baurutitan was a genus of late cretaceous sauropod dinosaur .

it was a titanosaur which lived in what is now brazil .

the type species , baurutitan britoi , was described in 2005 by kellner , campos , and trotta and is based on distinctive caudal vertebrae .

this south american dinosaur was found in uberaba , in the brazilian state of minas gerais .

baurutitan

paleontologia , vertebrata , dinosauri , cretaceous , titanosauria , titanosauridae , baurutitan britoi .
baurutitan is a genus of titanosauriforme from late cretaceous brazil . it grew up to 79 feet . baurutitan was a large plant eater and some scientists says that it had osteoderms on its skin .
belongs to baurutitan according to c . r . a . candeiro and j . d . harris 2012
baurutitan | deep time - cretaceous 18 ( late maastrichtian 67 - 66 . 0 mya ) | pinterest | federal
named in 2005 ,  baurutitan seems to have been a fairly large titanosaur that lived in brazil during the last stage of the cretaceous .
in the last ten years , three species of titanosaur were discovered in the mineiro triangle : the trigonosaurus pricei , the baurutitan britoi and the uberabatitan riberoi .
baurutitan was a genus of sauropod dinosaur that appeared in the late cretaceous period . this plant eater ( herbivore ) grew up to around 13 meters long . it was a titanosaur which lived in what is now present - day brazil .
baurutitan was a genus of sauropod dinosaur that appeared in the late cretaceous period . this plant eater ( herbivore ) grew up to around 13 meters long . it was a titanosaur which lived in what is now present - day brazil .
baurutitan was found in the marilia formation in llewellyn ivor province , peirópolis , minas gerais , brazil . it lived in the maastrichtian age of the late cretaceous , about 72 to 66 million years ago . it’s unique in that it’s a sauropod from brazil for once and not argentina . it is not unique in much else . it was probably about 12 - 14 meters long , 3 . 5 meters tall , and it’s known from some vertebrae .
. . . the pair of spinoprezygapophyseal laminae is sharp and delimits a deep and broad spinoprezygapophyseal fossa , as occurs in several other titanosaurs ( e . g . saltasaurus loricatus : bonaparte and powell , 1980 ; narambuenatitan palomoi : filippi et al . , 2011a , b ; bonatitan reigi : martinelli and forasiepi , 2004 ; petrobrasaurus puestohernandezi : filippi et al . , 2011a , b ; baurutitan britoi : kellner et al . , 2005 ; tambatitanis amicitiae : saegusa and ikeda , 2014 ) . . . .
lkmm pra - td ii ina wati baurutitan 05161032 - - created using powtoon - - free sign up at urltoken - - create animated videos and animated presentations for free . powtoon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website , office meeting , sales pitch , nonprofit fundraiser , product launch , video resume , or anything else you could use an animated explainer video . powtoon ' s animation templates help you create animated presentations and animated explainer videos from scratch . anyone can produce awesome animations quickly with powtoon , without the cost or hassle other professional animation services require .
' aeolosaurus rionegrinus belongs to aeolosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' alamosaurus sanjuanensis belongs to alamosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' andesaurus delgadoi belongs to andesaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' antarctosaurus brasiliensis is a nomen dubium ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' baurutitan britoi belongs to baurutitan ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' baurutitan belongs to titanosauridae ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' epachthosaurus sciuttoi belongs to epachthosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' gondwanatitan faustoi belongs to gondwanatitan ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' laplatasaurus araukanicus is recombined as titanosaurus araukanicus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' lirainosaurus astibiae belongs to lirainosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' mendozasaurus neguyelap belongs to mendozasaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii belongs to opisthocoelicaudia ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' pellegrinisaurus powelli belongs to pellegrinisaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' rinconsaurus caudamirus belongs to rinconsaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' saltasaurus loricatus belongs to saltasaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' titanosaurus australis is recombined as neuquensaurus australis ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' titanosaurus colberti is recombined as isisaurus colberti ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005
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. . . the last number of the specimen number refers to the sequential anteroposterior order of skeletal elements of the holotype of dreadnoughtus , beginning with the skull , and hence does not directly correspond to hypothesized serial position in the axial column . although titanosaurians reportedly might have had up to 11 dorsal vertebrae ( borsuk - białynicka 1977 ; see also discussion in lacovara et al . 2014 ) , dreadnoughtus is predicted to have had ten , as in most other titanosaurians ( powell 1987 ; campos et al . 2005 ; calvo et al . 2007a , b ; curry rogers 2009 ; coria et al . 2013 ) . . . .
. . . 2 , 3 , pl . 3 ; wilson and upchurch 2009 ; campos et al . 2005 ; coria et al . 2013 ) . the pcpl is also present throughout the dorsal vertebral series of rapetosaurus ( curry rogers 2009 ) . . . .
. . . this character is not described in other sauropods ( the neural spine seems to be short . there is a prominent , thick and rugose prespinal lamina ( prsl ) on its anterior surface , with striations and grooves running dorsoventrally ( fig . 7 ) ; the spinoprezygapophyseal laminae ( sprl ) follow a trajectory parallel to the prsl on the neural spine , until they disappear dorsally , as occurs in trigonosaurus and rapetosaurus and other titanosauriforms ( powell , 1987 ; martínez et al . , 2004 ; campos et al . , 2005 ; curry rogers , 2009 ) . there are anterior and posterior spinodiapophyseal laminae ( aspdl and pspdl ) crossing the lateral surface of the neural spine ( figs . 6 and 7 ) and delimit an interlaminar fossa that we propose to be named spdl - f , fig . 7d . . . .
