heterometrus , which members are also known by the collective vernacular name giant forest scorpions , is a genus of scorpion belonging to the family scorpionidae .

it is distributed widely across tropical and subtropical southeastern asia , including cambodia , laos , thailand , vietnam , as well as india , sri lanka , nepal and china ( tibet ) .

it is notable for containing some of the largest living species of scorpions .

heterometrus

ecosystem / stinger of giant forest scorpion ( heterometrus spp . ) by satish nikam
biochemical and enzymatic changes after black scorpion heterometrus fastigiousus couzijn envenomation in experimental albino mice .
rhacochelifer ( ? ) heterometrus ( l . koch ) : beier , 1963b : 298 .
is indian giant forest scorpion heterometrus longimanus ? though they look like they ' re violet .
a bunch of irritated heterometrus spinifer after being disturbed . species like this can be kept in small groups
das r ( 2011 ) experimental evaluation of scorpion ( heterometrus bengalensis ) venom antagonist from indian medicinal plants .
biochemical and enzymatic changes after black scorpion heterometrus fastigiousus couzijn envenomation in experimental albino mice . - pubmed - ncbi
heterometrus spinifer on a shoulder . as far as handling goes , i do not recommend that you do so .
here the mother heterometrus spinifer killed and hold a adult cricket in its chelicerae for the youngs to feed on .
chelifer heterometrus l . koch , 1873 : 29 ; pavesi , 1876 : 74 ; pavesi , 1878 : 362 .
scorpions belonging to the genus heterometrus are often as large as emperor scorpions and should be kept in much the same way . they originate from forests in asia and also make good pets , their sting is said to be of similar potency as that of pandinus . the most commonly available species are heterometrus spinifer ( thai black ) and heterometrus javanensis ( javanese jungle scorpion ) .
need help in id - ing this heterometrus spp . it was labeled as laoticus i ' m not sure though if its correct .
rhacochelifer heterometrus ( l . koch ) : beier , 1932d : 66 ; beier , 1932e : 268 ; roewer , 1937 : 315 .
the asian forest scorpion ( heterometrus longimanus ) are large black scorpions native to southern asia . it is often confused with a closely related species known as the malaysian forest scorpion ( heterometrus spinifer ) , and both species are collectively referred to as asian forest scorpions in the pet trade .
not rhacochelifer heterometrus ( l . koch ) : chamberlin , 1949 : 23 - 26 , figs 7a - j ( true identification unknown ) .
hi george , need help in id - ing this heterometrus spp . it was labeled as laoticus i ' m not sure though if its correct .
vietnamese heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom : evidence for analgesic and anti - inflammatory activity and isolation of new polypeptide toxin actin . . . - pubmed - ncbi
vietnamese heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom : evidence for analgesic and anti - inflammatory activity and isolation of new polypeptide toxin acting on kv1 . 3 potassium channel .
gomes a , gomes a ( 2015 ) scorpion venoms , scorpion venom research around the world : heterometrus species . toxinology elsevier 4 : 351 - 367 .
2 . couzijn , h . w . c . 1981 revision of the genus heterometrus hemprich & ehrenberg ( scorpionidae , arachnida )  zoologische verhandelingen 184 .
vyas , a . b . ( 1971 ) . adaptive diversification of the prosomatic appendages in the scorpion heterometrus fulvipes . annals of zoology 7 , 65 - 80 .
kassiah a ( 1989 ) neuroethology of the scorpion , heterometrus fulvipes : habitat , cuticular sense organs and behaviour . ph . d . thesis , sri venkateswara university , tirupati
5 . tshivashankar 1994 advanced sub - social behavior in heterometrus fluvipes j . biosci , vol 19 , number 1 , march 1994 , pp 81 - 90 © printed in india
das r , ghosh s , gomes a ( 2016 ) indian black scorpion ( heterometrus bengalensis ) venom action neutralization by indian medicinal plants in experimental animals . j toxins ( in press ) .
snjeeva rp , pampapathi rk ( 1970 ) the central course of the hair afferents and the pattern of contralateral activation in the central nervous system of the scorpion . heterometrus fulvipes j exp biol 53 : 165–169
ma y : molecular diversity of toxic components from the scorpion heterometrus petersii venom revealed by proteomic and transcriptome analysis . proteomics . 2010 , 10 : 2471 - 2485 . 10 . 1002 / pmic . 200900763
ma y , zhao y , zhao r , zhang w , he y , et al . ( 2010 ) molecular diversity of toxic components from the scorpion heterometrus petersii venom revealed by proteomic and transcriptome analysis . proteomics 10 : 2471–2485 .
uawonggul n , chaveerach a , thammasirirak s , arkaravichien t , chuachan c , et al . ( 2006 ) screening of plants acting against heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom activity on fibroblast cell lysis . j ethnopharmacol 103 : 201 - 207 .
heterometrus swammerdami and h . bengalensis habitat in simlipal national park , majurbanj district , orissa ( india ) . photo : thorsten kroes ( c ) ( permission through carlos turiel ) heterometrus swammerdami and h . bengalensis habitat in simlipal national park , majurbanj district , orissa ( india ) . photo : thorsten kroes ( c ) ( permission through carlos turiel ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( hottentotta judaicus and scorpio maurus fuscus were also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( hottentotta judaicus and scorpio maurus fuscus were also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo h ierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo omanensis habitat in united arab emirates . photo : gunther witt ( c )
a female heterometrus spinifer carrying her youngs ( first instars ) on her back . despite their reputation , scorpions exhibit maternal instinct , uncommon amongst arthropods . notice the larval orientation which has been a subject of interest in phylogenic study by savary .
the malaysian forest scorpion - - also known as the asian forest scorpion - - is one of a variety of family scorpions under the heterometrus genus . these black pet scorpions are among the largest , reaching up to 6 inches in length . in the wild , these scorpions live under dry forest debris and can happily thrive in groups of three or more in captivity . heterometrus have a lifespan of seven to eight years and feed regularly on crickets , meal worms , locust and small mice .
couzijn ( 1981 ) proposed granulations of the prosoma ( carapace ) as a valid key in speciation and sub - speciation within the genus heterometrus and proposed 10 subspecies for h . longimanus . these nominal subspecies were synonymised by kovariks ( 2004 ) review of the genus except for h . longimanus liophysa , which elevated to its own species . kovarik ( 2004 ) considered this character to be unreliable in heterometrus speciation as it varied greatly within definite species across disparate regional populations ; making identifying them based on this aspect very problematic .
map of karnataka showing the locations of different scorpion species . at the bottom : a hottentotta rugiscutis ( pocock , 1897 ) ; b hottentotta tamulus ( fabricius , 1798 ) ; c lychas tricarinatus ( simon , 1884 ) , d heterometrus swammerdami ( simon , 1872 )
size attainable the size of a adult scorpion typically ranges from half a inch to 8 inches . pandinus spp and heterometrus spp ( both about 7 inches or approx . 17 . 5cm ) are probably the heaviest ( > 30 grams ) while male hadogenes troglobyte has been measured to a length of 21 cm ( 8 . 5 inches ) . the bombay natural history society is said to hold a specimen of heterometrus swammerdami which measures a massive 24 . 7cm ( 9 . 75 inch ) but this has not been substantiated further from other experts .
how to cite this article : mukesh kumar chaubey , 2017 . pharmacological changes after black scorpion heterometrus fastigiousus couzijn envenomation in mice . journal of medical sciences , 17 : 75 - 80 . doi : 10 . 3923 / jms . 2017 . 75 . 80 url : urltoken
the best generalisation i can make is to simulate the scorpion ' s natural habitat . a scorpion ' s foraging territory usually is not very big so a big container is not necessary . a plastic or glass tank is recommended . for a small scorpion ( < 30mm ) , a tank of length 200mm will suffice . for larger ones like heterometrus spp ( about 100 + mm ) , a tank larger than 400mm is preferred . a community of scorpions is not recommended unless the owner is willing to take the risk of losing some . it must be qualified that cannibalsim among species like centruroides spp and heterometrus spp is rare . also , heterometrus spp . has been observed to co - exist well with same species and pandinus spp . a much larger tank ( eg . > 90cm ) with sufficient hiding place is recommended for a communal tank .
the best rule is to never handle you scorpion . species belonging to the genus pandinus or heterometrus are generally considered docile and relatively harmless however other species are potentially lethal . if you must handle your scorpions it is best to do so very gently with a long pair of foam tipped forceps .
3 ) hadrurus sp . ( desert hairy scorpion ) , hadogenes sp . ( flat rock scorpion ) , pandinus imperator ( emperor scorpion ) , scorpio maurus ( israeli gold scorpion ) and heterometrus sp ( asian / giant forest scorpion ) are quite suitable as pet due to their large size , mild venom and mild deposition ( not aggressive ) . of these , emperor scorpion , p . imperator , is most popular and is time proven to be quite safe . my experience with ( asian forest scorpion ) heterometrus ( spinifer ? ) shows them to be ideal pets as well . however , i would not extend that to other heterometrus sp ( especially h . swammerdami ) . they also appears more aggressive than emperor scorpion , p . imperator . hadrurus sp and hadogenes sp are reputedly safe and quite placid . scorpio maurus ( israeli golden ) is aggressive but the stings is generally mild .
srinivasan kn , sivaraja v , huys i , sasaki t , cheng b , et al . ( 2002 ) kappa - hefutoxin1 , a novel toxin from the scorpion heterometrus fulvipes with unique structure and function . importance of the functional diad in potassium channel selectivity . j biol chem 277 : 30040–30047 .
asian forest scorpions are somewhat more high - strung than emperors , and sting readily . heterometrus spinifer is not considered dangerous to healthy adults , but the closely related h . swammerdami of india ( which , at 10 - 12 inches in length , is among the world’s longest scorpions ) has reportedly caused fatalities .
the largest species belong to the scorpionidae family and can reach a length of 15–20 cm and a weight of up to 32 grams ( heterometrus swammerdami and pandinus imperator ) . buthidae species are known to be around 2–12 cm ; the body lengths of most of the medically important species are between 5 and 9 cm .
several species that superficially resemble emperor scorpions are sometimes available in the trade . known collectively as asian forest scorpions and hailing from southeast asia , the most commonly seen is heterometrus spinifer . like the emperor , it is jet black in color , but the claws have fewer spikes and its maximum size is 6 inches .
found in the wild in southeast asia , the malaysian forest scorpion , or heterometrus , is sometimes kept as a domestic pet . more aggressive than the emperor scorpion , less toxic than other scorpion family members and one of the largest pet scorpions available , the black forest scorpion is a solid choice for the scorpiones enthusiast .
now that this is discussed thoroughly , i am beginning to doubt my species id . i have 3 different species of heterometrus . i will post pics of the carapace , but i will not label them with what i think they are so as not to pre - condition your id . i need your inputs . thanks !
a scorpion habitat in the laboratory ( left ) and a black scorpion drinking the water ( right ) . a plastic tub having soil substrate and stones mimicking scorpion habitat along with water - filled petri dish at the center as a water supplement . a black scorpion , heterometrus swammerdami , drinking the water placed in the petri dish
cheirochelifer heterometrus ( l . koch ) : mahnert , 1978g : 20 - 23 , figs 16 - 19 ; callaini , 1987b : 291 - 293 ; harvey , 1991a : 486 ; gardini , 1995a : 7 ; zaragoza , 1990 : fig . 5 ; judson , 1997a : 20 ; gardini , 2000 : 124 - 125 ; delfosse , 2003 : 40 .
the author deals with taxonomy , character variation , phylogeny and biogeography of heterometrus , a scorpion genus occurring in southeast asia . the taxonomic value of 131 characters is studied , including 75 biometric ones ; 72 characters are selected to be used in the present revision for purposes of classification . in the numerical analysis and in the study of descriptive characters , specimens are clustered polythetically ; this method allows variation as observed in the taxa , the sharing of the total set of taxon characteristics not being absolutely required . a total of 21 species ( 4 new ) and 31 subspecies ( 16 new ) are discriminated , classified in five subgenera , two of which are new . the african genus pandinus thorell is found to be the sistergroup of heterometrus .
: raising heterometrus is a rewardingly simple task since the females take exceptional care of their young . like other heterometrus species , the young are born as white glutinous soft - bodied larvae , clinging to the mothers dorsum . after their first moult they become miniature light - coloured replicas of the adults . after they leave her back , the mother maintains her role as protector but provides for her young by subduing large prey items which she often eviscerates into bite - sized portions for her young to consume in a mass feeding ball . their colours begin to darken after the 3rd ecdysis . at this stage they are at their most communal . occasionally one will be eaten from coming out of a bad moult , but other than this , cannibalism is a rare occurrence .
a total of 373 scorpions including hottentotta rugiscutis , hottentotta tamulus , lychas tricarinatus and heterometrus swammerdami were collected , identified and maintained successfully , achieving a 97 % survival rate . hottentotta rugiscutis yielded 6 . 0 ml of venom by electrical stimulation . the ld 50 of h . rugiscutis venom was estimated to be 3 . 02 mg / kg of body weight in female swiss albino mice .
1 . bringans , s . ; eriksen , s . , kendrick , t . ; kaur , r . ; gopalkrishnakone p . and lipscombe r . 2007 proteomic analysis of the venom of heterometrus longimanus ( asian black scorpion )  proteomics international , po box 6064 , east perth , wa 6892 , australia ; 2venom and toxin research programme , yong loo lin school of medicine , national university of singapore , singapore .
ought to be less than a year . . . not quite positive . i got a
possibly gravid heterometrus sp . in january of ' 07 and she birthed in november . i think i ' ve heard it can range up to a year and a half , but if you keep them warm it should go faster ( and it shouldn ' t be hard to keep them warm where you ' re at ) .
scorpions : 0 . 1 . 0 androctonus bicolor 1 . 0 . 0 centruroides nigrescens 0 . 0 . 1 heterometrus longimanus 0 . 1 . 0 hottentotta hottentotta 1 . 0 . 1 pandinopsis dictator 2 . 0 . 0 pandinus imperator tarantulas : 0 . 1 . 0 avicularia avicularia 0 . 0 . 1 brachypelma albiceps 0 . 1 . 0 brachypelma vagans 1 . 0 . 0 psalmopoeus cambridgei other arachnids : 1 . 1 . 0 damon diadema
black forest scorpions are highly aggressive and less inclined to be handled than other species of scorpions . the malaysian black forest scorpion will readily sting in defense if it feels threatened or in danger . unlike other scorpions , such as the emperor scorpion , the forest scorpion will not likely settle down throughout its captivity . due to its looks , size and temperament , the malaysian black forest scorpion is a scorpion to appreciate visually ; young children and pets should not engage the heterometrus .
forest species for example those belonging to the genera pandinus and heterometrus come from africa and asia and require warm , humid conditions . a deep layer of peat - free compost ( 6 - 7cm ) should be placed in the terrarium , this can be covered with orchid bark chippings . the top of the substrate should be sprayed with water every day or so but never to a degree that it becomes very wet . care should be taken that the substrate does not become mouldy or covered in fungus .
as in other genera of the scorpionidae , the symptoms from heterometrus envenomations are rather mild and no human fatalities are known . the sting causes local pain , inflammation , oedema , swelling and redness of the skin , lasting for hours to a few days . a study has shown that plant extracts known in the traditional thai medicine as natural scorpion venom antidotes are effective as symptomatic treatment of h . laoticus stings . the protein heteroscorpine - 1 was found the major component of the venom in h . laoticus .
in most cases , a call to poison control to inform them of the sting is all you need to do . the symptoms of the malaysian black forest scorpion should abate within a few hours , although some persistence of numbness and pain could last a few days . no known fatalities have occurred from the sting of the heterometrus . to prevent being stung , provide your scorpion with plenty of hiding places within its tank and , if you must handle it , wear long , thick gloves . alternatively , you can move your scorpion using a net .
food one of the most interesting moments in scorpion keeping is when feeding them food . different individual and species prefers different hunting method . most stay and wait till the food comes within range while others actively pursue their food . the heterometrus sp i ' ve kept exhibit both . so what food do they take ? large size scorpions can be fed adult crickets and mealworms though the latter is not very popular with my pets . grasshoppers or just about animals between 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 the size of your scorpion can make suitable food .
almost all the medically important species belong to the family buthidae . with almost 900 species , this is the largest and most widely distributed family . dangerous genera are androctonus , buthacus , buthus , buthotus , centruroides , leiurus , mesobuthus , parabuthus and tityus . many buthidae species are yellowish , fawn or brownish in colour , but black species do exist . among the other families there are only a few members that are known to cause serious envenoming : nebo ( diplocentridae ) , hemiscorpius and heterometrus ( scorpionidae ) , to a lesser extent also bothriurus ( bothriuridae ) .
i keep heterometrus in much the same way as i have described for emperor scorpions ( please see scorpions in captivity – an overview of popular species : the emperor scorpion , pandinus imperator ) . like their african cousins , asian forest scorpions are also quite social…a group of 10 that i housed together in an exhibit at the bronx zoo co - existed for years without incident . they seem to be quite temperature sensitive , and are best maintained at 78 - 85 f . the gestation period is 5 - 8 months and sexual maturity is reached in 1 - 3 years .
behaviour given the wide diversity in behaviour , i would attempt to make some general behaviours observed mainly amongst the 100 + heterometrus sp specimens i have observed . most scorpions are nocturnal and are active at night . some hunt actively for their food and most waits at their burrow for their prey to approach . however , juvenile specimen tends to be more active in hunting their food . juvenile scorpion are also more likely to use their stings and exhibit aggressive tendency . many scorpions burrows and rest in these retreats most of the time . it should be noted that males are generally more active while aggression varies greatly between individuals .
the construction of cdna libraries from lychas mucronatus , isometrus , maculates , scorpiops tibetanus , scorpiops jendeki , and heterometrus spinifer venom glands has been described previously [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] . clones carrying an insert of 300–1 , 000 base pairs potentially encoding venom peptide precursors were selected for dna sequencing . nucleotide sequences used in this study have been deposited in the genbank database ( urltoken ) under accession numbers eu252205 ( imktx104 ) , eu163848 ( lmktx2 ) , eu163849 ( lmktx51 ) , fd664509 ( stktx23 ) , fd664203 ( hetx203 ) , fd664204 ( hetx204 ) , gt028769 ( lmktx95 ) , gh548288 ( sjktx32 ) , and gh548307 ( sjktx51 ) .
due to their impressive size , low toxicity and docile behavior , species of heterometrus are popular pet scorpions . unlike many other scorpions they can be kept in pairs or small groups . a group of up to three adult individuals need a vivarium c . 60 x 30 x 30 cm ( for 1–3 specimens ) in size with a thick layer of peat or similar plant - litter substrate at the ground . a flat hiding place ( e . g . a piece of bark ) must be provided for each individual . temperature should range from 21–30°c within the vivarium and a source of water must be present . air humidity has to be maintained at or above 80 % . the scorpions will feed on living food ( small insects like crickets ) .
some of them questions i have are : what were the forces of natural selection that shaped this extent of sexual dimorphism we see in h . longimanus ? is it correlated with their courtship behaviour ; through female preference or sexual competition ? why did this occur in some species of heterometrus and not in others throughout their adaptive radiation ? can this be linked to survival adaptation in specific environmental conditions or an advantageous aspect in prey capture ? how do territorial boundaries determine their dispersion throughout an area , and what can the subtle extents of their sub - social behaviour inform us about the formation of social - structures among insects and other animals ? what ecological roles do they fulfil and what significance does it play in the lives of other species that share its habitat ?
how large / how small can scorpions get ? scorpions come in many sizes . the longest scorpion is probably hadogenes troglodytes from southern africa , which can reach more than 21 cm in length . long scorpions are also found in the genera heteromtrus , pandinus and heteroscorpion . the rumour about an asian heterometrus measuring up to 30 cm is probably only a myth , as it has never been verified by reliable sources . the heaviest scorpion is probably pandinus imperatur , which can weight more than 50 gram ( adult females ) . the smallest scorpions are found in the genus microtityus , which only reach 12 mm in adult lenght . there are also other small genera , some of them recently described because of they cryptic way of life . most scorpions are 4 - 12 cm long . a couple of fossil scorpions , e . g . , brontoscorpio , may have been as much as 1 meter in length .
there is currently no scorpion equivalent of the schmidt sting pain index , because nobody has yet classified the levels of pain inflicted by different scorpion stings . this is probably because of the risk involved with some species , such as androctonus australis or leiurus quinquestriatus . however , envenomation by a mildly venomous species like pandinus imperator or heterometrus spinifer is similar to a bee sting in terms of the pain and swelling that results . a sting on the thumb from a relatively non - dangerous scorpion often feels like the victim has accidentally struck their thumb with a hammer while driving in a nail . a sting on the thumb from a truly dangerous scorpion can feel much worse , as though the victim had hammered a nail right through their thumb . it should be noted that the physical effects of a sting from a medically significant scorpion are not limited to the pain inflicted : there can be bradycardia , tachycardia , or in severe cases pulmonary edema .
pandinus and heterometrus are two fairly easy genera of scorpions to breed in captivity and wild caught females are often gravid . other genera may not be so easy , as providing ideal habitats can prove difficult in captivity , especially as some species like to borrow up to 1m deep in the wild . prepare a habitat able to house two scorpions for at least 1 week , providing a flat surface for your scorpions ' courtship . this can be a rock , slate tile or broken crockery . introduce the male and female scorpion in the enclosure and allow them to settle . it may take some time however mating will occur when the male and female scorpion are both ready ; a courtship dance will take place between the mating pair before the male scorpion locks his chelae with the female scorpion ' s chelae and leads the female with rhythmic manoeuvres . it may seem as if the scorpions are fighting ; mating involves them grasping each other’s pincers and moving back and forth .
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nothing special in this post , im just bumping myself so that i dont forget .
i will use the knowledge in this article , and couple it with what ive read / got from couzijn , which was far more graphic when it comes to identification .
telson can be black / brown or red or yellow in adults , in juveniles , it is white , and darkens progressivly at later moults .
note well : shiny black colour , red telson , spiky granules on the pedipalps .
another addition to post about h . spinifer , here is an example of the granulation pattern :
really nice , thank you for that ! i wish i had access to more revisions / information like that of different species . ( if any of you have such , pm or email would be nice
nice geroge keep it coming my frined , im learning more again ! and it wat need to know , . . heheespacilly cant wait for the longimanus
there is no sexual dimorphism in this species , this means that male and female claws will be of the same general length , and body shapes would be similar , though often males have thicker claws , and more pointy granulation on the interior surface of the claws . ( ime )
nb : different characteristics from different countries , so the vietnamese morph looks slightly different to the thai or lao morphs .
note well : matt black colour , black telson , low granules on the pedipalps .
ill go with spinifer , granulation around the eyes , the bumpy face . my guess is spinifer .
yea as you can see , the granulation patterns match with h . spinifer , as well as general morphology .
note : subspecies are now void due to kovarik , so this is just an example of other ways to differentiate , seeing the patterns differ to those of h . spinifer , these two sp are commonly mixed up
there are so many subspecies according to couzijn . . its best to stick to the kovarik principle
supposedly the h . longimanus borneensis , female , due to lack of elongated claws .
i ' ll try to post the overall pics top and side view tomorrow .
you ' re answers are actually same as what i thought they would be .
3 . h . longimanus borneensis ( it actually looks very much like yours . )
you mean for longimanus borneensis ? i ' ll do the pectine count later , it ' s still a sub adult 6 instar .
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ambyvalley rd . ( duttawadi rd . , kurvande ) lonavala , mah . india
found deep inside this forest . since it was dark , lonely and dangerous , carried it out , placed it in plastic jar , observed this incredible specimen to my heart ' s content , took some pictures and reluctantly released it back . has a blue / green tinge
found deep inside this forest . since it was dark , lonely and dangerous , carried it out , placed it in a plastic jar , observed till my heart ' s content , took some pictures and reluctantly released it back
found deep in this forest . since it was dark , lonely and dangerous , carried it out , placed in a plastic jar , observed this incredible specimen to my heart ' s content , took some pictures and reluctantly released it back . has a grren / blue tinge
found deep inside this forest . since it was dark , lonely and dangerous , carried it out , placed it in a plastic jar , observed this incredibe specimen to my heart ' s content and reluctantly released it back
found deep inside this forest . since it was dark , lonely and dangerous , carried it out , placed it in a plastic jar , observed this incredible specimen to my heart ' s content , took some pictures , and reluctantly released it back
found deep inside this forest . since it was dark , lonely and dangerous , carried it out , placed it in a plastic jar , observed this incredible specimen to my heart ' s content , took some picturesand reluctantly released it back
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i am looking for a young adult male florida box turtle . i live in jacksonville , fl .
i will adopt him or by him as long as you ' re sure it ' s a male .
i have 18 malaysian black scorpion . if anyone wants to buy just message me on my facebook account .
hello , my sons have made a wonderful fl . box turtle habitat - we are looking to buy $ $ female fl . box turtles . please contact us , thx
i just bought a home and am ready again to start acquiring a few box turtles . i ' m interested in all the species and have plenty of experience with them . in 2013 i had over 12 of them and unfortunately had to part with them as i was offered a very good job that made me move but now im settled and ready to get some of my favorite turtles . any suggestion ' s family ? i live in davenport fl real close to orlando , fl
i have 18 malaysian black scorpion . if anyone wants to buy just message me on my facebook account . kennenth alcoy
is hardy , quiet , and easy to care for . at a glance these large , shiny black scorpions are often mistaken for the commonly kept
. it is also impressive to look at . but unlike the emperor scorpion it is not handleable . it is a much more aggressive species than the more docile emperor .
this black scorpion is also referred to as the asian forest scorpion . consequently it is often confused with its cousin , the true asian forest scorpion
. but the malaysian forest scorpion can be distinguished by size , it is significantly larger .
the malaysian forest scorpion is quite defensive and will readily sting when it feels cornered or in danger . it is similar to the emperor scorpion only in looks and not in behavior . they are very aggressive and unlike the emperor scorpion , this species is not as likely to settle down in captivity . it can be distinguished from the emperor in that it is slightly more elongated and its pedipalps and claws are larger and more elongated .
. later it was recognized as its own genus by f . karsch in 1879 , and its genus status has been recently reaffirmed by f . kovank in 2004 . malaysian forest scorpions are found in a wide range over southeast asia , particularly malaysia , and most imports arrive from thailand .
the malaysian forest scorpion is also referred to as the asian forest scorpion . consequently it is often confused with its cousin , the true asian forest scorpion
. but the malaysian forest scorpion is distinguished by size , it is significantly larger . other common names it is known by are giant forest scorpion and giant blue scorpion .
the malaysian forest scorpion is a large , black scorpion species very similar in appearance to the emperor scorpion . it has a shiny , black granulated exoskeleton . the average size of a mature adult is about 6
( 16 cm ) . they reach sexual maturity at about 4 years in the wild , ( though in captivity it can be closer to 1 year ) and have an average life span of about 7 to 8 years .
this scorpion feeds on large insects such as crickets , locusts and even small mice . feed large scorpions a diverse diet consisting of adult crickets , grasshoppers , tenebrio larvae , and only occasional feedings ( once or twice a month ) of mice . this variety more closely mirrors the diet of this scorpion nature and will keep them healthy .
does well under humid conditions . they can be kept in a 2 1 / 2 to 15 - gallon terrarium depending on the number of scorpions . a substrate of damp sand and peat moss with a top layer of cypress mulch , about 3
deep . also provide a shallow , wide water dish . a sheet of cork bark or similar shelter should be added to the malaysian forest scorpion ' s enclosure .
this species like it warm and humid . keep the enclosure maintained at about at 75° - 90 °f with the humidity level at 75 to 80 %
a good habit to get into is cleaning up any uneaten prey items the day after feeding your scorpion as decaying organic matter commonly attracts mites , fungus , mold and other potentially harmful organisms into the enclosure . if your pet has recently molted , remove uneaten prey items immediately . newly molted scorpions are vulnerable until their exoskeletons hardens .
typically scorpions are loners , but like the emperor scorpions , this scorpion is a bit of an exception . adults can be kept in groups of three or more . they can get into occasional scraps , and it is usually over a cricket . so be sure they are given enough food . it also helps to provide more hiding places than you have scorpions .
use paintbrushes , deli cups , foam - covered tweezers , and coated rubber gloves to move this scorpion as it can potentially give a painful sting . scorpions are best considered display animals rather than
hands - on
pets .
scorpion stings are common and involve quite a bit more pain than was expected by victims . redness , pain , and swelling are reported which in many cases lasted for several days . several species of
have even been known to cause such extreme consequences as paralysis and breathing difficulties .
females are often bulkier and have thinner pincers than the males . these differences , however , can be subtle . the
on the underside of scorpions can be inspected to give the you an idea of their scorpion ' s sex . place the scorpion in a clear plastic tub and hold it up to inspect the underside of the scorpion . typically , males have longer combs on their pectines and females have shorter and often fewer combs on their pectines .
the male quickly grasps the pincers of the female and begins a shaking action known as
juddering
. then , after a short shoving match , the male deposits a spermatophore onto the substrate and positions the female over the packet of sperm . the female lowers her abdomen and picks up the spermatophore into her genital opening . the two separate and often beat a hasty retreat in opposite directions .
scorpions are generally quite hardy and adaptable if they are provided with the right environment . a few signs that may indicate that your pet is not acting or feeling normal are a loss of appetite , acting listless or sluggish , having an overly swollen stomach , and missing or deformed limbs . another problem can be an infestation of mites .
one of the most common reasons for the death in scorpions is the molt . the scorpion has a tough outer covering , a cuticle , that forms a rigid exoskeleton . all scorpions must shed their old exoskeleton and secrete a new one in order to grow , this is called the molt . scorpions will molt from 6 to 10 times during their lifetime . this molting process takes a lot of energy and they are very vulnerable for a couple of days after the molt until their new skin hardens
for about 24 hours prior to molting it is not unusual for a scorpion to get quite sluggish .
a difficult molt can result in lost or deformed limbs , or death . this is thought to be related to humidity levels . there can be either too much humidity or too little , depending on the species . in captivity a lot of immature scorpions die during the molting process .
though many scorpions can go for long periods of time without eating , overfeeding can cause an overly swollen stomach as well as the loss of appetite , and even death . the stomach can be slightly swollen from regular eating , and this is not a problem .
another problem can be an infestation of mites . uneaten food can attract mites , which are very dangerous and stressful to scorpions . be sure to remove old food .
malaysian forest scorpions are found in large numbers in nature and are thus imported in large numbers . these black scorpions are commonly available as wild - caught specimens from a lot of invertebrate and reptile dealers . unfortunately to date they have only been produced in captivity a few times .
philip brownell , gary polis , scorpion biology and research , . oxford university press , usa 2001
j . l . cloudsley - thompson , spiders , scorpions , centipedes , and mites , . pergamon press 1968
hugh l keegan , scorpions of medical importance , . university press of mississippi 1980
hi i recently brought a asian scorpion i ' ve had him for 2 days know he is only about an inch and half . i tried to feed him one cricket the day i got him but instead of giving him one 4 fell in he hasn ' t eaten any as yet but seems to play with them . shall i take some out or leave him to eat wen he is hungary
yes , take them out . the scorp might be in the process of molting and if this is the case the crickets might end up eating the scorp .
i have owned 2 of these . the one i have currently is a 2 inch female ( not including the tail ) . she has pinched me once . it was a hard pinch . i have held her numerous times and she has not yet made an effort to sting me . she is skittish at first but soon settles down .
if you have an chance to get one get it . in my own personal opinion if you want something more
unpredictable
than an emperor scorpion this is it . i am not going to lie to you , they can and will sting if mishandled . but from what i heard from a friend of mine , it is more discomfort that actual pain !
i have recently got an asian forest scorpion , and i ' ve been handling him since he was a few weeks old . . i don ' t find him aggressive in any way shape or form .
just recently got my scorpion and i can tell its older and absolutely does not like being handled lol . i just moved with him and i think the change messed up his appetite . took him over a week to eat and he hasn ' t came out of his house in a couple days but he ' s alive . wondering if he ' s molting or sick ? no sign of mites from what i can see
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ayal y ( 2007 ) trophic structure and the role of predation in shaping hot desert communities . j arid environ 68 : 171–187
bawaskar hs , bawaskar ph ( 2012 ) scorpion sting : update . j assoc physicians india 60 : 46–55
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brito g , borges a ( 2015 ) a checklist of the scorpions of ecuador ( arachnida : scorpion ) with notes on the distribution and medical significance of some species . j venom anim toxins 21 : 23 . doi :
chippaux jp , goyffon m ( 2008 ) epidemiology of scorpionism : a global appraisal . acta trop 107 : 71–79
cloudsley - thompson jl ( 1962 ) lethal temperatures of some arthropods and the mechanism of heat death . exp appl . 5 : 276–280
cloudsley - thompson jl ( 1991 ) ecophysiology of desert arthropods and reptiles . springer , berlin
dawn hg , kirk as , carl olson , paul baker ( 2001 ) scorpions , az1223 , april 2001 . an az cooperative extension bulletin . university of arizona cooperative extension , pp 2
with special reference to the cuticular sense organs of the walking legs . thesis submitted to sri venkateswara university , tirupati for doctoral degree
eric s , volschenk , burbridge ah , durrant bj , harvey ms ( 2010 ) spatial distribution patterns of scorpions ( scorpiones ) in the arid pilbara region of western australia . rec west aust mus suppl 78 : 271–284
geethabali , pampapathi rao k ( 1973 ) a metasomatic neural photoreceptor in the scorpion . j exp biol 58 : 189–196
gholizadeh s , lalehzari e , buvani mm , hosseini a , khalkhali hr , rafinejad j ( 2015 ) bioecology and scorpion envenomation in ramshir district , khuzestan province , south western iran . appl entomol zool . doi :
hadley nf ( 1974 ) adaptation biology of desert scorpions . j arch 2 : 11–28
hewitt j ( 1925 ) facts and theories on the distribution of scorpions in south africa . trans r soc south afr 12 : 249–276 .
izzat - husna m , riza sa , amirudin ba ( 2014 ) notes on scorpion fauna in kuala lompat , krau wildlife reserve , pahang , malaysia . j wildl parks 28 : 121–129
joseph b , george j ( 2012 ) scorpion toxins and its applications . int j toxicol pharmacol res 4 ( 3 ) : 57–61
koch le ( 1981 ) the scorpion of australia : aspects of their ecology and zoogeography . in : keast a ( ed ) ecological biogeography of australia . w . junk , the hague , pp 873–884
kovoor j , lourenco wr , munoz - cuevas a ( 1987 ) concentration des spermatozoids dans les voies genitals des females et biologic de la reproduction des scorpions ( chelicerates ) . c r acad sci paris 304 : 259–264
lamoral bh ( 1998 ) the scorpions of south west africa . ph . d thesis , university of natal , pietermaritzburg
levy g , alon a ( eds ) ( 1983 ) scorpions , plants and animals of the land of israel , an illustrated encyclopedia 2 . ministry of defense , the publishing house , society for the protection of nature , israel , pp 17–28
levy g , amitai p ( 1980 ) fauna palaestino , arachnida i . scorpions . the israel acad sci and humanities , jerusalem
lourenco wr ( 1991a ) biogeographiqu evalutie , ecologie et les strategies biodemographiques chez les scorpions neotropicaux . c r soc biogeogr 67 : 171–190
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lourenco wr ( 1994 ) diversity and endemism in tropical versus temperate scorpion communities . biogeographica ( paris ) 70 ( 3 ) : 155–160
lourenco wr ( 1997 ) synopsis de la faune de scorpions de colombie , avec des considerations sur le systematique et al biogeographic des especes . rev suisse zool 164 : 61–94
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amoria damonii , common name damon 's volute , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family volutidae , the volutes .

it forms a complex of attractive , large shells which has been studied extensively by abbottsmith .

it was named in honor of english conchologist robert damon ( 1814 – 1889 ) .

amoria damonii

forma amoria damoni damoni f . keatsiana ludbrook , 1953 accepted as amoria damonii damonii gray , 1864 represented as amoria damonii gray , 1864
forma amoria ( amoria ) damoni damoni f . keatsiana ludbrook , 1953 accepted as amoria damonii damonii gray , 1864 represented as amoria damonii gray , 1864
» forma amoria ( amoria ) damoni damoni f . keatsiana ludbrook , 1953 accepted as amoria damonii damonii gray , 1864
subspecies amoria ( amoria ) damoni reevii ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1864 ) represented as amoria damonii reevii ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1864 )
» subspecies amoria ( amoria ) damoni reevii ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1864 ) represented as amoria damonii reevii ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1864 )
( of amoria ( amoria ) damonii damonii gray , 1864 ) bail p . & limpus a . ( 2001 ) the genus amoria . in : g . t . poppe & k . groh ( eds ) a conchological iconography . hackenheim : conchbooks . 50 pp . , 93 pls . [ details ]
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : amoria damonii j . e . gray , 1864 - id : 1983050010
» forma amoria ( amoria ) molleri molleri f . capricornica bail & limpus , 2001 accepted as amoria molleri molleri ( iredale , 1936 )
» forma amoria ( amoria ) molleri molleri f . reducta bail & limpus , 2001 accepted as amoria molleri molleri ( iredale , 1936 )
» forma amoria ( amoria ) molleri molleri f . succincta bail & limpus , 2001 accepted as amoria molleri molleri ( iredale , 1936 )
species amoria ( amoria ) ellioti ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1864 ) represented as amoria ellioti ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1864 )
species amoria ( amoria ) macandrewi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1887 ) represented as amoria macandrewi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1887 )
( of amoria ( amoria ) damonii gray , 1864 ) bail p . & limpus a . ( 2001 ) the genus amoria . in : g . t . poppe & k . groh ( eds ) a conchological iconography . hackenheim : conchbooks . 50 pp . , 93 pls . [ details ]
the largest species amoria hunteri reaches over 200 mm in length . the smallest species is probably amoria dampieria frequently around 20 mm .
which taxonomic groups does the genus amoria belong to and what are the different amoria species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus amoria belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .
( of amoria turneri damonii gray , 1864 ) gray j . e . ( 1864 ) some observations on the genus amoria , with descriptions of some varieties . annals and magazine of natural history ser . 3 , 14 : 236–237 . [ 1 september 1864 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 237 [ details ]
a conchological iconography . genus amoria ( only ) . 50 p . , 93 col
( of amoria ( amoria ) keatsiana ludbrook , 1953 ) bail p . & limpus a . ( 2001 ) the genus amoria . in : g . t . poppe & k . groh ( eds ) a conchological iconography . hackenheim : conchbooks . 50 pp . , 93 pls . [ details ]
amoria damonii reevei ( sowerby ii , 1864 ) live taken , fine + + + / gem ; splendid ! - the real and rare subspecies endemic of the central - west side of western - australia with broad last whorl and wide aperture ; 92 . 6 mm ; western - australia , fremantle ; from local diver ; 2004 . [ vol059 ]
( of amoria ( amoria ) damoni damoni f . keatsiana ludbrook , 1953 ) bail p . & limpus a . ( 2001 ) the genus amoria . in : g . t . poppe & k . groh ( eds ) a conchological iconography . hackenheim : conchbooks . 50 pp . , 93 pls . [ details ]
many subspecific names have been created in the genus amoria to distinguish colour variations in the shells of the species .
p . c . hooft : emblemeta amoria , afbeeldinghen van minne , emblemes d ' amour ( amsterdam 1611 ) .
2018 . amoria mihali n . sp . is described from the central zone of the timor sea , which lies to the west of darwin , northern territory , australia . it is compared with the possibly sympatric species amoria turneri ( gray in griffith & pidgeon , 1834 ) and with amoria ellioti ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1864 ) , amoria jamrachi j . e . gray , 1864 , amoria macandrewi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1887 ) and amoria hansenae morrison , 2012 , five congener species with similar size and pattern . amoria mihali n . sp . differs from all other species within the genus amoria j . e . gray , 1855 s . s . by having a stepped white protoconch , a callus filled suture expanding onto the body whorl , fine parallel axial lines and a heavily developed internal body whorl producing a ramp - like ledge to the outer lip . 8 pp . , 1 map , 1 fig . , 2 pls , 4 .
which are the most common photographed amoria species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .
the first amoria appear in the eocene and late miocene from victoria . judging from anatomical features , amoria are close to the genus cymbiola from which they descended in the tertiary . cymbiola are related to tethyan species of the late miocene of indonesia , java .
amoria are nocturnal and predate on other gastropods and on bivalves . they generally inhabit areas with well sorted coarse sand . some amoria species have been noted to bite people when they are handled . the bite is followed by a mild sting , but no long - term effects have been noted .
description of a new species of amoria ( gastropoda : volutidae ) from the timor sea , west of darwin , northern territory , australia . in 4to , offp . , pp . 8 with 2 color pls + 1 fig . and 1 map . offprint from conchylia , 48 ( 3 - 4 ) . [ amoria mihali ]
n . h . ludbrook ( 1953 ) , systematic revision of the volutidid genus amoria , j . mollus . stud . 30 ( 4 - 5 ) : 131 - 153 .
a conchological iconography . 2 parts . a taxonomic introduction to the recent volutidae . the genus amoria . 29 p . , 5 col . pls , 50 p . , 93 col
ludbrook , n . h . 1953 ,
systematic revision of the volutid genus amoria
, proceedings of the malacological society of london , vol . 30 , pp . 131 - 153
b . a . c . ( bibl . autores cristian , 2018 . condition : nuevo . amoria laetitia . la mision creativa de la iglesia editado por b . a . c . ( bibl . autores cristian .
gray , j . e . 1864 ,
some observations on the genus amoria with descriptions of some new varieties .
, annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 3 , vol . 14 , pp . 236 - 237
bail p . & limpus a . ( 2001 ) the genus amoria . in : g . t . poppe & k . groh ( eds ) a conchological iconography . hackenheim : conchbooks . 50 pp . , 93 pls . [ details ]
pour faire danser ! - recueil de danses pour piano - quatrieme serie : andiente y languido + good luck + amoria + what ho ! + the violet ' s dream + hullo ! old egg ! + cheerio ! + over all ! + miss mousme + so long .
gray j . e . ( 1864 ) some observations on the genus amoria , with descriptions of some varieties . annals and magazine of natural history ser . 3 , 14 : 236–237 . [ 1 september 1864 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 237 [ details ]
amoria are found in onshore and offshore waters around the entire coast of australia . several species extend into offshore waters of southern indonesia . the highest areas of diversity are in the intertidal and shallow subtidal waters of northern western australia followed by the subtidal waters around the great barrier reef in queensland .
( of voluta gatliffi g . b . sowerby iii , 1910 ) bail p . & limpus a . ( 2001 ) the genus amoria . in : g . t . poppe & k . groh ( eds ) a conchological iconography . hackenheim : conchbooks . 50 pp . , 93 pls . [ details ]
bail , p . , limpus , a . & poppe , g . t . ( 2001 ) : the genus amoria . in : poppe , g . t . & groh , k . : a conchological iconography . 50 pp . , 93 plts . conchbooks , hackenheim , isbn 3 - 925919 - 46 - 5 .
weaver , c . s . & du pont , j . e . 1967 ,
a review of amoria damoni gray , 1864 and two species proposed for the homonyns voluta bullata swainson , 1828 and voluta lineata leach , 1814
, veliger , vol . 9 , no . 4 , pp . 382 - 387 , pls 52 , 53
2001 . this part introduces the variable and colourful enzootic australian volute genus amoria . illustrating and describing all 29 species and subspecies , as well as many named forms in detail . several of these taxa are new to science and introduced here for the first time . the monograph also includes information on types and type localities , distribution , biology , habitat and size range . 2 + 50 pp . , 93 col . pls , loose - leaf 4 .
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
gray , j . e . 1855 ,
observations of the species of volutes — volutidae
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1855 , no . part 23 , pp . 50 - 65
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 072165ce - d96e - 435f - 9b07 - 897cc2ca21fe
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ac4cd044 - a44c - 4c5d - a09f - 7f06f80d9a13
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a608dc66 - e27e - 4c32 - bf64 - 3ba70b6f0a0b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 528827
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( of voluta reticulata reeve , 1844 ) bail p . & poppe g . t . 2001 . a conchological iconography : a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae . conchbooks , hackenheim . 30 pp , 5 pl . ( updated october 2008 for worms ) [ details ]
( of scaphella hedleyi iredale , 1914 ) bail p . & poppe g . t . 2001 . a conchological iconography : a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae . conchbooks , hackenheim . 30 pp , 5 pl . ( updated october 2008 for worms ) [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .
volutidae aristocrats among shells : after pleurotomariidae considered by all specialists as the most noble . volutidae have exquisite shapes and select colours . there are about 280 species , many subspecies and a multitude of forms . collectors of volutes enjoy the great pleasure to join about a dozen new taxa to their collection each year . taxonomy is clear and the nomenclature stable .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 005 seconds . )
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taxon name is the
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that is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .
taxon term is the data value of either a classification term (
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source indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .
common names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .
radula uniserial , y - shaped and consisting of a single cusp . shells covered with hard brilliant glaze
depth range based on 91 specimens in 20 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 51 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 220 temperature range ( °c ) : - 1 . 657 - 26 . 891 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 120 - 6 . 808 salinity ( pps ) : 25 . 321 - 35 . 493 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 858 - 9 . 192 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 119 - 0 . 640 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 067 - 26 . 537 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 220 temperature range ( °c ) : - 1 . 657 - 26 . 891 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 120 - 6 . 808 salinity ( pps ) : 25 . 321 - 35 . 493 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 858 - 9 . 192 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 119 - 0 . 640 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 067 - 26 . 537 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
is variable , the base colour is white , yellow or pink with varying degrees or brown axial lines forming a pattern over the base colour . axial lines may be free or may reticulate to form a tented pattern .
wilson , b . ( 1994 ) : australian marine shells 2 . odyssey publishing , kallaroo , western australia , isbn 0 - 646 - 15227 - 0 .
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a shell from the conchology collection , aperture view . collected from broome , western australia , australia .
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. each record tells when . see dataset links for citations & terms of use .
gramedia pustaka utama . paperback . condition : good . spine creases , wear to binding and pages from reading . may contain limited notes , underlining or highlighting that does affect the text . possible ex library copy , thatâll have the markings and stickers associated from the library . accessories such as cd , codes , toys , may not be included .
martinus nijhoff , leiden , 1983 . nijhoff ' s nederlandse klassieken . ingeleid , uitgegeven en toegelicht door k . porteman , met een vertaling van de latijnse disticha door a . welkenhuysen . paperback , 222 pp . , zwart - wit ill . , 17x24x1 cm , in goede staat maar licht versleten randen omslag .
gramedia pustaka utama , 2011 . paperback . condition : brand new . 344 pages . 8 . 00x5 . 25x0 . 78 inches . in stock .
conchbooks , 2001 , 2001 . no binding . condition : as new . loose - leaf , a4 size , 4 - hole punched . clean , unmarked text on thick , glossy paper ; 93 attractive colour plates . authors discuss systematic position , fossil history , distribution , habitat , shell morphology , biology , history , and shell collecting . they delineate the two sub - genera , which are also depicted in colour plates . does not include binder , which can be purchased separately .
paul decourcelle , 1920 . couverture souple . condition : moyen . ro50053174 : 21 pages de partitions . tampon sur le premier plat p . d . 1326 - 1 . in - folio en feuillets . etat d ' usage . tâchée . coiffe en pied abîmée . intérieur acceptable classification dewey : 780 . 26 - partitions .
biblioteca autores cri b . a . c , madrid , 2018 . rústica . condition : new . dust jacket condition : nuevo . 0 .
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maggie whitson marked
n54 _ w1150
as trusted on the
trifolium alpinum
page .
western australia museum , marine mollusca specimens , ningaloo reef - northwest cape , northwest australia , 1953 - 2002 - version 6 . 1
point radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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araneus gemma , commonly known as the cat-faced spider ( a name shared with araneus gemmoides ) , is a common outdoor orb-weaver spider found in the western united states and canada .

like most araneus species , a. gemma is harmless to humans .

it contains a venomous toxin of low molecular weight called argiotoxin , that antagonizes the actions of the neurotransmitter glutamate .

dopamine was also identified in the venom of a. gemma in a concentration of 4.3 nm .

the web silk of the a. gemma ranges from 1 to 4 μm in diameter .

araneus gemma

no one has contributed data records for araneus gemma yet . learn how to contribute .
araneus andrewsi has mottled brown abdomen ; usually does not have the medial brown stripe on the abdomen .
found this spider while walking to school . am i right in identifying this as a female araneus gemma ? it seems to match the others of that species in the guide , even though the back markings seem a little different than the spider i posted the other day - - which was also suggested to be a . gemma : urltoken any thoughts would be appreciated !
behavior : orb weavers are known for the large , flat , round web they spin . the basic web form consists of numerous spokes radiating from a central hub . on this base , the spider spins a spiral of viscous silk that ensnares prey that touches it . the spider , waiting either at the center hub or at the periphery , senses vibrations caused by prey caught in the web . prey is bitten and brought back to either the center or the side of the web where it is eaten . the web is generally maintained for a long time , and repairs are made frequently . araneus males can only be found for brief periods . a . gemma builds its webs in bushes or trees , with a retreat under a leaf .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
female : carapace and abdomen vary in color from gray to brownish purple . the abdomen has anterior paired humps and may have a medial light stripe that varies in length .
along the west coast of north america from southern alaska to southern california and inland to western montana . 1
this species is thought to mate with a . gemmoides which creates a cross between those two species .
eriophora ravilla - this species also has a brown form with a central dorsal white line .
the orb - weaving spiders of canada and alaska - the insects and arachnids of canada part 23 dondale , c . d . , j . h . redner , p , paquin and h . w . levi . 2003 . nrc research press .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
is it common for two members of the same species to differ so much in coloring ( as this individual differs from the one in my link above ) ? i check on both of these spiders each day on my walk to school , and i ' m always amazed at how different they look .
i don ' t know how common it is , but spiders within a species can vary greatly in their coloring . pattern is more reliable , but even then the coloring can make the pattern look different . many spiders can only be id ' d by an expert using a microscope .
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description : this is one of the largest angulate ( humped ) species . the shoulder humps are found at the front corners of the abdomen , and have a black spot just in front of them . the spots may be connected by a dark line . the abdomen is globular and yellow to tan with a brownish triangular marking running down the center . females are 9 to 25mm , and males 5 . 8 to 8 . 5mm .
female . dana point , orange co . , ca . 10 - 29 - 11 . © lenny vincent
egg sac and hatchlings . orange county , ca . © peter j . bryant
female . 4 / 29 / 2008 . near the historic bridge on the ortega highway in the cleveland national forest . © sam stewart , project manager / ecologist , bonterra consulting , costa mesa , ca 92626
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
disclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .