi among two populations of t . protracta bordering the large population centers of los angeles and san diego .
licón - trillo a 2006 . infección de triatoma recurva por trypanosoma cruzi en un campamento minero de urique , chihuahua ( méxico ) . rev fac sal pub nut 7 : 1 - 8 . [ links ]
triatoma protracta populations in california are frequently infected with t . cruzi . our data extend the northern limits of the range of tci and identify a novel genetic exchange event between tci and tciv . high similarity between sequences from california and specific latin american strains indicates us strains may be equally capable of causing human disease . additional genetic characterization of californian and other us t . cruzi strains is recommended .
the values of biological parameters related to hatching , lifespan , the number of blood meals between moults , mortality , time lapse before the beginning of feeding , feeding time and defecation delay for each instar of three mexican - american species of triatominae , triatoma recurva , triatoma protracta ( former subspecies protracta ) and triatoma rubida ( former subspecies uhleri ) , were evaluated and compared . no significant ( p > 0 . 05 ) differences were recorded among the three species with respect to the average time required to hatch . this time was approximately 19 days . the average egg - to - adult development time was significantly ( p < 0 . 05 ) shorter for t . rubida . the number of blood meals at each nymphal instar varied from one - five for each species . the mortality rates were higher for the first - instar nymphs of the three species studied . the mean time lapse before the beginning of feeding was between 0 . 3 - 3 min for most nymphs of all instars of each species studied . the mean feeding time was the longest for t . recurva , followed by t . protracta . the defecation delay was less than 10 min for t . recurva and t . rubida . given these results , only t . rubida should be considered an important potential vector of trypanosoma cruzi transmission to humans in areas of mexico where these species exist , whereas t . recurva and t . protracta would be of secondary importance .
reyes m , angulo vm 2009 . ciclo de vida de triatoma dimidiata latreille , 1811 ( hemiptera , reduviidae ) en condiciones de laboratorio : producción de ninfas para ensayos biológicos . biomedica 29 : 119 - 126 . [ links ]
reyes - novelo e , ruiz - piña ha , escobedo - ortegón j , barrera - pérez ma 2011 . biología y ecología de triatoma dimidiata , algunos aspectos de estudio . dugesiana 18 : 11 - 16 . [ links ]
cesa k , cailloueut ka , dorn pl , wesson dm . high trypanosoma cruzi ( kinetoplastida : trypanosomatidae ) prevalence in triatoma sanguisuga ( hemiptera : redviidae ) in southeastern louisiana . j med entomol . 2011 ; 48 ( 5 ) : 1091–4 . pmid : 21936329
the mean feeding times were longer than 10 min for all instars of t . recurva and for most instars of t . protracta , whereas the feeding times for most instars of t . rubida were shorter than 10 min . for t . recurva , the adults of both sexes had significantly longer feeding times than the nymphs . however , the feeding times for most instars of t . protracta and t . rubida were not significantly different ( table iii ) .
zeledón r , cordero m , marroquín r , lorosa es 2010 . life cycle of triatoma ryckmani ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) in the laboratory , feeding patterns in nature and experimental infection with trypanosoma cruzi . mem inst oswaldo cruz 105 : 99 - 102 . [ links ]
although there was an extensive piece of work done on the protracta complex ( ryckman , 1962 ) , i ' m not entirely sure i would be able to confirm the identification of a nymph . it is extremely like that the species is t . protracta since that species is much more common than t . indictiva . i ' m also not entirely sure of the extent of synanthropy in t . indictiva whereas t . protracta is notorious in this regard . range may matter as well . what county are you located in ? at this time , i don ' t think t . indictiva is known from ca though i suppose it wouldn ' t be surprising to find it there . it may be possible to identify the older instars using rostral pilosity . in t . protracta the last two rostral segments will have abundant hairs ( see harsi ' s photo ) . this contrasts with t . indictiva which will have all rostral segments essentially glabrous .
daflon - teixeira nf , carvalho - costa fa , chiang rg , lima mm 2009 . influence of blood meal and mating in reproduction patterns of triatoma brasiliensis females ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) under laboratory conditions . mem inst oswaldo cruz 104 : 1031 - 1034 . [ links ]
the egg eclosion rate was greater than 66 % in all cohorts and reached 72 . 5 % for t . protracta . the average incubation periods were approximately 19 days for the three species studied and did not differ significantly among the species .
the average egg - to - adult development time for t . recurva was similar to the corresponding times for triatoma gerstaeckeri ( stål ) and t . dimidiata ( martínez - ibarra et al . 2007 , reyes & angulo 2009 ) , whereas the development times for t . protracta and t . rubida were shorter . t . gerstaeckeri ( stål ) and t . dimidiata are considered among the most important vectors of t . cruzi in mexico and in latin america , respectively ( salazar - schettino et al . 2010 ) .
