pisidia longicornis , the long-clawed porcelain crab , is a species of porcelain crab that lives in the north-eastern atlantic ocean .

it varies from reddish to white , and grows to a carapace width of 1 cm ( 0.4 in ) .

it was first named by carl linnaeus in 1767 , although the etymology remains unclear .

pisidia longicornis

what type of species is pisidia longicornis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the pisidia longicornis species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of pisidia longicornis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species pisidia longicornis .
how to identify pisidia longicornis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species pisidia longicornis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species pisidia longicornis are marked in green .
pisidia longicornis is a scavenger and is unlikely to be adversely affected by decreased turbidity .
where is pisidia longicornis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species pisidia longicornis can be found .
pisidia longicornis is a species that lives in damp places and fully submerged habitats so that decrease in emergence will favour the species .
scientific and european names : pisidia longicornis , porcellana longicornis , long - clawed porcelain crab , minute porcelain crab , porselenskrabbe , gewoon porseleinkrabbetje , porseleinkrab , porseleinkrabbetje , crabe porcelaine , porselenskrabbe , porslinskrabba .
pisidia longicornis most likely feeds as a scavenger and active carnivore so that decrease in levels of suspended sediment are unlikely to affect it .
namngivning : pisidia longicornis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) . originalbeskrivning cancer longicornis . systema naturae , 12 : e upplagan , vol . 1 , 2 : 533–1327 . synonymer : cancer hexapus linné , 1767 ; cancer longicornis linnaeus , 1767 ; pisidia linneana leach , 1816 ; porcellana leachii grey , 1817 ; porcellana longicornis milne edwards , 1837 ; porcellana acanthocheles couch , 1838 ; porcellana longicornis bell , 1846 ; porcellana priocheles kinahan , 1857 ; pisidia longicornis zariquiez alvarez , 1968 . svensk synonym : porslinskrabba . etymologi : longicornis = med långa horn ; longus ( lat . ) = lång ; cornu ( lat . ) = horn ( dvs . antennerna ) . syftar på de iögonfallande långa antennerna .
displacement is unlikely to adversely affect pisidia longicornis unless it is trapped in a new unsuitable location . the species can move to a suitable area .
the larval morphology of polyonyx transversus ( haswell ) , pisidia dispar ( stimpson ) and pisidia streptochiroides ( de man ) ( decapoda : porcellanidae ) .
smaldon , g . , 1972 . population structure and breeding biology of pisidia longicornis and porcellana platycheles . marine biology , 17 , 171 - 179 .
zoeal stages of pisidia serratifrons ( crustacea : decapoda : porcellanidae ) under laboratory conditions .
pisidia longicornis is unlikely to react to noise as it has no appropriate organs . it will most likely react to vibrations resulting from noise but is probably tolerant at the benchmark level .
le developpement larvaire de porcellana longicornis pennant ( crustace , decapode , anomure , galatheide ) .
morfologia del primer estadio de zoea de pisidia brasiliensis haig , 1968 ( anomura , porcellanidae ) .
pisidia longicornis lives in locations where it could be displaced by strong water movement . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
porzellankrebs
to
porcellana longicornis
.
pisidia longicornis occurs in a wide range of temperature regimes from norway to angola and it is not therefore expected that crabs would be adversely affected by increase in temperature at the level of the benchmark .
larval development of pisidia dehaanii ( krauss , 1843 ) under laboratory conditions ( decapoda , porcellanidae ) .
pisidia longicornis most likely feeds as a scavenger and active carnivore so that increase in levels of suspended sediment are unlikely to affect it . however , settlement of suspended silt is addressed in ' smothering ' .
no information has been found specifically on pisidia longicornis but crustaceans in general are fairly tolerant . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
pisidia longicornis is a scavenger and is only likely to be adversely affected by increased turbidity through visual impairment . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
the communities in which pisidia longicornis live are particularly well developed in areas subject to strong tidal flow or strong wave action . in the absence of strong wave action , decrease in water flow rate will lead to siltation of habitats and reduction of the bryozoan turf that pisidia longicornis favours . a decline in abundance would therefore be expected . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
pisidia longicornis , being mobile , may escape from smothering events but siltation may remove suitable habitats by clogging underboulders and undergrowth . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
robinson , m . & tully , o . , 2000 . dynamics of a subtidal population of the porcellanid crab pisidia longicornis ( decapoda : crustacea ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 80 , 75 - 83 .
observations sur les metamorphoses de la porcellana longicornis , et description de la zoé , qui est la larve de ce crustacé .
pisidia longicornis lives underboulders , in kelps holdfasts and amongst bryozoan turfs especially . a decrease in wave exposure may allow silt to settle thus removing suitable habitats by clogging underboulders and undergrowth . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
pisidia longicornis occurs on a variety of substrata especially in the subtidal . although at least some individuals will be destroyed by the removal of substratum , displaced individuals are likely to find alternative homes . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
pisidia longicornis is the most numerically abundant decapod crustacean in sublittoral areas . it occurs in densities of up to 640 / m² ( robinson & tully , 2000a ) . smaldon ( 1972 ) suggests that it
may survive to breed for a second or third season
suggesting a lifespan of up to three years .
pisidia longicornis is the most numerically abundant decapod crustacean in sublittoral areas . it occurs in densities of up to 640 / m² ( robinson & tully , 2000a ) . smaldon ( 1972 ) suggests that it
