urodeta trilobata is a moth of the family elachistidae .

it is found in south africa , where it has been recorded from the tswaing crater reserve in gauteng .

the wingspan is 5.9 – 6 mm for males and about 5.8 mm for females .

the forewings are mottled with scales , basally whitish and distally ranging from pale brown to blackish brown .

blackish brown scales form a spot on the fold before the middle of the wing , and other small spot at two-third from the base of the wing .

the hindwings are brownish grey .

adults have been recorded on wing in november .

urodeta trilobata

urodeta trilobata prins & sruoga , 2012 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank
urodeta trilobata is one of the newly discovered species of miners , a type of moth whose larvae hollow out chambers inside leaves .
urodeta trilobata sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 51 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25°24 ' s 28°05 ' e
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female u . trilobata genitalia , stained with black dye , appear like bizarre alien flowers on these slides , prepared by de prins .
urodela [ = urodeta ] stainton , 1869 ; tineina south . europe : 226 ; ts : urodela [ sic ] cisticolella stainton
, ruta graveolens , abelmoschus moschatus , chamaesyce hirta , cola nitida , ambrosia cumanenesis , pilea microphylla , eryngium foetidum , aristolochia rugosa , aristolochia trilobata , coleus aromaticus , laportea aestuans and vetiveria zizanioides . the following plants are used for menstrual pain and unspecified female complaints : achyranthes indica , artemisia absinthium , brownea latifolia , eleutherine bulbosa , hibiscus rosa - sinensis , eupatorium macrophyllum , justicia secunda , parthenium hysterophorus , wedelia trilobata , abelmoschus moschatus
as for urodeta moths , they may not be the flashiest , but studying them is an important part of documenting the biodiversity of sub - saharan africa , de prins said .
urodeta absidata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°23 ' n 012°49 ' e , 275m
urodeta aculeata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°25 ' n 012°47 ' e , 275m
urodeta crenata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 7 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 275m , 08°23 ' n 012°40 ' e
urodeta cuspidis sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°25 ' n 012°47 ' e , 275m
urodeta falciferella ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 54 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta faro sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°23 ' n 012°49 ' e , 275m
urodeta gnoma ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta maculata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta quadrifida sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1000m , tswaing crater reserve , 26°28 ' s 23°46 ' e
urodeta taeniata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 56 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta tortuosa sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 10 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°23 ' n 012°49 ' e , 275m
i firmly believe that in 200 years , people will come to the museum and say , ' aha . that ' s what urodeta looked like , '
she said .
three new species of moths have been discovered in south africa ' s tswaing crater reserve . here , a male of the newly - discovered species urodeta trilobata is shown . all three of the new moths , collected and described by jurate de prins , of belgium ' s royal museum for central africa , are tiny , with fringe - like scales on their wings . none have wingspans larger than 7 millimeters ( about 0 . 25 inch ) .
urodeta acinacella sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 , 53 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25°24 ' s 28°05 ' e
figures 1 – 3 . locality of the new urodeta species in south africa . 1 , map , circle—tswaing crater reserve , cross—pretoria city ; 2 , general view of tswaing crater , photographed by jdp on 15 . ii . 2002 ; 3 , the collecting site of urodeta acinacella , sp . nov . and u . quadrifida , sp . nov . , photographed by jdp on 16 . ii . 2002 .
figures 24 – 28 . urodeta trilobata , sp . nov . , female genitalia . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 666 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 6122 . 24 , female genitalia . scale bar 0 . 2 mm ; 25 , signum . scale bar 0 . 1 mm ; 26 , spines of corpus bursae ; 27 , ostium region . scale bar 0 . 1 mm ; 28 , papillae anales . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
urodeta acerba sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 5 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05°27 ' s 13°05 ' e , 320m
urodeta bucera sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 6 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05°27 ' s 13°05 ' e , 320m
urodeta talea sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05°27 ' s 13°05 ' e , 320m
urodeta inusta kaila , 2011 ; monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 45 , pl . 1 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : western australia , 163km se by e broome , 18°49 ' s 123°17 ' e
typically , de prins said , she and her team collect moth larvae from the wild , looking for damaged leaves on trees and bushes , and rear them to adulthood under laboratory conditions . but with urodeta , nobody knows which plants the larvae live in .
prins , jurate de & sruoga , virginijus , 2012 , a review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus urodeta ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with description of new species , zootaxa 3488 , pp . 41 - 62 : 51 - 53
leaf miner moths the three newly identified moths are part of the urodeta genus , a group of moths that has not been very well - studied . what is known is that they are leaf miners — a type of moth whose larvae hollow out chambers inside leaves .
, ruta graveolens , abelmoschus moschatus , chamaesyce hirta , cola nitida , ambrosia cumanenesis , pilea microphylla , eryngium foetidum , aristolochia rugosa , aristolochia trilobata , coleus aromaticus , laportea aestuans and vetiveria zizanioides . the following plants are used for menstrual pain and unspecified female complaints : achyranthes indica , artemisia absinthium , brownea latifolia , eleutherine bulbosa , hibiscus rosa - sinensis , eupatorium macrophyllum , justicia secunda , parthenium
the new moths were identified partially due to de prins ' examination of the bugs ' genitals ( pictured : male u . trilobata genitals , stained with purple dye ) . that ' s because for many years , studying the genitalia of lepidoptera ( butterflies and moths ) has been
the best indicator to diagnose a species ,
de prins said .
especially in savanna areas , a lot of species have the same wing pattern , but genitalia are like lock and key ,
she said .
it ' s very hard to find ( an urodeta mine ) the size of 2 millimeters ( 0 . 07 inches ) in the savanna ,
she said . so instead , de prins brought a car battery to the nature preserve , which is near pretoria , and powered an ultraviolet light to attract adult moths .
i am standing half the night , or even the whole night ,
she said .
figures 17 – 23 . urodeta trilobata , sp . nov . 17 – 18 , holotype male , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 6120 . 17 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 18 , head , latero - frontal view , male ; 19 – 20 , paratype female , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 6122 . 19 , adult female . scale bar 1 mm ; 20 , head , latero - frontal view , female ; 21 – 22 , male genitalia . holotype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 664 , specimen id : rmca ent 000006120 ; 21 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) . scale bar 0 . 1 mm ; 22 , phallus . scale bar 0 . 1 mm . 23 , phallus and juxta ( arrow pointing to ventral shield of juxta ) . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 665 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 6123 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
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urltoken
[ south africa , gauteng ] , transvaal , pretoria , ii , iii and xii , leg . c . j . swierstra .
meyrick e . 1921b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 2 ) : 49–148 .
[ south africa ] , ne pretoria district , rietfontein , ii , leg . a . j . t . janse .
meyrick e . 1911b . descriptions of transvaal micro - lepidoptera ii . - annals of the transvaal museum 2 ( 4 ) : 218–240 .
experienced taxonomists can match males and females of the same species simply by looking at how their private parts fit together , since each species has evolved a different
lock and key
mechanism , with males serving as the
key
and females as the
lock .
the female genitalia of u . quadrifida , another new species , are markedly different . . .
. . . though the moths don ' t appear all that different from far away . that ' s why moth genital differences are actually an important adaptation , says chris grinter , an entomologist at the denver museum of nature and science , because male bugs
tend not to be very discriminating once they find something that kind of looks similar to mate with .
genitalia analysis is a very old - fashioned technique , over 100 years old . the tools and chemicals haven ' t changed much in that time , grinter says .
it ' s convenient to work with . . . especially with lepidoptera . they can be small and covered with scales . getting to the genitalia is often easier than getting to the exoskeleton .
for the science geek in everyone , live science offers a fascinating window into the natural and technological world , delivering comprehensive and compelling news and analysis on everything from dinosaur discoveries , archaeological finds and amazing animals to health , innovation and wearable technology . we aim to empower and inspire our readers with the tools needed to understand the world and appreciate its everyday awe .
larva on cistus monspeliensis [ me5 ] , 195 , cistus salviaefolius , c . ladaniferus , c . x _ ledon de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55
phthinostoma maculata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 21 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ; tl : namibia , waterberg national park
phthinostoma taeniata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 22 ; tl : namibia , otavi mts . , varianto farm
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
staudinger , 1859 diagnosen nebst kurzen beschreibungen neuer andalusischer lepidopteren stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 211 - 259
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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three new species of
micro
moths have been identified in south africa ' s tswaing reserve through , in part , a thorough exam of the their genitalia .
insect species , and even species from other animal groups , can look remarkably similar , making it tricky to accurately identify separate species . this means that scientists have to look for sometimes - minute differences .
especially when looking at moths with wingspans no bigger than a few millimeters with similar wing patterns , insect genitalia are
the best indicator to diagnose a species ,
said jurate de prins of belgium ' s royal museum for central africa and the discoverer of the new species .
de prins also uses more modern methods like dna barcoding , but moth genitalia can be so varied that sometimes a quick check down there is all it takes to verify a new species . [ images : new moth species ' genitalia ]
they don ' t eat the leaves , but they live inside . this evolutionary adaptation is really unique ,
de prins told ouramazingplanet .
the trick worked : the moths , drawn by the light , landed on a screen de prins had set up . then she trapped them in tiny boxes to bring them to the lab .
it was there that she mounted the insects and prepared microscope slides of the tiny insects’ genitalia , staining them with dye to make them more visible . this also makes them look , to the untrained eye , like bizarre flowers or alien creatures . some male species have
hooks and grasps and spines and claspers
on their reproductive organs , said chris grinter , an entomologist at the denver museum of nature and science .
all lightning on earth may have its roots in space , new research suggests .
lock and key the differences in the insects ' private parts allows scientists to distinguish between species as well as match up males with females , as their bits often fit together like
lock and key ,
de prins said .
some males are willing to mate with just about anything , grinter added , so matching genital shapes is actually an important adaptation .
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type material . holotype : 3 , south africa , gauteng , 1100 m , tswaing crater reserve , 25 ° 24 ’s 28 °05’e , 16 . xi . 2004 , leg . j . & w . de prins . specimen id : rmca
paratypes : 13 , 1 ƥ , same data as holotype . specimen ids : rmca
is a small , lightly - coloured species , with indistinct wing markings . the hindwings of the new species are very narrow and will separate it from all other similarly looking
) . forewing length 2 . 6–2 . 7 mm ; wingspan 5 . 9–6 . 0 mm ( n = 2 ) . head : frons , vertex and neck tuft whitish , mottled with brown - tipped scales ; labial palpus straight , very short , blackish brown ; scape whitish , mottled with brown ; flagellum rather broad , unicolourous , greyish brown . thorax and tegulae grey - brown , slightly mottled due to darker tips of scales ; posterior margin of thorax and tegulae whitish grey . forewing strongly mottled with scales basally whitish and distally from pale brown to blackish brown ; blackish brown scales forming spot on fold before middle of wing , and other small spot at 2 / 3 from base of wing . fringe scales brownish grey with irregularly scattered blackish brown tipped scales . hindwing very narrow , brownish grey , its fringe paler .
) . forewing length 2 . 5 mm ; wingspan 5 . 8 mm ( n = 1 ) . similar to male , but flagellum narrower and paler , and forewing somewhat broader .
) . tegumen short , uncus indeterminate . basal arms of gnathos long and strongly sclerotized , apically fused to each other ; spinose knob of gnathos large , rounded . valva short and wide , sacculus separated from remaining valva as triangular shaped and weakly sclerotized lobe ; termen of valva very deeply emarginated so valva appears divided into long and narrow lobes . transtilla wide , strongly sclerotized . ventral shield of juxta elongate and narrow , gradually widened distally , apex rounded and fused to phallus . vinculum ushaped , narrow , strongly sclerotized , without saccus . phallus as long as sacculus , strongly dilated basally , and tapered distally ; vesica with two groups of spines : basal group with small prolonged spines , apical group contains very small spines and large ones with rounded tips ( fig . 22
) . papillae anales very short , with scattered long setae ; basal margin with very long setae in ventral and dorsal parts ; apophyses posteriores vestigial , visible only as very short extension basolaterally ( fig . 28
) . segment 8 short , not sclerotized , apophyses anteriores absent . ostium bursae situated in membrane between sterna 7 and 8 , laterally with pair of strongly sclerotized rods . antrum membranous , slightly shorter than papillae anales . ductus bursae gradually widening cephalically , almost smoothly continued to corpus bursae , with longitudinal folds and transversal band of small internal spines just before entering to corpus bursae . corpus bursae oval , with small internal spines , arranged in rows of 3–8 ones ( fig . 26
) ; signum irregular oval sclerotized plate , with one large and several small spines .
etymology . the species name is derived from latin tri - ( three ) and lobate ( having lobes ) , in reference to the shape of the valva .
remarks . the forewings of type specimens are somewhat rubbed and therefore , the description is approximate .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
and littlewood , 2003 , with a description of schikhobalotrema huffmani n . sp .
plant also known as
touch me not
plant ,
shame
plant or laajvanti is a widely grown perennial herb as a show plant because of the mysterious action of its leaves which closes when touched . mimosa
is also known for various medicinal purposes such as treatment of depression , piles , insomnia and many more . it has also been used for dental purposes . literature shows evidence of its use for dental decay , bleeding gums throughout india and worldwide . materials and methods : mimosa
plant whole aqueous extract in 10 % , 20 % and 5 % concentration , chlorhexidine mouth wash as control , streptococcus mutans ( microbial type culture collection . using agar well method the efficacy of mimosa
extract was tested . results : the plant extract couldnâ²t show efficacy as the microorganisms didnâ²t show any growth . conclusion : the potential of this drug needs further investigation .
literature ; much of which is in journals not easily accessible to the reader . in contrast to the contemporary plant learning literature which is conducted primarily by plant biologists , this early literature was conducted by comparative psychologists whose goal was to search for the generality of learning phenomena such as habituation , and classical conditioning using experimental designs based on animal conditioning studies . in addition to reviewing the early literature , we hope to encourage collaborations between plant biologists and comparative psychologists by familiarizing the reader with issues in the study of learning faced by those working with animals . these issues include no consistent definition of learning phenomena and an overreliance on the use of cognition . we suggested that greater collaborative efforts be made between plant biologists and comparative psychologists if the study of plant learning is to be fully intergraded into the mainstream behavior theory .
oscillating chemical reactions in the homogeneous phase have been studied intensively only since the mid - 1960s , but they were known since 1920 , having as forerunners the chemist william c .
and an
atypical
chemist alfred j . lotka . this contribution is the result of a careful reading of their literature and patient research intoâ¦
dose dependently inhibited the hyaluronidase and protease activities of indian snakes ( naja naja , vipera russelii and echis carinatus ) venom . copyright 2004 elsevier b . v .
tannins ( mpt in neutralizing the lethality of naja kaouthia venom was compared with commercially derived tannins . preincubation of mpt with n . kaouthia venom maintained 100 % survival of mice after 24 hours . the mouse group in which there was no preincubation , no protection against the effects of the venom was observed . m .
tannin was found to be more effective in neutralizing the lethality of n . kaouthia venom when compared to commercial tannic acid . two protein spots were missing in the two - dimensional gel electrophoresis ( 2 - de of the mpt treated mouse indicating the down - regulation of venom proteins . the results from this study indicated that tannins obtained from m .
are better than tannic acid in neutralizing the lethality of n . kaouthia venom in vitro . however , further investigations are required to establish that m .
on carbon tetrachloride ( ccl4 - induced acute liver injury in mice . methods : ccl4 - induced acute liver injury model in mice was established . the activity of alt and ast , the content of serum albumin ( alb and total antioxidant capacity ( t - aoc were determined . the content of malondiadehyde ( mda was measured and the activity of superoxide dismutase ( sod was determined . the histopathological changes of liver were observed . results : compared with ccl4 modle group , each dose group of total flavonouida from mimosa
couldreduced the activity of alt and ast in mice obviously ( pï¼0 . 01 , indicating they had remarkably protective effect on ccl4 - induced acute liver injury in mice . high and middle dose groups of total flavonouida from mimosa
couldincrease the content of alb in mice ( pï¼0 . 01 . each dose group of total flavonouida from mimosa
could enhance the level of t - aoc ( pï¼0 . 01 . each dose group of total flavonouida from mimosa
could lower the content of liver homogenate mda but enhance the activity of sod in a dose - depended manner ( pï¼0 . 01 . conclusion : total flavones from mimosa
- liebhafsky ( bl ) oscillatory reaction in an isothermal open reactor i . e . , in the continuously - fed well - stirred tank reactor ( cstr ) when the inflow concentration of potassium iodate was the control parameter . they are found between periodic oscillations obtained when [ kio3 ] 0 4 . 10 ã 10 - 2 m . it was shown that the most chaotic states obtained experimentally somewhere in the middle of this region are in high correlation with results obtained by means of largest lyapunov exponents and phenomenological analysis based on the quantitative characteristics of intermittent oscillations .
- liebhafsky ( bl ) oscillatory reaction observed in a continuously fed well stirred tank reactor ( cstr ) under isothermal conditions at various inflow concentrations of the sulfuric acid were experimentally studied . in each series ( at any fixed temperature ) , termination of oscillatory behavior via saddle loop infinite period bifurcation ( sniper ) as well as some kind of the andronov - hopf bifurcation is presented . in addition , it was found that an increase of temperature , in different series of experiments resulted in the shift of bifurcation point towards higher values of sulfuric acid concentration .
ã was tested for inhibitory activity on lethality , phospholipase activity , edema forming activity , fibrinolytic activity and hemorrhagic activity of naja naja and bangarus caerulus venoms . the aqueous extract displayed a significant inhibitory effect on the lethality , phospholipase activity , edema forming activity , fibrinolytic activity and hemorrhagic activity . about 0 . 14 mg and 0 . 16 mg of m .
extracts were able to completely neutralize the lethal activity of 2ld50 of naja naja and bangarus caerulus venoms respectively . the present finding suggests that aqueous extract ofã m .
ã root possesses compounds , which inhibit the activity of naja naja and bangarus caerulus venoms .
was tested for inhibitory activity on lethality , phospholipase activity , edema forming activity , fibrinolytic activity and hemorrhagic activity of naja naja and bangarus caerulus venoms . the aqueous extract displayed a significant inhibitory effect on the lethality , phospholipase activity , edema forming activity , fibrinolytic activity and hemorrhagic activity . about 0 . 14 mg and 0 . 16 mg of m .
extracts were able to completely neutralize the lethal activity of 2ld50 of naja naja and bangarus caerulus venoms respectively . the present finding suggests that aqueous extract of m .
root possesses compounds , which inhibit the activity of naja naja and bangarus caerulus venoms .
z . feng ; p . g . hartel ; r . w . roncadori ; shi - jean s . sung
carbon disulfide ( cs2 ) is a colorless , volatile , foul - smelling , fungicidal liquid that is produced by some plants . the authors determined the ability of a model cs2 - producing plant , mimosa
, to affect the rhizoplane colonization of six species of soil fungi . tomato ( lycopersicon esculentum . . .
full text available an organic material is proposed as a sustainable sensitizer and a replacement for the synthetic sensitizer in a dye - sensitized solar cell technology . using the liquid extract from the leaf of a plant called mimosa
are investigated . the photo - anode of each of the solar cell sample is passivated with a self - assembly monolayer ( sam from a set of four materials , including alumina , formic acid , gelatine , and oxidized starch . three sets of five samples of an m . pudicaâbased solar cell are produced , with the fifth sample used as the control experiment . each of the solar cell samples has an active area of 0 . 3848cm2 . a two - dimensional finite volume method ( fvm is used to model the transport of ions within the monolayer of the solar cell . the performance of the experimentally fabricated solar cells compares qualitatively with the ones obtained from the literature and the simulated solar cells . the highest efficiency of 3 % is obtained from the use of the extract as a sensitizer . it is anticipated that the comparison of the performance characteristics with further research on the concentration of m .
extract will enhance the development of a reliable and competitive organic solar cell . it is also recommended that further research should be carried out on the concentration of the extract and electrolyte used in this study for a possible improved performance of the cell .
leaves extract using water as solvent was used as bio - reductor to an aqueous solution of silver nitrate ( agno3 and in order to accelerate the reduction , microwave irradiation method was applied . the agnps obtained were characterized using uv - vis spectrophotometry , ftir spectrophotometry , xrd , sem - edx , and particle size analysis based on dynamic scattering method . effect of preparation method to the formation of agnps is also evaluated in antibacterial activity towards e . coli and p . aeruginosa . rapid and ecofriendly biosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles was observed in this study . the characterization results and antibacterial assay indicated the uniform and smaller particle size of agnps obtained by using microwave method and positively enhance the antibacterial activity against tested bacteria .
