micropterix zangheriella is a species of moth belonging to the family micropterigidae .

it was described by heath in 1963 .

it is only known from the northern apennines and has been found only in the emilia romagna so far .

the habitat consists of clearings and edges of beech - and mixed beech-forests with well structed underwoods .

the length of the forewings is 3,85 mm for males and 4,3 – 5 mm for females .

micropterix zangheriella

zangheriella ( heath , 1963 ) ( micropteryx ) ; mem . mus . stor . nat . verona 11 : 129
micropterix zangheriella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
m . zangheriella : emilia romagna , near lizzano in belvedere , 760 m , 2002 . 05 . 30 , leg . renate hausenblas und christof zeller , coll . christof zeller
m . zangheriella - genitalia , prep . - no . 944 , m . kurz : toscana , firenze , marradi , badia valle , 430 m , 1997 . 05 . 13 , coll . museo friulano
m . zangheriella - genitalia , prep . - no . 954 , m . kurz : emilia romagna , near lizzano in belvedere , 760 m , 2002 . 05 . 30 , leg . c . zeller , coll . michael kurz
phylogeny : m . zangheriella seems to be a
basic
species among its relatives , with richly developed structures of the male genitalia . it is quite similar in these structures to micropterix hartigi heath , 1981 and micropterix tuscaniensis heath , 1960 , especially in the accessory claspers . these bear highly modified , thickened setae along the ventral margin , the basalmost seta being distinctly offset from the others and partly twisted . the uncus is similarly bulky in all three species , but the valves are more slender in m . zangheriella and in contrast to m . tuscaniensis . in that latter species , the valves are significantly inflated in the distal third . in the female genitalia , the sclerotization of the papillae anales is of equal width , whereas in the other two species , it is distinctly broader in the middle .
m . zangheriella inhabits clearings and edges of beech - and mixed beech - forests , having well structed underwoods . furthermore , it has been found among bushland , where the animals were feeding on the pollen of sambucus nigra . here , they have been found in competition to micropterix aruncella ( scopoli , 1763 ) . the imagines are on the wing in may and june , eventually also early july ( kurz & kurz 2010 ) .
purpureopennella ( heath , 1986 ) ( micropterix ) ; ent . gaz . 37 ( 1 ) : 31
micropterix cassinella ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix stuebneri ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix schaefferi heath , 1975 ; ent . gaz . 26 ( 4 ) : 253 ; tl : austria , linz
micropterix cypriensis heath , 1985 ; nota lepid . 8 ( 4 ) : 338 ; tl : cyprus , limassol , yermasoyle
micropterix ( micropterigidae ) ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 239
micropterix osthelderi heath , 1975 ; ent . gaz . 26 ( 4 ) : 256 ; tl : bavaria , fürstenrud nr munich
micropterix amsella ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix herminiella ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix lakoniensis heath , 1985 ; nota lepid . 8 ( 4 ) : 336 ; tl : hallas , lakonia , 7km sw monemvasia
micropterix renatae ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix trifasciella heath , 1965 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 104 : 243 ; tl : italy , piemonte , fenestrella
micropterix klimeschi rhodiensis kurz , kurz & zeller - lukashort , 1993 ; z . arbgem öst . ent . 45 : 6 ; tl : rhodos
micropterix huemeri kurz , kurz & zeller - lukashort , 2004 ; nota lepid . 26 ( 3 / 4 ) : 112 ; tl : alpes maritimes
micropterix trinakriella [ sic , recte trinacriella ? ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix completella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix corcyrella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix croatica ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix cypriensis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix emiliensis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix erctella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix facetella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix garganoensis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix granatensis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix hartigi ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix herminiella corley , 2007 ; nota lepid . 30 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : portugal , quinta da volta , trinta , beira alta , 750m
micropterix ibericella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix igaloensis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix imperfectella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix italica ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix kardamylensis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix klimeschi ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix lakoniensis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix maschukella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix minimella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix sicanella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix tuscaniensis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix uxoria ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix vulturensis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix wockei ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix stuebneri zeller - lukashort , werno & kurz , 2013 ; shilap revta lepid . 41 ( 164 ) : 491 ; tl : spain , sierra nevada , 1700m
micropterix renatae kurz , kurz & zeller - lukashort , 1997 ; nota lepid . 20 ( 3 - 4 ) : 294 ; tl : apennin , 44°05 ' n 10°23e , 600 - 800m
zeller - lukashort , werno & kurz , 2013 a new species of micropterix hübner , [ 1825 ] from southern spain ( lepidoptera : micropterigidae ) shilap revta lepid . 41 ( 164 ) : 489 - 494
micropterix is a genus of small primitive metallic moths in the insect order lepidoptera within the family micropterigidae that is distributed across europe south to north africa and east as far as japan . it contains the species :
micropterix gaudiella zeller & huemer , 2015 ; nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 136 ; tl : italy , bergamo , alpi orobie rifugio ca d ' arera 1600m , 9°47 , 8 ' e , 45°55 , 07 ' n
micropterix huemeri ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 270 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix paykullella ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 263 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix aglaella ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 254 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix allionella ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 265 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix aruncella ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 257 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix aureoviridella ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 261 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix calthella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 251 , 249 ( list ) ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix fenestrellensis ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 273 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix isobasella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 253 , 249 ( list ) ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix mansuetella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 250 , 249 ( list ) ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix myrtetella ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 277 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix osthelderi ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 274 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix rablensis ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 275 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix schaefferi ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 271 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix trifasciella ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 267 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix tunbergella ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 260 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix rothenbachii ; [ nhm card ] ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 268 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
micropterix aureatella ; issiki , 1953 , bull . naniwa univ . ( b ) 3 : 133 ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 256 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ] ; zeller & huemer , 2015 , nota lepid . 38 ( 2 ) : 135 ( list )
: 18080 romagna , poggio scali , 19 . v . 1946 , leg . zangheri , genitalia investigation j . heath no . 312 ; in coll . museo civico di storia naturale di verona
: emilia romagna , near lizzano in belvedere , 800 m , 2002 . 06 . 01 , leg . renate hausenblas und christof zeller , coll . christof zeller
: emilia romagna , near lizzano in belvedere , 760 m , 2002 . 05 . 30 , leg . renate hausenblas und christof zeller , coll . christof zeller
description of adults : examined : 2 , 6 . forewing length : 3 . 4 - 3 . 85 mm , 4 . 1 - 5 . 0 mm . head black - brown ; vestiture of hair - like scales on the head dirty yellow ; antennae dark brown , bronzy golden shining , 4 / 5 ( ) , respectively , 3 / 5 ( ) of forewing length ; thorax golden to bronzy golden , distally sometimes with a few purplish scales ; tegulae purple to purple violet , proximally sometimes bronzy golden ; forewings brownish golden to purple violet , inner margin with a broad , bronzy golden streak , reaching from the basis to the fascia at 1 / 2 ; outer margin and apex bronzy golden too , leaving only the outermost tip of the wing purple , the bronzy golden colouration dissolved to spots towards basis of wing ; markings golden to whitish golden , delicately , but diffusely bordered bronzy golden ; at 1 / 5 a moderately broad fascia , straight to outwardly oblique towards costa , reaching from costa to bronzy golden inner margin ; this fascia mostly bronzy golden coloured and only slightly brighter in its centre ; a distinctly outwardly bent , moderately broad fascia across the whole wing width at 1 / 2 ; at 2 / 3 a conspicous costal spot ; at slightly more than 3 / 4 a moderately broad to broad , elongate to triangle - shaped spot , reaching from costa inwardly oblique across 2 / 3 of the wing width , in males sometimes even reaching the outer margin ; fringe bronzy golden , basally also purple , whitish outwards ; hindwing bronzy golden , distally more or less tinged purple ; fringe bronzy golden , whitish outwards ; legs and abdomen brown , bronzy golden shining .
to present knownlewdge , the species seems to be endemic to the northern apennines and has been found only in the provinces of emilia romagna and tuscany . records about vertical distribution are poor and reach from 430 - 1500 m a . s . l . ( heath 1963 , kurz & kurz 2010 ) .
- genitalia , prep . - no . 944 , m . kurz : toscana , firenze , marradi , badia valle , 430 m , 1997 . 05 . 13 , coll . museo friulano
- genitalia , preparation in caustic potash , prep . - no . 954 , m . kurz : emilia romagna , near lizzano in belvedere , 760 m , 2002 . 05 . 30 , leg . c . zeller , coll . michael kurz
- genitalia , permanent preparation , prep . - no . 954 , m . kurz : emilia romagna , near lizzano in belvedere , 760 m , 2002 . 05 . 30 , leg . c . zeller , coll . michael kurz
- genitalia , receptaculum seminis in higher magnification , prep . - no . 954 , m . kurz : emilia romagna , near lizzano in belvedere , 760 m , 2002 . 05 . 30 , leg . c . zeller , coll . michael kurz
genitalia . uncus moderately long , tip broadly rounded ; at the posterior margin of the tegumen a row of moderately long , distally directed , stout setae ; accessory claspers distinctly offset , broad at basis , narrowing distally ; at their posterior margin a row of 9 - 10 long to very long , dorsalwards bent , otherwise straight , stout and thickened setae ; slightly proximally , a second row at the inner surface of shorter , strongly modified , y - to t - shaped , stout and thickened setae ; ventrally offset , a large sickle - shaped seta on a long process ; valves moderately long and slender , medially distinctly constricted , the spatulate distal third at inner surface with a larger group of short to moderately long , stout and thickened setae in 2 - 3 irregular rows and about 6 longer setae at distal end ; valves at inner surface postbasally with a group of longer setae and two longer , straight , stout and thickened setae .
genitalia . tergite ix missing ; sternite ix reduced , well sclerotized , but with somewhat indistinct lateral margins ; papillae anales with band - like sclerotization of equal width ; receptaculum seminis moderately long , the proximal 2 / 3 of its length bag - like inflated , distinctly striated .
m . schaefferi : salzburg , hohe tauern , stubach valley , enzingerboden , 1500 m , 1994 . 05 . 13 , leg . kurz & kurz , coll . michael kurz
m . vulturensis : abruzzo , gran sasso d´italia , campo imperatore , vado di sole , 1993 . 05 . 24 , leg . hausenblas , zeller , kurz , coll . michael kurz
m . hartigi : basilicata , lucano , viggianello , 1000 m , 2000 . 06 . 07 , leg . zeller , coll . michael kurz
m . tuscaniensis : tuscany , alpi apuane , near massa , campareccia , 1992 . 05 . 30 , leg . hausenblas / zeller / kurz , coll . michael kurz
m . schaefferi - genitalia , prep . - no . 715 m . kurz : lombardia , vicinity of como , near cavargna , 1997 . 05 . 03 , leg . hausenblas / zeller / kurz , coll . michael kurz
m . vulturensis - genitalia , prep . - no . 652 , m . kurz : marche , pescara west of ascoli piceno , 1993 . 05 . 19 , leg . hausenblas / zeller / kurz , coll . michael kurz
m . hartigi , - genitalia , prep - no . 676 , m . kurz : puglia , promontorio del gargano , foresta umbra , 1993 . 05 . 22 , leg . zeller / kurz , coll . michael kurz
m . tuscaniensis - genitalia , prep . - no . 894 , m . kurz : tuscany , alpi apuane , near massa , campareccia , 1992 . 05 . 30 , leg . h / z / k , coll . michael kurz
m . schaefferi - genitalia , prep . - no . 361 , m . kurz : salzburg , alpine foothills , bürmoos , roding , 1987 . 04 . 26 , leg . h . nelwek , coll . michael kurz
m . vulturensis - genitalia , prep . - no . 951 , m . kurz : abruzzo , montagna della maiella , la maielletta , 1992 . 07 . 15 , leg . kurz & kurz , coll . michael kurz
m . hartigi - genitalia , prep . - no . 887 , m . kurz : basilicata , lucano , viggianello , 1000 m , 2000 . 06 . 07 , leg . christof zeller , coll . michael kurz
m . tuscaniensis - genitalia , prep . - no . 895 , m . kurz : tuscany , alpi apuane , near massa , campareccia , 1992 . 05 . 30 , leg . h / z / k , coll . michael kurz
heath , 1981 from the central and southern apennines . the latter is presently not known to be sympatric with
( the latter character is of no diagnostic value in females ! ) . normally ,
can be recognized by the stout and thickened setae at the distal margin of the tegumen ( between uncus and accessory claspers ) and by the form of the accessory claspers .
( lepidoptera zeugloptera : micropterygidae ) ; estratto dalle memorie del museo civico di storia naturale verona , vol .
2000–2010 . naturkundliches informationssystem . – url : urltoken [ online 16 december 2010 ] .
history : kurz michael : 2009 . 02 . 10 kurz michael : 2010 . 12 . 16 kurz michael : 2011 . 01 . 09 kurz michael : 2011 . 11 . 26 kurz michael : 2011 . 12 . 30 kurz michael : 2012 . 02 . 12 kurz michael : 2012 . 03 . 23
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= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 239
abchasiae ( zagulajev , 1983 ) ( microptericina ) ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 1 ) : ( 106 - 122 )
s . france , spain , italy , germany , switzerland . see [ maps ]
adela aglaella duponchel , 1838 ; hist . nat . lépid . fr . 11 : 627 , pl . 312 , f . 14 ; tl : france
eriocephala ( micropteryx ) algeriella ragonot , 1889 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 9 : cvii ; tl : hammam - rhira
austria , bulgaria , croatia , czech republic , france , germany , italy , slovakia , switzerland . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 265 , 249 ( list )
micropteryx amasiella staudinger , 1880 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 15 ( 4 ) : 421
amsella heath , 1975 ; ent . gaz . 26 ( 4 ) : 258
= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 257 , 249 ( list )
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 257 , 249 ( list )
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 257 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 256 , 249 ( list )
aureocapilla heath , 1986 ; ent . gaz . 37 ( 1 ) : 21
aureofasciella heath , 1986 ; ent . gaz . 37 ( 1 ) : 22
aureopennella heath , 1986 ; ent . gaz . 37 ( 1 ) : 23
austria , france , germany , poland , romania , slovakia , slovenia , switzerland , greece ? . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 261 , 249 ( list )
micropteryx berytella joannis , 1886 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1886 : clxxxiii
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 251 , 249 ( list )
= ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 251 , 249 ( list )
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 251 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ]
carthaginiensis heath , 1986 ; ent . gaz . 37 ( 1 ) : 24
conjunctella heath , 1986 ; ent . gaz . 37 ( 1 ) : 25
constantinella heath , 1986 ; ent . gaz . 37 ( 1 ) : 26
micropteryx cyaneochrysa walsingham , 1907 ; ent . mon . mag . 43 ( 518 ) : 154 ; tl : algeria , el - kantara
eatoniella heath , 1986 ; ent . gaz . 37 ( 1 ) : 28
emiliensis ( viette , 1951 ) ( micropteryx ) ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 55 : 135
micropteryx erctella walsingham , 1919 ; ent . rec . j . var . 31 : 11 ; tl : sicily , monte pellegrino , palermo
micropteryx fenestrellensis heath & kaltenbach , 1984 ; ent . gaz . 35 : 22 ; tl : italy , piemonte , val chisone , fenestrelle
garganoensis ( heath , 1960 ) ( micropteryx ) ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 90 : 130
hartigi heath , 1981 ; ent . gaz . 32 ( 4 ) : 226
agenjoi ( viette , 1949 ) ( micropteryx ) ; bull . mens . soc . linn lyon 18 ( 5 ) : 89
islamella ( amsel , 1935 ) ( micropteryx ) ; veröff . dt . kol . übersee - mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 276
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 253
italica heath , 1981 ; ent . gaz . 32 ( 4 ) : 225
micropteryx jabalmoussae zeller , kullberg , kurz , 2016 ; nota lepid . 39 ( 2 ) : 102 ; tl : lebanon , kesrouan , 950m , 34°03 . 96 ' n 35°45 . 07 ' e
micropteryx jacobella walsingham , 1901 ; ent . mon . mag . 37 : 238
micropteryx kardamylensis rebel , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 ( 3 ) : 248
klimeschi heath , 1973 ; ent . gaz . 24 ( 1 ) : 4
lagodechiella ( zagulajev , 1987 ) ( microptericina ) ; ent . obozr . 66 ( 2 ) : ( 353 - 355 )
micropteryx mansuetella zeller , 1844 ; ber . schles . tauschver . schmett . : 16 ; tl : gross - glogau
maritimella zagulajev , 1983 ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 1 ) : ( 106 - 122 )
micropteryx maschukella alphéraky , 1876 ; trudy russk . ent . obs . 10 : 31
minimella heath , 1973 ; ent . gaz . 24 ( 1 ) : 3
montanella zagulajev , 1983 ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 1 ) : ( 106 - 122 )
monticolella kozlov , 1982 ; vestn . lengingr . gos univ . ( biol . ) 2 : 117
montosiella zagulajev , 1983 ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 1 ) : ( 106 - 122 )
italy , austria , hungary , croatia , macedonia , yugoslavia , romania , bulgaria , albania , greece . see [ maps ]
= ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 263 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ]
= ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 263 , 249 ( list )
micropteryx rablensis zeller , 1868 ; stettin ent . ztg 29 : 133 ; tl : italy , alps , s of tarviso , raibl
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 268 , 249 ( list ) ; [ fe ]
austria , belgium , bulgaria , corsica , czech republic , france , italy , poland . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zeller - lukashort , kurz & kurz , 2007 , nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 260 , 249 ( list )
turkmeniella ( kuznetsov , 1960 ) ( micropteryx ) ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 27 : 17
tuscaniensis ( heath , 1960 ) ( micropteryx ) ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 90 : 130
micropteryx uxoria walsingham , 1919 ; ent . rec . j . var . 31 : 11 ; tl : sicily , taormina
vulturensis heath , 1981 ; ent . gaz . 32 ( 4 ) : 228
micropteryx wockei staudinger , 1871 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 7 ( 1870 ) : 231 , pl . 3 , f . 5
anglica † jarzembowski , 1980 ; bull . br . mus . nat . hist ( geol . ) 33 ( 4 ) : 263
lambesiella ( viette , 1949 ) ( micropteryx ) ; bull . mens . soc . linn lyon 18 ( 5 ) : 87 ; tl : france
tinea pusilella hübner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 50 , f . 341
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genera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
contribution à l ' étude des micropterygidae ( 3 note ) . description de deux espèces nouvelles de micropteryx
contribution à l ' étude des micropterygidae ( 3ème note ) . rectification et description d ' une espèce et d ' une forme nouvelles
contribution à l ' étude des micropterygidae ( 6 . note ) . description d ' une nouvelle espèce [ lep . ]
new and little known moths ( lepidoptera : micropterigidae , psychidae , thyrididae , pterophoridae ) of the fauna of the u . s . s . r . - iii
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eoophyla principensis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by agassiz in 2012 .

