zerene eurydice , the california dogface butterfly , is sometimes placed in the related genus as colias eurydice .

this species is endemic to california , and is california 's state insect symbol .

zerene eurydice

katja schulz marked
california dogface , zerene eurydice , male
as trusted on the
zerene eurydice
page .
california state insect , california dog - face butterfly ( zerene eurydice ) , from netstate . com
cyndy parr set
california dogface , zerene eurydice , male
as an exemplar on
.
424 . 5 . the california dog - face butterfly ( zerene eurydice ) is the official state insect .
california designated the california dogface butterfly ( zerene eurydice ) as the official state insect in 1972 . all state insects
california dogface , zerene eurydice ( boisduval , 1855 ) : species detail - butterflies and moths of north america .
to cite this page : hong , k . 2002 .
zerene eurydice
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 07 , 2018 at urltoken
two brooding periods have been identified for zerene eurydice . the first brood flies from april through july , the peak flight period being in june whilst the second brood flies from august to october .
a . californica is a deciduous shrub , which grows in dry wooded or bushy slopes , in chapparal , also along streams and river valleys . this plant is the larval food plant for the butterfly california dogface ( zerene eurydice ) .
zerene eurydice is a fast flying insect and it is difficult to catch except when it is nectaring at flowers . they are usually to be seen nectaring at roadside thistles in the santa ana mountains and adult specimens show an especial fondness for purple flowers .
california dogface : photographs of colias eurydice from
natural history of orange county ,
school of biological sciences , university of california , irvine .
mr . maddy introduced assembly bill no . 1843 ( ab 1834 ) proposing that the california dog - face butterfly ( zerene eurydice ) be named the official state insect . his bill was read for the first time on march 15 , 1972 and referred to the assembly committee on government organization .
naturalist - photographer greg kareofelas of davis , a volunteer at the bohart , will be showcasing some live california dogface butterflies - - and a chrysalis . kareofelas is rearing several dogface butterflies ( zerene eurydice ) . the first adult emerged from its chrysalis on may 28 . he’s hoping one will emerge during the open house .
zerene cesonia cesonia ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 11 , pl . 13 , f . 1 ; [ nl4a ] , # 60a
on 28th july 1972 , ronald reagan , then governor of the state of california , signed into law the ( california ) assembly bill no . 1834 . the law ( california government code , title 1 , division 2 , chapter 2 , section 424 . 5 ) provides as follows : the california dogface butterfly ( zerene eurydice ) is the official state insect .
at an elevation of 2500 feet ( silverado ) ( k . marsh , personal communication ) . theodore hower mentioned seeing eurydice utilize alfalfa as a larval foodplant although this record has not been
zerene cesonia cesonides ; [ nl4a ] , # 60b ; benyamini , ugarte , shapiro , mielke , pyrcz & bálint , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 17 ( list )
saving your location allows us to provide you with more relevant information . set location
find research resources , and information on who can get help from the california research bureau .
find new and historical books , documents and more in the california state library ' s online catalogs .
remotely access our collections of 3d images , photographs , drawings , exhibits and more .
find the state’s premier collection of documents from and about california ' s rich history .
access official california and u . s . government publications received by the state library .
access our extensive collection of primary and secondary sources with a focus on california law .
watch and listen to videos and podcasts produced by the staff of california state library .
the california state library , a california public research institution , serves the people of california in many ways .
we have a number of sections that offer services to state government , public libraries , and the general public .
in 1850 , california established the state library to organize and preserve reference materials for new lawmakers .
learn about all that is new at the california state library from our most recent press releases .
meet state librarian greg lucas , deputy state librarian narinder sufi and the rest of the executive team .
we conduct docent - led tours . you can also go on a self - guided or virtual tour .
california ' s state symbols are set by state law . if you would like to propose a new state symbol , contact your local state senate or assembly member .
the california quail ( lophortyx californica ) , also known as the valley quail , became the official state bird in 1931 . a widely distributed and prized game bird , it is known for its hardiness and adaptability . plump , gray - colored and smaller than a pigeon , the california quail sports a downward curving black plume on top of its head and black bib with white stripe under the beak . flocks number from a few to 60 or more in the fall and winter months , but in the spring break into pairs . they nest in hollows scratched in the ground and concealed by foliage , and their eggs , 6 to 28 in number , are creamy white and thickly spotted with golden brown . photo credit : © tammyd57 , photobucket .
the combination of blue and gold as official colors in california were first used as school colors by the university of california , berkeley in 1875 . blue represented the sky and gold the color of the precious metal found by forty - niners in the state ' s hills . the secretary of state began using blue and gold ribbons with the state seal on official documents as early as 1913 . secretary of state frank m . jordan suggested making blue and gold the official state colors and in 1951 , the state legislature passed legislation to that effect .
west coast swing dancing , related to the swing , whip , or jitterbug , came into being in the early 1930 ' s in response to new musical forms then sweeping the land . it was created at the grassroots level and devotees of this art come from every conceivable ethnic , religious , racial , and economic background . photo credits : © creative commons .
augustynolophus morrisi ( au - gus - tine - o - loaf - us more - iss - ee ) roamed what is now central california approximately 66 million years ago during the maastrichtian age , making it a contemporary of well - known dinosaurs such as tyrannosaurus and triceratops . augustynolophus belongs to a family of dinosaurs known scientifically as hadrosauridae and informally as
duck - billed dinosaurs .
about 30 feet in length , augustynolophus was an herbivore . its fossils were first unearthed in 1939 in the moreno formation of fresno county and have only been found in california . its the most complete dinosaur to be found in the state . augustynolophus morrisi became california ' s official state dinosaur in 2017 . photo credits : © courtesy of the natural history museum of los angeles county .
the california consolidated drum band was designated as the official state fife and drum corps in 1997 . the music of fife and drum roused and inspired soldiers during significant events in this country ' s history . photo credits : © california consolidated drum band .
the golden trout ( salmo agua - bonita ) is native only to california and was named the official state fish by act of the state legislature in 1947 . originally the species was found only in a few streams in the icy headwaters of the kern river , south of mount whitney , the highest peak in the united states outside of alaska . stocking of wild and hatchery - reared fish has extended its range to many waters at high elevation in the sierra nevada from el dorado and alpine counties southward . it has also been planted in other states . photo credit : california state archives .
on june 14 , 1846 , a small band of settlers marched on the mexican garrison at sonoma and took the commandant , mariano vallejo , prisoner , they issued a proclamation which declared california to be a republic independent of mexico . this uprising became known as the bear flag revolt after the hastily designed flag depicting a grizzly bear and a five pointed star over a red bar and the words
california republic .
the grizzly bear was a symbol of great strength while the lone star made reference to the lone star of texas . the flag only flew until july 9 , 1846 when it was learned that mexico and the united states were already at war . soon after , the bear flag was replaced with the american flag . it was adopted as the state flag by the state legislature in 1911 . photo credit : california state archives .
california indians cherished the poppy as both a source of food and for oil extracted from the plant . its botanical name , eschscholzia californica , was given by adelbert von chamisso , a naturalist and member of the prussian academy of sciences , who dropped anchor in san francisco in 1816 in a bay surrounded by hills of the golden flowers . also sometimes known as the flame flower , la amapola , and copa de oro ( cup of gold ) , the poppy grows wild throughout california . it became the state flower in 1903 . every year april 6 is california poppy day , and governor wilson proclaimed may 13 - 18 , 1996 , poppy week .
square dancing is the american folk dance which is called , cued , or prompted to the dancers , and includes squares , rounds , clogging , contra , line and heritage dances . the square dance has a long and proud history . it is an exciting art form that is truly an original of our country , and has been danced continuously in california since the
gold rush days .
the saber - toothed cat ( smilodon californicus ) was adopted by the legislature as the official state fossil in 1973 . fossil evidence indicates that this member of the cat family with 8 - inch upper canine teeth was somewhat shorter than a modern lion , but weighed more . this meat - eater was very common in california during the late pleistocene epoch that ended about 11 , 000 to 10 , 000 years ago . fossil bones of smilodon californicus have been found in abundance preserved in the tar pits of rancho la brea in los angeles . photo credit : california state archives .
benitoite was designated as the official state gemstone in 1985 . sometimes called the
blue diamond
, it was first discovered near the headwaters of the san benito river from which it derived its name . the gem is extremely rare and ranges in color from a light transparent blue to dark , vivid sapphire blue , and occasionally it is found in a violet shade . photo credit : © tom myers photography .
bodie was designated as the official california state gold rush ghost town in 2002 . in 1962 it was named a national historic site and a california state historic park . it once housed a population of 10 , 000 , but now it is preserved in a state of arrested decay . what was left of the town ' s buildings and contents remains as they did after the last resident departed . bodie is located northeast of yosemite about 13 miles off of highway 395 on bodie road and 7 miles south of bridgeport .
the exact source of the town ' s name remains unknown today . it may have been named for gold miner w . s . body also known as william s . or waterman s . body or his name may have been wakeman s . bodey . the name bodie was given to the camp that was near the site where he discovered gold in 1859 . it was not until 1877 when gold was discovered in quantity and the population increased that bodie grew in size from 3 , 000 up to 10 , 000 by 1880 . the mining boom ended in the early 1880 ' s and by 1888 about $ 18 , 000 , 000 worth of gold had been mined , but only 3 mines were left from the 40 to 50 that had existed during the boom years . photo credit : california state library .
the official state grass designated in 2004 , is nassella pulchra , or purple needlegrass , as it is most commonly known . purple needlegrass is a medium - large , long - lived bunchgrass well adapted to clay soils . it is the most widespread native bunchgrass and its growing range is from the oregon border into northern baja california .
the seed of this grass species was one of several used by many california native american communities as a food source . it remains to this day as an important food source for california ' s wildlife . during the period of mexican control of california , purple needlegrass was used for cattle grazing to support the cowhide and tallow industry . today , this grass continues to provide forage for california ' s important cattle industry .
once established , purple needlegrass is tolerant of summer drought and heat . it can live more than 150 years and has been used in projects such as habitat restoration , erosion and levee control . photo credit : illus . by michael lee , seattle , wa , 2003 © good nature publishing .
established in 1871 , the california historical society was designated the official california state historical society in 1979 . headquartered in san francisco with a library and museum , the society collects , preserves and exhibits materials about the history of california and the west .
the north baker research library houses a large collection of manuscripts , maps , posters , printed ephemera , books , and pamphlets . the collection of photographs numbers over 500 , 000 and includes works by noted california photographers such as carleton e . watkins , eadweard muybridge and ansel adams . the society also has a large collection of art that depicts the history of california . in addition to its library and museum function , it also offers lectures , family and school programs and other activities on a scheduled basis .
