neruda metharme is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .

it was described by erichson in 1849 .

it is widespread in the amazon basin , venezuela and the guianas .

the habitat consists of deep forests .

it is part of a mimicry ring with heliconius sara , heliconius wallacei and heliconius doris .

the larvae are gregarious and feed on dilkea and mitostemma species .

neruda metharme

buy butterflies for sale heliconidae : neruda metharme metharme from peru online . worldwide shipping ! beautiful insect butterflies for sale heliconidae : neruda metharme metharme for sale at the bugmaniac , one of the world ' s largest dealers of preserved dried insects .
neruda aoede , the aoede longwing , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .
neruda is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae found in south america .
hostplant : n . metharme larvae feed primarily on plants from the genera dilkea and mitostemma ( brown , 1981 ) .
n . metharme occurs from sea level to 1 , 100 m in deep forests . usually individuals fly slowly and in the middlestory ( brown , 1981 ) .
neruda metharme is distributed in the amazon basin . the map below shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species . the original data used to draw these maps are derived from brown ( 1979 ) which is available at keith s . brown jr . ( 1979 ) . ecological geography and evolution in neotropical forests .
= heliconius aoede astydamia ; ackery & smiles , 1976 , bull . brit . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 32 : 187 , pl . 6 , f . 66
heliconius aoede faleria fruhstorfer , 1910 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 35 ) : 194 ; tl : brazil , mato grosso
heliconius aoede eurycleia brown , 1973 ; bull . allyn mus . 13 : 4 ; tl : brazil , mato grosso
heliconius godmani staudinger , 1882 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1882 ( 3 ) : 397 , pl . 24 , f . 3 ; tl : colombia
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the heliconians of brazil . part v . three new subspecies from mato grosso and rondônia
list of the butterflies of peru , with descriptions of new species . with some notes by edward bartlett
weymer , 1891 exotische lepidopteren . v stettin ent . ztg 51 ( 7 - 12 ) : 280 - 294
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
early stages : eggs are white and approximately 1 x 0 . 7 mm ( h x w ) . females usually place 20 to 100 eggs on growing shoots of the host plant . caterpillars are gregarious ( brown , 1981 ) .
brown k . s . 1981 the biology of heliconius and related genera . annual review of entomology 26 , 427 - 456 .
erichson , w f . 1849 insecten , pp . 553 - 617 . in : schomburgk , r . , reisen in britisch - guiana in den jahren 1840 - 1844 . im auftrag sr . mäjestat des königs von preussen . versuch einer fauna und flora von britisch - guiana . nach vorlangen von johannes müller , ehrenberg , erichson , klotzsch , troschel , cabanis und andern . leipzig , j . j . weber . 3 : i - viii , 531 - 1262 .
lamas , g . ( ed . ) 2004 . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera , gainesville .
correspondence regarding this page should be directed to margarita beltrán at and andrew v . z . brower at
. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the
each tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
tree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .
use on websites and for limited audiences in social media , apps , or live performances .
soccer ball in goal net with slowmotion . slowmotion football ball in the net .
stage lights and different shapes art gallery . series 3 + version from 1 to 26 + orange - blue - purple and white color series
over 10 , 965 , 896 royalty - free video clips with 80 , 528 new stock clips added weekly .
4k rays laser weapon , lightning magnetic energy , welding soldering background . 5243 _ 4k
sorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .
enter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more
the tamil lacewing ( cethosia nietneri ) is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in south asia .
the doris longwing or the doris ( laparus doris ) is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family and only member ( i . e . , monotypic ) of the laparus genus .
isabella ' s longwing or isabella ' s heliconian ( eueides isabella ) is a species of nymphalid butterfly , belonging to heliconiinae subfamily .
the andean silverspot ( dione glycera ) is a species of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae found in peru , venezuela and colombia .
the juno silverspot , juno longwing , or juno heliconian ( dione juno ) is a species of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae found from southern usa to south america .
the mexican silverspot ( dione moneta ) is a species of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae found from southern usa to south america .
cethosia , commonly called the lacewings , is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae .
eueides is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae .
dione is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae found from southern usa to south america .
philaethria is a genus of new world butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae .
the scarce bamboo page or dido longwing ( philaethria dido ) is a butterfly in the family nymphalidae .
cethosia cydippe , the eastern red lacewing , is a species of butterfly from australia , new guinea and nearby islands .
podotricha is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae .
the juliette ( eueides aliphera ) is a species of nymphalid butterfly , belonging to heliconiinae subfamily found in the neotropical ecozone .
the malay lacewing ( cethosia hypsea ) is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .
the violet lacewing or brown accented butterfly ( cethosia myrina ) is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .
cethosia hypsea hypsina , common name malay lacewing , is a subspecies of cethosia hypsea , a butterfly of the genus cethosia belonging to the nymphalidae family .
the red lacewing ( cethosia biblis ) is a species of heliconiine butterfly belonging to the nymphalidae family .
childrena childreni , the large silverstripe , is a species nymphalid butterfly was first described by gray in 1831 .


cephalotes wheeleri is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to " parachute " by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .

giving their name also as gliding ants .

cephalotes wheeleri

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes wheeleri for further details
besides knowing that a collection of this species was made in tropical semideciduous forest , nothing is known about the biology of cephalotes wheeleri .
a member of the wheeleri clade differing from its sister species , cephalotes toltecus , in the worker by the genal area and the mesosoma with more regular longitudinal rugosities , and , in the soldier , by the disc with sparser foveae and without short , broad , medial tumulus . soldiers of wheeleri and toltecus can be distinguished from the other soldiers of the wheeleri clade by the floor of the disc flat posteriorly . ( de andrade and baroni urbani 1999 )
a member of the wheeleri clade differing from its sister species , cephalotes wheeleri , in the worker by the less regular body rugosities , and in the soldier by the presence of a low , broad tumulus in the middle of the head and by the denser foveae . soldiers of both species share the posterior part of the disc flat .
richness of cephalotes species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of cephalotes species or for valid names only see cephalotes species .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes toltecus for further details
more research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed . our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy , which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .
practically , if one disposes of abundant cephalotes nest series , he should be able to recognise the members of the hamulus clade at glance by their possibly unique possession of one very important plesiomorphy : the absence of soldiers and the monomorphism of the worker caste , a character state unknown in other cephalotes ( though it may be present in the poorly known species cephalotes placidus and cephalotes oculatus in the atratus clade ) , but which is the rule among the species of the sister genus procryptocerus .
note : the description above is based on a single immature and damaged male belonging to the wheeleri type series ; we did not dare dissecting its genitalia . a few genital characters visible without dissection have been nonetheless included in the data matrix for this species .
a relatively large clade containing ten recent species . it roughly corresponds to the former subgenus cyathomyrmex but cephalotes setulifer has been excluded from it .
de andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 . ( page 578 , male described , page 574 , combination in cephalotes )
combination in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : kempf , 1958a : 132 ; in zacryptocerus : hespenheide , 1986 : 395 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 574 .
an additional probable synapomorphy for the species of this clade is a character not considered in our data matrix : the capacity of the soldiers to secrete camouflage material . we have evidence of soldiers with the head more or less covered by such material for all the species of the clade . we did not include the secretion of camouflage material in our list of characters because of the difficulty to obtain evidence of its absence for a number of species . this trait , however , is homoplastically present also outside the pallens clade at least in cephalotes setulifer , cephalotes coffeae , and , probably , cephalotes patei .
this clade contains two dominican fossil species and a recent one from curacao . the exact relationships among the three and with other cephalotes species may be subject to future changes since all of them are only known from workers . its members are unique within a large , terminal cephalotes clade comprising 52 species , for the secondary loss of the coloration of the frontal carinae . this character is likely to have an obvious adaptive and a doubtful phylogenetic meaning . see also the introduction to the patei clade .
the following is based on de andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 .
de andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 . ( page 579 , figs . 269 , 270 soldier , worker described )
the proventriculus of the cephalotes is peculiar relative to other ants . the morphology of the structure suggests it serves as a powerful pump and filter . this does not appear to lead these ants to have a highly specialized diet as most species appear to be general scavengers . foragers have been observed feeding on carrion , bird feces , extrafloral nectaries and even tending membracids . pollen feeding has been observed in some species , and this is somewhat specialized for ants , but it is not evident that any species restricts its diet to this resource in any significant way . evidence for pollen feeding in cephalotes has accumulated , in part , via finding digested pollen grains seen in infrabucal pellets . it has been suggested that the morphology of the proventriculus is a specialization for processing pollen .
we are inclined to recognise a significant phylogenetic value to characters 2 and 3 . the crucial fact forcing the distinction between the pusillus clade and the laminatus clade , however , is the position of the insufficiently known species solidus ( q . v . ) - intermediate between the two clades in our cephalotes phylogeny . this position may be subject to change after discovery of the solidus soldier , gyne and male .
the behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail ( ethograms from wilson 1976 , cole 1980 and cole 1983 ) . soldiers do little else besides defend the nest . this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species . an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees : they
fly
towards the tree , often grabbing the trunk well above the ground ( video ) .
this clade contains a small set of seven species characterised by a unique but important synapomorphy : the hind femora of the soldier with a dorsal crest . only the nominal species grandinosus has a broad geographical distribution ; other members of the clade appear to be restricted to the brazilian - peruvian rain forests and two species are fossil in dominican amber . the recent species of this clade are also among the minority of cephalotes with light colours . the coloration , of course , can not be assessed with certainty for the fossils .
a relatively large clade comprising 10 species characterised by combinations of characters present homoplastically also in other clades and secondarily lost in a few ingroup species . two of these characters appear as synapomorphic in our phylogenetic reconstruction : the propodeum with 4 or 5 pairs of lateral denticles and the petiole dorsally armed . the combination of these two traits in characterising this clade is suggestive of what we understand as one of the major evolutionary trends in cephalotes : improving its passive defence system . all the members of the clade are south american , particularly abundant in the tropical zone , and extending up to colombia as the northernmost limit .
as already intuitively proposed by emery ( 1922 ) and by kempf ( 1958 ) this is a very distinctive clade containing only one species characterised by the following five autapomorphies : characters 8 : 0 - > 2 , 50 : 0 - > 1 , 108 : 0 - > 1 , 118 : 0 - > 1 , 126 : 0 - > 1 . in spite of the resulting isolate status within the cephalotes phylogeny , umbraculatus shows some characters clearly intermediate between its most adjacent clades as listed under the discussion of the species . umbraculatus appears to be one of the commonest species of the genus in large parts of the neotropical rain forests .
the two species constituting this clade have been considered as only one ( pusillus ) by kempf ( 1951 ) . pusillus was regarded by kempf ( 1 . c . ) as a member of his
spinosus species group
which is roughly equivalent to our laminatus clade and with which it shares several characters . in our analysis pusillus and columbicus result separate and paraphyletic respect to the laminatus clade . the main reason for this is the presence of fine reticulation under the head , a character present in cephalotes solidus and in all the members of the laminatus clade but absent in pusillus and columbicus . another character separating pusillus and columbicus from the members of the laminatus clade ( absence of angulate femora in the former vs . presence in the latter ) is actually present only in the basal species of the laminatus clade and absent in the internal ones . the synapomorphies of the pusillus clade resulting from our phylogenetic reconstruction are the following :
a small clade containing only 5 , very distinctive , species , all restricted to a broad sinaloan - sonoran region from arizona to the states of jalisco and morelos to the south and including las islas de tres marias . these species are easily recognizable and , in our cladogram , they are characterised by a set of six synapomorphies : for the workers , ( 1 ) the postoccipital suture extending over the ventral side of the head , ( 2 ) the first gastral tergite striate , ( 3 ) the loss of gastral coloured spots , ( 4 ) the presence of erect , truncate hairs , and , for the soldiers , ( 5 ) the antennal scrobes terminating below the eyes , and , for the gynes , ( 6 ) loss of the gastral coloured spots ( a trait not necessarily correlated with the analogous one of workers ) . in spite of their compact phylogenetic robustness and unequivocal presence of advanced synapomorphies ( soldiers and gynes with disc , etc . ) , the workers of the species of this clade bear a strong , superficial similarity with the basalmost cephalotes clade : the hamulus clade .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en
you must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .
de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 578 ( m . ) ; wheeler & wheeler , 1954b pdf : 157 ( l . ) .
1 times taken from a hollow dead liana suspended by other vines . , 1 times on passiflora efn .
antweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and
from urltoken
in the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .
antweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0
worker castes typically include two forms , a worker and soldier , but there are a few species that are monomorphic . the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk . in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced . queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology . soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance . this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders . other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .
mature nest size varies , by species , from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers . available evidence suggests most species are monogynous . queens may mate with multiple males .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
forel , 1901c : 126 ( s . w . ) mexico . de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 578 ( m . ) ; wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1954b : 157 ( l . ) . combination in
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - vertexal angles rounded , with superficially crenulate borders . occiput almost straight . postoccipital suture open antero - ventrally . cheeks not marginate . frontal carinae with a notch over the eyes . antennal scrobes reaching the antero - ventral border of the eyes posteriorly . anterior clypeal border concave . mandibles laterally superficially carinate .
mesosoma convex in side view . pronotum in dorsal view with the anterior border convex . scapular angles absent or not visible in dorsal view . pronotal sides with narrow lamellae bearing three teeth . humeral angles with a short , pointed , lateral teeth slightly bent anteriorly , followed by another tooth of the same size or smaller than the first and variably pointed , and by a third broad and obtuse tooth . sides of the mesonotum converging and unarmed . promesonotal and propodeal sutures superficially marked in some specimens , better visible on the sides . propodeum declivous , without distinct , differentiate , basal and declivous faces , with a pointed , thin spine at the end of its first half , directed laterally and slightly upwards .
petiole anteriorly truncate ; its anterior border marked by a transversal carina variably impressed . petiolar spines half of the length of the petiole , thin , pointed backwards and placed on the middle of the petiolar sides . postpetiole broader than petiole , with thin , pointed spines arising anterolaterally and curved backwards at the base .
hind and mid femora neither angulate nor denticulate ; mid and hind basitarsi long and without flat and broad base .
sculpture . head dorsum reticulate and with superficial , slightly irregular foveae sometimes sparser behind the clypeus , denser on the vertexal angles . frontal carinae superficially punctate . ventral face of the head and sides of the mesosoma striato - rugose , superficially reticulate , slightly shining . mesosoma and pedicel minutely reticulate , striato - rugose and with few , irregular foveae . gaster superficially reticulate and shining . first gastral tergite with longitudinal rugulations originating from the articulation with the postpetiole and diverging backwards . first sternite with longitudinal rugulations on the sides only . legs minutely reticulate - punctate , with slightly shining femora . distal part of the mid and hind femora and outer face of the tibiae with irregular , superficial foveae and rugosities .
pilosity . body with three types of sparse hairs : ( 1 ) long , erect , truncate , on the mesosoma , on the pedicel and gaster , slightly shorter on the head dorsum ; ( 2 ) appressed and thick , denser on the occipital borders , on the dorsal sides of the mesosoma and on the pedicel , shorter and thinner on the frons , on the middle of the mesosoma and posterior border of the first gastral tergite and legs ; ( 3 ) minute and thin on the gaster and on the legs .
colour . dark brown to black , with yellowish frontal carinae , reddish - brown antennae and femora , lighter tibiae , tarsi , propodeal and peduncular spines .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 3 . 84 - 4 . 28 ; hl 0 . 92 - 1 . 04 ; hw 1 . 04 - 1 . 20 ; el 0 . 28 ; pw 0 . 84 - 0 . 98 ; pew 0 . 48 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 56 - 0 . 60 ; hbal 0 . 40 - 0 . 48 ; hbaw 0 . 08 - 0 . 09 ; ci 113 . 0 - 115 . 4 ; pi 122 . 4 - 123 . 8 ; ppei 175 . 0 ; pppi 150 . 0 - 163 . 3 ; hbai 18 . 7 - 20 . 0 .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - head disc present . head dorsum with the anterior third declivous and concave on its sides , the rest flat and slightly lower than the borders of the disc . frontal carinae broadly expanded anteriorly , converging posteriorly and connected by a convex carina on the vertex . vertexal border round and marginate on the sides . eyes moderately flat and not hidden by the disc . clypeal border deeply concave anteriorly . mandibles laterally carinate and partially hidden by the frontal carinae .
mesosoma . humeral angles with a broad , obtuse tooth anteriorly , their sides converging posteriorly . pronotal carina marked on the sides but discontinuous in the middle . promesonotal suture impressed . mesonotal sides with a broad tooth with pointed tip , rarely obtuse . lower mesopleurae without denticles . propodeum differentiated in basal and declivous faces ; basal face slightly convex dorsally , with a pointed tooth in the middle of each side and converging posteriorly to the declivous face ; declivous face concave in the middle .
petiole with distinctly differentiated anterior and posterior faces ; anterior face vertical , posterior face slightly convex and bearing a pointed spine directed backwards on the sides . postpetiole broadly convex ; petiolar spines arising from the anterior border of the petiole and little curved .
legs . fore coxae with a tumulus anteriorly . mid and hind femora without angle or denticles . mid and hind basitarsi without broad base and not compressed laterally .
pilosity . body with three types of hairs : ( 1 ) rare , long , erect , truncate on the mesosoma , pedicel and dorsum of the first gastral tergite , sparser on the legs and apex of the gaster , and shorter on the first gastral sternite ; ( 2 ) decumbent to appressed on each fovea , sparse on the legs , longer and thicker on the pedicel and on the ventral part of the meso - and metapleurae ; ( 3 ) minute and thin on the gaster .
colour . dark brown to black , with reddish - brown frontal carinae , antennae , femora , and lighter tarsi .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 6 . 04 - 6 . 52 ; hl 1 . 52 - 1 . 56 ; hw 1 . 68 - 1 . 72 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 64 - 1 . 68 ; pew 0 . 64 ; ppw 0 . 68 - 0 . 72 ; hbal 0 . 44 - 0 . 46 ; hbaw 0 . 10 - 0 . 11 ; ci 110 . 2 - 110 . 5 ; pi 102 . 4 ; ppei 256 . 2 - 262 . 5 ; pppi 227 . 7 - 247 . 0 ; hbai 22 . 7 - 23 . 9 .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - head , eyes included , almost 1 / 3 broader than long ; vertexal angles convex . frontal carinae not raised , strongly diverging backwards and not reaching the first ocellus . clypeus convex , its anterior border straight . scapes thick , twice as long as the first funicular joint ; remaining funicular joints thickening from the base to the apex .
mesosoma . mayrian furrows impressed . propodeum with differentiate basal and declivous faces ; basal face convex dorsally and with the sides converging posteriorly ; declivous face converging posteriorly and laterally marginate .
petiole with the anterior face truncate and concave medially ; petiole and postpetiole convex dorsally and laterally .
sculpture . head and pronotum minutely punctate and with very broad , irregular reticulation . mesonotum punctate and with superficial foveae surrounded by thin rugosities . scutellum punctate and with thin , longitudinal rugosities . basal face of the propodeum and pleurae punctate and with irregular , longitudinal rugosities . declivous face of the propodeum and gaster superficially reticulate . pedicel punctate and with thin , longitudinal rugosities slightly irregular on the sides . legs punctate .
pilosity . body with long , pointed hairs , suberect on the head and mesosoma , decumbent on the propodeum , pedicel , gaster and legs .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 58 ; hl 0 . 76 ; hw 0 . 92 ; el 0 . 39 ; pw ( not measurable : deformed ) ; pew 0 . 43 ; ppw 0 . 49 ; hbal 0 . 55 ; hbaw 0 . 08 ; ci 121 . 0 ; hbai 14 . 5 .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - worker , soldier . type locality : cuernavaca ( morelos , mexico ) . type material : lectotype soldier in museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo and several paralectotype workers and soldiers divided between the museum of comparative zoology , musee d ' histoire naturelle genève , mzsp , museo civico di storia naturale , genoa and national museum of natural history ( kempf , 1958 a : 132 ) , examined .
forel , a . 1901d . i . fourmis mexicaines récoltées par m . le professeur w . - m . wheeler . ii . a propos de la classification des fourmis . ann . soc . entomol . belg . 45 : 123 - 141 ( page 126 , soldier , worker described )
hespenheide , h . a . 1986 . mimicry of ants of the genus zacryptocerus . j . n . y . entomol . soc . 94 : 394 - 408 ( page 395 , combination in zacryptocerus )
kempf , w . w . 1958a . new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini ( hym . formicidae ) . stud . entomol . ( n . s . ) 1 : 1 - 168 ( page 132 , combination in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) )
wheeler , g . c . ; wheeler , j . 1954b . the ant larvae of the myrmicine tribes cataulacini and cephalotini . j . wash . acad . sci . 44 : 149 - 157 ( page 157 , larva described )
this page was last modified on 22 june 2015 , at 13 : 47 .
de andrade , in de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 579 , figs . 269 , 270 ( s . w . ) mexico .
vertexal angles round , with superficially crenulate border . vertexal border straight and not marginate medially . hypostoma not connected by a bridge . cheeks feebly marginate dorsally . frontal carinae with a superficial incision over the eyes . antennal scrobes reaching the antero - ventral border of the eyes . clypeus anteriorly concave . mandibles with inconspicuous lateral carinae .
petiole anteriorly truncate ; its anterior border marked by a transversal carina variably impressed . petiolar spines arising from the center of the petiolar sides , shorter than half of the length of the petiole , thin , and pointing backwards . postpetiole broader than petiole , with thin , pointed spines slightly more than half of the length postpetiole , arising anterolaterally and curved backwards at the base .
hind and mid femora without angle or denticles ; mid and hind basitarsi long and without flat and broad base .
sculpture . head dorsum reticulate , superficially and irregularly foveolate , the foveae denser , deeper and separated by broad reticulation on the posterior third . frontal carinae much more superficially reticulate than the remaining head dorsum . ventral face of the head longitudinally striato - rugose . mesosoma and pedicel reticulate , irregularly foveolate , the foveae separated by broad reticulation anteriorly and with superimposed longitudinal rugosities on the mesonotum and on the propodeum and , on the pedicel among the small specimens . first gastral tergite and sides of the first gastral sternite minutely reticulate and longitudinally rugose , the rugosities more concentric on the middle of the tergite of small specimens ; first gastral tergite laterally and center of the first gastral sternite superficially reticulate and shining . legs reticulate with slightly shining femora . outer face of the tibiae with oval and superficial foveae .
pilosity . body with four types of hairs : ( 1 ) sparse , long , erect and truncate , on the head , on the mesosoma , on the pedicel , on the gastral tergites and on the legs ; ( 2 ) similar to type ( 1 ) but thinner and shorter on the gastral sternites ; ( 3 ) canaliculate , appressed , thick , denser on the vertexal border , on the mesosoma and on the pedicel originating from the foveae ; ( 4 ) similar to type ( 3 ) but shorter and thinner on the frons , on the gaster and on the legs .
colour . dark brown to black . frontal carinae yellow and semi - transparent in small and opaque and darker in larger specimens . antennae , pronotal , propodeal and pedicellar spines and legs reddish - brown . vertexal angles , propodeum and pedicel with weak golden reflexes due to the pilosity .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 4 . 16 - 5 . 76 ; hl 0 . 96 - 1 . 28 ; hw 1 . 04 - 1 . 38 ; el 0 . 28 - 0 . 36 ; pw 0 . 85 - 1 . 28 ; pew 0 . 48 - 0 . 68 ; ppw 0 . 52 - 0 . 80 ; hbal 0 . 40 - 0 . 60 ; hbaw 0 . 09 - 0 . 12 ; ci 107 . 8 - 108 . 3 ; pi 107 . 8 - 122 . 3 ; ppei 177 . 1 - 188 . 2 ; pppi 160 . 0 - 163 . 5 ; hbai 20 . 0 - 22 . 5 .
head disc present . floor of the disc concave anteriorly , flat posteriorly and with a low tumulus in the middle . frontal carinae broadly expanded anteriorly , not covering the eyes , converging posteriorly and connected by a sharp , convex , not raised carina on the vertex . vertexal angles round and marginate . eyes moderately convex . clypeal border deeply concave anteriorly . mandibles laterally carinate and largely hidden by the frontal carinae .
mesosoma . humeral angles with a broad , obtuse tooth anteriorly , their sides converging posteriorly . pronotal carina well marked and superficially interrupted in the middle . promesonotal suture impressed . mesonotal sides with a broad , pointed or angulate tooth . lower mesopleurae without minute denticles . propodeum with differentiate basal and declivous faces ; basal face in dorsal view weakly convex , with a broad , pointed tooth in the middle of each side and narrowing towards the declivous face ; declivous face longitudinally concave and bearing a pair of small teeth .
petiole with distinctly differentiate anterior and posterior faces ; anterior face truncate , weakly concave medially ; posterior face sloping backwards and bearing laterally a pointed spine directed backwards . postpetiole broadly convex ; postpetiolar spines arising from the anterior border of the postpetiole and slightly curved backwards .
sculpture . head , mesosoma and pedicel superficially and minutely reticulate and foveolate , the foveae deep and broader than their interspaces on the head dorsum , slightly sparser on the anterior half of the pronotum and on the middle of the propodeum , smaller and shallower than on the head dorsum on the posterior half of the pronotum and on the middle of the mesonotum , dense on the sides of the mesosomal dorsum and on the pedicel . frontal carinae superficially reticulate - foveolate and little shining . ventral part of the head with the same sculpture as on the anterior part of the pronotum and superficially shining . pleurae , declivous face of the propodeum , legs , first gastral tergite and sides of the first gastral sternites reticulate ; the same sculpture but less impressed than on the legs and more shining on the remaining tergites , sternites and on the middle of the first sternite . propleurae , lower mesoand metapleurae and outer face of the femora and tibiae with superficial foveae , more irregular on the tibiae . anterior third of the first gastral tergite and the sides of the first gastral sternites with faint longitudinal rugosities .
pilosity . body with four types of hairs : ( 1 ) canaliculate , decumbent to appressed arising from each fovea , longer and thicker on the propodeum , on the pedicel and on the lower part of the meso - and metapleurae , slightly shorter and thinner on the extensor face of the legs ; ( 2 ) long , erect , truncate , rare on the mesosoma and on the pedicel , sparse on the first gastral tergite and on the legs , dense on the posterior border of the gaster ; ( 3 ) similar to type ( 2 ) but shorter and thinner on the first gastral sternite ; ( 4 ) minute , appressed and thin on the gaster and on the anterior and posterior faces of the legs .
colour . black . frontal carinae dark red . legs ferruginous with brown first tarsomere and lighter remaining tarsomeres .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 96 - 7 . 20 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 64 ; hw 1 . 64 - 1 . 72 ; el 0 . 34 - 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 60 - 1 . 68 ; pew 0 . 66 - 0 . 68 ; ppw 0 . 74 - 0 . 76 ; hbal 0 . 46 - 0 . 52 ; hbaw 0 . 12 ; ci 104 . 9 - 110 . 8 ; pi 102 . 4 - 102 . 5 ; ppei 242 . 4 - 247 . 0 ; pppi 216 . 2 - 221 . 0 ; hbai 23 . 1 - 26 . 1 .
holotype soldier from 19 mi . nw magdalena , jalisco , mexico , museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo ; paratypes : 3 soldiers and 6 workers , same data as the holotype , all in museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo .
this species is named after the toltecs , one of the ancient peoples of south mexico .
this page was last modified on 22 june 2015 , at 13 : 46 .
a relatively large clade containing nine recent and one fossil species . it is characterized by the following synapomorphies : ( 1 ) worker propodeum with a pair of spines shorter than the basal face , a trait secondarily lost among the more specialized species inca and basalis ; ( 2 ) worker with incrassate fore femora , a character invariant within the clade and similar but probably not homologous to the condition characteristic of procryptocerus , and , ( 3 ) soldier without vertexal denticles . in our reconstruction this character state results as a secondary loss of the clade which should have been re - gained among the most specialised species basalis and cordiventris .
within the hamulus clade we recognise eight valid species and there is a possible , insufficiently known , ninth species . all these species are presumably endemic on the island of hispaniola and two of them are known only from copal samples of probable historical age . one could expect to encounter them again in the recent fauna of the island .
a circumstance apparently contrasting with the antiquity of the clade is that its members are very similar each other and are likely to be the product of relatively young speciation events , a hypothesis supported also by palaeogeographic evidence . the main diagnostic characters among them appear to be confined to integumental sculpture , pilosity and coloration . as a result of this situation , the internal phylogeny of the clade is far from being properly understood and , due to our incapacity to detect sufficient , plausible synapomorphies , the internal phylogeny of this clade should be considered as tentative .
a small clade containing only two argentinean species characterised by having soldiers with the cephalic disc concave and with irregular foveae bearing clavate hairs not surpassing the border of the foveae . the gynes of both species are also unique in the shape of the disc : concave in the two anterior thirds and flat posteriorly . both species appear to be rather rare : fewer than 20 specimens are known .
1 . frontal carinae of the soldier not reaching the vertex . this character is present also in some ingroup species of the laminatus clade .
by means of the constraints command of paup we forced solidus to into a clade corresponding to kempf’s
angustus group
. all 14 resulting possible optimal trees are only two steps longer than our phylogeny of fig . 24 . the position of solidus is constant in all 14 trees : it results as the outgroup species of all the other members of kempf ' s
angustus group
.
this page was last modified on 1 july 2017 , at 18 : 18 .
this page was last modified on 13 november 2017 , at 22 : 40 .
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
centro de investigación en biodiversidad y conservación ( cibyc ) , universidad autónoma del estado de morelos , av . universidad 1001 , col . chamilpa , cuernavaca , 62209 , morelos , méxico (
carmen agglael vergara - torres , miguel vásquez - bolaños , angélica ma . corona - lópez , víctor hugo toledo - hernández , alejandro flores - palacios ; ant ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) diversity in the canopy of a tropical dry forest in tepoztlán , central mexico , annals of the entomological society of america , volume 110 , issue 2 , 1 march 2017 , pages 197–203 , urltoken
© the authors 2016 . published by oxford university press on behalf of entomological society of america . all rights reserved . for permissions , please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken
i agree to the terms and conditions . you must accept the terms and conditions .
thank you for submitting a comment on this article . your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal ' s discretion . please check for further notifications by email .
you could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .
most users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .
oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide
for full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .
credits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .
we use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .


rhinella justinianoi is a species of toad in the family bufonidae that is endemic to bolivia .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

rhinella justinianoi

rhinella justinianoi — chaparro , pramuk , and gluesenkamp , 2007 , herpetologica , 63 : 205 .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - el chape toad ( rhinella justinianoi )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - el chape toad ( rhinella justinianoi )
title =
arkive species - el chape toad ( rhinella justinianoi )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
bufo justinianoi harvey & smith , 1994 , male , provincia chapare , 2100 m .
bufo justinianoi harvey and smith , 1994 , herpetologica , 50 : 33 . holotype : mnk an - 950 , by original designation . type locality :
el chape , provincia florida , departamento santa cruz , bolivia , 2050 m , found at the edge of cloud forest
.
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
justification : listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat .
this species is found in the bolivian andes , in cochabamba , santa cruz and la paz departments . it is know from the type locality , el chape , in florida province , santa cruz department , at an altitude of 2 , 050m asl , and from campamento fortaleza , in carrasco province , cochabamba department , from 1 , 875 - 2 , 220m asl , and from four localities in nor yungas province , in la paz department , from 1 , 440 - 2 , 250m asl .
it inhabits wet montane forest including cloud and yungas forest . köhler ( 2000a ) suggests that it is probably restricted to primary forest . the larvae develop in streams .
the major threat to this species is habitat destruction and degradation caused primarily by agriculture .
claudia cortez , steffen reichle , ignacio de la riva , jörn köhler . 2004 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .
will find all uses of
hyl . . .
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .
will find all uses of
. . . hyla
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla
will find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor
interprets this as
lithobates or pipiens
so will find the union of all records that contain either
lithobates
or
pipiens
: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens
interprets this as
lithobates and pipiens
so will return all records that have the character string
lithobates pipiens
anywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .
bufo justinanoi — köhler , 2000 , bonn . zool . monogr . , 48 : 84 . incorrect subsequent spelling .
chaunus justinanoi — frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de sá , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 364 .
el chape toad ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 42 ) .
andes of the departments of la paz , santa cruz , and cochabamba , bolivia , in cloud forest , 1875 - 2220 m elevation .
in the bufo veraguensis group , most similar to bufo quechua and bufo veraguensis , according to the original publication . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status ( as bufo inyangae ) in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 186 .
please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .
for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
arkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .
iucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .
the el chape toad is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
using this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from joern koehler . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact joern koehler joern . koehler [ at ] hlmd . de . ( replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email . )
1111 1111 1111 1347 copyright © 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
plate i ( d ) from köhler , j . 2000 . amphibian diversity in bolivia : a study with special reference to montane forest regions . bonner zoologische monographien 48 , p . 64 .
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .


bullia tranquebarica , common name the lined bullia , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks .

bullia tranquebarica

buccinum bellangeri kiener , 1834 bullia ( bullia ) tranquebarica ( röding , 1798 ) bullia bellangeri ( kiener , 1834 ) dorsanum belangeri ( kiener , 1834 ) plotia tranquebarica röding , 1798 ( original combination ) terebra lineoloata g . b . sowerby i , 1825
specimen shell : bullia tranquebarica each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( india - trivandrum ) , divers , nassariidae specimen shell : bullia tranquebarica roding 1798
» species bullia ( bullia ) callosa ( wood , 1828 ) represented as bullia callosa ( w . wood , 1828 )
» species bullia ( bullia ) similis g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 represented as bullia similis sowerby iii , 1897
» species bullia ( bullia ) mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878 represented as bullia mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878
» species bullia ( bullia ) persica e . a . smith , 1878 represented as bullia persica e . a . smith , 1878
» species bullia ( bullia ) trifasciata e . a . smith , 1904 represented as bullia trifasciata e . a . smith , 1904
» species bullia ( bullia ) ancillaeformis e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as bullia ancillaeformis e . a . smith , 1906
» species bullia ( bullia ) osculata g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as bullia osculata ( sowerby iii , 1900 )
species bullia gracilis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885
species bullia kraussi w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885
species bullia scalaris w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885
species bullia thetis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885
sea shell information on : ts121260 - nassariidae bullia - > tranquebarica . this specimen is of nassariidae . the specimen shell of groupe : bullia . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information
species bullia albanyana w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
species bullia rietensis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
species bullia scitula w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
species bullia soluta w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia digitalis ( dillwyn , 1817 )
species bullia sowerbyi w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia laevissima ( gmelin , 1791 )
species bullia spectrum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
species bullia subventricosa w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
species bullia zenobia w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
» species bullia ( bullia ) nitida ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) represented as bullia nitida g . b . sowerby iii , 1895
subgenus bullia ( adinus ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as bullia gray , 1833
species bullia dulcis g . b . sowerby iii , 1921 accepted as bullia digitalis ( dillwyn , 1817 )
( of bullia ( bullia ) tranquebarica ( röding , 1798 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
species bullia pustulosa g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 accepted as bullia mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878
( of plotia tranquebarica röding , 1798 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
nassariidae » bullia melanoides , id : 176680 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
species buccinum callosum w . wood , 1828 accepted as bullia callosa ( w . wood , 1828 ) ( original combination )
species bullia pellucida w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as annulobalcis pellucida ( w . h . turton , 1932 ) ( original combination )
( of bullia ( bullia ) gray , 1833 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
allmon w . d . , 1990 [ 12 december ] . review of the bullia group ( gastropoda : nassariidae ) with comments on its evolution , biogeography , and phylogeny . bulletins of american paleontology 99 ( 335 ) : 179 pp . , 15 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bullia bellangeri ( kiener , 1834 ) ) odhner , n . h . j . ( 1919 ) . contribution a la faune malacologique de madagascar . arkiv för zoologi , k . svenska vetenskapsakademien , 12 ( 6 ) : 1 - 52 , 4 pl . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of adinus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) allmon w . d . , 1990 [ 12 december ] . review of the bullia group ( gastropoda : nassariidae ) with comments on its evolution , biogeography , and phylogeny . bulletins of american paleontology 99 ( 335 ) : 179 pp . , 15 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bullia ( leiodomus ) swainson , 1840 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
odhner , n . h . j . ( 1919 ) . contribution a la faune malacologique de madagascar . arkiv för zoologi , k . svenska vetenskapsakademien , 12 ( 6 ) : 1 - 52 , 4 pl . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of terebra lineolata g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) sowerby i , g . b . ( 1825 ) . a catalogue of the shells contained in the collection of the late earl of tankerville . london , privately published . vii + 92 + xxxiv pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : xxiii [ details ]
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of terebra lineolata g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of dorsanum belangeri ( kiener , 1834 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of buccinum bellangeri kiener , 1834 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of buccinum bellangeri kiener , 1834 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
shell medium sized ; elongately ovate ; thin , body whorl extending upto half the total length of the shell ; sculpture composed of irregular spiral grooves ; ; subsutural ridge seen ; body whorl consisting of spiral grooves getting prominent towards the base ; outer lip smooth ; callus smooth with broad anterior canal ; colour light brownish ; ornamented with dark brown axial streaks ; aperture whitish .
biju kumar , a . 2012 . ‘kerala theerathe kadal jeevikal’ ( marine animals of kerala coast - a field guide ) . kerala state biodiversity board , thiruvananthapuram , kerala , 304 pp . ( in malayalam )
the contents of this website is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .
bijukumar , a . and nair , a . s . ( eds ) . 2014 . marine biodiversity informatics for kerala . < www . keralamarinelife . in > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
enter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .
e - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
natural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken
an open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .
javascript is disabled ! not all shop functions are available . please check your browser settings .
19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 010 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany ) stock level : 96 piece
19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 010 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )
' * price per piece , unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product ' s name , e . g . ( x2 ) for 2 pieces or ( 10g ) for a portion of 10 grams .
in case you buy this article , you will get the pictured specimen only when it is depicted as * unique * in the product description . otherwise , pictures serve as representative examples and the article you will get will be very similar to the photo . '
how to buy ? if you want to buy an item , click the
buy now
button on this page . once you ' ve pressed the
buy now
item , you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page . after filling up the form and when you submit your order , the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .
terms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include . all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included . the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment .
odhner , n . h . j . ( 1919 ) . contribution a la faune malacologique de madagascar .
, k . svenska vetenskapsakademien , 12 ( 6 ) : 1 - 52 , 4 pl .
best guess : both mytilocardia and mytilicardita are listed as synonyms in vaught . [ details ]
preoccupied name : by c . strigella lovén 1846 , a european species [ details ]
tritonellium valenciennes , 1858 ( unnecessary replacement name for tritonium o . f . müller , 1776 , by valenciennes considered a homonym of tritonia cuvier )
» species buccinum ( nassa ) semiplicatum dunker , 1853 accepted as nassarius gaudiosus ( hinds , 1844 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of buccinum semiplicatum o . g . costa , 1830 )
species buccinum acicula o . f . müller , 1774 accepted as cecilioides acicula ( o . f . müller , 1774 )
species buccinum afrum philippi , 1851 accepted as nassarius coronulus ( a . adams , 1852 ) ( uncertain synonym )
species buccinum albozonatum r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as falsimohnia albozonata ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( original combination )
species buccinum alicei dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1912 accepted as buccinum nivale friele , 1882 ( synonym )
species buccinum aquilarum r . b . watson , 1882 accepted as gymnobela aquilarum ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
species buccinum armatum wood , 1828 accepted as mexacanthina lugubris ( g . b . sowerby i , 1822 ) ( synonym )
species buccinum atrum schrank , 1803 accepted as stagnicola atra ( schrank , 1803 ) accepted as stagnicola palustris ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) ( original combination )
species buccinum boreale broderip & sowerby g . b . i , 1829 accepted as buccinum ciliatum ( fabricius , 1780 ) ( synonym )
species buccinum brevidentatum wood , 1828 accepted as acanthais brevidentata ( w . wood , 1828 ) ( original combination )
species buccinum canaliculatum lamarck , 1822 accepted as nassarius siquijorensis ( a . adams , 1852 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of buccinum canaliculatum gmelin , 1791 )
species buccinum candidissimum c . b . adams , 1845 accepted as nassarius candidissimus ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) accepted as phrontis candidissima ( c . b . adams , 1845 )
species buccinum cassideum g . b . sowerby i , 1825 accepted as demoulia abbreviata ( gmelin , 1791 )
, not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 734 [ details ]
( of tritonellium valenciennes , 1858 ) valenciennes a . ( 1858 ) note sur une suite intéressante de coquilles rapportées des mers du japon , et de la manche de tartarie , par m . le dr barthe . compte rendu des séances de l ' académie des sciences [ paris ] 46 : 759 - 762 . [ after 19 april 1858 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 762 [ details ]
montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 463 [ details ]
( of reticubuccinum ito & habe , 1980 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
using cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken
utilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken
griffith , e . & pidgeon , e . ( 1833 - 1834 ) . the mollusca and radiata . vol . 12 , in : e . griffith , [ 1824 ] −1835 , the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization , by the baron cuvier , [ . . . ] . london : whittaker and co . , viii + 601 pp . , 61 pls . [ 1−138 ( date of publication according to petit & coan , 2008 : pp 1 - 192 , mollusca pls . 1−39 - 1833 ; pp 193 - 601 , pls . zoophytes 2−20 , mollusca corrected pls . 28 * , 36 * , 37 * , pls . 40 - 41 - 1834 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 37 , fig . 8 ( legend ) [ details ]
abbott , r . t . & s . p . dance ( 1986 ) . compendium of sea shells . american malacologists , inc : melbourne , florida [ details ]
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of leiodomus swainson , 1840 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of pseudostrombus mörch , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of adinus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]


porcellionides pruinosus is a cosmopolitan woodlouse that is native to europe , and is suspected to consist of very closely related species .

ten subspecies are recognised .

the species carries wolbachia endosymbionts , which is an alpha-proteobacterium that is known to modify the reproduction of their crustacean hosts by inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility or feminisation .

porcellionides pruinosus

kento furui added the japanese common name
ホソワラジムシ
to
porcellionides pruinosus ( brandt , 1833 )
.
long - term exposure of the isopod porcellionides pruinosus to nickel : costs in the energy budget and detoxification enzymes .
long - term exposure of the isopod porcellionides pruinosus to nickel : costs in the energy budget and detoxification enzymes . - pubmed - ncbi
p . pruinosus is widely distributed throughout britain and ireland , perhaps most common in central and eastern england ( but it is under - recorded in many areas ) .
phylogenetic relationships among wolbachia strains and porcellionides pruinosus haplotypes , showing distribution of infection patterns . infection patterns : 1 , type 1 , wolbachia in males ; 2 , type 2 , no wolbachia in males ; * , type of infection unknown . fig . 1 ( a ) maximum likelihood tree ( −log likelihood = 1674 . 84 ) obtained from the wsp sequences . w prui , w pruii , w pruiii are wolbachia strains of p . pruinosus ( see text ) . bootstrap values ( 1000 replicates ) are shown above nodes . ( b ) maximum likelihood tree ( −log likelihood = 1382 . 77 ) obtained from partial sequences of mt lsu rdna . pp a and pp b are mitochondrial lineages of p . pruinosus ( see text ) . bootstrap values ( 1000 replicates ) are shown above nodes .
( of porcellionides meleagris ( budde - lund , 1885 ) ) budde - lund , g . ( 1885 ) . crustacea isopoda terrestria , per familias et genera et species descripta . 319 pp . copenhagen . [ details ]
( of porcellio pruinosus brandt , 1833 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of metoponorthus pruinosus ( brandt , 1833 ) ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellionides breviramus shen , 1949 ) shen , c . j . ( 1949 ) on six new land and freshwater isopod crustacea from yunnan , china . contributions of the institute of zoology , peiping 5 : 49 - 66 . [ details ]
the cosmopolitan terrestrial isopod porcellionides ( = metoponorthus ) pruinosus has a confused taxonomic history ( vandel , 1962 ) . this species is highly synanthropic and is considered to be the most widely distributed species of terrestrial isopods ( vandel , 1962 ; garthwaite & sassaman , 1985 ) . originally native to asia minor ( vandel , 1962 ) and carried extensively elsewhere by humans , p . pruinosus has colonized the entire world except the polar regions . it presents important geographical variation and is considered to be a polytypic species . based on morphological criteria about 20 subspecies were recognized throughout the world ( vandel , 1962 ) although the validity of these subspecies remains questionable ( böhme , 1978 ) . more recently several observations supported the presence of distinct species ( garthwaite & sassaman , 1985 ; juchault et al . , 1985 ; marcadé et al . , 1999 ) .
( of porcellionides breviramus shen , 1949 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellionides schwencki ( moreira , 1927 ) ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellionides swammerdamii ( audouin , 1826 ) ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellionides anatolicus ( verhoeff , 1941 ) ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellionides anatolicus ( verhoeff , 1941 ) ) verhoeff , k . w . ( 1941 ) ueber land - isopoden aus der tuerkei . revue faculte des sciences universite d ' istanbul ( series b ) sciences naturelles 6 ( b ) : 223 - 276 . [ details ]
( of porcellionides meleagris ( budde - lund , 1885 ) ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of metoponorthus pruinosus ( brandt , 1833 ) ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of porcellionides breviramus shen , 1949 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of porcellionides schwencki ( moreira , 1927 ) ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of porcellionides swammerdamii ( audouin , 1826 ) ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of porcellionides anatolicus ( verhoeff , 1941 ) ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
comparison of p . pruinosus and wolbachia relationships ( fig . 1 ) revealed that the pp b group of populations ( st - paul , athens , and tunis ) was infected only by the w prui strain of wolbachia . the pp a group of populations was found to carry the three different strains of wolbachia . the mantel test confirmed that genetic distances of hosts and symbionts were not correlated ( r 2 = 0 . 125 , p = 0 . 761 ) , thus that the observed patterns of distribution can not be explained by co - speciation .
all the procedures used for phylogenetic reconstruction gave the same inferred tree ( fig . 1a ) . three strains were clearly identified and supported by high bootstrap values . the first strain included the symbionts found in southern populations ( athens , tunis and saint - paul ) as well as the symbionts from haifa and nevers . this strain was called w prui ( for wolbachia p . pruinosus i ) according to the nomenclature of zhou et al . ( 1998 ) . the second strain , called w pruii , grouped the bacteria found in the camarade and manzanares populations . the last strain comprising the montamisé and celles - sur - belle symbionts was called w pruiii .
the alignment of the wsp dna sequences revealed four different sequences corresponding to three groups ( table 2 ) . the first group corresponded to wolbachia isolated from athens , tunis , haifa , st - paul and nevers p . pruinosus populations . wolbachia from tunis and nevers exhibited the same wsp sequence and showed a divergence of 0 . 3 % with the other strains of this group . wolbachia from camarade and manzanares exhibited the same wsp sequence and showed a divergence of 4 . 8 % with the first group ( table 2 ) . the third group included wolbachia from the celles - sur - belle and montamisé populations which exhibited the same wsp sequence . this last group was highly divergent from the others ( pairwise distance = 20 . 6 % ) .
the alignment of lsu rdna sequences from p . pruinosus revealed a first group of identical sequences that included french ( nevers , montamisé , celles - sur - belle , camarade ) and spanish ( manzanares ) populations ( table 2 ) . the second group of sequences corresponded to populations from réunion island ( saint paul ) , greece ( athens ) , and tunisia ( tunis ) , with only one substitution between the tunisian sequence and the others . the sequence obtained from the israeli population ( haifa ) exhibited a divergence of 22 . 5 % with those of the second group and a divergence of 16 . 5 % with those of the first group . the first and second groups differed by a mean divergence of 20 . 8 % ( table 2 ) .
the aims of the present study were ( 1 ) to check the genetic differentiation of both hosts and parasites on a larger scale ; ( 2 ) to determine the infection patterns in the host populations ; and ( 3 ) to test the hypothesis of coevolution of p . pruinosus and wolbachia as previously suggested by marcadé et al . ( 1999 ) . this was accomplished by analysing the sequences of mitochondrial lsu rdna host genes , shown to be an adequate marker for this taxonomic level ( michel - salzat & bouchon , 2000 ) and to be more reliable than rflp analysis . at the same time , a molecular analysis of the wolbachia strains found in the host populations was carried out by sequencing the wsp gene , a rapidly evolving gene encoding a wolbachia surface protein ( braig et al . , 1998 ) . on the basis of these two analyses , the correlation between the infection pattern and the wolbachia strains is then examined and discussed .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
thank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .
individuals testing positive for wolbachia were used for both host mitochondrial and wolbachia gene sequencing . the 3′ - half end of the lsu rdna region of the host’s mitochondrial dna was amplified using the specific primers 16sar and 16sbr ( xiong & kocher , 1991 ) . pcr was conducted as previously described ( michel - salzat & bouchon , 2000 ) . the wsp region of the wolbachia dna was amplified using the specific primers wsp81f and wsp691r ( braig et al . , 1998 ) .
after purification , the double - stranded pcr products were sequenced on both strands with the amplification primer set , using the abi prism bigdye terminator cycle sequencing kit ( pe applied biosystems , foster city ) . sequences were analysed on a abi 310 automated sequencer . for each specimen , sequences were obtained independently at least twice from different pcr products .
mitochondrial sequences were deposited in embl , genbank and ddbj databases under accession numbers aj275207 to aj275212 ( table 1 ) . two sequences used in analyses were previously obtained from the celles - sur - belle and saint paul populations ( aj388107 and aj388108 , michel - salzat & bouchon , 2000 ) . wsp sequences were deposited in embl , genbank and ddbj databases under accession numbers aj300579 to aj300585 ( table 1 ) . two sequences were previously obtained from the montamisé and saint paul populations ( aj276604 and aj276605 , cordaux et al . , 2001 ) .
sequences were manually aligned , taking into account the coding structure of the gene . the sequence of
) in order to estimate the correlation between the two distance matrices from parasite and host phylogenies ( 10 000 permutations ) .
all the populations were carrying wolbachia . infected males were only found in french and spanish populations ( i . e . nevers , celles - sur - belle , camarade and manzanares ) whereas no male was detected positive for wolbachia in southern populations ( i . e . athens , tunis and saint - paul ; table 1 ) . the difference between these two infection patterns in males was significant ( χ 2 = 17 . 4 , d . f . = 1 , p < 0 . 001 ) . the presence of infected males in french and spanish populations indicated that they corresponded to the type 1 infection . there is no difference in infection rates in males in these four populations ( χ 2 = 5 . 62 , d . f . = 3 , p > 0 . 05 ) . southern populations with uninfected males corresponded to the type 2 infection . assuming a 95 % confidence limit , the maximum likelihood frequency of a positive male being present in these samples is therefore 10 . 8 % ( post & millest , 1991 ) . comparing the type of infection ( type 1 vs . type 2 ) there was no difference in infection rate in females ( χ 2 = 1 . 48 , d . f . = 1 , p > 0 . 05 ) . in the same way , when males and females were pooled , there was no significant difference in prevalence among populations ( χ 2 = 11 . 99 , d . f . = 6 , p > 0 . 05 ) .
terrestrial isopods from west africa . ii . families tylidae , ligidae , trichoniscidae , styloniscidae , rhyscotidae , halophilosciidae , philosciidae , platyarthridae , trachelipidae , porcellionidae , armadillidiidae
and speciation . in : howard , d . and berlocher , s . ( eds )
we thank t . rigaud and j . b . whitfield for helpful comments on the manuscript .
nature is part of springer nature . © 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
we are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .
the id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .
museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
often in warm places , under rocks exposed to sun or inside compost heaps .
checklist of the terrestrial isopods of the new world ( crustacea , isopoda , oniscidea ) leistikow a . , wägele j . w . 1999 . rev . bras . zool . 16 : 1 - 72 .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
a medium sized ( to 12mm ) purplish - brown woodlouse with a characteristic blue - grey bloom . the body colour contrasts against the long whitish legs and the pale annulations on the antennae . the body has an obviously stepped outline allowing rapid movement .
characteristically it is found within manure heaps , even those in fields ( where it can be abundant ) , but also associated with out - buildings of dairy farms , stables or riding schools , and compost heaps in churchyards , gardens and allotments .
gregory , s . ( 2009 ) woodlice and waterlice ( isopoda : oniscidea & asellota ) in britain and ireland . field studies council / centre for ecology & hydrology .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
brandt , j . f . 1833 ,
conspectus monographiae crustaceorum oniscodorum latreilli
, bulletin de la société impériale des naturalistes de moscou , vol . 6 , pp . 171 - 193
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 454a3276 - 7833 - 4300 - b362 - 12451df9decd
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7c97a2f0 - bd9d - 47f4 - 8980 - 31626c27a07e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ad5f5c59 - ada5 - 4cc3 - a3b5 - abf46596f8c2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4eaee23a - 9e11 - 42aa - ae9f - cd9a047450fc
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 436796
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
type locality contained in israel , egypt , brazil , turkey , new . . .
boyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database .
( of porcellio punctatus brandt , 1833 ) brandt , j . f . ( 1833 ) conspectus monographiae crustaceorum oniscodorum latreillii . bulletin de la societe imperiale des naturalistes de moscou 4 : 171 - 193 . [ details ]
schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of metoponorthus anatolicus verhoeff , 1941 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of metoponorthus anatolicus verhoeff , 1941 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of metoponorthus schwencki moreira , 1927 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of metoponorthus schwencki moreira , 1927 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of metoponorthus swammerdamii ( audouin , 1826 ) ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of metoponorthus swammerdamii ( audouin , 1826 ) ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of metoponorthus meleagris budde - lund , 1885 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of metoponorthus nigrobrunneus budde - lund , 1896 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio flavovittatus miers , 1877 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio frontalis milne edwards , 1840 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio maculicornis c . koch , 1841 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio uniformis c . koch , 1841 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio punctatus brandt , 1833 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of porcellio punctatus brandt , 1833 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio zealandicus miers , 1876 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
ferreira ng 1 , cardoso dn 2 , morgado r 3 , soares am 4 , loureiro s 5 .
department of biology & cesam , university of aveiro , 3810 - 193 aveiro , portugal . electronic address : nunoferreira @ ua . pt .
department of biology & cesam , university of aveiro , 3810 - 193 aveiro , portugal . electronic address : dfilipe @ ua . pt .
department of biology & cesam , university of aveiro , 3810 - 193 aveiro , portugal . electronic address : ruimorgado @ ua . pt .
department of biology & cesam , university of aveiro , 3810 - 193 aveiro , portugal . electronic address : asoares @ ua . pt .
department of biology & cesam , university of aveiro , 3810 - 193 aveiro , portugal . electronic address : sloureiro @ ua . pt .