nassarius subspinosus , common name the prickly dog whelk , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks .

nassarius subspinosus

what type of species is nassarius subspinosus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius subspinosus species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of nassarius subspinosus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius subspinosus .
nassarius marratii nassarius mendicus nassarius mendicus cooperi ( f ) nassarius miser nassarius moestus nassarius moolenbeeki nassarius muelleri nassarius multicostatus nassarius multipunctatus nassarius myristicatus nassarius natalensis nassarius nigellus nassarius nitidus nassarius niveus nassarius nobilis nassarius nodicinctus nassarius nodifer nassarius novaezealandiae nassarius nucleolus nassarius olivaceus nassarius olivaceus approximata ( f ) nassarius onchodes nassarius oneratus nassarius optimus nassarius pachychilus nassarius papillosus nassarius pauperatus nassarius pernitidus nassarius pernitidus cf . nassarius perpinguis nassarius perpinguis bifasciata ( f ) nassarius praematuratus nassarius pullus nassarius pupinoides nassarius pyramidalis nassarius pyrrhus nassarius quadrasi nassarius recividus nassarius reeveanus nassarius reeveanus velatus ( f ) nassarius reeveanus zonalis ( f ) nassarius reeveanus cf .
how to identify nassarius subspinosus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius subspinosus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius subspinosus are marked in green .
where is nassarius subspinosus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius subspinosus can be found .
nassarius plicatellus adams : synonym of nassarius niveus ( a . adams , 1852 )
subgenus nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805
( of nassarius ( hebra ) subspinosus ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
nassarius weyersi craven : synonym of nassarius pumilio ( e . a . smith , 1872 )
nassarius ( nassodonta ) h . adams , 1867 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
species nassarius compta accepted as nassarius comptus ( a . adams , 1852 ) ( spelling variation )
nassarius ( tritia ) a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( hinia ) gray , 1847 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
species nassarius australis ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as nassarius clarus ( marrat , 1877 )
species nassarius canaliculatus ( lamarck , 1822 ) accepted as nassarius siquijorensis ( a . adams , 1852 )
species nassarius castus auct . non gould , 1850 accepted as nassarius multivocus kool , 2008 ( misidentification )
species nassarius costellifera ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as nassarius margaritifer ( dunker , 1847 )
species nassarius crenelliferus ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as nassarius margaritifer ( dunker , 1847 )
species nassarius dealbatus ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as nassarius pyrrhus ( menke , 1843 )
nassarius monile ( kiener , 1834 ) : synonym of nassarius distortus ( a . adams , 1852 )
subgenus nassarius ( austronassaria ) c . laseron & j . laseron , 1956 accepted as nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805
subgenus nassarius ( glabrinassa ) shuto , 1969 accepted as nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805
subgenus nassarius ( venassa ) martens , 1881 accepted as nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805
subgenus nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805
subgenus nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius fenestratus ( marratt , 1877 ) : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius gemmuliferus a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius ( cryptonassarius ) watson , r . b . , 1882 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( naytia ) h . adams & a . adams 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( reticunassa ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
» species nassarius ( nassarius ) optimus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) represented as nassarius optimus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 )
nassarius ( mirua ) marwick , 1931 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
» species nassarius ( hebra ) pasirensis oostingh , 1939 † accepted as nassarius ovum k . martin , 1880 †
» species nassarius ( plicarcularia ) callosus a . adams , 1877 accepted as nassarius fraudulentus ( marrat , 1877 )
species nassarius caelatus auct . non a . adams , 1852 accepted as nassarius multivocus kool , 2008 ( misidentification )
nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( phrontis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( austronassaria ) c . laseron & j . laseron , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( bathynassa ) ladd , 1976 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( demondia ) addicott , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( glabrinassa ) shuto , 1969 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( schizopyga ) conrad , 1856 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( tarazeuxis ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( tavanothia ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( usita ) noszky , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( venassa ) martens , 1881 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
» species nassarius ( aciculina ) steenhuisi oostingh , 1939 † accepted as nassarius vittatus ( a . adams , 1853 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) persicus cox , 1936 † accepted as nassarius delicatus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius unicolor kiener , l . c . , 1834 : synonym of nassarius micans ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius ( tritonella ) a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
» species nassarius ( alectrion ) collaticia melvill & standen , 1901 accepted as nassarius sinusigerus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( alectrion ) mucronatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius gaudiosus ( hinds , 1844 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) variegatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius conoidalis ( deshayes , 1832 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) verrucosus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius conoidalis ( deshayes , 1832 )
» species nassarius ( tarazeuxis ) mucronatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius gaudiosus ( hinds , 1844 )
» species nassarius ( tritonella ) semiplicatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius sinarum ( philippi , 1851 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) lentiginosus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius reeveanus ( dunker , 1847 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) multicostatus a . adams , 1852 accepted as nassarius multicostatus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) ovum k . martin , 1880 † accepted as nassarius ovum k . martin , 1880 †
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) semiplicatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius sinarum ( philippi , 1851 )
nassarius ( amycla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( gussonea ) monterosato , 1912
» species nassarius ( schizopyga ) rhinetes berry , 1953 accepted as nassarius rhinetes s . s . berry , 1953 ( basionym )
» species nassarius ( aciculina ) labiatus ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as nassarius labiatus ( a . adams , 1853 )
» species nassarius ( aciculina ) teretiusculus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius teretiusculus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( aciculina ) vittatus ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as nassarius vittatus ( a . adams , 1853 )
» species nassarius ( alectrion ) ovum ( k . martin , 1880 ) † accepted as nassarius ovum k . martin , 1880 †
» species nassarius ( alectrion ) spiratus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius spiratus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( allanassa ) eximius ( h . adams , 1872 ) accepted as nassarius eximius ( h . adams , 1872 )
» species nassarius ( arcularia ) bimaculosus ( a . adams , 1852 ) represented as nassarius bimaculosus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( hinia ) caelatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius caelatus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) coronulus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius coronulus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) crenoliratus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius crenoliratus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) delicatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius delicatus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) distortus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius distortus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) pyramidalis ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as nassarius pyramidalis ( a . adams , 1853 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) sinusigerus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius sinusigerus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) speciosus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius speciosus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) stigmarius ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius stigmarius ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( plicarcularia ) bellulus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius bellulus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( plicarcularia ) bimaculosus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius bimaculosus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( plicarcularia ) callospira ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius callospira ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( plicarcularia ) fissilabris ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius fissilabris ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( plicarcularia ) sordidus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius sordidus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( telasco ) cinnamomeus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius cinnamomeus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( telasco ) marmoreus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius marmoreus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( telasco ) sinusigerus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius sinusigerus ( a . adams , 1852 )
subgenus nassarius ( tritia ) a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius ( hinia ) leach , 1847 accepted as tritia risso , 1826
» species nassarius ( varicinassa ) variciferus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius variciferus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) caelatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius caelatus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) comptus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius comptus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) dijki ( k . martin , 1895 ) accepted as nassarius dijki ( k . martin , 1895 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) labiatus ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as nassarius labiatus ( a . adams , 1853 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) micans ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius micans ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) nanhaiensis s . p . zhang , 2013 accepted as nassarius nanhaiensis s . p . zhang , 2013
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) plicatellus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius niveus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) scalaris ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius scalaris ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) siquijorensis ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius siquijorensis ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) succinctus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius succinctus ( a . adams , 1852 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) variciferus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius variciferus ( a . adams , 1852 )
species nassarius angulicostis ( pilsbry & h . n . lowe , 1932 ) accepted as nassarius nodicinctus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius ( zaphon ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) desmoulioides ( sowerby , 1903 ) accepted as nassarius desmoulioides ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 )
» species nassarius ( pygmaeonassa ) subconstrictus ( sowerby , 1899 ) accepted as nassarius subconstrictus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1899 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) eusulcatus ( sowerby , 1902 ) accepted as nassarius eusulcatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1902 )
» species nassarius ( hima ) aracanensis ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) accepted as nassarius sinusigerus ( a . adams , 1852 )
subgenus nassarius ( tritonella ) a . adams , 1852 accepted as nassarius ( hima ) leach in gray , 1852 accepted as tritia risso , 1826
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) madiunensis ( k . martin , 1895 ) † accepted as nassarius madiunensis ( k . martin , 1895 ) †
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) ngawianus ( k . martin , 1895 ) † accepted as nassarius ngawianus ( k . martin , 1895 ) †
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) reussi ( k . martin , 1880 ) † accepted as nassarius reussi ( k . martin , 1880 ) †
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) talahabensis ( k . martin , 1921 ) † accepted as nassarius talahabensis ( k . martin , 1921 ) †
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) tambacanus ( k . martin , 1884 ) † accepted as nassarius tambacanus ( k . martin , 1884 ) †
» species nassarius ( alectrion ) psila ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as nassarius psila ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
» species nassarius ( hima ) formosum ( w . h . turton , 1932 ) represented as nassarius formosus ( w . h . turton , 1932 )
» species nassarius ( hima ) fuscolineatus ( e . a . smith , 1875 ) represented as nassarius fuscolineatus ( e . a . smith , 1875 )
» species nassarius ( hima ) pseudoconcinnus ( e . a . smith , 1895 ) accepted as nassarius pseudoconcinnus ( e . a . smith , 1895 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) agapetus ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as nassarius agapetus ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) natalensis ( e . a . smith , 1903 ) accepted as nassarius natalensis ( e . a . smith , 1903 )
» species nassarius ( profundinassa ) babylonicus ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as nassarius babylonicus ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
» species nassarius ( profundinassa ) dilutus ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) accepted as nassarius dilutus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
» species nassarius ( telasco ) exulatus ( e . a . smith , 1911 ) accepted as nassarius exulatus ( e . a . smith , 1911 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) bicallosus ( e . a . smith , 1876 ) accepted as nassarius bicallosus ( e . a . smith , 1876 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) disparilis ( e . a . smith , 1903 ) accepted as nassarius disparilis ( e . a . smith , 1903 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) pseudoconcinnus ( e . a . smith , 1895 ) accepted as nassarius pseudoconcinnus ( e . a . smith , 1895 )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) subtranslucidus ( e . a . smith , 1903 ) accepted as nassarius subtranslucidus ( e . a . smith , 1903 )
species nassarius brychius ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as nassarius frigens ( martens , 1878 ) accepted as tritia frigens ( martens , 1878 )
species nassarius corpulentus ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius nassiformis ( lesson , 1842 ) accepted as phrontis nassiformis ( lesson , 1842 )
nassarius ( hebra ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as hebra h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805
» species nassarius ( niotha ) beberkirianus ( k . martin & icke , 1906 ) † accepted as nassarius beberkirianus ( k . martin & icke , 1906 ) †
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) euglyptus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 ) accepted as nassarius euglyptus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 )
species nassarius antiquatus ( r . b . watson , 1897 ) accepted as nassarius recidivus ( martens , 1876 ) accepted as tritia recidiva ( von martens , 1876 )
subgenus nassarius ( hebra ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as hebra h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805
» species nassarius ( plicarcularia ) leptospirus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius leptospira ( a . adams , 1852 ) ( wrong ending of specific epithet )
» species nassarius ( zeuxis ) abyssicolus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as nassarius abyssicola ( a . adams , 1852 ) ( incorrect ending of specific epithet )
» species nassarius ( niotha ) obesus ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 ) accepted as nassarius obesus ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )
subgenus nassarius ( usita ) [ sic ] accepted as nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826 ( incorrect subsequent spelling )
species nassarius dipsacoides ( hedley , 1907 ) accepted as nassarius ephamillus ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as tritia ephamilla ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
subgenus nassarius ( demondia ) addicott , 1956 † accepted as nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as caesia h . adams & a . adams , 1853
subgenus nassarius ( nassodonta ) h . adams , 1867 accepted as nassodonta h . adams , 1867
subgenus nassarius ( schizopyga ) conrad , 1856 † accepted as nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as caesia h . adams & a . adams , 1853
^ nassarius suturalis . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 18 april 2010 .
species nassarius dissimilis ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as nassarius ephamillus ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as tritia ephamilla ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
nassa tegula reeve , 1853 : synonym of nassarius striatus ( c . b . adams , 1852 )
shrubland includes shrubby low to medium height vegetation , and is particularly associated with the proteaceae spp . and ericacea spp . of the albertinia sand fynbos and the blombos strandveld . shrubland includes low - growing woody elements and a dense , layered vegetation cover similar to heather . acomys subspinosus is endemic to fynbos vegetation , feeding mainly on nutlets of restio spp . [ 91 ] and therefore weighted 0 . 8 in this category but the species is also confined to rocky areas , thus 0 . 2 is assigned to this category .
subgenus nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826
subgenus nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826
the species of micromammals present confirms the presence of fynbos throughout the sb sequence but with a decline in the later sb period corresponding to layers ca - ccc . ground proteas are dependent on m . verreauxii for pollination [ 73 ] and its occurrence indicates that fynbos vegetation was present during mis 5a , with a decrease of ground proteas and fynbos during late mis 5a / 4 . the presence of fynbos in mis 5a is further supported by acomys subspinosus , a fynbos endemic species , and chlorotalpa duthieae , associated with dune fynbos [ 91 , 126 ] .
species nassarius denticulatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as tritia denticulata ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassa miser ( dall , 1908 ) : synonym of nassarius coppingeri ( e . a . smith , 1881 )
nassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) is prey of : pagurus cancer myoxocephalus tautogolabrus pseudopleuronectes asterias based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
» species nassarius ( nassodonta ) insignis ( h . adams , 1867 ) accepted as nassodonta insignis h . adams , 1867
» species nassarius ( uzita ) swearingeni ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) accepted as tritia swearingeni ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) accepted as nassarius swearingeni petuch & r . f . myers , 2014
( of nassarius ( nassarius ) duméril , 1805 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
nassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) preys on : solemya ensis macoma mya gemma onoba littorina littorea based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
species nassarius candidissimus ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) accepted as phrontis candidissima ( c . b . adams , 1845 )
the shells of various species of nassarius are popular with shell collectors , and are sometimes used in jewelry and other forms of decoration .
assessing the accidental versus deliberate color modification of shell beads . a case study on perforated nassarius kraussianus from blombos cave middle stone age levels
subgenus nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as caesia h . adams & a . adams , 1853
subgenus nassarius ( naytia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as naytia h . adams & a . adams , 1853
subgenus nassarius ( neritula ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as cyclope risso , 1826 accepted as tritia risso , 1826
subgenus nassarius ( phrontis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as phrontis h . adams & a . adams , 1853
subgenus nassarius ( zaphon ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as caesia h . adams & a . adams , 1853
nassarius vibex is a species which is often selected for marine aquaria . it is often confused with nassarius obsoletus , a cooler water snail less suited to tropical marine aquarium temperatures . in aquaria , the nassarius is considered nearly indispensable for keeping sand beds clean and healthy , as these snails tend to burrow and plow through the upper layer in a conch - like fashion , keeping algae and detritus from building up visibly on the surface .
» species nassarius ( cryptonassarius ) ephamillus ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as tritia ephamilla ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
nassa lamarck , 1799 : established for the species buccinum mutabile linnaeus , 1758 , which is now classified as a synonym of nassarius duméril , 1805 in the family nassariidae .
according to van regteren altena et al . ( 1965 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 ) hinia gray , 1847 is considered as a subgenus of nassarius duméril , 1806 .
classification according to van regteren altena et al . ( 1965 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 ) hinia gray , 1847 is considered as a subgenus of nassarius duméril , 1806 . [ details ]
the name is derived from the latin word
nassa
, meaning a wickerbasket with a narrow neck , for catching fish . nassarius would then mean
someone who uses such a wickerbasket for catching fish
.
most nassarius species are very active scavengers , feeding on crabs and carrion as dead fish , etc . they often burrow into marine substrates and then wait with only their siphon protruding , until they smell nearby food .
( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( pallacera ) woodring , 1964 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( varicinassa ) habe , 1946 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( pygmaeonassa ) annandale , 1924 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( tarazeuxis ) iredale , 1936 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( venassa ) martens , 1881 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( glabrinassa ) shuto , 1969 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( bathynassa ) ladd , 1976 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( nanarius ) woodring , 1964 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( psilarius ) woodring , 1964 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( catillon ) addicott , 1965 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( chelenassa ) shuto , 1969 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( austronassaria ) c . laseron & j . laseron , 1956 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . nassarius duméril , 1806 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 11 - 30
nassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassarius ( profundinassa ) thiele , 1929 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassarius ( varicinassa ) habe , 1946 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassarius ( pygmaeonassa ) annandale , 1924 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassarius ( tarazeuxis ) iredale , 1936 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassarius ( bathynassa ) ladd , 1976 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
haitao li ( 李海涛 ) , duan lin ( 林端 ) , hongda fang ( 方宏达 ) , aijia zhu ( 朱艾嘉 ) and yang gao ( 高阳 ) , species identification and phylogenetic analysis of genus nassarius ( nassariidae ) based on mitochondrial genes , chinese journal of oceanology and limnology , volume 28 , number 3 / may , 2010 , pp . 565 - 572 , doi 10 . 1007 / s00343 - 010 - 9031 - 4
( of nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
. . . ksar akil ( lebanon ) and üçagizli cave i ( turkey ) stand out with much larger malacological assemblages ( inizan and gaillard , 1978 ; kuhn et al . , 2001 ; stiner et al . , 2013 ) . the species in use varied from one site to another with nassarius gibbosulus , columbella rustica , mitrella scripta and antalis ( formerly dentalium ) as the most common shells ( bar - yosef mayer , 2015 ) . these items were thus the only non - perishable goods transported in these early periods ( there might have been others made up of organic matter that has long since decayed ) . . . .
over the past decade , research has shown that in middle palaeolithic sites in both africa and eurasia , members of the genus nassarius were the preferred mollusks selected for use as beads . species of this genus continued to be exploited as part of the shell bead corpus during the upper palaeolithic as well as in later periods . the choice of n . gibbosulus in mediterranean sites and n . kraussianus is south african sites is a function of their availability in the vicinity of the sites , but does not explain why this genus was preferred over other shells of similar size and shape . a comparison of the morphological traits of both species offers some possible answers .
. . . this intensification continues into the neolithic with the addition of increasingly diversified technologies ( e . g . , bar - yosef mayer , 1997 , 2005ridout - sharpe , 2015 ) . despite a marked diversity of species among shellfish remains , the earliest preserved bead assemblages are dominated by the gastropod nassarius ( bar - yosef mayer , 2015 ) , which in this paper will be referred to as tritia , in keeping with the latest genetic study of this genus ( galindo et al . , 2016 ) . this pattern appears to be widespread , whether the site is located in the levant , the maghreb , or southern africa . . . .
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of buccinum subspinosum lamarck , 1822 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa sistroidea g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa subspinosa ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa ( hebra ) sistroidea g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa ( hebra ) subspinosa ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa ( hima ) sistroida g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
spry , j . f . ( 1961 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : gastropods . tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]
( of hebra subspinosa ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of hebra subspinosa ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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duméril , a . m . c . ( 1805 ) . zoologie analytique , ou méthode naturelle de classification des animaux , rendue plus facile à l’aide de tableaux synoptiques . paris , allais . pp . i - xxxiii + 1 - 344 [ imprint date 1806 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 166 [ details ]
( of nassa ( hebra ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 : 120 [ details ]
( of nassa ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 : 117 [ details ]
( of arcularia link , 1807 ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universität zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 126 [ details ]
( of nassa ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 : 119 [ details ]
( of alectrion montfort , 1810 ) montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 566 [ details ]
( of hebra h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of zeuxis h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassa ( profundinassa ) thiele , 1929 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of nassa ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of alectrion montfort , 1810 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of allanassa iredale , 1929 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of bathynassa ladd , 1976 † ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of glabrinassa shuto , 1969 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of niotha h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of plicarcularia thiele , 1929 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of profundinassa thiele , 1929 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of profundinassa thiele , 1929 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of pygmaeonassa annandale , 1924 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of scabronassa peile , 1939 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of varicinassa habe , 1946 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of alectryon melvill , 1918 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of austronassaria c . laseron & j . laseron , 1956 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of chelenassa shuto , 1969 † ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of venassa martens , 1881 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of venassa martens , 1881 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of tavaniotha iredale , 1936 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of aciculina a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of arcularia link , 1807 ) mörch o . a . l . ( 1863 ) . on the genera of mollusca established by h . f . link in the catalogue of the rostock museum . proceedings of the zoological society of london . for 1862 : 226 - 228 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 227 [ details ]
( of arcularia link , 1807 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of arculia jousseaume , 1888 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym zeuxis h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) to genbank ( from synonym niotha h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) to genbank ( from synonym varicinassa habe , 1946 ) to genbank ( from synonym alectryon melvill , 1918 ) to genbank to genbank ( from synonym hebra h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) to itis
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depth range based on 3605 specimens in 218 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1024 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( °c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( °c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
r . w . dexter , the marine communities of a tidal inlet at cape ann , massachusetts : a study in bio - ecology , ecol . monogr . 17 : 263 - 294 , from p . 284 ( 1947 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
species within this genus are found worldwide . these snails usually live on mud flats or sand flats , intertidally or subtidally .
the shells of species in this genus have a relatively high cyrtoconoid ( approaching a conical shape but with convex sides ) spire and a siphonal notch .
is believed to be 90 , 000 years old . a further group of pierced shells , some with red
) . these beads had previously been thought to be the oldest examples of jewelry .
. however , this division is difficult to define , resulting in much confusion . even
shows that the division into these subgenera appears to be uncertain and unreliable . there seem to be two groups within the genus
. in the end , the molecular phylogeny did not match the previous morphological phylogeny .
, most of which have become synonyms . the following species are accepted names according to the
bouzouggar , a . , barton , n . , vanhaeren , m . , d ' errico , f . , collcutt , s . , higham , t . , hodge , e . , parfitt , s . , rhodes , e . , schwenninger , j . - l . , stringer , c . , turner , e . , ward , s . , moutmir , a . and stambouli , a . 2007 .
82 , 000 - year - old shell beads from north africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior
proceedings of the national academy of sciences , june 4 , 2007 ; urltoken
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356
bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp
kay c . vaught ( 1989 ) . classification of the living mollusca . isbn 978 - 0 - 915826 - 22 - 3 .
wolff , w . j . ; duiven , p . ; esselink , p . ; gueve , a . ( 1993 ) . biomass of macrobenthic tidal flat fauna of the banc d ' arguin , mauritania . hydrobiologia 258 ( 1 - 3 ) : 151 - 163
nassa röding , 1798 for mainly muricid species with the type species : nassa picta röding , 1798 ( = nassa serta ( bruguière , 1798 ) .
in the 19th and much of the 20th century , all species that were added to the genus nassa were nassa mud snails belonging to the family nassariidae . after the rediscovery of röding ' s catalogue of his collection museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat joa . fried bolten , m . d . p . d . per xl . annos proto physicus hamburgensis . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia & multivalvia , the muricid genus nassa röding , 1798 was given priority over the genus nassa named by lamarck .
nassa röding , 1798 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 24 february 2011 .
nassa francolina ( bruguière , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa serta ( bruguière , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa situla ( reeve , 1846 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa tuamotuensis houart , 1996 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa kraussiana dunker . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa lathraia . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa munda . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa obockensis . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa optima sowerby , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa pulla ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa steindachneri . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa stiphra . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa xesta . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
houart r . ( 1996 ) the genus nassa röding 1798 in the indo - west pacific ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : muricidae : rapaninae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde 126 ( 1 - 2 ) : 51 - 63


the cape eagle-owl ( bubo capensis ) is a species of owl in the family strigidae .

it is one of several large species of the eagle-owl genus bubo .

cape eagle - owl

stamps showing cape eagle - owl bubo capensis cape eagle - owl bubo capensis cape eagle - owl bubo capensis cape eagle - owl bubo capensis cape eagle - owl bubo capensis cape eagle - owl bubo capensis cape eagle - owl bubo capensis cape eagle - owl bubo capensis cape eagle - owl bubo capensis cape eagle - owl bubo capensis cape eagle - owl bubo capensis distribution map for cape eagle - owl , range 78 . 026 cape eagle - owl ioc v2 . more
the cape eagle owl is a fairly large owl with prominent ear - tufts .
nobody uploaded sound recordings for cape eagle - owl ( bubo capensis ) yet .
the cape eagle - owl is mainly seen singly or in pairs in the wild .
picture of the cape eagle - owl has been licensed under a creative commons attribution .
cape eagle owl , world of birds , hout bay . [ photo duncan robertson © ]
some are promoting this taxan of cape eagle - owl to be regarded as a full species .
this bird is known as cape eagle owl in the roberts 6th edition . there have been no changes in the latin name for the cape eagle - owl between the roberts 6th and roberts 7th edition .
a cape eagle owl bubo capensis from the african bird of prey sanctuary . image © kevin mcdonald .
the cape eagle - owl is mainly found in light and densely wooded forests , where there are mopane trees .
eyes . below are two photos of the rufous form of spotted eagle owl .
other differing features are the size of the birds themselves ( cape eagle owl being larger ) and the size of their feet .
“take for example a cape eagle owl , there’s little information on their distribution , breeding and hunting behaviour , ” murray said .
the cape eagle - owl is a southern african bird that belongs to the strigidae bird family group which includes birds such as typical owls .
from the above photographs , you should be able to get a clear understanding of the differences between the cape and spotted eagle owl . you may have noticed that the cape eagle owl is a more rufous brown than a typical spotted eagle owl , which is greyish . the reason we do not use this as an identification marker is that you do get a scarce rufous form of spotted eagle owl , supposedly more common in arid areas , which moreover has
urltoken eagle - owl . mp3 ] copyright remark : most sounds derived from xeno - canto
you can make your own spotted eagle owl house by following these step - by - step instructions .
brendan murray , the founder of the owl rescue centre , approaches fluffy , a spotted eagle owl who has become imprinted on hats . photo : chris collingridge
the cape eagle - owl is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
the cape eagle owl has much larger and stronger feet compared to the spotted eagle owl , but these two features are definitely not reliable in the field . size is often difficult to estimate and there is also individual variation , and in fact overlap , between the two species .
the description for the cape eagle - owl ( latin name bubo capensis ) can be found in the 7th edition of the roberts birds of southern africa . the bubo capensis can be quickly identified by its unique roberts identification number of 400 and the detailed description of this bird is on page 255 . you will find a picture of the cape eagle - owl on page 272 .
the white patch that is evident on the cape eagle owl ( left ) is only so apparent after the bird has been calling , and is , in fact , present in both species .
the spotted eagle owl is one of the smallest eagle owl species . it is very similar in appearance to the cape eagle owl , which is less common and slightly bigger . a distinguishing feature is the long and prominent ear tufts , but these are purely for show , as they have nothing to do with the actual ears . the eyes are big , varying in colour from yellow to golden orange . the bill and legs are black .
many field guides state that one of the most distinguishing features between the two is the eye colour , i . e . that cape eagle owls have orange eyes and spotted eagle owls have yellow eyes .
arguably the most important feature is that the spotted eagle owl invariably has fine barring on its front , at least on its lower breast . the cape eagle owl , on the other hand , has large blotches all over its front that extend right down to its lower belly , and it lacks the fine barring of the spotted .
lays jul–mar in e africa , jul in s africa ; in sw cape in jun–aug , in e cape aug–sept ; irregular breeder , attempting every . . .
the cape eagle - owl is a monogamous bird which means that the bird finds and breeds with one partner for the rest of its life . the bird lays between 1 to 3 eggs and they are coloured white .
“there must be an owl there ; the bulbul always gives away the position if there’s an owl in its vicinity , ” he said .
the diet includes small mammals such as rabbits , field mice and other rodents . rodents are usually taken from the ground and killed using the sharp claws . the cape eagle - owl uses its hard bill to tear up the flesh .
egg - laying season is from may - july in eastern south africa and zimbabwe , from august - september in the eastern cape and from june - august in the western cape .
the cape eagle owl also has a distinctly different call , whereby it places emphasis on its first hoot , followed by two softer hoots . apart from the lower belly blotching versus fine barring , the only reliable feature that we are aware of for differentiating the two species is the call . during the build - up to the winter breeding season , especially between december and june when they are calling the most , cape eagle owls can quite easily be told from spotted eagle owls by their call .
steyn p . birds of prey of southern africa . cape town : david phillip ; 1982 .
typical view of the cape eagle owl when sighted in the wild ( the back end ! ) although it is under better light conditions and much closer . look straight for the belly just visible here to see whether it has the fine barring or the blotches !
the nzg ' s two spotted eagle owls , hoot and toot , and owl curator robynn ingle - möller interact with a group of small visitors to the zoo .
the bubo capensis attacks smaller birds in flight and uses its sharp claws to break the bird ' s neck . some of the birds are attacked in their nests while others are killed on the ground . the cape eagle - owl eats the eggs of its victim .
the cape eagle - owl has a height of 50 cms and weighs around 1000 gms . the head is coloured brown while the bill is coloured black . the bubo capensis has a white coloured throat , white legs and a brown coloured back . the eyes are orange .
distribution of cape eagle - owl in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
the giant eagle owl is the largest owl in the world . as the biggest of all the owls the eagle owl is easily recognised by its huge size and wingspan . they are light grey in colour , finely bared blackish above and below but no heavy blotching . the face is pale , boldly outlined in black , eyes look black at a distance and they have distinctive pink eyelids , which makes them very identifiable . very similar to a huge long eared owl . the eagle owl is a pale sand colour underneath with streaks of dark brown or grey . greyish head with a large powerful beak and large orange or yellow eyes and two ear tufts extending from over the eyes . they have huge powerful feet and talons .
the spotted eagle owl is found in sub - saharan africa - from the cape through to kenya and uganda and from there north to the southern borders of the central african rainforest of congo and south gabon . they are also found in south arabia , the united arab emirates and oman .
it is very unusual for a spotted eagle owl to have as many as four chicks . in 2009 two chicks were raised and in 2010 three chicks , all of which we ringed .
in cape town , has one orange and one yellow eye ( this may be due to eye damage ) .
martínez ja , serrano d , zuberogoitia i . predictive models of habitat preferences for the eurasian eagle owl bubo bubo : a multiscale approach . ecography . 2003 ; 26 ( 1 ) : 21–8 .
on 12 november 2011 i ringed four spotted eagle owl chicks aged approximately four weeks . the parents had nested in an owl nesting box 6 metres up in the garden of a house in sunnybrae , rondebosch , next to kuerboom park . the nest box had also been used in 2009 and 2010 .
watch an adult female feeding a 15 - day - old chick a mole in kirstenbosch botanical gardens , cape town .
ferrer m , morandini v , newton i . floater interference reflects territory quality in the spanish imperial eagle
this bird hunts for small reptiles such as lizards , geckos and bush snakes . the cape eagle - owl strikes poisonous snakes on the head with one fatal blow which kills the snake instantly . there have been cases were this bird has been killed by a snake while hunting . some birds have been blinded by cobra venom .
* for more information on how you can help the owl rescue centre contact brendan at 082 719 5463 .
murray took us to the barn owl enclosure where we were able to observe these owls fly with agile movement .
coming in to land , the owl will hit the exact spot almost every time , even in the dark .
spotted eagle owls have a life span of up to ten years in the wild and up to twenty in captivity .
simmons r . the martial eagle . in : hockey p . a . r . , dean wrj , ryan pg , editors . roberts birds of southern africa . 7th ed . cape town : john voelcker bird book fund ; 2005 . p . 1296 .
there are three subspecies : capensis , mackinderi , and dilloni . the distribution of all three is patchy . the subspecies mackinderi , which is slightly bigger than the others , is sometimes split as mackinder ' s eagle - owl , bubo mackinderi .
but if a released owl doesn’t fly away when one of the staff members walks up to it , there’s a problem .
spotted eagle owls are regular bathers and during summer thunderstorms may be seen on branches or on the ground with spread wings .
“he has a tame barn owl which is not releasable due to an injury . the owl is used in education to help children to lose their fear of these birds , so when they grow up , theoretically they shouldn’t be superstitious about it . ”
s1 fig . mapping of data used in modeling martial eagle habitat utilization showing the heterogeneity of the landscape in kruger national park .
eagle populations and causes of mortality on farmlands in central namibia . biological conservation . 1991 ; 56 ( 1 ) : 49–62 .
) is the most common south african owl . it is found all over the country in rocky or well - wooded areas .
the calls are generally typical , musical eagle owl hoots . generally the males call with two hoots :
hooo hooopoooo
and the female answers with three , with less stress on the middle note :
hooo hoo hooo
. the male utters a fast
habits : the cape eagle owl is a generally nocturnal bird , but may be seen occasionally after sunrise or before sunset . roosts during the day between rocks , in crevices or holes in cliffs , in the shade of sheltered rock ledges , sometimes in trees with dense foliage , or even on the ground under a bush . may also roost on buildings if nearby . pairs often roost together , especially before the breeding season .
carrete m , sánchez - zapata ja , martínez je , sánchez má , calvo jf . factors influencing the decline of a bonelli ' s eagle
the above pictures clearly show the difference in blotching vs . barring of the two species . and , if you look closely at the pictures alongside , you can see that each of the cape eagle owls feathers have only one blotch at the bottom of each feather while those of the spotted have several bars running across each individual feather .
out in the field , and under the low light intensities that owls are seen in , cape and spotted eagle owls can easily be , and often are , confused with each other . we have put together a quick and easy identification guide that will help you recognise the differences between these two species when you are out in the field .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg ( eds ) 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
the feathers of the owl are soft and fluffy and this makes it possible for completely silent flight . this is very useful , especially for catching their favourite prey of rodents , which have very good hearing themselves . they also catch flying insects , bats and possibly nightjars in flight . this owl drinks regularly when water is available .
owling trips to raise funds for owl conservation . we run these conservation birdwatching tours quite often , but we also arrange owls of the world® birding tours worldwide ( e . g . peru , where we look for long - whiskered owlet , buff - fronted owl and a host of others ) , india , southern africa and more .
as we headed back to the shade of a large and rustic veranda , murray recalled some of the difficulties that the owl rescue centre had experienced in the past year .
this video shows how a group of second year engineering students from the university of pretoria built owl and bat boxes for the national zoo as part of their community outreach .
distribution : eastern and southern africa from eritrea and ethiopia south to kenya , tanzania , zimbabwe , mozambique and cape province to southern namibia . this owls ' distribution is irregular and local , depending on habitat conditions .
before we drove off into the sunset , murray showed us a large hill far into the distance . looking closely , we witnessed hundreds of cape vultures riding the thermals high above , in the deep blue sky .
herholdt j , kemp a . breeding status and ecology of the martial eagle in the kalahari gemsbok national park , south africa . ostrich . 1997 ; 68 ( 2–4 ) : 80–5 .
the nzg is involved in numerous awareness and education programmes involving owls . its owl show and
walk and talk
have proved to be a hit with old and young alike . the stars of the owl show and
walk and talk
are hoot and toot , the nzg ' s two spotted eagle owls , which have been hand - reared and trained to interact with the public . they are taken around the zoo to give visitors a personal opportunity to see these magnificent birds up close . so keep your eyes open for hoot and toot on your next visit to the zoo .
s2 table . generalised linear mixed model showing how martial eagle hourly step lengths are affected by the breeding status ( breeding vs . non - breeding period ) , the month of the year , and territorial behaviour .
johannesburg - set against the backdrop of vast rolling hills and the hartbeespoort dam , the owl rescue centre , located just over the north west province border , is a temporary home to owls in need of healing .
katzenberger j , tate g , koeslag a , amar a . black sparrowhawk brooding behaviour in relation to chick age and weather variation in the recently colonised cape peninsula , south africa . journal of ornithology . 2015 ; 156 ( 4 ) : 903–13 .
holt , d . w . , berkley , r . , deppe , c . , enríquez rocha , p . , petersen , j . l . , rangel salazar , j . l . , segars , k . p . , wood , k . l . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . cape eagle - owl ( bubo capensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
chandler sk , fraser jd , buehler da , janis kds . perch trees and shoreline development as predictors of bald eagle distribution on chesapeake bay . the journal of wildlife management . 1995 ; 59 ( 2 ) : 325–32 .
citation : van eeden r , whitfield dp , botha a , amar a ( 2017 ) ranging behaviour and habitat preferences of the martial eagle : implications for the conservation of a declining apex predator . plos one 12 ( 3 ) : e0173956 . urltoken
boshoff a . martial eagle . in : harrison ja , allan dg , underhill lg , herremans m , tree aj , parker v , et al . , editors . the atlas of southern african birds . 1 . johannesburg : birdlife south africa ; 1997 .
there are many legends and myths surrounding these birds and they are feared by many cultures . historically it was believed that if a spotted eagle owl roosted on your roof at night , it would surely mean a death in the family . this has given rise to unfounded superstitions , which threaten their existence in the wild . already owls are increasingly forced to enter urban areas in search of food . owls play a vital role in our ecosystem and it is important to safeguard them before there is a knock - on effect that will have serious environmental implications .
it is restricted to mountainous areas with cliffs , outcrops and gorges , and can live as high as 2500m above sea level . habitat preferences vary from region to region , favouring mesic fynbos in the western cape , miombo woodland in zimbabwe , grassland and bushveld in gauteng and mpumalanga , and semi - desert scrub in namibia .
“the sooner we get to move them into a release aviary , the less chance of the owl imprinting on us . you don’t want them to get used to people , so the minimum time is spent handling them - they must live with their own kind , ” he said .
it has an extremely fragmented range , with populations in ethiopia , kenya and southern africa ; there are no places where you can see it easily . within southern africa it is scarce in southern namibia , zimbabwe , western mozambique , lesotho and south africa , from limpopo province south to kwazulu - natal and west to the northern and western cape . it is restricted to mountainous areas with cliffs , outcrops and gorges , and can live as high as 2500m above sea level . habitat preferences vary from region to region , favouring mesic fynbos in the western cape , miombo woodland in zimbabwe , grassland and bushveld in gauteng and mpumalanga , and semi - desert scrub in namibia .
this is a large owl with conspicuous ‘eartufts’ . it is mottled dark tawny brown above and blotched brown and white below . its white throat patch is conspicuous when it is calling , the eyes are orange , the bill black and the feet yellowish grey . it is nocturnal and usually solitary .
machange r , jenkins a , navarro r . eagles as indicators of ecosystem health : is the distribution of martial eagle nests in the karoo , south africa , influenced by variations in land - use and rangeland quality ? journal of arid environments . 2005 ; 63 ( 1 ) : 223–43 .
this is a large owl with conspicuous ' eartufts ' . it is mottled dark tawny brown above and blotched brown and white below . its white throat patch is conspicuous when it is calling , the eyes are orange , the bill black and the feet yellowish grey . it is nocturnal and usually solitary .
if fido has sadly passed away and you no longer have a use for his kennel , you can nail it up in a tree , where it will be put to good use by a pair of eagle owls . don ' t forget the pine needles - they make the perfect lining for eggs in a nest .
the centre also fetches owls even if it’s two hours away in joburg . if it’s late at night and an injured owl is found far away , the bird will be picked up the next morning . the centre has a clinic and works in collaboration with several vets , including volunteer vets , who help treat the injured owls .
the spotted eagle owl often swallows quite large prey whole , with much head - jerking , and if the food item is really challenging , it pauses and rests with its mouth full . prey too large for such treatment will be torn in the normal raptorial manner , and it also tears shreds off prey to feed owlets . the male will hunt and bring food when the female cannot leave the nest . sometimes , even in conditions verging on starvation , he will bring a mouse for the female to feed to the young , or to eat herself if the eggs have not yet hatched . an adult pair is typically very aggressive in defence of their hunting territory .
“a couple of them can’t be released because their injuries are too severe and may result in , for example , an amputated wing . our decision is guided by the quality of life of the owl . these owls make good foster parents to babies that come into the centre , taking over their rearing , preparing the owlets for a successful release into the wild , ” murray said .
the eyes of this owl are well developed for night vision , with eyes bigger than those of humans . they cannot see properly in total darkness , so to be able to hunt on dark nights they have a remarkably well - developed hearing ability . the ears are placed within the big facial disc , which helps to amplify the sound of moving rodents and insects . the owl is able to pinpoint the sounds of these creatures , enabling him to pounce even in total darkness and hit its prey most of the time . from its perch among the bushes or tree branches it swoops silently down onto its prey , either snatching it up in its talons or pursuing it on foot along the ground . airborne prey , such as bats , birds and insects may also be skilfully chased and caught on the wing .
the trapping method used in this research is an internationally recognised and ethical procedure [ 37 ] carried out under relevant permits and licenses from local authorities : the research was approved by south african national parks animal use and care committee ( reference number 13–5 ) ; university of cape town science faculty animal ethics committee ( approval number : 2013 / v7 / aa ) ; department of environmental affairs and tourism : threatened or protected species ( tops ) ( permit number wm 1297 / 2013 ) .
hunting & food : feeds on mammals from small rodents and shrews up to the size of hares . also feeds on birds , reptiles , frogs , scorpions , crabs and larger insects . the majority of prey are medium - sized mammals and birds . hunting is done from a prominent perch , the owl descending in gliding flight and killing its victim with its powerful talons and by biting the head . pellets are large , measuring 68 - 140 x 24 - 35mm .
spotted eagle owls mate for life . nesting is mainly in the summer months . the nests could be on the old nests of other birds of prey , on platforms of old tree houses , on a thick branch of a big oak tree , in natural holes in trees , in old wells , on rock ledges on cliffs , in lofts of buildings , in window flower boxes , and occasionally on the ground under a big tree . they lay 2 - 3 white eggs .
these owls are responsible for many hamerkop nests being lost to the owners . the hamerkop makes a huge nest , up to 2 , 5 metres tall , completely enclosed , with an opening on the underside . it takes the hamerkop six months or more to build this huge nest , but when it is completed and the birds fly out in search of food , they often find a family of eagle owls have moved into the nest upon their return ! sometimes the owls nest on the roof of the hamerkop nest , in which case they can live quite happily together .
description : the facial disc is pale fulvous - brownish , with a distinct black or dark brown rim , which becomes broader towards the neck . eyes are orange - yellow to orange , the cere greyish and the bill dusky horn . ear - tufts are prominent , and mostly dark brown , with the inner edge pale brownish . the crown is fulvous - tawny to greyish - brown with blackish spots and mottling . upperparts are dark brown with whitish , black and fulvous - tawny spots or mottling . the outer webs of the scapulars have large white areas and dark dots , forming an indistinct row across the shoulder . the wing - coverts have large white spots forming a whitish bar on the closed wing . flight and tail feathers are barred light and dark . the throat is white . underparts are pale fulvous - brown , shading into whitish towards the middle of the breast and belly . the sides of the upper breast are densely blotched black , while the rest of the underparts have some blackish spots and coarse bars . tarsi and toes are densely feathered . toes are brownish on their sparsely feathered outermost tips , with bare yellowish undersides . claws are dark horn with blackish tips .
size : length 46 - 58cm . wing length 330 - 428mm . tail length 175 - 241mm . weight 900 - 1800g . females are larger and heavier than males .
voice : the song of the male is a powerful , deep hoot , followed by a faint , short note -
boowh - hu
. this phrase is repeated at intervals of several seconds , usually from an exposed perch . the female has a slightly higher - pitched song and sometimes duets with the male . when approaching the female during courtship , the male utters a trisyllabic
cu - coo - cu
while bowing to his mate . the female gives a drawn - out , nasal , wheezing
chrrreeh
when demanding food . when alarmed , both sexes give a barking
wack wack
or
werp werp
call .
habitat : mountainous regions and hilly country with rocky areas , rocky gorges and adjacent wooded gullies . hunts also in open savanna , and may visit local human settlements to roost and feed on feral pigeons .
status : widespread , some areas rare , while other areas frequent to common .
original description : smith , sir andrew . 1834 . south african quarterly journal ( s . afr . q . j . ; edited at the south african institute ) ( 2 ) : p . 317 .
boyer and hume . 1991 .
owls of the world
. booksales inc .
del hoyo , elliott & sargatal . 1999 .
handbook of the birds of the world : barn owls to hummingbirds
. buteo books .
könig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 .
owls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition )
. yale university press .
könig , weick and becking . 1999 .
owls : a guide to the owls of the world
. yale university press .
mikkola , heimo . 2013 .
owls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition )
. bloomsbury .
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rarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .
atlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?
mainly eats mammals , supplemented with birds , reptiles and invertebrates . it hunts at night , searching for prey on low perches . once prey has been located , it swoops silently down , grabbing the prey with its strong talons . amazingly , it is capable of carrying prey weighing 4 . 5 kg , four times its body weight .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
the global population size has not been quantified . however , the species is reported to be generally uncommon to rare and very local but more common in some places ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
has been thought to be part of the b . bubo species - group ( see that species , above ) , but seems more distantly related . race mackinderi has been considered a full species , but differences minor . three subspecies recognized .
48–58 cm ; male 900–1400 g , female 1200–1800 g ; wingspan 120–125 cm . large , with long ear tufts . generally dark brown . facial disc pale buff - brown with . . .
deep hoot , “hoooo - ho” , first note loud and second weak ; also gives a 3 - note “hu - . . .
wooded valleys , low cliffs and ravines , in rocky mountainous terrain ; found at elevations of 2400 . . .
mid - sized mammals , mainly hares and hyraxes , but including bats , rats and mole - rats ; also birds , especially pigeons and gamebirds , but up . . .
generally resident , but adults sometimes move from territory outside of breeding season . young . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . generally uncommon to rare , and very local ; more common in some places , e . g . mau plateau in sw kenya , but easily overlooked . . .
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appear to have more distinct and evenly placed white markings on the wings , but this is not a reliable identification feature as it differs between individuals .
remember : the only reliable id feature is the fine barring on the lower belly .
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mainly eats mammals , supplemented with birds , reptiles and invertebrates . it hunts at night , searching for prey on low perches . once prey has been located , it swoops silently down , grabbing the prey with its strong talons . amazingly , it is capable of carrying prey weighing 4 . 5 kg , four times its body weight of 1 . 0 - 1 . 2 kg ! the following species have been recorded in its diet :
nests in a scrape in the ground , often on ledges , hidden by trees or rocks , in cliff recesses or regularly near streams or rivers . the female often lies in the scrape for days before laying her eggs . it sometimes uses the same nest site repeatedly , but not in consecutive years .
it lays 1 - 3 eggs , which are incubated mainly by the female for about 34 - 38 days . the male spends most of his time providing her with food , although he may incubate occasionally so that the female can hunt .
once the chicks are born the male still does most of the hunting , but the female always feeds the prey to the brood . the chicks leave the nest at about 45 days old , but still remain in the vicinity of the nest , where they are still fed by both their parents . they become fully independent 2 - 3 months after fledging .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : bubo capensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
distribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .
avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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we were led by a young ornithology student to a location outside the park where he was observing a breeding pair . they were . . .
d . j . fisher , keith and lynn youngs , greg baker , josep del hoyo , ron hoff , keith blomerley .
josep del hoyo , gemma aznar , lars petersson , adam riley , fran trabalon , markus lilje , abe and jenny , nik borrow , tomasz doroń , lmarce , lutz duerselen , ken havard , david beadle , lee hunter , id24 .
code : owl002 edition : 20 dimensions ( cm ) : 10 x 10 x 38 weight ( kg ) : 4 . 50
it feeds largely on game birds such as guinea fowl and small mammals like scrub hares are a favourite . they are usually seen at dawn or dusk and asides from their large size are easily recognised by their pink upper eyelids . they have a very varied diet recorded killing mammals the size of vervet monkeys and birds like secretary birds , but they feed mainly on hedgehogs when available .
they will breed from the months of march to september , two eggs are usually laid and both parents incubate for up to 39 days .
they are usually found alone or in pairs and mainly from kwazulu - natal northwards . they will be found living in tree lining drainage lines and watercourses . their call is a deep gruff hooting call hryu hryu hooo . they rarely hunt by day and roosts in larger trees , preferably in the shade .
they are found in botswana , zimbabwe , namibia , mozambique and northern south africa .
note : the reference for the information following is
roberts birds of southern africa
, 7th edition * . this edition contained a number of taxonomic changes as well as changes to english names used traditionally and in earlier editions of most bird books in south africa . the following paragraph notes such changes if any .
take note of the bird ' s main distinguishing features such as colour , size and leg length relative to the body size of the bird . colours of a bird ' s body parts can be helpful . be aware what may appear brown to one person is described in roberts birds using some other word . . . for example brown , black . see
this bird eats insects such as butterflies , bees , wasps , locusts and ants . these invertebrates are usually hawked aerially , killed and then eaten .
the bird builds its nest on the ground with figs , straw and leaves . the nest is placed under a bush to protect the young from predators .
sexes alike but female a bit larger . heavier barring below with dark brown blotches on sides of tawny chest and flanks , orange eyes and large powerful feet .
nocturnal . they roost on cliffs and rock ledges during the day , but are aware of surroundings and disturbance .
loud and deep , 2 or 3 note calls . hu - hoooo or hu - hooooo - hu .
1 . sasol birds of southern africa , third edition . sinclair , hockey and tarboton . struik publishers .
3 . roberts bird guide , roberts vii , hugh chittenden , published by the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .
picture of bubo capensis above has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - share alike license . original source : isidro mart author : isidro mart permission : some rights reserved
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all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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ioc world bird list ( v 8 . 1 ) , website ( version 8 . 1 ) , website ( version 8 . 1 )
gill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2018 . ioc world bird list ( v 8 . 1 ) . doi : 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1 . available at urltoken [ accessed 22 january , 2018 ]
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2017 . 06 . 15 , website ( version 15 - jun - 17 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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what i believe is much more unusual is that for the duration of the 4 , 5 week incubation period and the 6 week nestling period of the 2011 chicks there were three aduts in attendance . the three were present during the ringing operation sitting close to each otther in a nearby tree and anxiously watching the ringing and weighing procedings on the lawn below .
one of the adults was quite aggressive and when the chicks were being carried , it swooped in silently from behind three or four times , despite the presence of 10 other people nearby , and struck the carrier lightly on the head with its talons .
it was observed that one of the adults in the trees was ringed ( the only adult whose legs were visible ) , but we were unable to read the ring number at the time . the ring number ( 9a - 06935 ) was read the following day by the home owner with a telescope . it proved to be the heaviest of the chicks ringed in 2010 . altough this individual had been in attendance at the nest for several weeks , it is not known whether it actively assisted in the nocturnal feeding of the chicks as a
helper
or whether it was just an inactive spectator that was still associating with its parents on year later .
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copyright : © 2017 van eeden et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
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understanding an animal’s behaviour , such as its movement and habitat utilization , is increasingly seen as important in species conservation [ 1 ] . ranging behaviours can inform managers about the most important habitats required for species preservation , and furthermore allow managers to conceptualize the scales at which conservation strategies should be implemented [ 2 ] . however , these behavioural data may not be readily available for species of concern [ 3 ] . for instance species that inhabit remote and challenging environments , e . g . seabirds foraging in open oceans [ 4 ] , or those that are wide ranging , e . g . migratory species [ 5 ] may suffer from a lack of data needed to fully realize their conservation .
improvements in remote tracking technology have improved the ability to accurately understand species’ ranging behaviours and to understand their habitat preference [ 6 ] . this has been particularly important for species that were traditionally considered difficult to study or found within challenging landscapes [ 2 , 6 ] . for highly mobile species , modern gps devices have enabled fine - scale tracking , providing insights into their life histories that were previously poorly understood [ 5 , 7 – 9 ] . historical methods of animal tracking , such as radio tracking or mark recapture , were often prone to location inaccuracy , observer effects , or observation bias [ 10 – 12 ] .