lace lichen ( ramalina menziesii ) is a common sight throughout much of california , being native to the pacific coast from southeast alaska to baja california and up to 130 miles inland . like other lichens , it is formed from a partnership between algae and fungus . lace lichen hangs from oaks and other trees and shrubs in netlike strands several feet long , and does not harm its hosts . it is extremely susceptible to air pollution , so the health and presence or absence of lace lichen can be used as an indicator of air quality . animals use it for food and nesting material .
a golden orange fish approximately 14 inches in length , the garibaldi ( hypsypops rubicundus ) is most common in the shallow waters off the southern california coast . young garibaldi are even more colorful with bright blue spots on a reddish orange body .
when disturbed these fish emit a thumping sound which can be heard by divers . although the garibaldi is not an endangered species , there is concern that commercial collection by the saltwater aquarium industry has reduced its numbers . in 1995 , the legislature acted to protect the garibaldi by placing a moratorium on commercial collection until the year 2002 . they also named the garibaldi the official state marine fish .
measuring 35 to 50 feet in length and around 20 to 40 tons in weight , the california gray whale ( eschrichtius robustus ) is identified by its mottled gray color and low hump in place of a dorsal fin . gray whale feed mainly on small crustaceans along the ocean bottom in the western bering sea where they spend the summer .
from december through february , the whales can be seen traveling southward in small groups along the california coast on their way to the bays and lagoons of baja california where mating occurs and the females calve . in march and april , they once again travel north following the shoreline . the whales cover approximately 6 , 000 to 7 , 000 miles each way . it is believed that memory and vision aid them on their long migration . the california gray whale was designated the state marine mammal in 1975 . photo credit : © larry foster .
the pacific leatherback sea turtle is the largest and deepest diving of all sea turtles . adult leatherbacks can weigh up to 2000 pounds and can reach a length of 8 feet . its species has been on the planet for 70 million years . the leatherback acquired its common name because its shell is made of small bones covered by a layer of rubbery skin . the turtle is black with white and pink spotting . the leatherback has been on the endangered species list since 1970 .
the pacific leatherback turtle was established as the state marine reptile in 2012 . every october 15 is designated as pacific leatherback sea turtle conservation day . photo credit : © u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the california state military museum was formerly located at 1119 second street in the old sacramento state historical park . it was designated by legislation in 2004 as the california state military museum and resource center . the museum displayed california ' s military history and housed many artifacts as well as an extensive research library and related archival materials .
the sacramento museum closed in 2013 . the camp roberts historical museum , located 12 miles north of paso robles on u . s . 101 , is serving as the state ' s official military museum until a new sacramento location can be established . the california military museum system includes other auxiliary museums at camp san luis obispo , fresno air national guard base , los alamitos joint forces training base in orange county , and san diego national guard armory . in addition , the california state military museum website is still available ( urltoken ) to provide the public with california military history information .
as one might expect , gold is the official state mineral and was so designated in 1965 . in the four years following the discovery of gold by james marshall in january of 1848 , california ' s population swelled from 14 , 000 to 250 , 000 people . miners came from all over the world and extracted 28 , 280 , 711 fine ounces of gold from 1850 - 1859 which would be worth approximately $ 10 , 000 , 000 , 000 today . although production is much lower , present day prospectors can still pan for gold in california ' s streams . photo credit : © tom myers photography .
the greek word
eureka
has appeared on the state seal since 1849 and means
i have found it
. the words were probably intended to refer to the discovery of gold in california . archimedes , the famed greek mathematician , is said to have exclaimed
eureka !
when , after long study , he discovered a method of determining the purity of gold . in 1957 , attempts were made to establish
in god we trust
as the state motto , but
eureka
was made the official state motto in 1963 .
the golden state
has long been a popular designation for california and was made the official state nickname in 1968 . it is particularly appropriate since california ' s modern development can be traced back to the discovery of gold in 1848 and fields of golden poppies can be seen each spring throughout the state .
california is such an important nut - growing region that it has four official state nuts : the almond , the walnut , the pistachio , and the pecan . california grows eight out of ten almonds eaten in the world , 99 % of the commercial walnuts in the united states ( and 3 / 4 of the world ' s supply ) , and 98 % of the pistachios in the united states . pecans are the only nut of the group native to the united states , and while they still constitute a small portion of california ' s nut industry , they are growing in importance .
photo credits : almonds : luigi chiesa , cc by - sa 3 . 0 pistachios : danielle scott , cc by 2 . 0 walnuts : inyucho , cc by 2 . 0 pecans : thomas quine , cc by 2 . 0
the california quarter was issued january 31 , 2005 by the united states mint . the california quarter , part of the united states mint ' s 50 state quarters ' program , was the 31st state quarter released by the mint because california , admitted into the union on september 9 , 1850 , is our nation ' s 31st state . the california quarter depicts naturalist and conservationist john muir admiring yosemite valley ' s monolithic half dome while a california condor soars overhead . the coin bears the inscriptions
california ,
john muir ,
yosemite valley
and
1850 .
john muir helped form the sierra club in 1892 to protect yosemite national park that congress had established in 1890 . muir served as the sierra club ' s president until his death in 1914 . the california condor , with a wingspan of nine feet , was once nearly extinct . its prominence on the quarter is a testament to the enormous bird ' s successful repopulation in california .
governor arnold schwarzenegger chose the california quarter design concept from five final concepts presented to him by the 20 - member california state quarter commission . the u . s . department of treasury approved the
john muir / yosemite valley
design on april 15 , 2004 .
california quarters are available in commemorative holders through the gift store in the california museum for history , women , and the arts .