may survive to breed for a second or third season
suggesting a life span of up to three years .
hiscock , k . 2008 . pisidia longicornis long clawed porcelain crab . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
pisidia longicornis lives in habitats that are protected from desiccation and would most likely , because of its mobility , be able to escape desiccation situations such as boulder turning . however , if exposure to air occurs , desiccation effects are likely to be severe . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
pisidia longicornis lives in shaded damp habitats on the mid to lower shore . if emergence regime changes so that crabs are exposed for longer to dry conditions , the vertical extent of habitat suitable for the crab is likely to be reduced although individual crabs will survive by moving further downshore . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
pisidia longicornis lives in habitats where water flow rate may be from very strong to weak . however , as a cryptic species protected by bryozoan turf , kelp holdfasts etc in the sublittoral , it is unlikely to be affected by ' wash out ' which might however occur from under boulders . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
description of the larval development of porcellanids first appeared in 1843 , when dujardin published a description of the first zoeal stage of pisidia longicornis , referred to as porcellana longicornis . the larval descriptions available were poor in number until the 1960’s and 1970’s , when an increasing trend in the number of publications is observed ; this was possibly due to the increased number of scientists specializing in this area , to the increased facilities for cultivating larvae in laboratory conditions , and to the advances in microscope technology ( rice 1993 ) . the historical peak for the number of publications per annum occurred in the late 1990’s and at the beginning of the current century .
no information has been found specifically on pisidia longicornis but crustaceans in general are fairly tolerant . crompton ( 1997 ) reports that the concentrations above which mortality of crustaceans can occur is 0 . 01 - 0 . 1mg / l for mercury , copper and cadmium , 0 . 1 - 1mg / l for zinc , arsenic and nickel and 1 - 10mg / l for lead and chromium . crustaceans are generally regarded as being more intolerant of cadmium than other groups ( mclusky , 1986 ) . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
( of porcellana longicornis linnaeus , 1767 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of porcellana longicornis linnaeus , 1767 ) mees , j . ( 1994 ) . het hyperbenthos van ondiepe kustgebieden en estuaria : gemeenschapsstruktuur en biologie van de dominante soorten [ the hyperbenthos of shallow coastal waters and estuaries : community structure and biology of the dominant species ] . phd thesis . universiteit gent . mariene biologie . instituut voor dierkunde . vakgroep morfologie , systematiek en ecologie : gent , belgium . 212 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of porcellana longicornis linnaeus , 1767 ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cancer hexapus linnaeus , 1767 ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
a small crab less than 10 mm across the carapace . it is reddish - orange in colour , frequently with patches of pearly white on the carapace or sometimes all of the carapace is white . long claws and with only three pairs of walking legs apparent and a tiny fifth pair of appendages often concealed .
present in the north - east atlantic from norway to angola , west africa and the whole of the mediterranean .
present under boulders in the intertidal and common in the circalittoral especially in bryozoan turf .
arthropods , joint - legged animals , e . g . insects , crustaceans & spiders
moderately strong 1 to 3 knots ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 m / sec . ) , strong 3 to 6 knots ( 1 . 5 - 3 m / sec . ) , very strong > 6 knots ( > 3 m / sec . )
ingle ( 1997 ) indicates that eggs are present from march to august in southern england and from february to september in the mediterranean .
this marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment . marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .
long - clawed porcelain crabs were adversely affected by the 1962 - 63 winter in britain . crisp ( 1964 ) records that many hundreds were found dead on the strandline at oxwich , south wales . in other locations , they were not found on the shore ( although could have migrated offshore ) . overall , it seems that some mortality is likely and an intolerance of intermediate is suggested . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
crabs scuttle away when boulders are overturned - most likely as a response to increased light levels but also , since they have eyes , visual presence . the crabs are mobile so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be very rapid .
the crabs are easily crushed by abrasion by mobile cobbles and larger substrata or by mooring chains . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
long - clawed porcelain crabs are apparently not recorded in low salinity conditions but do occur in the lower reaches of estuaries suggesting that they require full or variable salinity . mortality may therefore occur in events where salinity falls significantly . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
long - clawed porcelain crabs are apparently not recorded in low salinity conditions but do occur in the lower reaches of estuaries suggesting that they require full or variable salinity . a reduction in salinity , especially if it occurs in already estuarine conditions , is likely therefore to have a significant adverse effect . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
the crabs live in areas which are well oxygenated so that decrease in oxygen levels below ambient may be adverse . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
extraction of this species is not known to occur . the crabs are mobile and have a planktonic larva so that recolonization / recovery is likely to be fairly rapid .
is considered to be the most abundant decapod crustacean on sublittoral rocky surfaces . however , it is small and , as a scavenger , is not greatly important in functioning of a community .
bryan , g . w . & gibbs , p . e . , 1991 . impact of low concentrations of tributyltin ( tbt ) on marine organisms : a review . in : metal ecotoxicology : concepts and applications ( ed . m . c . newman & a . w . mcintosh ) , pp . 323 - 361 . boston : lewis publishers inc .
crisp , d . j . ( ed . ) , 1964 . the effects of the severe winter of 1962 - 63 on marine life in britain . journal of animal ecology , 33 , 165 - 210 .
crompton , t . r . , 1997 . toxicants in the aqueous ecosystem . new york : john wiley & sons .
crothers , j . & crothers , m . , 1988 . a key to the crabs and crab - like animals of british inshore waters . somerset , england : field studies council . [ aidgap guide , no . 155 . ]
feldman , k . l . , armstrong , d . a . , dumbauld , b . r . , dewitt , t . h . & doty , d . c . , 2000 . oysters , crabs , and burrowing shrimp : review of an environmental conflict over aquatic resources and pesticide use in washington state ' s ( usa ) coastal estuaries . estuaries , 23 , 141 - 176 .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
ingle , r . , 1997 . crayfishes , lobsters and crabs of europe . an illustrated guide to common and traded species . london : chapman and hall .
lindley , j . a . , 1987 . continuous plankton records : the geographical distribution and seasonal cycles of decapod crustacean larvae and pelagic post - larvae in the north - eastern atlantic ocean and the north sea . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 67 , 145 - 167 .
mclusky , d . s . , bryant , v . & campbell , r . , 1986 . the effects of temperature and salinity on the toxicity of heavy metals to marine and estuarine invertebrates . oceanography and marine biology : an annual review , 24 , 481 - 520 .
robinson , m . & tully , o . , 2000 . seasonal variation in community structure and recruitment of benthic decapods in a sub - tidal cobble habitat . marine ecology progress series , 206 , 181 - 191 .
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andy horton spends a year examining the biology and behaviour of the rock pool fish and other marine life .
this is an even smaller animal that will fit under a 5 pence coin . it clings to the underside of rocks with two long claws and six visible legs .
notice the number of legs and claws . if you look carefully you may be able to spot the dimunitive rear pair of legs ( or the left - sided one ) . click on the image for a larger photograph
( linnaeus , 1767 ) [ sorry , no data available for this species . this database is still under construction ] .
moyse , j . , & g . smaldon , 1990 . crustacea iii : malacostraca eucarida . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe ( eds . hayward and ryland , 1990 ) . clarendon press , oxford .
ett litet krabbliknande djur som påträffas bland stenar och skalgrus främst längs större delen av västkusten . man ser snart att det inte är någon äkta krabba , eftersom sista ( femte ) benparet är förkrympt och hålls hopvikt tätt mot ryggsköldens bakkant . varierar i färg , men de långa antennerna och framför allt de hos hanen extremt stora och långa klorna gör arten lätt att känna igen . klosaxarna är dessutom lite tillplattade och något vridna . den närbesläktade arten bredfingrad porslinskrabba porcellana platycheles har håriga , breda och icke vridna klor . fronten mellan ögonen skiljer också genom att den mittersta loben är störst hos långfingrad porslinskrabba medan alla tre loberna är lika stora hos bredfingrad porslinskrabba . totallängd : ryggsköld max 10 mm lång . fronten mellan ögonen har tre lober varav den mittersta är störst . panntaggen är endast svagt utvecklad . ryggskölden , som saknar fåror , är rund , ärtlik och slät . ögat har något större diameter än ögonskaftet och är normalt pigmenterat . första antennens basala segment saknar tydliga distala taggar och andra antennen saknar antennplatta . på tredje paret käkfötter finns många och mycket långa hår ( setae ) på insidan av dactylus , propodus och carpus ( de tre yttersta segmenten räknat utifrån ) . merus ( fjärde segmentet räknat utifrån ) har endast en tagg nedtill på den inre kanten och är kortare än ischium ( segmentet närmast innanför ) . buksköldarnas segment är släta . på första paret gångben ( pereopodpar i ) är höger och vänster klosax av samma utseende . klosaxarna är stora och tillplattade , något vridna till formen och översidan är slät utan taggar eller utskott . själva klosaxen är tydligt kortare än resterande del av klosegmentet . carpus ( tredje segmentet räknat utifrån ) är tydligt längre än merus ( segmentet närmast innanför ) . både carpus insida och merus undersida saknar helt taggar . de övriga benparen ( 2 - 4 ) är också släta med lite spridda hår . propodus ( näst yttersta ) och dactylus ( yttersta segmentet ) har några få taggar på undersidan . femte benparet är förkrympt och har en liten klosax liksom hos övriga arter inom överfamiljen galatheoidea . bakkroppssegment 2–4 är jämna och obrutna utan fåror eller taggar . stjärten är tätt invikt och vinklad åt sidan under kroppen .
långfingrad porslinskrabba förekommer i svenska vatten i kattegatt och skagerrak . den finns vidare från sydvästra kusten av norge längs europeiska atlantkusten söderut till angola , in i medelhavet och i maramarasjön .
de skattade värdena som bedömningen baserar sig på ligger alla inom intervallet för kategorin livskraftig ( lc ) .
långfingrad porslinskrabba förekommer främst på undervattensklippor och mellan stenar . den hittas också på mossdjur ( bryozoer ) , bland skal och skalgrus och även bland haptererna ( ”rötterna” ) hos brunalger . djup ( generellt ) 2–100 m .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
längre texter , utöver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanställts av : matz berggren 2017 ( bearbetad av ragnar hall , artdatabanken ) .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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legend : vue dorsale d ' une porcellane lisse . photo ex - situ d ' un adulte , banyuls - sur - mer , pyrénées - orientales , 26 juin 1974 .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
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the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
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1 instituto universitario de investigación marina inmar , universidad de cádiz , campus de excelencia internacional del mar ( ceimar ) . 11510 - puerto real , cádiz , spain
corresponding author : juan ignacio gonzález - gordillo ( se . acu @ zelaznog . ohcan )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
gonzález - gordillo et al . ( 2001 ) showed that , in addition to the limited number of descriptive studies on decapod larval morphology , a large percentage are based on organisms collected from plankton samples or reared under laboratory conditions from females that were not accurately identified . furthermore , several published larval descriptions are brief or very general , with inadequate illustrations that are far from the well - accepted standard proposed by clark et al . ( 1998 ) .
in addition , the literature on larval descriptions is scattered or very old ; since literature of this kind is often not available in digital formats for download or online request , or it has been published in local scientific journals ( “grey” literature ) , it is complicated to access it using common bibliographic search engines . as a consequence , in studies requiring the identification of planktonic organisms ( with the eventual need to present identification keys ) , or in morphological studies in which new larval stages are described , where it becomes necessary to compare results with those reported in previous publications of larval descriptions , the researcher has a difficult task in compiling the available information for the target taxon . although this situation has yielded publication of several bibliographic compilations for brachyurans , like those of gurney ( 1939 ) , soltanpour - gargari et al . ( 1989 ) , martin ( 1984 ) , wear ( 1985 ) , wehrtman and baez ( 1997 ) and gonzález - gordillo et al . ( 2001 ) , there is still no published compilation on porcellanids on a worldwide basis .
many larval publications first appeared more than 30 years ago ; for example according to gonzález - gordillo et al . ( 2001 ) , 86 . 6 % of the descriptions made for species of decapods from the gibraltar strait were published more than 25 years ago . the scientific name of a species described then could have changed , or two or more different species could have been reclassified as one species . this complicates even further the bibliographic search because a search using the current name of a target species will almost certainly omit old studies of that species under a name that has changed or been superseded .
therefore , the objective of this study is three - fold : 1 ) to compile the available literature on porcellanid larval morphologies ; 2 ) to record the possible changes in the nomenclature of species , or synonymies ; and 3 ) to describe the state - of - the - art on the larval development of species belonging to the family porcellanidae .
the data set of this study comprises a total of 133 entries obtained from 83 published papers ( from 1835 to 2012 ) . search engines and scientific databases such as google scholar , scopus , science direct and web of science have been used for the bibliographic compilation . the current total number of porcellanid species and the taxonomic classification used for the present checklist follow those of osawa and mclaughlin ( 2010 ) . the current validity of the species has been also checked by consulting the world register of marine species ( urltoken ) .
in the checklist , the status of current knowledge of the larval development is specified for each species as follows : i ) the author ( s ) and the date of publication of the larval description ; ii ) the specific larval stages described , using the following classification : prezoeal stage ( pr ) , first to fifth zoeal stage ( z1 - 5 ) , and megalopal stage ( m ) ; iii ) the method used to obtain the larvae , according to the following designations : from plankton samples ( pl ) , larvae reared under laboratory conditions from an identified ovigerous females ( lab ) and larvae obtained from plankton and by instar - to - instar laboratory rearing , from unknown parentage , but often a species recognizable from its postlarval or juvenile stages ( p + l ) . entries marked with asterisk mean that the larval description available , in our opinion , is accurate enough to establish comparisons with other species and have all stages fully described and illustrated . in the checklist , if the taxonomical name of the species described does not match the current taxonomic name according to osawa and mclaughlin ( 2010 ) , this is indicated by ‘ as ’ followed by the name of the species cited in the description .
the larval development of porcellanids usually consists of two zoeal stages and one megalopal stage , with the exception of petrocheles spinosus , which has five zoeal stages .
currently , the family porcellanidae family consists of 283 species ( osawa and mclaughlin 2010 ) . complete larval development has been described for 52 species ( 18 . 4 % ) , while only some larval stages have been described for another 45 species ( 15 . 9 % ) . for the remaining 186 species ( 65 . 7 % ) , none of the larval stages has been described .
consists of 29 genera , the larval stages have not been described for 12 genera . the genera with the most numerous species are
state of current knowledge of larval development of porcellanidae , grouped by genus . shown in orange is the percentage of species for which larval development has been completely described . shown in grey is the percentage of species for which only some of the larval stages have been described ( left - hand scale ) . the total number of species per genus is also represented with a solid blue line ( right - hand scale ) .
number of papers describing the larval morphology of porcellanids . number of publications per year ( left - hand scale ) and cumulative number of publications represented by the blue line ( right - hand scale ) .
number and proportion of porcellanid species ( n = 283 ) for which undescribed species ( blue sector ) , full larval description ( orange sector ) and partial larval description ( yellow sector ) exists .
* wehrtmann et al . ( 1996 ) ; pr , z1 , z2 , m : lab
* boschi et al . ( 1967 ) as pachycheles haigae ; z1 , z2 , m : lab
* saelzer et al . ( 1986 ) ; pr , z1 , z2 , m : lab
* garcía - guerrero et al . ( 2005 ) ; z1 , z2 , m : lab
* fujita et al . ( 2002 ) ; z1 , z2 , m : lab
* wehrtmann et al . ( 1997 ) ; pr , z1 , z2 , m : lab
* garcía - guerrero et al . ( 2006 ) ; z1 , z2 , m : lab
* gonzález - gordillo et al . ( 1996 ) ; z1 , z2 , m : lab
