crambus hamella is a species of moth in the crambidae family .

it is found in most of europe ( except the iberian peninsula and most of the balkan peninsula ) , east to the russian far east ( amur , sakhalin ) and japan .

it is also found in north america , including alberta , arizona , manitoba , michigan , oklahoma and ontario .

the wingspan is 18 – 23 mm .

adults are on wing from july to august in generation per year .

the larvae feed on grasses , possibly including deschampsia flexuosa .

crambus hamella

crambus hamella ( thunberg , 1788 ) = crambus hamellus ( thunberg , 1788 ) = tinea hamella thunberg , 1788 = palparia baccaestria haworth , 1811 = hastiferellus .
moth ( crambus hamella ) | 18 shot early morning field stack . … | flickr
141 neodactria was described as a new genus , and crambus caliginosella , crambus luteolella , crambus modestella , crambus murella , and crambus zeella were all transferred to neodactria in landry ( 1995 ) .
crambus hamella ( dark grass - veneer ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
a . sinensellus ( walker , 1863 ) 3 ; ssp . ( crambus )
delectalis ( hulst , 1886 ) 5 ; syn . ( crambus ) 5334 9
bartellus ( barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ) ; syn . ( crambus ) 5409
a . edmontellus ( mcdunnough , 1923 ) ; ssp . ( crambus ) 5410
a . katahdini ( klots , 1942 ) ; ssp . ( crambus ) 5412
a . minimellus ( robinson , 1870 ) ; ssp . ( crambus ) 5393
c . paganellus ( mcdunnough , 1925 ) ; ssp . ( crambus ) 5395
a . vachellellus ( kearfott , 1903 ) ; ssp . ( crambus ) 5391
capreolatus ( haworth , 1811 ) 5 ; syn . ( crambus ) 5517 3159
a . refotalis ( hulst , 1886 ) ; ssp . ( crambus ) 5379 419
b . caradjaellus ( rebel , 1907 ) 5 ; ssp . extralimital ( crambus )
c . ludovicellus ( marion , 1952 ) 5 ; ssp . extralimital ( crambus )
a . illatella ( fuchs , 1902 ) 5 ; ssp . extralimital ( crambus )
138 fissicrambus quadrinotellus was transferred from crambus in bleszynski ( 1963 , 1967 ) , and also listed in landry ( 1995 ) .
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the combination of bold white longitudinal streak with an angled offshoot , and the dark blotch near the apex of the forewing make this a distinctive species amongst the crambinae .
) , and although not well described , it is believed that the larvae feed on this grass .
the species is distributed locally in suitable habitat in england and southern scotland and has also been recorded from ireland . there is a single generation , with adults flying in july and august , when it can be attracted to light .
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diagnostic white longitudinal streak with an angled offshoot , and dark blotch near the apex of the forewing .
c . barrett [ vch 1901 ]
- hamellus , thunb . croxton , little saxton ; frequent on heaths near lynn
recorded in 22 ( 32 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1884 . last recorded in 2017 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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notes : nationally scarce ( nb ) on dry heathland , in england and southern scotland . in hampshire locally common in the new forest and in similar habitat in the north - east , but extremely scarce elsewhere in the county . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 24 - 27 mm . the characteristically shaped longitudinal stria precludes confusion with any other species [ goater ] . larva feeds on wavy hair - grass .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
scattered records across northern north america and the southern plains ; also occurs in much of europe and asia .
check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 14 august , 2013 - 11 : 17pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 1 : 27pm
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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at present almost confined with us to the breck : santon downham before 1890 ( norgate ) : near thetford ( harwood ) ; at light in tuddenham hall , in that village , during late august 1902 ( mly ) . several at minsmere in sept . 1928 , and one on sutton heath in aug . 1933 ( bp . ) .
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18 shot early morning field stack . combination of natural and led light ( from left side ) .
austria , belgium , denmark , germany , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
regions of the russian federation : european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , trans - baikal , kaliningrad , kamchatka , karelia , kola , nizhne - amur , pribaikalskiy , sakhalin , the north - yenisei , mid - amur , mid - volzhsky , tuva , south urals .
austria , belgium , the british isles , france , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , romania , russia , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
the only really reliable way of identifying z . trifolii as an adult seems to be to grow it from a positively identified larva . the larva of z . lonicerae has very long hairs ( setae ) and this should provide a ready distinction from the short - haired larva of z . trifolii . a specimen found away from one of the known areas for z . trifolii should be z . lonicerae , a specimen found in cornwall or devon is probably z . trifolii a specimen with spots 3 + 4 merged is much more likely to be z . trifolii . a specimen found on the north or south downs in may or the first half of june is very likely to be z . trifolii there do not seem to be any reliable features that will definitively identify z . trifolii with unmerged spots found at a suitable location away from sw . england in late june or july . the identity of specimen §1 is therefore uncertain - however it was found at a known location for z . trifolii in association with several individuals that did have merged spots .
ws : 46 - 48mm ( mbgbi1 ) , fw : m21 - 29mm , f21 - 35mm ( waring ) ; jun - jul ; common in grassy or weedy places throughout britain ; lfp : roots of grasses , burdock ( arctium ) , dead - nettle ( lamium ) , docks ( rumex ) , dandelion ( taraxacum ) , nettle ( urtica ) and others . a distinct subspecies h . h . thulensis occurs in shetland
id : large size ; male forewing white with buff fringes ; female forewing yellowish with variable brownish markings .
surlingham , norfolk ; 24 / 07 / 2009 ; female §3 cyffdy farm , gwynedd ; 22 / 06 / 2010 ; female ; fw 27 . 5mm
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2 mas , systematic entomology laboratory , usda , national museum of natural history , p . o . box 37012 , mrc 168 , washington , dc usa 20013 - 7012
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
this check list is an update of the pyraloidea by munroe ( 1983 ) and klots ( 1983 ) in hodges et al . ( 1983 ) ( hereafter referred to as the mona check list ) that is now over 30 years old . an updated list of pyraloidea of north america north of mexico is greatly needed because there have been many new species described , higher - level taxonomic and nomenclatural changes , additions and deletions , new synonymies and combinations , and new introductions to the fauna since 1983 .
) . species listed here are mostly established , breeding populations , but also include some strays and recent introductions which may not , ultimately , become established . this check list is also highly influenced by the publication in 1995 of the first check list of neotropical pyraloids ( hereafter known as the ntcl or neotropical check list ) (
) . this list included many changes to the mona check list because it included species in america north of mexico ( indicated with an * in the ntcl ) that were described mostly from u . s . states that border mexico and could possibly extend south into the neotropical region . in addition , the results of studying and comparing type specimens over many years by the authors resulted in many new combinations and synonymies that affected american pyraloid nomenclature .
. to the best of our knowledge the present list is complete up to august 2015 . this check list includes 861 species in the
from north america north of mexico , 168 more than the 1983 list and a total of 1542 species , an increase of more than 10 % .
total number of pyraloidea species in north america north of mexico in major published lists .
a number of workers contributed to our increased knowledge about the identity and relationships among pyraloid species in america north of mexico after the mona check list was published . eugene munroe continued to publish , along with a . blanchard , e . c . knudson , b . landry , h . h . neunzig , j . shaffer , and m . a . solis , most actively describing species , revising groups and adding to the north american list of pyraloids . within the last 30 or 40 years major revisions of subfamilies that included american species or genera included the scopariinae ( munroe 1972a ) , acentropinae ( munroe 1972a as nymphulinae ; speidel 2005 ) , odontiinae ( munroe 1972b ) , glaphyriinae ( munroe 1972b , 1973 including evergestinae ) , pyraustinae ( munroe 1976a , b ) , crambinae ( landry 1995 ) , schoenobiinae ( martinez 2010 ) ( but new names not yet published ) , chrysauginae ( cashatt 1968 , 1969 ; solis et al . 2013 ) , epipaschiinae ( solis 1993 ) , and most of the phycitinae ( neunzig 1986 , 1990 , 1997 , 2003 ; shaffer 1968 ) .
in addition , recent work in europe , particularly that by maes ( 1987 , 1994 , [ 2002 ] , 2003 , 2005 ) , leraut ( 1997 , 2002 , 2003a , 2003b , 2005a , 2005b , 2006a , 2006b , [ 2008 ] , 2012 , 2014 ) and nuss ( 1999 , 2005 ) , and work by contributors to the global information system on pyraloidea ( nuss et al . 2003–2015 ) , has clarified placement of many north american taxa and synonymized several genera with european genera .
in this check list we give the complete synonymy as currently known for all species , and list known subspecies with synonyms , indicating where taxa are extralimital or introduced . we have reorganized many of the genera based on the ntcl ( munroe 1995a , b ; solis 1995 ; solis , becker and munroe 1995 ; m . shaffer and solis 1995 ; j . shaffer 1995 ) because it reflects a more recent concept of generic relationships . we have also followed landry ( 1995 ) for the arrangement of genera in the crambinae . we have not included the taxonomic rank of tribe because so many are not based on characters , or the tribal structure breaks down upon study of the tribe in other regions of the world . we also list described subgenera as synonyms because they are not universally applied to most of the list .
we opted not to create a new numbering system for the list , but have included the original mona and ntcl numbers ( even when a name is in new synonymy ) for cross - reference to those lists . we anticipate a new numbering system will be in place when the entire north american check list becomes available on - line . when lists are numbered , the computer sorting and ordering of taxa phylogenetically becomes onerous , particularly as species are reassigned to genera or subfamilies and new species are described . in our database , we have assigned sequential numbers to superfamilies , families , subfamilies , tribes and genera , in addition to species ( currently with mona numbers and additions interpolated with decimals ) . figure
shows a data record illustrating this system . these number assignments are for internal database use only and allow for correct hierarchical sorting to higher - level taxa while still retaining the original species numbers , allowing phylogenetic sorting rather than only alphabetic . this logic could easily be extended to subgenera or species groups , particularly for very large genera . this avoids complete renumbering of species in the database , and allows easy reference to the previous list . we intend to keep this database ( maintained by bgs ) current , including updates in globiz (
) . the database can generate an unformatted version of this check list , or export into excel format .
we and our colleagues who study pyraloidea are aware of other undescribed species , new synonymies , and new combinations , but we have not included these in the list pending publication . molecular data have also recently been applied to species level questions in the pyraloidea , ( e . g . anania – yang et al . 2012 ) and we expect additional discoveries and changes to nomenclature . small groups such as the pyralinae , epipaschiinae , and galleriinae are likely to have just a handful of additional species when revised at the species level . most future additions are likely to be in the largest subfamilies , the spilomelinae , crambinae , and phycitinae where some genera remain to be described , larger genera are known to be polyphyletic ( see misplaced species at the end of genera in the ntcl ) , and smaller genera may be paraphyletic to other genera . recent molecular work has largely supported previous morphological studies , but we expect generic concepts to experience significant changes in the future because most generic taxonomic groupings still require adequate investigation using morphological and molecular techniques .
we plan to continue updating this list , thus we welcome information on omissions , corrections , additions or updates .
a . inconcinnalis ( lederer , 1863 ) ; ssp . ( botys ) 4936 1374
texanalis munroe & a . blanchard , 1976 ; valid ( oenobotys ) 4941 1434
b . rubrifusa ( hampson , 1913 ) ; ssp . extralimital ( pyrausta ) 1438
obliteralis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 4947
paulalis ( fuchs , 1900 ) 5 ; syn . infrasubsp . ( botis )
insignis ( skala , 1928 ) 5 ; syn . infrasubsp . ( pyrausta )
margarita ( skala , 1928 ) 5 ; syn . infrasubsp . ( pyrausta )
flava ( dufrane , 1930 ) 5 ; syn . infrasubsp . ( pyrausta )
minor ( dufrane , 1930 ) 5 ; syn . infrasubsp . ( pyrausta )
fuscalis ( romaniszyn , 1933 ) 5 ; syn . infrasubsp . ( pyrausta )
urticata ( linnaeus , 1761 ) ; syn . ( phalaena ( geometra ) ) 4952
urticalis ( denis & schiffermüller , 1775 ) ; syn . ( pyralis ) 4952
dissoluta ( skala , 1928 ) 5 ; syn . infrasubsp . ( eurrhypara )
minor ( dufrane , 1957 ) 5 ; syn . infrasubsp . ( eurrhypara )
a . dionalis ( walker , 1859 ) ; ssp . ( pionea ) 4956
a . glomeralis ( walker , 1859 ) ; ssp . ( ennychia ) 4958
inornatalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( phlyctaenodes ) 4974 1521
posticata ( grote & robinson , 1867 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 4975 1526
subfulvalis ( herrich - schäffer , 1871 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 4975 1526
caffreii ( flint & malloch , 1920 ) ; syn . ( pyrausta ) 4975 1526
apertalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 4980 1539
citrina ( grote & robinson , 1867 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 4980 1539
harpalis ( herrich - schäffer , 1871 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 1539
a . anaxisalis ( walker , 1859 ) ; ssp . extralimital ( botys )
b . extremalis ( caradja , 1916 ) ; ssp . extralimital ( loxostege )
hilaralis ( herrich - schäffer , 1871 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 1565
lupulina ( clerck , 1764 ) ; syn . preocc . by l . , 1758 ( pyralis ) 5004 1576
a . lulualis ( hulst , 1886 ) ; ssp . ( botis ) 5010
ordinatalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( scopula ) 1629
catenalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( rhodaria ) 5050 1650
juncturalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( rhodaria ) 5050 1650
concatenalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( rhodaria ) 5050 1650
repletalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( herbula ) 5060 1659
efficitalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( herbula ? ) 5060 1659
graminalis ( herrich - schäffer , 1871 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5060 1659
b . fascetalis ( berg , 1874 ) ; ssp . extralimital ( botis ) 1659
a . subolivalis ( packard , 1873 ) ; ssp . ( botys ) 5068
diffissa ( grote & robinson , 1867 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5069 1686
cinerosa ( grote & robinson , 1867 ) ; syn . form ( botys ) 5070 1687
haruspica ( grote & robinson , 1867 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5071 1688
directalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( rhodaria ) 1713
superbalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5078 1717
hampsoni ( barnes & mcdunnough , 1913 ) ; syn . ( nacoleia ) 1775
subaequalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5263 1787
pelialis ( felder , felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5266 1806
penumbralis ( grote , 1877 ) 35 ; syn . ( sylepta ) 5242 1840
fluctuosalis ( dyar , [ 1903 ] ) ; syn . ( sylepta ) 1840
ipomoealis ( capps , 1964 ) 36 ; syn . ( pachyzancla ) 5273 1881
cellatalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5274 1896
inhonestalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) 5 ; syn . ( botys )
curtalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( asopia ) 5187 1937
invenustalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5127 1982
b . tillialis ( dyar , 1904 ) ; ssp . ( phlyctaenia ) 5099
strictalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5182 2138
gracilis ( grote & robinson , 1867 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5182 2138
divisalis walker , [ 1866 ] 53 ; syn . ( desmia ? ) 5163 2298
minualis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( aediodes ) 5174
fascialis ( stoll , 1782 ) 5 ; syn . ( phalaena ( pyralis ) )
venosalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5181 2375
syleptalis ( strand , [ 1920 ] ) ; syn . ( agathodes ) 2380
marginalis ( stoll , 1781 ) ; syn . ( phalaena pyralis ) 5204 2434
syn . not hyalinata l . , 1767 , emend . misident . ( botys ) 5207 2432
impuralis ( herrich - schäffer , 1871 ) ; syn . ( botys ) 2479
selectalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5210 2498
connexalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5212 2506
reductalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5212 2506
flegialis ( poey , 1832 ) ; syn . emendation ( pyralis ) 5217 2552
euphaesalis ( walker , 1859 ) 71 ; syn . ( botys ) 5224 2542
cinctipedalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5228 2638
quadratalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) 5 ; syn . ( megaphysa )
venustalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( leucinodes ) 5294 2729
flavicoloralis ( grote , 1878 ) ; syn . ( botis ? ) 5136 2775
rhodopides ( strand , 1917 ) ; syn . infrasubspecific ( pyrausta ) 5237 2776
serenalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( megaphysa ) 5270 2863
convectalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5288 2896
ruptalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( botys ) 5289 2895
differalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( pyralis ) 5271 2959
philogelos ( dyar , 1922 ) 88 ; syn . ( sufetula ) 5121 3066
a . minimistricta ( dyar , 1913 ) ; ssp . extralimital ( pyrausta ) 1266
tectalis ( barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ) ; syn . ( noctuelia ) 4837 1267
a . rubralis ( warren , 1892 ) ; ssp . ( monocona ) 4811
thalialis ( walker , 1859 ) ; syn . ( botys ? ) 4826 1304
gelidalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( pyralis ? ) 4826 1304
a . novalis ( grote , 1876 ) ; ssp . ( emprepes ) 4826 1304
b . decorata ( druce , 1898 ) ; ssp . ( eustrotia ) 4826 1304
c . nuchalis ( grote , 1878 ) ; ssp . ( emprepes ) 4826 1304
stipatalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( scopula ) 4869 646
albolineata ( grote & robinson , 1867 ) ; syn . ( lipocosma ) 4869 646
a . ochralis ( haimbach , 1908 ) ; ssp . ( symphysa ) 4865
perfusalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( pyralis ) 4881 749
principalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( cataclysta ) 4896 799
egressalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( cataclysta ) 4896 799
brunneogrisea ( henry edwards , 1886 ) ; syn . ( prorasea ) 4904 1349
a . obscuralias munroe , 1995 ; ssp . repl . name ( evergestis )
a . insulalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; ssp . ( evergestis ) 4909
a . borealis ( duponchel , 1836 ) ; ssp . ( eudorea ) 4703
b . caecalis ( walker , 1859 ) ; ssp . ( hypena ) 4703
caliginosalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( scopula ) 4703
d . ninguidalis ( hulst , 1886 ) ; ssp . ( scoparia ) 4703
a . alialis ( barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ) ; ssp . ( scoparia ) 4726 862
lugubralis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( scoparia ) 4737
damon ( barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ) ; syn . ( platytes ) 5507 187
abronalis ( walker , 1859 ) ; syn . nomen dubium ( zebronia ) 52
c . strictalis ( dyar , 1914 ) ; ssp . ( ubida ) 5439 460
rufinalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( hypena ) 5411
repugnatalis ( walker , 1863 ) 159 ; syn . ( chilo ) 5308 539
unicolor ( barnes & mcdunnough , 1913 ) ; syn . ( storteria ) 5311 566
a . albiplaga ( munroe , 1972 ) ; ssp . ( munroessa ) 4748
b . avalona ( munroe , 1972 ) ; ssp . ( munroessa ) 4748
itealis ( walker , 1859 ) 173 ; syn . ( hydrocampa ) 4764 1082
helopalis ( clemens , 1860 ) ; syn . ( cataclysta ? ) 4743 1096
auratalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( zazaca ) 5538 3457
borregalis ( dyar , 1909 ) 181 ; syn . ( artopsis ) 5539 3452
polingalis barnes & benjamin , 1926 188 ; syn . ( anemosella ) 5548 3218
cuis ( dyar , 1914 ) 189 ; syn . ( balidarcha ) 5549 3219
rubralis barnes & mcdunnough , 1913 192 ; spp . ( negalasa ) 5551 3437
leucogramma ( hampson , 1904 ) 193 ; syn . ( tetraschistis ) 5554 3475
anthoecioides ( grote & robinson , 1867 ) ; syn . ( asopia ) 5556 3552
nobilis ( robinson , 1876 ) ; syn . redescription ( siparocera ) 5556 3552
rubiginea ( hampson , 1897 ) 196 ; syn . ( abaera ) 5560 3497
birectalis ( hampson , 1897 ) 197 ; syn . ( epitamyra ) 5561 3501
instructalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( vurna ) 5564 3259
cossalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( zarania ) 5564 3259
dirutalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( gazaca ) 5564 3259
descansalis ( dyar , [ 1908 ] ) 201 ; syn . ( xantippides ) 5567 3231
beatifica ( dyar , 1921 ) 202 ; syn . ( xantippe ) 5569 3564
uranides ( dyar , 1921 ) 204 ; syn . ( xantippe ) 5570 3578
cerella ( fabricius , 1775 ) ; syn . emendation ( tinea ) 5622 3584
cerea ( haworth , 1811 ) ; syn . emendation ( tinea ) 5622 3584
cinerana ( fabricius , 1781 ) ; syn . supressed name ( pyralis ? ) 3585
alvea ( haworth , 1811 ) ; syn . emendation ( galleria ) 5623 3585
alvearia ( stephens , 1829 ) 5 ; syn . unavailable name ( galleria )
tribunella ( denis & schiffermüller , 1775 ) ; syn . ( tinea ) 5629
kofa ( opler , 1977 ) 219 ; syn . ( rhodophaea ) 5697 3923
fria ( opler , 1977 ) 219 ; syn . ( rhodophaea ) 5699 3923
neva ( opler , 1977 ) 219 ; syn . ( rhodophaea ) 5700 3923
cruza ( opler , 1977 ) 230 ; syn . ( rhodophaea ) 5696 3929
durata ( opler , 1977 ) 230 ; syn . ( rhodophaea ) 5698 3929
yuba ( opler , 1977 ) 230 ; syn . ( rhodophaea ) 5701 3929
coniella ( ragonot , 1887 ) 234 ; syn . ( myelois ) 5716 3960
nefas ( dyar , 1922 ) 234 ; syn . ( rampylla ) 5716 3960
a . glendella ( dyar , 1906 ) ; ssp . ( myelois ) 5727
etiella ( treitschke , 1835 ) ; syn . repl . name ( phycis ) 5744 4113
colonnellus ( costa , [ 1836 ] ) ; syn . ( chilo ) 5744 4113
majorellus ( costa , [ 1836 ] ) ; syn . ( chilo ) 5744 4113
subcostella ( ragonot , 1887 ) 243 ; syn . ( epischnia ) 5750 4115
albocostalis ( hulst , 1890 ) ; syn . emendation ( epischnia ) 5750 4115
latisfasciatella ( packard , [ 1874 ] ) ; syn . ( nephopteryx ) 5812
brunneella ( dyar , 1904 ) ; syn . ( ulophora ) 5863 . 1
roseitinctella ( dyar , 1912 ) 293 ; syn . ( ancylostomia ) 5893 4174
a . consociata ( heinrich , 1956 ) 5 ; ssp . extralimital ( divitiaca )
ignetincta ( hampson , 1918 ) 303 , 304 ; syn . ( rinaphe ) 4201
rubiginalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( scoparia ) 5918 4214
a . pectinatella ( hampson , 1901 ) ; ssp . extralimital ? ( olyca ) 4327
longipennella ( hulst , 1888 ) 343 ; syn . ( zophodia ) 5982 4344
aquella ( denis & schiffermüller , 1775 ) 372 ; syn . ( tinea ) 4451
elutea ( haworth , [ 1811 ] ) ; syn . emendation ( phycis ) 6021 4451
semirufa ( haworth , [ 1811 ] ) ; syn . ( phycis ) 6021 4451
angusta ( haworth , [ 1811 ] ) ; syn . ( phycis ) 6021 4451
rufa ( haworth , [ 1811 ] ) ; syn . ( phycis ) 6021 4451
ficulella ( barrett , 1875 ) ; syn . emendation ( ephestia ) 6023 4454
milleri ( zeller , [ 1876 ] ) ; syn . ( ephestia ) 6023 4454
aradrapha walker , [ 1866 ] ; preocc . by walker , [ 1866 ]
mixtalis ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; syn . ( aradrapha ) 5575 3771
dentilineella ( hulst , 1900 ) ; syn . ( jocara ( toripalpus ) ) 5586 3657
perseella ( barnes & mcdunnough , 1913 ) 391 ; syn . ( jocara ) 5583 3725
erecta ( fourcroy & geoffroy , 1785 ) ; syn . ( phalaena ) 3199
a . meridionalis schmidt , 1934 ; ssp . extralimital ( pyralis ) 5510 3199
b . orientalis amsel , 1961 ; ssp . extralimital ( pyralis ) 5510 3199
miseralis walker , [ 1866 ] ; syn . ( pyralis ? ) 5515 3200
gerontialis ( meyrick , 1888 ) ; syn . emendation ( asopia ) 5515 3200
costiferalis ( walker , 1866 ) 403 ; valid repl . name ( pyralis ) 5511 3160
planalis ( grote , 1880 ) ; valid comb . n . ( asopia ) 5525 3182
phoezalis ( dyar , 1908 ) ; valid comb . n . ( herculia ) 5527 3198
cohortalis ( grote , 1878 ) ; valid comb . n . ( asopia ) 5528 3196
thymetusalis ( walker , 1859 ) ; valid comb . n . ( botys ) 5529
infimbrialis ( dyar , 1908 ) 411 ; syn . ( herculia ) 5532 3180
atalis ( dyar , 1908 ) 413 ; syn . ( uscodys ) 5535 3168
scholtens bg , solis am ( 2015 ) annotated check list of the pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) of america north of mexico . zookeys 535 : 1–136 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 535 . 6086
1 sarabotys cupreicostalis is here reported for the first time in the united states from arizona by mas . five specimens are deposited in the nmnh ( national museum of natural history , washington , dc ) : babquivari mts . , pima co . , 1–15 sept . 1923 ( 2 specimens ) ; huachuca mts . , aug . 16–23 , barnes coll . ( 1 specimen ) ; and huachuca mts . , miller canyon , 5000’ , cochise co . , 18 july 1974 , j . g . franclemont ( 2 specimens ) .
2 sclerocona acutellus was first reported in the united states from connecticut , massachusetts , maryland , and rhode island by wagner et al . ( 2003 ) .
4 pseudopyrausta marginalis was first reported in the united states from texas by bordelon and knudson ( 2010 ) in the 2009 season summary and discussed again in bordelon and knudson ( 2011 ) .
5 these names were recognized as synonyms by nuss et al . ( 2003–2015 ) .
6 many new synonyms and several subspecies were recognized in munroe ( 1995a , b ) . if not specifically footnoted , this is true in all cases where we do not list a mona # , but do list an ntcl # .
7 an expanded concept of anania is recognized as in leraut ( 2005a ) and tränker et al . ( 2009 ) .
9 anania tertialis and plectilis were elevated to species status in yang et al . ( 2012 ) .
11 aponia aponianalis was first reported in the united states from texas , by bordelon ( 2011 ) in the 2010 season summary and discussed in bordelon and knudson ( 2011 ) .
13 sitochroa palealis was first reported in the united states from illinois , indiana , michigan , and wisconsin by passoa et al . ( 2008 ) .
14 paracorsia repandalis is here reported for the first time in the united states from indiana by jim vargo . specimens at the fmnh ( florida museum of natural history ) : mishawaka , 41°37’46 . 2”n - 86°08’13 . 9” , st . joseph co . on 11 aug 2010 and again on 14 aug 2012 . identification by james hayden .
19 pyrausta cardinalis was first reported in the united states from florida by hayden et al . ( 2011 ) .
20 pyrausta insequalis replaced subsequalis as the accepted name in munroe ( 1995a ) .
21 pyrausta borealis was recognized as a distinct species in poole and lewis ( 1996 ) .
22 daulia was moved to the pyraustinae by nuss et al . ( 2003–2015 ) based on structure of the genitalia and tympanum .
23 ecpyrrhorrhoe puralis was first reported in the united states from alabama , georgia , kentucky , maryland , mississippip , pennsylvania , south carolina , tennnessee , and west virginia by solis et al . ( 2010 ) .
24 spilomelinae was recognized as a subfamily in minet [ 1982 ] , solis and maes ( 2002 ) , and regier et al . ( 2012 ) .
25 phaedropsis principialis was recognized as a new combination in munroe ( 1995a ) .
26 framinghamia was synonymized with phlyctaenia ( maes 1994 ) , and then subsequently with anania ( leraut 2005a ) in the pyraustinae , but hayden ( pers . comm . ) places it back in the spilomelinae as in munroe ( 1983 ) based on the morphology of the genitalia .
27 hyperthalia was synonymized with lygropia in vári , kroon and krüger ( 2002 ) .
28 lygropia fusalis was first reported in the united states by munroe ( 1995a ) through synonymy of nacoleia hampsoni .
31 lygropia memmialis was recognized as a species in munroe ( 1995a ) , but its new status was not indicated .
33 microthyris lelex was first reported in the united states by hayden and dickel ( 2014 ) .
34 pantographa suffusalis was first reported in the united states in texas by bordelon ( 2009 ) and discussed in bordelon and knudson ( 2009 ) .
36 herpetogramma ipomoealis was synonymized with pleuroptya fluctuosalis ( lederer ) , which was transferred to herpetogramma in munroe ( 1995a ) .
37 botys otreusalis was synonymized with herpetogramma phaeopteralis in vári , kroon and krüger ( 2002 ) .
41 blepharomastix magualis , aplicalis , rehamalis , and differentialis were transferred to hileithia in munroe ( 1995a ) .
42 hileithia decostalis was first reported in the united states from mississippi by mather and munroe ( 1992 ) .
44 ercta ornatalis orientalis was synonymized with ercta ornatalis ornatalis in inoue ( 1982 ) .
45 lineodes triangulalis was reported in the united states from florida and texas by hayden and dickel ( 2014 ) , although it had been previously reported from florida by dyar ( 1901 ) .
46 lineodes elcodes was first reported in the united states from california by epstein ( 2004 ) .
47 lineodes multisignalis was first reported in the united states from florida by covell and hayden ( 2014 ) .
48 lineodes vulnifica was first reported in the united states by annand ( 1945 ) ( hayden pers comm . ) .
49 zellerina ( replacement name for stenoptycha ) was synonymized with atomopteryx in munroe ( 1995a ) .
50 lamprosema baracoalis was first reported in the united states from texas by blanchard and knudson ( 1985a ) .
51 neoleucinodes torvis was first reported in the united states from florida by dickel ( 1985 ) and discussed in hayden and dickel ( 2014 ) .
52 udea aenigmatica was transferred from platytes and recognized as a distinct species by landry ( 1991 ) .
53 desmia divisalis was synonymized with desmia ufeus in munroe ( 1995a ) , but its status as a new synonym was not indicated .
57 nacoleia charesalis was first reported in the united states from florida by hayden in dixon and anderson ( 2014a ) and later discussed in hayden and troubridge ( 2015 ) .
58 duponchelia fovealis was first reported in the united states from california by epstein ( 2004 ) , and later discussed by brambila and stocks ( 2010 ) and heppner and brambila ( 2010 ) .
59 stemorrhages costata was transferred to diaphania in munroe ( 1995a ) , but its status as a new combination was not indicated ; it was indicated as misplaced .
61 glyphodes batesi was removed from synonymy with glyphodes sibillalis by nuss et al . ( 2003–2015 ) . comparison of the type specimen of glyphodes batesi shows that it is a junior synonym of glyphodes sibillalis and is included in this list .
62 spelling corrected ( misspelled in mona as atlitalis ) ; glyphodes alitalis hulst , 1886 ( type locality usa ) was synonymized with glyphodes bivitralis guenée , 1854 ( from india ) by nuss et al . ( 2003–2015 ) . after a comparison of a photo of the type of glyphodes alitalis at the amnh and the description of glyphodes bivitralis we found that munroe was correct in 1983 when he noted glyphodes bivitralis as “authors , part , not guenee 1854” so we exclude glyphodes bivitralis from this list .
63 glyphodes onychinalis was first reported in the united states from california by solis ( 2008 ) . it had been sighted and sent to mas by don sterba who collected it in culver city ( los angeles co . ) as early as 2007 ; ron leuschner had seen it in his backyard in manhattan beach as early as 2006 . leuschner ( 2009 ) reported it from los angeles co . , manhattan beach .
64 maruca vitrata was first reported in the united states from florida by dickel ( 1981 ) .
65 maruca testulalis , a pest of legume crops , was first synonymized with maruca vitrata in munroe ( 1995a ) , although not explicitly stated as a new synonym ( solis 2003 ) .
66 the names fortificalis ( möschler , 1890 ) and pigralis ( dognin , 1909 ) listed in munroe ( 1995a ) were found to be synonyms of omiodes metricalis ( möschler , 1881 ) by gentili and solis ( 1998 ) and are excluded here .
68 omiodes martyralis was first reported in the united states from louisiana by brou ( 1985 ) and discussed in brou ( 1994 ) .
69 sylora was synonymized with palpita in shaffer et al . ( 1996 ) .
70 palpita persimilis was first reported in the united states from florida by hayden and buss ( 2012 ) .
73 polygrammodes oxydalis was recognized as a species distinct from polygrammodes flavidalis in munroe ( 1995a ) , but its new status was not indicated .
74 loxomorpha and maracayia were recognized as part of the siga group and moved to near laniifera by landry , roque - albelo , and hayden ( 2011 ) .
75 gonocausta sabinalis was omitted from munroe ( 1983 ) but included in munroe ( 1995a ) from texas .
76 epipagis fenestralis was recognized as an unused senior synonym for epipagis huronalis in munroe ( 1995a ) ( see note 143 : 171 in munroe ( 1995a ) for a full explanation of the status of epipagis fenestralis ) .
77 nomophila triticalis was first reported in the united states from florida by heppner ( 2011 ) and discussed in hayden and dickel ( 2014 ) .
78 samea druchachalis was first reported in the united states from texas by bordelon and knudson ( 2011 ) .
80 somatania was recognized as a synonym of crocidocnemis in munroe ( 1995a ) .
81 marasmia was synonymized with cnaphalocrocis in shaffer et al . ( 1996 ) .
82 bradina andresi was synonymized with cnaphalocrocis trapezalis in vári , kroon and krüger ( 2002 ) .
84 cangetta micralis was first reported in the united states from florida by hayden and dickel ( 2014 ) .
85 eurrhyparodes splendens was first reported in the united states from texas by blanchard and knudson ( 2007 ) , but also reported as a new state record from arizona by bordelon ( 2007 ) in the same 2006 season summary .
86 hydropionea was included in munroe ( 1995a ) under “unplaced genera” ; its placement needs to be investigated further ( hayden pers . comm . ) .
87 falcimorpha ( replacement name for falx ) was synonymized with microphysetica in munroe ( 1995a ) .
89 pilocrocis glaucusalis was recognized as a species of palpusia in munroe ( 1995a ) .
90 rhectocraspeda was recognized as the new generic name for pilemia ( preoccupied ) in munroe ( 1995a ) .
92 sisyracera contortilinealis was first identified in the united states from florida by hayden ( pers . comm . ) based on a 2012 specimen from monroe co .
93 plumipalpiella was established as a replacement name for plumipalpia ( preoccupied ) in munroe ( 1995a ) .
94 frechinia murmuralis was recognized as a species in munroe ( 1995a ) , but was not listed as new status .
96 chlorobaptella was established as a replacement name for chlorobapta ( preoccupied ) in munroe ( 1995a ) .
97 metrea was synonymized with cliniodes by hayden ( 2011 ) and belongs in the odontiinae ( munroe 1995a , hayden 2011 ) . dichogamini was transferred to glaphyriinae ( see note # 100 below ) .
99 procliniodes was described as a subgenus of cliniodes in hayden ( 2011 ) .
102 schacontia themis was described and first reported in the united states from florida by goldstein et al . ( 2013 ) .
103 schacontia rasa was first reported in the united states from florida by hayden in dixon and anderson ( 2015 ) .
104 ashwania was synonymized with hellula in shaffer et al . ( 1996 ) .
105 aethiophysa invisalis was recognized as the senior synonym of aethiophysa lentiflualis in munroe ( 1995a ) .
107 ennomosia basalis was first reported in the united states from florida by hayden and dickel ( 2014 ) .
108 lipocosma albinibasalis was established as a replacement name for lipocosma albibasalis ( preoccupied ) in munroe ( 1995a ) .
109 evergestinae was synonymized with glaphyriinae in regier et al . ( 2012 ) .
112 evergestis palousalis was recognized as the senior synonym of evergestis obscuralis ( preoccupied ) in munroe ( 1995a ) . evergestis palousalis obscuralias was established as the replacement name for the subspecies previously recognized as evergestis obscuralias obscuralis .
113 evergestis dischematalis was established as the replacement name for evergestis dimorphalis ( preoccupied ) in munroe ( 1995a ) .
114 speidel ( 1981 ) resurrected musotiminae meyrick , 1890 and synonymized ambiini munroe , 1972 which included undulambia .
115 neomusotima conspurcatalis was recognized as established due to biocontrol introduction in the united states by boughton and pemberton ( 2012 ) . ambia conspurcatalis was combined with neomusotima in solis et al . ( 2004 ) .
116 musotima fuscalis was synonymized with neomusotima conspurcatalis in solis et al . ( 2004 ) .
117 sineudonia was synonymized with scoparia in li et al . ( 2010 ) .
118 dipleurina , malageudonia , and vietteina were synonymized with eudonia in nuss ( 1999 ) .
119 eudonia alpina was recognized as the senior synonym of eudonia lugubralis in nuss ( 1999 ) . the old world synonyms not previously listed are included here .
120 klots ( 1983 ) omitted old world synonyms for species in the crambinae . these are added here as in nuss et al . ( 2003–2015 ) .
122 surattha santella and surattha indentella were transferred to prionapteryx by bleszynski ( 1967 ) . landry ( 1995 ) retained these two species in surattha as in klots in munroe ( 1983 ) and munroe ( 1995a ) .
124 alloea was synonymized with prionapteryx in shaffer et al . ( 1996 ) .
125 spelling corrected ; incorrectly spelled as huachucella in klots ( 1983 ) and munroe ( 1995a ) .
126 fletcher and nye ( 1984 ) referred acigona to the noctuidae . agnew ( 1987 ) addressed the nomenclatural problem dealing with various crambine genera including occidentalia . munroe ( 1995a ) mentioned that occidentalia does not belong in the haimbachiini . landry ( 1995 ) listed occidentalia as a separate genus in the haimbachiini . none of the authors above explicitly indicated its new status as a new combination .
129 all species in the united states formerly in the genus vaxi were transferred to argyria in munroe ( 1995a ) . argyria auratella and argyria critica were not listed as new combinations , but argyria tripsacas was . there were no changes in landry ( 1995 ) .
130 argyria of the southeastern united states was reviewed by martinez and brown ( 2007 ) .
131 argyria argentana martyn , 1797 is not the correct name for argyria nummulalis because it is a nomen nudum according to nuss et al . ( 2003–2015 ) .
132 pseudoancylolomia was synonymized with euchromius and pseudoancylolomia qadrii was synonymized with euchromius ocellea in schouten ( 1992 ) .
136 thaumatopsis digramellus was first reported in the united states from arizona by landry ( 1995 ) . specimens were collected by o . c . poling from indian oasis , sells p . o . , pima co . on 15–30 apr 1922 .
143 neodactria daemonis and neodactria oktibbeha were described in landry and brown ( 2005 ) .
147 pseudopediasia mikkolai was synonymized with pediasia aridella caradjaellus in shaffer and robinson ( 1987 ) .
150 parapediasia ligonellus was first reported in the united states from florida by landry ( 1995 ) . specimens were collected by jerry powell from key largo , monroe co . on 2 jun 1986 .
152 almita was described as new genus , and almita portalia and almita texana as new species in landry ( 1995 ) .
153 amphibolia was synonymized with chrysoteuchia and recognized as a homonym of macquart 1843 in bleszynski ( 1965 ) .
158 all scirpophaga in the united states were transferred to carectocultus in becker and solis ( 1990 ) .
159 carectocultus repugnatalis was synonymized with carectocultus perstrialis in solis and becker [ 2003 ] .
160 all patissa in the united states were transferred to leptosteges in munroe ( 1995a ) .
161 donacaula was revised by martinez ( 2010 ) in an unpublished dissertation , therefore the new scientific names are not available until they are published .
162 lathrotelinae was elevated to subfamily to include the genus sufetula , closely related to the acentropinae by minet ( 2015 ) .
165 although solis ( 1999 ) proposed precedence of nymphulinae over acentropinae , the iczn ( 2003 ) committee voted to maintain acentropinae as the valid name .
166 oligostigmoides cryptalis was the original spelling ; oligostigmoides cryptale was an unjustified emendation ( hampson 1897 ) .
169 nymphula ekthlipsis was transferred to elophila by nuss et al . ( 2003–2015 ) .
170 elophila ( munroessa ) serralinealis was no longer recognized as a subspecies in munroe ( 1995a ) .
171 hydreuretis and cosmophylla were synonymized with parapoynx in shaffer et al . ( 1996 ) .
173 parapoynx itealis was no longer recognized as a subspecies in munroe ( 1995a ) .
174 paraponyx dicentra was synonymized with paraponyx diminutalis in shaffer et al . ( 1996 ) .
175 nymphula uxorialis was synonymized with parapoynx diminutalis in speidel and mey ( 1999 ) .
177 argyractis drumalis was indicated as a new combination by habeck and solis ( 1994 ) .
179 acentria was transferred to the acentropinae ( = nymphulinae ) from the schoenobiinae in speidel ( 1984 ) ; see also passoa ( 1988 ) . many old world synonyms were not listed in munroe ( 1983 ) , but are included here .
181 artopsis borregalis was synonymized with parachma ochracealis by cashatt 2013 in solis et al . ( 2013 ) .
182 basacallis was described as new genus for parachma tarachodes in cashatt ( 1984 ) .
184 acallis centralis was synonymized with acallis gripalis by cashatt 2013 in solis et al . ( 2013 ) .
185 polloccia alticolalis was transferred to acallis as a new combination by cashatt 2013 in solis et al . ( 1995 ) .
186 acallis mitchelli was transferred to zaboba in solis et al . ( 1995 ) .
188 anemosella polingalis was synonymized with anemosella basalis by cashatt 2013 in solis et al . ( 2013 ) .
190 epitamyra albomaculalis was first reported in the united states from florida by james hayden in dixon and anderson ( 2014b ) .
191 paragalasa was decribed as new genus with paragalasa exospinalis as a new species by cashatt 2013 in solis et al . ( 2013 ) .
192 negalasa rubralis was recognized as a species in solis et al . ( 1995 ) .
193 tetraschistis leucogramma was transferred to penthesilea and recognized as a junior synonym of penthesilea difficilis in solis et al . ( 1995 ) .
194 penthesilea sacculalis baboquivariensis was described as a new subspecies by cashatt 2013 in solis et al . ( 2013 ) .
195 ballonicha and teucronoma were synonymized with salobrena in solis et al . ( 1995 ) .
196 salobrena rubiginea was synonymized with salobrena recurvata in solis et al . ( 1995 ) .
197 epitamyra birectalis was transferred to salobrena and synonymized with salobrena vacuana in solis et al . ( 1995 ) .
198 clydonopteron was reinstated as a separate genus from salobrena in cashatt ( 1969 ) .
199 clydonopteron tecomae was synonymized with clydonopteron sacculana in miller and becker ( 1989 ) .
202 xantippe beatifica was synonymized with arta epicoenalis by cashatt 2013 in solis et al . ( 2013 ) .
203 arta brevivalvalis was described by cashatt 2013 in solis et al . ( 2013 ) .
204 xantippe uranides was synonymized with heliades mulleolella by cashatt 2013 in solis et al . ( 2013 ) .


armadillidium nasatum is a large , britain-based species of woodlouse that has been introduced to north america , along with armadillidium vulgare also found in other parts of europe .

armadillidium nasatum

juchault p , legrand j ( 1989 ) sex determination and monogeny in terrestrial isopods armadillidium vulgare ( latreille , 1804 ) and armadillidium nasatum budde - lund , 1885 . monografia . monitore zoologico italiano 4 : 359 - 375 .
armadillidium nasatum ake excellent tank and vivarium janitors or
clean up crews . also known as roly polies , trhe cleaner crew will make a great addition to bioactive tanks doing the work for you .
this species , as yet not identified , resembles an immature poorly pigmented armadillidium vulgare .
prevalence of wolbachia strain infection in natural populations of armadillidium vulgare sampled in 2003 and 2010 .
while orange sow bugs ( porcellio sp . ) have been in the hobby for many years , this is the first offering of peach pill bugs in the genus armadillidium . yes , these ones do roll up into balls ! these were the culmination of 4 years of selective breeding with armadillidium nasatum by orin mcmonigle ( author of the book in the related products below ) .
figure 4 . pillbug adults , armadillidium vulgare ( latreille ) . photograph by james castner , university of florida .
figure 1 . pillbug , armadillidium vulgare ( latreille ) , rolled into a ball . photograph by james castner , university of florida .
figure 3 . pillbug , armadillidium vulgare ( latreille ) , adult and young . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
beck ml , price jo . 1985 . genetic variation and differentiation in armadillidium vulgare ( isopoda : oniscoidea ) . genetica 66 : 169 - 171 .
a . nasatum , native to northern europe , has been introduced into north america . armadillo officinalis ( family armadillidae ) , which attains lengths of 19 millimetres ( 0 . 75 inch ) , is native to southern europe .
to cite this page : holland , a . 2014 .
armadillidium vulgare
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
figure 2 . a sowbug , another non - insect arthropod that is often mistaken for the pillbug , armadillidium vulgare ( latreille ) . photograph by james castner , university of florida .
howard hw . 1980 . the distribution at breeding time of the sexes of the woodlouse , armadillidium vulgare ( latreille , 1802 ) ( isopoda ) . crustaceana 39 : 52 - 58 .
ziegler a , suzuki s . 2011 . sperm storage , sperm translocation and genitalia formation in females of the terrestrial isopod armadillidium vulgare ( crustacea , peracarida , isopoda ) . arthropod structure and development 40 : 64 - 76 .
frouz j , lobinske r , kalcik j , ali a . 2008 . effects of the exotic crustacean , armadillidium vulgare ( isopoda ) , and other macrofauna on organic matter dynamics in soil microcosms in a hardwood forest in central florida . florida entomological society 91 : 328 - 331 .
citation : valette v , bitome essono p - y , le clec’h w , johnson m , bech n , grandjean f ( 2013 ) multi - infections of feminizing wolbachia strains in natural populations of the terrestrial isopod armadillidium vulgare . plos one 8 ( 12 ) : e82633 . urltoken
if you were looking for a collections - based web presentation , we also suggest searching the museum collection records .
this pill - woodlouse ( to 12mm ) is reminiscent of a . vulgare . however the narrow protruding scutellum ( snout ) is distinctive , as is the dark grey body marked with pale longitudinal stripes that give a semi - translucent appearance . it forms an imperfect ball , with its antennae protruding , when disturbed .
it occurs patchily across southern england and south wales . it is characteristic of dry , sparsely vegetated habitats , both semi - natural and synanthropic , that are subject to high levels of insolation . this includes coastal grassland , limestone screes , disused limestone quarries , railway lines , industrial waste ground and garden centres ( where it frequently occurs inside greenhouses ) .
it is typically found under rocks , stones , pieces of wood and other debris or amongst rubble .
gregory , s . ( 2009 ) woodlice and waterlice ( isopoda : oniscidea & asellota ) in britain and ireland . field studies council / centre for ecology & hydrology .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
budde - lund , g . ( 1885 ) . crustacea isopoda terrestria , per familias et genera et species descripta . 319 pp . copenhagen . [ details ]
boyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database .
schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
world list of marine , freshwater & terrestrial isopoda . . . 2005 , website ( version 04 - may - 05 )
compiled by brian kensley , marilyn schotte , and steve schilling ( oniscidea only ) , department of invertebrate zoology , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution . found at urltoken
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the pillbug is often mistakenly referred to as a sowbug , which is the common name used for other species of woodlice in the genera oniscus and porcellio . sowbugs and pillbugs are both isopods , but they differ in that a pillbug can roll into a ball and a sowbug cannot . sowbugs are more flattened and have appendages extending from the last abdominal segment that prevent them from rolling ( figure 2 ) .
pillbugs were introduced from europe and are found throughout the world as a cosmopolitan species .
pillbugs are nocturnal isopods . during the day they can be found in dark , humid places such as under fallen leaves , rocks , or logs . they are terrestrial crustaceans that live their entire lives on land . pillbugs feed mainly on decaying plant leaves and other decomposing materials .
eggs : the eggs are carried in a marsupium ( brood pouch ) on the ventral ( underside ) surface of the female and can reach a diameter of 0 . 7 mm . eggs hatch after three to four weeks . females may produce one to three broods every year and each brood is composed of 100 to 200 eggs .
young : after hatching , the young may stay in the pouch on their mother’s underside for an additional one to two weeks and grow to 2 mm in length before venturing off on their own . while in the marsupium , both the eggs and the young survive on nutrients received through marsupial fluid ( capinera 2001 ) .
the young’s first molt occurs within a day after leaving their mother . this first molt allows them to gain the seventh segment of their pereon ( the thoracic structure in crustaceans ) . the second molt takes place two weeks later and allows the seventh pair of legs to generate , originating from the newest thoracic segement . the pillbugs continue to molt every one to two weeks for the next 18 weeks . when molting , the posterior portion of the body sheds first and then the anterior portion sheds around three days later ( capinera 2001 ) .
a study was conducted on the effects of the detritivorous behavior ( consumption of dead plant material ) of the pillbug in the hydric hardwood forest of central florida . the pillbugs’ foraging had a positive impact on the ecosystem , shown by increased mineral layer nutrients ( nitrogen , phosphorous , and potassium ) , increased ph , and higher amounts of carbon eliminated from fallen leaves ( frouz 2008 ) .
pillbugs may also be found inside of homes , but are not known to cause any damage , only annoy people by being present inside their residences .
capinera jl . 2001 . handbook of vegetable pests . academic press , san diego .
koehler pg , pereira rm , allen ra . 2012 . pillbugs , sowbugs , centipedes , millipedes and earwigs . uf / ifas . eny - 221 . ( 10 august 2015 ) .
mcdaniel ei . 1931 . insect and allied pests of plants grown under glass . michigan agricultural experiment station special bulletin no . 214 .
mcdaniel , e . i . 1924 . greenhouse insects . michigan agricultural experiment station special bulletin 134 : 52 .
university of california integrated pest management online . 2013 . managing pests in gardens : fruit : invertebrates : sowbugs and pillbugs uc ipm . ( 10 august 2015 ) .
, the common pillbug , is native to the edge of the mediterranean and has been introduced to nearly all worldwide terrestrial landmasses , with particularly dense populations in temperate climates . there are significant populations throughout the united states , and it is also found in madagascar , australia , south africa , and india , among many other areas .
has also been extensively studied and collected in japan , france , canada , central bohemia , the czech republic , and shorelines of western romania .
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; beauché and richard , 2013 ; ferenţi , et al . , 2013 ; giraud , et al . , 2013 ; karasawa , et al . , 2012 ; moriyama and migita , 2004 ; saska , 2008 ; wright and o ' donnell , 2010 )
is abundant and active as both a soil and surface dweller . populations thrive in moist climates and damp soils .
can be found in locations with a standard mediterranean climate or in temperate agroecosystems . data has been compiled that indicates that
populations range throughout the temperate , subtropical , and subarctic climates of japan . humidity levels ranging from 50 to 60 % are acceptable conditions to prevent desiccation . optimal habitats have abundant decomposing organic matter , moderate temperatures , low illumination , and moderate to high humidity . while other terrestrial isopods populate thermal habitats such as the soil near heated swimming pools or shorelines during colder winter months ,
prefers drier areas further from water . locations where the soil entirely freezes over do not encourage population growth .
( dias , et al . , 2012 ; ferenţi , et al . , 2013 ; karasawa , et al . , 2012 ; moriyama and migita , 2004 ; robinson , et al . , 2011 ; saska , 2008 ; wright and o ' donnell , 2010 )
common pillbugs can be found under pieces of natural debris such as stones or logs in forests , and in the soil of fields , gardens , or hedgerows . exposed large - particle soil ( as found in agricultural cultivation sites or greenhouses ) is more desirable than finer soils , as the former allows for increased water retention , easier burrowing , and increased relative humidity . human domestic waste such as cardboard or old rags provide suitable habitats as well .
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; karasawa , et al . , 2012 ; robinson , et al . , 2011 ; wright and o ' donnell , 2010 )
populations have been maintained successfully under stable laboratory conditions such as daily fluorescent illumination exposure ranging from six to ten hours a day , temperatures between 20 to 25°c , and combinations of damp soil and deciduous leaf litter with 100 % humidity .
( beauché and richard , 2013 ; robinson , et al . , 2011 ; wright and o ' donnell , 2010 )
is oval - shaped and moderately flattened along its dorsal plane . isopods have a cephalic shield ( incompletely fused carapace ) that is less durable than the fully fused carapace of other crustaceans . they have three tagmata : the head , which bears their cephalon ( fused maxillipeds ) , the pereon ( thorax ) , and the pleon ( abdomen ) .
can be distinguished from other terrestrial isopods by observing both clearly visible antennae that protrude during conglobation and relatively short pereopods that cannot be seen from their dorsal surface . compared to other species within the same genus ,
has a thicker cuticle and denser endothelium between the respiratory cavity and lung fluids . although not visible externally , these morphological adaptations may have contributed to its increased resistance to desiccation , and thereby its cosmopolitan distribution .
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; beauché and richard , 2013 ; bousfield and conlan , 2013 ; csonka , et al . , 2013 ; hild , et al . , 2008 )
has an oval body shape approximately twice as long as it is wide . two - to three - month - old
juveniles are generally between 5 to 7 mm in length . typical young adults are 10 mm long and 5 mm wide . sexually mature individuals can generally be distinguished by having a length greater than 0 . 7 mm . males and females have approximately equivalent mass .
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; beauché and richard , 2013 ; moriyama , 2004 ; robinson , et al . , 2011 )
is determined by two distinct pigments in the integument ( outer shell ) : ommochrome pigment that produces dark body coloration , and pteridine pigments that produce distinct colored spots in the dorsal region . the presence of dense pteridine pigments usually results in slightly yellowish spots , although brown or red coloration also occurs . most individuals have a dull , dark gray universal body color due to the distribution of these pigments but variants occur . individuals infected with iiv - 31 may instead be light blue , purple , or violet . some populations of
have drastically reduced and less dense ommochrome pigment such that they do not display the darker coloration at all .
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; beauché and richard , 2013 ; hasegawai , et al . , 1999 ; karasawa , et al . , 2012 ; moriyama , 2004 )
life cycle involves an egg stage , a juvenile stage termed a manca , and finally a reproductive adult stage . there is no nauplius stage , which most crustaceans have . instead , embryos hatch as immaturely developed adults .
egg size increases with the size of the mother . when the yolk is fully consumed , the dorsal organ atrophies and the embryo undergoes blastokinesis . after one to two days , the vitelline membrane is shed and the manca hatches . only half of the eggs produced result in fully developed mancas . after three to four days , the mancas crawl out of the marsupium .
( beauché and richard , 2013 ; bousfield , et al . , 2013 ; hild , et al . , 2008 ; wright and o ' donnell , 2010 )
females enter a separate molting cycle during their reproductive phase . this cycle is called the preparturial intermolt , with the actual process of ecdysis at the end of the cycle called the parturial molt . during parturial molts , females entirely repress food consumption . the roughly 43 day preparturial intermolt begins the same as the normal intermolt , with a two day period following the previous molt . for 12 to 14 days , the calcium builds up as it does in the normal intermolt , and females forage more during this time . the marsupium also differentiates during this time , and ovarian maturation occurs . for 15 days , the new molt cycle begins , same as the normal intermolt . for about 10 days after this , the female ' s sexual receptivity is at its highest . finally , there are 2 to 4 days of ecdysis .
( beauché and richard , 2013 ; bousfield , et al . , 2013 ; wright and o ' donnell , 2010 )
pairs can potentially form up to a few days before the female ' s receptive period begins . however , males are more attracted to females with prominent calcium plates , which correspond to their higher reproductive receptivity period . terrestrial isopods as a whole generally mate in spring . warmer conditions usually lead to earlier reproduction . in areas with mild winters , particularly mediterranean climates , they can remain sexually active throughout the year .
females can store sperm from multiple males , who leave the female after mating and are free to mate again . thus , there are no truly permanent mating pairs , making this species polygynandrous .
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; beauché and richard , 2013 ; ferenţi , et al . , 2013 )
mating is brief , completed within a few seconds , and synchronized with the beginning of the female ' s parturial molting cycle . mating occurs as
populations breed once annually in the northern hemisphere and two to three times a year in the southern hemisphere .
breeding season the breeding season usually lasts from late spring to early summer . the hatching season generally ends in early fall to late winter .
males leave to continue to feed , molt , and mate again , thus offering no parental investment in the brood . while the mancas remain in the marsupium , the mother remains in or close to her natal burrow . after the mancas emerge they may separate from the mother and live in branching burrow tunnels alone , or they may remain with the mother , who offers them protection within her natal tunnel . either way , the mancas remain in the burrows for several successive molts , until their shells stiffen and their last pair of pereopods grows .
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; bousfield and conlan , 2013 ; robinson , et al . , 2011 )
individuals have an average lifespan of a year and a half , but some have longer lifespans of up to a few years . studies have suggested that
relies on a highly social lifestyle for proper longevity ; those that are isolated from others in biologically viable conditions have a very high mortality rate .
( chevalier , et al . , 2011 ; le clec’h , et al . , 2013 )
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; dias , et al . , 2012 ; moriyama and migita , 2004 ; robinson , et al . , 2011 ; saska , 2008 )
exhibits a behavior of curling posterior joints in towards anterior joints in a sphere - like shape . this behavior , conglobation , has been observed in response to situations when the body is exposed directly to hard pressures or strong vibrations in the immediate area . conglobation has been hypothesized to be either a defense mechanism used to shield the softer inner abdomen and limbs with the more stiff outer shell or an effective method of further preventing desiccation .
forward movement can be initiated from weak ground vibrations or forces that reach the body . this response is considered an escape mechanism from potential predators . while moving ,
exhibits a behavior termed ‘turn alternation’ , in which they invariably alternate between gradual left and right turns to move indirectly forward in a straight line until encountering an obstruction . it is hypothesized that turn alternation results from
being placed in an unfamiliar environment in which potential hazards or resources are unknown . water is a common obstruction or inhibitory structure to
practices a ' priming ' method of habitat selection in which juveniles leave their natal home range in search of habitats more desirable than those they were born into . if they fail to locate a more desirable habitat after a yet - undetermined time threshold , they will return to their natal habitat , presumably to decrease the survival risks involved with lengthy , long - distance movements .
this species has limited abilities of sight , smell , and touch , provided through ommatidia , esthetascs and tactile setae , respectively . each small , non - stalked eye of
contains a complex of ommatidia , linear structures which capture light through photoreceptors . vision is limited to the detection of the presence or absence of light , so they generally have poor visual acuity . esthetascs ( olfactory hairs ) are used to locate food and recognize other crustaceans and their sexual states . tactile setae are used to detect objects and are found on their antennae , mouthparts , and some pleopods .
to locate one another purely through this chemical sensing technique . this pheromone also signifies the desirability of a habitat . if an
individual enters a new habitat and senses the presence of aggregate pheromone in feces , molt fragments , or the marking trails , it would indicate to the individual that other members of its species are successfully surviving in that habitat . aggregate pheromone concentration varies with humidity , but it is always highest during mating seasons . this has caused the pheromone to be hypothesized to serve as a potential mate - finding tool , or as an aid in synchronization of female molting cycles .
( beauché and richard , 2013 ; bousfield and conlan , 2013 ; moriyama , 2004 ; robinson , et al . , 2011 )
are usually detritivores , although during drought periods they adopt more scavenger - like tendencies .
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; beauché and richard , 2013 ; le clec’h , et al . , 2013 ; saska , 2008 ; řezáč and pekár , 2007 )
can also feed on small pieces of garden roots such as carrots , as well as fruit , and laboratory colonies have been maintained on lettuce leaves . commercial potting soil contains a high organic content , which yields another food source for
. some data suggest that almost ten percent of the pill - bug ' s diet comes from self - coprophagy , which recirculates microbes and nutrients that were not fully processed during original digestion . during social interactions , individual woodlice can even cannibalize weaker individuals from the same or different species if the prey is injured or caught in the middle of a molting period .
has also been known to be granivorous , although seeds are likely only eaten in absence of other , more desirable food sources , such as spring and early summer when leaf litter is scarce .
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; beauché and richard , 2013 ; le clec’h , et al . , 2013 ; moriyama and migita , 2004 ; robinson , et al . , 2011 ; saska , 2008 )
food deprivation reduces growth rates , but is not as serious a threat to survival as might be assumed . in one experiment ,
individuals starved of food for three months were still able to survive under laboratory conditions .
(
isopoda ( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice )
, 2003 ; le clec’h , et al . , 2013 ; saska , 2008 )
has a variety of defenses against predation . this species has evolved heavily encrusted armor , repugnatorial glands located on the pereon which release unpleasant secretions , and conglobation . their earthen tone coloration also provides some degree of camouflage against wood or rock substrates . these defenses are inadequate against large predators , such as birds , including the
, but few smaller predatory arthropods are able to successfully overcome them . a genus of tropical ants ,
sp . , have elongated mandibles that allow them to pry apart conglobated individuals .
silk retreats and digestive tracts . lack of woodlice in the diet of the young
terrestrial isopods as a whole are traditionally detritivores that feed largely on plant litter , seeds , or scavenged dung . seed predators play a critical role in the growth of spermatophyte populations , and
can be the dominant seed predators in systems where other seed predator groups ( such as birds , ants , slugs , or crickets ) are scarce or temporarily inactive .
( chevalier , et al . , 2011 ; giraud , et al . , 2013 ; saska , 2008 )
sp . , an endosymbiotic bacterium that usually reinforces the host ' s immune system and is passed down through generations through maternal gametes . this transmission is limited to maternal gametes due to
sp . ' s tendency to induce feminization of genetic males by forcing zygotes to develop into female adults regardless of their sex chromosome composition . infection can also be transmitted through cannibalism of weak individuals , although this is far less common than gamete transmission .
sp . as the bacterium can reside inside its hemocytes . unlike the benefits usually provided to other arthropods , presence of
, the only defenses against infection appear to be normal lysosome activity and cell replacement . due to the possibility of a scarcity of males , an eventual high prevalence of
( chevalier , et al . , 2011 ; giraud , et al . , 2013 ; le clec’h , et al . , 2013 ; verne , et al . , 2012 )
rapidly distributes a toxic protein into the blood that strongly reduces concentration of isopod hemocytes . this reduction in the host ' s immune protection is lethal , and after injections of
individuals were dead after 48 hours of exposure . this rapid host decline is notable because the bacterium itself could potentially perform little or no multiplication during that time .
, being coprophagic , can ingest the eggs , which hatch inside the pillbugs ' digestive tract .
is small , usually only 2 to 3 mm at maximum length , but large infestations can crowd internal organs .
infestations also render female isopods sterile , and directly alter the behavior of its host . infected individuals leave their natural habitats and move into wide open spaces where bird predation is more likely .
performs seed predation on agricultural weeds , such as in the agroecosystems of central europe , this species serves as a form of biological weed control .
also makes for a valuable species used in laboratory research , as colonies are relatively easily maintained and are long - standing . as detritivores , the eating habits and burrowing activities of soil fauna such as
encourage soil microbe activity , which releases nutrients pent up within duff material to be recycled through the ecosystem . this microbial activity increases soil quality and thereby contributes towards agricultural success .
( beauché and richard , 2013 ; bousfield and conlan , 2013 ; dias , et al . , 2012 ; saska , 2008 )
large populations in gardens or greenhouses may cause noticeable damage to young plant shoots , but this threat is minimal .
also include common pill woodlouse , roly poly , and german ' kugelassel ' . the genus was once
woodlice / pillbugs are not the same as sowbugs , which live in more heavily forested and semiarid regions .
are estimated to have diversified into terrestrial species between 200 ( jurassic period ) and 60 ( cretaceous period ) million years ago .
asa holland ( author ) , sierra college , jennifer skillen ( editor ) , sierra college , angela miner ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .
living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
found in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude , in areas with a mediterranean climate . vegetation is dominated by stands of dense , spiny shrubs with tough ( hard or waxy ) evergreen leaves . may be maintained by periodic fire . in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo .
having a worldwide distribution . found on all continents ( except maybe antarctica ) and in all biogeographic provinces ; or in all the major oceans ( atlantic , indian , and pacific .
particles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms . detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers ( organisms that decompose organic material ) .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
referring to a burrowing life - style or behavior , specialized for digging or burrowing .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .
mature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation . male sperm storage also occurs , as sperm are retained in the male epididymes ( in mammals ) for a period that can , in some cases , extend over several weeks or more , but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
living in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .
( thorny headed worms ) . pp . 316 - 317 in m hutchins , a evans , j jackson , d kleiman , j murphy , d thoney , eds .
, vol . 1 , second edition . farmington hills , mi : the gale group , inc . accessed november 27 , 2013 at
( pillbugs , slaters , and woodlice ) . pp . 249 - 255 in m hutchins , a evans , j jackson , d kleiman , j murphy , d thoney , eds .
, vol . 1 , second edition . farmington hills , mi : the gale group , inc . accessed november 26 , 2013 at
bousfield , e . , k . conlan . 2013 . malacostracan . w doniger , r fishman , b friedman , l gelb , d gelernter , m gell - mann , v gregorian , eds .
, 15th edition . chicago , illinois : encyclopædia britannica , inc . accessed november 28 , 2013 at
bousfield , e . , k . conlan , i . gordon , j . green , w . newman . 2013 . crustacean . w doniger , r fishman , b friedman , l gelb , d gelernter , v gregorian , eds .
, 15th edition . chicago , illinois : encyclopædia britannica , inc . accessed november 29 , 2013 at
dias , n . , m . hassall , t . waite . 2012 . the influence of microclimate on foraging and sheltering behaviours of terrestrial isopods : implications for soil carbon dynamics under climate change .
ferenţi , s . , d . cupşa , a . cicort - lucaciu , s . covaciu - marcov . 2013 . winter activity of terrestrial isopods from thermal habitats in western romania .
sicard , m . , m . raimond , s . gaudriault , a . lanois , s . pagès , c . debenest , c . braquart - varnier , a . givaudan . 2014 . putative toxins from the entomopathogenic bacterium
a description of this species , with figures , is given in gregory ( 2014 ) .
only known from eden project ( mediterranean biome ) , cornwall , where females were first collected in 2005 . although a male was collected in 2010 , species determination remains uncertain ( s . taiti pers . comm . ) .
gregory , s . ( 2014 ) woodlice ( isopoda : oniscidea ) from eden project , cornwall , with descriptions of species new to britain , and poorly known british species . bulletin of the british myriapod & isopod group 27 : 3 - 26 .
can be cultured outside the tank first to grow the culture or the tank can be seeded right away and these guys will culture themselves and become cleaner crews .
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copyright : © 2013 valette et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
no specific permissions were required for the 7 sampled locations which are public sites . no specific permissions were required for our activities . we confirm that the field studies did not involve endangered or protected species .
validation of the method by experimental mono - and multi - injections of wolbachia strains in a . vulgare
in 2003 , verne et al . [ 32 ] sampled 7 populations in the west of france . in these populations , the classical sequencing method revealed that , among 124 analyzed females , 40 were mono infected by wolbachia ( i . e . 7 females were infected by w vulm , 5 females by w vulp and 28 by w vulc ) ( table 1 ) . we used our novel genotyping method in order to re - investigate the infection status of these females [ 32 ] . moreover , in order to estimate the evolution dynamics of the different wolbachia strains in natural populations of a . vulgare , we resampled , in 2010 , 6 of the 7 populations previously analyzed in verne et al . [ 32 ] . we collected 85 females , extracted the dna from ovaries following the protocol described above and then characterized the infection status using the novel genotyping method ( table 1 ) .
saint maixent l ' ecole 46°24 ' 58 . 01243’’n 00°11 ' 56 . 61584’’w
beauvoir - sur - niort 46°10 ' 35 . 91493’’n 00°28 ' 30 . 45661’’w
results are obtained using the novel genotyping method . sampled locations , their gps coordinates ( longitude and latitude in the world geodetic system 1984 ( wgs 84 ) ) , sampling year , sex ratio ( ♂ / ♀ ) , number of analyzed females , number of infected females ( percentage ) are indicated in the table . granzay - gript was not sampled in 2010 ( na = not available ) .
chromatograms are obtained respectively when inoculate was made up of : a ) no wolbachia strain ; b ) w vulm strain ; c ) w vulp strain ; d ) w vulc strain ; e ) w vulm and w vulp strains ; f ) w vulm and w vulc strains ; g ) w vulp and w vulc strains ; h ) w vulm , w vulp and w vulc strains . size markers appear in red . wolbachia appear in blue . the fragment sizes for w vulm , w vulp and w vulc are 233 , 239 and 246 bp respectively .
the results obtained using the novel genotyping method showed a very high prevalence of bi - infected individuals . indeed , in 2003 , classical sequencing analysis revealed 40 mono - infected females [ 32 ] whereas , from the same females , the novel genotyping method identified only 11 females as being mono - infected ( i . e . 27 . 5 % ) and 29 females as being infected by both the w vulc and w vulm strains ( i . e . 72 . 5 % ) . among the 11 mono - infected females , 4 harboured w vulm ( observed in poitiers , beauvoir - sur - niort and granzay - gript ) , 1 w vulc ( observed in poitiers ) and 6 w vulp ( observed in ensoulesse and poitiers ) .
in the comparative sampling carried out in 2010 , 51 females on the 85 analyzed were infected by wolbachia ( table 1 ) . among these , our method reveals that 35 individuals were mono - infected ( 12 w vulc and 23 w vulp ) and 16 individuals were bi - infected ( 12 w vulc / w vulm and 4 w vulp / w vulc ) . no females harboured the w vulm strain alone ( table 1 ) . we detected no bi - infections involving w vulp and w vulm , regardless of both the population and the sampling year .
in 2003 , all of the bi - infected females contained both the w vulc and w vulm strains but no bi - infections involving the w vulp strain was observed . this result is consistent with the prevalence of these strains in natural populations . indeed , the wolbachia strains w vulc and w vulm were more frequently observed in situ than the w vulp strain [ 32 , 40 ] .
the w vulp wolbachia strain is considered to be a recent strain resulting from the recombination of w vulc and w vulm [ 30 ] . according to evolutionary theory , it is expected that this strain would have a higher fitness than the others , leading to an increase in its prevalence in natural populations . . a follow up of the a . vulgare populations and their wolbachia infection status could allow us to verify this hypothesis .
the method presented here offers new perspectives in the detection of multiple infections in natural populations of a . vulgare and related species and will also be invaluable in studies of infection dynamics after micro - injections of several strains in wolbachia - free female hosts .
we are grateful to ebi laboratory and ees team and we thank more particularly sophie beltran for helpful comments on the paper .
conceived and designed the experiments : fg . performed the experiments : mj pybe wl . analyzed the data : fg nb mj vv . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : fg mj . wrote the manuscript : fg vv mj .
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untersuchungen über die farbvariabilität der isopoden . i . über genotypishe und modifikative pigmentreduktion .
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