california has a greater number of minerals and a wider variety of rock types than does any other state . serpentine , a shiny , green and blue rock found throughout california , was named the official state rock in 1965 . it contains the state ' s principal deposits of chromite , magnesite , and cinnabar . california was the first state to designate a state rock . photo credit : © tom myers photography .
calico , located near barstow in san bernardino county , was designated the official california state silver rush ghost town in 2005 . prior to its present status it had been designated state historic landmark number 782 .
the town of calico was founded near the site of a major silver strike in 1881 and at the height of its glory claimed over 20 saloons and hundreds of nearby mines . the exact value of silver that was mined is estimated to have been between $ 13 , 000 , 000 and $ 20 , 000 , 000 by the end of the boom years . in the mid - 1890 ' s the price of an ounce of silver dropped over half in value from what it had been in 1880 . this event caused a loss of demand for silver and by the early 1900 ' s calico had become a deserted ghost town .
calico was acquired in the 1950 ' s by walter knott , owner of knott ' s berry farm in buena park , california . he preserved what was left of calico and constructed other buildings to recreate calico ' s past to serve as a tourist attraction . mr . knott donated calico ghost town to the county of san bernardino in 1966 , and today it is part of a 480 - acre county regional park . photo credit : california state library .
the san joaquin soil was designated as the official state soil in 1997 . the designation commemorates the completion of the state ' s most comprehensive soil inventory and acknowledges the importance of soil . photo credit : usda , natural resources conservation service .
california ' s official state song is
i love you , california
, written by f . b . silverwood , a los angeles merchant . the words were subsequently put to music by alfred frankenstein , a former conductor for the los angeles symphony orchestra . it was the official song of expositions held in san francisco and san diego in 1915 , and was played aboard the first ship to go through the panama canal . in 1951 , the state legislature passed a resolution designating it as california ' s state song . during the years following , several attempts were made to make other songs such as
california , here i come
the official state song . finally , in 1988 ,
i love you , california
became the official state song by law .
i love you , california , you ' re the greatest state of all .
i love you in the winter , summer , spring and in the fall . i love your fertile valleys ; your dear mountains i adore . i love your grand old ocean and i love her rugged shore .
chorus where the snow crowned golden sierras keep their watch o ' er the valleys bloom , it is there i would be in our land by the sea , every breeze bearing rich perfume . it is here nature gives of her rarest . it is home sweet home to me , and i know when i die i shall breathe my last sigh for my sunny california .
ii . i love your red - wood forests - love your fields of yellow grain . i love your summer breezes and i love your winter rain . i love you , land of flowers ; land of honey , fruit and wine . i love you , california ; you have won this heart of mine .
iii . i love your old gray missions - love your vineyards stretching far . i love you , california , with your golden gate ajar . i love your purple sun - sets , love your skies of azure blue . i love you , california ; i just can ' t help loving you .
iv . i love you , catalina , you are very dear to me . i love you , tamalpais , and i love yosemite . i love you , land of sunshine , half your beauties are untold . i loved you in my childhood , and i ' ll love you when i ' m old .
designated by legislation in 2003 , the californian was named the state ' s official tall ship . she is the only ship that can claim this title .
built in 1984 , the californian is a replica of the 1847 revenue cutter c . w . lawrence that patrolled california ' s coast during the gold rush period . she has nine sails for a total of 7 , 000 square feet of canvas , weighs 130 tons and measures 145 feet in length .
the californian has been owned by the maritime museum of san diego since 2002 . the californian is used for educational programs including an annual summer tour of the california coast . photo credit : © maritime museum of san diego .
enacted by legislation in 2001 , the california tartan recognizes the contributions to california by residents of scottish ancestry . the legislation also stated that the official state tartan may be claimed by any resident of the state .
the tartan is based on the muir clan tartan to honor the great naturalist john muir . however , it is original enough to be registered with the scottish tartan authority as california state district tartan number 200111 and with the scottish tartans society as tartan 2454 .
the official state tartan is described as a pattern or sett consisting of alternate squares of meadow green and pacific blue that are separated and surrounded by narrow charcoal bands . the squares of meadow green are divided by a gold seam that is supported by charcoal lines on each side . there are three redwood stripes , the middle of which is broader , that are added to each side of the gold seam . the pacific blue square is divided by a sky blue stripe , which is supported on each side by charcoal lines .
the tartan ' s blue reflects the sky , the ocean , and the state ' s rivers and lakes , while the green stands for the state ' s mountains , fields , and parks . the red , gold , and blue seams signify the arts , sciences , agriculture , and industry of california . photo credit : © bonbright woolens , inc .
the california redwood was designated the official state tree of california by the state legislature in 1937 . once common throughout the northern hemisphere , redwoods are found only on the pacific coast . many groves and stands of the towering trees are preserved in state and national parks and forests . there are actually two genera of california redwood : the coast redwood ( sequoia sempervirens ) and the giant sequoia ( sequoiadendron giganteum ) . the coast redwoods are the tallest trees in the world ; one reaching over 379 feet tall grows in redwood national and state parks . one giant sequoia , the general sherman tree in sequoia & kings canyon national park , is over 274 feet high and more than 102 feet in circumference at its base ; it is widely considered to be the world ' s largest tree in overall volume .
dedicated in 1988 , the california vietnam veterans memorial in sacramento ' s capitol park commemorates the 5 , 822 californians who died or went missing in action while serving in the vietnam war . in total , more than 350 , 000 californians served in the war . vietnam war veteran b . t . collins and journalist stan atkinson led the fundraising drive which paid for the memorial ' s creation . the memorial ' s black marble panels bear the names of the california dead , while bronze sculptures depict the wartime lives of the soldiers , pilots , medics , nurses , chaplains , pows , and other service members . the dedication monument memorializes them with the inscription ,