this research was funded by the spanish ministry of education , culture and sport through salvador de madariaga mobility program to jigg ( prx12 / 00495 ) and the migrants and active flux in the atlantic ocean project ( ctm2012 - 39587 - c04 - 01 ) . thanks are due to anonymous referees for their comments and corrections that clearly improved the manuscript . this is campus de excelencia internacional del mar ( ceimar ) publication nº 117 .
vela mj , gonzález - gordillo ji ( 2016 ) larval descriptions of the family porcellanidae : a worldwide annotated compilation of the literature ( crustacea , decapoda ) . zookeys 564 : 47–70 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 564 . 7018
aspects of the reproductive biology of petrolisthes laevigatus ( guerin , 1835 ) ( decapoda , anomura , porcellanidae ) . part ii : description of the larval development , including the first crab stage , cultivated under laboratory conditions .
the larvae of the crustaceadecapoda ( excl . brachyura ) in the plankton of the french mediterranean coast
report on the present stage of our knowledge of crustacea . iv . on development .
desarrollo larval de dos especies de crustáceos decápodos en el laboratorio . plachycheles haigae rodrigues da costa ( porcellanidae ) y chasmagnathus granulata dana ( grapsidae ) .
note sur la presence de porcellana bluteli ( risso ) alvarez dans le golfe de marseille et sur le developpement larvaire de cette espece .
on the metamorphosis of the crustacea , including the decapoda , entomostraca and pycnogonidae .
the use of the brine shrimp nauplii , artemia salina , as food for the laboratory culture of decapods .
zoeal development of two spot - pattern morphs of neopetrolisthes maculatus and n . spinatus ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura : porcellanidae ) reared under laboratory conditions .
complete larval development of petrolisthes unilobatus reared under laboratory conditions ( decapoda : anomura : porcellanidae ) .
complete larval development of the rare porcellanid crab , novorostrum decorocrus osawa , 1998 ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura : porcellanidae ) , reared under laboratory conditions .
garcia - guerrero mu , cuesta ja , hendrickx me , rodríguez a . ( 2005 )
larval development of the eastern pacific anomuran crab petrolisthes robsonae ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura : porcellanidae ) described from laboratory reared material .
larval development of the eastern pacific anomuran crab porcellana cancrisocialis ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura : porcellanidae ) described from laboratory reared material .
descriptions of the larvae of four north pacific porcellanidae ( crustacea , anomura ) .
studies on the larval development of northeastern atlantic and mediterranean porcellanidae ( decapoda , anomura ) . i - redescription of the larval stages of porcellana platycheles ( pennant , 1777 ) reared under laboratory conditions .
gonzález - gordillo ji , dos santos a , rodríguez a . ( 2001 )
checklist and annotated bibliography of decapod crustacea larvae from the southwestern european coast ( gibraltar strait area ) .
descripción del primer estadio larvario de pachycheles chubutensis ( boschi , 1963 ) ( crustacea , decapoda , anomura ) en patagonia .
the larval development of the commensal crab polyonyx gibbesi haig , 1956 ( crustacea , decapoda ) .
petrolisthes armatus : a redescription of larval development under laboratory conditions ( decapoda , porcellanidae ) .
the complete larval development of porcellana sigsbeiana ( crustacea , decapoda ) under laboratory conditions .
megalobrachium poyei ( crustacea , decapoda , porcellanidae ) : comparison between larval development in atlantic and pacific specimens reared in the laboratory .
petrolisthes tridentatus : the development of larvae from a pacific specimen in laboratory culture with a discussion of larval characters in the genus ( crustacea , decapoda , porcellanidae ) .
petrolisthes armatus ( gibbes , 1850 ) : the development under laboratory conditions of larvae from a pacific specimen ( decapoda , porcellanidae ) .
petrolisthes platymerus : the development of larvae in laboratory culture ( crustacea , decapoda , porcellanidae ) .
pachycheles monilifer ( dana , 1852 ) : the development in the laboratory of larvae from an atlantic specimen with a discussion of some larval characters in the genus ( crustacea , decapoda , anomura ) .
studies on decapod crustacea from the indian river region of florida . ii . megalobrachium soratium ( say , 1818 ) : the larval development under laboratory culture ( crustacea : decapoda ; porcellanidae ) .
petrolisthes zacae haig , 1968 ( crustacea , decapoda , porcellanidae ) : the development of larvae in the laboratory .
neopisoma angustifrons ( benedict , 1901 ) : the complete larval development under laboratory conditions , with notes on larvae of the related genus pachycheles ( decapoda , anomura , porcellanidae ) .
the larval development of petrolisthes elongatus ( h . milne edwards ) and petrolisthes novaezelandiae filhol ( anomura , porcellanidae ) with notes on breeding .
morfología larvaria de cangrejos anomuros de la familia porcellanidae haworth , 1825 ( crustacea : decapoda ) , con una clave para las zoeas de los géneros del atlántico occidental .
hernández g , bolaños j , graterol k , lira c . ( 2000 )
the larval development of petrolisthes politus ( gray , 1831 ) ( crustacea : decapoda : porcellanidae ) under laboratory conditions .
hernández g , bolaños j , magan i , graterol k . ( 2007 )
morfología de la primera zoea de los cangrejos marinos petrolisthes haigae y p . nobilii ( decapoda : porcellanidae ) .
morfologia de la primera zoea de minyocerus angustus ( dana , 1852 ) ( crustacea , anomura , porcellanidae ) .
hernández g , graterol k , álvarez a , bolaños ja . ( 1998 )
larval development of porcellana sayana ( leach , 1820 ) ( crustacea : decapoda : porcellanidae ) under laboratory conditions .
hernández g , graterol k , bolaños ja , gaviria ji . ( 2002 )
larval development of megalobrachium roseum ( decapoda : anomura : porcellanidae ) under laboratory conditions .
hernández g , lira c , bolaños ja , graterol k . ( 1996 )
redescripción de los primeros estadios postembrionarios del cangrejo anomuro petrolisthes magdalenensis werding , 1978 ( crustacea : decapoda : porcellanidae ) .


enyaliopsis is the largest genus in the subfamily hetrodinae of the family tettigoniidae ( bush-crickets or katydids ) .

it is made up of 24 species found from east-central to southern africa .

enyaliopsis binduranus peringuey , 1916 enyaliopsis bloyeti ( lucas , 1885 ) enyaliopsis carolinus sjostedt , 1913 enyaliopsis durandi ( lucas , 1884 ) enyaliopsis ephippiatus ( gerst. , 1869 ) enyaliopsis guilelmi sjostedt , 1926 enyaliopsis ilala glenn , 1991 enyaliopsis inflatus weidner , 1941 enyaliopsis jennae glenn , 1991 enyaliopsis maculipes sjostedt , 1926 enyaliopsis matabelensis sjostedt , 1913 enyaliopsis monsteri glenn , 1991 enyaliopsis mulanje glenn , 1991 enyaliopsis nyala glenn , 1991 enyaliopsis nyasa glenn , 1991 enyaliopsis nyika glenn , 1991 enyaliopsis obuncus ( i. bolivar , 1881 ) enyaliopsis parduspes glenn , 1991 enyaliopsis patruelis peringuey , 1916 enyaliopsis petersi ( shaum , 1853 ) enyaliopsis robustus weidner , 1955 enyaliopsis selindae glenn , 1991 enyaliopsis transvaalensis peringuey , 1916 enyaliopsis viphya glenn , 1991

enyaliopsis

kowalski & lakes - harlan . 2013 . zool . anz . 252 ( 2 ) : 204 - 216 > > note : enyaliopsis sp . > > enyaliopsis
the northern armoured katydid ( enyaliopsis transvaalensis ) is fairly widespread throughout northeastern south africa .
zeuner . 1936 . proc . r . ent . soc . london ( a ) 11 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 > > note : enyaliopsis sp . > > enyaliopsis
gorongosa national park on instagram : “armored katydid . esperança couraçada . ( enyaliopsis petersi ) . # microworldmonday # gorongosa # gorongosapark # insects”
karsch . 1887 . berlin ent . z . 31 : 53 , 60 > > enyaliopsis urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 14993
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type species : hetrodes petersii schaum , by subsequent designation ; authority : kirby , w . f . 1906 . a synonymic catalogue of orthoptera ( orthoptera saltatoria , locustidae vel acridiidae ) 2 : i - viii , 1 - 562
the first family - group name based on this genus is enyaliopsini weidner , 1955 .
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not expected to be severely fragmented or to experience decline or extreme fluctuations presently or in the foreseeable future .
this species occurs in the bushveld , grassland and savanna biomes of south africa , including the relatively very humid and dense vegetation of the modjadji cycad reserve , limpopo . it is the only south african member of the subfamily that is often found on trees and tall bushes several meters above the ground .
is not directly threatened . also , its distribution range is centred around kruger national park which contains a great deal of stable , suitable habitat , ensuring the survival of this species for the foreseeable future .
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wow those look amazing . where are they from and how long do they live for ?
very creepy but interesting looking crickets . they look like some of hr giger ' s artwork that has come to life . thanks for the pictures .
can anyone tell me how you have been keeping them and what they prefer to eat ( other than each other ? just got some in along with some acanthoplus discoidalis and wanted to know the best way of keeping them . and for breeding them of course . already started laying by the looks of things so expect they are fairly prolific . great looking beasties
maybe not the best place to start posting but i thought i could give some info about these truly monstrous crickets . i have kept them now for a few months and i ' m amazed at how carnivorous the adults are ( i know they are omnivorous but my adults tend to eat 70 % meat ! )
where did you get yours , anyway ? someone was selling pairs here last year but i didn ' t have the money .
registration is free , and dedicated forums exist for the discussion of tarantulas , true spiders , centipedes & scorpions . we also have classifieds , reviews , bite / sting / breeding reports and more ! .


it ranges from southern norway to the western mediterranean sea .

s. aurantiaca occurs on the outer continental shelf and in the upper bathyal zone .

the depth range of this species is possibly from 200 to 400 m. both sexes of s. aurantiaca grow to 20 mm in mantle length .

the type specimen was collected in the tyrrhenian sea and is deposited at the stazione zoologica di napoli in naples .

sepiola aurantiaca

sepiola aurantiaca , also known as the golden bobtail , is a rare species of bobtail squid native to the northeastern atlantic ocean .
goud j . & de heij a . ( 2012 ) mediterranean sepiola aurantiaca jatta , 1896 , verses the ne atlantic sepiola pfefferi grimpe , 1921 ( cephalopoda , sepiolinae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 11 . [ details ]
sepiola aurantiaca jatta , 1896 : martin ( 2011 ) [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] martin , j . 2011 . les invertébrés marins du golfe de gascogne à la manche orientale . editions quae , versailles . 299 pp .
showing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase
sepiola aurantiaca
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citation :
golden bobtail squid , sepiola aurantiaca ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
research sepiola aurantiaca » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
yes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .
cephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :
the list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .
introducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !
expedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .
this page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .
jatta g . ( 1896 ) . i cefalopodi viventi nel golfo di napoli . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel 23 : 1 - 264 page ( s ) : 130 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
reid , a . & jereb , p . ( 2005 ) . family sepiolidae . pp . 153 - 203 , in p . jereb & c . f . e . roper eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( nautilidae , sepiidae , sepiolidae , sepiadariidae , idiosepiidae and spirulidae ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 1 ) : 262 pp . 9 pls . page ( s ) : 180 [ details ]
length up to 20 mm mantle length ( both sexes ) . [ details ]
m . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne
length is only 13 mm . all arms with just two rows of suckers . right
arm of male is equipped with an additional copulatory apparatus comprised of two small tongue - like outgrowths in basal part of arm .
from southern norway to the mediterranean sea . a northern species reported infrequently from scottish coasts (
hayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .
naef , a . , 1921 - 1923 , 1928 . die cephalopoda . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel . monogr . , 35 ( 1 ) : 863 pp ; ( 2 ) : 357 pp .
nesis , k . n . , 1987 . cephalopods of the world . t . f . h . publications , inc . , ltd .
seaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .
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national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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labeo forskalii is fish in genus labeo from northeast and east africa .

the maximum total length of the species is 36 cm ( 14 in ) .

it is under heavy fishing pressure in uganda .

labeo forskalii

figure 2 : fish species identified from geba and sor rivers during the present study ; ( a ) mormyrus hasselquistii ( mormyridae ) , ( b ) garra sp . , ( c ) labeo forskalii , ( d ) labeo cylindricus , ( e ) raiamas senegalensis , ( f ) labeobarbus intermedius , ( g ) labeobarbus nedgia ( cyprinidae , b–g ) , ( h ) bagrus docmak ( bagridae ) , and ( i ) oreochromis niloticus ( cichlidae ) .
reid , g . m . , 1985 . a revision of african species of labeo ( pisces : cyprinidae ) and a re - definition of the genus . verlag von j . cramer , braunschweig . 322 p . ( ref . 1440 )
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snoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lalèyè , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .
justification : this species has a wide enough distribution , with no known major widespread threats . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for eastern africa , where the species is under heavy fishing pressure in uganda but widely distributed elsewhere in the region with no major widespread threats identified . due to a lack of information on this species distribution , abundance and threats , it has been categorised as data deficient for northeast africa .
this species is known from the lower nile , from ethiopia to uganda . eastern africa : it is present in lakes edward and george systems and the albert nile . also present in the blue and white nile systems . northeast africa : this species is found in the baro and blue nile basins , ethiopia .
this species is threatened by localised heavy fishing pressure . potential eutrophication in deep water habitats of lake albert could also have a negative impact .
no information available . population trends should be monitored , and habitat maintenance may be required .
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freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : ? - 7 . 0 ; dh range : 12 - 15 . tropical ; 18°c - 25°c ( ref . 2060 )
africa : within the drainage basin of the nile ( blue , white , lake edward ) and may be confined to this system ( ref . 1440 ) . it is likely that records from the congo basin and southern africa are based on misidentifications ( ref . 1440 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 36 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2801 )
occurs mainly in rocky areas ( ref . 28714 , 47905 ) . feeds on phytobenthos , debris and mud ; juveniles may feed on zooplankton ( ref . 28714 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00676 ( 0 . 00301 - 0 . 01516 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 5 ±0 . 33 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 38 of 100 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
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1 department of biology , faculty of natural and computational sciences , metu university , p . o . box 318 , metu , ethiopia 2 department of zoological sciences , college of natural sciences , addis ababa university , p . o . box 1176 , addis ababa , ethiopia 3 department of biology , college of natural sciences , jimma university , p . o . box 387 , jimma , ethiopia
copyright © 2017 simagegnew melaku et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
the study was conducted in geba and sor rivers located in yayu and metu districts of ilu aba - bor zone , oromia regional state in southwestern ethiopia ( figure 1 ) . the districts are located at 550 km and 600 km southwest of the capital addis ababa , respectively . the annual temperature ranges from 14 . 13 to 29 . 07°c and 11 . 21 to 27 . 33°c for yayu and metu districts , respectively . the mean annual rainfall is 1563 mm / year for yayu district and 1427 . 17 mm / year for metu district , with high variation from year to year . the rainfall patterns of the districts are unimodal , with low rainfall during january and february and the highest rainfall between june and august [ 8 ] . ficus species , c offea arabica , croton macrostachyus , and schefflera abyssinica are among the frequently observed vegetation in the area .
eight sampling sites were selected from both rivers based on flow nature and accessibility ( figure 1 ) . the basic habitat characteristics and geographical locations of the sampling sites are summarized in table 1 . the sor river sampling sites are located relatively at higher altitude ( > 1500 m above sea level ) than the geba river sites which are located below 1300 m above sea level . the channel diameter of the sampling sites ranged from 29 to 40 m with a mean value of 33 . 21 m . all the sampling sites , except the hora site on sor river ( s1 ) , had clear water with sandy , gravel , and rocky bottom . hora site was turbid with largely muddy bottom . most parts of the sor river were highly irrigated and had less vegetation cover .
table 1 : summary of the sampling sites and rivers ; asl : above sea level .
estimation of the relative abundance of fishes in the study rivers was made by comparing the relative catch in number and weight in the total sampling . an index of relative importance ( iri ) , which is a measure of the relative abundance or commonness of the species based on number and weight of individuals in catches , as well as their frequency of occurrence [
” are the constant and power coefficients , respectively , of the regression line .
where tw is total weight ( g ) and tl is total length ( cm ) .
significant variation in fcf between seasons was tested using one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) , whereas significant variation in sex ratio was tested using chi - square at 5 % level of significance in spss for windows ( ver . 16 ) .
table 2 : summary of the percent number ( ) , percent weight ( ) , and % index of relative abundance ( % iri ) of fish species of geba and sor rivers . total number of specimens ( ) = 348 .
in both rivers , the weight and number of fish specimens were higher in the dry season than in the wet season ( table 3 ) . that fewer fish were caught during the wet season might be due to high turbidity , speedy run - off , and low temperature [ 19 ] . there is also higher water discharge during the wet season , so fishes could be highly dispersed in the large volume of water , than during the dry season , and it thus becomes difficult to catch them [ 20 ] . in addition , the variation in gillnet efficiency might have contributed to variation in the catches between wet and dry seasons . moreover , leaves , logs , and roots that were brought by flooding could decrease the efficiency of gillnets during the wet season .
table 3 : summary of the weight ( g ) of fish species for each season .
the number and weight of fish specimens in geba river are higher than in sor river . the difference in number and weight of fish specimens in these rivers might be attributed to the less vegetation cover and widespread irrigation development in most parts of sor river . this , in turn , may have contributed to the lack of good habitats with diverse riparian vegetation .
length - weight relationship of the three most abundant species , l . intermedius , l . nedgia , and l . cylindricus , showed negative allometric growth . the - value for l . cylindricus ( 2 . 72 ) is comparable with the value ( 2 . 76 ) reported from angereb and sanja rivers , tekeze basin [ 20 ] . the - values are relatively lower for l . intermedius ( 2 . 50 ) and l . nedgia ( 2 . 65 ) ( table 4 ) when compared with the values reported for these species from angereb river ( l . intermedius : 2 . 96 ; l . nedgia : 2 . 94 ) [ 20 ] and from arno - garno river ( l . intermedius : 2 . 95 ; l . nedgia : 2 . 98 ) [ 21 ] . the variations in the results between the present study and those studies could be ascribed to the differences in the number of samples , the differences in food availability , stage of fish gonad development , and spawning period [ 16 ] .
table 4 : length - weight relationship of the most common fish species of geba and sor rivers ( anova , ) ; = total number of specimens .
fish conditions depend on biological factors such as the age and environmental or geographical and temporal factors such as the season of the year when samples are collected [ 22 – 24 ] . generally , higher condition is associated with high energy content , adequate food availability , reproductive potential , and favorable environmental conditions [ 25 ] . the mean fcf value for l . intermedius ( 1 . 21 ) ( table 5 ) is comparable to the value ( 1 . 23 ) reported for borkena river in awash basin [ 26 ] . the mean fcf value for l . nedgia ( 1 . 05 ) from geba and sor rivers was lower than the value ( 1 . 48 ) reported for angereb and sanja rivers in tekeze basin [ 20 ] . however , the fcf values for l . intermedius were higher than the value ( 1 . 0 ) reported for the same species from beles and gilgel - beles rivers [ 27 ] as well as the value ( 1 . 12 ) reported from guang , ayima , gendwuha , and shinfa rivers [ 28 ] . the mean fcf value for l . cylindricus ( 1 . 21 ) was higher than the value ( 1 . 18 ) reported for angereb and sanja rivers in tekeze basin [ 20 ] . the main reason for the differences observed in the mean fcf between the present and past studies might relate to the variation in the extent of sampling or variations in the factors such as food quantity and quality , water level and flow rate , feeding rate , health , and reproductive activity of fishes in the study areas [ 29 , 30 ] . statistically significant seasonal variation was observed for l . cylindricus ( table 5 ) .
table 5 : summary of the fulton condition factor for the most abundant species of geba and sor rivers ; se is the standard error of the mean ; is the total number of the specimens ; indicates statistically significant variation at 5 % .
the sex ratio for the three most abundant fish species , namely , l . intermedius , l . nedgia , and l . cylindricus , is provided in table 6 . there was variation in sex ratio with the females dominating in all the three species . however , the chi - square test showed that there was no significant difference between the numbers of males and females ( , ) . the difference in sex ratio might be due to variation in the two sexes in their vulnerability to the fishing gears used , fishing sites , habitat , and segregation during spawning and feeding [ 31 ] .
table 6 : summary of sex ratio for the most abundant species of geba and sor rivers .
in the present collections , eight species and one garra sp . representing seven genera and four families were identified from geba and sor rivers , baro - akobo basin , white nile system within ethiopia . fish diversity of the two rivers appeared to be low as compared to the other most studied rivers in ethiopia . the fish faunal diversity of both rivers was dominated by cyprinid fish species with l . intermedius , l . nedgia , and l . cylindricus being the most abundant fish species , respectively . studies are needed on food and feeding , reproductive behaviors of fish species , and fisheries socioeconomic aspects of the two rivers .
the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper .
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