the overall t . cruzi prevalence of 55 . 2 % ( 16 / 29 ) in the vallecito triatomine population is the highest reported for tr . protracta . this infection level is comparable to that found in triatoma gerstaeckeri , a us triatomine species that was implicated in a 2006 case of acute chagas disease acquired in texas [ 6 ] . furthermore , if only the adult tr . protracta vallecito specimens collected in this study are considered , the t . cruzi prevalence increases to 71 . 4 % ( 5 / 7 ) . in contrast , this study’s prevalence of t . cruzi in adult tr . protracta in southern california ( 34 % for escondido specifically ; 27 . 9 % across all southern california samples ) is consistent with previous infection levels for this species , which have ranged from 20–36 % in southern california [ 25 , 54 ] . the only published case of locally acquired human chagas disease in california occurred in tuolumne county [ 55 , 56 ] , just south of calaveras county where our vallecito study site was located . our data show that tr . protracta populations in both northern and southern california have high frequencies of t . cruzi infection , indicating that the risk for transmission to people and domestic animals is widespread in these regions .
the mean feeding times were longer than 10 min for all instars of t . recurva , for most instars of t . protracta and for the adults of t . rubida . these mean feeding times were similar to those for m . spinolai , t . rubida and t . protracta ( both triatoma species from southwestern usa ) and for r . neglectus and r . robustus ( alzamora et al . 2007 , klotz et al . 2009 , barreto - santana et al . 2011 , reisenman et al . 2011 ) . according to zeledón et al . ( 1977 ) , species that feed longer than 10 min could be considered potentially important vectors of t . cruzi because prolonged vector - host contact could increase the probability of the interruption of feeding , thereby increasing the risk of contact with the faeces of these insects .
the mean defecation delay was less than 10 min for all nymphal instars and adults of t . recurva and t . rubida ( with the exception of the males ) and for three nymphal instars ( nii , nii and niv ) of t . protracta ( table iii ) .
reisenman ce , gregory t , guerenstein pg , hildebrand jg 2011 . feeding and defecation behaviour of triatoma rubida ( uhler , 1984 ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) under laboratory conditions and its potential role as a vector of chagas disease in arizona , usa . am j trop med hyg 85 : 648 - 656 . [ links ]
the average egg - to - adult development time varied from four months for t . rubida to 6 . 7 months for t . protracta and was greater than 8 . 5 months in t . recurva . the differences in the development times between species were significant ( table i ) .
the average number of blood meals between moults did not differ significantly among the three species ( table i ) . t . rubida had a significantly lower mortality rate than the other two species ; no significant difference in the mortality rate was found between t . recurva and t . protracta ( table ii ) . the mean time lapse between the presentation of the blood meal source and the beginning of feeding was between 0 . 3 - 3 min for the nymphs of all instars of each species with the exception of the fifth - instar nymphs of t . protracta . no significant differences in this parameter were found among the instars of t . recurva , but the fifth - instar nymphs and adults differed significantly from the remaining four instars of t . protracta . similarly , the adults of t . rubida had significantly longer mean time lapses than the nymphal instars ( table ii ) .
our study presents an updated report of infection rates of two t . protracta populations with t . cruzi in southern california and provides the first molecular identification of t . cruzi in this region . infection rates differ significantly between the two populations , but overall are comparable with those in historical data . previous studies of infection rates in california were predominantly conducted by sherwin f . wood ( 1930s–1960s ) ; these infection rates ranged typically from 20 % to 30 % . 15 a recent study of infection rates of t . protracta from escondido in southern california was based on only 20 specimens , four ( 20 % ) of which were positive by pcr detection . 3 our study , which was based on a larger sample size , shows virtually identical prevalence for escondido ( 19 % ) , but a much higher infection rate for glendora ( 36 % ) , which indicated that infection levels of t . protracta may show significant geographic variation .
we would like to thank the following individuals for submitting triatoma protracta specimens : s . billeter and m . niemela of the california department of public health and s . hernandez and s . meymandi of the center of excellence for chagas disease at olive view - ucla medical center . we appreciate the technical advice received from t . goldstein and b . smith of the ucd one health institute laboratory , m . yabsley of the southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study and g . lawrence of the cdc / dpdm . finally , we are extremely grateful to the property owners who allowed us access to their lands , as well as to a . pietrzyk for her invaluable assistance in the field .
martínez - ibarra ja , salazar - schettino pm , solorio - cibrián m , bravo mc , novelo - lópez m , vences mo , montes - ochoa jy , nogueda - torres b 2008 . influence of temperature and humidity on the biology of triatoma mexicana ( hemiptera : reduviidae : triatominae ) under laboratory conditions . mem inst oswaldo cruz 103 : 719 - 723 . [ links ]
a total of 29 triatomine bugs were collected from the vallecito study area , of which 24 ( two adults and 22 nymphs ) were found within woodrat houses . the five remaining bugs were adults obtained from either light traps or within a resident’s home . all identified bugs were triatoma protracta . the two pcr - based screening assays targeting different t . cruzi genomic loci showed a high degree of concordance in the dna extracted from all bugs . the 121 / 122 kinetoplast minicircle assay was marginally more sensitive , detecting 16 positive bugs , whereas the tcz1 / tcz2 nuclear assay only identified 15 of these same bugs as positive . kinetoplast dna sequences obtained from the single discordant sample confirmed the presence of t . cruzi dna . thus 55 . 2 % of bugs at the vallecito site were infected with t . cruzi .
conenose bugs are members of the family reduviidae , commonly called assassin bugs , because most members of this family are predators of other insects . conenose bugs or kissing bugs ( genus triatoma ) are an exception to the family rule and are bloodsucking parasites that feed on a wide variety of domestic and wild animals , plus humans . in california these bugs are most prevalent in the foothill areas surrounding the central valley and in the foothills and desert areas of southern california .
a laboratory colony of t . recurva established in 2009 from specimens collected in jesús maría , nayarit , mexico , was used . a colony of t . protracta ( morphologically similar to the synonymised subspecies protracta ) was established in 2008 with specimens originally obtained from caborca , sonora , mexico . in addition , a colony of t . rubida ( morphologically similar to the synonymised subspecies uhleri ) from saucillo , chihuahua , was included . the colonies were maintained at 25ºc ± 1ºc and 50 % relative humidity ( rh ) ± 5 % rh to match the typical habitat conditions of the three species . the colonies were fed on immobilised and anaesthetised new zealand rabbits on a weekly basis . these rabbits were anaesthetised following the norma official mexicana regulations with 0 . 25 ml / kg of ketamine delivered intramuscularly ( sagarpa 1999 ) .
triatoma protracta specimens were actively collected from private residences in two study regions . all landowners consented to the collection of bugs from their properties . the first study area was located in southern california , in the town of escondido ( 33 . 1247° n , 117 . 0808° w ) . this study site was chosen because previous research had identified t . cruzi in the resident triatomine bug population [ 25 ] . abundant woodrat ( neotoma macrotis ) nests were found , and much of the terrain was covered with large granite - based boulders and smaller rocks that provided crevices for triatomines . the second study area encompassed several residences in the town of vallecito , situated in northern california ( 38 . 0903° n , 120 . 4736° w ) . this location was selected based on knowledge that multiple triatomine bugs collected there in 2011 were positive for t . cruzi ( m . niemela , pers comm ) . woodrat nests at these properties varied by site but were generally less abundant than the escondido location .
there were 15 tr . protracta bugs submitted from public health employees in southern california , three of which were positive for parasite dna on both screening assays ( 20 % ; there were no discordant results for screening assays among this set of bugs ) . with the exception of one specimen from san diego , these bugs represented a range of locations within the greater los angeles area : agoura hills , altadena , los angeles , northridge , oak hills , santa clarita , simi valley , tarzana , and thousand oaks ( s1 fig ) . of the 11 bugs for which addresses were provided , area visualization via googleearth revealed that the homes primarily abutted natural canyon areas designated as parks or were within housing tracts interspersed with parcels of undeveloped land . a summary of the t . cruzi positive bugs is shown in table 2 . together these data confirm that wild populations of tr . protracta at multiple sites in california are frequently infected with t . cruzi .
we conducted a study of t . cruzi molecular diversity in california , augmenting sparse genetic data from southern california and for the first time investigating genetic sequences from northern california . the vector triatoma protracta was collected from southern ( escondido and los angeles ) and northern ( vallecito ) california regions . samples were initially screened via sensitive nuclear repetitive dna and kinetoplast minicircle dna pcr assays , yielding an overall prevalence of approximately 28 % and 55 % for southern and northern california regions , respectively . positive samples were further processed to identify discrete typing units ( dtus ) , revealing both tci and tciv lineages in southern california , but only tci in northern california . phylogenetic analyses ( targeting coii - nd1 , tr and rb19 genes ) were performed on a subset of positive samples to compare californian t . cruzi samples to strains from other us regions and latin america . results indicated that within the tci dtu , california sequences were similar to those from the southeastern us , as well as to several isolates from latin america responsible for causing chagas disease in humans .
the data on defecation patterns showed that for a fraction ( less than 10 % ) of defecation events , the specimens of the three studied species in all instars tended to defecate before finishing a blood meal . the defecation delay was less than 10 min for all studied instars of t . recurva and t . rubida ( with the exception of the males in the latter species ) and for the second , third and fourth - instar nymphs of t . protracta . zeledón et al . ( 1977 ) hypothesised that the triatomines that defecate before 10 min postfeeding could be considered potentially effective transmitters of t . cruzi because these triatomines are usually in contact with their host for at least 10 min . in the light of this hypothesis , the following instars of the three species studied could be considered effective vectors of t . cruzi : all instars of t . recurva , almost all instars of t . rubida and the second , third and fourth - instar nymphs of t . protracta .
the parameters studied support the conclusion that the three species considered herein may have different potentials to transmit t . cruzi to humans in those areas of mexico where these species currently exist . t . rubida could be considered an efficient vector , whereas t . recurva and t . protracta would be of secondary importance , as previously suggested in other field studies ( kjos et al . 2009 , breniere et al . 2010 , licón - trillo et al . 2010 , reisenman et al . 2010 ) .
approximately 70 - 80 % of the instars of t . recurva required an average of 3 . 5 meals prior to moulting to the next instar , whereas t . protracta and t . rubida needed 2 . 5 meals prior to moulting . the average numbers of blood meals required for moulting to the next instar for t . protracta and t . rubida were similar to the values found for rhodnius colombiensis ( mejia , galvão , jurberg ) , rhodnius prolixus ( stål ) and rhodnius ecuadoriensis ( lent and león ) , whereas the average number of blood meals for t . recurva was higher than the average numbers for these three latter species ( arévalo et al . 2007a , villacís et al . 2008 ) . because an increase in the number of vector - host interactions ( for blood feeding ) increases the probability of transmission of t . cruzi to hosts ( rocha et al . 2001 ) , the three currently studied species could be considered potentially epidemiologically important with respect to t . cruzi transmission to human populations .
at the escondido study site , 53 bugs were collected , all of which were adult tr . protracta drawn to light traps . thirteen bugs were positive for both t . cruzi pcr screening assays ; however , positive amplification was detected for an additional six bugs using only the kdna minicircle assay . five of these discordant samples were successfully cloned and sequenced to confirm the presence of t . cruzi dna , yielding the conclusion that 18 bugs ( 34 % ) were t . cruzi positive at the escondido location .
dna extractions were performed following the tissue protocol of the qiaamp dna blood and tissue extraction kit ( qiagen ) . a new razor blade was used to excise the terminal abdominal segments of the tr . protracta specimens onto a fresh microscope slide , to which 20 μl of pbs was added before finely chopping the insect tissues . the resulting homogenate was transferred to a 1 . 5 ml microcentrifuge tube , and the remaining dna extraction process followed the kit protocol . the final dna was eluted in 100 μl of ae buffer .
the most important species in california is t . protracta , the western bloodsucking conenose , with t . rubida also present and important . both species live in the nests of wood rats or pack rats ( neotoma species ) and other wildlife , but they also fly into homes and may feed on people . although the biting process is painless , people often experience an intense itch or tenderness at the bite site , which can become swollen and reddish to purple . worse , in sensitive individuals bites from conenose bugs can produce allergic reactions that are potentially dangerous and life - threatening .
despite the fact that t . cruzi has been known to exist in the us for at least 80 years , only four states consider chagas disease to be reportable . in late 2012 , texas became the fourth state to declare chagas a reportable disease , a decision preceded by a series of in - state studies and clinical case reports on the disease in both canines and humans . consistent with texas , our research implies that some areas of california may have a similar risk for t . cruzi transmission and suggests that california physicians and veterinary practitioners should consider chagas disease as a potential cause of cardiac illness in regions where tr . protracta populations are evident .
i caught about 25 nymphs that i believe to be protracta or t . invictiva in my kitchen . i think that our building has pack rats in the attic / vents / walls ( it has in the past ) and a mature must have laid eggs since it is may now . like you i am usually one to pick up and remove insects from the home - but this time i sprayed with a bifenthrin spray permethrin , and diatomaceous earth as well , i cannot tolerate the health risks posed by a breeding bloodsucking conenose to my wife and i . i have multiple specimens for anyone interested , already sent some to uc riverside but if drswanny or anyone else would like them i would be happy to send some .
specimens were collected using light traps ( ultraviolet and mercury vapor ) in escondido ( san diego county ; 33°12¢44 . 9994²n , 117°5′36 . 9954²w , elevation = 405 meters ) and glendora ( los angeles county ; 34°9¢59 . 364²n , 117°50¢18 . 204²w , elevation = 391 meters ) , california . the sites are located at a suburban residence ( escondido ) or less than 1 km from a suburban residence ( glendora ) . a total of 161 specimens ( escondido = 139 and glendora = 22 ) were collected over an eight - week period ( june–september 2008 ) . all specimens were identified as t . protracta and entered into a database ( collecting and dissection data ) . voucher specimens were submitted to the entomology research museum at the university of california , riverside .
in the only other molecular typing study performed on t . cruzi in california [ 25 ] , samples were obtained from tr . protracta specimens collected from two southern sites , including the same suburban property in escondido from which our samples were collected . in this earlier research , hwang et al . [ 25 ] used the d71 / d72 primer set employed in our dtu algorithm to obtain partial sequences of the 24sα ribosomal rna gene for two samples . although the authors did not identify these two samples as tci , alignment of their two sequences ( gu594186 & gu594187 ) with sequences from three of our tci escondido samples ( kt879367 - kt879369 ) differed by only 2–3 snps . it can therefore be inferred that the t . cruzi samples obtained in the earlier research were also tci .
in this research , we successfully amplified t . cruzi dna of both mitochondrial ( coii - nd1 ) and single - copy nuclear genes ( tr and rb19 ) directly from tr . protracta dna extracts . direct testing is commonly done for t . cruzi screening purposes using highly sensitive assays that target genes possessing thousands of copies ( i . e . minicircle kinetoplast targets ) or nuclear tandem repeat regions . however , to our knowledge , previous research on the coii - nd1 , tr and rb19 genes have only used dna extracted from pure t . cruzi cultures [ 21 , 36 , 40 , 42 ] . thus it is valuable to note that these assays are sensitive enough for analysis of triatomine bug extracts that have tested positive for t . cruzi via the tcz1 / tcz2 assay .
in some regions of latin america , rural houses are constructed of materials ( i . e . adobe brick walls , thatch roofs ) that facilitate the invasion and exploitation of breeding niches by triatomines [ 67 , 68 ] . in contrast , us standard housing construction likely hinders triatomines from establishing breeding colonies once adult bugs have entered homes [ 69 ] . however , it is conceivable that outdoor pet enclosures or substandard housing might be subject to colonization events if these structures were adjacent to natural areas with triatomine bug populations , especially if preferred breeding sites and sylvatic hosts had recently diminished . for example , adult tr . protracta have been reported to disperse into human residences following the destruction of woodrat nests associated with construction activities [ 70 ] . likewise , following environmental changes in louisiana spurred by the wake of hurricane katrina , infestations of tr . sanguisuga in human dwellings may have been related to the triatomines’ search for new bloodmeal sources [ 7 ] .
the adult western bloodsucking conenose is 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 inch long , black to dark brown , and has a lateral abdominal margin that is sometimes tan . the wings are held flat over the back at rest . the head has four - segmented antennae , conspicuous eyes , and a three - segmented straight beak that extends backward below the body . nymphs are similar in appearance to adults except they are smaller and lack wings . wing pads become apparent in the last instar . t . rubida is larger than t . protracta , measures 3 / 4 to 1 inch long , and is easily distinguished by the reddish or brownish - red lateral markings on the abdomen seen just outside the folded wings . conenose bugs are easily distinguished from another bloodsucking true bug group , bed bugs ( pest notes : bed bugs ) , by their larger size , darker color ( bed bugs are brown to orange ) , presence of wings in the adult stage , and a more oblong shape with pointy ( conenose ) head .
for those who know me , this post may seem a little unusual . while i have become somewhat known for my efforts to rescue insects ( specifically from my landlord ' s pool ) , this is actually a specimen that i sentenced to death by freezing after finding it in our house . our rather rustic cabin probably hosts more than a few rodent nests somewhere in its infrastructure and we therefore occasionally get conenose bugs wandering about looking for a meal . i often worry that ( in the absence of an available rodent host ) these guys will avail themselves of my beloved pet rabbit who has free run of the house . thus , these blood - suckers are one of the very few insect species that have made it to my
hit list
. fortunately , instead of just squashing it , i was able to arrange to send the specimen to dan swanson ( aka ,
drswanny
) who was quite pleased to add it to his collection and who kindly offered to confirm the id for me . he has communicated with me via e - mail that this is indeed an adult male t . protracta , but hopefully he will also comment on this post directly . i still feel a bit badly for
taking
a life - - that ' s just my nature : - ) but , i hope that these images and also being able to provide a nice specimen to dan ( tireless and enthusiastic reduviid researcher that he is ! ) will at least play some small role in contributing to the knowledge - base for this species . surrounding habitat is chaparral and mixed oak woodland .
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mem . inst . oswaldo cruz vol . 107 no . 5 rio de janeiro aug . 2012
i área de entomología médica , centro universitario del sur , universidad de guadalajara , ciudad guzmán , jalisco , méxico ii departamento de desarrollo regional , centro universitario del sur , universidad de guadalajara , ciudad guzmán , jalisco , méxico iii departamento de ciencias químico biológicas y agropecuarias , universidad de sonora , unidad norte caborca , caborca , sonora , méxico iv facultad de medicina , universidad autónoma de chihuahua , chihuahua , chihuahua , méxico v becario de comisión de operación y fomento de actividades académicas del instituto politécnico nacional , escuela nacional de ciencias biológicas , carpio y plan de ayala , colonia casco de santo tomás , méxico , d . f .
as part of a series of studies on the biology of mexican triatominae , a study of the feeding and defecation behaviours and the life cycles of three triatominae species of secondary importance in the transmission of t . cruzi to human populations in mexico was conducted .
eggs from 20 - 25 mating pairs of each studied species were grouped based on the date of oviposition for a period of one week to initiate a cohort of each species of 200 eggs each . after eclosion , groups of first - instar nymphs from each species were separated individually into plastic containers ( 5 . 5 cm diameter × 10 . 5 cm height ) with a centre support of absorbent cardboard . three days after eclosion , each cohort of nymphs was individually fed on immobilised and anaesthetised ( as previously described ) new zealand rabbits for a 1 - h period ; the nymphs were fed weekly thereafter . the nymphs were observed from the beginning of feeding until 1 h postfeeding to record the feeding and defecation behaviours . to estimate the potential of three triatomine species studied to serve as transmission vectors , only the data on the postfeeding defecation times were considered in the calculation of the defecation delay , as in zeledón et al . ( 1977 ) the insects were maintained in a dark incubator at 25ºc ± 1ºc and 50 % rh ± 5 % rh with a 12 / 12 h ( light / dark ) photoperiod and were checked daily for ecdysis or death .
from among the insects that completed development into adults , 10 adult pairs from each cohort were placed in individual containers ( 5 . 5 cm diameter × 10 . 5 cm height ) and maintained as previously described to determine the oviposition patterns .
variables having a normal distribution were compared using student ' s t - test or analysis of variance ( anova ) . for the anova , post hoc comparisons were performed with the scheffé test . a wilcoxon nonparametric test was used to analyse the variables that did not follow a normal distribution . the chi - squared test was used to compare frequencies . differences were considered significant when p < 0 . 05 .
the mortality rates of t . rubida were low ( the lowest of the 3 species studied ) . this finding may be one reason that t . rubida is by far the most common of the three species in virtually its entire area of distribution ( licón - trillo 2006 , reisenman et al . 2010 ) . in contrast , the mortality rates of t . recurva were high ( the highest of the three species studied ) . this finding could partially explain the low abundance of this species in its area of distribution ( breniere et al . 2010 , licón - trillo et al . 2010 , bern et al . 2011 ) . similar mortality rates have been recorded for rhodnius neglectus lent and rhodnius robustus larrouse , the two principal wild triatomine species ( corresponding to t . recurva ) in brazil ( barreto - santana et al . 2011 ) .
as observed for some other triatomine species , the instar - specific mortality rates of the species studied had an irregular pattern . the highest percentages of mortality for two ( t . recurva and t . rubida ) of the three species were observed in the first or fifth nymphal instar , as reported for other triatomine species ( martínez - ibarra et al . 2008 , barreto - santana et al . 2011 ) . as reported for the species previously cited , mortality in the youngest nymphs appeared to be caused by the inability of the insects to feed because dead triatomines were generally found without significant intestinal content . in contrast , the mortality of older nymphs appeared to occur during moulting .
the mean time lapse before the beginning of feeding was less than 2 min for most instars of the three species studied . similar behaviour was recorded for cohorts of mepraia spinolai ( porter ) , t . rubida ( from southwestern usa ) , r . colombiensis , r . prolixus , r . neglectus and r . robustus , which are considered potentially important vectors for the transmission of t . cruzi ( alzamora et al . 2007 , arévalo et al . 2007b , klotz et al . 2009 , barreto - santana et al . 2011 , reisenman et al . 2011 ) . the short mean time lapse before the beginning of feeding implies efficient feeding behaviour . such efficient feeding increases the probability of survivorship of the species ( guarneri et al . 2000 ) .
alzamora a , correa p , gaggero e , acuña - retamar m , cattan pe 2007 . conducta de picada y defecación de mepraia spinolai en dos hospederos frecuentes en su hábitat . parasitol latinoam 62 : 112 - 117 . [ links ]
arévalo a , carranza jc , guhl f , clavijo ja , vallejo ga 2007a . comparación del ciclo de vida de rhodnius colombiensis y rhodnius prolixus ( hemiptera , reduviidae , triatominae ) en condiciones de laboratorio . biomedica 27 ( suppl . 1 ) : 119 - 129 . [ links ]
arévalo a , carranza jc , guhl f , clavijo ja , vallejo ga 2007b . comparación de los patrones de alimentación y defecación de rhodnius colombiensis y rhodnius prolixus ( hemiptera , reduviidae , triatominae ) en condiciones de laboratorio . biomedica 27 ( suppl . 1 ) : 101 - 109 . [ links ]
barreto - santana d , starling j , gurgel - goncalvez r , cuba - cuba ca 2011 . comparativwe biology and feeding behaviour of rhodnius neglectus and rhodnius robustus ( triatominae ) under laboratory conditions . rev soc bras med trop 44 : 490 - 495 . [ links ]
bern c , kjos s , yabsley mj , montgomery sp 2011 . trypanosoma cruzi and chagas disease in the united states . clin microbiol rev 24 : 655 - 681 . [ links ]
breniere sf , bosseno mf , magallón - gastélum e , soto gutiérrez mm , kasten - monges mj , barraza - salas jh , romero - paredes jj , lozano - kasten fj 2010 . community participation and domiciliary occurrence of infected meccus longipennis in two mexican villages in jalisco state . am j trop med hyg 83 : 382 - 387 . [ links ]
kjos sa , snowden kf , olson jk 2009 . biogeography and trypanosoma cruzi infection prevalence of chagas disease vectors in texas , usa . vector borne zoonotic dis 9 : 41 - 49 . [ links ]
klotz sa , dorn p , klotz jh , pinnas jl , weirauch c , kurtz jr , schmidt j 2009 . feeding behaviour of triatomines from the southwestern united states . an update on potential risk for transmission of chagas disease . acta trop 111 : 114 - 118 . [ links ]
licón - trillo a , balsimelli - de la peña k , acosta - legarda m , leal - solís i , nogueda - torres b , martínez - ibarra ja 2010 . infección natural por trypanosoma cruzi en triatominos del centro y norte de méxico . bol malar salud ambient 50 : 311 - 313 . [ links ]
martínez - ibarra ja , alejandre - aguilar r , paredes - gonzález e , martínez - silva ma , solorio - cibrián m , nogueda - torres b , trujillo - contreras f novelo - lópez m 2007 . biology of three species of north american triatominae ( hemiptera : reduviidae triatominae ) fed on rabbits . mem inst oswaldo cruz 102 : 925 - 930 . [ links ]
paredes - gonzález ea , valdez - miranda j , nogueda - torres b , alejandre - aguilar r , canett - romero r 2001 . vectorial importance of triatomine bugs ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) in guaymas , méxico . rev lat microbiol 43 : 119 - 122 . [ links ]
reisenman ce , lawrence g , guerestein pg , gregory t , dotson e , hildebrand jg 2010 . infection of kissing bugs with trypanosoma cruzi , tucson , arizona , usa . emerg infect dis 16 : 400 - 405 . [ links ]
rocha ds , jurberg j , carcavallo ru , presgrave oa , cunha v , galvão c 2001 . influence of temperature and humidity on the nymphal development of rhodnius robustus . rev saude publica 35 : 400 - 406 . [ links ]
sagarpa - secretaría de agricultura , ganadería , desarrollo rural , pesca y alimentación 1999 . [ cited 13 october 2011 ] . norma oficial mexicana nom - 062 - zoo - 1999 . especificaciones técnicas para la producción , cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio . available from : urltoken . [ links ]
salazar - schettino pm , rojas - wastavino ge , cabrera - bravo m , bucio - torres m , martínez - ibarra ja , monroy - escobar mc , rodas - retana a , guevara - gómez y , vences - blanco mo , ruiz - hernández al , torres - gutiérrez e 2010 . a revision of thirteen species of triatominae ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) vectors of chagas disease in mexico . j selva andina res soc 1 : 57 - 80 . [ links ]
villacís ag , arcos - terán l , grijalva mj 2008 . life cycle , feeding and defecation patterns of rhodnius ecuadoriensis ( lent & león 1958 ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae : triatominae ) under laboratory conditions . mem inst oswaldo cruz 103 : 690 - 695 . [ links ]
zeledón r , alvarado r , jirón jf 1977 . observations on the feeding and defecation patterns of three triatomine species ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) . acta trop 34 : 65 - 77 . [ links ]
av . brasil , 4365 - pavilhão mourisco , manguinhos 21040 - 900 rio de janeiro rj brazil tel . : ( 55 21 ) 2562 - 1222 fax : ( 55 21 ) 2562 1220 memorias @ urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
webb canyon , ~ 2000 ft . elevation , los angeles county , california , usa january 29 , 2010 size : 17 mm
contributed by harsi s . parker on 11 february , 2010 - 2 : 08pm last updated 12 december , 2010 - 11 : 48am
since the commenter didn ' t answer your question regarding where they were located , i thought i would point out that in this comment left on another post they mention they are located in the
the lower san francisco bay area peninsula
.
specimen examined , identification confirmed . harsi ' s lateral shot of the rostrum is a marvelous example of the image needed to solidify triatomine identifications without the specimen . the second and third rostral segment of this species are densely hairy as opposed to conditions in other species which include all segments glabrous , all segments densely hairy or apex of second segment to third densely hairy .
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* address correspondence to christiane weirauch , department of entomology , university of california , 3401 watkins drive , riverside , ca 92521 . e - mail : ude . rcu @ hcuariew . enaitsirhc
chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi , which is transmitted by triatominae or kissing bugs ( insecta : hemiptera : reduviidae ) . an estimated 9 . 8 million persons are infected with this disease , and 40 million are at risk in latin america . 1 transmission , although apparently rare , also occurs in the southwestern united states , as indicated by six autochthonous transmission cases since 1955 , including one in california . surveillance of t . cruzi infection rates among local populations of triatominae is therefore critical for assessing the public health risk .
we additionally developed a polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) –based method primarily to identify t . cruzi and its genotypes in triatominae . several genotypes ( also referred to as natural clones or major lineages ) of t . cruzi are associated with different host lineages . in the united states , genotypes tci and tciv occur exclusively in marsupials ( opossums ) and placental mammals ( e . g . , raccoons ) , respectively . 7 different genotypes are also known to result in differences in clinical manifestations of the disease . 8 genotyping of trypanosome isolates is therefore an important endeavor , and we use the most recent t . cruzi genotype nomenclature . 9


anoncia bitoqua is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .

it was described by hodges in 1978 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .

anoncia bitoqua

anoncia bitoqua hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 61 , pl . 4 , f . 20 ; tl : surprise canyon , inyo co . , panamit mts , california
anoncia glacialis hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 100 ; tl : riverside , california
anoncia porriginosa hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 102 ; tl : claremont , california
anoncia brunneipes hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 99 ; tl : san diego , california
anoncia clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 268 ; ts : hypatopa conia walsingham
anoncia alboligula hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 102 ; tl : olancha , inyo co . , california
anoncia ( cosmopteriginae ) ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 55 , 16 ; [ nacl ] , 18 ; [ richard brown ]
anoncia piperata hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 106 ; tl : smoky valley , 6200 ' , tulare co . , california
anoncia loexya hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 68 , pl . 4 , f . 29 ; tl : pine , gila co . , arizona
anoncia psepsa hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 8 ; tl : white mts , 7000 ' , arizona
anoncia venis hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 70 , pl . 6 , f . 11 ; tl : quartzite , yuma co . , arizona
anoncia fregeis hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 67 , pl . 6 , f . 9 ; tl : carrizo plains , kern co . , california
anoncia naclia hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 64 , pl . 6 , f . 7 ; tl : baboquivari mts , pima co . , arizona
anoncia crossi adamski , 1989 ; j . lep . soc . 43 ( 2 ) : 109 , f . 1 - 6 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , zapilote canyon , 8km s mezcala
anoncia flegax hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 62 , pl . 6 , f . 5 ; tl : mt shata city , siskiyou co . , california
anoncia slales hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 61 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; tl : mt hamilton , santa clara co . , california
anoncia furvicosta hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 108 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
anoncia nebritis hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 103 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mst , santa cruz co . , arizona
anoncia nocticola hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 109 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
anoncia psentia hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 73 , pl . 6 , f . 19 ; tl : 14 mi ne mojave , kern co . , california
anoncia smogops hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 72 , pl . 6 , f . 12 - 13 ; tl : baboquivari mts , pima co . , arizona
anoncia diveni ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66 , pl . 4 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 1549 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia fasciata ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 60 , pl . 4 , f . 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 1532 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia mosa hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 71 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : 2 mi w paso robles , san louis obispo co . , california
anoncia orites ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 67 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 1550 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia sphacelina ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 60 , pl . 4 , f . 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 1531 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia mones hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 63 , pl . 6 , f . 6 ; tl : cherry canyon , 5096 ' , guadalupe mts , culberson co . , texas
anoncia alboligula ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 60 , pl . 4 , f . 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 1533 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia callida hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 106 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
anoncia callida ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 1542 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia furvicosta ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; [ nacl ] , # 1548 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia glacialis ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 61 , pl . 4 , f . 19 ; [ nacl ] , # 1535 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia leucoritis ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66 , pl . 4 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 1546 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia nebritis ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 65 , pl . 4 , f . 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1544 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia nocticola ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 65 , pl . 4 , f . 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 1543 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia episcia ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 69 , pl . 4 , f . 24 , 28 , 30 - 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 1554 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia conia ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 59 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 16 ; [ nacl ] , # 1529 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia longa ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 1547 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia noscres hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 68 , pl . 6 , f . 10 ; tl : piute mts , 4350 ' , rancheria creek , t29s , r33e , s23 , kern co . , california
anoncia brunneipes ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 27 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 59 , pl . 4 , f . 18 ; [ nacl ] , # 1530 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia piperata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 113 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 71 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 1556 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia porriginosa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 115 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; [ nacl ] , # 1537 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
hodges , r . w . , 1978 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 6 . 1 , p . 61 ; pl . 4 . 20 . order
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
borkhausenia aciculata meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 468 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , texas
cryptolechia chordostoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 704 ; tl : argentina , parana
= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 59 ; [ nacl ] , # 1529 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on lepechinia calycina hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 59
borkhausenia diveni heinrich , 1921 ; j . agric . res . 20 : 814 , pl . 96 , f . c - f ; tl : brownsville , texas
larva on lantana hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 67
hypatopa episcia walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 211 ; tl : russian r . , sonoma co . , california
hypatopa fasciata walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 213 ; tl : head of noyo r . , mendocino co . , california
= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 1546 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on mentzelia laevicaulis hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66
borkhausenia longa meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 381 ; tl : alpine , 7500 ' , texas
hypatopa orites walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 213 ; tl : mt shasta , sikiyou co . , california
borkhausenia
sphacelina keifer , 1935 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 24 : 214 ; tl : 3 mi w shingle springs , el dorado co . , california
larva on lepechinia calycina hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 60
? elachista texanella chambers , 1878 ; bull . geol . surv . terr . 4 : 96 ; tl : bosque co . , texas
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae
walsingham , 1907 descriptions of new north american tineid moths , with a generic table of the family blastobasidae proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 197 - 228
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
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