. . . regarding the tetrapods , these assemblages include anurans , lizards , turtles , mesoeucrocodylians , nonavian dinosaurs and birds ( e . g . campos et al . 2005 ; frança & langer 2005 ; kellner et al . 2005 ; novas et al . 2005 ; 2008 ; salgado & carvalho 2008 ; santucci 2008 ; carvalho et al . 2011 ; martinelli et al . 2011 ; montefeltro et al . 2011 ; báez et al . 2012 ; martinelli & teixeira 2015 ) . in addition to the relatively well - known bauru group , other more recent and important records from brazil include the tapejarid pterosaur caiuajara dobruskii and the acrodontan lizard gueragama sulamericana from the caiuá group of the same basin ( manzig et al . 2014 ; simões et al . 2015 ) . . . .
. . . it is very deep in its anterior portion and has small foramina . the pleurocoels are proportionally larger than in uberabatitan ( salgado & carvalho 2008 ) , trigonosaurus ( campos et al . 2005 ) and tapuiasaurus ( zaher et al . 2011 ) . there is no evidence of neurocentral suture between the centrum and neural arch . . . .
. . . 7 ) . moderate ( »40 ) craniolateral projection of the preacetabular lobe from the sacral axis in dreadnoughtus is most like trigonosaurus ( »35 ; campos et al . , 2005 ) , but much less than in epachthosau - rus ( »55 ; mart ınez et al . , 2004 ) , opisthocoelicaudia ( »60 ; borsuk - bialynicka , 1977 ) , saltasaurus ( »60 ; powell , 2003 ) , neuquensaurus ( »65 ; otero , 2010 ) , or isisaurus ( »90 ; jain and bandyopadhyay , 1999 ) . furthermore , the preacetabular lobes of dreadnoughtus are not as horizontally turned as in saltasaurids , isisaurus ( jain and bandyopadhyay , 1999 ) , or trigonosaurus ( campos et al . , 2005 ) . . . .
. . . moderate ( »40 ) craniolateral projection of the preacetabular lobe from the sacral axis in dreadnoughtus is most like trigonosaurus ( »35 ; campos et al . , 2005 ) , but much less than in epachthosau - rus ( »55 ; mart ınez et al . , 2004 ) , opisthocoelicaudia ( »60 ; borsuk - bialynicka , 1977 ) , saltasaurus ( »60 ; powell , 2003 ) , neuquensaurus ( »65 ; otero , 2010 ) , or isisaurus ( »90 ; jain and bandyopadhyay , 1999 ) . furthermore , the preacetabular lobes of dreadnoughtus are not as horizontally turned as in saltasaurids , isisaurus ( jain and bandyopadhyay , 1999 ) , or trigonosaurus ( campos et al . , 2005 ) . the craniodorsal to caudoventral tilt of the ilia in dreadnoughtus is also seen in many lithostrotians ( e . g . , rinconsaurus [ calvo and gonz alez riga , 2003 ] and diamantina - saurus [ poropat et al . , 2015 ] ) . . . .
. . . both postzygapophyses are wide and laterally expanded , being laterally oriented , with the articular surface flat and inclining laterodorsally ( fig 3a and 3b ) . they differ from the postzygapophyses of brasilotitan nemophagus [ 7 ] , trigonosaurus pricei [ 55 ] , mct 1487 - r [ 56 ] , and uberabatitan riberoi [ 57 ] , for having the articular facets placed more laterally . in austroposeidon magnificus , as in maxakalisaurus topai [ 58 ] , the processes of the postzygapophyses display large articulation facets . . . .
. . . a deep scar which probable was the attachment surface of connective tissue is observed on the right side ( fig 6 ) . the head of the cervical rib is rounded similar to isisaurus colberti [ 10 ] and more robust than in most other titanosaurs ( e . g . , [ 13 , 55 , 58 ] ) . the cervical rib is distinctive from overosaurus paradasorum [ 6 ] and trigonosaurus pricei [ 55 ] by having the anterior projection of the cervical rib less developed and differs from the cervical ribs of trigonosaurus pricei [ 55 ] , uberabatitan riberoi [ 57 ] , maxakalisaurus topai [ 58 ] , and petrobrasaurus puestohernandezi [ 60 ] where the anterior and posterior processes are more elongated . . . .
the aim of this project is to describe the microstructure of ribs and hemal arches of the titanosaur species : gondwanatitan faustoi , maxakalisaurus topai and austroposeidon magnificus .
material from a new titanosaur from the bauru basin ( bauru group ) , brazil is described and compared with well - known titanosaurs . adamantisaurus mezzalirai gen . et sp . nov . is based on six articulated anterior caudal vertebrae and two haemapophyses collected from the adamantina formation , which is considered to be campanian–maastrichtian ? in age . adamantisaurus mezzalirai is characterized by . . . [ show full abstract ]
first titanosaur ( saurischia , sauropoda ) axial remains from the uberaba formation , upper cretaceous , . . .
the adamantina and marília formations are considered to be the richest vertebrate - bearing units in the bauru group , upper cretaceous , brazil . in contrast , the fossil content from the uberaba formation , which only outcrops in minas gerais state , is scarce and poorly understood . in this essay the first taxonomically informative titanosaur remains unearthed from this unit are reported . they . . . [ show full abstract ]
dinosaur research is developing at very high rates around the world resulting in several new discoveries that are improving our understanding of this terrestrial reptilian clade . except for the last couple years , the studies of brazilian dinosaurs have not followed this expansive trend , despite the high potential of several dinosaur localities . so far there are only eight described taxa , four . . . [ show full abstract ]
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further reading -  description of a titanosaurid caudal series from the bauru group ,  late cretaceous of brazil .   -  arquivos do museu nacional ,  rio de janeiro 63 ( 3 )  : 529 - 564 .   -  a .  w .  a .  kellner ,  d .  d .  a .  campos & m .  n .  f .  trotta  -  2005 .
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combines
bauru
( for the bauru group of brazil where it was found ) and the greek
titan
( primordial giants in greek mythology who ruled mount olympus before zeus and his olympians ) . the
were discovered at caieira quarry ( aka price quarry 1 ) in the serra da galga member of the marília formation ( bauru group ) , são luis farm , veadinho hill , near peirópolis , uberaba , minas gerais state , brazil , by l . i . price in 1957 .
( mct 1490 - r ) , the last hip vertebra attached to a series of eighteen tail vertebrae , represents the entirety of its remains . they were briefly described by powell in 1987 and referred to as the “series c” of
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full reference : a . w . a . kellner , d . d . a . campos , and m . n . f . trotta . 2005 . description of a titanosaurid caudal series from the bauru group , late cretaceous of brazil . arquivos do museu nacional , rio de janeiro 63 ( 3 ) : 529 - 564
see also calvo and porfiri 2010 , casal et al . 2007 , kellner et al . 2005 , kellner et al . 2006 , lopes and buchmann 2008 , mannion and otero 2012 , navarrete et al . 2011 and salgado and carvalho 2008
type specimen : mct 1490 - r , a set of vertebrae . its type locality is price quarry 1 ( caieira quarry ) , which is in a maastrichtian fluvial sandstone in the marília formation of brazil .
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a construction work on an eight tower condominium in the central region of uberaba in the mineiro triangle revealed much more than dirt and rocks .
fossils from a large - sized dinosaur , with an estimated age of 80 million years and a possibly unknown species , will be unearthed within the next few days .
the animal ' s ribs , vertebrae , tibia and waist bones have already been identified . according to researchers , the state of preservation indicates that cranial material may still be buried in the rock . excavation will continue until next week .
last december , a city hall employee found evidence of the existence of fossils in the condominium site . since then , the construction project is being monitored .
for geologist luiz carlos borges ribeiro of the llewellyn ivor price center for paleontological research linked to uftm ( universidade federal do triângulo mineiro ) , the structure may belong to a new species of titanosaur , a herbivore dinosaur that once inhabited the region .
from the diversity of the fossils we found and the degree of preservation , we will probably have the opportunity to present a new species . that would provide another piece of data for the advancement of international paleontological research ,
says ribeiro .
after removal of the fossil , the material will be sent to the center for paleontological research for analysis .
according to ribeiro , the morphological and anatomical studies must be completed within a year and will confirm if the discovery refers to a new species not yet identified in brazil .
about two years ago , on the site next to the condominium project , the first fossils in the region were discovered during excavations for the construction of a mall . however , due to lack of access to the site , the researchers were not able to identify the species .
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( consistency index = 0 . 42 , retention index = 0 . 76 , rescaled consistency index = 0 . 32 ) with relevant clades labelled .
dinosauria owen 1842 . saurischia seeley 1887 . sauropoda marsh 1878 . titanosauriformes salgado , coria , and calvo 1997 . titanosauria bonaparte and coria 1993 . dreadnoughtus schrani nov . gen . nov . sp .
the dreadnoughtus maxilla houses elongate , peg - like teeth typical of derived titanosaurians ( supplementary fig . 2 ) . cervical vertebrae have opisthocoelous centra that lack lateral pneumatic fossae ( ‘pleurocoels’ ) , though they are internally comprised of highly pneumatized camellate tissue . the centrum of a nearly complete posterior ( approximately the ninth ) cervical vertebra of the dreadnoughtus holotype ( mpm - pv 1156 ) ( fig . 1a–d , supplementary figs . 3 , 10 ) is 1 . 13 m in length ( supplementary table 1 ) . this vertebra exhibits a tall , laterally compressed neural spine that differs dramatically from the transversely expanded spine of the single known posterior cervical vertebra of puertasaurus . ( see supplementary information for further osteological information . )
compared to other titanosauriform sauropods , including other gigantic taxa . non - titanosaurian titanosauriforms (
) are listed first and arranged alphabetically ; remaining taxa are titanosaurs , listed alphabetically . measurements in bold are the longest known within titanosauriformes for each element in question . * = estimate ; − = element not preserved ; nr = measurement not reported . anatomical abbreviations : c - cl , mid - posterior cervical centrum length ; c - cw , mid - posterior cervical centrum width ; fe , femur ; fi , fibula ; hu , humerus ; il , ilium ; ra , radius ; sc , scapula ; ti , tibia ; ul , ulna . institutional abbreviations see
based on a phylogenetic analysis ( fig . 3 , supplementary figs . 19 , 20 ; see supplementary information for details ) , we posit dreadnoughtus as a member of titanosauria , intermediate in phylogenetic position between basal representatives of the clade such as andesaurus and the comparatively derived titanosaurian subclade lithostrotia . the enormous forms argentinosaurus and futalognkosaurus are also recovered as non - lithostrotian titanosaurs . future fossil discoveries and phylogenetic analyses of titanosauria are needed to clarify the relationships of these taxa .
dreadnoughtus is among the largest known titanosaurs . conclusively establishing the size of the taxon relative to those of most other gigantic representatives of the clade ( e . g . , ‘ antarctosaurus ’ giganteus , argentinosaurus , paralititan , puertasaurus ) is presently not possible due to the fragmentary nature of the latter forms . nevertheless , elements of mpm - pv 1156 are comparable in linear dimensions to their counterparts in other huge titanosaurs ( table 1 ) . furthermore , a recently - refined equation for calculating body mass in quadrupedal tetrapods based on humeral and femoral circumference 13 , 48 , 49 yields an estimate of 59 . 3 metric tons for this individual ( supplementary information ) —approaching twice the value previously estimated for the large brachiosaurid giraffatitan ( 34 . 0 metric tons ) , and approximately four times that estimated for the diplodocid diplodocus ( 14 . 8 metric tons ) —using the same method 13 . reconstruction of the dreadnoughtus skeleton ( fig . 2a , supplementary fig . 9 ) with the mostly missing cervical series restored after that of futalognkosaurus 3 produces an approximate body length of 26 m ( supplementary information ) .
due primarily to uncertainty in the morphology of the cervical series , it is currently not possible to definitively establish the total body length of dreadnoughtus . nevertheless , the elongate nature of the two preserved cervical vertebrae implies that the taxon had a long neck , more similar to those of titanosaurs such as futalognkosaurus 3 and rapetosaurus 18 than to comparatively short - necked forms such as isisaurus 38 and mendozasaurus 62 . the centrum of the complete posterior cervical vertebra of mpm - pv 1156 is 113 cm in anteroposterior length . assuming that the neck proportions of dreadnoughtus were similar to those of futalognkosaurus 3 , 63 , and that this complete dreadnoughtus cervical vertebra corresponds to the ninth vertebra in the series , this yields a neck length of approximately 11 . 3 m for mpm - pv 1156 .
the holotype of tapuiasaurus ( mzsp - pv 807 ) is the only adult titanosaurian specimen known to preserve a complete skull associated with appendicular elements 41 . using the radius length of mpm - pv 1156 ( 95 cm ) , and scaling up from the relative lengths of the skull and radius in tapuiasaurus , we estimate the length of the mostly unknown skull of this dreadnoughtus specimen at 88 cm . thus , the total combined length of the skull and neck of mpm - pv 1156 is estimated at roughly 12 . 2 m .
we quantified the skeletal completeness of dreadnoughtus and other enormous titanosaurs using the following method . ( we chose to devise an un - weighted metric that counts the presence of each element equally . see mannion and upchurch 68 for an alternative , weighted method . ) first , we used material of the most completely known titanosaurs of any size ( e . g . , epachthosaurus , nemegtosaurus , opisthocoelicaudia , overosaurus , rapetosaurus , saltasaurus , tapuiasaurus , trigonosaurus ) to estimate the total number of bones in a representative titanosaurian skeleton at 256 ( supplementary table 2 ) . we then counted the total number of non - duplicated elements preserved between both known dreadnoughtus specimens ( mpm - pv 1156 and mpm - pv 3546 ) at 116 , and used the literature to tally the elements preserved for five other giant titanosaurs : ‘ antarctosaurus ’ giganteus ( six bones ) 8 , argentinosaurus ( 13 bones ) 6 , futalognkosaurus ( 39 bones ) 3 , paralititan ( 20 bones ) 7 , 69 , and puertasaurus ( four bones ) 9 . these numbers were then divided by 256 to yield completeness percentages for each taxon ( supplementary table 2 ) .
because the six titanosaurs under consideration are represented exclusively ( ‘ a . ’ giganteus , argentinosaurus , futalognkosaurus , paralititan , puertasaurus ) or almost exclusively ( dreadnoughtus ) by postcranial bones , we then explored the postcranial completeness of each taxon . we calculated the total number of postcranial elements expected in a representative titanosaur and then counted all such bones for each taxon in question . we divided the elements preserved by the elements expected to produce percentages of postcranial completeness for each titanosaur ( supplementary table 2 ) .
finally , because , from a morphological standpoint , the preservation of one bilaterally symmetrical element is effectively as informative as is the preservation of both , we calculated what we term the ‘mirrored postcranial completeness’ of each of these giant titanosaurs ( supplementary table 2 ) . when determining mirrored postcranial completeness , bilateral elements are treated as equivalents ; in other words , if at least one of a pair of bilaterally symmetrical bones is preserved in a given taxon , that element is counted as fully preserved in that taxon . ( as an example , in mirrored postcranial completeness , the humerus of dreadnoughtus is treated as completely represented , even though only the left humerus of this titanosaur is actually preserved . )
data reported in this paper are available as supplementary information . specimens mpm - pv 1156 and mpm - pv 3546 are permanently reposited at the museo padre molina in río gallegos , santa cruz province , argentina .
( curry rogers , k . & wilson , j . a . ) 50–103 ( university of california press , 2005 ) .
( calvo , j . , porfiri , j . , gonzález riga b . j . & dos santos , d . ) 125–141 ( universidad nacional de cuyo , 2011 ) .
( foster , j . r . & lucas , s . g . ) 131–137 ( new mexico museum of natural history and science , 2006 ) .
. actas del segundo curso de paleontología en cuenca ( sanz , j . l . & buscalioni , a . d . ) 165–230 ( institutio ‘juan de valdes’ 1992 ) .
( department of zoology , the natural history museum , london , 2001 ) .
dixie state college , 225 south 700 east , st . george , ut 84770 , usa
k . j . l . directed the project ; k . j . l . , m . c . l . , l . m . i . , j . c . p . , v . m . e . , a . e . m . , c . l . c . and j . p . s . collected specimens in the field ; k . j . l . , m . c . l . and j . c . p . supervised fossil preparation , and preparators included m . c . l . , l . m . i . , j . c . p . , e . r . s . , p . v . u . , k . k . v . , z . m . b . , a . m . c . , e . k . f . and v . m . e . ; fossils were described by k . j . l . , m . c . l . , l . m . i . , e . r . s . , p . v . u . , k . k . v . , z . m . b . and j . d . h . ; 3d scanning was accomplished by e . r . s . , p . v . u . , k . k . v . , z . m . b . , a . m . c . and e . k . f . ; histology was conducted by e . r . s . and z . m . b . ; mass estimates and completeness metrics were calculated by m . c . l . and p . v . u . ; 3d pdfs were generated by k . k . v . and e . k . f . ; phylogenetic analysis was done by m . c . l . , p . v . u . and k . k . v . ; permitting was accomplished by k . j . l . , r . d . m . and f . e . n . ; r . d . m . and f . e . n . gave logistical and analytical advice ; k . j . l . , m . c . l . , e . r . s . , p . v . u . , k . k . v . and z . m . b . wrote the paper .
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titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were the most diverse and abundant large - bodied terrestrial herbivores in the southern hemisphere landmasses during the cretaceous period 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . their fossils have been discovered on all continents , and titanosaur species comprise approximately one third of known sauropod diversity 1 . some taxa are regarded as the most massive terrestrial animals known to science 4 , 5 , 6 , whereas others were apparently no heavier than modern cattle 7 . titanosaurs were particularly diverse during the late cretaceous , and encompass a taxonomic richness that rivals that of the hadrosaurid ornithischians that dominated northern hemisphere palaeoecosystems at the same time .
( a ) type locality of notocolossus ( indicated by star ) in southern - most mendoza province , argentina . ( b ) reconstructed skeleton and body silhouette in right lateral view , with preserved elements of the holotype ( uncuyo - ld 301 ) in light green and those of the referred specimen ( uncuyo - ld 302 ) in orange . scale bar , 1 m . ( all images were hand drawn by the senior author [ b . j . g . r . ] and subsequently edited using adobe illustrator software . )
from the greek notos ( southern ) and the latin colossus , in reference to the gigantic size and gondwanan provenance of the new taxon . species name honours dr . jorge gonzález parejas , who has collaborated and provided legal guidance on the research , protection , and preservation of dinosaur fossils from mendoza province for nearly two decades . in so doing , he has advised researchers on the creation of a natural park that serves to protect dinosaur footprints in mendoza .
uncuyo - ld 301 , an associated partial skeleton of a very large individual consisting of an anterior dorsal vertebra , an anterior caudal vertebra , the right humerus , and the proximal end of the left pubis ( figs 1b , 2a–e , 3a , c , e , g and 4a–c ; supplementary figs s1 , s3 ) . we consider these elements to represent a single titanosaurian individual because they were found within an area of 8 m by 8 m at the same stratigraphic level and are of the appropriate size and morphology to have been derived from a single skeleton .
anterior ( second or third ) dorsal vertebra of the holotype ( uncuyo - ld 301 ) in ( a ) anterior and ( b ) left anterolateral views . anterior caudal vertebra of the holotype ( uncuyo - ld 301 ) in ( c ) anterior , ( d ) posterior , and ( e ) right lateral views . anterior caudal vertebra of the referred specimen ( uncuyo - ld 302 ) in ( f ) anterior , ( g ) posterior , and ( h ) left lateral views . abbreviations : al1 , ‘accessory’ lamina 1 ; al2 , ‘accessory’ lamina 2 ; cd , condyle ; ct , cotyle ; dp , diapophysis ; nc , neural canal ; ns , neural spine ; pacdf , parapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa ; posl , postspinal lamina ; poz , postzygapophysis ; pp , parapophysis ; ppdl , paradiapophyseal lamina ; prdl , prezygodiapophyseal lamina ; prpl , prezygoparapophyseal lamina ; prsl , prespinal lamina ; prz , prezygapophysis ; spdl , spinodiapophyseal lamina ; spol , spinopostzygapophyseal lamina ; sprl , spinoprezygapophyseal lamina ; tp , transverse process ; tpol , intrapostzygapophyseal lamina ; tprl , intraprezygapophyseal lamina ; vasl , ‘v - shaped’ anterior spinal lamina . scale bars , 20 cm ( a , b ) , 10 cm ( c – h ) .
photographs ( a , b , e , f ) and interpretive drawings ( c , d , g , h ) of the anterior caudal vertebra of the holotype ( uncuyo - ld 301 ) ( a , c , e , g ) and the first five anterior caudal vertebrae of the referred specimen ( uncuyo - ld 302 ) ( b , d , f , h ) in dorsal ( a – d ) and left lateral ( e – h ) views ( e and g reversed ) . abbreviations , avr , anteroventral ridge ; ns , neural spine ; poz , postzygapophysis ; prz , prezygapophysis ; tp , transverse process . scale bar , 10 cm .
( a ) right humerus of the holotype ( uncuyo - ld 301 ) in anterior view . proximal end of the left pubis of the holotype ( uncuyo - ld 301 ) in lateral ( b ) and proximal ( c ) views . right tarsus and pes of the referred specimen ( uncuyo - ld 302 ) in ( d ) proximal ( articulated , metatarsus only , dorsal [ = anterior ] to top ) , ( e ) dorsomedial ( articulated ) , and ( f ) dorsal ( disarticulated ) views . abbreviations : i–v , metatarsal / digit number ; 1–2 , phalanx number ; ast , astragalus ; cbf , coracobrachialis fossa ; dpc , deltopectoral crest ; hh , humeral head ; ilped , iliac peduncle ; of , obturator foramen ; plp , proximolateral process ; pmp , proximomedial process ; rac , radial condyle ; ulc , ulnar condyle . scale bars , 20 cm ( a – c ) , 10 cm ( d – f ) .
uncuyo - ld 302 , an associated partial skeleton of a second , smaller - bodied individual that includes an articulated anterior caudal series ( consisting of seven partial vertebrae and haemal arches ) and the complete and articulated right astragalus and pes ( figs 1b , 2f–h , 3b , d , f , h and 4d–f ; supplementary figs s2 , s4–s8 ) . as with the holotype , we consider these elements to represent a single titanosaurian individual because they were found within an area of 5 m by 5 m at the same stratigraphic level and are of the appropriate size and morphology to have come from a single skeleton . see supplementary information for justification of the referral of this specimen to notocolossus gonzalezparejasi .
cerro guillermo , malargüe department , southern - most mendoza province , argentina ( fig . 1a ; coordinates on file at uncuyo - ld ) . the holotype and referred specimen were collected 403 m apart in the basal - most bed of the upper cretaceous ( upper coniacian–lower santonian , ~ 86 ma ) plottier formation of the neuquén group ( see supplementary information for details ) .
the parapophyses extend from the dorsal end of the centrum to the base of the neural arch , with their dorsoventral midline positioned at the approximate dorsoventral level of the ventral margin of the neural canal . they are large , well developed , strongly concave in anterior view , and much taller dorsoventrally than wide anteroposteriorly . their articular facets face ventrolaterally . the parapophyseal articular facets are proportionally larger than in anterior dorsal vertebrae of mendozasaurus ( pers . obs . ) , though this discrepancy may well be due to serial variation along the dorsal column . the neural canal is large and subcircular in anterior view , slightly wider than tall . it is bordered dorsally by the intraprezygapophyseal lamina . the prezygapophyses are strongly developed , extending far anteriorly . their facets are ovoid in dorsal contour , more than two times wider mediolaterally than long anteroposteriorly , and flat dorsally . they face dorsomedially , and their lateral ends slightly dorsally surpass the level of the diapophyses , as in the first dorsal vertebra of rapetosaurus 13 . the diapophyses extend laterally well beyond the lateral margins of the prezygapophyses . the neural spine is slightly incomplete dorsally but was almost certainly low and subtriangular in anterior view .
several neural arch laminae and fossae are evident . the parapophysis is linked to the diapophysis by the anteroposteriorly thin paradiapophyseal lamina . the laterally concave prezygoparapophyseal lamina comprises the anteromedial margin of a deep , teardrop - shaped fossa ( here regarded as the parapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa following wilson et al . 14 ) that embays the anterior surface of the diapophysis and is better defined dorsally than ventrally . a thin , subvertical ‘accessory’ lamina subdivides this fossa , which extends posteromedially beyond the prezygoparapophyseal lamina , forming a deep , probably pneumatic cavity . this cavity is in turn subdivided by a second , anterodorsally–posteroventrally oriented ‘accessory’ lamina that is visible only in lateral view . the prezygapophyses are connected to the lateral margins of the diapophyses by the robust prezygodiapophyseal laminae , and to each other by the much lower , boomerang - shaped intraprezygapophyseal lamina . at least the ventral part of the anterior face of the neural spine is bisected by the thick , rugose prespinal lamina , whereas the lateral margins of the spine are comprised by the spinodiapophyseal laminae .
the prezygapophyses have large , subcircular , dorsomedially - directed articular facets , but they are comparatively anteroposteriorly shorter than in many other titanosaurs . the postzygapophyses are correspondingly elongate , with their articular facets connected to spinopostzygapophyseal laminae that extend posteriorly beyond the remainder of the neural arch . the postzygapophyseal facets are dorsoventrally elongate , slightly concave , ventrolaterally oriented , and connected by a robust intrapostzygapophyseal lamina located dorsal to the neural canal .
the neural spine is vertically oriented and low relative to the size of the centrum . the dorsal end of the spine is wider transversely than long anteroposteriorly , and is ‘d - shaped’ in dorsal view , with a straight anterior border . in lateral view , the spine is rectangular and gently concave anteriorly approaching its anterodorsal corner . short , low spinoprezygapophyseal laminae appear to connect the bases of the prezygapophyses to that of the neural spine . another , better - developed pair of anterior laminae , seemingly distinct from the spinoprezygapophyseal laminae , extend the length of the neural spine , occupying the anterolateral corners of the spine dorsally but converging ventrally to form a ‘v - shaped’ conformation in anterior view . there is no clear evidence of a prespinal lamina . the posterior surface of the spine is framed by two prominent , posteriorly - projected spinopostzygapophyseal laminae that rapidly diverge from one another dorsally , becoming well separated at the approximate dorsoventral midline of the spine . a sagittally - positioned postspinal lamina spans much of the length of the posterior surface of the neural spine . though damaged , it appears to expand markedly in transverse dimension dorsally , and seemingly does not reach the base of the spine .
( uncuyo - ld 301 ) compared to those of other titanosaurian sauropods , including other gigantic species .
the radial and ulnar condyles on the distal end of the uncuyo - ld 301 humerus are similarly developed and undivided , with the radial condyle being more poorly defined anteriorly than in some other titanosaurs ( e . g . , epachthosaurus , futalognkosaurus , paralititan ) . the anterior face of this condyle is not divided by a notch . the posterior surface of the distal end of the humerus is badly damaged , but it bears an olecranon fossa that is bounded by supracondylar ridges , as in many other titanosaurs ( e . g . , mendozasaurus 9 , paralititan 16 ) .
metatarsals i and ii are twisted about their long axes such that they are dorsoventrally ( i . e . , anteroposteriorly ) deepest proximally and mediolaterally widest distally . metatarsal i has a ‘d - shaped’ proximal end , and its proximal dorsoventral diameter exceeds the proximodistal length of the entire element ( supplementary table s3 ) . we regard these proportions as autapomorphic of notocolossus . the medial margin of metatarsal i is convex , whereas the lateral margin is slightly concave for articulation with metatarsal ii . the proximal outline of metatarsal ii is also ‘d - shaped’ , but conversely , the lateral face is slightly convex and the medial face is gently concave . thus , the proximal contour of the articulated metatarsals i and ii is subcircular . the proximal ends of metatarsals iii and iv are subquadrangular in shape , whereas that of metatarsal v is slightly semilunar , with the most acute end pointing dorsolaterally . the shafts of all metatarsals are constricted both dorsoventrally and mediolaterally . their distal ends are mediolaterally broad , and range in distal profile from quadrangular in metatarsal i to elliptical in metatarsal v . the latter is proportionally more distally expanded than in most other titanosauriforms ( e . g . , bonitasaura , epachthosaurus , mendozasaurus , opisthocoelicaudia , rapetosaurus , tastavinsaurus , the la invernada titanosaur , pm tgu 16 / 0 , field museum of natural history [ fmnh ] pr 977 [ an isolated titanosauriform pes from texas 31 referred to cedarosaurus by d’emic 32 ] ) , with the exception of nmmnh p - 49967 ( ? alamosaurus ) .
table 3 : pedal phalangeal formulae and total number of pedal phalanges of sauropods for which complete hind feet are known .
among sauropods , the pedal unguals of notocolossus are unique in being unusually short and distally truncated . although , as mentioned above , it is possible that their peculiar appearance is pathological—pathologies have been documented in sauropod pedes before 33 , 34 —we consider this less likely because all three unguals exhibit similar morphologies and there is no evidence of pathology in the other pedal elements . nevertheless , additional pedal material of notocolossus will be required to evaluate this hypothesis .
among sauropods , pedal phalangeal reduction reached its extreme in titanosauria . the pedal phalangeal formula of the basal titanosaurian epachthosaurus is 2 - 2 - 3 - 2 - 0 ( nine phalanges ) ; consequently , the loss of phalanges on digit v appears to have taken place at or near the origin of this clade . moreover , the phalangeal formulae of titanosaurs indicate a progressive reduction of the total number of phalanges via the loss of phalanges on pedal digits iii and iv through the evolution of these dinosaurs 24 . the phalangeal formulae of the basal lithostrotians notocolossus and ( probably ) mendozasaurus are 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 0 ( eight ) , whereas that of the saltasaurid opisthocoelicaudia is 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 0 ( seven ) . as such , it appears that a single phalanx was lost from digit iii at or near the origin of lithostrotia ; similarly , a digit iv phalanx may have been lost in the vicinity of saltasauridae . pedal digit i was reduced in at least one titanosaur as well : although , as in mendozasaurus and notocolossus , the unnamed la invernada taxon has a phalangeal formula of 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 0 , the proximal - most phalanx of digit i is strikingly small 24 .
data reported in this paper are available as supplementary information . specimens uncuyo - ld 301 and 302 are reposited at the laboratorio de dinosaurios of the facultad de ciencias exactas y naturales of the universidad nacional de cuyo in mendoza city , mendoza province , argentina .
this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the proposed online registration system for the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix ‘ urltoken ’ . the lsids for this publication are urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 01ffa8b8 - ba10 - 4d80 - bb94 - 4cb3071597b2 ( notocolossus ) and urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 34979d66 - 9c7e - 469c - b072 - ab9fb8f6b705 ( n . gonzalezparejasi ) .
how to cite this article : gonzález riga , b . j . et al . a gigantic new dinosaur from argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot . sci . rep . 6 , 19165 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep19165 ( 2016 ) .
) ch . 2 , 50–103 ( university of california press , 2005 ) .
) 169–190 ( colectivo arqueológico - paleontológico de salas de los infantes , 2006 ) .
) ch . 13 , 259–322 ( university of california press , 2004 ) .
the middle jurassic dinosaur fauna from dashanpu , zigong , sichuan , vol . iv . sauropod dinosaurs ( ii ) : omeisaurus tianfuensis .
the middle jurassic dinosaur fauna from dashanpu , zigong , sichuan , vol . iii . sauropod dinosaurs ( i ) : shunosaurus .
nona . ( no name ) v . 2 . 0 ( published by the author , tucumán , argentina , 1999 ) .
centro paleontológico lago barreales , proyecto dino , universidad nacional del comahue , ruta provincial 51 , km . 65 , neuquén , argentina
b . j . g . r . directed the project and found both specimens in the field ; b . j . g . r . directed the excavation of the specimens in the field ; b . j . g . r . and l . d . o . d . supervised fossil preparation ; j . p . c . curated and preserved the fossils and contributed to aspects of the supplementary information ; fossils were described by b . j . g . r . , m . c . l . , l . d . o . d . and j . o . c . ; phylogenetic analysis was performed by b . j . g . r . , m . c . l . and l . d . o . d . ; b . j . g . r . , m . c . l . , l . d . o . d . and j . o . c . wrote the paper .
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s creative commons license , unless indicated otherwise in the credit line ; if the material is not included under the creative commons license , users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material . to view a copy of this license , visit urltoken
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kamila l . n . bandeira , # 1 , * felipe medeiros simbras , # 2 elaine batista machado , # 1 , 3 diogenes de almeida campos , # 4 gustavo r . oliveira , # 5 and alexander w . a . kellner # 1 , *
1 laboratório de sistemática e tafonomia de vertebrados fósseis , departamento de geologia e paleontologia , museu nacional / universidade federal do rio de janeiro . quinta da boa vista s / n , 20940 - 040 , são cristóvão , rio de janeiro , rj , brazil
4 museu de ciências da terra , cprm . av . pasteur , 404 , urca , 22290 - 240 , rio de janeiro , rj , brazil
5 universidade federal rural de pernambuco , departamento de biologia . rua dom manuel de medeiros s / n , dois irmãos , 52171 - 900 , recife , pe , brazil
* e - mail : rb . moc . oohay @ ariednabalimak ( klnb ) ; rb . jrfu . nm @ renllek ( awak )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
titanosaurs are considered a cosmopolitan group of dinosaurs and represent one of the most abundant and diverse clade within sauropoda [ 1 , 2 ] . the record of those dinosaurs has increased greatly in recent decades , particularly in south america due to discoveries made in argentina and brazil ( e . g . , [ 3 – 8 ] ) . several specimens have been reported from india [ 9 , 10 ] , africa [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ] , australia [ 15 ] , and recently also from antarctica [ 16 ] . although regarded by some as typical gondwanan taxa [ 17 , 18 ] , titanosaurs have also been reported in laurasian continents ( e . g . , [ 19 – 25 ] ) , albeit in lower diversity .
] , and is housed at the museu de ciências da terra ( mct ; companhia de pesquisa de recursos minerais of rio de janeiro—cprm ) .
geological map showing the locations of the outcrops of the bauru group in southwestern são paulo state regarding the following formations : ( 1 ) cauiá , ( 2 ) santo anastácio , ( 3 ) adamantina , ( 4 ) araçatuba , ( 5 ) presidente prudente , ( 6 ) uberaba and ( 7 ) marília .
besides dinosaurs , the cretaceous deposits in the region of presidente prudente have provided many vertebrate fossils such as fishes , turtles , crocodyliforms and even squamates [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ] .
we employed the romerian terminology and the directional terms instead of veterinarian alternatives [ 36 ] and followed recent recommendations regarding the identification of vertebral laminae [ 37 , 38 ] and fossae [ 39 ] . ‘‘anterior” and ‘‘posterior , ” for example , are used as directional terms rather than the veterinarian alternatives ‘‘rostral” or ‘‘cranial” and ‘‘caudal” . the abbreviations are as follows :
anatomical abbreviations : c , centrum ; d , diapophysis ; mec , medial crest ; nc , neural channel ; pa , parapophysis ; pl , pleurocoel ; poz , postzygapophysis ; prz , prezygapophysis ; s , neural spine ; st , spine tubercle .
laminae : acdl , anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina ; acpl , anterior centroparapophyseal lamina ; cpol , centropostzygapophyseal lamina ; cprl , centroprezygapophyseal lamina ; pcdl , posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina ; pcpl , posterior centroparapophyseal lamina ; podl , postzygodiapophyseal lamina ; posl , postspinal lamina ; ppdl , paradiapophyseal lamina ; prdl , prezygodiapophyseal lamina ; prsl , prespinal lamina ; spdl , spinodiapophyseal lamina ; spol , spinopostzygapophyseal lamina ; sprl , spinoprezygapophyseal lamina ; spll , suprapleurocoel lamina ( new ) ; tprl , intraprezygapophyseal lamina ; tpol , intrapostzygapophyseal lamina .
fossae : cdf , centrodiapophyseal fossa ; cpof , centropostzygapophyseal fossa ; pacdf , parapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa ; pacprf , parapophyseal centroprezygapophyseal fossa ; pocdf , postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa ; posdf , postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa ; prcdf , prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa ; prpadf , prezygapophyseal paradiapophyseal fossa ; prsdf , prezygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa ; sdf , spinodiapophyseal fossa ; spof , spinopostzygapophyseal fossa ; splaf , suprapleurocoel accessory fossa ( new ) .
austroposeidon is also compared with non - titanosaurian species , as follows : apatosaurus ajax marsh , 1877 ; apatosaurus excelsus marsh , 1879 ; camarasaurus supremus cope , 1877 , diplodocus carnegii hatcher , 1901 ; giraffatitan brancai ( janesch , 1914 ) ; mamenchisaurus youngi pi et al . , 1996 ; qiaowanlong kangxii you and li , 2009 .
the dataset ( list a and table a in s1 file ) was analyzed using equally weighted parsimony in tnt [ 40 ] with a heuristic search of 1 , 000 replicates of wagner trees followed by tree bisection - reconnection ( tbr ) branch swapping .
the electronic edition of this article follows the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature . also , the new names contained herein are available under the iczn requirements from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn under the life science identifiers code ( lsids ) specifications . the present work has the following lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : c9acdd5f - bc33 - 4696 - 8ed0 - 36d3fa5b3af8 .


lottia cubensis is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets .

lottia cubensis

what type of species is lottia cubensis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the lottia cubensis species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of lottia cubensis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species lottia cubensis .
how to identify lottia cubensis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species lottia cubensis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species lottia cubensis are marked in green .
where is lottia cubensis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species lottia cubensis can be found .
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
distribution : panama , cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , santiago de cuba ; jamaica ; virgin islands : st . croix
monograph of the genus patella conchologia iconica 8 pls . 1 , 25 - 42
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eupithecia pieria is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in mexico and bolivia .

the forewings are greyish brown , crossed by many fine greyish-white lines .

the hindwings are dark greyish brown .

eupithecia pieria

eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
eupithecia [ 1 ] er en slægt af sommerfugle som blev beskrevet af curtis i 1825 . eupithecia indgår i familien målere .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
nedenstående er en automatisk oversættelse af artiklen eupithecia fra den svenske wikipedia , udført af gramtrans den 2015 - 10 - 10 08 : 25 : 20 . eventuelle ændringer i den svenske original vil blive fanget igennem regelmæssige genoversættelser . du har mulighed for at redigere oversættelsen til brug i den originale danske wikipedia .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
eupithecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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agriocleptus is a small genus of assassin bugs ( insects belonging to the family reduviidae ) .

the genus consists of 8 described species , all of which are found in central and south america .

agriocleptus

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a genus of stinging paper wasps of the order hymenoptera , so - called because of the structural material used to build their nests .
melittobia digitata dahms ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) and monodontomerus mexicanus gahan ( hym . : pteromalidae ) on a nest of trypoxylon ( trypargilum ) mexicanum ( saussure ) ( hym . : crabronidae ) collected near xalapa , veracruz , mexico
estudo comparativo da polinizacao de mangifera indica l . ( anacardiaceae ) em cultivo convencional e organico na regiao do vale do submedio do sao francisco
wasps ' nest construction [ 20 ] is a good example of parallel activity : wasp workers are interchangeable ; they share a same goal that is building the biggest nets as quickly as possible .
wasps that build honeycomblike paper nests between the windows ; the mouse that comes out at night in search of kitchen - floor crumbs .
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the apiomerini are a tribe of the harpactorinae ( assassin bugs ) . this tribe is restricted to the new world and consists of 11 genera .
this page was last modified on 29 march 2013 , at 08 : 33 .
this article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .
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