the red-shouldered hawk ( buteo lineatus ) is a medium-sized hawk .

its breeding range spans eastern north america and along the coast of california and northern to northeastern-central mexico .

red-shouldered hawks are permanent residents throughout most of their range , though northern birds do migrate , mostly to central mexico .

the main conservation threat to the widespread species is deforestation .

red - shouldered hawk

john james audubon | red shouldered hawk ( no . 12 ) | the met
noticeably smaller than a red - tailed hawk ; larger than a broad - winged hawk .
the red - shouldered hawk is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
wild red - shouldered hawks live an average of 25 . 6 months . the oldest known red - shouldered hawk lived 19 years and 11 months .
the red - shouldered hawk is one of 26 north american raptor species that are partial migrants .
figure 1 . breeding , nonbreeding , and year - round range of the red - shouldered hawk .
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flight : red - shouldered hawk flies with slow wing - beats . but it can perform active flight , with series of rapid wing - beats followed by glides . when soaring , the red - shouldered hawk bows its wings forward .
perched , appears slimmer than red - tailed hawk , and more cooper ' s hawk - like , but with shorter tail and broader chest .
the red - shouldered hawk population encompasses considerable variability . birds in some regions inhabit primarily extensive , mature forests remote from human activity (
, are slightly paler than other red - shouldered hawks . the california subspecies ,
crocoll , s . 1994 . red - shouldered hawk ( buteo lineatus ) . pp . 1 - 20 in a poole , f gill , eds .
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24 . ernst , s . g . 1945 . the food of the red - shouldered hawk in new york state . auk 62 : 452 - 453 .
because of forest fragmentation , red - tailed hawks ( buteo jamaicensis ) have replaced red - shouldered hawks in many parts of eastern north america .
16 . stewart , r . e . 1949 . ecology of a nesting red - shouldered hawk population . wilson bull : 61 ( 1 ) : 26 - 35 .
though red - shouldered hawks usually eat rodents and other small mammals , they occasionally eat poultry , making them a nuisance to farmers . many of these hawks are killed annually by farmers for this reason . red - shouldered hawks are sometimes called “hen hawk
because of this .
other threats to the red - shouldered hawk include pollution , accidental poisoning , and deliberate persecution from farmers who believe this bird threatens their poultry are also threats ( 2 ) .
welch , r . j . 1987 . food habits of the red - shouldered hawk in wisconsin . passenger pigeon no . 49 ( 2 ) : 81 - 92 . close
red - shouldered hawks use sight and hearing to hunt successfully . they do not hunt by smell . red - shouldered hawks have very sharp eyesight and broad wings which allow them to be very successful hunters .
the red - shouldered hawk and the barred owl occupy the same range in the eastern united states . they prefer the same moist woodland habitats and eat similar animals . the hawk is active during the day , and the owl is active at night .
red - shouldered hawks often feed on aquatic and semi - aquatic animals , including small fishes and frogs .
red - shouldered hawks are solitary and territorial . they do not form flocks , even in the winter .
a common hawk of forested areas in north america ( 2 ) , the red - shouldered hawk ( buteo lineatus ) has dark brown upperparts and white or grey , red - barred underparts , with the barring being heaviest on the breast . the black tail is marked with four to six conspicuous white stripes , and there is a pale , almost translucent crescent near the wing tip . the tail and wings of the red - shouldered hawk are longer than those of other north american buteo hawks ( 3 ) .
a : red - shouldered hawks generally survive on a diet of small mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , and even crayfish ! red - shouldered hawks are also diurnal , meaning they are active and hunt mostly during daylight hours . at the center , hawk patients primarily eat dead mice and rats .
populations in the northern parts of the red - shouldered hawk’s range usually migrate south prior to winter , moving as far south as northern mexico and returning north in the spring ( 5 ) .
habitat : red - shouldered hawk is often seen near water . it likes moist mixed woodlands . they prefer to have dead trees nearly , to perch and enjoy a good view of the ground .
the red - shouldered hawk inhabits a wide variety of north american forests , but favours mature , mixed deciduous - coniferous woodlands , especially bottomland hardwood , riparian forest , and flooded deciduous swamps . in the western parts of its range , the red - shouldered hawk prefers riparian and oak ( quercus ) woodlands , but is also found in eucalyptus groves and suburban areas with nearby woodlots ( 2 ) .
though red - shouldered hawks primarily eat rodents and other small mammals , they occasionally attack poultry , making them a nuisance to farmers . many of these hawks are killed annually by farmers for this reason . the nickname
hen hawk
for red - shouldered hawks comes from their tendency to take advantage of poultry farms .
penak , b . l . ( 1982 ) aspects of the nutritional ecology of the red - shouldered hawk ( buteo lineatus lineatus ) in southwestern quebec . msc thesis , macdonald college of mcgill university .
12 . portnoy , j . w . and w . e . dodge . 1979 . red - shouldered hawk nesting ecology and behavior . wilson bull . 91 ( 1 ) : 104 - 117 .
portnoy , j . w . and w . e . dodge . 1979 . red - shouldered hawk nesting ecology and behavior . wilson bulletin no . 91 ( 1 ) : 104 - 117 . close
a : according to the birds of north america online , first - year mortality rates of red - shouldered hawks are high - - in one study , only about 50 % of hatched red - shouldered hawks survived to be one year old . for those that survive their first year , red - shouldered hawks can live to be 15 - 19 years old in the wild , with one report of a 26 - year - old hawk !
red - shouldered hawks use physical displays , such as courtship flights , and vocalizations to communicate . biologists recognize seven different calls given by red - shouldered hawk adults . the most common call is
kee - aah
. this call is used to announce that a territory is occupied , and when the birds are alarmed .
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in flight , the red - shouldered hawk is characterised by its quick , choppy wingbeats . when soaring , the wings are slightly bowed , and when gliding , they are bowed even further ( 3 ) .
protection / threats / status : red - shouldered hawk adult , nestlings and eggs are vulnerable to predation by great - horned owls and raccoons , overall during incubation . occasionally , red - shouldered hawk attacks poultry , making them a nuisance to farmers who kill many of these hawks every year for this reason . but this bird preys on rodents that are agricultural nuisance . populations of red - shouldered hawks declined , probably due to hunting and loss of wet woodlands habitat . poisoning from insecticides and industrial pollutants are major threats to this species .
breeding season red - shouldered hawks breed between april and july , with peak activity occurring between early april and mid june .
look for red - shouldered hawks in deciduous woodlands , often near rivers and swamps . they build stick nests in a main crotch of a large tree . during migration , red - shouldered hawks often move high overhead along ridges or along the coast .
the juvenile red - shouldered hawk closely resembles the juvenile broad - winged hawk ( buteo platypterus ) , but may be distinguished by the streaking on its chest and belly . the juvenile develops the adult plumage at around 18 months of age , and the eyes turn from yellow to brown with adulthood ( 3 ) .
9 . kimmel , v . l . and l . h . fredrickson . 1981 . nesting ecology of the red - shouldered hawk in southeastern missouri . trans . missouri acad . sci . 15 : 21 - 27 .
johnson , g . 1989d . status and breeding ecology of the red - shouldered hawk in north central new york . m . sc . thesis , state university of new york , college of environmental science , syracuse . close
most populations of red - shouldered hawks do not migrate . they stay in the same area year - round . red - shouldered hawks that breed in the northern parts of their range ( the northeast united states and southern canada ) migrate to northern mexico for winter .
before 1900 , red - shouldered hawks were one of the most common hawk species in eastern north america . they have become less common because of hunting and destruction of their forest habitat . red - shouldered hawks are also accidentally poisoned by insecticides . they often are not able to raise young when there is human disturbance , such as logging , near their nests .
hawk mountain is the oldest and largest , member - supported raptor conservation organization in the world .
the red - shouldered hawk is found in south - eastern canada and the eastern and western united states . fossil remains of this species have also been found in the bahamas , suggesting that it once occurred there too ( 5 ) .
howell , d . l . and b . r . chapman . 1998 . prey brought to red - shouldered hawk nests in the georgia piedmont . journal of raptor research no . 32 ( 3 ) : 257 - 260 . close
red - shouldered hawks prefer moist woodlands , such a bottomland hardwood forests or deciduous or mixed forests bordering lakes , streams or other wetlands .
hawk mountain scientists , interns , graduate students and research associates study raptors here and across the globe .
red - shouldered hawks are part of the family accipitridae , which includes 224 species of hawks , eagles , vultures , harriers , and kites .
have somewhat broad wings that are slightly squared at tips , and lack bulging secondaries of red - tailed hawk . tail is long and slim when closed for a buteo .
are white with rust - red barring . the wings are finely barred above with red - brown shoulders and pale below with red - brown wash and dark tips . tail is dark with thick white bands .
distinguished by its “red” shoulder patches , black - and - white checkered flight feathers ( seen from above ) , and translucent , crescent - shaped wing panel in the outer primaries ( seen from below when the wing is backlit ) , the red - shouldered hawk has been well surveyed at hawk watch locations throughout north america . it is a partial migrant , with only northernmost populations moving south for winter ( figure 1 ) .
disturbances from humans in the form of off - road vehicles , hunters , horseback riders and suburbanites in general have pushed red - shouldered hawks into the deepest , wildest areas left . although some members of this species seem to be unaffected by humans , most are secretive and avoid inhabited areas . in 1999 , the red - shouldered hawk was down graded from
threatened
to
special concern .
penak , b . l . 1982 .
aspects of the nutritional ecology of the red - shouldered hawk ( buteo lineatus lineatus ) in southwestern quebec .
in . ste . - anne - de - bellevue : macdonald college of mcgill university . close
diet : red - shouldered hawk’s diet consists primarily of small mammals , such as rabbits and squirrels . they also takes reptiles and amphibians , such as snakes , lizards and frogs , and small birds and large insects too . they like crayfish in some regions .
the red - shouldered hawk was completed on 10 . 17 . 2010 . when drawing a bird of prey - or any bird for that matter - it ' s a critical decision in the composition whether to show the bird in flight or perched . with hawks - which at this time i ' ve drawn seven now - i try to balance them out half and half . when deciding to drawing the red - shouldered hawk , i decided on a perched pose . the drawing is based on a photo by frank shufelt .
seen during migration in fair numbers at many eastern hawk watching sites , but at spring great lakes hawk watches , daily high counts peak in the high 100 ' s ( braddock bay and derby hill , ny ) .
10 . wiley , j . w . 1975 . the nesting and reproductive success of red - tailed hawks and red - shouldered hawks in orange county , california , 1973 . condor 77 ( 2 ) : 133 - 139 .
the red - shouldered hawk still maintains a large range , and its population , which is already fairly large , appears to be increasing in some areas ( 2 ) . this is party due to this hawk’s ability to adapt to urban environments better than many other raptors in the region ( 9 ) , while forest regeneration in recent decades has also created new habitat ( 10 ) .
bednarz , j . c . and j . j . dinsmore . 1982 . nest - sites and habitat of red - shouldered and red - tailed hawks in iowa . wilson bull . no . 94 : 31 - 45 . close
a : on average , red - shouldered hawks are about 17 inches in length , and have a wing - span of just over three feet . they are smaller than red - tailed hawks and larger than broad - winged hawks .
red - shouldered hawks can be found in southeastern canada and eastern united states south to central mexico . some are permanent residents in the eastern third of texas .
description : red - shouldered hawk is large . it is a broad - winged hawk , with long tail and heavy body . adult has brown head , dark brown back and reddish underparts , with dark brown streaks . it has reddish shoulders and wings linings , and extensive pale spotting above . it shows dark streaks on the reddish chest . female is similar in plumage but larger than male .
red - shouldered hawks search for prey by perching on top of a tall tree or soaring over woodlands . when they sight prey , they kill it by dropping down onto it from the air . they may store food near their nest to eat later . there is no information available about how red - shouldered hawks drink water .
smith , g . a . 1988 . red - shouldered hawk , buteo lineatus . pages 110 - 111 in r . f . andrle and j . r carroll , eds . . the atlas of breeding birds in new york state . cornell univ . press , ithaca , ny .
when overhead , appear smaller headed than broad - winged and red - tailed .
red - shouldered hawks are large , broad - winged hawks with a long tails and heavy bodies . female red - shouldered hawks are larger than males . female red - shouldered hawks average 700 g and 48 to 61 cm in length whereas males average 550 g and 43 to 58 cm in length . adults have a wingspan of 92 to 107 cm ( average 100 cm ) . adult red - shouldered hawks have a brown head , a dark brown back and reddish underparts with dark brown streaks . juveniles look similar to adults , but have creamy underparts with dark brown spots and streaks . both adults and juveniles have reddish upper wing coverts ( feathers ) , which make them look like they have red shoulders . they also have dark brown tails with white bands .
five subspecies of the red - shouldered hawk are recognized : buteo lineatus lineatus , buteo lineatus alleni , buteo lineatus extimus , buteo lineatus texanus , and buteo lineatus elegans . recent genetic analysis suggests that b . l . elegans is the most genetically distinct of the five subspecies ( 4 ) .
the red - shouldered hawk is a dietary generalist , changing its diet to reflect the local or seasonal abundance of different prey species . it is sometimes referred to as the ‘hen hawk’ ; however , poultry makes up only a very minor component of its diet ( 6 ) , with small mammals , reptiles , and amphibians being its preferred prey . birds , fish and invertebrates are also occasionally eaten ( 7 ) .
crocoll , s . t . 1994 . red - shouldered hawk ( buteo lineatus ) . no . 107 in the birds of north america ( a . poole and f . gill , eds ) . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pennsylvania , and the american ornithologists’ union , washington ,
red - shouldered hawk : resident in the eastern woodlands from southern michigan south to the gulf of mexico and west of the rocky mountains from oregon south to baja california . breeds in the northern part of range from ontario and new england south and migrates into mexico . prefers mixed woodlands near water .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto red - shouldered hawk’s call is an evenly spaced series of clear and high notes “kee - ah” or “kah” . it is the most common call . this call announces that a territory is occupied , and when birds are alarmed . seven different calls are recognized .
the hawk is a large raptor , 40 to 61 cm in length with a 1 m wing span . females are larger than the males , but have similar colouring . the upper parts are mainly brown , and the shoulders are reddish . the breast and belly are barred white and reddish - brown . the tail is blackish with narrow white bars on adults . immature birds are more uniformly brown with streaked underparts , and attain adult plumage after 18 months . the species is often confused with stockier and larger red - tailed hawk , though that species has a solid reddish tail in place of the red - shouldered hawk ' s barred black and white tail . the adult broad - winged hawk is also similar but smaller , with much broader white bars across its tail .
reproduction : red - shouldered hawk breeds once per year , between april to july . they often use the same nest from year to year . both male and female build or rework the nest . the nest is large and deep , constructed from sticks , twigs , shredded bark , leaves and green sprigs .
red - shouldered hawks in the northeast tend to be brownish overall . florida birds have very pale , grayish heads , while those in california are very richly colored with a rusty head .
dykstra , cheryl r . , jeffrey l . hays and scott t . crocoll . 2008 . red - shouldered hawk ( buteo lineatus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
dykstra , c . r . , hays , j . l . and crocoll , s . t . ( 2008 ) red - shouldered hawk ( buteo lineatus ) . in : poole , a . ( ed . ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
the zone - tailed hawk has coloration and a flight style similar to that of the turkey vulture . unlike the turkey vulture , though , this hawk does not eat carrion but preys upon small mammals and birds fooled into complacency by its mimicry . the desert - dwelling harris ' s hawk is one of the few bird species known to hunt cooperatively in groups and use tactics similar to wolf packs .
red - shouldered hawks are found in the nearctic region . they breed throughout the eastern and northeast united states into southern canada , and west of the sierra nevada in california . populations of red - shouldered hawks in the eastern u . s . and california are resident . populations that breed in the northeast u . s . and southern canada migrate to northern mexico for the winter .
red - shouldered hawks are effective hunters , helping to maintain a balance of predators and prey in woodland and grassland areas . their diet includes rabbits , rodents , and other small mammals , as well as small birds , snakes , lizards , frogs , fish , insects , and crayfish . nest - raiding birds , snakes , mammals , and humans prey on red - shouldered hawks .
parker , m . a . and b . r . tannenbaum . 1984 .
foraging behavior and habitat use of red - shouldered hawks in southeastern missouri .
in , a50 . close
red - shouldered hawks are large , broad - winged hawks with a relatively long tails and heavy bodies . they show reverse sexual size dimorphism , meaning that females are larger than males . female red - shouldered hawks average 700 g and 48 to 61 cm in length whereas males average 550 g and 43 to 58 cm in length . adults have a wingspan of 92 to 107 cm ( average 100 cm ) . adult red - shouldered hawks have a brown head , a dark brown back and reddish underparts with dark brown streaks . juveniles appear similar to adults , but have creamy underparts with dark brown spots and streaks . both adults and juveniles have reddish lesser secondary upper wing coverts , which give the impression of red shoulders , giving this species its name . the tail of the both immature and mature red - shouldered hawks is dark brown with white bands .
medium - sized hawk with slim shape , small head , and fairly long tail . adults are rich reddish - brown on the chest .
by the time they are five days old , nestling red - shouldered hawks can shoot their feces over the edge of their nest . bird poop on the ground is a sign of an active nest .
a hawk of woodland habitats . adults have reddish barred chest , broad bars on the tail , and black - and - white checkered wings .
before its use was outlawed in the united states , red - shouldered hawks and other raptors suffered from exposure to ddt , a pesticide . the ddt would cause their eggs to have thin , breakable shells , reducing their ability to reproduce . accidental encounters with power lines and automobiles also take a toll on hawks . in spite of these dangers , habitat loss remains the biggest threat to red - shouldered hawks .
red - shouldered lives in lowland woods , near water - in swamps , along rivers ; also near farmlands , in upland woods and near grasslands * 01 , 02 , 06 , 08 , 09 * .
the red - shouldered hawk inhabits a broad array of north american forests , but favors mature , mixed deciduous - coniferous woodlands , especially bottomland hardwood , riparian areas , and flooded deciduous swamps . in the west , this species prefers riparian and oak ( quercus spp . ) woodlands , but is also found in eucalyptus groves and suburban areas with nearby woodlots .
olson s . l . ( 2000 ) fossil red - shoulder hawk in the bahamas : calohierax quadrates ( wetmore ) synonymized with buteo lineatus ( gmelin ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 113 ( 1 ) : 298 - 301 .
the red - shouldered hawk , buteo lineatus , is a medium - sized hawk that can be distinguished by its reddish - brown shoulder patches , notched outer four primaries and less than half - feathered tarsus . its upper parts are mainly brown , its tail blackish above and whitish below with several wide dark bars with intervening narrow white bars and a white tip . its underparts are white with reddish - brown barring . the most common vocalization is the “kee - aah” call that is given early in the breeding season .
rottenborn , s . c . 2000 . nest - site selection and reproductive success of urban red - shouldered hawks in central california . journal of raptor research no . 34 ( 1 ) : 18 - 25 . close
fine art illustration of a red - shouldered hawk . the print is hand - signed by the artist and is guaranteed to arrive in perfect condition . the reproduction of this original pen and ink drawing is done on high quality acid - free archival paper . call 1 800 - 913 - 7906 for more information or to order by phone . click here for shipping info .
a hawk of the woodlands , often heard before it is seen . the clear whistled calls of this hawk are conspicuous , especially in spring ; in the east , blue jays often give a near - perfect imitation of this call . over much of eastern north america the red - shoulder has become uncommon , sticking closely to the remaining forests . populations in florida and california are often more visible , perhaps adapting better to open habitats .
bloom , p . h . and m . d . mccrary . 1996 . the urban buteo : red - shouldered hawks in southern california . raptors in human landscapes : adaptations to built and cultivated environments : 31 - 39 . close
, however , have vibrant , deep red markings on the lesser secondary upperwing coverts , underwing coverts and breast .
red - shouldered hawks search for prey while perched on a treetop or soaring over woodlands . when they sight prey , they kill it by dropping directly onto it from the air . they may cache food near their nest for later consumption .
the bird prefers deciduous or mixed - wood forests containing shade - tolerant hardwood trees close to wetland areas . hardwood forests covering eastern north america were gradually cut or cleared during european settlement . quantity and quality of forested habitat declined dramatically . forest regeneration of recent decades has created new habitat . large woodlots ( 10 to 100 hectares ) can sustain viable red - shouldered hawk populations provided larger raptors do not interfere .
the red - shouldered hawk has not been the target of any known conservation efforts . however , recommended measures that are likely to benefit this species include planting hardwood trees in habitats where perches are limited , such as reclaimed surface mines . in addition , as this species is frequently found nesting near water , the preservation , maintenance or even construction of new water bodies would likely improve its nesting success ( 2 ) .
red - shouldered hawks soar over forests or perch on tree branches or utility wires . its rising , whistled kee - rah is a distinctive sound of the forest . they hunt small mammals , amphibians , and reptiles either from perches or while flying .
townsend , k . a . l . 2006 . nesting ecology and sibling behavior of red - shouldered hawks at the st . francis sunken lands wildlife management area in northeastern arkansas . ph . d . dissertation , arkansas state university , jonesboro . close
the red - shouldered hawk is a vocal bird early in the breeding season when courting and establishing its territory . it usually arrives on breeding territory in early spring , building its nest below the canopy but more than halfway up a tree in a crotch of the main trunk . females provide most of the incubation for eggs and generally all of the brooding for young , while males supply the female and young with nearly all their food , until the young near fledging . young leave the nest at about 6 weeks of age , but may continue to be fed by their parents for another 8–10 weeks , although little is known about immature red - shouldered hawks after they leave the nest .
red - shouldered hawks are medium - sized , with broad , rounded wings and medium - length tails that they fan out when soaring . in flight , they often glide or soar with their wingtips pushed slightly forward , imparting a distinctive , “reaching” posture .
bosakowski , t . , d . g . smith and r . speiser . 1992c . status , nesting density , and macrohabitat selection of red - shouldered hawks in northern new jersey . wilson bulletin no . 104 ( 3 ) : 434 - 446 . close
medium - sized hawk with fine reddish barring on breast and black - and - white checkered wings . the florida form ( extimus ) has a paler head and breast than other forms .
white , c . m . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . red - shouldered hawk ( buteo lineatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
male red - shouldered hawks tend to have larger home ranges than females . the home range of both sexes is usually larger during the non - breeding season than during the breeding season . home ranges typically range from 1 . 0 to 3 . 4 square kilometers .
male and female red - shouldered hawks both protect the nest and incubate the eggs . the female broods the chicks during the nestling stage while the male does most of the hunting for the female and the chicks . both parents feed the young during the nestling and fledgling stages .
dykstra . c . , hays , j . l . , daniel , f . b . and simon , m . m . ( 2000 ) nest site selection and productivity of suburban red - shouldered hawks in southern ohio . the condor , 102 : 401 - 408 .
red - shouldered hawks are forest raptors . in the east , they live in bottomland hardwood stands , flooded deciduous swamps , and upland mixed deciduous–conifer forests . they tend to live in stands with an open subcanopy , which makes it easier for them to hunt . they are not exclusively birds of deep forest , though ; you’ll find red - shouldered hawks in some suburban areas where houses or other buildings are mixed into woodlands . in the west , they live in riparian and oak woodlands , and also in eucalyptus groves and some residential areas . back to top
a variety of niches in north america have been filled by members of this family found from the tundra to the southern bottomland swamps . while the swamps provide habitat for red - shouldered hawks and swallow - tailed kites , soaring hawks of the genus buteo and the golden eagle hunt the tundra and other non - forest habitats . forests are home to the swift , aggressive accipiters such as the sharp - shinned hawk , while the bald eagle reigns along lakes , rivers , and coasts .
dykstra , c . r . , j . l . hays , f . b . daniel and m . m . simon . 2000 . nest site selection and productivity of suburban red - shouldered hawks in southern ohio . condor no . 102 ( 2 ) : 401 - 408 . close
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
large , contiguous forest tracts are necessary to sustain breeding populations of red - shouldered hawks . a study in quebec found that the average home range size was 91 . 2 ha according to the harmonic mean and 122 . 9 according to the convex polygon mean ( nature - action quebec 1999 ) .
red - shouldered hawks live in forests and swamps . they build their nests 6 to 15 meters ( 20 to 60 feet ) above the ground in the branches of hardwood trees in wet woodland areas . they prefer to have dead trees nearby , where they can perch and see the forest floor .
11 . henny , c . j . , f . c . schmid . e . m . martin and l . l . hood . 1973 . territorial behavior , pesticides , and the population ecology of red - shouldered hawks in central maryland . ecology . 54 ( 3 ) : 545 - 554 .
red - shouldered hawks breed once per year between april and july . they often use the same nest for several years , fixing it up each spring . the male and female both build the nest , which is large and deep and made from sticks , twigs , shredded bark , leaves and green sprigs .
medium - sized hawk with slim body and fairly long tail . wings are broad and somewhat square at the tips when soaring . adults have extensively reddish brown underparts . tail and flight feathers are banded black and white .
slim , medium - sized hawk . the california subspecies is rich reddish - orange on the breast , head , and shoulders . the wings are strongly patterned black - and - white , and the tail has strong bands .
an original 16x12 watercolour of a red shouldered hawk . painted on arches 100 % cotton 140lb cold pressed paper with a mix of winsor and newton , and pfeiffer art supply handcrafted paints . photo reference from herman veenendaal . hawks remind me of home ! we always see them flying around and perched in trees in our back field in the country . or , magestically perched on hydro polls on the country roadsides . their beauty moves me , giving me feeling of being watched over . signed on front . signed and dated in pencil on the back . unframed .
broad - winged hawk adult has rufous on breast , but no barring on primaries , only 1 or 2 tail bands , in flight shows more pointed wings . juveniles are similar , but red - shouldered shows 3 bands on the folded secondaries ; broad - winged lacks the pale crescent at the base of the primaries . juvenile northern harrier is rufous underneath , but long tail , thin wings , and flight style are very different . juvenile northern goshawk perched has heavy streaking underneath and a long tail , but dark - banded tail pattern and shorter wings will help the identification process .
red - shouldered hawks are monogamous and territorial . they perform courtship flights by soaring together in broad circles while calling , or soaring and diving toward one another . males may also perform a
sky - dance
by soaring high in the air , and then making several steep dives . these courtship flights usually occur in late morning and early afternoon .
red - shouldered hawks usually inhabit mature deciduous or mixed deciduous - conifer forests and swamps . they build their nests 6 to 15 meters ( 20 to 60 feet ) above the ground in the branches of deciduous trees in wet woodland areas . they prefer to have dead trees nearby , where they can perch and enjoy an unobstructed view of the forest floor .
this hawk was once the most common large hawk of central and western new york . however , in recent years new york populations have declined . biologists have found it difficult to determine if the change in historic data represents a shift in the breeding range or an actual population decline . the primary problem facing this species is loss of habitat . since european settlement in the 17th century and especially since the 19th century , the favored closed canopy forests have been cut for logging , agriculture , and urban and suburban development .
this hawk generally hunts from a perch , waiting for its prey to reveal itself and then swooping down to snatch it from the ground or water surface . the red - shoulder ' s diet is broad , although small mammals ( especially chipmunks , mice , and voles ) , frogs , and snakes comprise the bulk of its diet in most areas . birds , crayfish , and insects are key food items in certain areas and seasons .
red - shouldered hawks breed once per year between april and july , with peak activity occurring between early april and mid june . they often use the same nest from year to year , refurbishing it each spring . both the male and female build or refurbish the nest , which is large and deep , constructed from sticks , twigs , shredded bark , leaves and green sprigs .
red - shouldered hawks are monogamous . courtship displays begin on the breeding grounds . they soar together in broad circles while calling , or they soar and dive toward one another . male may performs a “sky - dance” , by soaring high in the air , and making some series of steep dives , followed by a wide spiral and rapid ascent . these flights occur in late morning and early afternoon .
red - shouldered hawks breed east of the great plains from southern canada to the gulf coast , west along the gulf to central mexico . an isolated population breeds in california . wintering occurs south of canada , though sparsely so in the northern states . in new york , nesting populations were found in the appalachian plateau , catskill peaks , the delaware , mongaup and rensselaer hills , the tug hill plateau , and lake champlain valley .
red - shouldered hawks are monogamous and territorial . courtship displays occur on the breeding grounds , and involve soaring together in broad circles while calling , or soaring and diving toward one another . males may also perform the
sky - dance
by soaring high in the air , and then making a series of steep dives , each followed by a wide spiral and rapid ascent . these courtship flights usually occur in late morning and early afternoon .
limiting factors : modification of nesting habitat by man is likely the most important factor in the decline of red - shouldered populations * 06 * . eggshell thinning from ddt had no significant effect on productivity in eastern u . s . study * 19 * . man is responsible for most nest failures . great horned owl is a nest predator * 08 , 10 , 13 * . single largest cause of adult mortality is man * 08 * .
red - shouldered hawks eat mostly small mammals , lizards , snakes , and amphibians . they hunt from perches below the forest canopy or at the edge of a pond , sitting silently until they sight their prey below . then they descend swiftly , gliding and snatching a vole or chipmunk off the forest floor . they also eat toads , snakes , and crayfish . they occasionally eat birds , sometimes from bird feeders ; recorded prey include sparrows , starlings , and doves . back to top
a common hawk of wet deciduous woodlands , they are the noisiest of the buteos , especially during spring courtship . a perch - hunter of the forest understory , it feeds on frogs , snakes , lizards , and small mammals . females are larger than males , sexes similar in appearance , juveniles differ from adults . polytypic . length 15–19
; wingspan 37–42
.
red - shouldered hawks often reuse nests from past years . scientists don’t know which sex originally selects the nest site , although the male typically arrives back at the nest site first and defends the territory until the female arrives . they typically place their nests in a broad - leaved tree ( occasionally in a conifer ) , below the forest canopy but toward the tree top , usually in the crotch of the main trunk . nest trees are often near a pond , stream , or swamp , and can be in suburban neighborhoods or parks .
nesting and hunting territories are usually 0 . 25 to 1 mile ( 0 . 4 to 1 . 61 km ) in size . the birds aggressively defend these areas during the spring when eggs are in the nest . the females incubate the eggs while the males hunt for them . once the eggs have hatched , both parents hunt . the females are larger and hunt slower prey . the males are smaller and more agile , hunting smaller and faster prey . because of their wing structures , red - shouldered hawks can soar for extended periods without tiring .
in many regions of new york , farms are being abandoned and their fields are reverting to forests . in the early 1900 ' s , about 75 percent of the state was cleared or open for farming . today , more than 61 percent is forested . while this creates more potential habitat for red - shouldered hawks , not all of this land may be suitable . the allegheny national forest land and resource management plan contains guidelines for protecting nests , including reducing disturbances near nest sites , minimizing habitat change , and closing roads to public use during the breeding season .
their call is a repeated kee - yeer . red - shouldered and other hawks are often used to as the cry of bald eagles in the movies and on television because their calls are more distinctive than the eagle ' s call . federal law protects all hawks and other birds of prey , which include eagles , osprey , falcons , owls and vultures . it is illegal to harm or kill them or to own any parts of their bodies , such as talons ( claws ) , feathers or nests . nonetheless , humans often target hawks as potential predators of chickens and other domestic fowl .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : buteo lineatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
mating season is from late january to june , peaking in march and early april . nests are cup - shaped and made of sticks , lined with dried leaves , strips of bark , spanish moss , lichens , feathers and down ; generally built between 20 and 60 feet ( 6 to 18 m ) above ground . females lay two or three ( occasionally one to six ) , white eggs marked with brown or yellowish - brown blotches . chicks hatch after 28 to 33 days . red - shouldered hawks are altricial ( born blind and helpless ) , but leave the nest after 39 to 45 days . one banded specimen lived almost 20 years .
red - shouldered hawks are medium - sized raptors with sharp eyes , broad strong wings and long legs . fully grown , they reach a length of 17 to 24 inches ( 43 to 61 cm ) , with a 36 - to 40 - inch ( 91 to 101 cm ) wingspan . females are slightly larger than males . distinguishing characteristics include reddish shoulders , a rust - colored breast with white and dark streaks , long , narrow and blackish - brown wings with black and white stripes on the undersides , long tails with narrow black and white bands and white tips , and a translucent
window
patch on each wing at the base of their primary feathers .
all red - shouldereds have pale , translucent , comma - shaped markings across outer wing . pale commas obvious from above and obvious from below when backlit , but inconspicuous in poor light . juvenile has yellow to pale brown eye , adult has dark brown eye . male and female similar , but florida male often paler than female .
physical description : dark back , dark wings with translucent patch near primaries and rufous
shoulders
; tail black with narrow white bars ; underside pale red * 01 , 02 , 03 , 04 * . length 17 - 24 in . , wingspread 32 - 50 in . * 01 * . ave . weight male 550 gm . , female 700 gm . * 14 * .
the female lays 3 to 4 white eggs with brown or lavender blotches . this takes 2 to 3 days . the eggs are incubated for 33 days . the egg that was laid first hatches first . the nestlings are altricial , meaning that they are helpless and need to be cared for by the parents . the female broods the chicks for at least a week after they hatch . the male brings food to the nest for the female and nestlings during the nestling stage . chicks begin to leave the nest at 6 weeks old , but are fed by the parents for another 8 to 10 weeks . chicks become independent of the parents at 17 to 19 weeks old . after becoming independent , they may still roost in or near the nest at night . red - shouldered hawks begin breeding when they are 1 year old or older .
the female lays 3 to 4 white eggs with brown or lavender blotches over the course of 2 to 3 days . incubation begins when the first or second egg is laid , and lasts for 33 days . hatching is asynchronous , with up to 7 days between the first and last chick . the nestlings are altricial , and are brooded nearly constantly by the female for at least a week . the male brings food to the nest for the female and nestlings during the nestling stage , which lasts approximately 6 weeks . chicks begin to leave the nest at 6 weeks , but are fed by the parents for another 8 to 10 weeks . chicks become independent of the parents at 17 to 19 weeks old . after becoming independent , they may still roost in or near the nest at night . red - shouldered hawks begin breeding when they are 1 year old or older .
19 . henny , c . j . and h . m . wight . 1972 . red - tailed and cooper ' s hawks : their population ecology and environmental pollution . pp . 229 - 50 in
population ecology of migratory birds ,
symposium volume , paxutent wildlife research center . in newton , i . 1979 . population ecology of raptors . buteo books , vermillion , s . d . 399 p .
all members of this family share a hooked raptorial beak for tearing flesh , and long sharp talons on strong feet for grasping and killing their prey . tactics for catching prey vary among species and are reflected by the structure of the bird ; sharp - shinned hawks have short wings and a long tail for catching birds in dense vegetation , red - tailed hawks have long , broad wings and a short tail for prolonged soaring , and the kites have long , thin wings and long tails for catching insects during flight .
a . k . a . : redshoulder field marks : slender , crow - sized , relatively long - winged buteo , with red shoulder patches and crescent - shaped , seemingly translucent , wing panels . the dark and white striped tail is relatively long for a buteo . juveniles are light underneath with dark streaking ; adults have rufous barring . flight behavior : typically migrates alone , although small flocks occasionally occur during peak migration . soars , and alternately flaps and glides while migrating . graceful , butterfly - like flight pattern .
a loud , repeated kee - ahh , often in groups of 8–10 repetitions .
a widespread breeder throughout east , into southern canada . found throughout the south , into eastern and southern texas . california subspecies is coastal and in the central valley , up into oregon and southern washington . breeding : nests in deciduous woodlands , usually river bottoms , near lakes or swamps . coexists in similar habitat with the barred owl . migration : northern birds migrate to southern states and into mexico . southern forms are nonmigratory . vagrant : there are records of eastern birds west to colorado , and california birds wander casually to arizona , idaho , and new mexico .
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american ornithologists ' union ' s
list of the 2 , 037 bird species ( with scientific and english names ) known from the a . o . u . check - list area
( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 46 ) , maintained at urltoken
american ornithologists ' union ' s
check - list of north american birds - list of the 2 , 078 bird species known from the a . o . u . check - list area
( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 52 ) , maintained at urltoken
ioc world bird list , master list v2 . 9 , website ( version 2 . 9 )
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 02 . 25 , website ( version 25 - feb - 11 )
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource
maintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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“progress will come , as always before , through the courage of the young who see visions . ” - rosalie edge
are the raptor trivia questions too easy ? click here to take our raptor challenge .
wingspan : 3 ' 2
- 3 ' 6
length : 1 ' 3
- 1 ' 7
w - l ratio : 2 . 4 : 1 weight : 1 . 1 - 1 . 9 lbs
67 - year annual average : 274 1992 - 2001 : 293 record year : 468 ( 1958 ) best chance to see : late october . longterm trends : decreased 1950s - 1970s ; relatively stable in 1980s and 1990s .
sometimes compete with broad - winged hawks ( buteo platypterus ) for nest sites .
are quite vocal when courting . their calls are often mimicked by blue jays ( cyanocitta cristata ) .
are found in two separate regions of north america , california and the eastern united states .
d . c . dunne , p . , d . sibley , and c . sutton . 1988 . hawks in flight . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts .
ferguson - lees , j . and d . a . christie . 2001 . raptors of the world . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts .
johnsgard , p . a . 1990 . hawks , eagles , and falcons of north america . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .
snyder , n . and h . snyder . 1991 . raptors : north american birds of prey . voyageur press , stillwater , minnesota .
weidensaul , s . 1989 . north american birds of prey . gallery books , new york , new york .
wheeler , b . k . and clark , w . s . 1999 . a photographic guide to north american raptors . academic press , san diego , california .
wheeler , b . k . 2003 . raptors of eastern north america . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
visit us to learn more about migratory hawks , eagles and falcons and their special conservation needs .
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( callahan , 1974 ; crocoll , 1994 ; woodward , et al . , 1931 )
are recognized . these subspecies are separated based on geography and physical characteristics . the head and breast markings of the florida subspecies ,
( christopher , 1990 ; clark and wheeler , 2001 ; crocoll , 1994 ; whetmore , 1965 ; woodward , et al . , 1931 )


isopeda is a genus of huntsman spiders occurring in australia , new guinea , new caledonia , and the philippines .

the genus was first described by ludwig carl christian koch in 1875 .

isopeda

transferred to other genera : isopeda ardrossana hogg , 1903 - - see isopedella isopeda aurea l . koch , 1875 - - see beregama isopeda bicolana barrion & litsinger , 1995 - - see rhitymna isopeda cana simon , 1908 - - see isopedella isopeda cerussata simon , 1908 - - see isopedella isopeda conspersa l . koch , 1875 - - see isopedella isopeda cordata l . koch , 1875 - - see beregama isopeda flavibarbis l . koch , 1875 - - see beregama isopeda flavida l . koch , 1875 - - see isopedella isopeda frenchi hogg , 1903 - - see isopedella isopeda gloriosa rainbow , 1917 - - see delena isopeda goliath chrysanthus , 1965 - - see beregama isopeda herculea thorell , 1881 - - see beregama isopeda herculeana strand , 1913 - - see beregama isopeda hirsuta l . koch , 1875 - - see holconia isopeda immanis ( l . koch , 1867 ) - - see holconia isopeda immigrans strand , 1913 - - see polybetes isopeda inola strand , 1913 - - see isopedella isopeda insignis ( thorell , 1870 ) - - see holconia isopeda leai hogg , 1903 - - see isopedella isopeda maculigastra strand , 1907 - - see isopedella isopeda meraukensis chrysanthus , 1965 - - see isopedella isopeda nigrigularis simon , 1908 - - see holconia isopeda pessleri ( thorell , 1870 ) - - see isopedella isopeda pseudokumanga barrion & litsinger , 1995 - - see rhitymna isopeda saundersi hogg , 1903 - - see isopedella isopeda simoni rainbow , 1911 - - see holconia isopeda subdola ( thorell , 1881 ) - - see holconia isopeda tepperi hogg , 1903 - - see isopedella isopeda terangana strand , 1911 - - see isopedella isopeda tietzi hogg , 1903 - - see isopedella isopeda tuhodnigra barrion & litsinger , 1995 - - see rhitymna
in synonymy : isopeda conspersula strand , 1913 = isopeda vasta ( l . koch , 1867 ) ( hirst , 1990 : 17 ) . isopeda pengellya hogg , 1903 = isopeda leishmanni hogg , 1903 ( hirst , 1992 : 379 ) .
no one has contributed data records for isopeda yet . learn how to contribute .
isopeda neocaledonica berland , 1924a : 231 , f . 161 ( d f ) .
isopeda alpina hirst , 1992 : 371 , f . 62 - 63 ( d m ) .
isopeda binnaburra hirst , 1992 : 377 , f . 68 - 71 ( d f ) .
isopeda girraween hirst , 1992 : 378 , f . 72 - 73 ( d m ) .
isopeda woodwardi hogg , 1903a : 451 , f . 99 ( d f ) . isopeda woodwardi hirst , 1992 : 354 , f . 32 - 36 ( f , d m ) .
isopeda leishmanni hogg , 1903a : 437 , f . 90 ( d m f ) . isopeda pengellya hogg , 1903a : 447 , f . 96 ( d f ) . isopeda leishmanni hirst , 1992 : 379 , f . 10 , 75 - 80 ( m f , s ) .
isopeda brachyseta hirst , 1992 : 362 , f . 47 - 51 ( d m f ) .
isopeda canberrana hirst , 1992 : 365 , f . 52 - 56 ( d m f ) .
isopeda echuca hirst , 1992 : 344 , f . 11 - 14 ( d m f ) .
isopeda prolata hirst , 1992 : 357 , f . 37 - 40 ( d m f ) .
isopeda queenslandensis hirst , 1992 : 368 , f . 57 - 60 ( d m f ) .
isopeda catmona barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 295 , f . 174a - e ( d m ) .
isopeda igraya barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 293 , f . 173a - f ( d f ) .
isopeda sungaya barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 292 , f . 172a - f ( d m ) .
isopeda montana hogg , 1903a : 439 , f . 91 ( d m f ) . isopeda montana hirst , 1992 : 351 , f . 7 , 21 - 22 , 26 - 31 ( m f ) .
isopeda villosa l . koch , 1875a : 687 , pl . 57 , f . 3 - 4 ( d m f ) . isopeda villosa hirst , 1992 : 359 , f . 8 , 41 - 46 ( m f ) .
ocypete vasta l . koch , 1867b : 207 ( d f ) . isopeda vasta l . koch , 1875a : 681 , pl . 56 , f . 4 ( f , d m ) . isopeda conspersula strand , 1913c : 610 ( d f ) . isopeda vasta hirst , 1990 : 15 , f . 1 - 5 ( m f , s ) . isopeda vasta hirst , 1992 : 342 , f . 1 - 3 , 19 - 20 ( m ) .
isopeda magna hirst , 1992 : 383 , f . 23 - 24 , 81 - 84 ( d m f ) .
isopeda parnabyi hirst , 1992 : 347 , f . 4 - 5 , 15 - 18 ( d m f ) .
isopeda subalpina hirst , 1992 : 373 , f . 6 , 9 , 64 - 67 ( d m f ) .
revision of the genus isopeda koch ( heteropodidae : araneae ) in australia david b . hirst , invertebr . taxon . , 1992 , 6 , 337 - 87
nomina dubia : isopeda dolosa ( l . koch , 1875a : 648 , pl . 52 , f . 2 , f , australia , originally in voconia , t to holconia by simon , 1880a : 246 , here by hogg , 1903a : 435 ) - - hirst , 1990 : 252 . isopeda pococki hogg , 1903a : 440 , f . 92 ( m f , australia ) - - hirst , 1990 : 252 . isopeda robusta l . koch , 1875a : 691 , pl . 58 , f . 3 ( f , australia ) - - hirst , 1990 : 252 , ( but see järvi , 1914 : 92 , 229 , f . 93 ) . isopeda vastata strand , 1907i : 211 ( f , australia ) - - hirst , 1990 : 252 .
hirst , d . b . ( 1992 ) . revision of the genus isopeda koch ( heteropodidae : araneae ) in australia . invertebrate taxonomy 6 : 337 - 387 . - - show included taxa
isopoda deianira thorell , 1881 : 296 ( d f ) . isopeda deianira järvi , 1914 : 92 , 228 , f . 70 , 92 - 93 , pl . 10 , f . 11 ( f ) .
hirst , d . b . 1990 ,
a review of the genus isopeda l . koch ( heteropodidae : araneae ) in australasia with descriptions of two new genera
, records of the south australian museum ( adelaide ) , vol . 24 , pp . 11 - 26
in some cases ( isopeda ) , the female may moisten and tear the egg sac open , helping her spiderlings to emerge . the mother stays with them for several weeks . young huntsman spiders are pale . they undergo several moults while still with their mother , hardening to a darker brown , and eventually disperse .
huntsman spiders are large , long - legged spiders . . they are mostly grey to brown , sometimes with banded legs . many huntsman spiders , especially delena ( the flattest ) , and including isopeda , isopedella and holconia , have rather flattened bodies adapted for living in narrow spaces under loose bark or rock crevices . this is aided by their legs which , instead of bending vertically in relation to the body , have the joints twisted so that they spread out forwards and laterally in crab - like fashion ( ' giant crab spiders ' ) . both brown ( heteropoda ) and badge ( neosparassus ) huntsman spiders have less flattened bodies .
the female huntsman ( isopeda , for example ) produces a flat , oval egg sac of white papery silk , and lays up to 200 eggs . she then places it under bark or a rock , and stands guard over it , without eating , for about three weeks . during this period the female can be quite aggressive and will rear up in a defensive display if provoked . some species will even carry their egg sac under their bodies while moving about . delena females lay a ground - sheet of silk upon which the egg sac is anchored while the eggs are laid into it . they will then complete her egg sac and pick it up , leaving the silk ground - sheet behind . incubation periods vary and are probably influenced by climatic conditions .
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. colleagues are welcome to download , print , or use material from the catalog , for their individual research purposes , so long as the world spider catalog and the natural history museum of bern are cited as the source of the information . users may not , however , copy material from the catalog into other databases or onto other websites , or otherwise disseminate the information , without permission from the copyright holder .
citation : world spider catalog ( 2018 ) . world spider catalog . version 19 . 0 . natural history museum bern , online at http : / / wsc . nmbe . ch , accessed on { date of access } . doi : 10 . 24436 / 2
2018 - 07 - 05 new taxonomic reference entry - ref sinodraconarius yui zhao & s . q . li , 2018
2018 - 07 - 05 new species inserted - ref sinodraconarius yui zhao & s . q . li , 2018
2018 - 07 - 05 new taxonomic reference entry - ref sinodraconarius muruoensis zhao & s . q . li , 2018
2018 - 07 - 05 new species inserted - ref sinodraconarius muruoensis zhao & s . q . li , 2018
2018 - 07 - 05 new taxonomic reference entry - ref sinodraconarius cawarongensis zhao & s . q . li , 2018
2018 - 07 - 05 new species inserted - ref sinodraconarius cawarongensis zhao & s . q . li , 2018
2018 - 07 - 05 li et al . , 2018b - - show included taxa
2018 - 07 - 04 isaia et al . , 2018 - - show included taxa
2018 - 07 - 03 cala - riquelme et al . , 2018 - - show included taxa
2018 - 06 - 27 caleb et al . , 2018 - - show included taxa
2018 - 06 - 27 hedin et al . , 2018b - - show included taxa
2018 - 06 - 23 lissner et al . , 2018 - - show included taxa
by norman i . platnick peter j . solomon family curator , division of invertebrate zoology , american museum of natural history , central park west at 79th street , new york ny 10024
edited by peter merrett , british arachnological society , and h . don cameron , university of michigan
and users should switch their bookmarks to that site , to obtain the most current information . by joining the world spider catalog association on that site , users will also gain access to a library of pdf files that we hope will quickly expand to include all the relevant literature ( some 13 , 000 publications ) . older versions of the catalog can be accessed via the links below :
n . b . : not a senior synonym of holconia thorell , 1877 ( hirst , 1990 : 17 ) .
| | australia ( new south wales , victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029020 ]
| | australia ( queensland ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029022 ]
| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029023 ]
| | australia ( new south wales , victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029024 ]
| | philippines [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029025 ]
| | new guinea [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029026 ]
| | australia ( new south wales , victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029027 ]
| | australia ( queensland ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029028 ]
| | philippines [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029029 ]
| | australia ( western australia , south australia , victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029030 ]
| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029031 ]
| | australia ( western australia , south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029032 ]
| | australia ( south australia , victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029033 ]
| | new caledonia [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029034 ]
| | australia ( queensland , new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029035 ]
| | australia ( new south wales , victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029036 ]
| | australia ( queensland , new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029038 ]
| | australia ( victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029039 ]
| | philippines [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029040 ]
| | australia ( queensland ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029042 ]
| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029043 ]
| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029044 ]
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1813ce1a - 0406 - 42c9 - a0c7 - 83c19b8b471a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3feee491 - 7e8c - 4270 - ab25 - 836f0cae2130
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ba4c4561 - c232 - 4348 - 9214 - 05acd31efa7d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c40405c8 - e2d9 - 486e - b110 - b154988126a7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dd609bb0 - 676f - 4866 - 8558 - dbf0d75b2f75
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 301343
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strand , e . 1913 ,
über einige australische spinnen des senckenbergischen museums
, zoologische jahrbücher , ser . syst . , vol . 35 , pp . 599 - 624
koch , l . 1867 ,
beschreibungen neuer arachniden und myriapoden . ii
, verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien , vol . 17 , pp . 173 - 250
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 61b448c4 - b428 - 47c2 - 904b - 936a9e71e5cb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8d620406 - 6b76 - 428b - a6a9 - bef4e82f465f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a0e2c5d8 - 1a74 - 4b87 - a641 - 90f8db510df4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b6a25597 - aff1 - 43e7 - b2ad - f8f380ebb34d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fb0b7f54 - c07d - 45ad - be0d - 4cc88ff84785
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 282834
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the mountain huntsman has been found in most habitats in southern victoria , sharing them with the victorian huntsman isopedella victorialis . it is a large , mostly greyish spider with a flattish body and long legs . it is less common around houses than the victorian huntsman . it has been recorded from south austraia . it has a low carapace , flat in the centre . the posterior row of 4 eyes is very slightly curved towards the rear . the mostly smooth chelicerae , or jaws , are swollen in shape , particularly in the male , and have some surrounding hairs . the thighs of the font legs have white spots . the female ' s abdomen has 4 pairs of spots on the upper surface , the middle pairs joined and a faint badge on the underneath . ♀ 28mm ♂ 22mm .
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spider flattened with long legs directed forwards . coloured grey - brown with varying patterns on the abdomen . legs sometimes with dark bands . body up to 3 cm long ( males ) , 5 cm long ( females ) .
huntsmen hunt at night for invertebrates on walls and ceilings in houses . in the bush , they often shelter during the day beneath loose bark of native trees . they live for about two years .
under bark in woodland and dry sclerophyll forests , often inside houses and cars .
a timid spider that rarely bites . local reaction if bitten ( may include redness , swelling , burning or itching at site of bite ) .
have you ever seen a willie wag - tail bird prancing in your backyard ? or what about a wedge - tailed eagle soaring majestically in the sky ? or even sighted a christmas beetle at your local park ? it’s great to see these snippets of . . .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a1bc4e2c - 9c28 - 44a5 - 9269 - 6cac16e9c17a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bb099601 - 862c - 47f8 - 8c4f - 934b87ba6100
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d5f1d350 - c282 - 4ba3 - 9c35 - af114637eeaf
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e32c8dfb - 781f - 41f6 - a7dc - 2ee48ad64ad8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : da6939fd - c3fd - 4658 - aada - 1bc8539b87c3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 246247
australian huntsman spiders belong to the family sparassidae ( formerly heteropodidae ) and are famed as being the hairy so - called ' tarantulas ' on house walls that terrify people by scuttling out from behind curtains .
brown huntsman ( heteropoda species ) spiders are patterned in motley brown , white and black .
body lengths : 2 cm ( female ) , 1 . 6 cm ( male ) ; leg span : up to 15 cm
these genera are generally widely distributed throughout australia , although heteropoda is absent from most of southeastern australia and tasmania has only a few huntsman species , notably delena cancerides and neosparassus spp .
huntsman spiders are found living under loose bark on trees , in crevices on rock walls and in logs , under rocks and slabs of bark on the ground , and on foliage . dozens of the social huntsman species , delena cancerides , can be seen sitting together under bark on dead trees and stumps ( notably wattles ) but they can also be found on the ground under rocks and bark slabs .
huntsman spiders of many species sometimes enter houses . they are also notorious for entering cars , and being found hiding behind sun visors or running across the dashboard .
huntsman spiders , like all spiders , moult in order to grow and often their old skin may be mistaken for the original spider when seen suspended on bark or in the house .
in the genus isopoda , the male and female huntsman spiders have a lengthy courtship , which involves mutual caresses , with the male drumming his palps on the trunk of a tree . he then inserts his palps into the female to fertilise her eggs . the male is rarely attacked , unlike some other species , and in fact many huntsman spiders live peacefully together in large colonies . a silken retreat is often built for egg laying , as well as for moulting .
predators of huntsman spiders include birds and geckoes , spider wasps , nematode worms and egg parasites ( wasps and flies ) .
a cold pack may relieve local pain . seek medical attention if symptoms . persist .
mckeown , k . c . 1952 . australian spiders : their lives and habits . angus and robertson .
york main , b . 1976 . spiders . william collins publishers pty ltd , sydney nsw .
25 species are known in this genus and their body size is around 15 mm . with their long legs they appear large . these spiders are also called badge spider because of their distinctive black , white and orange patches at the underside of their abdomen ( see below ) .
delena cancarides has been reported as being a social spider . a social spider is defined as a
cooperation among mutually tolerant individuals
. about 20 spider species has been described as social . they fulfil the main criterion of sociality ; cooperation in prey capture and in brood care .
this is also the spider that featured in the movie arachnophobia . the spider was imported from new zealand , where it lives around avondale , because australian regulations prohibited their export from there .
these brown huntsman spider is about 20 mm long and lives on or under bark from eucalypt trees ( or on keyboards ) .
this female giant grey huntsman spider can measure up to 45 mm and is one of the larger australian spiders . they live on eucalypt trees but also like to live in houses and sheds . holconia is distributed with 40 species australia - wide . they are large flat spiders with legs up to 30 mm . they can often be seen in summer running over walls and ceiling during the night - time . the young spiders move faster than the adults and are difficult to catch . holconia are distinctive , brown to grey spiders . the ceplalothorax ( head - breast part ) is rounded and the abdomen more oval . the body is flat in side profile and adapted for living in narrow spaces under bark and other crevices . the spider is not aggressive .
holconia insignis . this spider is also known as the banded huntsman spider . the male is 25 - 30 mm and the female 32 - 40 mm large . this species is one of the largest in its genus in australia .
four species are described of this genus . the spider is rare and usually found near the base of trees .
this spider , found in carnavon park , was very large and fast . it is not a huntsman but resembles it much . it is a gnaphosidae , genus hemicloea .
the only described member so far of this family living in australia . they are also called wall crab spider . selenops australiensis move sideways like a crab . the spider is flat and their coloring makes them difficult to spot . they can be found on trees , rocks and of course walls . because they are so flat they can hide under bark .
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danger : i picked up a large huntsman in my hands once , when i was a teenager and i wanted to look tough . i would not recommend trying this ( nor would i do it now ) as they can bite . though the bite is not deadly it can still hurt . another time , an ex - girlfriend told me that her new boyfriend picked up one and it bit him on the hand : d though it didn ' t do that much harm , just some pain . based on these experiences it may be possible that they only bite bad people , and not good people .
note that dead spiders usually fade in colour , so nearly all the spiders will look blacker or darker in colour in real life than they do in the photos of dead spiders from the museum .
a field guide to spiders of australia , by robert whyte and greg anderson .
this is my favourite field guide to australian spiders . it has a proper index . it has amazing photographs . if i had to find a weak point of it , it would be that there are so many photos that there is less writing than there could have been . i like photos though so it ' s all good . 464 pages .
from the publisher ,
a field guide to spiders of australia uses photographs of live animals to enable identification of commonly encountered spiders to the family level and , in some cases , to genus and species . featuring over 1300 colour photographs , it is the most comprehensive account of australian spiders ever published . with more than two - thirds of australian spiders yet to be scientifically described , this book sets the scene for future explorations of our extraordinary australian fauna .
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lsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 029030 ]
hogg , h . r . ( 1903a ) . on the australasian spiders of the subfamily sparassinae . proceedings of the zoological society of london 72 ( ii , 2 , for 1902 ) : 414 - 466 . [ published in april 1903 , after duncan , 1937 ] - - show included taxa
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