the pike eel ( muraenesox bagio ) is a species of eel found throughout the indo-pacific , southeast asia , indian ocean and australia .

in australia , it is known in the southwest , in western australia , around the tropical north of the country , and south to the coast of new south wales .

the average pike eel grows to 1.8 metres ( 5 ft 11 in ) in length and is a nocturnal species .

a nocturnal predator , the pike eel has been known to dive down to depths of 330 feet to search for prey .

a strong and muscular fish , the pike eel is a delicacy in south east asia and features in various dishes .

pike eel

the answer , experts soon confirmed , was that it was a pike eel .
the common pike eel is nocturnal , and has reportedly attacked fishers and anglers when captured .
pike fishing wt lures savage gear eel . underwater camera . рыбалка : щука , силикон подводная съёмка
an old fishers’ adage goes that a tinnie has room for a fisherman or a pike eel , but not both .
when stretched straight from head to tail , the longest of saltwater pike eels can measure more than a full yalm in length─or , the length of an average pike .
mystery solved : a pike eel photographed near the swansea boat ramp sent ripples through social media . picture : robert tyndall .
a giant pike eel has washed up on the shores of new south wales , australia , leaving onlookers bemused – and even a little bit scared .
pike eels are not poisonous to eat , and are frequently sold in the markets of southeast asia .
yamamoto k , yamauchi k . sexual maturation of japanese eel and production of eel larvae in the aquarium .
the target species in victoria ' s eel fishery are the short - finned eel ( anguilla australis ) and long - finned eel ( a . reinhardtii ) .
the common pike eel occurs throughout the indo - pacific on soft - bottomed estuaries and coastal waters . it ' s a nocturnal species that feeds on benthic fishes and crustaceans .
pike eels are regarded as food fish by the japanese at least , which could be a useful method to thin their populations .
when stretched straight from head to tail , the longest of saltwater pike eels can measure more than a full yalm in length .
the common pike eel can be distinguished from the darkfin conger eel , muraenesox cinereus , by its narrower head and differences in the number of dorsal fin rays , vertebrae and pores in the lateral line . the darkfin conger eel is restricted to tropical waters from north - western western australia to the gulf of carpentaria .
“i knew it was some kind of eel and it’s a big eel , but it definitely looks bigger , ” mr tyndall , who found the eel while fishing last weekend , said .
judging from the photograph , experts believe this particular pike eel died of old age . pepperell described it as
relatively old
, and a spokesperson for the nsw department of primary industries agrees .
hi paradoxguy , i didn ' t realise that pike eels were consumed in japan . thank you for pointing this out . a quick web search pulled up this page urltoken . the pike eel image at the top of the page shows m . cinereus , however further down the page m . bagio is mentioned , along with its japanese name suzuhamo .
tyndall said :
i knew it was some kind of eel and it ' s a big eel , but it definitely looks bigger .
pike are easily propagated naturally in fishpond conditions by simulating a natural spawning environment . however , propagation by hypophysation is being carried out on a commercial scale .
the image was confirmed as a pike eel by marine biologists , who said the species is often caught in fishing nets . it is not uncommon for them to be hauled onto a ship by accident , and bite their captors in defence .
many people consider the pike eel a pest . can anyone comment on them being an asset to the enviroment , or what negative impact it would have if they were destroyed ? if they should be removed , what use would the carcass have ?
hirose k . induced spawning of japanese eel with lhrh - a copolymer pellet .
no legal minimum lengths or closed seasons are applied to eel fishing in victoria .
the common pike eel has an elongate body that lacks scales . it has long slender jaws and large pointed teeth at the front of the lower jaw and on the vomer . the vomerine teeth are triangular in lateral view and have straight leading edges .
tanaka h , kagawa h , ohta h . production of leptocephali of japanese eel (
hi collr , thank you for telling us about the culinary quality of pike eels . that ' s news to me and i ' m sure others will find it of interest .
yamauchi k , yamamoto k . experiments on artificial maturation and fertilization of the japanese eel (
pike eels can be very aggressive towards humans , and seeing as the average individual reaches 1 . 8m long – longer than the average height of a male human – it can be quite intimidating .
adachi s , ijiri s , kazeto y , yamauchi k . oogenesis in the japanese eel ,
head of a common pike eel , muraenesox bagio , from pilar public market , sorsogon province , luzon , philippines - usnm 405904 , tl = 654 mm . source : jeffrey t . williams / smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0
pike eels are most commonly spotted off the coasts of australia and southeast asia , but they can be found throughout the indian ocean . the creatures have turned up as far west as africa ' s southern coast .
yamauchi k , nakamura m , takahashi h , takano k . cultivation of larvae of japanese eel .
they are most often found in south - east asia and australia , although they usually hunt in the ocean depths , feeding on bottom - dwelling fish and crustaceans . pike eels are nocturnal , and generally hunt at night .
miura t , yamauchi k , nagahama y , takahashi h . induction of spermatogenesis in male japanese eel ,
electric eel vs . 4 gold fish - mr unagi a . k . a .
justice
fights again
to many , the angle made the eel seem longer than the species’ average maximum of 1 . 8 metres .
ohta h , kagawa h , tanaka h , okuzawa k , hirose k . milt production in the japanese eel
the key strategy to ensure sustainability in the eel fishery is to limit the number of waters where commercial fishing is allowed . a system of closed waterswhere commercial eel fishing is prohibited , allows for escapement of eels during their seaward spawning migration .
it’s uncertain how this recently discovered pike eel met its end , but pepperell told the newcastle herald that it could have been accidentally caught in a fishing net . according to him , the eels are commonly caught by fishermen who get the
fright of their lives
after hauling up the thrashing predator , which has razor - sharp teeth that are
geared towards inflicting slashing wounds .
tanaka h , kagawa h , ohta h , okuzawa k , hirose k . the first report of eel larvae ingesting rotifers .
thankfully , the australian museum has put tales of lake monsters to rest by offering a less mythical explanation on its facebook page . the musuem ' s ichthyology manager , mark mcgrouther , says the sharp - toothed find appears to be a common pike eel ( muraenesox bagio ) – a regular visitor to the region ' s soft - bottomed estuaries and coastal waters , where it feeds on fish and crustaceans .
“judging by the size it is believed that the eel was mature and may have died from natural causes , ” the spokesman said .
in august 2017 , jaala pulford , minister for agriculture , declared the victorian eel fishery management plan which sets the objectives , strategies and actions for the fishery for the next five years . further information on the plan can be found at victorian eel fishery management plan .
pike - perch - the natural spawning of pike - perch and the collection of the eggs are rather simple . the ripe female and male spawn easily in ponds in nests especially made from the dry roots of willows and other aquatic plants or from squares of synthetic fibre . normally the eggs or nests are stocked in water . however , dr . e . woynarovich showed that the spray room techniques for incubation resulted in better survival of hatchlings , obviously because of the control of water temperature / quality . this technique is commonly practised in hungary ( szalay , 1975 ) .
the first commercial catches of eel were recorded in 1914 and until the 1950s the commercial eel fishery was based on supplying bait to the rock lobster and long - line shark fisheries . export of frozen short - finned eels to europe commenced in the early - mid 1960s .
the nocturnal eel was initially found by fisherman robert tyndall near a boat ramp in swansea , before being posted onto facebook by ethan tippa .
judging by the size it is believed that the eel was mature and may have died from natural causes ,
the spokesperson said .
) . data obtained from one female eel show that ovulation rates rapidly decreased after oocytes attain more than 860 µm in diameter ( fig .
the eel has long been esteemed not only in japan but also in european countries as an important food fish . the aquacultural production of japanese eel , anguilla japonica , in japan is about 30 , 000 tons a year in recent years . japan also imports a total of 80 , 000 tons of eel from mainly china and taiwan , and other countries . seedlings for eel aquaculture are totally dependent on glass eels , natural juveniles of eel which captured in estuaries . however , in both east asia and europe the catches of glass eels differ greatly from year to year and especially in the past 25 years , have been decreasing , resulting in a sharp rise in its price . therefore , to maintain the natural glass eel resources and to obtain reliable supplies of glass eels for aquaculture , development of an artificially induced breeding procedure for eels has been eagerly desired .
breeding technologies of european eel specialization school in breeding , hygiene , pathology of aquatic species and control of derived products , veterinary faculty , milan .
some pike eels grow longer than adult humans , with an average maximum length for the species reaching 5 . 9 feet from nose to tail . while impressive , the creature still isn’t quite as large as many have guessed from looking at the photo above . the eel that’s pictured is estimated to have been 4 . 5 feet long , and while some commenters accused the image of being photoshopped , the perspective is merely the result of a clever camera angle .
kagawa h , iinuma n , tanaka h , ohta h , okuzawa k . effects of rearing period in seawater on induced maturation in female japanese eel
miura t , miura c , yamauchi k . spermatogenesis in the japanese eel . in : aida k , tsukamoto k , yamauchi k , editors .
what was far from obvious from the photo , and what a bemused mr tyndall later revealed , was that the eel measured “about 1 . 4 metres” .
ohta h , kagawa h , tanaka h , okuzawa k , iinuma n , hirose k . artificial induction of maturation and fertilization in the japanese eel ,
ohta h , kagawa h , tanaka h , unuma t . control by the environmental concentration of ions of the potential for motility in japanese eel spermatozoa .
fortunately for anyone who goes swimming in indo - pacific waters on a regular basis , pike eels don’t have a taste for human flesh . they prefer crustaceans and benthic fish that dwell near the soft floors of estuaries and coastal waters . the eels have been known to swim nearly 330 feet beneath the surface when hunting for their prey .
despite their intimidating appearance , pike eels are perfectly safe to eat . they ' re sold alive and freshly killed in food markets throughout southeast asia , and are usually served in soup or prepared grilled with mushrooms , eggplant , or seaweed . they were even featured as a secret ingredient in an episode of the original iron chef series .
the giant eel was described by tyndall as
about 1 . 4m
long , and he said that the locals were
confused and slightly unnerved .
kagawa h , tanaka h , unuma t , ohta h , gen k , okuzawa k . role of prostaglandin in the control of ovulation in the japanese eel
kamei h , ohira t , yoshiura y , uchida n , nagasawa h , aida k . expression of a biologically active recombinant follicle stimulating hormone of japanese eel
the number , dimensions and mesh sizes of fyke nets are prescribed in regulation . waterways closed to eel fishing which allows levels of adults escapement for spawning purposes .
there are three types of eel fisheries permitted in victoria : wild harvest , stock enhanced and intensive aquaculture ( although no intensive aquaculture is currently taking place ) .
kurokawa h , kagawa h , ohta h , tanaka h , okuzawa k , hirose k . development of digestive organs and feeding ability in larvae of japanese eel (
while the average angler may have little regard for the common eel , it certainly has a fascinating life cycle , and supports a significant and productive commercial fishery . when it is also considered how intensively anglers use many of the waters important to the commercial eel fishery , there has been a commendable lack of conflict between the two groups .
translocation of eels for stock enhancement purposes is conducted under an approved protocol for the eel fishery in accordance with the guidelines for assessing translocations of live aquatic organisms in victoria .
the eel at swansea was probably “relatively old” , dr pepperell said , and could have died from a net entanglement , been hit by a boat or died of old age .
hi tomdeb . my apologies for making you wait for a reply to your comment - i have been away on leave . i know that sometimes anglers find pike eels a nuisance . when caught they can writhe so vigorously that they end up tightly tied in fishing line . the species is a predator of fishes and crustaceans . it ' s very difficult to say what would happen if a predator like the common pike eel was removed from the environment . it brings to mind the classic tale of hunters shooting all the mountain lions in a region so that the antelope on which they preyed would become more numerous . what in fact happened was that without the ' regulating pressure ' of predation from mountain lions , the antelope population initially increased ( as was hoped ) but then plumeted because the antelopes ate ' all ' the grass in the area . i guess the take home message is that tinkering with the balance of nature can lead to unexpected outcomes .
techniques for artificial breeding of the japanese eel have been studied intensively since the 1960s . yamamoto and yamauchi ( 1974 ) first succeeded in obtaining fertilized eggs and larvae of the japanese eel by hormone treatment , and preleptocephalus larvae were reared for 2 weeks ( yamauchi et al . 1976 ) . thereafter , many researchers have succeeded in obtaining eel larvae , but preleptocephalus larvae could not survive beyond the depletion of their yolk and oil droplet stores . failures of production of the glass eel may be caused by incomplete techniques for inducing sexual maturation of both male and female japanese eels and incomplete rearing techniques of larvae . basic science on reproductive biology of fish has remarkably progressed , especially in the fields of endocrine mechanisms of oogenesis and spermatogenesis . therefore , it is expected that information from the basic science facilitate to develop techniques for induction of sexual maturation and rearing techniques of the japanese eel larvae . therefore , in this paper , our recent researches on glass eel production , mainly on induction of sexual maturation , are reviewed . using newly developed techniques , our group has succeeded for the first time to obtain glass eels .
the eel has long been esteemed as an important food fish in the world , especially in japan , and has been used as an experimental fish for many fields of fish physiology . however , the decreases in eel resources have been a serious concern in recent years . the catches of glass eels as seedlings for aquaculture have shown a long - term decrease in both europe and east asia . to increase eel resources , the development of techniques for artificial induction of maturation and spawning and rearing their larvae have been eagerly desired . recent progress of reproductive physiology of fish , especially mechanisms of oocyte maturation and ovulation in female and of spermatozoa maturation in male , facilitate to establish techniques for hormonal induction of maturation and spawning in sexually immature eels . with persistent effort to development of rearing techniques of larvae , we have first succeeded to produce glass eel . these applied techniques are may contribute to understand the basic reproductive physiology of the eel .
for application of dhp on artificial induction of maturation and ovulation in the japanese eel , other valuable information on oocyte maturation and ovulation have been obtained . from basic researches of red seabream (
ijiri s , kazeto y , takeda n , chiba h , adachi s , yamauchi k . changes in serum steroid hormones and steroidogenic ovarian follicles during artificial maturation of cultivated japanese eel ,
a small number of aquaculture ( private land – eels ) licences have been issued over the history of the fishery for eel aquaculture in intensive recirculating systems , however none are presently active .
ohta h , tanaka h . relationship between serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ) and 11 - ketotestosterone after a single injection of hcg and induced maturity in the male japanese eel ,
eel are harvested in victorian coastal river basins south of the great dividing range . short - finned eels are found across the state , while long - finned eels are only found in eastern victoria
the respective distributions of short - finned and long - finned eel are extensive and there is considerable overlap between the two . short - finned eels are found from subtropical queensland to western victoria , tasmania and new zealand . long - finned eels are distributed from far north queensland to eastern victoria and tasmania . specimens of the australian long - finned eel have also been recorded in new zealand .
suetake h , okubo k , yoshiura y , aida k . gth and gnrh molecules and their expression in the japanese eel . in : aida k , tsukamoto k , yamauchi k , editors .
earlier this week , australian facebook user ethan tippa caught the internet’s attention by posting a photo of a mysterious creature that had washed onto the shore of lake macquarie in new south wales . though it’s been compared to everything from a deformed crocodile to the loch ness monster , the specimen was ultimately identified as a nocturnal pike eel by marine biologist julian pepperell . little is known about the creatures , even though they’re fairly common to the waters of australia and southeast asia . they may not be giant , mythical , or man - eating , but there are still plenty of reasons you wouldn’t want to bump into one of these guys on a midnight swim .
recreational fishing - how to catch monster eel at the mouth of the brisbane river . paul almost jumps out of the boat . creator - wayne groomes email - wayne _ annie @ urltoken facebook - urltoken twitter - urltoken
the fishery focuses on harvesting eel stocks in victorian coastal river basins south of the great dividing range . short - finned eels are found throughout the state , but long - finned eels are only found in eastern victoria .
production in the eel fishery is strongly affected by seasonal factors and drought conditions have resulted in relatively low production for now more than a decade . some eel production continues to be through stock enhancement , whereby elvers and small eels are stocked into selected lakes for extensive on - growing under natural conditions . in recent years , the commercial catch from stock enhanced waters has been limited by a lack of suitable habitat and / or the availability of elvers .
kagawa h , tanaka h , ohta h , okuzawa k , iinuma n . induced ovulation of 17 , 20β - dihydroxy - 4 - pregnen - 3 - one in the artificially matured japanese eel , with special reference to ovulation time .
ohta h , kagawa h , tanaka h , okuzawa k , hirose k . changes in fertilization and hatching rates with time after ovulation induced by 17 , 20β - dihydroxy - 4 - pregnen - 3 - one in the japanese eel ,
the commercial fishery is managed solely by input controls . an eel fishery access licence ( efal ) is required to take eels for sale or to use commercial fishing equipment in victorian waters . the maximum number of efals is capped at 18 .
we developed the method for induction of maturation and ovulation in the japanese eel by using the maturation - inducing steroid ( dhp ) . in the male eels , in vitro incubation of the immotile spermatozoa with asp shows significant increase of the motility rate . however , there are major differences in the extent of egg quality of the female eels induced in individual fish after the same hormonal treatments . the reason of inadequate quality of egg have not been clarified . recent progress of researches on hypothalamus ( gonadotropin - releasing hormone , gnrh ) - pituitary ( gonadotropin ) axis ( suetake et al . 2003 ) and mechanisms of steroid production in eel ovary ( adachi et al . 2003 ) would facilitate to develop new techniques for inducing maturation of the japanese eel . for example , synthetic gnrh will be able to use effectively for inducing sexual maturation of the japanese eel , since they are effective in inducing sexual maturation in several commercially important fish ( matsuyama et al . 1995 ; kumakura et al . 2003 ) , including eels ( hirose 1992 ) . moreover , biotechnology for production of recombinant eel gonadotropins ( kamei et al . 2003 ) would be also useful tools for controlling all processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis normally .
) . however , even the larvae that ingest rotifers do not grow much larger and their survival period does not extend . among feed items examined , finally , we found that eel larvae actively ingest a slurry - type diet made from shark egg powder . eel larvae grow up from 3 . 7 mm long at just after hatch to about 8 . 1 mm in total length and the survival rate was 56 % on 18th day . therefore , we newly mixed soybean peptide , extract of krill , vitamin and mineral mixture to shark egg powder and made slurry diet . the eel larvae continued to survive and grow up linearly up to 50 days after hatching , their total length attained about 16 mm on the day and body depth gradually increased to yield the willow leaf - like form typical of wild leptocephali (
stock enhancement involves stocking selected lakes and impoundments in western victoria with elvers and small eels for on - growing before recapture at marketable size . historically , a significant component of commercial eel production in victoria came from this practice , but prolonged drought conditions over the recent decade restricted production .
the fishery is managed under the victorian eel fishery management plan and is input managed , with limited entry , gear restrictions and water allocation as the main controls . the management plan was developed by the victorian fisheries authority in collaboration with a stakeholder - based steering committee and finalised and declared in august 2017 .
summary of the artificial induction method of maturation and fertilization in the japanese eel . spe , salmon pituitary extract ; dhp , 17 ; 20β - dihydroxy - 4 - pregnen - 3 - one ; asp , artificial seminal plasma ; hcg , human chorionic gonadotropin . slightly modified ohta et al . ( 1997 ) with permission
breeding techniques for aquatic organisms - improvement of aquaculture techniques for freshwater and marine species : european eel ( anguilla anguilla ) , adriatic sturgeon ( acipenser naccarii ) , seabream ( sparus aurata ) , seabass ( d . labrax ) , tilapia ( tilapia spp . ) , striped bass ( morone saxatilis ) and pacific oyster ( crassostrea gigas ) .
changes in oocyte diameter and in vitro ovulation rates of oocytes with follicle layers obtained from one female japanese eel . oocytes with follicle layers sequentially obtained from one female which was induce by repeated injection of salmon pituitary extracts were incubated in l - 15 incubation media with dhp ( 100 ng / ml ) . ovulation rates were observed 24 h after incubation
differs from the darkfin conger eel , muraenesox cinereus ( which is restricted to northern australia ) , in having a narrower head , fewer dorsal - fin rays before the anus ( 47 - 49 vs . 66 - 78 in m cinereus ) , fewer vertebrae and fewer lateral - line pores before the anus ( 33 - 39 vs . 44 - 47 in m . cinereus ) .
dorsal - fin rays before anus 47 - 49 ; lateral - line pores before anus 33 - 39 ; vertebrae 128 - 141 . body robust , eel - shaped ; snout long ; eye diameter 3 times in snout length ; mouth very large ; teeth generally large , conspicuous ; interorbital width about 10 times in head length ; posterior nostrils only slightly nearer to eye than to anterior nostrils .
) . milt with higher ph and potassium concentration of seminal plasma shows higher rate of motility in the spermiated male eel injected with hcg . from these fundamental researches , the effects of an artificial seminal plasma ( asp ) , which was produced based on the measurements of seminal plasma , on acquisition of the potential for motility of spermatozoa were examined . after immotile spermatozoa from testis were incubated with asp
growth of captive - bred anguilla japonica larvae . age in days after hatching ( dah ) , total length : 100 dah , 24 . 8 mm ; 150 dah , 39 . 0 mm ; 200 dah , 45 . 1 mm ; 250 dah , 57 . 1 mm ; 270 dah ( glass eel ) , 52 . 6 mm . scale bar = 10 mm . reproduced from tanaka ( 2003 ) with permission
effects of 17 ; 20β - dihydroxy - 4 - pregnen - 3 - one ( dhp ) on in vitro ovulation in the japanese eel . oocytes with follicular layers obtained from female eels were incubated in 1 ml l - 15 incubation media with dhp ( 100 ng / ml ) . dotted line and solid line indicate changes in % ovulation of oocytes less than 860 µm in diameter and more than 860 µm in diameter respectively
after 8–13 injections of salmon pituitary extracts ( 20 mg / fish / week ) , females have ovaries containing the full - grown oocytes which complete vitellogenesis and attain the migratory nucleus stage ( about 750–800 µm in diameter in japanese eel , ohta et al . 1997 ; kagawa et al . 1998 ) . however , their oocytes do not undergo maturation and become over - ripe with oocyte cytoplasmic degeneration in response to further injections of salmon pituitary extracts .
the commercial fishery for eels utilises both species , in coastal waters from mallacoota to portland . however , the bulk of the activity is based on short - finned eels and takes place in the lakes and wetlands of the western district . much of the production depends on the eel fishers translocating large numbers of small eels from waters where conditions for growth are poor , to more favourable areas where they can grow to reach commercial size and condition over a number of years .
they begin their lives at this spawning site , at a depth of 200 m , as tiny transparent larvae . they are carried southwards by the ocean currents that parallel the east coast of australia , and swing east past tasmania and then north to new zealand . along the way , they feed on microscopic organisms and develop into transparent , leaf - shaped larvae or leptocephali and eventually metamorphose into ' glass eels ' which are eel - shaped , but extremely small and still transparent . at this stage , they move closer to land and commence migrating towards estuaries .
this encourages each operator to fish their water conservatively and ensures that , if they exercise restraint , they will be the one getting the benefit of it . in addition to this , there are many coastal streams that are totally closed to commercial eel fishing . although this was done initially to ensure that platypus in these waters were not caught in nets , it also ensures that there is always an unexploited area to provide spawning stock to return to the sea . there is a huge unsatisfied world demand for glass eels for aquaculture , and without tight control , the australian resource could be quickly stripped to satisfy european and asian requirements .
short - finned glass eels enter estuaries mainly during mid winter to late spring , while long - finned glass eels enter estuaries from mid summer to late autumn . short - finned eels spread along the entire victoria coastline , while long finned eels are only found east of wilsons promontory . some glass eels will quickly pass through the estuary and migrate upstream and others will remain in the estuaries for some time . they all gradually take on the dark pigmentation of freshwater eels and at this time they are known as elvers . some elvers remain in the estuary until they mature , but most will migrate upstream in secondary migrations , known as
eel fares
, which involve glass eels and elvers of several age groups moving inland into rivers , creeks , lakes and swamps .
reproductive biology of aquatic species - freshwater species : tench ( tinca tinca ) , common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) , barbel ( barbus barbus plebejus ) , chub ( leuciscus cephalus ) , brown trout ( salmo trutta morpha fario ) , channel catfish ( ictalurus punctatus ) , african catfish ( clarias gariepinus ) and freshwater prawn ( macrobrachium rosenbergii ) ; m arine species : tub gurnad ( trigla lucerna ) , ( umbrina cirrosa ) , common sole ( solea vulgaris ) , turbot ( scophthalmus maximus ) , sharpsnout seabream ( puntazzo puntazzo ) and kuruma shrimp ( metapenaeus japonicus ) ; e urhyaline species : seabass ( dicentrarchus labrax ) seabream ( sparus aurata ) , european eel ( anguilla anguilla ) , adriatic sturgeon ( acipenser naccarii ) and mediteranean killifish ( aphanius fasciatus ) .
after the oocytes complete vitellogenesis , oocyte maturation occurs prior to ovulation and is a prerequisite for successful fertilization ; it consists of breakdown of germinal vesicle ( gvbd ) , the resumption of meiosis , and oocyte cytoplamic maturation ( see nagahama et al . 1995 ) . these processes of oocyte maturation are regulated by the pituitary gonadotropin ( primary endocrine factor responsible for triggering meiotic maturation ) and maturation - inducing steroid which is synthesized in the ovarian follicle under the influence of gonadotropin . the maturation - inducing steroid directly acts on the oocyte to initiate the process of oocyte maturation ( nagahama et al . 1995 ) . the maturation - inducing steroid ( 17 ; 20β - dihydroxy - 4 - pregnen - 3 - one , dhp ) of a salmonid fish , amago salmon ( oncorhynchus rhodurus ) , was isolated for the first time in vertebrate species ( nagahama and adachi 1985 ) and thereafter dhp has been found to be the most effective steroid in inducing oocyte maturation of many fish species . yamauchi and yamamoto ( 1982 ) reported that in vitro administration of dhp into the incubation medium induced oocyte maturation in the japanese eel . from these fundamental researches , it is expected that in vivo administration of dhp could induce oocyte maturation and ovulation .
they have incredibly strong muscles and their teeth are geared towards inflicting slashing wounds ,
said marine biologist julian pepperell .
when caught by fishermen in south - east asia , they are brought to shore and used as a local delicacy , to be sold in the local markets .
it occurs throughout the indo - pacific . in australia it is known from south - western western australia , around the tropical north of the country and south to the southern coast of new south wales .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
the species occurs in soft - bottomed estuaries and coastal waters down to about 100 m in depth .
smith , d . g . 1999 . muraenesocidae . in carpenter , k . e . & v . h . niem ( eds ) . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 3 . batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . fao , rome . pp . iii - vi , 1398 - 2068 .
i have eaten these eels and can tell you they are very tasty similar to flathead .
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stuff of nightmares : a picture of a sea monster is causing a stir online , after newcastle man ethan tipper snapped it at . . .
every so often , otherwise earth - bound spiders take to the air . ballooning spiders can travel hundreds of miles through the air ( and , horrifyingly , rain down on unsuspecting towns ) . the common explanation for this phenomenon is that the spiders surf the wind on strands of silk , but there may be other forces at work , according to a new study spotted by the atlantic .
in the research , published in current biology , university of bristol scientists argue that earth ' s atmospheric electricity allows spiders to become airborne even on windless days . to test their hypothesis , the researchers exposed spiders in the lab to electric fields similar to those naturally found in the atmosphere .
when the electric field was turned on , the spiders began to exhibit behavior associated with ballooning—they
tiptoed
on the ends of their legs , raised their abdomens , and released silk . spiders only exhibit this behavior when ballooning . and when they did become airborne , the spiders’ altitude could be controlled by turning the electric field on and off . when the electric field was on , they rose through the air , but when it was off , they drifted downward .
this provides a potential explanation for why spiders take to the skies on certain days but not others , and how they can fly in calm , windless weather— something scientists have puzzled over since the early 19th century . ( even darwin was flummoxed , calling it
inexplicable ,
the atlantic notes . ) however , the researchers note that these electric fields might not be totally necessary for ballooning—wind alone might work perfectly fine on some days , too . but understanding more about when and how spiders become airborne could help us predict when there will be large masses of arachnids flying through the skies ( and hide ) .
the next time you take a vacation , why not give your dog one , too ? as travel + leisure reports , the barkingham pet hotel in palm desert , california , is just as luxurious as any four seasons or park hyatt resort—at least by canine standards .
as a high - end alternative to traditional boarding kennels , barkingham gives furry guests the chance to stay in their own private suite replete with double beds and live webcams , should customers want to check in and see how their pet is doing . however , more modest arrangements , like “mini” and “junior” suites with a traditional dog bed on the floor , are also available .
we believe your pets deserve as great a vacation as you do ,
owner lori weiner tells mental floss .
we pamper them the same as would a human hotel .
beyond the plush sleeping arrangements , pampered pets will also eat like royalty , with menu items including greek yogurt parfait for breakfast and turkey “muttloaf” for dinner . a range of desserts , such as “corgi cannolis” and “pumpkin and cranberry delight”—all free of wheat , soy , and corn , naturally—are also on offer .
after eating to their heart’s content , dogs can hit the gym and shed some calories on the treadmill or in the pool . there’s also a “pawlates” class , which is described as “a core strengthening and muscle conditioning program” for active and arthritic dogs alike .
traditional grooming services can all be booked at barkingham , as well as more unconventional pampering packages like mud baths , skin treatments , and even massages . for $ 70 , dogs can receive a “raindrop technique” massage , which uses essential oils to achieve
energy alignment
and stress relief .
luxurious pet hotels are a growing trend , not just in california but nationwide . florida’s chateau poochie offers movie nights and blueberry facials , and the new york city branch of the d pet hotel chain sends a chauffeur to pick up your pooch in a ferrari , porsche , or other luxury car of your choice . after all , you wouldn ' t want your princess seen in a prius , would you ?
and while these animals can grow to impressive lengths , the specimen in tippa ' s photograph probably has perspective to thank for its supposed stature ( just like this
fukushima mutant
) .
“they grow to 1 . 8m in length , but the angle the photo is taken from probably makes it look more impressive than it is , ” mcgrouther explains .
net entanglement or a boat collision are also possible culprits , marine biologist julian pepperell tells the sydney morning herald .
earth touch is built on a simple philosophy : nature ' s stories should be told with passion and imagination . view more from this contributor
our planet is a busy , crazy place . and amidst all the noise , voices get lost and some stories are never heard . that’s especially true of our planet’s countless wild species : big and small , threatened and persecuted , complex and fascinating .
for our growing team of writers and contributors , those are the stories that matter most : we dedicate our time to them all day and every day . in a world bursting with news , nature is our niche – and we love it that way .
you , our viewers , are passionate about these stories we tell . take your passion further by supporting and driving more of the nature news you know and love .
this creature is not an alien – it ' s a seabat . yes , a seabat !
there ' s no need to call mulder and scully , this
mutant sea creature with a nose , feet , tail and wings
is no alien .
back in february , the remains of a large mystery creature were discovered on a beach in wales – and they ' ve been puzzling locals and visitors ever . . .
our journalists take the time to dispel rumors that are so common with sensational topics and volatile emotions in the sphere of conservation .
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prices are provided by our partners , and reflect average nightly room rates , including taxes and fees that are fixed , known to our partners , and due at time of booking . other miscellaneous taxes and hotel fees which are not fixed or due at time of booking may be payable at the property at time of stay . please see our partners for more details .
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please visit one of our 4 partner sites to see rooms from us $ 126 .
genuinely the strangest and most discombobulated inn i have ever had the displeasure of staying in . comments of renovations made by the management in previous reviews appear not to have come to fruition . the business appears to be run by a family with some serious . . .
our group of 15 stayed as it was the most convenient location to the start of our charity bike ride back to harrogate . the organiser has lots of experience of organising group activities , including accommodation , so it was disappointing to find there was confusion over . . .
visited on sunday 17th june for a family meal . wr ordered drinks on arriving , one of which was a glass of new zealand sauvignon blanc . this caused blank looks and rummaging behind the bar . we were informed that they didn ' t have a new zealand sauvignon . . .
lovely evening so visited to have a drink and look at the view of the river . no white wine , this is a pub and restaurant . we left and went to the old ferry boat . no reason given for this strange occurrence .
my self and my husband can not thank the gm jason on his amazing expertise at our wedding arranged by himself . a wonderful man with the best knowledge of how to please a bride and groom and there family and friends on the most special . . .
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according to the man who photographed it and triggered a tidal wave of online curiosity : none of the above .
robert tyndall’s photo of a mysterious creature he found near the swansea boat ramp confused and slightly unnerved locals when it washed up on social media on monday .
“i think everyone enjoys using their imagination . judging by the comments , it was growing by the minute . ”
mr tyndall , of caves beach , said he was amused by speculation his image was photoshopped , because he doesn’t “know anything about computers” .
marine biologist julian pepperell said the species is frequently caught by fishers at night who get “the fright of their lives” when they reel in a powerful , thrashing predator with a nasty bite .
“there are certainly people who are bitten by them in boats , ” dr pepperell said .
“they have incredibly strong muscle and their teeth are geared towards inflicting slashing wounds . ”
the photo of the long , sharp - toothed and clearly dead creature has been shared thousands of times on social media , with many identifying it as the similar but flatter - bodied largehead hairtail .
a department of primary industries spokesman also said it appeared to be a mature specimen .
they have been known to hunt 100 metres beneath the ocean’s surface for fish and crustaceans , and are more common off nsw than anywhere else in australia .
please note : all comments made or shown here are bound by the online discussion terms & conditions .
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identifying features : snout long , posterior nostrils only slightly closer to the eye than to the anterior nostrils ; mouth very large , teeth large , conspicuous ; head moderately broad ; 33 - 39 lateral line pores before the anus .
murchison river , western australia , to the shoalhaven river , new south wales . elsewhere , the species is widespread in the indo - west pacific , from east africa to japan , australia , new caledonia and fiji .
muraena bagio hamilton 1822 , an account of the fishes found in the river ganges : 24 , 364 . type locality : ganges river estuaries , india .
castle , p . h . j . 1986 . muraenesocidae . p . 188 , in smith , m . m . & heemstra , p . ( eds ) . smith ' s sea fishes . johannesburg : macmillan south africa xx + 1047 pp . 144 pls .
fricke , r . , kulbicki , m . & wantiez , l . 2011 . checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a ( biologie ) neue serie 4 : 341 - 463 .
gloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 . trawled fishes of southern indonesia and northwest australia . jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp .
hamilton , f . 1822 . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . edinburgh : archibald constable 405 pp . , pls 1 - 39 .
hutchins , j . b . & swainston , r . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . perth : swainston publishing 180 pp .
johnson , j . w . 1999 . annotated checklist of the fishes of moreton bay , queensland , australia . memoirs of the queensland museum 43 ( 2 ) : 709 - 762 .
larson , h . k . & williams , r . s . 1997 . darwin harbour fishes : a survey and annotated checklist . pp . 339 - 380 in hanley , h . r . , caswell , g . , megirian , d . & larson , h . k . ( eds ) . the marine flora and fauna of darwin harbour , northern territory , australia . proceedings of the sixth international marine biology workshop . darwin : museum and art gallery of the northern territory 466 pp .
prokop , f . 2002 . australian fish guide . croydon south , victoria : australian fishing network 256 pp .
russell , b . c . & houston , w . 1989 . offshore fishes of the arafura sea . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory 6 ( 1 ) : 69 - 84
smith , d . g . 1999 . families colocongridae , derichthyidae , muraenesocidae , nemichtyhyidae , congridae , nettastomatidae , serrivomeridae , cyematidae , saccopharyngidae , eurypharyngidae , monognathidae . pp . 1670 - 1697 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes . rome : fao vol . 3 1397 - 2068 pp .
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in hungary , ponds are constructed on lands which are normally not utilized for agriculture and where a sufficient amount of water is available from river or creeks . induced fish breeding is carried out in fish farms managed either by the state or by cooperatives .
different fish species which are induced bred in hungarian fish farms are given below ( after f . bencze and i . fehér , 1977 ) .
though common carp reproduce successfully under natural conditions , induced breeding , i . e . , hypophysation , has been found necessary for obtaining adequate numbers of fry for stocking purposes . the chinese carps - silver carp , bighead carp and grass carp - are recently introduced species in this country and because they do not reproduce in confined water they are also induced bred with the pituitary injection .
presently , common carp is the dominant cultivable species but it is expected that chinese carps would be more in demand , especially once their processing and marketing are improved . the cost of production in polyculture is very much less than monoculture of common carp .
european catfish culture is also becoming increasingly important and so special attention is being paid for the propagation of this catfish . propogation of this fish with hypophysation was started at százhalombatta in 1974 and it is also carried out at szarvas and other farms . the aggressiveness of both sexes increases during the spawning season / process and the resultant injuries even cause death . to avoid this during hypophysation , their mouths are sewn with strong perlon string . this does not harm the fish . larval rearing is done in basins in the hatchery and the fry are fed tubifex until they are a few centimetres in length .
propagation of aspius and tench by hypophysation , has been started ; however in the case of tench , the injection is given in the body cavity . normally sturgeon are caught ripe and stripped without any injection .
since hungary has no natural resources of elvers , it imports them from other european markets .
hungary has made great strides in fish seed production in the last decade and the hatchery has become an integral part of the large fish farms . the methods of rearing spawners , the identification of sex , anaesthetization , closing of the genital apertures of females of common carp , pituitary injections , ripening of the eggs , removal of sexual products and ferilization , incubation of eggs , rearing of larvae with yolk sac and feeding of the early larvae are very well known to the farm managers . also very useful data are available on the reproductive biology of all the cultivable fishes , which are presently the best guide for hatchery management . besides these , the most significant achievement for common carp propagation in the hatchery was the development of a simple method of treatment of eggs with salt carbamide to eliminate the stickiness . the same technique is used for aspius and tinca . the eggs of the catfish are treated with organic proteolytic enzyme at the rate of 0 . 03 g in one litre of water for 1 to 3 minutes after 24 h of their normal development so as to get rid of their stickiness . at százhalombatta the eggs of chinese carps are treated the same way as those of catfish , at the time of hatching of the eggs , to digest the egg shell . however , there is no reliable indicator available yet to predict the result of successful hypophysation ; nor for assessing the suitability of spawned eggs for incubation .


ipini is a tribe of bark beetles .

it is a monophyletic group .

beetles of this tribe specialize on conifers .

many species , such as the six-spined engraver beetle ( ips sexdentatus ) and the european spruce bark beetle ( ips typographus ) , produce galleries in wood for their eggs and larvae .

almost all beetles in this tribe have polygynous mating systems with harems of females .

an exception is the monogamous ips latidens .

genera include : acanthotomicus ips orthotomicus pityogenes pityokteines pseudips

ipini

ambrosia beetle premnobius cavipennis ( scolytinae : ipini ) carries highly divergent ascomycotan ambrosia fungus , afroraffaelea ambrosiae gen . nov . et sp . nov . ( ophiostomatales )
ambrosia beetle premnobius cavipennis ( scolytinae : ipini ) carries highly divergent ascomycotan ambrosia fungus , afroraffaelea ambrosiae gen . nov . et sp . nov . ( ophiostomatales ) - sciencedirect
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urltoken
the drought impacts on regional ecosystems network ( direnet ) fosters and facilitates research on drought effects and the potential role of global climate change on the southwest’s major ecosystems . much of what direnet does is bring scientists and land managers together to plan and conduct research , but here you will find a portal to data , published research , news , and much more .
the southwest is projected to become warmer and more arid in response to climate change during the 21st century . more severe and longer droughts may also be part of the region’s future . how these changes will affect the southwest’s forests and woodlands is of increasing concern . millions of trees throughout the southwest were killed by bark beetle outbreaks , fires , and other factors linked to drought and warming during the first decade of the century alone .
southwestern colorado has experienced the widespread die - off of aspen trees . a new study examines the feasibility of estimating this loss of aboveground biomass and suggests new possibilities for monitoring the impacts of large - scale tree mortality events on carbon cycles .
new study published in the early edition of the proceedings of the national academy of science examines the mechanisms underlying recent widespread and climate - induced aspen forest mortality in western north america .
new research traces the recent west - wide decline and death of aspen trees to stress caused by recent drought , which weakened the trees ' ability to move water through their vascular systems .
professor jeff mitton and researchers from the university of colorado explain the connection between the unprecedented mountain pine beetle epidemic and climate change in colorado .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . 0443526 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .
tuscany . lush , rolling hills , sunny days , medieval towns , cities filled with history and culture , small roads winding their ways through endless greenery passing countless pine and fig trees . right amidst the glistening olive groves and the majestic vineyards , not too far from the historic centre of san gimignano , you can find our vegan agrivilla i pini , a small , picturesque organic winery . an historic estate . a place to enjoy and relax .
find tranquility and privacy . whether in the salt water pool featuring breathtaking panoramic views , beneath a hundred year old olive tree or in a cozy hammock swinging in the shade of the pine trees . i pini draws an alternative program to a hotel stay : it is where nature meets culture , design tradition and harmony hedonism .
our villa has undergone a natural restoration during the past winter months and now shines in a new ecological design . alongside our philosophy we choose high quality natural materials such as chalk , hemp , clay , natural terracotta floors and antique wooden furniture . including everything needed for your vacation in tuscany such as harmony , comfort , elegance and history .
you can also experience history in the centre of san gimignano which only lies 1 , 5km away . including its 14 towers , san gimignano belongs to one of the best - preserved medieval cities and is part of the unesco world heritage since 1990 . the location of the so called ‘medieval manhattan’ is very strategic . right in the centre of tuscany . between florence and siena . making it the ideal place for a cultural journey on long sunny days .
days at the biotique agrivilla i pini start with an honest , homemade breakfast in the morning , and in the evening we prepare a carefully chosen classy dinner . whether you enjoy your eating experience on our panoramic patio including the view on san gimignano or in our elegant dining area , that is up to you . all meals are 100 % vegan and creative . always using organic ingredients which we prefer to produce ourselves , farm to table .
would you also like to buy straight form the organic producer ? then make your reservation for your favourite room at the vegan agrivilla i pini in tuscany benefiting theses direct booking advantages : lowest price guaranteed , biggest choice with regards to the room categories , 10 % discount on i pini agricultural products , individual recommendation in terms of choice of rooms and a refreshing welcome drink .
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i pini
is situated in a panoramic position on a hill with a view over the tevere valley and it extends over an area of 50 , 000 sq . m , completely shaded by trees . it is surrounded by a wood of age - old oak trees , where guests can go for walks or excursions by mountain bike . the camping is composed of 90 sq . m grassy pitches , all equipped with electric outlets and drinking fountains are regularly distributed among the pitches . in a modern building , made particularly bright and sunny by the wide glass windows , a snack bar , an ice - cream parlour , a restaurant - pizzeria and market can be found . sports facilities , tennis court and a 18m x 9m swimming pool for adults , with a jacuzzi and 6m x 6m children lagoon of 200 sq . m . nearby are available ; they are all set in a large garden equipped with reclining chairs and beach umbrellas . there is the option to take the campsite shuttle into town for the day and when you return you can enjoy an evening meal under the stars . the relaxed country atmosphere of camping i pini makes it ideal for those looking for a more laid back holiday in rome !
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they say rome was built on seven hills – well , over the hills but not too far away is a land of rolling countryside and charming villages . and that’s where you’ll find i pini .
still comfortably close to the capital to make a day trip effortlessly easy , but wrapped in captivating parkland , i pini offers the best of both worlds . drive into rome for a day exploring all that the eternal city has to offer , safe in the knowledge that your country retreat is less than an hour away . and then the fun begins : i pini is custom made to tempt you to get out and enjoy the delights of italy’s great outdoors !
our pitches on this parc are nicely spaced and set in a wooded , terraced area , which is accessed by a sloping path and steps . please note that due to the sloping terrain location of our pitches - up to 20 steps , this is not suitable for those with mobility issues .
please note the use of citronella candles , and ordinary candles , is strictly forbidden on this parc .
the opening dates of pool complexes are correct at the time of collection at the beginning of the season , but are subject to change . it is possible that the campsite may close outdoor pools in poor weather and / or in low season .
the kids will love their specially designed pool with its castle , waterslide and fountains and the whole family can indulge in the lagoon pool with its own jacuzzi for ultimate relaxation . the sunloungers and sun terrace offer the perfect place to soak up some rays before or after taking a dip .
this parc runs its own kids’ clubs , and you’re welcome to make use of these throughout your holiday . we don’t however , have any involvement in these clubs or how they are organised , including the quality of activities available . * please check details of timetable of activities , and if sessions need to be pre - booked , directly with the campsite staff . consent forms may be required .
the opening dates of facilities are correct at the time of collection at the beginning of the season , but are subject to change . it is possible that some facilities may be closed in low season , please ask our reservation team at the time of booking , if there is a facility which is key to your holiday .
whilst our range of parcs are ideal for relaxing holidays , they also offer you plenty to do when you feel like being a little more active .
the activities detailed are available all season , unless indicated otherwise . this information is subject to change , and it is possible that some activities may have a charge and / or may remain closed in low season . please check at the time of booking if there is an activity or facility which is key to your holiday .
whilst the campsite bar , pool , restaurant & shop have wheelchair access , all our mobile homes are located on steep , sloping terrain up 10 - 20 steps ( with no slope access ) , and are therefore unsuitable for those with mobility issues .
the use of citronella candles and ordinary candles is strictly forbidden on this parc .
bed linen and towels can be hired . please order your linen no later than one week before departure .
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registered office : chelford house , gadbrook park , northwich , cheshire cw9 7ln england . registered in england : 1160442 . vat number : gb511641876 .
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ambrosia beetles and fungi represent an interesting and economically important symbiosis , but the vast majority of ambrosia fungi remain unexplored , hindering research , management of pathogens , and mitigation of invasive species . beetles in the subtribe premnobiini are one example of an entire beetle lineage whose fungal symbionts have never been studied . here , we identify one dominant fungal symbiont of premnobius cavipennis by using fungus culturing , community sequencing , microtome sectioning and micro - ct scanning of mycangia . phylogenetic analyses of combined 18s and 28s rdna and β - tubulin sequences revealed a highly divergent fungal lineage within ophiostomatales , afroraffaelea ambrosiae gen . nov . et sp . nov . the newly described fungal lineage represents another origin of the symbiosis within the kingdom fungi , adding to our understanding of the geographic ancestry of ambrosia fungi . p . cavipennis possesses pharyngeal mycangia which appear restrictive in fungus selection . this ambrosia beetle - fungus association has remained stable even after invasions into non - native regions .
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calliostoma kiiense is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .

some authors place this taxon in the subgenus calliostoma ( tristichotrochus )

calliostoma kiiense

calliostomatidae » calliostoma kiiense , id : 736214 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
specimen shell : calliostoma kiiense each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( japan ) , divers , trochidae specimen shell : calliostoma kiiense ikeba 1942
sea shell information on : ts39235 - trochidae calliostoma - > kiiense . this specimen is of trochidae . the specimen shell of groupe : calliostoma . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information
calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma purpureocinctum hedley , 1894 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
species calliostoma convexum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma africanum bartsch , 1915
species calliostoma capense thiele , 1925 accepted as calliostoma perfragile g . b . sowerby iii , 1903
species calliostoma albolineatum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma ornatum ( lamarck , 1822 )
calliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 : synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907
calliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
species calliostoma formosensis [ sic ] accepted as calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907 ( incorrect original spelling )
species calliostoma fernandesi boyer , 2006 accepted as calliostoma angolense boyer , 2007 ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma fernandesi rolán & monteiro , 2006 ; c . angolense is a replacement name )
calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) : synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )
species calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 accepted as calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma adamsi pilsbry , 1889 )
» species calliostoma ( calliostoma ) burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
species calliostoma echinatum dall , 1881 accepted as calliostoma caribbechinatum landau , van dingenen & ceulemans , 2017 ( invalid : junior secondary homonym of calliostoma echinatum ( millet , 1865 ) ; c . caribbechinatum is a replacement name )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) heros b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )
species calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) accepted as calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )
calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 : synonym of enida japonica a . adams , 1860
species calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 accepted as enida japonica a . adams , 1860
species calliostoma rubroscalptum y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 1998
subgenus calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 represented as kombologion clench & r . d . turner , 1960 accepted as calliostoma swainson , 1840
subgenus calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 accepted as astele swainson , 1855
calliostoma euglyptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) - sculptured topsnail , sculptured top shell
calliostoma rubroscalpta lee , y . c . & w . l . wu , 1998
calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith : synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith
calliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 : synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 : synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma virescens renier , s . a . in coen , g . s . , 1933
» species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma waikanae oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 ) ( basionym )
calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 · accepted , alternate representation
calliostoma coppingeri major castellanos , z . j . a . de & f . fernandes , 1976
calliostoma pulchrum ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) - beautiful topsnail , beautiful top shell
calliostoma swinneni poppe , g . t . , s . tagaro & h . dekker , 2006
calliostoma trotini poppe , g . t . , s . tagaro & h . dekker , 2006
» species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) pagoda w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) selectum ( dillwyn , 1817 ) accepted as maurea selecta ( dillwyn , 1817 )
calliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
» species calliostoma ( mauriella ) wanganuicum w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) punctulatum ( martyn , 1784 ) accepted as maurea punctulata ( martyn , 1784 ) ( synonym )
calliostoma polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of cantharidus polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 )
calliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )
» species calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 ) ( original combination )
species calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )
species calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )
calliostoma occidentale ( mighels and c . b . adams , 1842 ) - boreal topsnail , north atlantic top shell
species calliostoma aucklandicum e . a . smith , 1902 accepted as coelotrochus chathamensis ( hutton , 1873 ) ( synonym )
species calliostoma farquhari g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )
species calliostoma coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as calliostoma kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena coronata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma coronatum quinn , 1992 ; c . kanakorum is a replacement name )
calliostoma is a genus of small to medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs within the family calliostomatidae , the calliostoma top snails ( according to the taxonomy of taxonomy of gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) ) . previously this genus was placed within the family trochidae . calliostoma is the type genus of the family calliostomatidae .
calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) : synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )
subgenus calliostoma ( mauriella ) w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea oliver , 1926 ( synonym )
species calliostoma antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma cristatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena cristata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma crossleyae e . a . smith , 1910 accepted as tristichotrochus crossleyae ( e . a . smith , 1910 )
species calliostoma diadematum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena diademata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 )
species calliostoma gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
calliostoma poupineli montrouzier , r . p . in souverbie , s . m . & r . p . montrouzier , 1875
species calliostoma alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( replacement name for calliostoma blacki ( dell , 1956 ) not c . blacki ( powell , 1950 ) )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) gracile p . marshall , 1918 † accepted as maurea gracilis ( p . marshall , 1918 ) †
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) spectabile ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as maurea spectabilis ( a . adams , 1855 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 )
species calliostoma aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 accepted as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )
species calliostoma correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 †
species calliostoma dnopherum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as margarites dnopherus ( r . b . watson , 1879 )
calliostoma is a large genus of medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs known as top shells .
calliostoma hayamanum kuroda , t . & t . habe in kuroda , t . , t . habe & k . oyama , 1971
species calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )
» species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) jamiesoni b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea jamiesoni ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) maui b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea maui ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) penniketi b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea penniketi ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) regale b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea regalis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) simulans b . a . marshall , 1994 accepted as maurea simulans ( b . a . marshall , 1994 )
species calliostoma arruense r . b . watson , 1880 accepted as calthalotia arruensis ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) ( original combination )
species calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( original combination )
perron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .
carnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific
. veliger 18 : 52–54 .
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .
a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand
. the nautilus 108 : 83–127 .
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 †
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .
a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand
. the nautilus 108 : 83–127 .
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) houbricki b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor houbricki ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) metivieri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor metivieri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) necopinatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor necopinatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) paradigmatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor paradigmatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) periglyptum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor periglyptus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) richeri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor richeri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) vaubani b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor vaubani ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
clench w . & turner r . ( 1960 ) .
the genus calliostoma in the western atlantic
. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1 - 80 .
remarks . calliostoma delli tends to be broader than high ; one of the figured paratypes ( fig . 14 ) is unusually narrow , compared to most specimens on the type lot .
clench , w . j . and r . d . turner ( 1960 ) .
the genus calliostoma in the western atlantic
. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1–80 .
quinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .
new species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic
. the nautilus 106 : 77–114 .
marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
» species calliostoma ( otukaia ) alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as otukaia blacki ( dell , 1956 ) accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
the top shells ( which are called calliostoma ) are marine gastropod molluscs . they can be found world - wide . the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture .
contrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .
( of trochus ( calliostoma ) swainson , 1840 ) swainson w . ( 1840 ) a treatise on malacology or shells and shell - fish . london , longman . viii + 419 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 218 , 351 [ details ]
currently , calliostoma is being treated in worms as a broad genus . it is expected to be broken up and ( some ) subgenera will be elevated to the status of genus . at this moment ( 2013 ) , information is too fragmentary to assign all species in a revised genus .
holotype for calliostoma atlantoides quinn , 1992 catalog number : usnm 860261 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry locality : st . lucia , caribbean sea , north atlantic ocean depth ( m ) : 417 to 589 vessel : pillsbury r / v
sasaki t . ( 2017 ) . family calliostomatidae . pp . 756 - 759 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]
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aeo - odo ( 69 ) oli - sp . ( 68 ) spe - zeu ( 27 )
description . shell large , thin , silky white , nonumbilicate , spire whorls convex . protoconch of one and one - fourth whorls , teleoconch whorls seven , first teleoconch whorl with three spiral cords , noded to produce square cancellations : sculpture changing by the second whorl to three prominently projecting spiral cords , the uppermost cord beaded , the other two smooth . mature sculpture of three prominent cords , subsutural cord the least prominent , remaining close to the suture and losing its beading by about the third whorl ; second cord sharply defined and separated from the subsutural cord by a broad , smooth area ; third cord equally strong and projecting to form the peripheral extent of the whorl . basal keep sharp ; suture laid directly on its lower surface , not forming a channel . basal cording of about three fine cords on the outer edge and two to three bordering the columellar wall ; intermediate area of base smooth except for fine spiral striae . columellar wall thickened , slanted , forming a spur at the base ; outer lip thin . operculum corneous , multispiral . animal and radula as in c . chilena .
dimensions : height 29 . 6 mm . diameter 30 . 9 min ( holotype , fig . 13 ) : height 24 . 3 mm , diameter 23 . 2 mm ( paratype , fig . 14 ) ; height 29 . 0 mm , diameter 26 . 0 ( paratype . fig . 15 ) .
material . chile : los vilos ( lacm , type lot , figs . 13 - 15 ) , papudo , zapallar , algarrobo , punta penablanca ( lacm ) , pichilemu , constitución . specimens examined : 114 .
type material . thirty - three specimens from the type locality , collected 29 may 1977 , by andrade , shrimp trawler goden wind , holotype , lacm 1980 ; paratypes , lacm 1981 ; paratypes , mnhn 200489 ; paratypes , mzicb 15 . 528 ; paratypes , usnm 784738 .
type locality . 400 m off los vilos , chile ( 31°56 ' s : 71°54 ' w ) .
distribution . los vilos ( 31°56 ' s ) to constitución , chile ( 35°20 ' s ) . depth range 200 - 450 m .
diagnosis . a species of the subgenus otukaia characterized by having three spiral cords prominent at all growth stages . it differs from the similarly sculptured c . blacki ( dell , 1956 ) from new zealand ( see dell , 1956 : 46 , pl . 7 , fig . 6 ) in being lower spired , and in having a weaker subsutural ( first ) cord and a stronger second cord .
etymology . we are pleased to name this species in honor of dr . richard k . dell of the national museum of new zealand , wellington . ”
mclean , j . h . and h . andrade . 1982 . large archibenthal gastropods of central chile : collections from an expedition of the r / v anton bruun and the chilean shrimp industry . los angeles county museum , contributions in sciences , 342 : 1 - 20 . urltoken ; = 2316
unconfirmed _ type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .
holotype : quinn , j . f . 1992 . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 102 .
unconfirmed type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 274 - 274 temperature range ( °c ) : 12 . 462 - 12 . 462 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 16 . 704 - 16 . 704 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 456 - 35 . 456 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 043 - 3 . 043 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 235 - 1 . 235 silicate ( umol / l ) : 5 . 700 - 5 . 700 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
stocks , k . 2009 . seamounts online : an online information system for seamount biology . version 2009 - 1 . world wide web electronic publication .
the distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrata , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .
the rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the
perron , frank e . ; turner r . d . ( 1978 ) .
dall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake
, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40
vilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 18
williams , s . t . ; k . m . donald , h . g . spencer and t . nakano ( march 2010 ) .
vilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163
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( of fluxina dall , 1881 ) dall w . h . 1881 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877 - 78 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer
blake
, lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . preliminary report on the mollusca . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college , 9 ( 2 ) : 33 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]
vilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163 [ details ]
williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) . calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , the loyalty islands , and the northern lord howe rise . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) résultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . série a , zoologie . 167 : 381 - 458 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]
( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]
note : many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite , within the wikipedia article ! this article doesn ' t yet , but we ' re working on it ! see more info or our list of citable articles .
its distribution is world - wide . the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture .
according to the latest taxonomy of bouchet & rocroi , this genus belongs in the family calliostomatidae in the clade vetigastropoda . earlier malacologists placed this genus within the trochidae .
, a deep - water gastropod , dredged in the atlantic ocean at a depth of from 100 m to 1170 m .
malacolog 4 . 1 . 0 : : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca - malacolog 4 . 1 . 0 : western atlantic mollusk species database at the academy of natural sciences
list of allocated ip addresses in 112 . 78 . 0 . 0 - 112 . 78 . 255 . 255 network range , page 3 / 4
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