the javan lutung ( trachypithecus auratus ) , also known as the ebony lutung and javan langur , is an old world monkey from the colobinae subfamily .

it is most commonly glossy black with a brownish tinge to its legs , sides , and " sideburns " .

it is found on and endemic to the island of java , as well as on several of the surrounding indonesian islands .

the latin word auratus in its scientific name means " golden " , and refers to a less common color variant .

note that the common name golden langur is used for a different species .

like all langurs , this species ' tail is noticeably long , measuring up to 98 cm in length while the body is only around 55 cm long .

the two subspecies of this lutung are fairly similar in appearance and are geographically separated ; males and females are both usually glossy black , although the females pale , yellowish white patch around the pubic area .

juveniles of both subspecies are orange in color .

the nominate subspecies trachypithecus auratus auratus has a rare morph that does not lose its juvenile coloration when it matures , instead the coloration darkens slightly , with yellow tinges on its sides , limbs , and around its ears , and a black tinge on its back .

the javan lutung inhabits the interior and peripheral areas of rainforests .

this primate is diurnal and arboreal .

its diet is primarily herbivorous , eating leaves , fruit , flowers , and flower buds , although it also eats insect larvae .

as with other colobines , it has evolved a specialised stomach to digest plant material more efficiently .

this species also has enlarged salivary glands to assist it in breaking down food .

like other langurs , the javan lutung is a social animal , living in groups of around seven individuals , with one or two adult males in the group .

although they will look after offspring of other mothers as well as their own , adult females are aggressive towards females from other groups .

the brighter coloring of juveniles may alert females to their presence and ensures that they will always be noticed and protected .

this species has no discernible mating season and females produce one offspring at a time .

javan lutung

mengantara , e . and dirgayusa , i . w . a . 1994 . social behavior of lutung (
silvery lutung ( silvered leaf ) monkey & a very cute orange baby - national park in borneo . 1080p hd
tight inspection : a veterinarian and a volunteer from the javan langur center ( jlc ) in batu inspect the health of a lutung before releasing it into the wild .
leaf monkey : a javanese lutung ( trachypithecus auratus ) perches on a branch in the coban talun protected forest in batu , east java .
the javan langur inhabits the interior and peripheral areas of rainforests ( 5 ) .
) are old world monkeys from the colobinae subfamily . they live alongside many other primate species on the islands of java , bali , palau sempu , nusa barung , and lombok , indonesia . some common names for this species are javan langur , javan lutung , ebony langur , and ebony leaf monkey , based on their characteristic long tails and dark coats .
past natural predators , the javan leopard and javan tiger , are extinct or near to extinction . now , the only predators of the javan langur are human primates . langurs are often poached for the illegal pet trade or for commercial and food purposes .
javan langurs are important members of native ecosystems and may form the basis of ecotourism activities . javan langurs are sometimes hunted for food or captured for trade , but these are illegal activities .
in the sixth month the last medical checkups will be conducted about one to two months before their release . jlc manager iwan said ' the length of rehabilitation time depends on their previous living conditions . usually those kept by residents take over six months as they ' ve become used to human food and interaction . '  their locations of is also researched beforehand . the forest zones for the release of javan langur are the protected forests of gunung biru , coban talun , cangar in batu and southern coastal kondang merak protected forest in malang regency . however , the habitat of the monkeys are shrinking with the conversion of forests into farms . lutung s that are not domesticated are afraid of humans . ' the hunting of lutung to meet the black market demand also constitutes a threat , especially to the javan albino species [ with yellow fur ] , '  added iwan . since 2011 the jlc has released 82 long - tailed leaf monkeys to their habitat . ' the jlc enables us to learn about lutung and the forest ecosystem , '  said galeh , a local jlc volunteer . the involvement of residents in jlc ' s activities is an attempt to change their minds and favor the conservation of the lutung .
include a shrill alarm call when a human is sighted . likely natural predators include the now extinct , javan tiger (
astern javan langurs have two morphs . the red morph is less common and found in a restricted area in south central java . while all javan langur babies are bright orange , this group continues to retain their orange coloring into adulthood .
a major predator of the javan langur is humans who hunt this species for commercial and food purposes ( djuwantoko , 1994 ) .
western javan langurs reside near the capital of jakarta and primarily south of there as well as to the western peninsula of the island .
the only known predators of javan langurs are humans . humans illegally hunt them for food and the pet trade . anti - predator adaptations of
in indonesia were passed in 1999 . javan langurs are found in 3 indonesian national parks : gunung halimun , pangandaran , and ujung kulon .
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have orange coats . orange color morphs are found in a restricted portion of the distribution of eastern javan langurs . javan langur infants are born with orange coats and the coats get darker as they age . female coloration is slightly different , they have yellow pubic patches . javan langur mass is approximately 7 kg . head and body length is from 44 to 65 cm and tail length is 61 to 87 cm . they move quadrupedally and have enlarged salivary glands and a dental formula of 2 : 1 : 2 : 3 . javan langurs also have sacculated stomachs that assist in breaking down plant materials .
bristol zoo gardens , 2009 .
javan langur
( on - line ) . bristol zoo gardens . accessed april 12 , 2009 at urltoken .
profauna indonesia , 2008 .
javan langur conservation ( jlc )
( on - line ) . profauna indonesia . accessed april 12 , 2009 at urltoken .
javan langurs impact forest vegetation through their diet , they eat leaves and may help to disperse seeds through their frugivory . no studies have been conducted on the parasites that infect
primate info net , 2007 .
javan langur ( trachypithecus auratus )
( on - line ) . primate fact sheets . accessed april 10 , 2009 at urltoken .
the javan langur lives in social groups of one or two adult males ( kool , 1991 ) . groups on lombok island were found to only have one adult male ( supriatna
plantation . the javan langur was found to be rather common on mt . prahu , indonesia ( nijman and van balen , 1998 ) . this species has been found to occur in
richardson , m . 2005 .
javan langur ( trachypithecus auratus )
( on - line ) . arkive : images of life on earth . accessed april 10 , 2009 at urltoken .
protected by indonesian law since 1999 , their status in 2005 was improved further by making hunting and poaching of javan langurs a punishable offense or 5 - 8 years in prison and 50 million rupiah fines .
javan langurs are listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list . populations are decreasing due to human activities , such as habitat loss resulting from agricultural expansion , hunting , and the illegal pet trade . laws protecting
profauna works toward forest and wildlife protection on java . visit urltoken to follow the latest news from the largest grassroots organization in indonesia working to protect the javan langur . part of their work helps to find solutions and educate farmers concerning conflicts with crop - raiding langurs . every year , more communities participate in indonesian primate day , a nationwide effort to raise awareness of the plight of the javan langur and other primates .
javan langurs are important forest cultivators . their frugivorous diet and dispersal of seeds through their feces helps to replenish their habitat . in this way , they are vital to the health of the ecosystem and tropical biodiversity .
for these reasons , the javan langur is listed as vulnerable ( vu ) by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . total populations have declined by 30 % over the last 36 years ( three generations of langurs ) . javan langurs are listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) . this assures that any legal international trade of these primates will be highly monitored .
without continued efforts , the population of javan langurs will continue its downward spiral . the jungles of these tropical islands will suffer from the loss of these primates due to the important role they fill in forest cultivation .
, commonly known as the javan langur , is isolated to java , bali , and the indonesian island of lombok . they can be found in both the inland forests of western indonesia as well as the southern coastline .
the name ‘langur’ means ‘long tail’ in hindi ( 4 ) , and this species’ tail is indeed noticeably long , measuring up to 87 centimetres in length while the body is only around 55 centimetres long ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . there are two subspecies of the javan langur ( trachypithecus auratus ) : the eastern javan or spangled ebony langur ( trachypithecus auratus auratus ) has two distinct colourations : the more common one being glossy black in colour with a slight brownish tinge on the sides of the body , ‘sideburns’ , and legs ( 5 ) . the skin of the face , palms and soles is also black . the rarer form of this subspecies is a deep orange colour with yellow tinges on the side of the body , limbs and hair around the ears , and black tinges on the back ( 5 ) . the second subspecies , the western javan or west javan ebony langur ( trachypithecus auratus mauritius ) is glossy black with a very slight brownish tinge on the sides of the body , sideburns and legs ( 5 ) . female javan langurs can be distinguished from males by the pale , yellowish white patch around the pubic area . juveniles are even more distinctive as they are orange in colour ( 6 ) .
of the javan langur is 2 : 1 : 2 : 3 on both the upper and lower jaws ( ankel - simons , 2000 ) . this species has a sacculated stomach to assist in the breakdown of cellulose . the javan langur has enlarged salivary glands to assist it in breaking down food . the palm print for the majority of individuals is of the simple loop type ( maryanto , 2000 ) . the circumfacial hair is erect and forward - curled ( brandon - jones , 1995 ) . females differ from males in having a pale , usually yellowish white , pubic patch ( brandon - jones , 1995 ) . infants are orange in coloration ( rowe , 1996 ) . average body mass for the javan langur is 7 . 1 kilograms ( rowe , 1996 ) .
the diet of the javan langur consists of leaves ( immature and mature ) , fruit ( ripe and unripe ) , flowers , flower buds , and insect larvae ( kool , 1993 ) . kool ( 1992 , 1993 ) found that half of the dietary intake for the subspecies
females are the primary caregivers for the infants and are known to care for infants from other females within the group . the vibrant color of young javan langurs may make it easier for mothers to keep track of their offspring , and to ensure that they are protected and cared for .
the javan langur is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . two subspecies are recognised : trachypithecus auratus auratus is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , and trachypithecus auratus mauritius as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the javan langur is found on the island of java and the smaller islands of bali and lombok , indonesia ( weitzel and groves , 1985 ) . brandon - jones ( 1995 ) describes a possible new subspecies from indochina . in pangandaran nature reserve , this species lives in small , dense
javan langurs eat mostly leaves and flowers . their enlarged salivary glands and sacculated stomachs are well adapted for this plant diet . they also eat fruit , ripe and unripe , and insect larvae . the diet consists of 15 to 27 % unripe fruit and 10 to 12 % ripe fruit . they may eat fruits mainly to get at the seeds . javan langurs prefer leaves rich in protein content and low in fiber . different groups will feed at the same food source without significant aggression . adult males do not proportionally feed as often as other group members , females and the young .
we describe a new extinct subspecies of the javan lutung —trachypithecus auratus sangiranensis— based on an isolated , tooth - bearing upper jaw . the specimen was in volcanic breccia situated between the lower pucangan and the upper kalibeng formations 500 m south of the village of sangiran , near surakarta , central java , indonesia . the new fossil monkey bears morphological similarities to the two living species of leaf monkey from java , presbytis comata comata and trachypithecus auratus auratus , and to the middle pleistocene form , trachypithecus cristatus [ = auratus ] robustus , from tegoean , central java . it is significantly larger than any of these forms , and differs from them in details of dental anatomy . because the greatest number of similarities are between the new fossil and trachypithecus auratus subspecies , we designated the specimen as t . a . sangiranensis . the geochronological age of the breccia from which the fossil came , is 1 . 9± 0 . 05 ma ( million years ) , making t . a . sangiranensis one of the oldest fossil monkeys from eastern asia .
javan langurs are diurnal and arboreal . the troop spends the night in the canopy . they live in social groups of 6 - 23 members with one or two males to multiple females . climate conditions and food availability determines the size of the group . during a long dry season , groups often grow in size .
javan langurs have enlarged salivary glands to assist in breaking down food in their mouth . when offered food from tourists , these langurs do not take it ! one method of keeping marauding primates out of farmer ' s fields is to install a bazooka - like tool that makes a loud explosive sound to frighten the monkeys away .
destruction of the javan langur’s habitat is occuring at an alarming rate . as cities grow , timber is extracted from the jungle without being replenished . farmers set fire to the jungles in order to clear more land for agriculture . as agriculture spreads into former jungle areas , many monkeys raid the crops creating an ongoing conflict with human primates .
javan langurs have 1 to 2 males in each group , which has a large effect on the group ' s mating behavior . there is virtually no within - group competition among males , ensuring that they are successful in mating . males in the group father all offspring . females in social groups cooperate to care for all young in the group .
the javan langur is a diurnal and arboreal primate ( 5 ) . it feeds mainly on leaves , fruit , flowers , flower buds , and insect larvae and , like other members of the colobinae subfamily , has evolved a specialised stomach to digest plant material more efficiently ( 3 ) . this species also has enlarged salivary glands to assist it in breaking down food ( 5 ) .
this primate is threatened by the destruction of its habitat for timber and cultivation ( 1 ) . in indonesia there have been cases of local people deliberately setting fire to forest to clear it for agriculture , which has had devastating consequences for the arboreal javan langur ( 3 ) . hunting is also a major threat in indonesia , and the increased availability of firearms has made the problem worse ( 3 ) .
the species is currently found in three protected areas – gunung halimun np , pangandaran nr and ujung kulon np ( 2 ) . in addition to protecting the remaining forest habitat , it is essential that more is done to stop hunting and the bush meat trade in this part of the world ( 7 ) . without human intervention and protection , the vulnerable javan langur will face extinction in the future ( 3 ) .
a chain of volcanic mountains runs the length of java , which creates a rich environment for the javan langur , but has the effect of fragmenting the langur’s populations . increased urban incursion into the wilderness separates the groups even further . java is the thirteenth largest island in the world , yet has the world’s largest island human population . the growth of the human population puts severe pressure on the wildlife of the islands .
female javan langurs typically begin to breed around 3 to 4 years of age , and give birth once a year , one offspring at a time . breeding and births can occur throughout the year . the infants develop quickly and are often independent within their first year of life . mothers in the group all care for each others ' young , otherwise known as
allomothering .
other aspects of reproduction are not reported in the literature .
the javan langur is found on the island of java and the smaller islands of bali and lombok , indonesia , though the subspecies are geographically separated ( 5 ) . the subspecies trachypithecus auratus auratus is found between blitar , ijen , pugeran , eastern java and gunung ujungtebu , while the subspecies trachypithecus auratus mauritius has a restricted distribution from west java to jakarta , as well as inland in bogor , cisalak , jasinga and ujung kulon , then along the south coast to cikaso or ciwangi ( 5 ) .
javan langurs thrive both at the peripheral and interior of many types of forests—mangrove , beach , lowland , hill , deciduous , freshwater swamp , and mountain forests . they inhabit areas that are at sea - level and up to elevations of 11 , 482 feet ( 3500 meters ) . moving between the strata of the tropical forests in a temperate 72 - 84 degrees f ( 52 - 59 degrees c ) , their home territories can range from 49 - 74 acres ( 20 - 30 hectares ) .
this langur lives in social groups of around seven individuals , with one or two adult males in the group ( 5 ) . adult javan langur females are aggressive towards females from other groups , and have been observed looking after the offspring of other mothers , as well as their own . it is thought that juveniles are brightly coloured because this alerts females to their presence and ensures that they will always be noticed and protected ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . mating occurs throughout the year and females produce one offspring at a time ( 5 ) .
javan langurs communicate acoustically . they use alarm calls that sound like
ghek - ghok - ghek - ghok .
they also communicate through visual cues and touch . infants are brightly colored and females will look after and protect infants of other females . it has been hypothesized that females behave in this manner because the bright orange color of the infants signals that they need to be cared for . allogrooming is an important way to cement social bonds . aggression is communicated with physical interactions , vocalizations , and visual cues , all of which establish social rank . research on chemical communication by
diet javan langurs are herbivorous primates . their diet consists of young leaves , ripe fruit , unripe fruit , flowers , mature leaves , and a minimal amount of insect larvae . choosing leaves with less fiber means they are better able to digest their food . indeed , they have evolved a sacculated stomach with special bacteria in the first stomach to help break down this leafy diet . when food is scarce , they favor young leaves of the teak tree . they prefer the mid - rib , and will bend the leaf in half and chew out the center . during the rainy season , when fruits can be found in abundance , they will consume even unripened fruit , primarily for the seeds . in this way , javan langurs play an important role in the food chain , eating fruit and dispersing seeds in their excrement to repopulate the forest . much of the water consumed is absorbed from their food or from the dew and rain on the leaves in this lush , tropical climate . they rarely leave the canopy as a result . these herbivorous monkeys , due to their simple diet of leaves and fruit , do not obtain many nutrients . this lack of nutrients gives them a lower energy level than many of the other old world monkeys .
, are an important food source for this species when favored foods are scarce ( kool , 1993 , 1991 ) . the midrib of the leaf of the teak tree is the preferred part consumed , where an individual will bend the leaf in half ( from apical tip to base ) , holding it with one or two hands while stripping and chewing it ( kool , 1993 ) . kool ( 1993 ) found that 27 to 37 % of the diet of the javan langur at pangandaran nature reserve was fruit , with 15 to 27 % of the diet unripe fruit and 10 to 12 % of the diet ripe fruit . fruits consumed tend to have higher amounts of condensed tannins and total phenolics than leaves consumed ( kool , 1992 ) . tannins may be useful in the diet because they may reduce acidosis of the stomach by slowing down the rate of fermentation ( goltenboth 1976 ; davies
javan langurs are arboreal and diurnal , spending the majority of their time in trees and active during the day . researchers found that when offered food from tourists , these langurs do not accept it . individuals will often take turns and feed while others in the group are resting or traveling . they live in groups of approximately 7 members with 1 to 2 males and 5 to 6 females . however , groups can exist with up to 21 members , still with only 1 to 2 males . group size varies depending on climate conditions . groups inhabiting habitats with a longer dry season tend to be larger than other groups . females make up the majority of the group because of male competition and the polygamous mating system . males disperse from their natal group and may travel alone , or can band together with other bachelor males . the dominant male keeps a close relationship with all females within the group . females care for and protect their young , as well as the offspring of their fellow female group members . females are aggressive toward females from other groups .
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there is disagreement over the validity and physical separation of the subspecies . designations of subspecies are not well defined , and a genetic study refutes the assignment of any ( rosenblum et al . 1997 ) .
justification : this species is considered vulnerable due to a past and continued population decline , estimated at more than 30 % over the past 36 years ( 3 generations , given a generation length of 12 years ) , as a result of capture for the illegal pet trade , hunting , and loss of habitat .
this species is endemic to indonesia , where it occurs on java and the smaller islands of bali , lombok , palau sempu and nusa barung . the lombok population may have been introduced there by humans ( groves 2001 ) . the boundary between the two subspecies runs from the south coast of java at about 109°e , northwestward to the vicinity of jakarta ( groves 2001 ) . trachypithecus auratus auratus occurs in eastern java , bali , lombok , palau sempu and nusa barung . this subspecies has two morphs , one of which , the red morph , has a restricted distribution between blitar , ijen , and pugeran , java ( groves 2001 ) . the other morph is more common and found in eastern java , west to gunung ujungtebu ( brandon - jones 1995 ) . trachypithecus auratus mauritius this subspecies has a restricted distribution in west java to the north coast from jakarta , inland to bogor , cisalak , and jasinga , southwest to ujung kulon , then along the south coast to cikaso or ciwangi ( groves 2001 ) .
this species was the most frequently observed primate during a survey of the dieng mountains in central java ( nijman and van balen 1998 ) . nijman and van balen ( 1998 ) reported it to be rather common on both mount prahu and the central part of the study area in the pegunungan dieng mountains where they also estimate a density of 23 individuals / km 2 . from a review of 14 studies , densities were estimated as following : 7 . 9 ( + / - 8 . 8 ) groups / km 2 , and individuals estimated at 114 ( + / - 147 . 9 ) groups / km 2 ( e . meijaard and v . nijman pers . comm . ) .
t . auratus occurs in mangrove , beach , and freshwater swamp forests , ever - wet lowland and hill forests , dry deciduous forests , and montane forest up to 3 , 000 - 3 , 500 m ( nijman 2000 ) , in addition to teak , rasamala , and acacia forest plantations . it is mostly folivorous , preferring to eat leaves and flowers , though it will consume the seeds of fruits and unripened fruits as well ( nijman 2000 ) . in the dieng mountains of central java , it has been recorded from both primary and secondary forest , both on the edges and in the interior ( nijman and van balen 1998 ) . home range was calculated by kool ( 1993 ) to be 20 - 30 ha and may be bigger in java .
threats include habitat loss and degradation due to expanding agriculture and human settlements , hunting for food and increasingly for the pet trade , fragmentation , and small isolated populations .
this species is listed under cites appendix ii , and has been protected by indonesian law since 1999 . it has been recorded from pangandaran nature reserve ( watanabe et al . 1996 ) , gunung halimun and ujung kulon national park ( gurmaya et al . 1994 ) , and is one of the more common and thriving colobines in captivity .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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the common morph of this subspecies is a glossy black color with a slight brownish tinge on the ventrum , sideburns , and legs ( brandon - jones , 1995 ; groves , 2001 ) . the hairs are light tipped on the arms , legs , head , flanks , and sometimes the back ( brandon - jones , 1995 ; groves , 2001 ) . there is a rarer morph to this subspecies that is a deep orange color that becomes more yellowish on the limbs , hair around ears , and the ventrum ( brandon - jones , 1995 ; groves , 2001 ) . the dorsal side hairs have a black tinge in this rarer morph ( brandon - jones , 1995 ; groves , 2001 ) . the skin of the face , palms , and soles are black in the common morph and depigmented or freckled in the deep orange morph ( brandon - jones , 1995 ; groves , 2001 ) .
trachypithecus auratus mauritius : the pelage coloration of this subspecies is glossy black with a very slight brownish tinge on the ventrum , sideburns , and legs ( brandon - jones , 1995 ; groves , 2001 ) .
trachypithecus auratus ebenus : the overall pelage coloration of this subspecies is glossy black , where the hairs tend to be brownish at the base ( brandon - jones , 1995 ) . the hair around the nipples and the throat are blackish brown in color ( brandon - jones , 1995 ) . on the chin , along the upper lip , and between the nostrils the hairs are colored black or black with yellow terminal bands with sparse intermingled yellow hairs ( brandon - jones , 1995 ) . between the nostrils and the upper lip there is a patch of short , very fine whitish hairs ( brandon - jones , 1995 ) . on the dorsal side of the hands and feet , sparse white and yellow hairs intermingle with black colored hairs ( brandon - jones , 1995 ) . the pubic patch that females of this species have differs in this subspecies in that it starts out as orange at the vulva and grades towards a whitish color ( brandon - jones , 1995 ) .
maryanto ( 2000 ) , based on the palm and sole prints , suggests that there are not any subspecies to this species because the prints to do not show any clinal variation amongst the east , west , and central populations .
the red morph of this subspecies has a restricted distribution between blitar , ijen , and pugeran , java ( groves , 2001 ) . the more common morph is found in eastern java , west to gunung ujungtebu ( brnadon - jones , 1995 ) .
this subspecies has a restricted distribution in west java to the north coast from jakarta , inland to bogor , cisalak , and jasinga , southwest to ujung kulon , then along the south coast to cikaso or ciwangi ( groves , 2001 ) .
trachypithecus auratus ebenus : this subspecies may only be found near lai chau , vietnam , or from the fan si pan mountain chain ( brandon - jones , 1995 ) .
consisted of protein - rich leaves . leaves selected for consumption had a lower fibre content , thus having a higher degree of digestibility ( kool , 1992 ) . young leaves of the teak tree ,
was found to include fruits that were ripe , and ripe fruits can cause acidosis in colobines ( goltenboth , 1976 ; kool , 1992 ) . fruits tend to be eaten for their seeds ( kool , 1993 ) . watanabe
) tried to give food to the langurs that they would not accept the food . at pangandaran nature reserve kool ( 1993 ) found that important food tree species were
. brotoisworo and dirgayusa ( 1991 ) found that one group at pangandaran nature reserve fed on soil . kool ( 1993 ) found that at pangandaran nature reserve monthly variation in diet of when specific food were eaten varied amongst differed groups , where one group consumed fruits more significantly in july , august , september , january , and february and another groups fruit was consumed more in november and december . groups will feed simultaneously on the same food source ( kool , 1993 ) . individuals of the group will also eat when the rest of the group is resting or traveling ( kool , 1993 ) . brotoisworo and dirgayusa ( 1991 ) found that adult males fed less frequently as compared to other group adults and subadults .
species . the average group size for this species is around seven individuals ( v . nijman , unpubl . data ; cited in nijman and van balen , 1998 ) . kool ( 1991 ) found that groups ranged in size from 6 - 21 individuals with one or two adult males in the group . on lombok island , indonesia , group sizes were found to be larger in secondary and monsoon forests than in tropical forests ( supriatna
, 1986 ) . males disperse from their natal group and will travel solitarily or in all - male groups ( kool , 1989 ; bennett and davies , 1994 ; rowe , 1996 ) . mengantara and dirgayusa ( 1994 ) found that males tend to maintain close proximity with other group males , females maintain close proximity with other females , the dominant group male with all group members . adult females will engage in aggressive encounters with adult females from other groups ( mengantara and dirgayusa , 1994 ) . females will care for infants from other females ( allo - mothering ) ( kool , 1989 ; bennett and davies , 1994 ; rowe , 1996 ) .
bennett , e . l . and davies , a . g . 1994 . the ecology of asian colobines . in
. eds . a . g . davies and j . f . oates . cambridge university press : cambridge .
brandon - jones , d . 1995 . a revision of the asian pied leaf - monkeys ( mammalia : cercopithecidae : superspecies
brotoisworo , e . and dirgayusa , i . w . a . 1991 . ranging and feeding behavior of
. eds . a . ehara , t . kimura , o . takenaka , and m . iwamoto . elsevier science publishers : amsterdam .
davies , a . g . , bennett , e . l . , and waterman , p . g . 1988 . food selection by two south - east asian colobine monkeys (
djuwantoko . 1994 . habitat and conservation of ebony leaf monkey in deciduous forests ( teak ) , in central java . ( abstract )
goltenboth , r . 1976 . non human primates ( apes , monkeys and prosimians ) . in
. ( translation ) eds . h - g . klos and e . m . lang . van nostrand reinhold : new york .
gurmaya , k . j . , adiputra , i . m . w . , saryatiman , a . b . , danardono , s . n . , and sibuea , t . t . h . 1994 . a preliminary study on ecology and conservation of the java primates in ujung kulon national park , west java , indonesia . in
. eds . b . thierry , j . r . anderson , j . j . roeder , and n . herrenschmidt . universite louis pasteur : strasbourg .
, in the pangandaran nature reserve , west java , indonesia . phd thesis , university of new south wales , sydney , australia .
, in the pangandaran nature reserve , west java , indonesia . ( abstract )
. bali - indonesia . nijman , v . and van balen , s . 1998 . a faunal survey of the dieng mountains , central java , indonesia : distribution and conservation of endemic primate taxa .
supriatna , j . , sampurno , b . w . , sarono , s . , suwelo , i . s . , and manullang , b . o . 1986 . the silver leaf monkeys (
) on lombok island , indonesia : troop size , population density and distribution . ( abstract )
watanabe , k . , mitani , m . , arakane , t . , gurmaya , k . j . , dirgayusa , w . a . , megantara , e . n . , and brotoisworo , e . 1996 . population changes of
weitzel , v . and groves , c . p . 1985 . the nomenclature and taxonomy of the colobine monkeys of java .
trachypithecus auratus . . . antwerp zoo belgium . . . ( voor gwen )
so pity ! baby monkey lori fall down from the tree and contract , shy cry loudly very pity .
playful orange baby monkey on the stairs ( silver leaf monkey ) - national park in borneo . 1080p hd
inhabits both the interior and edges of rainforests , and has been observed in both primary and secondary forests in the dieng mountains of central java .
has been observed in a variety of forest types : mangrove , beach , freshwater swamp , lowland and hill forest , deciduous forest , and mountain forest up to 3500 meters .
subspecies . both subspecies have glossy black coats with brown on the legs and belly . sometimes , individual
home range is estimated to be 20 to 30 ha . this home range may be larger in java than on other indonesian islands .
has a population density of 23 individuals / km in the dieng mountains of java .
william cannon ( author ) , james madison university , abby vos ( author ) , james madison university , suzanne baker ( editor , instructor ) , james madison university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , animal diversity web .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
delson , e . 2008 .
monkey
( on - line ) . mcgraw - hill ' s access science : encyclopedia of science and technology online . accessed april 12 , 2009 at urltoken .
kool , k . 1991 . behavioural ecology of the silver leaf monkey , trachypithecus auratus sondaicus , in the pangandaran nature reserve , west java , indonesia .
kool , k . 1993 . the diet and feeding behavior of the silver leaf monkey ( trachypithecus auratus sondaicus ) in indonesia . .
nijman , v . , . supriatna . 2008 .
trachypithecus auratus
( on - line ) . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . accessed april 10 , 2009 at urltoken .
nijman , v . 2000 . geographic distribution of ebony leaf monkey trachypithecus auratus ( e . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1812 ) ( mammalia : primates : cercopithecidae ) .
to cite this page : cannon , w . and a . vos 2009 .
trachypithecus auratus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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last stop : jlc volunteers inspect a langur transition cage where langurs adapt before being released into the wild .
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mittermeier , rusell a . , anthony b . rylands , and don e . wilson , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 1
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : t . cristatus species group . separated from t . cristatus by weitzel and groves ( 1985 ) . brandon - jones ( 1995 ) placed this species , together with t . johnii and all the t . francoisi species group , in a separate ( auratus ) species group
status : cites - appendix ii ; iucn - endangered as t . a . auratus and t . a . mauritius
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
authenticated ( 03 / 12 / 2005 ) by matt richardson , independent primatologist and writer .
arboreal living in trees diurnal active during the day larvae stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .
macdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .
rowe , n . ( 1996 ) the pictorial guide to the living primates . pogonias press , east hampton , new york .
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brandon - jones , d . ( 1995 ) . a revision of the asian pied leaf monkeys ( mammalia : cercopithecidae : superspecies
cerling , t . e . , harris , j . m . , macfadden , b . j . , leakey , m . g . , quade , j . , eisenmann , v . , and ehleringer , j . r . ( 1997 ) . global vegetation change through the miocene / pliocene boundary .


lernaeocera is a genus of marine copepods in the family pennellidae , containing the following species : lernaeocera abyssicola ( brady , 1883 ) lernaeocera branchialis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) lernaeocera caparti machado-cruz , 1959 lernaeocera esocina ( hermann , 1783 ) lernaeocera galei krøyer , 1837 lernaeocera lusci ( bassett-smith , 1896 ) lernaeocera minuta ( t. scott , 1900 ) lernaeocera sauciatonis ( leigh-sharpe , 1935 )

lernaeocera

species lernaeocera megacephala scott a . , 1929 accepted as lernaeocera branchialis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym )
species lernaeocera lumpi ( scott t . , 1901 ) accepted as lernaeocera branchialis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym )
species lernaeocera wilsoni schuurmans stekhoven j . h . jr , 1936 accepted as lernaeocera branchialis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym )
species lernaeocera brevicollis schuurmans stekhoven j . h . jr , 1935 accepted as lernaeocera lusci ( bassett - smith , 1896 ) ( synonymy )
species lernaeocera cyclopterina blainville , 1822 accepted as haemobaphes cyclopterina ( müller o . f . , 1776 ) ( synonymy )
a review of the biology of the parasitic copepod lernaeocera branchialis ( l . , 1767 ) ( copepoda : pennellidae ) .
( of lernaeocera obtusa kabata , 1957 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
species lernaeocera lotellae ( thomson g . m . , 1890 ) accepted as trifur tortuosus wilson c . b . , 1917 ( synonym )
species lernaeocera tenuis wilson c . b . , 1916 accepted as lernaea tenuis ( wilson c . b . , 1916 ) ( synonym )
species lernaeocera variabilis wilson c . b . , 1916 accepted as lernaea variabilis ( wilson c . b . , 1916 ) ( synonym )
species lernaeocera rigida ( krøyer , 1863 ) accepted as trifur tortuosus wilson c . b . , 1917 ( member of trifur and possible synonym )
( of lernaeocera mulli leigh - sharpe , 1935 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lernaeocera phycidis leigh - sharpe , 1933 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lernaeocera megacephala scott a . , 1929 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
a review of the biology of the parasitic copepod lernaeocera branchialis ( l . , 1767 ) ( copepoda : pennellidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
species lernaeocera werneri kurtz , 1922 accepted as lernaea werneri ( kurtz , 1922 ) accepted as lernaea composita wilson c . b . , 1924 ( synonym )
( of lernaeocera lumpi ( scott t . , 1901 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lernaeocera brevicollis schuurmans stekhoven j . h . jr , 1935 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lernaeocera wilsoni schuurmans stekhoven j . h . jr , 1936 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - lernaeocera 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - saucissona ( from synonym saucissona leigh - sharpe , 1935 ) 3x5 j . s . ho taxonomic card - lernaeocera 3x5 j . s . ho taxonomic card - saucissona ( from synonym saucissona leigh - sharpe , 1935 ) to genbank to itis
to cite this page : austria , a . 2003 .
lernaeocera branchialis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
van damme , p . 1995 . . morphological and morphometric study on crustacean parasites with the genus lernaeocera . international j . for parasitology , 25 : 1401 - 1411 .
adam jonathan brooker ( 2007 ) . aspects of the biology and behaviour of lernaeocera branchialis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( copepoda : pennellidae ) ( pdf ) ( phd thesis ) . university of stirling .
( of lernaeocera brevicollis schuurmans stekhoven j . h . jr , 1935 ) kabata , z . ( 1979 ) . parasitic copepoda of british fishes . ray society , london 152 : i - xii , 1 - 468 , figs . 1 - 2031 , text - figs . 1 - 67 , tabs . 1 - 18 . [ details ]
adam j . brooker , andrew p . shinn & james e . bron ( 2007 ) .
a review of the biology of the parasitic copepod lernaeocera branchialis ( l . , 1767 ) ( copepoda : pennellidae )
. advances in parasitology 65 : 297–341 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0065 - 308x ( 07 ) 65005 - 2 . pmid 18063099 .
lernaeocera branchialis is ectoparasitic , which means it is a parasite that lives primarily on the surface of its hosts . it has many life stages , some of which are motile and some of which are sessile . it goes through two parasitic stages , one where it parasites as a secondary host a flounder or lumpsucker , and another stage where it parasites as a primary host a cod or other fishes of the cod family ( gadoids ) . it is a pathogen that negatively impacts the commercial fishing and mariculture of cod - like fish .
this review concerns the parasitic marine copepod lernaeocera branchialis ( l . , 1767 ) and provides an overview of current knowledge concerning its biology and host - parasite interactions . the large size and distinctive appearance of the metamorphosed adult female stage , coupled with the wide exploitation and commercial importance of its final gadoid hosts , means that this species has long been recognised in the scientific literature . the fact that the atlantic cod , gadus morhua l . , is one of its key host species , and has itself had a major impact on the social and economic development of many countries bordering the north atlantic for more than 10 centuries is also a factor in its widespread recognition . l . branchialis is recognised as a pathogen that could have major effects on the aquaculture industry and with gadoid ( especially cod ) farming expanding in several north atlantic countries , there is considerable potential for this parasite to become a serious problem for commercial mariculture . the main subject areas covered are the parasite ' s taxonomy ; the life history of the parasite including its life cycle , reproduction and host associations ; parasite physiology ; parasite seasonality and distribution ; and the pathogenic effects of the parasite on its host .
walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .
boxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
costello , m . j . ; emblow , c . ; white , r . ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 . muséum national d ' histoire naturelle : paris , france . isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0 . 463 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of saucissona leigh - sharpe , 1935 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
bassett - smith , p . w . ( 1896 ) . notes on the parasitic copepoda of fish obtained at plymouth , with descriptions of new species . annals and magazine of natural history ( 6 ) 18 : 8 - 16 , pls . 3 - 6 . ( vii - 1896 ) [ details ]
distribution eastern north atlantic from and including barents sea to the coast morocco . [ details ]
kabata , z . ( 1979 ) . parasitic copepoda of british fishes . ray society , london 152 : i - xii , 1 - 468 , figs . 1 - 2031 , text - figs . 1 - 67 , tabs . 1 - 18 . [ details ]
( of lernaea lusci bassett - smith , 1896 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lernaea branchialis linnaeus , 1767 ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
distribution southern gaspe waters ( baie des chaleurs , gaspe bay to american , orphan and bradelle banks ; eastern boundary : eastern . . .
distribution southern gaspe waters ( baie des chaleurs , gaspe bay to american , orphan and bradelle banks ; eastern boundary : eastern bradelle valley ) , magdalen islands ( from eastern bradelle valley to the west , as far as cape north , including the cape breton channel ) , prince edward island ( from the northern tip of miscou island , n . b . to cape breton island south of cheticamp , including the northumberland strait and georges bay to the canso strait causeway ) , upper north shore ( between sept - iles and pointe des monts ) , middle north shore ( from sept - iles to cape whittle , including the mingan island ) , lower north shore , laurentian channel ( bathyal zone ) to the northeast of anticosti island ( = jacques cartier strait ) , laurentian channel ( bathyal zone ) ( = esquiman channel ) , lower laurentian channel ( bathyal zone as far as cabot strait : cape north , n . s . , st . paul island to cape ray , nl . ) , western slope of newfoundland , including the southern part of the strait of belle isle but excluding the upper 50m in the area southwest of newfoundland , and including the southwest slope of nl [ details ]
( of lernaea brachialis linnaeus , 1767 ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
brunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lernaea brachialis linnaeus , 1767 ) leloup , e . ( 1931 ) . un cas d ' épibiose de l ' hydropolype , laomedea geniculata ( linné ) [ a case of epibiosis of the hydropolyp , laomedea geniculata ( linneaus ) ] . bull . mus . royal d ' hist . nat . belg . / med . kon . natuurhist . mus . belg . 7 ( 24 ) : 1 - 3 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lernaea lumpi scott t . , 1901 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lernaea branchialis linnaeus , 1767 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lernaea godina müller o . f . , 1776 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lernaea gobina müller o . f . , 1776 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of saucissona lumpi ( t . scott , 1901 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
is an ectoparasitic crustacean of cod and haddock found mainly in the north atlantic .
is strictly aquatic , being pelagic and in the upper 200 m of open ocean .
. it ranges in size from 2 - 3 mm as a chalimus ( a specialized copepodid larva ) to more than 40 mm as an adult .
is highly evolved as an adult , having lost all semblance of crustacean heritage , and is therefore identified by its larval stages . as an adult , it appears s - shaped with 2 pairs of antennae on its head . this ectoparasite also has 2 pairs of maxillae used for piercing gill flesh , 1 pair of mandibles , and reduced antennules . although the division between its head and trunk is not clearly defined , its posterior body segmentation in its larval stages is distinguishably crustacean . as a female adult , it appears as a mass of egg strings with a large egg sac . on a host , these parts of
are seen external to the fish ' s body , and its egg sac is connected to other parts that lie internal to the fish host . these parts consist of a complex of antlers used for piercing , sucking , and maintaining feeding position . respiration in
( roberts and janovy jr . , 2000 ; scholz , 2001 ; schram and heuch , 2001 ; van damme , 1995 )
consists of several stages , begining when the animal hatches from an egg as a non - parasitic , free - swimming nauplius ( the early larval stage of crustaceans ) . three pairs of appendages ( antennules , antennae , and mandibles ) are used mainly for locomotion .
develops into a copepodid , which attaches to an intermediate host , such as a lumpfish ( e . g .
) . after development into a chalimus , it copulates with another chalimus of the opposite sex and detaches .
. it then undergoes a pelagic stage and searches for a definitive host . once attached to the gill area of a cod or haddock , it undergoes profound metamorphosis and develops an egg sac and antlers . any recognizable external segmentation is lost , and it grows more than 40 mm , excluding egg strings . in its final stages ,
appears reddish and worm - like , with its head ( connected by a neck to a soft body ) buried in gills . as a feeding adult , it is reduced to body parts needed for reproduction , feeding , and holding its position within the cod or haddock .
in comparison to other pennelids , its larval stage is almost indistinguishable from the larva of its free - living adult relatives . although the biological role of
( croll , 1966 ; lapage , 1951 ; roberts and janovy jr . , 2000 ; van damme , 1995 )
. it then undergoes a pelagic stage and searches for a definitive host . once attached to the gill area of a cod or haddock , it undergoes profound metamorphosis and develops an egg sac and antlers . any recognizable external segmentation is lost , and it grows more than 40 mm , excluding egg strings .
this species is a parasite which is motile or sessile , depending on its life stage .
have various sensory resceptors , mainly setae over the body . photoreceptors are also generally present .
. it feeds on blood though root - like attachment organs , which invade throughout host tissue . like other species of the
attaches to the host fish in the branchial area . the parasite ' s cephalothorax grows into and through the ventral aorta , which is accomplished with its grotesque antler complex . the parasite inserts its antlers into the host ' s fleshy gill cavity by 3 branched processes , aided by strong antennae and maxillae for piercing into the wall of the bulbus arteriosus .
larval mortality is high as few individuals make it to the suitable host . this species may be preyed on by fish .
causes severe damage by invasively feeding on blood . death of the fish may occur from open lesions , too much blood loss , or possible formations of clots and occlusions of the aorta or blood vessels .
also causes a 20 - 30 % loss of weight and liver fat in fish from the effects of growth retardation . it also has profound effects on reproduction by delaying gonad development and sexual maturity , and its presence influences fish behavior and reduces its resistance to other stresses .
( cod ) . overall , the parasite ' s changes on fish body weight loss and increased mortality affects commercial fisheries by making it more expensive to market cod , haddock , and flounder .
aimee austria ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , teresa friedrich ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,
incomplete metamorphosis
is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and
complete metamorphosis
is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
an aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean , far from land , does not include sea bottom ( benthic zone ) .
attached to substratum and moving little or not at all . synapomorphy of the anthozoa
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
jones , j . 1998 . distant water sailors : parasitic copepoda of the open ocean .
schram , t . , p . heuch . 2001 . the egg string attachment mechanism of selected pennellid copepods .
van damme , p . 1995 . . morphological and morphometric study on crustacean parasites with the genus
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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institute of aquaculture , university of stirling , stirling , scotland fk9 4la , united kingdom .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
southern gaspe waters ( baie des chaleurs , gaspe bay to american , orphan and bradelle banks ; eastern boundary : eastern bradelle valley ) , magdalen islands ( from eastern bradelle valley to the west , as far as cape north , including the cape breton channel ) , prince edward island ( from the northern tip of miscou island , n . b . to cape breton island south of cheticamp , including the northumberland strait and georges bay to the canso strait causeway ) , upper north shore ( between sept - iles and pointe des monts ) , middle north shore ( from sept - iles to cape whittle , including the mingan island ) , lower north shore , laurentian channel ( bathyal zone ) to the northeast of anticosti island ( = jacques cartier strait ) , laurentian channel ( bathyal zone ) ( = esquiman channel ) , lower laurentian channel ( bathyal zone as far as cabot strait : cape north , n . s . , st . paul island to cape ray , nl . ) , western slope of newfoundland , including the southern part of the strait of belle isle but excluding the upper 50m in the area southwest of newfoundland , and including the southwest slope of nl
jones , j . 1998 . distant water sailors : parasitic copepoda of the open ocean . j . marine systems , 15 : 207 - 214 .
roberts , l . , j . janovy jr . . 2000 . foundations of parasitology . 6th ed . . usa : mcgraw - hill companies , inc . .
scholz , t . 2001 . parasites in cultured and feral fish . veterinary parasitology , 84 : 317 - 335 .
schram , t . , p . heuch . 2001 . the egg string attachment mechanism of selected pennellid copepods . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . , 81 : 23 - 32 .
matthews , b . 1998 . an introduction to parasitology . cambridge : university press .
brusca , r . , g . brusca . 2003 . invertebrates . sunderland , massachusets : sinauer associates , inc . .
croll , n . 1966 . ecology of parasites . cambridge : harvard university press .
rohde , k . 1993 . ecology of marine parasites : an introduction to marine parasitology . 2nd ed . . trowbridge ( uk ) : redwood books .
larva to more than 40 millimetres ( 1 . 6 in ) as an adult .
the life - cycle of a cod worm involves a complex progression of life stages , including two successive hosts . it comprises
two free - swimming nauplius stages , one infective copepodid stage , four chalimus stages and the adult copepod , each separated by a
stage . at this point the copepodid is pelagic and free - swimming with an average length of about 0 . 5 mm .
which is often stationary and therefore easy to catch . the copepodid have only a day to find such a fish and attach themselves to its gills .
when they locate such a fish , they capture it with grasping hooks at the front of their body . they penetrate the fish with a thin
which they use to suck its blood . the nourished cod worms then progress via four moults from the naupliar stage to the mature chalimus stage . at this point the males transfer sperm to the females . both sexes develop swimming
, detach from the flounder or lumpfish and again swim freely as pelagic organisms .
the female worm still resembles a copepod and is 2 to 3 mm long . she now undergoes another pelagic quest , searching this time for a definitive or
chamber . there she clings to the gills and metamorphoses into a plump , sinusoidal , wormlike body , with a coiled mass of egg strings at her rear .
these bodies are mostly about 20 mm long , but can measure up to 50 mm .
. in this way , while safely tucked beneath the cod ' s gill cover , the worm feeds from one end on cod blood while it pumps new offspring out the other end .
is probably the most serious parasitic crustacean among cod . infestation reduces the efficiency with which food can be utilised , delaying the development of the
. up to 30 % loss in weight can occur , with increases in mortality because of open lesions with loss of blood , and possibly occlusion of vessels or aorta .
, particularly cod , are emerging marine aquaculture species in some north atlantic countries .
j . b . jones ( 1998 ) .
distant water sailors : parasitic copepoda of the open ocean
. journal of marine systems 15 : 207–214 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0924 - 7963 ( 97 ) 00056 - 0 .
bernard e . matthews ( 1998 ) .
from host to host
. an introduction to parasitology . cambridge university press . pp . 52–78 . isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 57691 - 8 .
ross piper ( 2007 ) .
cod worm
. extraordinary animals : an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals . greenwood press . pp . 180–182 . isbn 978 - 0 - 313 - 33922 - 6 .
z . kabata ( 1979 ) . parasitic copepoda of british fishes . london : ray society . isbn 978 - 0 - 903874 - 05 - 2 .
tomáš scholz ( 1999 ) .
parasites in cultured and feral fish
( pdf ) . veterinary parasitology 84 ( 3–4 ) : 317–335 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0304 - 4017 ( 99 ) 00039 - 4 . pmid 10456421 .
klaus rohde ( 1993 ) . ecology of marine parasites : an introduction to marine parasitology ( 2nd ed . ) . cab international . p . 198 . isbn 978 - 0 - 85198 - 845 - 0 .
fisheries research services ( 2005 ) final report of the aquaculture health joint working group sub - group on disease risks and interactions between farmed salmonids and emerging marine aquaculture species page 29 . scotland . isbn 0 - 9546490 - 8 - 7
larry s . roberts , john janovy & gerald d . schmidt ( 2009 ) . foundations of parasitology ( 8th ed . ) . mcgraw - hill . isbn 978 - 0 - 07 - 128458 - 5 .
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alexander goldrun ( foaled 9 february 2001 in ireland ) is a retired thoroughbred racehorse .

bred by dermot cantillon , she was raced by mrs. noel o'callaghan for whom she compiled a race record of 10 wins , seven seconds , and six thirds in thirty-one starts .

she retired with race earnings of £ 1,900,740 trained by jim bolger , during her career in racing alexander goldrun won five group one races in four different countries : hong kong hong kong cup ( 2004 ) france prix de l'opera ( 2004 ) united kingdom

alexander goldrun

bbc sport | other sport . . . | horse racing | nassau joy for alexander goldrun
alexander goldrun ' s winning trainer bolger admitted the race had not gone entirely to plan .
alexander goldrun gained her fourth group one success in four different countries with victory in the vodafone nassau stakes at goodwood on saturday .
alexander goldrun secured her fourth group i win in as many different countries at goodwood with a dazzlingly smooth victory in the vodafone nassau stakes ( eng - i ) saturday .
alexander goldrun dug in resolutely and repelled the challenge of chelsea rose to record her second consecutive victory in the audi pretty polly stakes ( ire - i ) at the curragh on saturday .
juddmonte ' s first - crop sire frankel had the highest - priced horse at the opening session of the goffs orby yearling sale sept . 29 , a filly out of group i winner alexander goldrun .
back on top of her game , favored alexander goldrun rallied from last to first down the center of the straight to capture the audi pretty polly stakes ( ire - i ) at the curragh saturday .
alexander goldrun headed grey lilas one hundred yards from the wire and edged away for a one - length victory in the prix de l ' opera ( fr - i ) for fillies and mares at longchamp sunday .
ouija board and alexander goldrun provided racing with an electrifying duel in the vodafone nassau stakes ( eng - i ) at glorious goodwood on saturday , with ouija board just getting her nose in front at the wire .
english invader chorist held off favored alexander goldrun by a half - length for a front - running victory in saturday ' s audi pretty polly stakes ( ire - i ) for fillies and mares at the curragh .
alexander goldrun ( ire ) b . m , 2001 { 22 - d } dp = 4 - 1 - 16 - 1 - 2 ( 24 ) di = 1 . 18 cd = 0 . 17 - 31 starts , 10 wins , 7 places , 6 shows career earnings : 1 , 900 , 740
irish - bred alexander goldrun became the first filly to win the hk $ 18 million ( us $ 2 , 319 , 289 ) hong kong cup ( hk - i ) by edging out american - bred bullish luck at the wire by a short head at sha tin racecourse sunday . touch of land was three - quarters of a length back for third .
the 3 - yearold irish - bred daughter of gold away , winning her first group i , closed from seventh along the inside for jockey kevin manning to reach contention two furlongs from home . she continued to chase the leaders until taking over without being extended in the late stages .
jim bolger trains the winner , a consistent performer against top company who came off a three - month break in racing .
.
i am now going to work on trying to keep her in training next year and i ' m fairly optimistic .
i am not sure whether she will run again this season as she ' s already done her fair share . i wasn ' t very happy with her at the beginning of the year but she just keeps on improving and she ' s very game . there is just a possibility that she could run at hollywood park .
grey lilas was 1 1 / 2 lengths in front of walkamia , with yesterday , last year ' s irish one thousand ( ire - i ) winner , finishing well to be fourth .
the final time for the 1 1 / 4 - mile event on good going was 2 : 02 . 30 .
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the 13 - 8 favourite , ridden by kevin manning and trained by jim bolger , finished a length - and - a - quarter ahead of cassydora , with red bloom in fourth .
the vodafone stewards ' cup was won by 9 - 2 gift horse ridden by kieren fallon .
fallon raced despite being kicked by david nicholls ' horse , which beat fonthill road and fantasy believer .
it is a good job dandy nicholls was holding his head or i wouldn ' t have been riding him ,
fallon told bbc sport .
that must be the worst ride i have ever given a horse . i couldn ' t really get out , but when i did he absolutely flew . it ' s amazing ,
fallon added .
she wasn ' t too slowly away , but kevin elected to take his time bearing in mind the going and what have you ,
he told bbc sport .
i was a little concerned when she got a bump that it just might knock her off her stride - she ' s not very big - but fortunately it didn ' t .
then i was worried that she might have been in front too soon , but all ' s well that ends well .
i ' ll have a chat with noel o ' callaghan ( owner ) and i will be pushing for the prix vermeille at longchamp and then the big - money races in the far east .
i am absolutely delighted and until the winner came along it looked like we were going better than anything ,
he said .
i didn ' t think we could beat the favourite . . . we are very happy to have finished third
it was a really good run and i will have to start thinking about where we go now .
it would be nice to find another mile and a quarter group one for her , and i think there is one in france later in the season .
red bloom ' s trainer sir michael stoute said :
i didn ' t think we could beat the favourite .
some of the three - year - olds looked a bit dangerous too , so we are very happy to have finished third .
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sky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .
follow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .
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winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
1st nassau stakes ( gb - g1 ) , hong kong cup ( hk - g1 ) , prix de l ' opera ( fr - g1 ) , pretty polly s . ( ire - g1 ) x2 , irish 1000 guineas trial s . ( ire - g3 ) , silken glider s . ( ire - lr ) , park express s . ( ire - lr ) .
2nd nassau stakes ( gb - g1 ) , pretty polly s . ( ire - g1 ) , irish 1000 guineas ( ire - g1 ) , tattersalls gold cup ( ire - g1 ) .
3rd prix de diane hermes ( fr - g1 ) , irish champion s . ( gb - g1 ) .
foaled 1 feb 2001 . 40 , 000 yearling ; half - sister to g3 winner medecis .
racing and breeding information supplied by france galop , the us jockey club and weatherbys group limited .
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n . 18 urltoken dariyan ex masaola , bred by mr and mrs renk .
he is a nice strong foal , he is well developed and we’re very happy with him .
georges rimaud
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spinning queen made her second foray into group 1 company an eye - catching one when leading from gate to wire to post an impressive nine - length victory in the kingdom of bahrain sun chariot stakes ( eng - i ) at newmarket on sunday .
dylan thomas prevailed under an inspired ride by kieren fallon to defeat ouija board by a neck in the baileys irish champion stakes ( ire - i ) at leopardstown on saturday .
hurricane run made a superb seasonal debut when galloping home an easy winner of the tattersalls gold cup ( ire - i ) at the curragh on sunday .
heart ' s cry , partnered by christophe lemaire and trained by kojiro hashiguchi , gave japan its second win of the dubai world cup meeting , leading all the way to capture the $ 5 million dubai sheema classic ( uae - i ) over 2 , 400 meters ( about 1 1 / 2 miles ) on the nad al sheba turf saturday night .
kinnaird defied her 69 - 1 odds and the fact that she had not won a race in two years to post a major shocker in the prix de l ' opera casino barriere d ' enghien ( fr - i ) .
oratorio appears to have motivator ' s number . in july , the danehill colt handed motivator his first defeat in the coral - eclipse stakes ( eng - i ) . on saturday , the coolmore colt went two - for - two against the vodafone derby ( eng - i ) winner , with a gutsy half - length victory in the $ 1 . 25 million baileys irish champion stakes ( ire - i ) at leopardstown .
an all - star cast , led by this year ' s vodafone epsom derby ( eng - i ) winner motivator and 2004 irish champion ( ire - i ) winner azamour will be lining up for saturday ' s running of the baileys irish champion stakes at leopardstown .
elite racing club ' s soviet song rebounded from a third - place finish last out to successfully defend her title in tuesday ' s uae equestrian and racing federation falmouth stakes ( eng - i ) at england ' s newmarket racecourse .
australia ' s sole representative mummify denied the proven international performer phoenix reach sunday night to win the $ 1 . 8 million singapore airlines international cup ( sng - i ) in a thrilling finish . unfortunately , american challenger star over the bay broke down during the race and was euthanized .
a total of 989 horses from 21 countries were nominated to the march 26 dubai world cup day card at nad al sheba race course .
latice gathered her momentum at the head of the straight and motored past the leaders for three - quarters of a length win over millionaia in the prix de diane hermes ( fr - i ) at chantilly sunday .
unbeaten attraction powered her way into the record books sunday when she became the first filly to bag the english and irish one thousand guineas double with a one - length victory at the curragh in ireland .