always has been a major horticultural curiosity , both in the tropics and cultivated in greenhouses , in temperate zones . the experimental research was carried out to develop technological links in culture of mimosa by optimizing nutrient medium recipes . for this it was established the influence of the substrate type upon growing and development of mimosa
. to achieve experiences were carried out 5 variants of different types of nutrient mixture in 10 repetitions . thus , the performed researches have shown a considerable growth rate of 42 cm high , in case of v1 variant , due to the use of culture substrate with high content of nutrient composition having garden soil and biolan peat . the lowest values were recorded in case of v5 variant , containing medium composed by forest soil , growth rate being of 35 cm .
l . that could be effective in phytoremediation of phc - contaminated soil . experiments were conducted in net house to determine the tolerance of this species to a heavy crude oil contaminated soil under the application of two fertilizer levels and reduction of phc was monitored for 180 days . assessment of plant growth , biomass and total oil and grease ( tog ) degradation were carried out at an interval of 60 days . in the presence of contaminants , biomass and plant height were reduced up to 27 % and 10 . 4 % respectively . experiments with different percentages of crude oil showed that m .
could tolerate crude - oil contamination up to 6 . 2 % ( w / w ) . the estimation of tog in soil of the tested plants revealed that m .
could decrease 31 . 7 % of crude oil contaminants in low fertilizer level ( 200n , 100p , 100k ) and 24 . 7 % in high fertilizer level ( 240n , 120p , 120k ) . in case of unplanted pots , the reduction of tog was 13 . 7 % in low fertilizer level and 11 . 2 % in high fertilizer level . this experiment has identified the suitability of a native candidate plant species for further investigation of their phytoremediation potential .
has long attracted the interest of researchers due to its spectacular leaf movements in response to touch or other external stimuli . although various aspects of this seismonastic movement have been elucidated by histological , physiological , biochemical , and behavioral approaches , the lack of reverse genetic tools has hampered the investigation of molecular mechanisms involved in these processes . to overcome this obstacle , we developed an efficient genetic transformation method for m .
l . at the place of infection identified by one of our patients . clinical diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis was established by direct microscopic examination and cultures from the patient ' s lesion . the same species was isolated from the patient and from the plant . scanning electron microscopy of the surface of the thorns showed the characteristic conidial arrangement of f . pedrosoi . these data indicate that m .
could be a natural source of infection for the fungus f . pedrosoi . este trabalho demonstra o isolamento de fonsecaea pedrosoi de espinhos da planta mimosa
l . , a partir do local de suposta infecã§ã£o identificado pela paciente infectada . o diagnã³stico clãnico de cromoblastomicose foi estabelecido pelo achado de corpos fumagã³ides no exame microscã³pico direto e pelas culturas de f . pedrosoi do material obtido da lesã£o da paciente . a mesma espã©cie foi isolada da paciente e da planta . a microscopia eletrã´nica de transmissã£o da superfãcie dos espinhos evidenciou a disposiã§ã£o conidial caracterãstica de f . pedrosoi . estes dados indicam que a planta m .
stoichiometric network analysis and associated dimensionless kinetic equations . application to a model of the
the stoichiometric network analysis ( sna ) introduced by b . l . clarke is applied to a simplified model of the complex oscillating
- liebhafsky reaction under batch conditions , which was not examined by this method earlier . this powerful method for the analysis of steady - states stability is also used to transform the classical differential equations into dimensionless equations . this transformation is easy and leads to a form of the equations combining the advantages of classical dimensionless equations with the advantages of the sna . the used dimensionless parameters have orders of magnitude given by the experimental information about concentrations and currents . this simplifies greatly the study of the slow manifold and shows which parameters are essential for controlling its shape and consequently have an important influence on the trajectories . the effectiveness of these equations is illustrated on two examples : the study of the bifurcations points and a simple sensitivity analysis , different from the classical one , more based on the chemistry of the studied system .
& kurtz i , de uso habitual en la zona pampeana y mehlich iii , de uso internacional en suelos que han recibido fertilizaciones fosfatadas continuas . los suelos estudiados recibieron dosis crecientes de fertilizante fosfatado , aplicadas al inicio de una rotaciã³n de maãz , trigo y soja . sobre parcelas de campo , se tomaron muestras de suelo , se analizaron y se compararon los datos de fã³sforo extractable ( p por mehlich iii y
& kurtz i . para determinar la bondad de ambos mã©todos , se ajustaron los datos con la prueba de peto - wilcoxon de determinaciã³n de curvas de concordancia y anã¡lisis de regresiã³n para evaluar la sensibilidad de ambos mã©todos . los resultados mostraron que a valores bajos , ambos mã©todos no se diferencian sustancialmente , pero a partir de los 15 ( mg kg - 1 de p en el suelo , el mã©todo de mehlich iii sobreestima el valor con respecto a
& kurtz i el que detectã³ la mejor variaciã³n de las dosis agregadas de p , mostrando mayor sensibilidad entre los tratamientos efectuados . se concluye que de los estudios realizados el mã©todo de
& kurtz i es el que mejor se adapta a las prã¡cticas de diagnã³stico y recomendaciones regionales de uso de fertilizante . in this work , we compared two methods of available phosphorus evaluation ,
& kurtz i , ( the most common in the pampean zone , and mehlich iii , ( commonly used in other countries in soils with contionuous p applications . the studied soils received increasing doses of phosphate fertilizer , applied to the beginning of a maize , wheat and soybean rotation . soil samples were taken in the field , and extractable phosphorus ( p by mehlich iii and
& kurtz i methods were compared . the data were adjusted with the peto - wilcoxon test of determination and regression analysis to evaluate the sensitivity of both methods . the results indicated that to low values , these are
( eamp leaves on anxiety , depression and memory in a mouse model . materials and methods : anti - anxiety potential of eamp was evaluated by elevated plus maze ( epm , light - dark box ( ldb and social interaction ( si tests in mice . anti - depressant potential of eamp was evaluated by forced swimming ( fst , tail suspension ( tst , and open field tests ( oft . the behavioral findings were further corroborated with estimation of neurotransmitters and their metabolites from mouse brain homogenate . effect on learning and memory was evaluated by epm , passive avoidance ( pa tests . further , it was confirmed with assessment of acetylcholinesterase and caspase - 3 activity in brain homogenate . results : eamp showed significant anti - anxiety activity by increasing the time spent in open arm of epm , light box of ldb . social interaction time was increased significantly ( p
houseâ ( 1990 , is a futuristic , dystopian fantasy that envisions ireland , great britain and most of western europeâ ââ except for the northern territoriesâ ââ as already laid waste by nuclear disaster in an unspecified near future . in this paper , my intention is to consider how the narrative , like other futuristic and science - fiction stories , displaces the present onto an apocalyptic future so as to bring out and criticise present - day social , cultural and political trends , particularly , the institutional tendency in ireland to package and market history as heritage . some of the issues raised by the novel which will be addressed here are : for what purposes and from what perspective and attitude is the past interpreted and translated ? what happens when it is precisely our treasured lifestyles that we see dissected , interpreted and analysed as if they already formed part of an arcane past ? how can we feel the sense of nostalgia that heritage - based analyses imply if we are asked to mourn what we have not yet lost ?
( mimosa modifica la fertilidad en ratas normales . diseã±o : estudio experimental . instituciã³n : instituto de investigaciones clãnicas , facultad de medicina , facultad de farmacia , universidad nacional mayor de san marcos y hospital nacional hipã³lito unanue , lima , perãº . material biolã³gico : ratas albinas , y hojas de mimosa
. mã©todos : cuarentiocho animales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en grupos de seis animales cada uno . el primero fue control , con soluciã³n de suero fisiolã³gico 5 ml / kg , y los siguientes recibieron extracto vãa oral 50 , 250 y 500 mg / kg , durante 21 dãas . cada grupo considerã³ 6 hembras y 6 machos juntos . los animales fueron sacrificados para observar la presencia de fetos en el ãºtero . a las hembras se les extrajo muestra de sangre , para conocer el nivel de fsh , estradiol y progesterona , expresã¡ndose en âµg / dl . el dosaje hormonal se realizã³ por el mã©todo de electroquimioluminiscencia . en el estudio de antiimplantaciã³n se usã³ 2 grupos de 5 ratas hembras grã¡vidas ; un grupo recibiã³ agua y el otro recibiã³ el extracto de la planta , en dosis de 600 mg / kg , durante 10 dãas . principales medidas de resultados : disminuciã³n del nãºmero de fetos y niveles hormonales . resultados : los flavonoides , compuestos fenã³licos y taninos estuvieron en mayor cantidad en el extracto etanã³lico . las ratas que recibieron 250 mg / kg presentaron mayor nãºmero de fetos , seguidas por las de 50 mg / kg ; en tanto que con la dosis de 500 mg / kg disminuyã³ el nãºmero de fetos comparativamente con las ratas que no recibieron la planta ; hubo incremento de fsh y de progesterona . conclusiones : en condiciones experimentales se muestra que en dosis de hasta 250 mg / kg aumenta la fertilidad , pero a 500 mg se reduce la fertilidad en ratas normales .
full text available the decisions animals make to adjust their antipredator behavior to rapidly changing conditions have been well studied . inducible defenses in plants are an antipredator behavior that acts on a longer time scale , but sensitive plants , mimosa
, have a much more rapid antipredator response ; they temporarily close their leaves when touched . the time they remain closed is defined as hiding time . we studied hiding time in sensitive plants and found that individual plants differed significantly in their hiding times . we then showed that the effect of individual explained substantial variation in hiding time on a short time scale . finally , on a longer time scale , individuality persisted but the amount of variation attributed to individual decreased . we hypothesized that variation in plant condition might explain this change . we therefore manipulated sunlight availability and quantified hiding time . when deprived of light for 6 h , sensitive plants significantly shortened their hiding times . but when only half a plant was deprived of light , hiding times on the deprived half and light exposed half were not significantly different . this suggests that overall condition best explains variation in sensitive plant antipredator behavior . just like in animals , sensitive plant antipredator behavior is condition dependent , and , just like in animals , a substantial amount of the remaining variation is explained by individual differences between plants . thus , models designed to predict plasticity in animal behavior may be successfully applied to understand behavior in other organisms , including plants .
l . grown under conditions of iron deficiency . the speed of leaf folding was measured ( motorical activity and the action potential induced with thermic and light stimuli and turgorin ( electrical activity was recorded . it was found that the iron deficiency caused acidification of medium and the maximum of the process coincided with the period when the young leaves were turning green . chlorotic mimosa leaves , not detached from the plant , showed an increased motorical activity . motorical and electrical activity of the leaves were inhibited by an inhibitor of the plasmalemma redox systems - quinacrine , and stimulated by blue light . leaf movement factor - turgorin - caused a hypersensitivity of chlorotic plants . it follows from the studies that the observed effects resulted from the adaptation of mimosa to the iron stress . the adaptation was a result of formation of new plasmalemma redox systems ( turbo - reductase , responsible for maintaining high energy levels in the cells .
l . to hymenolepis nana ( hymenolepis sp . in mice . sixty mice were divided into 6 groups consisting of 10 mice per group . mice were infected with 100 infective eggs of hymenolepis sp . after deworming by mebendazol . after reaching the prepaten phase ( ï± 21st day , mice were treated with different concentration of root extract per oral , namely 100 % , 50 % , 25 % , 12 . 5 % . positive control treated with mebendazole and negative control treated with distilled water . fecal eggs were counted using mcmaster method on day 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 after treatment . mice were sacrificed for worm counting of hymenolepis sp . in mice intestine on the day 10 day after treatment . efication of the root extract to hymenolepis sp . in mice for concentration 100 % , 50 % , 25 % and 12 . 5 % were 59 . 62 % , 86 . 38 % , 45 . 54 % , 92 . 49 % respectively . reducing in the number of hymenolepis sp . was inconsistency decreasing in the eggs number per gram fecal .
l . in an l - arginine model of acute necrotising pancreatitis in rats .
is used in traditional medicine for treating various disorders such as inflammatory conditions , diarrhoea , insomnia , alopecia , urogenital infections and wounds . the present study investigated the effect of m .
extract ( mpe ) on l - arginine - induced acute necrotising pancreatitis in rats . the ethanolic extract of m .
leaves was studied for the presence of quercetin and gallic acid using high - performance liquid chromatography . four groups were employed - normal control rats , l - arginine control rats ( two intraperitoneal [ i . p . ] injections of 2â g / kg at an interval of 1â h ) , mpe - treated rats ( 400â mg / kg orally ) and melatonin - treated rats ( positive control 10â mg / kg i . p . ) , which were further divided into subgroups according to time points ( 24â h , 3 days and 14â days ) . serum amylase , lipase , tumour necrosis factor - î± ( tnf - î± ) , pancreatic amylase , nucleic acid content , protein , transforming growth factor - î²1 ( tgf - î²1 ) , thiobarbituric reactive substances , glutathione , nitrite / nitrate , collagen content and histopathological examination were carried out . mpe significantly improved acute necrotising pancreatitis by modulating diagnostic markers of pancreatitis such as serum lipase and pancreatic amylase , inflammation ( tnf - î± ) , and oxidative and nitrosative stress . moreover , mpe administration induced regenerative changes in the pancreas evidenced by increased levels of pancreatic proteins , nucleic acid content and histopathology report . in addition , mpe improved tgf - î²1 and collagen levels thereby preventing fibrosis . the current investigation indicates the novel role of mpe in reducing the severity of acute necrotising pancreatitis by plausible mechanisms such as anti - inflammatory and anti - fibrotic activity and by promoting repair and regeneration of the pancreas .
e salsa ( ipomoea asarifolia sã£o importantes plantas daninhas que infestam ã¡reas de pastagens cultivadas da regiã£o amazã´nica brasileira . neste trabalho foram analisados os efeitos de fatores relacionados ao solo e clima na variaã§ã£o da germinaã§ã£o ( percentual e ãndice de velocidade de germinaã§ã£o - ivg de sementes dessas espã©cies . a germinaã§ã£o foi monitorada em um perãodo de 15 dias , com contagens diã¡rias e eliminaã§ã£o das sementes germinadas . os resultados mostraram que os fatores de solo alumãnio , ph , cã¡lcio e magnã©sio nã£o influenciam a germinaã§ã£o das duas espã©cies de plantas daninhas . a germinaã§ã£o das sementes de malãcia e salsa pode ocorrer tanto na presenã§a como na ausãªncia de luz . a temperatura ã³tima de germinaã§ã£o ( percentual e ivg para ambas as espã©cies foi de 30 âºc contãnua e 25 - 35 âºc alternada , embora as sementes de malãcia tenham germinado satisfatoriamente em temperaturas contãnuas superiores e inferiores a 30 âºc e em todas as combinaã§ãµes de temperaturas alternadas . comparativamente , o ãndice de velocidade de germinaã§ã£o ( ivg foi mais sensãvel aos efeitos da temperatura do que o percentual de germinaã§ã£o . ambas as espã©cies responderam negativamente ao aumento da salinidade , sendo a espã©cie malãcia mais tolerante ao sal do que a salsa . mimosa
and ipomoea asarifolia are important weeds of cultivated pasture in the brazilian amazon region . this research analyzes the effects of the change in soil and climate factors on the germination ( percentage and germination speed index of these species . germination was monitored for a 15 - day period , with daily counting and elimination of the germinated seeds . the results showed that soil factors such as aluminum , ph , calcium , and magnesium did not influence the germination of the two weed species . the germination of both m .
and i . asarifolia is independent of light exposure . optimum germination ( percentage and
low temperature ( cold ) plasma finds an increasing number of applications in biology , medicine and agriculture . in this paper , we report a new effect of plasma induced morphing and movements of venus flytrap and mimosa
. we have experimentally observed plasma activation of sensitive plant movements and morphing structures in these plants similar to stimulation of their mechanosensors in vivo . application of an atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet to the inside or outside of a lobe , midrib , or cilia in dionaea muscipula ellis induces trap closing . treatment of mimosa
by plasma induces movements of pinnules and petioles similar to the effects of mechanical stimulation . we have conducted control experiments and simulations to illustrate that gas flow and uv radiation associated with plasma are not the primary reasons for the observed effects . reactive oxygen and nitrogen species ( rons ) produced by cold plasma in atmospheric air appear to be the primary reason of plasma - induced activation of phytoactuators in plants . some of these rons are known to be signaling molecules , which control plants ' developmental processes . understanding these mechanisms could promote plasma - based technology for plant developmental control and future use for plant protection from pathogens . our work offers new insight into mechanisms which trigger plant morphing and movement . copyright â© 2017 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .
plant using various organic solvents . public awareness on using natural dyes has encouraged the extraction of tannins from putrimalu . extraction was performed continuously using a soxhlet apparatus . the parameter studied was the influence of solvent polarity on the amount of tannin and mass transfer coefficient . tannin was extracted from ten grams of dried putrimalu plants using polar solvents ( ethanol , acetone and methanol and a non - polar solvent ( n - hexane . extraction is considered complete when the concentration of tannins in the liquid is no longer changing with time . liquid samples were withdrawn every 20 minutes interval for tannin analyses using thin layer chromatography ( tlc . the results showed that the maximum concentration of tannins in the extract ( g / ml when extraction were performed using n - hexane was 0 . 0031 , acetone ( 0 . 016 , methanol ( 0 . 0274 and ethanol ( 0 . 044 . from extract yield and mass transfer coefficient point of views , it can be concluded that the best solvent is ethanol . the relationship between tannin concentration in the ethanol 96 % solvent and the time was expressed in term of mathematical equations â â â â â â â â â â â â cal = 1 . 046 ( 1 - e - 0 . 0213t with error was 3 . 6 % . where cal is the concentration of tannins in the solvent ( g / ml and t is the extraction time ( minutes . â â kesadaran masyarakat untuk kembali menggunakan bahan pewarna alami mendorong dilakukannya ekstraksi tannin dari putrimalu . ekstraksi dilakukan secara kontinyu menggunakan alat soxhlet . parameter yang dipelajari adalah pengaruh polaritas pelarut terhadap ekstrak tannin dan koefisien transfer massa . tannin diekstrak dari sepuluh gram tanaman putrimalu kering menggunakan pelarut polar ( etanol , aseton dan metanol dan pelarut non - polar n - heksana . ekstraksi dianggap selesai jika konsentrasi tannin di dalam pelarut sudah tidak berubah . tannin di dalam contoh cairan yang diambil setiap selang waktu 20
full text available foi estudada uma doenã§a em bovinos e ovinos caracterizada por lesãµes ulcerativas e granulomatosas da pele dos membros . os estudos epidemiolã³gicos e patolã³gicos permitiram concluir que essas lesãµes sã£o causadas pelos espinhos de mimosa
( leg . mimosoideae . a doenã§a foi observada somente em pastagens acentuadamente infestadas e os animais se recuperaram rapidamente apã³s retirados destes pastos . nos ovinos as lesãµes atingiam partes mais altas dos membros do que nos bovinos , devido ao seu menor porte . a condition of cattle and sheep characterized by ulcerous and granulomatous skin lesions of the legs was studied . epidemiological data and the nature of the lesions indicate that they are caused by the thorns of mimosa
( leg . mimosoideae . the disease was observed only in pastures largely infested by the plant , and animals recover quickly when moved from them .
l . growing in neutral - alkaline soils from the distrito federal in central brazil . the 16s rrna gene sequence analysis of 10 strains placed them into the genus rhizobium with the closest neighbouring species ( each with 99â % similarity ) being rhizobium grahamii , rhizobium cauense , rhizobium mesoamericanum and rhizobium tibeticum . this high similarity , however , was not confirmed by multi - locus sequence analysis ( mlsa ) using three housekeeping genes ( reca , glnii and rpob ) , which revealed r . mesoamericanum ccge 501t to be the closest type strain ( 92â % sequence similarity or less ) . chemotaxonomic data , including fatty acid profiles [ with majority being c19â : â0 cyclo ï8c and summed feature 8 ( c18â : â1ï7c / c18â : â1ï6c ) ] , dna g + c content ( 57 . 6 mol % ) , and carbon compound utilization patterns supported the placement of the novel strains in the genus rhizobium . results of average nucleotide identity ( ani ) differentiated the novel strains from the closest species of the genus rhizobium , r . mesoamericanum , r . grahamii and r . tibeticum with 89 . 0 , 88 . 1 and 87 . 8â % similarity , respectively . the symbiotic genes essential for nodulation ( nodc ) and nitrogen fixation ( nifh ) were most similar ( 99 - 100â % ) to those of r . mesoamericanum , another mimosa - nodulating species . based on the current data , these 10 strains represent a novel species of the genus rhizobium for which the name rhizobium altiplani sp . nov . is proposed . the type strain is br 10423t ( = hambi 3664t ) .