it is found in são tomé & principe ( principe ) .

the wingspan is about 11 mm .

the base of the forewings is fuscous , with a white median area with a pale brown fascia .

the hindwings are whitish , scattered with pale fuscous scales and a yellow median fascia , a dark fuscous subterminal line .

eoophyla principensis

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the species of acentropinae recorded from africa are listed and described with illustrations of the adults and genitalia . ten new synonymies are established . the following species are described new to science : parapoynx zambiensis , argyrophorodes angolensis , a . suttoni , elophila acornutus , e . ealensis , e . minima , nymphicula hexaxantha , eoophyla belladotae , e . cameroonensis , e . carcassoni , e . citrialis , e . dentisigna , e . euprepialis , e . grandifuscalis , e . interopalis , e . kingstoni , e . munroei , e . piscatorum , e . platyxantha , e . principensis , e . ruwenzoriensis , e . stepheni , e . tanzanica . e . nyasalis kenyalis is described as a new subspecies .
the species of acentropinae recorded from africa are listed and described with illustrations of the adults and genitalia . ten new synonymies are established . the following species are described new to science : parapoynx zambiensis , argyrophorodes angolensis , a . suttoni , elophila acornutus , e . ealensis , e . minima , nymphicula hexaxantha , eoophyla belladotae , e . cameroonensis , e . carcassoni , e . . . . [ show full abstract ]
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holotype ♀ , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 21♂ , 21♀ , genitalia slides agassiz 216 , 217 , 233 , bmnh , coll . agassiz , goater . .
agassiz d . j . l . 1978 . five introduced species , including one new to science , of china mark moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) new to britain . - entomologist ' s gazette 29 : 117–127 .
agassiz d . j . l . 2012 . the acentropinae ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) of africa . - zootaxa 3494 : 1–73 .
guillermet c . 2012 . contribution à l ' étude des hétérocères de l ' île de la réunion : description de huit nouvelles espèces de tortricidae , carposinidae et crambidae ( lepidopteraa heterocera ) . - l ' entomologiste 68 ( 6 ) : 337–350 .
notes : oriental : south east asia , far east , sri lanka ; palaearctic : great britain ( introduced ) .
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. . . acentropinae , previously known as nymphulinae , are distributed worldwide and reach their highest diversity in tropical regions of south east asia / malaysia and in the neotropical region ( mey and speidel 2008 ) . until 2008 , a total of 50 genera and 737 described species were assigned to this subfamily and 23 new species were described from africa in 2012 ( mey and speidel 2008 ; agassiz 2012 ) . nuss et al . ( 2016 ) list 745 species in 75 genera . . . .
. . . acentropinae , previously known as nymphulinae , are distributed worldwide and reach their highest diversity in tropical regions of south east asia / malaysia and in the neotropical region ( mey and speidel 2008 ) . until 2008 , a total of 50 genera and 737 described species were assigned to this subfamily and 23 new species were described from africa in 2012 ( mey and speidel 2008 ; agassiz 2012 ) . nuss et al . ( 2016 ) list 745 species in 75 genera . . . .
water ferns azolla spp . ( azollaceae ) as new host plants for the small china - mark moth , cataclysta lemnata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera , crambidae , acentropinae )
. . . speidel ( 2003 ) added a further four species from the philippines and mey ( 2009 ) added two more from sabah . agassiz ( 2012 ) listed three species from africa , one of which was newly described . i collected some specimens in papua new guinea in november 1984 . . . .
results of a short collecting trip to the central lowveld in the limpopo province , south africa , with description of deltote johnjoannoui sp . nov . ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) .
the genus parapoynx is a medium - sized crambid group with a global distribution except for antarctica . the caterpillars are truly aquatic , bearing branched tracheal gills and making portable cases u…
[ more ]
a preliminary study of the genus nymphicula snellen from australia , new guinea and the south pacific . . .
the species of nymphicula occurring in australia and south pacific islands are described and illustrated . 22 new species are described : n . adelphalis , n . christinae , n . conjunctalis , n . edwardsi , n . hampsoni , n . ochrepunctalis , n . torresalis , n . beni , n . irianalis , n . michaeli , n . monticola , n . nokensis , n . plumbilinealis , n . submarginalis , n . susannae , n . tariensis , n . xanthocostalis , n . . . . [ show full abstract ]
thirteen species of the genus parapoynx hübner ( 1825 ) are recognised from china , including p . qujingalis , a new species described herein . a key to the chinese species is provided . the adults of the new species and the genital structures of all examined species are illustrated .
eleven species of the genus eristena warren , 1896 are recognised from china , including the four new species described herein , namely e . curvula , e . longibursa , e . tridentata and e . brevisigna . e . szechuanalis ( caradja , 1934 ) is raised to species level from e . bifurcalis szechuanalis . e . tanongchiti yoshiyasu , 1984 is reported for the first time in china . based on the differences in the hind . . . [ show full abstract ]
this study was carried out to report the newly recorded species of the family crambidae , belonging to the order lepidoptera . during the course of investigation on the family crambidae in south korea , the following four species are reported for the first time from korea : diplopseustis perieresalis ( walker , 1859 ) , dolicharthria bruguieralis ( duponchel , 1833 ) , herpetogramma ochrimaculale ( south , . . . [ show full abstract ]


calliostoma zietzi , common name the zietz top shell , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .

some authors place this taxon in the subgenus calliostoma ( fautor ) .

calliostoma zietzi

calliostoma ( calliostoma ) swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : calliostoma ( calliostoma ) conulus linnaeus , c . , 1758
calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma purpureocinctum hedley , 1894 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : calliostoma ( calliostoma ) conulus linnaeus , c . , 1758
species calliostoma convexum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma africanum bartsch , 1915
species calliostoma capense thiele , 1925 accepted as calliostoma perfragile g . b . sowerby iii , 1903
species calliostoma albolineatum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma ornatum ( lamarck , 1822 )
calliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907
calliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 : synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907
calliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
species calliostoma formosensis [ sic ] accepted as calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907 ( incorrect original spelling )
species calliostoma fernandesi boyer , 2006 accepted as calliostoma angolense boyer , 2007 ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma fernandesi rolán & monteiro , 2006 ; c . angolense is a replacement name )
calliostoma ( fautor ) iredale , t . , 1924 type species : calliostoma ( fautor ) comptum adams , a . , 1855
calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )
calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) ikeba , 1942 type species : calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) aculeatum aculeatum sowerby , g . b . iii , 1912
calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) : synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )
species calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 accepted as calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma adamsi pilsbry , 1889 )
» species calliostoma ( calliostoma ) burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
species calliostoma echinatum dall , 1881 accepted as calliostoma caribbechinatum landau , van dingenen & ceulemans , 2017 ( invalid : junior secondary homonym of calliostoma echinatum ( millet , 1865 ) ; c . caribbechinatum is a replacement name )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) heros b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )
species calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) accepted as calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )
calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 : synonym of enida japonica a . adams , 1860
species calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 accepted as enida japonica a . adams , 1860
calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) granulatum born , i . von , 1778
calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith
calliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995
species calliostoma rubroscalptum y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 1998
subgenus calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 represented as kombologion clench & r . d . turner , 1960 accepted as calliostoma swainson , 1840
subgenus calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 accepted as astele swainson , 1855
calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith : synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith
calliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 : synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 : synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995
» species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma waikanae oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 ) ( basionym )
laetifautor iredale , t . , 1929 type species : calliostoma trepidum hedley , c . , 1907
calliostoma swainson , 1840 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 30 october 2010 .
calliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 · accepted , alternate representation
» species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) pagoda w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) selectum ( dillwyn , 1817 ) accepted as maurea selecta ( dillwyn , 1817 )
calliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )
» species calliostoma ( mauriella ) wanganuicum w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) punctulatum ( martyn , 1784 ) accepted as maurea punctulata ( martyn , 1784 ) ( synonym )
calliostoma polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of cantharidus polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 )
calliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )
» species calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 ) ( original combination )
species calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )
species calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )
calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench , w . j . & r . d . turner , 1960 type species : unknowngenustype
calliostoma is a genus of small to medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs within the family calliostomatidae , the calliostoma top snails ( according to the taxonomy of gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) ) . previously this genus was placed within the family trochidae . calliostoma is the type genus of the family calliostomatidae .
calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )
species calliostoma aucklandicum e . a . smith , 1902 accepted as coelotrochus chathamensis ( hutton , 1873 ) ( synonym )
species calliostoma farquhari g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )
species calliostoma coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as calliostoma kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena coronata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma coronatum quinn , 1992 ; c . kanakorum is a replacement name )
calliostoma is a genus of small to medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs within the family calliostomatidae , the calliostoma top snails ( according to the taxonomy of taxonomy of gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) ) . previously this genus was placed within the family trochidae . calliostoma is the type genus of the family calliostomatidae .
calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) : synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )
subgenus calliostoma ( mauriella ) w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea oliver , 1926 ( synonym )
species calliostoma antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma cristatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena cristata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma crossleyae e . a . smith , 1910 accepted as tristichotrochus crossleyae ( e . a . smith , 1910 )
species calliostoma diadematum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena diademata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 )
species calliostoma gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( replacement name for calliostoma blacki ( dell , 1956 ) not c . blacki ( powell , 1950 ) )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) gracile p . marshall , 1918 † accepted as maurea gracilis ( p . marshall , 1918 ) †
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) spectabile ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as maurea spectabilis ( a . adams , 1855 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 )
species calliostoma aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 accepted as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )
species calliostoma correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 †
species calliostoma dnopherum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as margarites dnopherus ( r . b . watson , 1879 )
species calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )
» species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) jamiesoni b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea jamiesoni ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) maui b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea maui ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) penniketi b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea penniketi ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) regale b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea regalis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) simulans b . a . marshall , 1994 accepted as maurea simulans ( b . a . marshall , 1994 )
species calliostoma arruense r . b . watson , 1880 accepted as calthalotia arruensis ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) ( original combination )
species calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( original combination )
drawing of a dorsal view of a living animal of calliostoma bairdii dredged in the atlantic ocean at a depth of from 100 m to 1170 m .
perron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .
carnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific
. veliger 18 : 52–54 .
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .
a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand
. the nautilus 108 : 83–127 .
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 †
perron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .
carnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific
. veliger . 18 : 52–54 .
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .
a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand
. the nautilus . 108 : 83–127 .
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) houbricki b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor houbricki ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) metivieri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor metivieri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) necopinatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor necopinatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) paradigmatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor paradigmatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) periglyptum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor periglyptus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) richeri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor richeri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) vaubani b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor vaubani ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
clench w . & turner r . ( 1960 ) .
the genus calliostoma in the western atlantic
. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1 - 80 .
remarks . calliostoma delli tends to be broader than high ; one of the figured paratypes ( fig . 14 ) is unusually narrow , compared to most specimens on the type lot .
quinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .
new species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic
. the nautilus 106 : 77–114 .
quinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .
new species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic
. the nautilus . 106 : 77–114 .
marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
» species calliostoma ( otukaia ) alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as otukaia blacki ( dell , 1956 ) accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture of the shell . the genus calliostoma is known in fossil records from the upper cretaceous onwards . [ 3 ]
contrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .
( of trochus ( calliostoma ) swainson , 1840 ) swainson w . ( 1840 ) a treatise on malacology or shells and shell - fish . london , longman . viii + 419 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 218 , 351 [ details ]
currently , calliostoma is being treated in worms as a broad genus . it is expected to be broken up and ( some ) subgenera will be elevated to the status of genus . at this moment ( 2013 ) , information is too fragmentary to assign all species in a revised genus .
holotype for calliostoma atlantoides quinn , 1992 catalog number : usnm 860261 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry locality : st . lucia , caribbean sea , north atlantic ocean depth ( m ) : 417 to 589 vessel : pillsbury r / v
the species in this genus are mainly herbivorous or feed on detritus , [ 4 ] although a few have been observed to be omnivorous ( keen , 1975 ) or even carnivorous , feeding on a wide range of algae and on animals belonging to various other invertebrate phyla . [ 5 ] the north atlantic topshell calliostoma occidentale has been reported to feed on coelenterates . [ 6 ]
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respectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .
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urltoken
selastele marshall , b . a . , 1995 type species : selastele onustum odhner , n . h . j . , 1924
photinastoma powell , a . w . b . , 1951 type species : photinastoma taeniatum sowerby , g . b . i , 1825
photinula adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1854 type species : unknowngenustype
venustatrochus powell , a . w . b . , 1951 type species : venustatrochus georgianus powell , a . w . b . , 1951
akoya habe , t . , 1961 type species : akoya akoya kuroda , t . in ikeba , 1942
coralastele iredale , t . , 1930 type species : coralastele allanae iredale , t . , 1930
maurea oliver , w . r . b . , 1926 type species : maurea tigris gmelin , j . f . , 1791
astele swainson , w . a . , 1855 type species : astele subcarinata swainson , w . a . , 1855
astelena iredale , t . , 1924 type species : astelena scitulum adams , a . in adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1854
benthastelena iredale , t . , 1936 type species : benthastelena katherina iredale , t . , 1936
falsimargarita powell , a . w . b . , 1951 type species : falsimargarita gemma smith , e . a . , 1915
bathyfautor marshall , b . a . , 1995 type species : bathyfautor rapuhia marshall , b . a . , 1995
dactylastele marshall , b . a . , 1995 type species : dactylastele poupineli montrouzier , r . p . , 1875
fautrix marshall , b . a . , 1995 type species : fautrix candida marshall , b . a . , 1995
phenacomargarites marshall , b . a . , 2016 type species : phenacomargarites williamsae marshall , b . a . , 2016
margarella thiele , j . in troschel , f . h . & j . thiele , 1893 type species : margarella expansa sowerby , g . b . i , 1838
thysanodonta marshall , b . a . , 1988 type species : thysanodonta aucklandica marshall , b . a . , 1988
bruceina özdikmen , h . , 2013 type species : bruceina eos marshall , b . a . , 1988
carinastele marshall , b . a . , 1988 type species : carinastele kristelleae marshall , b . a . , 1988
description . shell large , thin , silky white , nonumbilicate , spire whorls convex . protoconch of one and one - fourth whorls , teleoconch whorls seven , first teleoconch whorl with three spiral cords , noded to produce square cancellations : sculpture changing by the second whorl to three prominently projecting spiral cords , the uppermost cord beaded , the other two smooth . mature sculpture of three prominent cords , subsutural cord the least prominent , remaining close to the suture and losing its beading by about the third whorl ; second cord sharply defined and separated from the subsutural cord by a broad , smooth area ; third cord equally strong and projecting to form the peripheral extent of the whorl . basal keep sharp ; suture laid directly on its lower surface , not forming a channel . basal cording of about three fine cords on the outer edge and two to three bordering the columellar wall ; intermediate area of base smooth except for fine spiral striae . columellar wall thickened , slanted , forming a spur at the base ; outer lip thin . operculum corneous , multispiral . animal and radula as in c . chilena .
dimensions : height 29 . 6 mm . diameter 30 . 9 min ( holotype , fig . 13 ) : height 24 . 3 mm , diameter 23 . 2 mm ( paratype , fig . 14 ) ; height 29 . 0 mm , diameter 26 . 0 ( paratype . fig . 15 ) .
material . chile : los vilos ( lacm , type lot , figs . 13 - 15 ) , papudo , zapallar , algarrobo , punta penablanca ( lacm ) , pichilemu , constitución . specimens examined : 114 .
type material . thirty - three specimens from the type locality , collected 29 may 1977 , by andrade , shrimp trawler goden wind , holotype , lacm 1980 ; paratypes , lacm 1981 ; paratypes , mnhn 200489 ; paratypes , mzicb 15 . 528 ; paratypes , usnm 784738 .
type locality . 400 m off los vilos , chile ( 31°56 ' s : 71°54 ' w ) .
distribution . los vilos ( 31°56 ' s ) to constitución , chile ( 35°20 ' s ) . depth range 200 - 450 m .
diagnosis . a species of the subgenus otukaia characterized by having three spiral cords prominent at all growth stages . it differs from the similarly sculptured c . blacki ( dell , 1956 ) from new zealand ( see dell , 1956 : 46 , pl . 7 , fig . 6 ) in being lower spired , and in having a weaker subsutural ( first ) cord and a stronger second cord .
etymology . we are pleased to name this species in honor of dr . richard k . dell of the national museum of new zealand , wellington . ”
mclean , j . h . and h . andrade . 1982 . large archibenthal gastropods of central chile : collections from an expedition of the r / v anton bruun and the chilean shrimp industry . los angeles county museum , contributions in sciences , 342 : 1 - 20 . urltoken ; = 2316
unconfirmed _ type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .
holotype : quinn , j . f . 1992 . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 102 .
unconfirmed type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 274 - 274 temperature range ( °c ) : 12 . 462 - 12 . 462 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 16 . 704 - 16 . 704 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 456 - 35 . 456 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 043 - 3 . 043 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 235 - 1 . 235 silicate ( umol / l ) : 5 . 700 - 5 . 700 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
stocks , k . 2009 . seamounts online : an online information system for seamount biology . version 2009 - 1 . world wide web electronic publication .
the distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrata , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .
the rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the
perron , frank e . ; turner r . d . ( 1978 ) .
dall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake
, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40
vilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 18
williams , s . t . ; k . m . donald , h . g . spencer and t . nakano ( march 2010 ) .
vilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163
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the distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrates , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .
the rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the body whorl is angulated at the periphery . the aperture is quadrangular , sinuated at the base and slightly oblique . the columella is simple , usually ending anteriorly in a slight tooth . [ 7 ] the nucleus appears to be either dextral or sinistral indifferently . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
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urltoken
nemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . their external cilia to glide on surfaces on a trail of slime , while larger species use muscular waves to crawl , and some swim by dorso - ventral . . .
nemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .
organic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .
nemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .
orthoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . of sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .
of revenge , and they return benefits , not because recompense is a pleasure , but because obligation is a pain .
the french manner of hunting is gentlemanlike ; ours is only for bumpkins and bodies . the poor beasts here are pursued and run down by much greater beasts than themselves ; and the true british fox - hunter is most undoubtedly a
appropriated and peculiar to this country , which no other part of the globe produces .
to survive in a world full of stimuli ; but it prevents the survival of the aristocracy .
( of fluxina dall , 1881 ) dall w . h . 1881 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877 - 78 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer
blake
, lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . preliminary report on the mollusca . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college , 9 ( 2 ) : 33 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]
vilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163 [ details ]
williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) . calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , the loyalty islands , and the northern lord howe rise . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) résultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . série a , zoologie . 167 : 381 - 458 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]
( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]


propleopus is an extinct genus of marsupials .

three species are known , p. chillagoensis from the plio-pleistocene , p. oscillans , and p. wellingtonensis from the pleistocene .

in contrast to most other kangaroos , and similar to its small extant relative , the musky rat-kangaroo , it was probably omnivorous .

propleopus

, propleopus are “known from teeth and jaws attributable to less than 20 individuals . ”
the kangaroo - like propleopus might have weighed 70 or so kilograms while the rat - kangaroos of today are only 3 or 4 kilos in weight . to call him a carnivore is not so bizarre when you think that the modern musky rat - kangaroo eats insects and the burrowing bettong sometimes scavenge sheep carcasses . propleopus all had large shearing and very stout grinding teeth so would have been able to cope with some meat in their diet . whether they hunted for it is not so certain on evidence .
propleopus oscillans the “carnivorous” kangaroo while the term ‘carnivore’ might seem to indicate that it hunted , it merely means that it could eat meat . studies of the fossils of this large rat - kangaroo suggest that it was an opportunistic carnivore and ate insects , vertebrates , fruits and soft leaves . we have , in our illustration drawn him eating a large birds egg , ( perhaps belonging to the mihirung ) which he might have been able to steal .
@ article { bhlpart50175 , title = { propleopus chillagoensis , a new north queensland species of extinct giant rat - kangaroo ( macropodidae : potoroinae ) } , journal = { memoirs of the national museum of victoria } , volume = { 39 } , copyright = { permissions to digitize granted by rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { melbourne : national museum of victoria , 1946 - 1983 } , author = { } , year = { 1978 } , pages = { 55 - - 60 } , }
, as well as numerous other herbivores . you will probably see a number of carnivores as well :
. what you probably don’t realize is that most places aren’t like this . the masai mara has one of the highest predator populations seen in
, due in large to the great number of prey animals available for a meal . regardless , you are forced to acknowledge that there are a great many more prey animals than there are animals to prey upon them .
, and it can be seen all over the world , and can also be seen in the past . while hundreds , sometimes thousands , of fossils of a single herbivorous
can be discovered , it is far more rare to unearth the remains of a predatory dinosaur . but why is there this unbalance between predators and their prey ? well , let’s take a look at a continuous , cyclical event that takes place in a period of 9 . 6 years in the wilderness of
at the beginning of the almost - ten year cycle , we see a sharp increase in the number of hares . when food is plentiful , these hares often produce two to three litters of around 12 leverets ( baby hare ) each . after their numbers reach their limit , their population density reaches around eight hare per football field . at this time , the hares have eaten all of the edible material they can reach . not only are they out of food , but the plants that they feed upon begin to create bitter chemicals in their leaves and edible parts , that keep the hare from digesting the plant material very efficiently .
while the hare population is flourishing so , the hare’s predators find an especially easy time of it . owls , wolves , and
. hares consist between 40 and 85 percent of the average lynx’s diet , and they generally kill two hares every three days . with such an explosion in hare numbers , all of these predators flourish , successfully raising more owlets , kits , and cubs . however , shortly after the plants begin to release the anti - digestion chemicals , the hare populations tank . with not enough food , many of the animals die off . then , a year or two after the hare die - off , the lynx also experiences a massive fall in numbers . with the lynx no longer over hunting the hare , and the predator / prey ratio returned to normal , the hare starts the cycle all over again .
while this cycle seems to be a healthy part of the canadian ecosystem , in other places , a rapid rise in the number of predators or prey could be disastrous . therefore , nature has made it so that , in a healthy ecosystem , the prey animals vastly outnumber the predatory animals . but how does all of this tie into
? we will get back to that in a minute . first , let’s take a look at an extinct , 26 , 000 year old relative of today’s rat kangaroo .
at first remained unique . it wasn’t until the year 1967 that more remains belonging to the genus
appeared . more was discovered in the following years , but very few remains have been discovered even to this day . with millions of fossilized
there are multiple reasons why an animal does not appear with a great amount of frequency in the fossil record . perhaps it is because the animal was small ; smaller bones are much more delicate , and therefore less likely to survive the fossilization process . ( they are also a lot smaller , and therefore usually harder to find then , say the humerus of an
! ) perhaps the animal lived in an environment where fossilization is unlikely . for example , in millions of years , when intelligent life again evolves on this planet , or we are visited by intelligent life from elsewhere in the galaxy , they would find very little or no evidence of mountainous animals , like
. this is because mountains are in a constant state of geologic flux . at times they are being pushed up ; but even when they are rising , they are already eroding . given enough time , entire mountain ranges can disappear , or almost disappear , like in the australian outback . sometimes , it is because
are simply looking in the wrong places , and there are treasure troves of these animals just waiting to be discovered elsewhere . it could also be because the rocks where the animal was deposited simply don’t exist anymore , something that is called an unconformity in geologist’s terms . maybe the animal was just not very successful , and went extinct after only a short amount of time . the fossilized animal could also represent a transitional fossil , so creatures with those characteristics would have only been around for a few thousand years . or , of course , it could be because the animal was a predator , and there were fewer individuals to begin with .
now you are probably thinking that this is quite a leap . just because this kangaroo didn’t appear all that often in the fossil record doesn’t necessarily mean that it was carnivorous . and you are right , as if this was the only evidence of
being a carnivorous kangaroo , i would be laughed right out of the neolithic age : and they , at best , had only a very , very primitive form of language , and probably would , at best , barely understand what i was saying . however , there is more evidence in favor of a carnivorous
show a close resemblance to small , extant insectivores or omnivores , i . e . the
differ from the mountain pygmy possum and the musky rat kangaroo , however , the differences “could be interpreted as adaptations to meat - eating . ” to sum up , the incisors are short , stout , and appear great for stabbing , the premolars are strongly serrated , which is perfect for tearing into very tough stuff ( perhaps tendon ) , and the molars are greatly reduced in size , as sometimes seen in the genus
. these features in the tasmanian devil serve to keep bone splinters from penetrating the gums , and clearly would not be needed to serve that purpose in an herbivore .
the most revealing tale of the teeth can only be revealed by a microscope . studies have shown that , when you compare the microscopic wear patterns on the teeth of a herbivore and a carnivore , you can see obvious , and distinguishable , differences . the teeth tell the tale of the diet of an animal , and help to show us what
, eating whatever came it way , be it plants , eggs , insects , or meat . whatever the answer , is is doubtful that it could be answered now , and it is likely that only further research , and more discoveries , will ever hope to unravel the mystery surrounding
for a fresh start , the natural world has moved to a new address at thenaturalworldconnections . wordpress . com . in regards to this blog , i ' ve learned a lot in the years since i ' ve started this blog , and i ' ve definitely learned a lot about fact checking . only in the last year or so have i gotten better about fact - checking , using more credible and reliable sources , and citing those sources . so if you ' re reading a post from before 2014 , use a bit of caution . i look forward to providing all of you with the most accurate and up - to - date information that i can in the coming years . thanks for your support !
i ' ve learned a lot in the years since i ' ve started this blog , and i ' ve definitely learned a lot about fact checking . only in the last year or so have i gotten better about fact - checking , using more credible and reliable sources , and citing those sources . so if you ' re reading a post from before 2014 , use a bit of caution . i look forward to providing all of you with the most accurate and up - to - date information that i can in the coming years . thanks for your support !
hello , my name is zack neher . i hope to be able to use this blog as a platform to help share my love of nature with the world , and talk about some things that i find interesting , and hopefully , you will too . enjoy !
stegosaurus is a very famous dinosaurs , one of the most famous , along with triceratops and tyrannosaurus . all three of these dinosaurs ha . . .
in our last post , i gave you guys a brief introduction to naked eye astronomy by showing you a bit about how the heavens move every night . . . .
this post has been made into a video blog post . to view it on youtube , click here , or below . today ' s featured animal is the tapir . . .
7 . archelon - archelon is the largest sea turtle that has been discovered to date , the closest living relative that archelon has is the & qu . . . ;
today , in honor of the birthday of charlie bowers , we are going to be taking a
top ten
approach to some pretty cool arboreal m . . .
as i promised yesterday , today we are going to take a closer look at carcharodontosaurus ( kar - kar - o - don - to - saur - us ) . carcharodontosaurus . . .
three of the largest lakes in the world reside in the 3 , 700 mile long rift valleys of africa . these lakes , lakes victoria ( located in . . .
two million years ago , a saber - toothed predator stalked the landscape of south america . possessed with long , dagger - like teeth , thylacosm . . .
almost everybody has heard of arthur read from the popular pbs show
arthur .
what a lot of people don ' t realize is that arth . . .
the zanzibar leopard : a lesson in island dwarfism . . . . and extinction
very few people have heard of the zanzibar leopard , unless of course you are a person from zanzibar , an island ecologist interested in insu . . .
any view or opinions expressed on this blog are mine and mine alone , and do not reflect the museums or other institutions where i have worked or volunteered .
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procoptodon goliah - the largest of the leaf - eating kangaroos ( 200kg ) could stand on tiptoe , prop on its tail and reach leaves up to three metres from the ground . the skull is short and deep , an indication it had enough power in its jaws to grind up very tough leaves .
palorchestes azael - originally described as a giant kangaroo based on a few fossil teeth . as more fossils of this species were found , researchers realised that it must have walked on four legs . palorchestes may also have had a small trunk , hence the name
marsupial tapir
.
thylacoleo carnifex - commonly called the marsupial lion , it had a cat - like skull with large slicing premolars or cheek teeth . combined with a large retractable thumb claw and powerful forelimbs this animal would have been a fearsome predator . diprotodon australis - the largest marsupial to ever live in australia , weighing over two tonnes . it is rarely found in the cave deposits , because its sheer size prevented it from falling through most cave openings .
thylacinus cynocephalus - the thylacine or tasmanian tiger is now extinct , the last one dying in the hobart zoo in 1936 . despite numerous reports each year , there has been no proof presented to show the animal is still alive .
megalibgwilia ramsayi - a very large , long - beaked echidna with powerful digging forelimbs . their diet would probably have included worms and grubs rather than ants .
simosthenurus occidentalis - stood no taller than a modern grey kangaroo , but was much more robust . it is one of the nine species of leaf - eating kangaroos identified at naracoorte .
wonambi naracoortensis - a large , non - venomous snake grew to a length of five to six metres and killed its prey by constriction . wonambi is an aboriginal word for the rainbow serpent . the species name naracoortensis reflects the fact it was first described from fossils found at naracoorte .
progura naracoortensis - a giant malleefowl was also first described from naracoorte ' s fossils .
zygomaturus trilobus - a marsupial with no modern day comparisons that probably lived in the wetter areas of australia , feeding on clumps of reeds and sedges it shovelled up with two fork - like front incisors . the skull has raised nostrils that would be an advantage to the animal when feeding in water .
phascolarctos stirtoni - a koala similar to the existing species , but about one third larger .
megalania prisca - a goanna of terrifying proportions , 6 metres long and able to look you in the eye . the first fossil of this goanna was only found at naracoorte in 2000 .
ie congruus congruus ( a wallaby ) and warrendja wakefieldi ( a wombat ) .
anthropornis nordenskjoeldi nordenskjoeldi’s giant penguin this giant , primitive penguin reached 1 . 35 metres and 90 kilograms in weight . it’s wing still possessed a residual bent joint , ( unlike the modern penguins straighter wing ) which seemed to refer back to its flying ancestor . the fossil evidence of this bird , from several specimens found sw of adelaide over a period of 30 years , indicates larger species existed in antarctica some 40 mya . some huge wing bone fossils from late eocene new zealand lead some scientists to think some of them were perhaps , even as tall as a man .
genyornis newtoni a mihirung genyornis might look like an emu but it definitely was not related to our modern emu . scientists believe it was more closely related to chickens and pheasants . many species of mihirung lived in forests , had short legs and were small enough to scurry about in the undergrowth . giant genyornis newtoni was as big as a moa , probably lived on the open plains and had great , long running legs , like the emu or ostrich . many fossils of this bird have been found around lake callabonna with the uncovered legs vertically preserved , as if it had been bogged in the drying clay of the lake . sometimes such fossils have been found in groups , suggesting that , like emus , they may have lived in groups . genyomis fossils have been found pebbles in the gut which the birds swallowed to assist digestion . genyomis had a massive lower jaw and was probably both herbivorous and carnivorous .
while stirton’s thunder bird , dromonrnis stirtoni stood three metres tall and weighed as much as 500 kilos , genyomis newtoni weighed only about 44 kilos . human beings and mihirungs appear to have lived at the same time in pre - history and it is quite likely that early indigenous australians hunted the bird for food .
sthenurus tindalei sthenurine kangaroos were a particular evolutionary line and form which died out in pre - history . sthenurine kangaroos appear to have found a niche in the open woodland of central northern australia as the lush tropical rainforests were beginning to decline . seventeen species in three genera have been described of which procoptodon goliah was the largest .
extinct sthenurines included procoptodon , simosthenurus and sthenurus and all had back feet with very diminished toes except for the fourth one , which developed into a single huge digit almost like a hoof . this toe , when combined with a group of elastic ligaments between the toe bones , gave them an improved spring and speed capability . they appeared to have hopped around like the modern kangaroos but no modern species possess these aids to hopping .
the modern macropod has very stiff and diminished forelegs but the fossil sthenurines had long arms and two extra long fingers and claws . these were thought to have been used for pulling branches nearer for eating . it seemed likely that they pottered on all fours for short distances between trees .
stenurines had forward facing eyes giving them near stereoscopic vision – important for using hands held in front of or above the face and body . with the typical short , deep skull , and their relatively upturned lower incisor teeth , compared with modern macropods , these animals were well equipped to bite and chew the tougher semi - arid vegetation which evolved as the lush rainforests began to dry out .
for a further list of australian megafauna go to the ausbeasts fact files in abc science online .
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type specimen : qm f3302 , a mandible ( left dentary with i1 , alveolus for i2 , p3 , m2 - 5 . )
while this idealization is all well and good , there is actually a lot more to these pouched animals than what fits on the in - fold of a qantas brochure . marsupials are really bizarre by mammalian standards , and have a rich and relatively unrecognized evolutionary history that spans back 125 million years . this entry is one of two that will be devoted to these weird little creatures , focusing first on their unrealized illustrious past , and then on lesser known representatives of their clan in the present .
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the biggest of the killer kangaroos , the
ekaltadeta
. some current day kangaroos are omnivores that feed on plants and insects , and the rest are herbivores . however , these ancient kangaroos had sharp fangs and powerful jaws . they were carnivores that would hunt down prey and tear them apart with their fangs .
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plexaurella is a genus of gorgonian-type octocorals in the family plexauridae .

species of the genus are typically characterised by their slit-pores , however , there are some which lack this distinguishing feature ( e.g. p. grisea ) .

sclerite examination is necessary for species identification , which reveals the characteristic 4-rayed ' butterfly ' spicules of the cortex and the lack of purple sclerites in the axial sheath .

plexaurella

qualitative and quantitative study of wound healing processes in the coelenterate , plexaurella fusifera : spatial , temporal , and environmental ( light attenuation ) influences .
( of plexaurella fusifera kunze , 1916 ) alcolado , p . m . ( 1985 ) . sinonimia de plexaurella fusifera künze , 1916 , con p . dichotoma ( esper , 1791 ) ( coelenterata : gorgonacea ) . poeyana . 294 : 1 - 3 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
qualitative and quantitative study of wound healing processes in the coelenterate , plexaurella fusifera : spatial , temporal , and environmental ( ligh . . . - pubmed - ncbi
( of plexaurella pumila verrill , 1912 ) castro , c . b . ( 1989 ) . a new species of plexaurella valenciennes , 1855 ( coelenterata , octocorallia ) , from the abrolhos reefs , bahia , brazil . revista brasileira de biologia . 49 ( 2 ) : 598 - 603 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of plexaurella fusifera kunze , 1916 ) van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
gray plexaurella plexaurella grisea kunze , 1916 description : colonies are tall and dichotomously branched , up to 60 cm in height . end branches are long , straight and stiff , and 7 - 12 mm in diameter . apertures pore - like and ellipsoid with the long axes orientated along the branch . apertures not elevated , thus branch surfaces smooth . color : grayish . habitat : a patch reef species , occasionally found inshore . distribution : florida and caribbean .
low , bushy growth form with crowded branches may resemble eunicea fusca . branches tend to be more slender than those of other plexaurella species . oval , more widely spaced apertures distinguish it from eunicea species . wirtz et al . ( 2009 ) recorded two unidentified shrimp as symbionts .
( of plexaurella pumila verrill , 1912 ) l . p . van ofwegen , s . d . cairns & j . van der land ( eds ) . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
most middle layer sclerites are 6 - radiates with two arms more strongly developed ; also some short - rayed , stubby butterfly sclerites ( bayer 1961 ) . preyed upon by the generalist octocoral predatory snail cyphoma gibbosum , but also by cyphoma signatum , a specialist predator on plexaurella spp . ( ruesink and harvell 1990 ) .
double - forked plexaurella plexaurella dichotoma ( esper , 1791 ) description : colonies are dichotomously branched and bushy , up to 80 cm in height . the end branches are rigid and blunt , sometimes club - shaped at their ends ; 10 - 15 mm in diameter . depending on the habitat , the branches may be short and crooked or long and straight . apertures , 1 - 1 . 5 mm in diameter , are usually slightly raised but may also be flush with the surface ; narrow and slit like . color : yellowish brown . habitat : common on the outer reefs and patch reefs , and to a lesser extent inshore . distribution : florida to brazilian reefs .
gorgonian corals have proven to be a prolific source of a variety of biologically active terpenes . corals of the genus plexaurella are known to be the source of a diverse array of sesquiterpenes , and past reports have indicated variability in terpene content . this study involved an examination of the terpene chemistry of 109 individuals of five of the six known species of this genus in an attempt to identify links between sesquiterpene chemistry and species , location and depth . the data indicated a high level of variability of sesquiterpene content and essentially no correlation between species and sesquiterpene chemistry . there was also no correlation between location or depth and sesquiterpene content . we therefore conclude that plexaurella spp . are chemically indistinguishable species with respect to terpene chemistry .
( of plexaurella fusifera kunze , 1916 ) cairns , s . d . , and bayer , f . m . , 2009 . octocorallia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 321–331 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
( of plexaurella pumila verrill , 1912 ) cairns , s . d . , and bayer , f . m . , 2009 . octocorallia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 321–331 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
cordeiro , r . ; van ofwegen , l . ; williams , g . ( 2018 ) . world list of octocorallia .
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
l . p . van ofwegen , s . d . cairns & j . van der land ( eds ) . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cairns , s . d . , and bayer , f . m . , 2009 . octocorallia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 321–331 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
cairns , s . , 1977 . guide to the commoner shallow - water gorgonians ( sea whips , sea feathers and sea fans ) of florida , the gulf of mexico , and the caribbean region . sea grant field guide series , 6 .
voss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .
sorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .
the colonies shown here are bushy , not candelabrum shaped , with branching in several planes . the apertures are slit - like , not round openings . colonies commonly exceed 80 cm tall .
colonies tall , bushy , dichotomously branched , with long thin branches arising near the base and through half - way up colony height .
branches thin , straight , firm and stiff ; 5 - 12 mm in diameter .
oval and pore - like , conspicuously open ; mostly smooth , or with aperture margins slightly elevated ; long axes of apertures oriented along branch .
polyp armature : small flat rods 0 . 06 mm long . axial layer : 6 - radiates ~ 0 . 15 mm across , and some flattened rods . middle layer : stout 6 - radiates , some with two longer rays ; also short - rayed , stubby butterfly sclerites . surface layer : small 6 - radiates , most with two rays slightly longer .
bayer ( 1961 ) , opresko ( 1973 ) , cairns ( 1977 ) , wheaton ( 1987 ) , ruesink & harvell ( 1990 ) , lewis et al . ( 1992 ) , sánchez & wirshing ( 2005 ) .
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cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . .
full author list : cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , philip r . pugh , claudia e . mills , walter c . jaap , mary n . arai , stephen h . d . haddock , and dennis m . opresko
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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department of biological sciences , florida international university , miami , florida 33199 , usa .
research support , u . s . gov ' t , p . h . s .
end branches short or long , straight or curved , crowded or sparse , 3 . 5 - 4 . 5 mm in diameter , often with slightly swollen tips .
outer layer : minute sexradiates ~ 0 . 05 - 0 . 1 mm long . middle layer : belted spindles , straight or bent , ~ 0 . 3 mm long , with a few triradiates and butterfly - forms . axial layer : straight blunt spindles with warts in transverse belts , 0 . 2 mm long , with a few butterfly - forms , which become stouter near colony base and accompanied by more numerous capstans .
known chiefly from brazil ; possible records from lesser antilles , caribbean coast of mexico and west coast of florida . depths unknown .
comp biochem physiol c toxicol pharmacol . 2009 aug ; 150 ( 2 ) : 125 - 31 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cbpc . 2009 . 03 . 008 . epub 2009 apr 7 .
department of chemistry and biochemistry & center of excellence in biomedical and marine biotechnology , florida atlantic university , 777 glades road , boca raton , fl 33431 , usa .
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .