the cladocera are an order of small crustaceans commonly called water fleas .

around 620 species have been recognised so far , with many more undescribed .

they are ubiquitous in inland aquatic habitats , but rare in the oceans .

most are 0.2 – 6.0 mm ( 0.01 – 0.24 in ) long , with a down-turned head with a single median compound eye , and a carapace covering the apparently unsegmented thorax and abdomen .

most species show cyclical parthenogenesis , where asexual reproduction is occasionally supplemented by sexual reproduction , which produces resting eggs that allow the species to survive harsh conditions and disperse to distant habitats .

cladocera

this is the case in the cladocera , the cumacea and a few amphipoda .
nv aladin , 1991 . salinity tolerance and morphology of the osmoregulation organs in cladocera with special reference to cladocera from the aral sea . hydrobiologia 225 : 291 - 299 .
frey dg ( 1982 ) questions concerning cosmopolitanism in cladocera . arch hydrobiol 93 : 484–502
and related microcrustacea : implications for cladocera autoecology and the zooplankton community . hydrobiologia 100 : 203–221
some comments on tropical littoral cladocera , with a description of alona incredibilis sp . nov .
frey dg ( 1987 ) the taxonomy and biogeography of the cladocera . hydrobiologia 145 : 5–17
leydig ( crustacea : cladocera ) and related species from north america . 10750obiologia 83 : 101–114 .
some comments on tropical littoral cladocera , with a description of alona incredibilis sp . nov . | springerlink
j green , 1995 . altitudinal distribution of tropical planktonic cladocera . hydrobiologia 307 : 75 - 84 .
fauna of microcrustaceans ( cladocera : copepoda ) of shallow freshwater ecosystems of wrangel island ( . . .
taxonomy of ' ceriodaphnia ' ( crustacea : cladocera ) in u . s . environmental protection agency cultures
ueno m ( 1938 ) japanese freshwater cladocera . a zoogeographical sketch . annot zool japon 17 : 283–294
smirnov , 1992 ( cladocera , macrothricidae ) , recently reported in the neotropical region . hydrobiologia 490 : 87–92
flössner , d . , 2002 . die haplopoda und cladocera mitteleuropas . leiden , backhuys publishers , 428 pp
the freshwater crustaceans ( cladocera : copepoda ) of bering island ( commander islands , russian far ea . . .
fischer , 1850 ( crustacea : branchiopoda : cladocera ) from the united states . internat rev hydrobiol 90 : 201–208
frey , d . g . , 1982 . questions concerning cosmopolitanism in cladocera . archiv für hydrobiologie 93 : 484–502 .
frey , d . g . , 1987 . the taxonomy and biogeography of the cladocera . hydrobiologia 145 : 5–17 .
korovchinsky , n . m . , 1996 . how many species of cladocera are there ? hydrobiologia 321 : 191–204 .
the sexes are sometimes separated , but in cladocera parthenogenetic reproduction is most common . the larval development is primarily epimorphic .
hj dumont , 1994 . on the diversity of the cladocera in the tropics . hydrobiologia 272 : 27 - 38 .
korovchinsky nm ( 2000a ) species richness of pelagic cladocera of large lakes in the eastern hemisphere . hydrobiologia 434 : 41–54
fryer , g . , 1987 . morphology and the classification of the so - called cladocera . hydrobiologia 145 : 19–28 .
inoue s ( 1968 ) copepoda and cladocera in the uryu - numa moor , hokkaido . jpn j limnol 29 : 148–155
a critical review of the current taxonomy of the genus daphnia o . f . müller , 1785 ( anomopoda , cladocera ) .
lynch , m . , 1985 . speciation in the cladocera . verhandlungen der internationalen vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte limnologie 22 : 3116–3123 .
description of the individual growth of daphnia magna ( crustacea : cladocera ) through the von bertalanffy growth equation . effect of photoperiod and temperature
taxonomy of ' ceriodaphnia ' ( crustacea : cladocera ) in u . s . environmental protection agency cultures | science inventory | us epa
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certain species of cladocera belong to the plankton of lakes and large ponds , and show modifications which adapt them for a floating life .
fischer , 1850 ( crustacea , cladocera , sididae ) from the amur river basin . zoologitcheskiy zh 88 : 289–299 ( in russian )
we would like to announce first information about the upcoming 11th symposium on cladocera , which will take place in 2017 in kulmbach , germany .
( schoedler ) ( cercopagidae : cladocera ) : a new record for lake ontario . journal of great lakes research 12 : 142 - 143 .
description of the individual growth of daphnia magna ( crustacea : cladocera ) through the von bertalanffy growth equation . effect of photoperiod and temperature | springerlink
a korhola , 1999 . distribution patterns of cladocera in subarctic fennoscandian lakes and their potential in environmental reconstruction . ecography 22 : 357 - 373 .
what made you want to look up cladocera ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
tropical littoral cladocera with special reference to alona incredibilis sp . nov . and alonella brasiliensis bergamin , 1935 from the amazon basin , are commented upon .
khalaf , a . n . & n . n . smirnov , 1976 . on littoral cladocera of iraq . hydrobiologia 51 , 1 : 91–94 .
hessen , d . o . , 1985 . filtering structures and particle size selection in coexisting cladocera . oecologia ( berl . ) 66 : 368–372 .
a critical review of the current taxonomy of the genus daphnia o . f . müller , 1785 ( anomopoda , cladocera ) . - pubmed - ncbi
ueno m ( 1933 ) the freshwater branchiopoda of japan . ii . cladocera of hokkaido . mem col sci kyoto imp univ ser b 8 : 301–324
korovchinsky nm ( 2004 ) cladocera order ctenopoda of the world fauna : morphology , systematics , ecology , zoogeography . kmk scientific , moscow ( in russian )
cladocera , or
water fleas
, generally are small , 0 . 2 - 3 . 0 ( 18 ) mm , showing reduced body segmentation with two
, maximum lake depth ; hcl , reaction with acid during preparation . the world geodetic system of 1984 ( wgs84 ) datum was used for the cladocera samples .
korovchinsky , n . m . , 2006 . the cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) as a relict group . zoological journal of the linnean society 147 : 109–124 .
frey , d . g . , 1976 . redescription of chydorus pigroides lilljeborg , 1900 and allocation to pleuroxus ( cladocera , chydoridae ) . crustaceana 30 : 89–97 .
frey , d . g . ( 1965 ) differentiation of alona costata sars from two related species ( cladocera , chydoridae ) . crustaceana , 8 , 159–173 . urltoken
d flössner , 2000 . [ die haplopoda und cladocera ( ohne bosminidae ) mitteleuropas ] . [ book in german ] . backhuys publisher , leiden : 428 pp .
nm korovchinsky , 2006 . the cladocera ( crustacea : brachiopoda ) as a relict group . zool . j . linn . soc . 147 : 109 - 124 .
k szeroczyńska , 1991 . impact of prehistoric settlements on the cladocera in the sediments of lakes suszek , błędowo , and skrzetuszewskie . hydrobiologia 225 : 105 - 114 .
unidentified subfossil remains ( nrr ) of cladocera . a ) probably headshield of euryalona sp . b ) headshield nrr1 . c ) postabdomen of leydigiopsis ornata . d ) probably headshield of leberis sp . e ) nrr3 , probably shell of cladocera from group of coronatella monacantha . f ) shell nrr4 . scale bars : 500 μm .
dumont , h . j . , 1981 . cladocera and free - living copepoda from the fouta djalon and adjacent mountain areas in west africa . hydrobiologia 85 : 97–116 .
mortari r campanelli , r henry , 2016 . horizontal distribution of cladocera in a subtropical lake marginal to a river . j . paleolimnol . 75 : 109 - 120 .
tanaka s ( 1995 ) notes on the cladocera of japan . 2 . sididae and holopedidae . mem fac edu toyama univ ser b 47 : 35–42 ( in japanese )
dumont , h . j . , p . laureys & j . pensaert , 1979 . anostraca , conchostraca , cladocera and copepoda from tunisia . 10750obiologia 66 : 259–274 .
korovchinsky , n . m . , 1982 . materials to systematics of diaphanosoma genus ( cladocera : sididae ) . zoologischesky zhurnal 51 , 5 : 690–698 ( in russian ) .
these results provide basic information on cladocera communities in freshwater ecosystems of central america , a region where research carried out so far is insufficient to provide robust taxonomical and ecological information .
aa kotov , 2009 . a revision of leydigia kurz , 1875 ( anomopoda , cladocera , branchiopoda ) , and subgeneric differentiation within the genus . magnolia press : 84 pp .
ay sinev , 2015b . morphology and phylogenetic position of three species of genus camptocercus baird , 1843 ( cladocera : anomopoda : chydoridae ) . zootaxa 4040 : 169 - 186 .
a total of 31 cladocera taxa belonging to three families – daphniidae , bosminidae and chydoridae – were found in the sediments of the lakes studied . some cladocera remains that could not be identified to species level belong to four different morphotypes and were referred to as “not recognized remains” ( nrr ) 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively ( fig . 2 ) . species relative abundances are presented in fig . 3 . frequency ( n ) , mean and maximum relative abundance of each cladocera species are collated in tab . 2 .
frey , d . g . , 1959 . the taxonomic and phylogenetic significance of the head pores of the chydoridae ( cladocera ) . internationale revue der gesamten hydrobiologie 44 : 27–50 .
flössner , d . , 1967 . alona rustica scott and alona costata sars ( cladocera , chydorida ) . zur kenntnis der morphologie und okologie einer zwillingsart . limnologica 5 : 417–434 .
petkovski , t . & flössner , d . , 1972 . eine neue alona - art ( crustacea : cladocera ) aus dem ochridsee . fragm . balcan . 9 : 97–106 .
korovchinsky , n . m . , 1981 . taxonomic revision of australian diaphanosoma ( cladocera : sididae ) . aust . j . mar . freshwat . res . 32 : 813–831 .
vijverberg , j . 1980 . effect of temperature in laboratory studies on development and growth of cladocera and copepoda from tjeukemeer , the netherlands . freshw . biol . 10 : 317–340 .
the physiology of cladocera is a much - needed summary of foundational information on these increasingly important model organisms . this unique and valuable summary is based on the world ' s literature , including russian research not widely available until now . it offers systematically arranged data on the physiology of cladocera , assisting with explanation of their life and distribution , as well as discussion on directions of future research . special expert contributions in genetics , immunology , and cytology round out the physiological chapters and provide comprehensive insight into the state of knowledge of cladocera and its underlying mechanisms .
smirnov , n . n . & b . v . timms , 1983 . revision of australian cladocera . memoirs of the australian museum , sydney , suppl . 1 . 132 pp .
smirnov , n . n . & timms , b . ( 1983 ) a revision of the australian cladocera . records of the australian museum , 1 ( supplement ) , 1–132 . urltoken
c kamenik , k szeroczyńska , r schmidt , 2007 . relationships among recent alpine cladocera remains and their environment : implications for climate - changes studies . hydrobiologia 594 : 33 - 46 .
gieskes , w . w . c . , 1971 . ecology of the cladocera of the north atlantic and the north sea . netherlands journal of sea research , 5 : 342 - 376 .
sinev , a . y . ( 2008 ) a new species related to alona costata sars , 1862 ( cladocera : anomopoda : chydoridae ) from south africa . zootaxa , 1707 , 23–36 .
mj paterson , 1994 . paleolimnological reconstruction of recent changes in assemblages of cladocera from acidified lakes in the adirondack mountains ( new york ) . j . paleolimnol . 11 : 189 - 200 .
kotov , a . a . & n . m . korovchinsky , 2006 . first record of fossil mesozoic ctenopoda ( crustacea , cladocera ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 146 : 269–274 .
sacherová , v . & p . d . n . hebert , 2003 . the evolutionary history of the chydoridae ( crustacea : cladocera ) . biological journal of the linnean society 79 : 629–643 .
despite the increasing use of cladocera in research and study , physiological background information on these creatures is fragmentary . hundreds of unconnected publications have been accumulated on their physiology , and a synthesis and general representation of the literature has been much needed for the many researchers working with this organism . the physiology of cladocera stands alone as a valuable and comprehensive offering in this area for many researchers and students .
kotov , a . a . ( 2009 ) a revision of leydigia kurz , 1875 ( anomopoda , cladocera , branchiopoda ) , and subgeneric differentiation within the genus . zootaxa , 2082 , 1–68 .
brandlova , j . , z . brandl & c . fernando , 1972 . the cladocera of ontario with remarks on some species and distribution . can . j . zool . 50 : 1373–1403 .
k szeroczyńska , e zawisza , 2011a . subfossil faunal and floral remains ( cladocera , pediastrum ) in two northern lobelia lakes in finland . knowl . manag . aquat . ect . 403 : 09 .
m elías - gutiérrez , aa kotov , t garfias - espejo , 2006 . cladocera ( crustacea : ctenopoda : anomopoda ) from southern mexico , belize and northern guatemala . zootaxa 119 : 1 - 27 .
kotov , a . a . & elias - gutierrez , m . ( 2009 ) a phylogenetic analysis of ilyocryptus sars , 1862 ( cladocera : ilyocryptidae ) . international review of hydrobiology , 94 , 208–225 . urltoken
e jeppesen , p leavitt , l de meester , jensen j peder , 2001 . functional ecology and paleolimnology : using cladocera remains to reconstruction anthropogenic impact . trends ecol . evol . 16 : 191 - 198 .
e zawisza , k szeroczyńska , 2011 . cladocera species composition in lakes in the area of the hornsund fjord ( southern spitsbergen ) - preliminary results , knowl . manag . aquat . ec . 402 : 04 .
lilljeborg w ( 1901 ) cladocera sueciae oder beiträge zur kenntnis der in schweden lebenden krebstiere von der ordnung der branchiopoden und der unterordnung der cladoceren . nova acta reg soc sci upsal ser 3 ( 19 ) : 1–701
frey , d . g . , 1980 . the non - swimming chydorid cladocera of wet forests , with description of a new genus and two new species . int . revue ges . hydrobiol . 65 : 613–641 .
dg frey , 1986 . cladocera analysis , p . 667 - 692 . in : b . e . berglund ( ed . ) , handbook of holocene palaeoecology and palaeohydrology . j . wiley & sons , chichester .
ay sinev , m silva - briano , 2012 . cladocerans of genus alona baird , 1843 ( cladocera : snomopoda : chydoridae ) and related genera from aguascalientes state , mexico . zootaxa . 3569 : 1 - 24 .
k szeroczyńska , e zawisza , 2011b . records of the 8200 cal bp cold event reflected in the compositionof subfossil cladocera in the sediments of three lakes in poland . quat . int . 233 : 185 - 193 .
kv van damme , hj dumont , 2010 . cladocera of the lençóis maranhenses ( ne - brazil ) : faunal composition and a reappraisal of sars’ method . braz . j . biol . 70 : 755 - 779 .
pleuroxus denticulatus ( birge , 1879 ) remains were identified in the sediments from four lakes ( chicabal , jucutuma , ticamaya , los negritos ) and its maximum contribution to the cladocera communities did not exceed 12 % ( average = 6 . 4 % ) . the presence of only one pleuroxus species in the lakes of the study area and its local distribution confirms the rarity of this cladocera group in the tropical region ( korovchinsky , 2006 ) .
g fryer , 1968 . evolution and adaptive radiation in the chydoridae ( crustacea : cladocera ) : a study in comparative functional morphology and ecology . philos . t . r . soc . b 254 : 221 - 385 .
k szeroczyńska , e zawisza , m wojewódka , 2015 . initial time of two high altitude crater lakes ( nevado de toluca , central mexico ) recorded in subfossil cladocera . stud . quatern . 32 : 109 - 116 .
flössner , d . & frey , d . g . , 1970 . a morphological comparison of european and north american populations of alona rustica sars and a . costata scott ( cladocera , chydorida ) . limnologica 7 : 325–337 .
frey , d . g . , 1980 . the non - swimming chydorid cladocera of wet forests , with description of a new genus and two new species . int . revue ges . hydrobiol . 65 , 5 : 613–641 .
k nováková , m van hardenbroek , wo van der knaap , 2013 . response of subfossil cladocera in gerzensee ( swiss plateau ) to early late glacial environmental change . palaeogeogr . palaeoclimatol . palaeoecol . 391 : 84 - 89 .
ay sinev , hg dumont , 2016 . revision of the costata - group of alona s . lato ( cladocera : anomopoda : chydoridae ) confirms its generic status . eur . j . taxon . 223 : 1 - 38 .
cladocera is a primarily - freshwater monophyletic group , an important component of the microcrustacean zooplankton . they inhabit most types of continental fresh and saline water habitats , occurring more abundantly in both temporary and permanent stagnant waters . cladocera is an ancient group of palaeozoic origin . about 620 species are currently known , but we estimate that the real number of species is 2–4 times higher . a number of currently - recognised widespread species can be expected to harbour extensive cryptic diversity .
apstein , c . , 1901a . cladocera ( daphnidae ) , wasserflöhe . nordisches plankton , 4 ( 7 ) : 11 - 15 . lipsius & tischer , kiel . ( reprint asher & co . , amsterdam , 1964 ) .
elmoor - loureiro , l . m . a . ( 2014 ) ephemeroporus quasimodo sp . nov . ( crustacea : cladocera : chydoridae ) a new species from the brazilian cerrado . zootaxa , 3281 ( 1 ) , 88–100 . urltoken
kotov , a . a . & fuentes - reines , j . m . ( 2014 ) a new species of leydigia kurz , 1875 ( cladocera : chydoridae ) from colombia . zootaxa , 3814 ( 3 ) , 399–408 . urltoken
the cca analysis was conducted using the species included the six distinguished clusters and an additional set of other cladocera species that were not included in any cluster . due to their rarity and low contribution to total cladocera remains , nrr were not included in the analysis . the cca ordination biplot is presented in fig . 4b . arrows show environmental variables , and their length and direction indicate the strength and direction of their influence on the species composition ( ter braak , 1986 ) .
sinev , a . y . ( 2006 ) alona meridionalis sp . n . - a new species of chydoridae ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anompoda ) from south africa , with transverse lateral head pores . arthropoda selecta , 15 , 193–202 .
van damme , k . & eggermont , h . ( 2011 ) the afromontane cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of the rwenzori ( uganda–d . r . congo ) : taxonomy , ecology and biogeography . hydrobiologia , 675 , 57–100 . urltoken
j mirosław - grabowska , e zawisza , 2014 . late glaciale early holocene environmental changes in charzykowskie lake ( northern poland ) based on oxygen and carbon isotopes and cladocera data . quat . int . 328 - 329 : 156 - 166 .
flössner , d . & frey , d . g . ( 1970 ) a morphological comparison of european and north american populations of alona rustica sars and alona costata scott ( cladocera , chydoridae ) . limnologica ( berlin ) , 7 , 325–337 .
m elías - gutiérrez , j ciros - pérez , e suárez - morales , m silva - briano , 1999 . the freshwater cladocera orders ctenopoda and anomopoda ) of mexico , with comments on selected taxa . crustacean 72 : 171 - 186 .
l frolova , l nazarova , l pestryakova , u herzschuh , 2014 . subfossil cladocera from surface sediment in thermokarst lakes in northern siberia , russia , in relation to limnological and climatic variables , j . paleolimnol . 52 : 107 - 119 .
e zawisza , a correa - metrio , m caballero , s lozano , k szeroczyńska , 2014 . paleoecology of tropical lake zirhauen ( western mexico ) recorded in cladocera remains . abstract book of the 8th shallow lakes conf . , antalya turkey .
c bigler , c heiri , r krskova , af lotter , m sturm , 2006 . distribution of diatoms , chironomids and cladocera in surface sediments of thirty mountain lakes in south - eastern switzerland . aquat . sci . 68 : 154 - 171 .
kv van damme , ay sinev , hj dumont , 2011 . separation of anthalona gen . n . from alona baird , 1843 ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) : morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines . zootaxa 2875 : 1 - 64 .
e zawisza , m caballero , c ruiz - fernandez , 2012 . 500 years of ecological changes recorded in subfossil cladocera in a high - altitude tropical lake lago de la luna , central mexico . stud . quatern . 29 : 23 - 29 .
madhupratap , m . , s . nehring and j . lenz , 1996 . resting eggs of zooplankton ( copepoda and cladocera ) from the kiel bay and adjacent waters ( southwestern baltic ) . marine biology , 125 ( 1 ) : 77 - 87 .
kotov , a . a . ( 2007 ) revision of the hirsuticornis - like species of macrothrix baird , 1843 ( cladocera : anomopoda : macrothricidae ) from subantarctic and temperate regions of the southern hemisphere . journal of natural history , 41 , 2569–2620 . urltoken
j rey , e vasquez , 1986 . [ contribution à la connaissance des cladocères néotropicaux : redescription de leydigiopsis ornata daday , 1905 . ( crustacea , cladocera ) ] . [ article in fench ] . ann . limnol . 22 : 169 - 176 .
santos - wisniewski , m . j . , rocha , o . & matsumura - tundisi , t . ( 2001 ) first record of alona setigera brehm ( cladocera : chydoridae ) in the neotropical region . brazilian journal of biology , 61 , 701–702 . urltoken
sinev , a . y . ( 2009a ) notes on morphology and taxonomic status of some north american species of the genus alona baird , 1843 ( cladocera : anomopoda : chydoridae ) . fundamental and applied limnology – archiv für hydrobiologie , 175 , 59–77 . urltoken
van damme , k . & dumont , h . j . ( 2008a ) further division of alona baird , 1843 : separation and position of coronatella dybowski & grochowski and ovalona gen . n . ( crustacea : cladocera ) . zootaxa , 1960 , 1–44 .
sinev , a . y . & kobayashi , t . ( 2012 ) redescription of the endemic australian cladoceran alona willisi ( smirnov , 1989 ) and its assignment to acanthalona gen . nov . ( cladocera : anomopoda : chydoridae ) . zootaxa , 3390 , 43–45 .
the distributions , and seasonal and annual variations in abundance , of five species of cladocera are described and analysed . the material was collected by continuous plankton recorders from 1960 to 1967 inclusive at a standard depth of 10 m in the north atlantic and the north sea .
sediment samples were placed in plastic bottles ( 100 ml ) immediately after collection , and stored under refrigeration . samples were then transported to the paleolimnology laboratory of universidad national autonomous de mexico ( unam ) , where subsamples for subfossil cladocera analysis were obtained and preserved in cooling condition .
physiology of the cladocera , second edition , is a much - needed summary of foundational information on these increasingly important model organisms . this unique and valuable review is based on the world’s literature , including russian research not previously widely available , and offers systematically arranged data on the physiology of cladocera , assisting with explanation of their life and distribution . it features the addition of new sections and a vast amount of new information , such as the latest data on feeding , nutrition , pathological physiology , chemical composition , neurosecretion , and behavior , as well as hormonal regulation , antioxidants , and the biochemical background of effects of natural and anthropogenic factors . additional expertly updated contributions in genetics and cytology , and a new chapter in embryology , round out the physiological chapters , and provide comprehensive insight into the state of knowledge of cladocera and their underlying mechanisms .
van damme , k . , eliáz - gutiérrez , m . & dumont , h . j . ( 2011 ) three rare european “ alona ” taxa ( branchiopoda : cladocera : chydoridae ) , with notes on distribution and taxonomy . annales de limnologie , 47 , 45–63 . urltoken
van damme , k . & dumont , h . j . ( 2008b ) the ‘true’ genus alona baird , 1843 ( crustacea : cladocera : anomopoda ) : characters of the a . quadrangularis - group and description of a new species from democratic republic congo . zootaxa , 1945 , 1–25 .
berner , d . taxonomy of ' ceriodaphnia ' ( crustacea : cladocera ) in u . s . environmental protection agency cultures . u . s . environmental protection agency , washington , d . c . , epa / 600 / 4 - 86 / 032 ( ntis pb87110508 ) , 1986 .
noble , r . g . & h . - w . schaefer , 1967 . keys to the freshwater cladocera of southern africa 2 . genera of the family daphniidae and species of the genera scapholeberis and daphnia . newsl . limnol . soc . of s . africa . 9 : 62–79 .
the knowledge of cladocera species composition , distribution and ecology in freshwater lakes of central america is crucial for the development of reliable bioindicators , and for paleolimnological investigations . the main objective of the present study was to analyze and identify subfossil cladocera species in northern central america , in particular in guatemala , el salvador and honduras , and to explore their relationship to lake environmental characteristics such as altitude , lake area , depth , ph , transparency , conductivity and dissolved oxygen . the obtained results will provide the basis for the reconstruction of regional and global climatic and envoronemntal changes at long - term scale .
smirnov , n . n . , 1996 . cladocera : the chydorinae and sayciinae ( chydoridae ) of the world . in : dumont h . j . ( ed . ) , guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world 11 . spb academic publishers , amsterdam .
cladocera crustaceans make up a significant part of the natural communities and biological productivity of fresh waters . in recent decades , they have become globally studied for many purposes , including systematics , genetic , molecular , ecological and evolutionary biology studies . they are also used as
sentinel
organisms for assessing water quality and the environment . in addition , the genome of daphnia ( a genus within cladocera ) was recently sequenced and published , giving this system a much wider exposure . it has also led to a rapidly growing awareness of the importance of understanding physiological processes as they relate to evolutionary and ecological genomics and ecogenomic toxicology .
e zawisza , e cuna , m caballero , ac ruiz - fernandez , k szeroczyńska , m woszczyk , i zawiska , 2016 . environmental changes during the last millennium recorded in subfossil cladocera , diatoms and sediment geochemistry from lake el sol ( central mexico ) . geol . q . ( in press ) .
brandorff g . - o . , w . koste & n . n . smirnov , 1982 . the composition and structure of rotiferan and crustacean communities of the lower rio nhamundá , amazonas , brazil . stud . neotrop . fauna & envir . 17 : 69–121 ( cladocera : 75 , 76 , 91–103 ) .
van damme , k . , kotov , a . a . & dumont , h . j . ( 2010 ) a checklist of names in alona baird , 1843 ( crustacea : cladocera : chydoridae ) and their current status : an analysis of the taxonomy of a lump genus . zootaxa , 2330 , 1–63 .
m elías - gutiérrez , e suárez - morales , ma gutiérrez - aguirre , m silva - briano , jg granados - ramírez , t garfias - espejo , 2008 . [ cladocera y copepoda de las aguas continentales de méxico ] . [ book in spanish ] . universidad nacional autónoma de méxico : 322 pp .
a korhola , m rautio , 2001 . cladocera and other branchiopod crustaceans , p . 5 - 41 . in : j . p . smol , j . b . birks , w . m . last ( eds . ) , tracking environmental change using lake sediments . zoological indicators . kluwer academic , dordrecht .
the cladocera or water fleas are of the order of small crustaceans commonly called water fleas . they belong to the class branchiopoda , sub - phylum crustacea , phylum crustacea and sub - class phyllopoda , a segment of a monophyletic group ( consisting of an ancestral species and its descendants ) . this has four more suborders .
canonical correspondence analysis outlined altitude as a key driver of the cladoceran fauna of in central america . other significant environmental factors affecting the cladocera distribution were water transparency and conductivity . among the environmental variables considered in this study , the less significant in affecting the waterflea population in the study area was the concentration of dissolved oxygen .
this study showed a relatively typical distribution of cladocera in lakes of the neotropic region . in summary , our results indicate that : i ) the most common cladocera species of the study area was chydorus cf . sphaericus , likely in relation to the ability of this species to adapt to different ecological conditions ; ii ) planktonic species of daphniidae and bosminidae were the most abundant ; iii ) daphniidae species were recorded primarily in highland lakes ; iv ) eubosmina and the alona quadrangularis type showed pronounced tolerance to waters with high mineralizatiovn level ; e ) alona ossiani , alona manueli , alonella nana and alonella pulchella were negatively correlated with water conductivity ; vi ) the presence of alonella nana was restricted to lakes with a smaller surface area ; vii ) alona ossiani was an important subdominant species in shallow lakes located at high altitudes ; viii ) among the environmental variables considered , altitude was a key driving factor for distribution of the cladocera fauna whereas dissolved water oxygenation was almost insignificant .
frey , d . g . ( 1986 ) the non - cosmopolitanism of chydorid cladocera : implication for biogeography and evolution . in : gore , r . h . k . , heck , k . i . & balkema , a . a . ( eds . ) , crustacean biogeopraphy . rotterdam , pp . 237–256 .
the daphnia magna , the crustacea cladocera or the water flea is a cyclical parthenogen , which can reproduce both by parthenogenesis and by sexual reproduction . they screen and also evaluate chemicals containing endocrine that is harmful to crustaceans . and labs use them as an apt species for screening and chemical evaluation that shows the diverse results of using endocrine .
thirty - one cladocera species were identified in surface sediments of the lakes studied . the number of species found in individual lakes was generally small . in fact , the maximum number of species found in lakes atitlán and verde was only 12 . compared to european lakes , which are normally inhabited by over 30 species ( dumont , 1994 ) , the species diversity of cladocera was low in the considered region of central america . these findings seems to confirm that the number of cladocera species found in one waterbody in the neotropics is in general low and usually ranges from several to over a dozen species ( cuna et al . , 2014 ; peréz et al . , 2013 ; zawisza et al . , 2012 ) . the differences in the number of cladoceran species between the continents may result from species competition ( feniova et al . , 2011 ; shurin , 2000 ) , fish or invertebrate predation ( korhola and rautio , 2001 ) , as well as from different geological history of the area ( korhola and rautio , 2001 ) .
kotov , a . a . & sinev , a . y . ( 2004 ) notes on aloninae dybowski & grochowski , 1894 emend . frey , 1967 ( cladocera : anomopoda : chydoridae ) : 3 . alona iheringula nom . nov . instead of a . iheringi sars , 1901 , with comments on this taxon . arthropoda selecta , 13 , 95–98 .
investigation on the species composition and abundance of zooplankton in ogun river , abeokuta , ogun state , southwestern nigeria was carried out for a period of seven months ( december , 2011 - june , 2012 ) , using hand trawling method , 55 µm mesh size plankton net was trawled horizontally ten times to capture zooplankton . the zooplankton samples were put into properly labeled plastic containers and preserved in 4 % formalin solution . a total of sixteen genera from five taxonomic groups were recorded from ogun river . cladocera predominated both in terms of species composition and abundance . five species of cladocera was recorded consisting of 31 . 25 % . protozoa and rotifera recorded four species each consisting of 25 % . copepoda recorded two species consisting of 12 . 5 % , and ostracoda with one species consisting of 6 . 25 % . the low nature of zooplankton abundance and species composition observed in this study must have been caused by the polluted nature of the water due to the anthropogenic activities carried out around its shores the dominance of cladocera in this river is similar to findings from river echara and river imo , southeastern nigeria .
elmoor - loureiro , l . m . a . , santos - wisniewski , m . j . & rocha , o . ( 2013 ) redescription of alonella lineolata sars , 1901 ( crustacea , cladocera , chydoridae ) and its translocation to the subfamily aloninae and to the new genus bergamina gen . nov . . zootaxa , 3630 ( 1 ) , 571–581 . urltoken
cladocera are one of the most important components of zooplankton in lacustrine ecosystems . this group is also well - known to promptly respond to environmental changes ( jeppesen et al . , 2001 ) . previous studies have highlighted that temperature and altitude are among the main factors determining cladocera communities ( campanelli , mortari and henry , 2016 ; green , 1995 ; padhye et al . , 2016 ; sweetman , 2010 ; zawiska et al . , 2015 ) . in addition , these studies have shown comparable sensitivities to changes in lake water trophic state , water depth , conductivity and ph ( korhola and rautio , 2001 ) . these responses to environmental variables makes cladocera one of the most powerful paleolimnological indicators and for this reason they have been widely used for the reconstruction of past lacustrine environments ( bjerring , 2007 ; kienast et al . , 2011 ; korosi , 2012 ; luoto et al . , 2009 ; mirosław - grabowska and zawisza , 2014 ; nováková et al . , 2013 sarmaja - korjonen and hyvärinen , 2008 ; schmidt , 2000 ; szeroczyńska , 1991 ; szeroczyńska et al . , 2007 ; szeoczyńska and zawisza , 2011 a , b ) . subfossil remains of cladocera are commonly used in paleolimnological studies in eurasia and america ( bjerring , 2007 ; mirosław - grabowska and zawisza , 2014 ; paterson , 1994 ; szeroczyńska et al . , 2007 ) . however , only a few paleolimnological studies based on water fleas were conducted in central america ( cuna et al . , 2014 ; szeroczyńska et al . , 2015 ; zawisza et al . , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ) . so far , the majority of studies focused on the living cladocera and their taxonomy ( elías - gutiérrez et al . , 1999 , 2006 , 2008 ; sinev , 2015 ; sinev and silva - briano , 2012 ; sinev and zawisza , 2013 ) .
cladocera crustaceans have become globally studied for many purposes , including genetic , molecular , ecological , environmental , water quality , systematics , and evolutionary biology research . since the genome of daphnia was sequenced and published , that system has gained much wider exposure , also leading to a rapidly growing awareness of the importance of understanding physiological processes as they relate to evolutionary and ecological genomics as well as ecogenomic toxicology . however , the physiological background on cladocera has been fragmentary ( including on the other 700 known species besides daphnia ) , despite the extensive literature on species identification and morphology . this work addresses this issue by collecting and synthesizing from the literature the state of knowledge of cladoceran physiology , including discussion on both adequately and inadequately investigated fields , and thus directions of future research .
daphnia are planktonic crustaceans that belong to the phyllopoda ( sometimes called branchiopoda ) , which are characterized by flattened leaf - like legs used to produce a water current for the filtering apparatus . within the branchiopods , daphnia belong to the cladocera , whose bodies are enclosed by an uncalcified shell ( figures 2 . 1 and 2 . 2 ) , known as the carapace . it has a double wall , between which hemolymph flows and which is part of the body cavity . the carapace is largely made of chitin , a polysaccharide . cladocera have up to 10 pairs of appendages , which are ( from front to back ) : antennules , antennae ( the second antennae , used for swimming ) ; maxillae ; and mandibles ; followed by 5 ( as in daphnia ) or 6 limbs on the trunk . the limbs form an apparatus for feeding and respiration . at the end of the abdomen is a pair of claws . the body length of cladocera ranges from less than 0 . 5 mm to more than 6 mm . males are distinguished from females by their smaller size , larger antennules , modified post - abdomen , and first legs , which are armed with a hook used in clasping .
the following introduction summarizes the key aspects of the natural history of the genus daphnia . it is far from exhaustive . because much of the biology has been studied over the past 250 years and is considered to be common knowledge , i give no references to specific studies in most cases . the interested reader may consult freyer ( 1991 ) , kästner ( 1993 ) , lampert and sommer ( 1999 ) , and peters and de bernardi ( 1987 ) , from which much of the information was taken . a search on the internet using the term
daphnia
or
cladocera
will also bring up a large body of information . of particular interest is the cladocera web page of the university of guelph in canada . the reader familiar with daphnia may skip this chapter and move on to chapter 3 .
relative abundances ( % ) diagram for the subfossil cladocera species identified in surface sediments from freshwater ecosystems of central america . lakes are ordered by decreasing contribution of planktonic forms . nrr1 , unidentified remains type 1 ; nrr2 , unidentified remains type 2 , probably headshield of leberis sp . ; nrr3 , unidentified remains type 3 , probably of coronatella of monacantha - group ) ; nrr4 , unidentified remains type 4 .
the crustaceans of the fresh waters of bering island and their linkto the fauna of adjacent regions were studied . based on originaldata and existing literature , the species composition of cladoceraand copepoda was described . the compiled list includes 22 spe - cies of cladocera and 30 species of copepoda . in the original data , 35 species native to the commander islands were reported for thefirst . . . [ show full abstract ]
subfossil cladocera were analyzed at the bioindicator laboratory at the warsaw research center of the institute of geological sciences , the polish academy of sciences . each sample consisting of 1 cm 3 of wet sediment was prepared according to standard methods ( frey , 1986 ) . sediments were treated with 10 % hcl to eliminate carbonate and then heated in 10 % koh for 30 min . the residue was centrifuged and sieved through a 38 μm sieve , transferred into a test tube and filled up to 5 cm 3 with distilled water . samples were stained with safranin . three to four slides obtained from of 0 . 1 cm 3 liquid suspension each were examined at the microscope for each sample . the identification of cladocera taxa followed elías - gutiérrez et al . ( 2006 , 2008 ) , hudec ( 2000 ) , kotov ( 2009 ) , kotov et al . ( 2003 ) , rajapaksa and fernando ( 1987 ) , rey and vasquez ( 1986 ) , sinev ( 1998 , 2001 , 2015a , 2015b ) , sinev and dumont ( 2016 ) , sinev and zawisza ( 2013 ) , van damme et al . ( 2011 ) . the cladocera relative abundance diagram was prepared using the c2 program ( juggins 2005 , 2007 ) .
information on the freshwater microcrustaceans of the remote arctic islands is very limited . the species composition of freshwater zooplankton and meiobenthos of wrangel island ( russia ) is reported here for the first time . we identified five species of cladocera , and 20 species of copepoda . twenty - three taxa are new records for the island . additionally , we discuss the taxonomy of some species . . . [ show full abstract ]
information on the freshwater fauna of the remote arctic territories is very patchy , and most of the isolated islands of the arctic ocean remain absolutely unexplored . the pioneer data on the species composition of microcrustaceans of shokalsky island ( northwest siberia , russia ) is reported here . the initial three - year research revealed a total of 31 new for the area species of cladocera and . . . [ show full abstract ]
the groundwater along the couze ( = river ) pavin in auvergne , france , yielded four chydorid cladocera , among which two are known but rare species , while two are new species . one of the new species , alona phreatica , has reduced eye and ocellus - sizes , but no other adaptations to a groundwater - mode of life are apparent . the likelihood that more phreatic species exist in other parts of europe and elsewhere is discussed .
evadne nordmanni and podon intermedius were neritic and oceanic , podon leuckarti appeared to be typically neritic , evadne spinifera typically oceanic , and “ podon ” polyphemoides indicative of estuarine waters . species are never abundant as long as the water column is not stratified . this phytoplankton - like dependence on stratification suggests , that cladocera need near - surface conditions for their successful propagation , both in neritic and in oceanic regions . it is shown that cladocera are dispersed very effectively , so that almost as soon as environmental conditions have become suitable , whether in the open ocean or in coastal waters , animals will appear and populations become established . evadne nordmanni and e . spinifera seemed to be mutually exclusive in all areas , as were podon leuckarti and p . intermedius . congeners have different temperature tolerances and different temperature optima . podon leuckarti and evadne nordmanni are cool - water species , most abundant in spring and early summer ; the larger podon intermedius and evadne spinifera are warm - water species .
nikolai n . smirnov is principal scientist at the severtsov institute of ecology and evolution of the russian academy of sciences , in the laboratory of aquatic communities and invasions . his principal research interests include morphology , systematics , and other aspects of the biology of cladocera , and he has had experience in this field for more than 40 years . he is the editor of the english - language edition of journal of ichthyology and head of the advisory committee for arthropoda selecta , and has traveled extensively across four continents conducting zoological research .
results of multivariate statistical analysis applied to qualitative and quantitative results of species composition of subfossil cladocera , and environmental variables . a ) cluster analysis showing species grouping according to reciprocal correlation level ; the groups were distinguished for species that showed a high level of similarity > 0 . 8 ; species composition of each group is presented in tab . 3 ; b ) canonical correspondence analysis ( cca ) for species relative abundances and environmental variables ; length and direction of arrows show respectively the strength and direction of a certain environmental variable .
the species richness per lake ranged from one in lake calderas to 12 species ( lakes atitlán and verde ) , and included both planktonic and littoral forms . only in the sediments of the deep aramuaca crater lake no subfossil cladocerans remains were found . planktonic species were represented by five taxa , i . e . , bosmina longirostris ( o . f . müller , 1785 ) , bosmina ( e . ) longispina ( leydig , 1860 ) , bosmina ( e . ) coregoni ( baird , 1857 ) , group of daphnia longispina ( o . f . müller , 1785 ) , group of daphnia pulex ( leydig , 1860 ) , which occurred in 17 lakes ( fig . 3 ) . cladocera communities from lakes el rosario and calderas were entirely dominated by planktonic species ( fig . 3 ) , while the share of bosminidae and / or daphniidae exceeded 90 % in lakes ipala , el pino and apastepeque ( fig . 3 ) . pelagic species were dominant ( 60 - 88 % of total cladocera abundance ) in lakes salpetén , yojoa , el espino , atitlán , sacnab , chicabal , lachuá ( fig . 3 ) .
in order to determine the relation between species distribution and lake characteristics ( area , altitude , maximum depth ) and water variables ( ph , secchi transparency , dissolved oxygen ) , cluster analysis and canonical correspondence analysis ( cca ; ter braak , 1986 ) were performed . cluster analysis is based on the similarity measure performed on qualitative data ( hammer et al . , 2011 ) , while cca is a combination of mutual averaging algorithm with a multiple regression ( ter braak , 1986 ) which performed on combined quatitative cladocera and environmental data . statistical analyses were conducted using the past software ( hammer et al . , 2001 ) .
chydoridae was the most species rich group of cladocera in the sediment studied . chydorus cf . sphaericus was the most common species , as it was present in 20 out of the 29 surveyed lakes located both in lowland and mountain areas . the relative abundance of chydorus cf . sphaericus in the lake located at the highest altitude ( lake magdalena , 2863 m asl ) was almost 90 % . cca analysis showed that none of the measured environmental factors had a significant effect on the distribution of the species in the region studied of central america . this confirmed the ubiquity of chydorus cf . sphaericus and its wide range of tolerance to environmental and ecological conditions ( flössner , 2000 ; fryer , 1968 ; korhola and rautio , 2001 ; zawisza and szeroczyńska , 2011 ) .
the “cophenetic coefficient” in the cluster analysis was 0 . 8009 and well reflected the similarities within the data . the dendrogram shown in fig . 4 ( see also tab . 3 ) defined six cladocera groups . the highest correlation coefficient between species was determined for alona rustica ( scott , 1895 ) ( group of flavalona rustica , following sinev and dumont , 2016 ) and simocephalus sp . ( 0 . 99 , group 6 ) , and for daphnia pulex - group and bosmina longirostris ( 0 . 94 , group 1 , fig . 4a and tab . 3 ) . the species bosmina ( e . ) coregoni , bosmina ( e . ) longispina , alona quadrangularis type , alona glabra and leberis sp . ( group 2 ) resulted to be correlated at the similarity level of 0 . 92 . in the three other groups the correlation coefficient between species ranges between 0 . 8 and 0 . 86 ( fig . 4a ) .
the identified cladocera included both littoral and pelagic species . planktonic species of daphniidae and bosminidae were the most abundant . remains of the daphnia pulex - group and the daphnia longispina - group were mainly associated to lakes located at altitudes above 1000 m asl . cca analysis showed the preference of the daphnia pulex - group for clear waters , such as lakes atitlán and ipala , that showed transparency of 4 . 2 m and 3 . 6 m , respectively . moreover , the contribution of daphniidae was negatively correlated with conductivity and was higher in waters with conductivity ≤100 μs cm –1 . the results show the preference of daphniidae for highlands and mountain areas and clean , low - mineralized and nutrient - poor waters . similar environmental preferences by daphniidae were also suggest by hart ( 2004 ) and by mergeay et al . ( 2005 ) for african lakes . the occurrence of daphniidae species in lakes of central american highlands was also observed by peréz et al . ( 2013 ) .
axis 1 and 2 explained almost 80 % of the variability ( axis 1 = 49 . 98 % , axis 2 = 29 . 29 % ) . altitude , transparency , ph and the maximum depth were positively correlated with axis 1 , while conductivity and lake area were negatively correlated with the first canonical axis ( fig . 4b ) . the location of group 1 in quadrant i , and of group 3 , group 6 and the daphnia longispina - group in quadrant iv underlines the positive correlation of the abundances of these species groups with altitude and negative correlation with conductivity . moreover , the occurrence of graptoleberis testudinaria ( fischer , 1848 ) and group 1 also seem to be strongly determined by the secchi disk visibility ( fig . 4b ) . species and groups of cladocera located in quadrants ii and iii were correlated negatively with altitude ( fig . 4b ) and positively with conductivity and lake area ( fig . 4b and tab . 3 ) . group 2 and alonella excisa ( fischer , 1854 ) were placed in the 2 nd quarter . species of group 4 and 5 and epheromorphus sp . ( frey , 1982 ) , leydigia louisi louisi ( jenkin , 1934 ) , leydigiopsis ornata ( daday , 1905 ) , notalona sculpta ( sars , 1901 ) were located in the 3 rd quarter . according to fig . 4b , these species dominated in lowlands and in the waters with low visibility ( negative correlation with secchi disk visibility and altitude ) . chydorus cf . sphaericus was located between quadrants iii and i v , which may indicate a weak relation with all of the considered environmental variables .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
formerly known as bythotrephes cederstroemii ( berg and garton 1994 , yan and pawson 1998 , berg et al . 2002 , therriault et al . 2002 ) . spiny water - flea
is a large cladoceran distinguished by a long straight tail spine that is twice as long as its body and has one to three pairs of barbs . parthenogenically produced animals have kink in middle of their spine and sexually produced animals lack the kink .
is larger with a more robust spine that lacks a hook at the end .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of bythotrephes longimanus are found here .
baptism - brule ; big fork ; cloquet ; lake of the woods ; lake superior ; lower rainy ; rainy headwaters ; rainy lake ; rum ; st . louis ; vermilion
bythotrephes is found among the zooplankton in the upper water column of large and small temperate lakes , can tolerate brackish water , and is most abundant in late summer and autumn . occurrence and density of bythotrephes populations are apparently determined mainly by water temperature and salinity . bythotrephes is limited to regions where water temperature ranges between 4 and 30°c and salinity values between 0 . 04 and 8 . 0‰ , but it prefers temperature between 10 and 24°c and salinity between 0 . 04 and 0 . 4‰ ( grigorovich et al . 1998 ) . temperature appears to play a major role in determining the abundance and location of bythotrephes in the great lakes , as it prefers cooler water and cannot tolerate very warm lake temperatures ( berg and garton 1988 , garton et al . 1990 , brown and branstrator 2004 ) . bythotrephes occurs in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes and has a lower tolerance to low dissolved oxygen concentrations than the native cladoceran leptodora kindtii ( sorensen and branstrator 2017 ) . bythotrephes can reproduce asexually as well as sexually ; unfertilized eggs are carried in a brood pouch , and fertilized eggs are cast in the fall , hatching the following spring ( evans 1988 ) . the intensity and type of predation pressure appears to affect the size of bythotrephes , its spine length , and the extent of its diel migrations ( straile and halbich 2000 ) .
was probably introduced from ship ballast water ( sprules et al . 1990 , berg et al . 2002 ) and possibly as resting eggs from mud ( evans 1988 ) .


the wingspan is 9.2 – 11 mm .

the larvae feed on quercus acuta and quercus sessilifolia .

they probably mine the leaves of their host plant .

cryptolectica ensiformis

this is the place for ensiformis definition . you find here ensiformis meaning , synonyms of ensiformis and images for ensiformis copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ensiformis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ensiformis and , of course , ensiformis synonyms and on the right images related to the word ensiformis .
cryptolectica ensiformis is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( hainan ) , india , indonesia ( sulawesi ) , japan ( tusima , the ryukyu islands , honshū , kyūshū , shikoku ) and thailand .
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borboryctis euryae is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honshū , kyūshū , shikoku and tusima ) .
phyllonorycter bifurcata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from the islands of kyūshū , shikoku and tusima in japan .
gibbovalva urbana is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( guangdong , hainan and fujian ) , india ( meghalaya ) and japan ( the ryukyu islands , honshū and tusima ) .
acrocercops melanoplecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from hong kong , india ( meghalaya ) , japan ( honshū , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) , nepal and taiwan .
acrocercops distylii is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honshū , kyūshū , shikoku , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) .
acrocercops transecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( hokkaidō , honshū , kyūshū , shikoku , tusima ) , korea , the russian far east and taiwan .
acrocercops unistriata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( guangdong , zhejiang ) , hong kong , japan ( tusima , honshū , the ryukyu islands , shikoku ) , nepal and taiwan .
elachista kurokoi is a moth in the elachistidae family . it was described by parenti in 1983 . it is found in japan ( honsyû , sikoku , kyûsyû , tusima , ryûkyû ) .
deoptilia heptadeta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( the ryukyu islands , kyūshū , shikoku , honshū , tusima , the amami islands ) and taiwan .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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holotype ♂ , mhng ; paratypes 15♂ and 14♀ , genitalia slide mhng 2749 , bl 1562 , bl 1563 , bmnh , mhng , idea , mnnc , and usnm .
vargas , h . a . & landry , b . 2005 . a new genus and species of gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) feeding on flowers of acacia macracantha willd . ( mimosaceae ) in chile . - acta entomologica chilena 29 ( 1 ) : 47–57 .
* larva lives inside the flowers of the host plant , moving from one flower to the other . no mining stage was observed . ( vargas & landry 2005 : 56 ) .
. yung - husan chen ; fang - rong chang ; mei - chin lu ; pei - wen hsieh ; ming - jiuan . . .


dichomeris flavocostella , the cream-edged dichomeris moth , is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by clemens in 1860 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from southern quebec and maine to florida , west to texas and north to manitoba .

the wingspan is 15-18 mm .

the forewings are purplish-black with a cream-colored strip along the costa to the apex .

a spur of this strip points inward in the postmedian area .

the hindwings are gray .

adults are on wing from may to august .

the larvae feed on solidago and aster species .

dichomeris flavocostella

species dichomeris flavocostella - cream - bordered dichomeris - hodges # 2295 - bugguide . net
a cream - edged dichomeris moth in howard co . , maryland ( 7 / 30 / 2015 ) . photo by richard orr . ( mbp list )
a cream - edged dichomeris moth in garrett co . , maryland ( 7 / 21 / 2014 ) . photo by mike burchett . ( mbp list )
a cream - edged dichomeris moth in garrett co . , maryland ( 7 / 11 / 2014 ) . photo by jim brighton . ( mbp list )
a cream - edged dichomeris moth in garrett co . , maryland ( 7 / 11 / 2014 ) . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )
a cream - edged dichomeris moth in harford co . , maryland ( 7 / 10 / 2017 ) . photo by josh emm . ( mbp list )
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
hodges , r . w . , 1986 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 1 , p . 66 ; pl . 1 . 24 . order
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