all gave some . some gave all .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
adults apparently hibernate . they begin flying in march , before the host leafs out . there is a new brood in late spring - early summer and apparently another in september - october ( rarely november ) , but the life - history is not well understood . males fly a beat , often coming down a canyon , then turning around and going back up again , and repeating . both sexes routinely fly 15 - 20 ' off the ground . they dip down to visit such flowers as california buckeye , thistles , tall blue verbena , etc . but seldom linger long .
this butterfly can be found in foothills , chaparral , and oak or coniferous woodlands .
dog faced butterfly eggs are ribbed , and flattened on one side . when first laid , eggs are pale green or yellow colored , turning crimson as they mature . larvae are dull green and covered in small black points . they have a white lateral band , which is edged with red below and black dots above . there is also a pale band around each body segment . larvae have 6 normal , jointed , muscular legs attached to the abdomen which each have a hook on the end used for grasping . there are also 10 false legs called prolegs attached to the abdominal segments , which are soft and fleshy .
adult butterflies have enormous eyes , and their wings are covered in scales , which aid in flight aerodynamics and heat insulation . the last segments of their abdomens are fused , and almost all of their bodies are covered in tactile setae - hairs that sense vibrations and touch .
forwings have a yellow to pinkish - orange
dogs head
enclosed by dark purplish brown - to - black along the front and outer margins of the wing . females have entirely yellow forewings except for a black upper forewing cell spot . both males and females have solid yellow hindwings .
, like other butterflies , go through a complete metamorphosis before emerging from their pupa as an adult . after chewing their way out of the egg , larvae have voracious appetites . they eat and grow , and as they grow they must molt their old , tight exoskeleton and grow a new , larger one . each period between molts is called an instar . each larva must pass through several instars before it is ready to pupate and become an adult . when ready , the larva spins inself a cacoon made from silk , pupates inside of it , and emerges about one week later as an adult butterfly .
males search for receptive females to mate with . during copulation , the male first injects a sac called a spermatophore into the mating tube of the female . he then injects his sperm into the spermatophore , followed by a substance that later hardens into a clear plug . this plug is to prevent other males from mating with the same female , although after a few days the plug is broken down and absorbed by enzymes in the females body , and she may mate again . mating takes longer in cool weather , or if the male mated previously in the day as it may take several hours for his body to recharge the nessesary copulatory chemicals .
searches for females to mate with . after mating , the female lays eggs singly on leaves of the host plant , false indigo . the eggs are pale green or yellow - green and later turn crimson .
after the female lays her eggs , she does not provide any further care for offspring .
the california dogface butterfly is most common from april to may and july through august . adults are fast fliers , and can probably fly for several kilometers .
uses camouflage to avoid being eaten . larvae are a greenish yellow color , the same color as the false indigo plan on which it feeds and lives on .
the california dogface , like most other butterflies , is prey to many species which include ants , spiders , wasps , parasitic wasps , parasitic flies , birds , rats , toads , lizards , praying mantis ' , and snakes .
butterflies breathe through a detailed network of tracheae , which are filled with air from tiny holes in the exoskeleton called spiracles . when muscles in the butterfly’s body move to either relax or contract , this causes some spiracles to shut and others to open creating a vacuum effect , sucking air through the tracheae . circulation in the butterfly works much the same way , with hemolymph ( insect blood ) being pumped throughout the body by muscular contraction .
kijun hong ( author ) , southwestern university , stephanie fabritius ( editor ) , southwestern university .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
a substantial delay ( longer than the minimum time required for sperm to travel to the egg ) takes place between copulation and fertilization , used to describe female sperm storage .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,
incomplete metamorphosis
is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and
complete metamorphosis
is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .
mature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation . male sperm storage also occurs , as sperm are retained in the male epididymes ( in mammals ) for a period that can , in some cases , extend over several weeks or more , but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
struttmann , j . 2005 .
northern prairie wildlife research center : butterflies of north america
( on - line ) . accessed novermber 29 , 2001 at urltoken .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
doctype html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
male . silverado canyon , orange county , ca . 7 / 8 / 88 . © peter j . bryant .
silverado canyon , orange county , ca . 7 / 8 / 88 . © peter j . bryant .
male . thomas e . riley wilderness park , coto de caza , orange county , ca . 7 - 5 - 10 . © ron hemberger
male . in the butterfly garden at thomas e . riley wilderness park , coto de caza , orange county , ca . 6 - 18 - 11 . © robert gorman and diane brodeur
male . camp metoche , san bernardino county , ca . 6 / 10 / 12 . © peter j . bryant .
male . thomas e . riley wilderness park , coto de caza , orange county , ca . 8 - 11 - 12 . © robert gorman
female . santiago oaks regional park , orange county , ca . 6 / 20 / 13 . © ron hemberger .
female . silverado canyon , orange county , ca . 7 / 8 / 88 . © peter j . bryant .
next two rows : courtship behavior . in captivity at environmental nature center , newport beach , orange county , ca . may 2013 . © ron hemberger .
male - - dorsal hindwing yellow or yellow - orange occasionally with a marginal black band .
female - - dorsal wings totally yellow except for a dark spot on the dorsal forewing . forewing length : 22 - 31 mm .
southern dogface ( colias cesonia ) . the female of cesonia exhibits the
dogface
marking rarely found in the female of
male almost always exhibits an iridescent violet sheen . the
dogface
marking is yellow in cesonia .
, adults are usually seen nectaring at roadside thistles ( cirsium sp . ) . the adults are said to be especially fond of purple flowers ( emmel and emmel 1973 ) .
is generally distributed at both high and low elevations . apparently it is also found in the foothills of
. it has occasionally been captured in the coastal foothills . student insect collections at
two broods . our records range from february to december . the first brood flies primarily from april to july ( peak flight period is june at higher elevations in the
) and from august into october . it is rather difficult to determine if our july records represent the first or second brood , although at lower elevations they may be the latter . ron vanderhoff recorded
false indigo , amorpha californica . the only large stand of amorpha i know of in the
occurs adjacent to the junction of national forest roads 5s16 and 3s04 . the california dogface is very common here during june . it also grows in
as with most butterfly species , the california dogface varies somewhat in pattern with each individual . a number of
aberrants
have been named and some of these forms are listed in orsak ' s book with descriptions .
resident in california ( scott 1986 ) . habitats are chaparral and oak / coniferous forests . host plants are usually herbaceous with hosts largely restricted to a few species in one family , leguminosae . eggs are laid on the host plant singly . individuals overwinter as x . there are multiple flights each year with the approximate flight time feb1 - dec31 ( scott 1986 ) .
dana campbell marked
n106 _ w1150
as trusted on the
colias philodice
page .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
male california dogface butterfly ; photo © peter j . bryant ( used by permission ) .
the california dogface butterfly , also called
dog - head butterfly ,
is found only in california . the male has markings on its wings resembling a silhouette of a dog ' s head . the female is usually solid yellow with a black spot on each upper wing .
female california dogface butterfly © peter j . bryant ( used by permission ) .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
| | home | | intro | | symbols | | almanac | | economy | | geography | | state maps | | people | | forum | | news | | cool schools | | state quiz | | book store | | marketplace | | state links | | netstate . store | | netstate . mall | | guestbook | | contact us
in 1929 , the lorquin entomological society of los angeles conducted a statewide survey of active entomologists to select a butterfly that would best represent the state of california .
winning the day , over such notables as lorquin ' s admiral and the california sister butterflies , was the california dog - face butterfly . ( at the time , the dog - face butterfly was also referred to as the california dog head butterfly and the flying pansy . )
the california blue book , published by the state legislature in 1929 , indicated that entomologists had selected the small , orange and yellow butterfly as the california insect .
the bureau of entomology in the california department of agriculture used a representation of the california dog - face butterfly on its documents , labeling it the
california state insect .
but no official action had occurred . . . until over 40 years later , when mrs . betty harding and mrs . shirley klein and their fourth - grade students at daily elementary school in fresno took action and enlisted the help of state assemblyman kenneth l . maddy .
as the california dog - face butterfly had served for over forty years as california ' s state insect in an unofficial capacity , one would not have expected any objections to making it official . surely the small butterfly had earned the honor ?
on may 25 , 1972 , with a committee vote of 6 - 2 , mr . maddy failed to garner the needed eight votes to recommend the legislation to a floor vote . it wasn ' t clear why two members voted against the bill , but a bill to designate an official state fossil also gone down to defeat earlier in the day .
the fresno bee wrote ,
dog - faced butterfly has wings clipped .
assemblyman maddy vowed to fight on and promised a better result when the full committee was present in the next week .
good to his word , mr . maddy moved the bill out of committee and to approval by the full assembly on june 19 . 1972 .
a month later , on july 20 , the senate voted 29 - 0 to approve ab 1834 .
on july 28 , 1972 , governor ronald reagan signed assembly bill no . 1834 designating the california dog - face butterfly the official state insect of california .
the following information was excerpted from the california government code , title 1 , division 2 , chapter 2 .
california government code title 1 . general division 2 . state seal , flag , and emblems chapter 2 . state flag and emblems section 420 - 429 . 8
california dog - face butterfly : video providing information from henry shenkman and natureways productions .
bohart museum of entomology : web site of the bohart museum of entomology at the university of california , davis . the bohart museum , dedicated to teaching , research and service , houses the seventh largest insect collection in north americas . the global collection of some seven million insects focuses on terrestrial and fresh water invertebrates . the museum is the home of the california insect survey , showcasing the insect biodiversity of the state’s deserts , mountains , coast and central valley .
attract a california dog - face butterfly into your garden : from the las pilitas nursery for native plants and native gardens .
the pacific coast entomological society : the pacific coast entomological society is an organization devoted to western entomology in all its aspects . .
field guide to western butterflies ( peterson field guides ) , by paul a . opler , amy bartlett wright ( illustrator ) , roger tory peterson ( series editor ) , 560 pages , houghton mifflin ; 2 edition ( april 15 , 1999 ) more than 590 species , illustrated in lifelike positions on beautiful new color plates . with descriptions of all the butterflies that occur west of the 100th meridian in the united states and canada , this guide has accurate information on ranges , habitats , flight seasons , food plants , and more .
[ home | | intro | | symbols | | almanac | | economy | | geography | | state maps | | people ] [ forum | | news | | cool schools | | state quiz | | book store | | marketplace | | state links ] [ netstate . store | | netstate . mall | | guestbook | | contact us | | privacy statement ]
netstate . com is a trademark of nstate , llc . copyright © by nstate , llc . all rights reserved . no copyright is claimed on non - original or licensed material . support netstate
at placer land trust’s shutamul bear river preserve , located in auburn , an interesting discovery was made a few years ago by local naturalist / birdwatcher and practicing amateur lepidopterist deren ross . with a growing interest in butterflies and the hope of one day seeing the california dogface butterfly in the auburn area , ross began studying the life history of the butterfly . he learned the key to finding this butterfly was to find the host plant — false indigo .


bicyclus graueri , or grauer 's bush brown , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in nigeria , cameroon , the democratic republic of the congo , uganda and western tanzania .

the habitat consists of sub-montane forests .

bicyclus graueri

mycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256
bicyclus graueri voucher mcz : am - 97 - w219 elongation factor - 1 alpha gene , partial . . .
bicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79
bicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]
bicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101
bicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902
bicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788
bicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104
bicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071
bicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791
bicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908
bicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783
bicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068
bicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164
bicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440
bicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442
bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103
bicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445
bicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447
bicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108
bicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796
bicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073
bicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076
= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )
bicyclus is a butterfly genus from the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae . the species are found in the afrotropical ecozone .
bicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629
bicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166
bicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus ena ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 29 , f . 409 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus buea ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 411 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus golo ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 416 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85
bicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]
bicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja
bicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]
dicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson
w . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]
hewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550
ephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099
s . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando póo ( macías nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]
idiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast
kenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]
mesogena mesogenina grünberg , 1912 ² ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509
mycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon
c . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]
mycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8
senegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]
gambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]
mycalesis tolosa plötz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria
burundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]
mycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po
zululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]
moçambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]
rhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )
e . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34
mycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32
mycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228
mycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes
w . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake
brunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97
w . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]
mycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii
mycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po
smithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906
mycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon
e . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]
mycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2
mycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast
mycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28
mycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar
mycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348
ghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]
mycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4
zaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]
burundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )
mycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi
rhodesia , moçambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]
mycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]
kenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .
anynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603
mycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara
sw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]
n . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]
senegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]
w . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia
mycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile
mycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia
funebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; mém . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50
guinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni
mycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe
nigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]
mycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar
guinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m
mycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde
mycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons
mycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya
mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake
mycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110
mycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo
mycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari
mycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nicéville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo
mycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa
mycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8
mycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon
mycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo
mycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen
mycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun
mycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
verzeichniss einer von dem herren missionären e . laman und w . sjöholm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung
zoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1
results from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera
on lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot
description d ' une espèce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au libéria , 1948 )
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
descriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
a list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
a list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
notes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
insekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff
die insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
descriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa
a list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,
neue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler
zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera
neue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung
contribution à l ' étude des lépidoptères d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopalocères )
weymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
opens the highlight feature bar and highlights feature annotations from the features table of the record . the highlight feature bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately . links in the features table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence . more . . .
finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 18 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
flight morphology of fruit - feeding butterflies in kibale national park , uganda . wa / tv , wing area to thoracic volume
for full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .
popular : history , trivia , america , geography , usa , music , sports , television , . . . more
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en
urltoken


the mexican woodnymph ( thalurania ridgwayi ) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae and is endemic to western mexico .

its habitats include subtropical or tropical moist lowland/foothill forests and plantations .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

it has been considered conspecific with the crowned woodnymph of central and northern south america .

mexican woodnymph

the mexican woodnymph or crowned woodnymph ( thalurania ridgwayi - nelson , 1900 ) is a hummingbird that is endemic to the pacific slope of mexico where it is patchily distributed in the south nayarit , jalisco and colima states .
in the past , it has been considered conspecific ( one single species ) with the violet - crowned woodnymph of central and northern south america .
vulnerable . cites ii . restricted - range species : present in north - west mexican slope eba . rare to locally common . frequently recorded at puerto los mazos , on lower slope of . . .
peterson , a . t . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . mexican woodnymph ( thalurania ridgwayi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the female mexican woodnymph is responsible for building the cup - shaped nest out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location in a shrub , bush or tree . she lines the nest with soft plant fibers , animal hair and feather down , and strengthens the structure with spider webbing and other sticky material , giving it an elastic quality to allow it to stretch to double its size as the chicks grow and need more room . the nest is typically found on a low , thin horizontal branch .
the mexican woodnymphs primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored , scented small flowers of trees , herbs , shrubs and epiphytes . they favor flowers with the highest sugar content ( often red - colored and tubular - shaped ) and seek out , and aggressively protect , those areas containing flowers with high energy nectar . they use their long , extendible , straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second . sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
thalurania colombica ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously split as t . colombica and t . fannyi following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) , and subsequently t . ridgwayi was recognised following aou ( 1998 ) .
10 cm . medium - sized , mainly green hummingbird with black wings . male has iridescent blue forehead and bluish - green hindcrown , iridescent emerald throat and slightly forked , bluish - black tail . female green above with small , white postocular spot , greyish below with green discs on flanks . bluish - black tail with white tips to outer rectrices and green central rectrices . straight black bill . immature unknown .
has red bill , blue throat and lacks blue crown , female has dusky red bill and noticeable white postocular stripe . berylline hummingbird
vulnerable b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
the combination of a small and fragmented range , plus continuing habitat loss , qualify this species as vulnerable . however , knowledge is poor and new information may result in a reclassification to a higher or lower threat category .
, where it is uncommon to locally common . surveys in central and south mexico have failed to find the species and its restricted range seems real rather than the result of incomplete knowledge .
the population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 individuals . this equates to 6 , 667 - 13 , 333 mature individuals , rounded here to 6 , 000 - 15 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : the species ' s population is suspected to be declining slowly , in line with the on - going clearance of forest within its range for agriculture .
it occurs in humid , semi - deciduous woodland and shade coffee plantations at elevations of 250 - 1 , 200 m . its ecology is poorly known , but it is often found along streams and generally avoids edge habitats ( howell and webb 1995a )
the reasons for its patchy distribution , and its precise ecological requirements are poorly understood . the avoidance of edge habitats indicates that it is probably threatened by habitat destruction , particularly for the cultivation of sun coffee .
this species is on the watch list as part of the state of north america ' s birds ( north american bird conservation initiative 2016 ) .
conduct surveys to determine the species ' s precise distribution and obtain an estimate of its population size . investigate its ecological requirements . assess the severity of the threat from habitat destruction . increase the area of suitable habitat that has protected status .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
closely related to t . colombica and t . furcata ; species limits unclear , and all three have been considered conspecific . alternatively , blue - crowned present species often considered a race of purple - crowned t . colombica when this separated from fannyae group . monotypic .
9–10 cm ; male 3·5–4·2 g , female c . 3·5 g . male has straight black bill ; forehead iridescent violet - blue , hindcrown bluish - green , rest of . . .
only known vocalization an irregularly repeated liquid note “tsip” , often in short fast series of 2 . . .
humid forest , canyons and foothills at 250–1200 m ; exact habitat requirements are still . . .
no specific food plants have been recorded , but presumably feeds on nectar of flowering rubiaceae , zingiberaceae and epiphytes ( bromeliads . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
birdlife is reviewing the status of this species for the 2018 red list . please click here to join the discussion
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : thalurania ridgwayi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 524 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
it inhabits humid , semi - deciduous woodland and coffee plantations at elevations of 250 - 1 , 200 m ( 820 - 4 , 000 ft ) . one assumes that it is usually remains close to streams and avoids the forest edge - but little is known about its habits .
within its natural range , this hummingbird is commonly known as nifa mexicana , ninfa mexicana or zafiro mexicano .
the existence of this species is threatened by the on - going clearance of forest ( its habitat ) within its range for agriculture .
the adult male has a metallic violet - blue forehead and crown ( top of the head ) . the cheeks , chin , throat and chest are bright metallic yellowish emerald green . the rest of its underplumage is dullish black . the sides are glossed with metallic bronze - green . the bill is black , the eyes dark brown and the feet blackish .
his occiput , nape ( back of the lower neck ) , sides of hinder crown are dark metallic bluish green , appearing nearly black when seen from the front .
the wing feathers and rump are mostly a uniform metallic bronze - green . the remiges ( long flight feathers of the wing ) are dusky , faintly glossed with violet .
the upper tail feathers are darker . the tail is uniformly black , faintly glossed with bluish .
hummingbirds are solitary in all aspects of life other than breeding ; and the male ' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female . they neither live nor migrate in flocks ; and there is no pair bond for this species . males court females by flying in a u - shaped pattern in front of them . he will separate from the female immediately after copulation . one male may mate with several females . in all likelihood , the female will also mate with several males . the males do not participate in choosing the nest location , building the nest or raising the chicks .
the average clutch consists of two white eggs , which she incubates alone , while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on . the young are born blind , immobile and without any down .
the female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food ( mostly partially - digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks ) . the female pushes the food down the chicks ' throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs .
as is the case with other hummingbird species , the chicks are brooded only the first week or two , and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size . the chicks leave the nest when they are about 20 days old .
many native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination . the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and , subsequently , from pollinating the plants .
they may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water , or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge ; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds ; however , they only remain still for a short moment .
they also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young . insects are often caught in flight ( hawking ) ; snatched off leaves or branches , or are taken from spider webs . a nesting female can capture up to 2 , 000 insects a day .
males establish feeding territories , where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory . they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .
the articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .
; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please
throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
please note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .


chlorostrymon telea , the telea hairstreak , is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

it was described by william chapman hewitsonin 1868 .

it is found from southern texas and mexico to colombia , uruguay , paraguay , eastern bolivia , argentina and chile .

the habitat consists of stream valleys of semideciduous dry forests .

the wingspan is 16 – 22 mm .

the upperside of the males is iridescent purple blue , while females are dull grey blue .

there is a white postmedian line on the underside , forming a w shape near the inner margin .

adults are on wing in june in southern texas and from january to july in central america .

they feed on flower nectar .

the larvae feed on the flowers of guazuma species and central american soapberry .

chlorostrymon telea

telea hairstreak - a tiny green hairstreak - quite easy to overlook due to its size and coloration . this butterfly made world news as it had not been recorded for the us for 70 years . berry nall first photographed it on october 8 , 2007 at falcon state park ( texas ) - it was considered the first modern record and a 2nd u . s . record . i drove out there and was able to photograph it on october 16 , 2007 . we believe there were several of this species at the park during the month of october as numerous people photographed different butterflies . some were very fresh - leading us to think it was a local emergence instead of a stray from mexico . ~ cat
upperside of male iridescent purple - blue ; female dull gray - blue . underside postmedian line is white , forming a w near the inner margin .
one flight in south texas in june ; january - july in central america .
flowers of guazuma ( costa rica ) and central american soapberry ( peru ) .
g5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .
2nd u . s . record and first modern u . s . record in over 70 years
falcon state park , starr co . , tx october 8 , 2007 ( b nall )
falcon state park , starr co . , tx october 9 , 2007 ( jan and david dauphinl )
. same as above . note fresh apppearance which strongly indicates local emergence and not a stray from mexico . .
falcon state park , starr co . , tx october 9 , 2007 ( david hanson )
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
wing span : 5 / 8 - 7 / 8 inch ( 1 . 6 - 2 . 2 cm ) . identification : upperside of male iridescent purple - blue ; female dull gray - blue . underside postmedian line is white , forming a w near the inner margin . life history : not reported . flight : one flight in south texas in june ; january - july in central america . caterpillar hosts : flowers of guazuma ( costa rica ) and central american soapberry ( peru ) . adult food : flower nectar . habitat : stream valleys of semideciduous dry forests . range : southern brazil north to mexico . rare stray to south texas .
we have the white - lined sphinxes . we love our zebra - striped , . . . read more
in the 1960 ' s numbers of the white - faced heron expolded , . . . read more
a tree in your backyard has died or become diseased . . . . read more
copyright © 2000 - 2018 dave ' s garden , an internet brands company . all rights reserved .
use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use , rules , privacy policy , and cookie policy .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
your browser doesn ' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript . please enable javascript , then refresh this page . javascript is required on this site .
european union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !