the light-vented bulbul ( pycnonotus sinensis ) is a species of bird in the bulbul family .

it is found in central and southern china , northern vietnam and taiwan .

light - vented bulbul

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a light - vented bulbul standing on the lotus in taipa houses - museum of macau .
the chinese bulbul ( pycnonotus sinensis ) , also known as the light - vented bulbul , is a bird and a member of the bulbul family .
complete mitochondrial genome of a light - vented bulbul subspecies , pycnonotus sinensis hainanus ( passeriformes : pycnonotidae ) .
complete mitochondrial genome of a light - vented bulbul subspecies , pycnonotus sinensis hainanus ( passeriformes : pycnonotidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
xing x . y . , alström p . , yang x . j . & lei f . m . 2013 . recent northward range expansion promotes song evolution in a passerine bird , the light - vented bulbul . j . evol . biol .
pycnonotus is a paraphyletic genus of songbird in the bulbul family ( pycnonotidae ) .
this bulbul qualifies as vulnerable , as it has a rapidly declining population as a result of hybridisation , with spreading chinese bulbul populations , compounded by habitat loss .
the styan ' s bulbul has a very similar appearance to the light - vented bulbul , but they differ in the patterns on the head . the styan ' s bulbul has a completely black crown with white feathers around its eye , except for a black moustachial stripe below the beak . hybrids are intermediate between the two species , with the moustachial stripe and white feathers around the eye , but the white feathers extend behind the crown .
from
black - crested bulbul
to
black - capped bulbul , with split of multiple species . ( rasmussen & anderton 2005 , fishpool & tobias 2005 )
xing , x . y . , alström , p . , yang , x . j . & lei , f . m . 2013 . recent northward range expansion promotes song evolution in a passerine bird , the light - vented bulbul . journal of evolutionary biology 26 : 867–877 . ( urltoken )
development and cross - amplification of 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers in the chestnut bulbul . . .
typical bulbul sounds in a range of cheerful phrases and strikingly peculiar notes , difficult to . . .
fishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . light - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus sinensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid ( williams 2002 ) , but more evidence needed ( dickinson and dekker 2002 ) .
a set of primers to amplify 16 microsatellite dna loci was developed for the chestnut bulbul hemixos castanonotus and the cross - amplification of these loci was tested in a closely related species , the ashy bulbul hemixos flavala . a total of 30 chestnut bulbul individuals were genotyped . an average of 6 . 5 alleles per locus ( 2–12 alleles ) was detected . the expected heterozygosity values ranged . . . [ show full abstract ]
correct the scientific name for the polytypic group orange - spotted bulbul ( orange - spotted ) from pycnonotus bimaculatus bimaculatus / barat to pycnonotus bimaculatus bimaculatus / tenggerensis .
delete subspecies nebulosa , with range “s china ( lowlands of s yunnan ) ” ; this is a junior synonym of nagaensis , a subspecies of chestnut - vented nuthatch sitta nagaensis ( greenway 1967 ) .
the chinese bulbul is common in east asia , including hong kong , mainland china , taiwan , korea and japan . the birds of taiwan are of an endemic subspecies .
18–19 cm ; 30–46 g . medium - sized , noisy , conspicuous bulbul . nominate race has striking head pattern , with black crown and moustachial stripe , broad white . . .
also known as chinese bulbul . the subspecies p . s . formosae is endemic to taiwan . taoyuan , taiwan . 30th april 2016 for more information about this species , see the following link urltoken
description : chinese bulbul has a large white patch covering the nape and the sides of its black head . it’s song is described as a ‘cha - ko - lee…cha - ko - lee…’ sound .
for religious purposes . it is possible that genetically pure populations will be lost within 20 years . habitat alteration for agriculture and urbanisation are threats throughout its range , and extinction has already occurred in ilan county , where it has been completely replaced by chinese bulbul ( fang woei - horng
the genus pycnonotus was introduced by the german zoologist friedrich boie in 1826 with the cape bulbul as the type species . [ 1 ] the name of the genus combines the ancient greek words puknos
thick
or
compact
and - nōtos
- backed
. [ 2 ]
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
is a recently described species ( woxvold et al . 2009 ) . it is sister to
is in prevailing usage . based on
turdoïde de gourdin
of homblon & jacquinot , 1844 referenced in gray , 1847 . see mayr & greenway , 1960 ( peters checklist , ix )
nigeria to s sudan , w kenya . s drcongo , nw zambia and n angola
now considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul ( collinson et al . 2017 )
rwenzori mts , itombwe and mt . kabobo ( e drcongo ) , w uganda , w rwanda and n burundi
montane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al . 2011a ]
based on genetic studies . but genetic divergence may support species status . manawatthana et al . 2017
as a junior synonym . fishpool & tobias , 2005 . the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon . the subspecies epithet
( type speciemen from e kalimantan ) has been erroneously applied to this population . eaton et al 2016 , rheindt in . litt . ( see manawatthana et al . 2017 ) .
kuroda , 1922 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
dalupiri , calayan and fuga is . ( n of luzon in n philippines )
is a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )
) . migratory in n part of range , non - breeding s to n & c vietnam , laos and hainan .
( swinhoe , 1870 ) – se china ( hainan , se guangdong ) and n vietnam ; non - breeding s to c vietnam .
e . j . o . hartert , 1910 – taiwan ( excluding s & e coast s of taroko gorge ) .
nagamichi kuroda , 1923 – s ryukyu archipelago ( okinawa , yaeyama is ) .
cultivation , borders of cultivation , orchards , gardens with large shrubs , scrub and open woodland ; . . .
) , soft fruit and vegetables ; also insects , e . g . dipteran flies , sometimes caught in . . .
breeds apr–jun , sometimes as late as oct ; multi - brooded , often 3–4 nests per season . nest a firm cup - shaped structure , usually . . .
largely resident ; migratory in n . post - breeding movement s by n populations , with regular records . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . one of the commonest birds in s china , especially in cultivated and settled areas ; abundant in many regions , including hong kong and . . .
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as currently constituted probably polyphyletic ; in - depth analysis of morphology , voice , behaviour and genetics required to redefine its limits . in past , included numerous other genera .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described abundant in many regions , such as hong kong ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . national population estimates include : c . 10 , 000 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in china ; c . 100 , 000 - 1 million breeding pairs in taiwan and c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in japan ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is estimated to be increasing following range expansions in recent decades owing to habitat modification and degradation ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) .
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. . . s1 in supporting information ) . the time of population expansion was before 255 , 000 years ago , calculated by tau = 2lkt , where l was a mutation rate of 1 9 10 à8 per site per year ( weir & schluter , 2008 ) and a generation time of 2 years ( wu et al . , 2011b ) . the bsp showed two stages of fast expansion in the last 250 , 000 years . . . .
an empirical comparison of character - based and coalescent - based approaches to species delimitation i . . .
the process of discovering species is a fundamental responsibility of systematics . recently , there has been a growing interest in coalescent - based methods of species delimitation aimed at objectively identifying species early in the divergence process . however , few empirical studies have compared these new methods with character - based approaches for discovering species . in this study , we . . . [ show full abstract ]
genetic divergence and population demography of the hainan endemic black - throated laughingthrush ( av . . .
geographic variation in the black - throated laughingthrush ( garrulax chinensis ) is examined to infer the influence of pleistocene glacial oscillations on the genetic diversity of its subspecies . mitochondrial evidence suggests that the endemic hainan island taxon , g . c . monachus , is monophyletic , whereas its closest continental relatives , g . c . chinensis and g . c . lochmius , are not . multilocus . . . [ show full abstract ]
deep phylogeographic divergence of a migratory passerine in sino - himalayan and siberian forests : the . . .
enormous mountainous forests in sino - himalayans and siberia harbor important avian biodiversity in the northern hemisphere . numerous studies in last two decades have been contributed to systematics and taxonomy of passerines birds in these regions and have revealed various and complex phylogeographic patterns . a passerine species red - flanked bluetail tarsiger cyanurus provided a good system to . . . [ show full abstract ]
corrigendum to “molecular phylogenetic analysis of the grey - cheeked fulvetta ( alcippe morrisonia ) of . . .
the updates and corrections are grouped into four sections . within each section , items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the ebird / clements checklist v2016 spreadsheet , although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist ( sixth edition , 2007 ) .
3 standard updates and correction – all other changes , listed in sequence as they occur in the spreadsheet ( posted april 2018 ) .
each of the two monotypic groups of great - winged petrel is elevated to species rank , based on differences in mitochondrial dna , vocalizations , plumage , morphometrics , and in other aspects of their biology ( wood et al . 2016 ; see also onley and scofield 2007 and howell 2012 ) : great - winged petrel ( great - winged ) pterodroma macroptera macroptera becomes great - winged petrel pterodroma macroptera , and great - winged petrel ( gray - faced ) pterodroma macroptera gouldi becomes gray - faced petrel pterodroma gouldi .
revise the range description of great - winged petrel from “breeds and ranges islands and seas in southern oceans” to “breeds on islands in southern atlantic and indian oceans ( tristan da cunha , gough , marion , crozet and kerguelen islands , and off southwestern australia ) ; primarily ranges from southern atlantic and indian oceans to tasman sea . ”
revise the range description of gray - faced petrel from “breeds on islands off north i . ( new zealand ) and sw australia” to “breeds on islands off north island ( new zealand ) ; ranges in tasman sea and southwestern pacific ocean . ”
howell , s . n . g . 2012 . petrels , albatrosses , and storm - petrels of north america : a photographic guide . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
onley , d . , and p . scofield . 2007 . albatrosses , petrels , and shearwaters of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
wood , j . r . , h . a . lawrence , r . p . scofield , g . a . taylor , p . o’b . lyver , and d . m . gleeson . 2016 . morphological , behavioural , and genetic evidence supports reinstatement of full species status for the grey - faced petrel , pterodroma macroptera gouldi ( procellariiformes : procellariidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society .
the monotypic group leach’s storm - petrel ( townsend’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa socorroensis is elevated to species rank as townsend’s storm - petrel oceanodroma socorrensis . this split is in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , based on overlap of breeding range with ainley’s storm - petrel ( although with little seasonal overlap in the timing of breeding ) , and on differences in vocalizations and morphology , as documented by ainley ( 1980 ) . revise the range description for townsend’s storm - petrel from “summer breeder on guadalupe i . ( off w mexico ) ” to “summer breeder on islets off guadalupe i . ( western mexico ) ; ranges in eastern pacific north to southern california and south to ca 10º n . ”
following the split , leach’s storm - petrel now contains only two subspecies , each of which is recognized as a monotypic group : leach’s storm - petrel ( leach’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa and leach’s storm - petrel ( chapman’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani .
ainley , d . g . 1980 . geographic variation in leach’s storm - petrel . auk 97 : 837 - 853 .
chesser , r . t . , k . j . burns , c . cicero , j . l . dunn , a . w . kratter , i . j . lovette , p . c . rasmussen , j . v . remsen , jr . , j . d . rising , d . f . stotz , and k . winker . 2016 . fifty - seventh supplement to the american ornithologists’ union check - list of north american birds . auk 133 : 544 - 560 .
following nominate cajaneus , insert a previously overlooked subspecies , avicenniae ( stotz 1992 ) , with range “mangroves of southeastern brazil ( são paulo south at least to paraná , and possibly to santa catarina ) ” . we also recognize avicenniae as a new monotypic group , gray - cowled wood - rail ( gray - backed ) .
marcondes , r . s . , and l . f . silveira . 2015 . a taxonomic review of aramides cajaneus ( aves , gruiformes , rallidae ) with notes on morphological variation in other species of the genus . zookeys 500 : 111 - 140 .
stotz , d . f . 1992 . a new subspecies of aramides cajanea from brazil . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 112 : 231 - 234 .
based primarily on vocal differences , dusky cuckoo - dove macropygia magna is split into three species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic flores sea cuckoo - dove macropygia macassariensis , including subspecies macassariensis and longa ; a monotypic timor cuckoo - dove macropygia magna ; and a monotypic tanimbar cuckoo - dove macropygia timorlaoensis .
ng , e . y . x . , j . a . eaton , p . verbelen , r . o . hutchinson , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . using bioacoustic data to test species limits in an indo - pacific island radiation of macropygia cuckoo doves . biological journal of the linnean society 118 : 786 - 812 .
revise the range description of subspecies maforensis from “numfor i . ( geelvink bay off n new guinea ) ” to “numfor i . ( geelvink bay off n new guinea ) ; population on biak island is not identified to subspecies , but vocally is similar to maforensis , and birds on yapen island presumably are the same subspecies as birds on biak” ( ng et al . 2016 ) .
add a previously overlooked subspecies , admiralitatis mayr 1937 ( ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “admiralty islands , bismarck archipelago . ” insert subspecies almiralitatis immediately following subspecies meeki .
revise the range description for subspecies carteretia from “bismarck archipelago ( except new hanover ) and lihir is . ” to “bismarck archipelago ( except admiralty islands and new hanover ) and lihir is . ”
add a previously overlooked subspecies , atrata ripley 1941 ( white and bruce 1986 , ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “togian island ( off sulawesi ) . ”
add a previously overlooked subspecies , sedecima neumann 1939 ( white and bruce 1986 , ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “sula islands . ”
change the name of the subspecies of the northern moluccas from batchianensis to the older available name albiceps ( mees 1982 ) .
add a previously overlooked subspecies , balim rand 1941 ( ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “balim valley , western new guinea . ”
mayr , e . 1937 . birds collected during the whitney south sea expedition , xxxvi . notes on new guinea birds 3 . american museum novitates number 947 .
mees , g . f . 1982 . bird records from the moluccas . zoologische mededelingen 56 : 91 - 111 .
newman , o . 1939 . a new species and eight new races from peleng and talaiboe . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 59 : 89 - 94 .
ripley , s . d . 1941 . notes on a collection of birds from northern celebes . occasional papers of the boston society of natural history 8 : 343 - 358 .
white , c . m . n . , and m . d . bruce . 1986 . the birds of wallacea . ( sulawesi , the moluccas & lesser sunda islands , indonesia ) . british ornithologists’ union check - list number 7 . british ornithologists’ union , london .
based primarily on vocal differences , ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana is split into three species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana , including subspecies emiliana and megala ; a monotypic enggano cuckoo - dove macropygia cinnamomea ; and a polytypic barusan cuckoo - dove macropygia modiglianii , including subspecies hypopercna , modiglianii , and elassa .
white - faced cuckoo - dove is not monotypic ; sulaensis forbes and robinson 1900 , long considered to be a junior synomym of nominate manadensis , is vocally distinct ( ng and rheindt 2016 ) . therefore , white - faced cuckoo - dove is split into two species : white - faced cuckoo - dove turacoena manadensis , with range “sulawesi and the togian islands” ; and sula cuckoo - dove turacoena sulaensis , with range “banggai islands and sula islands . ”
ng , n . s . r . , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . species delimitation in the white‑faced cuckoo‑dove ( turacoena manadensis ) based on bioacoustic data . avian research 7 : 2 .
emerald dove chalcophaps indica is split into two species ( rasmussen and anderton 2005 , beehler and pratt 2016 ) : a polytypic asian emerald dove chalcophaps indica , with subspecies indica , robinsoni , natalis , minima , and augusta ; and a polytypic pacific emerald dove chalcophaps longirostris , with subspecies rogersi , longirostris , and sandwichensis .
revise the range description of subspecies indica from “india to malaysia , philippines , indonesia and w papuan islands” to “india to southeastern china , south to the philippines , indonesia and western papuan islands . ”
beehler , b . m . , and t . k . pratt . 2016 . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
rasmussen , p . c . , and j . c . anderton . 2005 . birds of south asia . the ripley guide . volume 2 : attributes and status . smithsonian institution and lynx edicions , washington d . c . and barcelona .
crimson - crowned fruit - dove ptilinopus porphyraceus is split into three species ( cibois et al . 2014 , hayes et al . 2016 , pratt and mittermeier 2016 ) : a monotypic purple - capped fruit - dove ptilinopus ponapensis ; a monotypic kosrae fruit - dove ptilinopus hernsheimi ; and a polytypic crimson - crowned fruit - dove ptilinopus porphyraceus , with subspecies porphyraceus and fasciatus .
cibois , a . , j . - c . thibault , c . bonillo , c . e . filardi , d . watling , and e . pasquet . 2014 . phylogeny and biogeography of the fruit doves ( aves : columbidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 70 : 442 - 453 .
hayes , f . e . , h . d . pratt , and c . j . cianchini . 2016 . the avifauna of kosrae , micronesia : history , status , and taxonomy . pacific science 70 : 91–127 .
pratt , h . d . , and j . c . mittermeier . 2016 . notes on the natural history , taxonomy , and conservation of the endemic avifaua of the samoan archipelago . wilson journal of ornithology 128 : 217 - 241 .
yellowbill ceuthmochares aereus is split into two species ( payne 2005 ) : the polytypic group yellowbill ( blue ) ceuthmochares aereus aereus / flavirostris becomes blue malkoha ceuthmochares aereus , with subspecies aereus and flavirostri s ; and the monotypic group yellowbill ( green ) ceuthmochares aereus australis becomes green malkoha ceuthmochares australis .
payne , r . b . 2005 . the cuckoos . oxford university press , new york and oxford , united kingdom .
each of the two monotypic groups of large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides is recognized as a separate species ( sorenson and payne 2005 , payne 2005 ) : large hawk - cuckoo ( large ) hierococcyx sparverioides sparverioides becomes large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides , and large hawk - cuckoo ( dark ) hierococcyx sparverioides bocki becomes dark hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx bocki . revise the range description of large hawk - cuckoo from “n pakistan to india , s china , myanmar , thailand and indochina” to “breeds from northern pakistan to india , southern china , myanmar , thailand and indochina ; winters to southern india ( eastern and western ghats ) , bangladesh , the malay peninsula , sumatra , java , bali , the philippines , borneo , and sulawesi” .
sorenson , m . d . , and r . b . payne . 2005 . a molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny . pages 68 - 94 in r . b . payne , the cuckoos . oxford university press , new york , new york , and oxford , united kingdom .
cleere , n . 2010 . nightjars : potoos , frogmouths , oilbird and owlet - nightjars of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
dickinson , e . c . , and j . v . remsen , jr . ( editors ) . 2013 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 1 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .
sigurdsson , s . and j . cracraft . 2014 . deciphering the diversity and history of new world nightjars ( aves : caprimulgidae ) using molecular phylogenetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 506 - 545 .
green violetear colibri thalassinus is split into two species , a monotypic mexican violetear colibri thalassinus , which is equivalent to the former ebird group green violetear ( northern ) colibri thalassinus thalassinus ; and the polytypic lesser violetear colibri cyanotus , which includes the ebird groups green violetear ( costa rican ) colibri thalassinus cabanidis and green violetear ( andean ) colibri thalassinus cyanotus / crissalis . this split follows actions by aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) ; see also remsen et al . ( 2015 ) .
with the split of green violetear into two species , change the names of the monotypic group green violetear ( costa rican ) colibri thalassinus cabanidis to lesser violetear ( costa rican ) colibri cyanotus cabanidis ; and change the names of the polytypic group green violetear ( andean ) colibri thalassinus cyanotus / crissalis to lesser violetear ( andean ) colibri cyanotus cyanotus / crissalis .
remsen , j . v . , jr . , f . g . stiles , and j . a . mcguire . 2015 . classification of the polytminae ( aves : trochilidae ) . zootaxa 3957 : 143 - 150 .
in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , blue - crowned motmot momotus coeruliceps is split into two species . the monotypic group blue - crowned motmot ( blue - crowned ) momotus coeruliceps coeruliceps is elevated to species rank as blue - capped motmot momotus coeruliceps ; and the remaining taxa , of the polytypic group blue - crowned motmot ( lesson’s ) momotus coeruliceps [ lessonii group ] , become lesson’s motmot momotus lessonii , which includes the subspecies lessonii , goldmani , and exiguus . “ momotus coeruliceps is treated as separate from m . lessonii on the basis of strong differences in plumage maintained in apparent parapatry” ( chesser et al . 2016 ) .
in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , the extinct subspecies maugei , which formerly occurred on mona island and on adjacent puerto rico , is split as a separate species , puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei . this split follows olson ( 2015 ) , who argued that maugei and chloropterus differ “in plumage and particularly in bill morphology , such that a probable difference in diet is suggested” . with this split , hispaniolan parakeet becomes monotypic .
olson , s . l . 2015 . history , morphology , and fossil record of the extinct puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei souancé . wilson journal of ornithology 127 : 1 - 12 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 589 ) , each of the three subspecies of stipple - throated antwren epinecrophylla haematonota is elevated to species rank , following whitney et al . ( 2013 ) : the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( negro ) epinecrophylla haematonota pyrrhonota becomes fulvous - throated antwren epinecrophylla pyrrhonota ; the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( napo ) epinecrophylla haematonota haematonota becomes rufous - backed antwren epinecrophylla haematonota ; and the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( madeira ) epinecrophylla haematonota amazonica becomes madeira antwren epinecrophylla amazonica . all of these english names are provisional , pending a final decision on this issue by aou - sacc ( see proposal 696 ) .
whitney , b . m . , m . l . isler , g . a . bravo , n . aristizábal , f . schunck , l . f . silveira , and v . de q . piacentini . 2013 . a new species of epinecrophylla antwren from the aripuanã - machado interfluvium in central amazonian brazil with revision of the “stipple - throated antwren” complex . pages 263 - 267 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 684 ) , the monotypic group rufous gnateater ( ceara ) conopophaga lineata cearae is elevated to species rank as ceara gnateater conopophaga cearae . this split long was anticipated , based on vocal differences between cearae and other subspecies of rufous gnateater ( whitney 2003 ) , and was confirmed with genetic data showing that ceara gnateater is more closely related to ash - throated gnateater ( conopophaga peruviana ) than it is to rufous gnateater ( batalha - filho et al . 2014 ) .
batalha - filho , h . , r . o . pessoa , p . - h . fabre , j . fjeldså , m . irestedt , p . g . p . ericson , l . f . silveira , and c . y . miyaki . 2014 . phylogeny and historical biogeography of gnateaters ( passeriformes , conopophagidae ) in the south america forests . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 79 : 422 - 432 .
whitney , b . m . 2003 . family conopophagidae ( gnateaters ) . pages 732 - 747 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 8 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
yet another new species of tapaculo was described by avendaño et al . ( 2015 ) , and was endorsed by aou - sacc ( proposal 670 ) as perija tapaculo scytalopus perijanus , with range “sierra de perijá , colombia ( and venezuela ? ) ” . insert perija tapaculo immediately following brown - rumped tapaculo scytalopus latebricola .
avendaño , j . e . , a . m . cuervo , j . p . lópez - o . , n . gutiérrez - pinto , a . cortés - diago , and c . d . cadena . 2015 . a new species of tapaculo ( rhinocryptidae : scytalopus ) from the serranía de perijá of colombia and venezuela . auk 132 : 450 - 466 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 697 ) , the monotypic group vilcabamba thistletail ( ayacucho ) asthenes vilcabambae ayacuchensis is elevated to species rank as ayacucho thistletail asthenes ayacuchensis , based on vocal and genetic differences ( hosner et al . 2015 ) .
hosner , p . a . , l . cueto - aparicio , g . ferro - meza , d . miranda , and m . b . robbins . 2015 . vocal and molecular phylogenetic evidence for recognition of a thistletail species ( furnariidae : asthenes ) endemic to the elfin forests of ayacucho , peru . wilson journal of ornithology 127 : 724 - 765 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 686 ) , elaenia chiriquensis brachyptera is elevated to species rank as coopmans’s elaenia ( elaenia brachyptera ) . this split is based primarily on vocal differences between coopmans’s and lesser elaenias , as well as on a relatively deep genetic divergence between coopmans’s elaenia and the two other subspecies of lesser elaenia ( rheindt et al . 2015 ) . also , revise the range description of brachyptera from “pacific slope of sw colombia ( nariño ) and nw ecuador” to “pacific slope of southwestern colombia ( nariño ) and northwestern ecuador ; also east slope of the andes of ecuador . ”
rheindt , f . e . , n . krabbe , a . k . s . wee , and l . christidis . 2015 . cryptic speciation in the lesser elaenia elaenia chiriquensis ( aves : passeriformes : tyrannidae ) . zootaxa 4032 : 251 - 263 .
irestedt , m . , h . batalha - filho , c . s . roselaar , l . christidis , and p . g . p . ericson . 2016 . contrasting phylogeographic signatures in two australo - papuan bowerbird species complexes ( aves : ailuroedus ) . zoologica scripta 45 : 365 - 379 .
mees , g . f . 1964 . four new subspecies of birds from the moluccas and new guinea . zoologische mededelingen 40 : 125 - 130 .
christidis , l . , f . e . rheindt , w . e . boles , and j . a . norman . 2013 . a re - appraisal of species diversity within the australian grasswrens amytornis ( aves : maluridae ) . australian zoologist 36 : 429 - 437 .
thick - billed grasswren amytornis textilis is split into two species , following black et al . ( 2010 ) and christidis et al . ( 2013 ) : western grasswren amytornis textilis , including subspecies textilis and myall ; and thick - billed grasswren amytornis modestus , which includes subspecies modestus and six newly added subspecies : indulkanna , cowarie , raglessi , curnamona , obscurior , and inexpectatus .
black , a . b . , l . joseph , l . p . pedler , and g . a . carpenter . 2010 . a taxonomic framework for interpreting evolution within the amytornis textilis–modestus complex of grasswrens . emu 110 : 358 - 363 .
the monotypic group golden whistler ( balim valley ) pachycephala pectoralis balim is elevated to species rank as baliem whistler pachycephala balim , following andersen et al . ( 2014 ) and beehler and pratt ( 2016 ) . correct range statement from “n new guinea ( balim and bele valleys ) ” to “n new guinea ( baliem and bele valleys ) . ”
andersen , m . j . , á . s . nyári , i . mason , l . joseph , j . p . dumbacher , c . e . filardi , and r . g . moyle . 2014 . molecular systematics of the world’s most polytypic bird : the pachycephala pectoralis / melanura ( aves : pachycephalidae ) species complex . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 566–588 .
joseph et al . ( 2014 ) documented that the monotypic group golden whistler ( western ) pachycephala pectoralis fuliginosa in fact contained two taxa : “true” pachycephala pectoralis fuliginosa of south central australia , which is closely related to members of the polytypic group golden whistler ( golden ) pachycephala pectoralis [ pectoralis group ] ; and a cryptic species in southwestern australia , for which the name occidentalis is available . as a result , we change the english name of the monotypic group pachycephala pectoralis fuliginosa from golden whistler ( western ) to golden whistler ( fuliginosa ) ; we revise the range of fuliginosa from “sw western australia to se south australia and w victoria” to “south central australia ( southeastern south australia and western victoria ) ” ; and we add a newly recognized species , western whistler pachycephala occidentalis , with range “southwestern australia ( southwestern west australia ) . ”
joseph , l . , á . s . nyári , and m . j . andersen . 2014 . taxonomic consequences of cryptic speciation in the golden whistler pachycephala pectoralis complex in mainland southern australia . zootaxa 3900 : 294–300 .
following andersen et al . ( 2015 ) , blue - crested flycatcher myiagra azureocapilla is split into two species , a monotypic azure - crested flycatcher myiagra azureocapilla and a polytypic chestnut - throated flycatcher myiagra castaneigularis , including subspecies castaneigularis and whitneyi .
andersen , m . j . , p . a . hosner , c . e filardi , and r . g . moyle . 2015 . phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major australo - pacific radiation . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 67 : 336–347 .
in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , western scrub - jay aphelocoma californica is split into two species : california scrub - jay aphelocoma californica , which is equivalent to the former ebird group western scrub - jay ( coastal ) aphelocoma californica [ californica group ] ( subspecies immanis , caurina , oocleptica , californica , cana , obscura , and hypoleuca ) , and woodhouse’s scrub - jay aphelocoma woodhouseii , which includes the ebird groups western scrub - jay ( woodhouse’s ) aphelocoma californica [ woodhouseii group ] ( subspecies nevadae , woodhouseii , texana , grisea , and cyanotis ) , and western scrub - jay ( sumichrast’s ) aphelocoma californica sumichrasti / remota ( subspecies sumichrasti and remota ) . change the names of the polytypic group western scrub - jay ( woodhouse’s ) aphelocoma californica [ woodhouseii group ] to woodhouse’s scrub - jay ( woodhouse’s ) aphelocoma woodhouseii [ woodhouseii group ] ; and change the names of the polytypic group western scrub - jay ( sumichrast’s ) aphelocoma californica sumichrasti / remota to woodhouse’s scrub - jay ( sumichrast’s ) aphelocoma woodhouseii sumichrasti / remota . this split is based on “differences in ecology , morphology , genetics , and vocalizations ; although the two species do interbreed , the hybrid zone is narrow , and there is evidence for selection against hybrids” ( chesser et al . 2016 ) .
subspecies cana , which we had included in the poylypic group woodhouse’s scrub - jay ( woodhouse’s ) aphelocoma woodhouseii [ woodhouseii group ] , properly belongs with california scrub - jay aphelocoma californica ( pitelka 1951 ) . change the name from aphelocoma woodhouseii cana to aphelocoma californica cana , and position this subspecies immediately following aphelocoma californica californica .
pitelka , f . a . 1951 . speciation and ecological distribution of american jays of the genus aphelocoma . university of california publications in zoology 50 : 195 - 464 .
subspecies dukhunensis is more closely related to hume’s lark calandrella acutirostris than it is to other subspecies of greater short - toed lark ( stervander et al . 2016 ) , and so is elevated to species rank as syke’s short - toed lark calandrella acutirostris .
stervander , m . , p . alström , u . olsson , u . ottosson , b . hansson , and staffan bensch . 2016 . multiple instances of paraphyletic species and cryptic taxa revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear rad data for calandrella larks ( aves : alaudidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 102 : 233–245 .
the genus calandrella is not monophyletic ( alström et al . 2013 ) ; change the generic name of all members of the lesser short - toed lark complex from calandrella to alaudala . lesser short - toed lark is split into two species , lesser short - toed lark alaudala rufescens and asian short - toed lark alaudala cheleensis ( dickinson and decker 2001 , alström et al . 2013 ) . the assignment of subspecies to each species is not entirely resolved ; we follow dickinson and decker ( 2001 ) and dickinson et al . ( 2001 ) in associating cheleensis , leucophaea , kukunoorensis , seebohmi , beicki , stegmanni , and tangutica with alaudala cheleensis , and remaining taxa with alaudala rufescens .
alström , p . , k . n . barnes , u . olsson , f . k . barker , p . bloomer , a . a . khan , m . a qureshi , a . guillaumet , p . - a . crochet , and p . g . ryan . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny of the avian family alaudidae ( larks ) reveals complex morphological evolution , non - monophyletic genera and hidden species diversity . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 69 : 1043–1056 .
dickinson , e . c . , and r . w . r . j . decker . 2001 . systematic notes on asian birds . 11 . a preliminary review of the alaudidae . preliminary review of the alaudidae . zoologische verhandeligen 335 : 61 - 84 .
dickinson , e . c . , r . w . r . j . dekker , s . eck , and s . somadikarta . 2001 . systematic notes on asian birds . 12 . types of the alaudidae . zoologische verhandeligen 335 : 85 - 126 .
the polytypic group crested lark ( maghreb ) galerida cristata macrorhyncha / randoni is elevated to species rank as maghreb lark galerida macrorhyncha , based on genetic and morphological divergence , with evidence of assortative mating at a narrow contact zone ( sangster et el . 2016b , following guilaumet et al . 2006 , 2008 ) . consequently the polytypic group crested lark ( crested ) galerida cristata [ cristata group ] is deleted .
guillaumet , a . , j . - m . pons , b . godelle , and p . - a . crochet . 2006 . history of the crested lark in the mediterranean region as revealed by mtdna sequences and morphology . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 : 645–656 .
guillaumet , a . , p . - a . crochet , and j . - m . pons . 2008 . climate - driven diversification in two widespread galerida larks . bmc evolutionary biology 2008 8 : 32 .
sangster , g . , j . m . collinson , p . - a . crochet , g . m . kirwan , a . g . knox , d . t . parkin , and s . c . votier . 2016b . taxonomic recommendations for western palaearctic birds : 11th report . ibis 158 : 206 - 212 .
varied tit sittiparus varius is split into four species ( mckay et al . 2014 ) : chestnut - bellied tit sittiparus castaneoventris ; iriomote tit sittiparus olivaceus ; varied tit sittiparus varius , which includes subspecies varius , sunsunpi , yajushimensis , amamii , orii , and namiyei ; and owston’s tit sittiparus owstoni . as a result , the polytypic group varied tit ( varied ) sittiparus varius [ varius group ] is deleted .
mckay , b . d . , h . l . mays jr . , c . t . yao , d . wan , h . higuchi , and i . nishiumi . 2014 . incorporating color into integrative taxonomy : analysis of the varied tit ( sittiparus varius ) complex in east asia . systematic biology 63 : 505 - 517 .
plain wren is split into three species , in accord with nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) : cabanis’s wren cantorchilus modestus , canebrake wren cantorchilus zeledoni , and isthmian wren cantorchilus elutus . this split is based on differences in vocalizations and on genetic divergence ( mann et al . 2003 , saucier et al . 2015 ) . each species is monotypic ; subspecies roberti ( with range “caribbean lowlands of honduras” ) and vanrossemi ( with range “pacific lowlands of el salvador” ) are considered to be synonyms of modestus ( saucier et al . 2015 ) . revise the range of cabanis’s wren from “s mexico ( oaxaca ) to guatemala and n nicaragua” to “southern mexico ( oaxaca ) south on the pacific slope to northwestern costa rica ; locally on the caribbean slope from southern mexico ( chiapas ) to honduras . ”
mann , n . i . , l . marshall - ball , and p . j . b . slater . 2003 . the complex song duet of the plain wren . condor 105 : 672–682 .
saucier , j . r . , c . sánchez , and m . d . carling . 2015 . patterns of genetic and morphological divergence reveal a species complex in the plain wren ( cantorchilus modestus ) . auk 132 : 795 - 807 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 700 ) , the monotypic group gray - breasted wood - wren ( anachoreta ) henicorhina leucophrys anachoreta is elevated to species rank as santa marta wood - wren henicorhina anachoreta . our use of the english name “santa marta” is provisional , as aou - sacc has not yet addressed this issue . “santa marta” already is in use for this species ( mcmullan and donegan 2014 ) , although note that cadena et al . ( 2015 ) suggested the name hermit wood - wren . position santa marta wood - wren to follow gray - breasted wood - wren .
cadena , c . d . , l . m . caro , p . c . caycedo , a . m . cuervo , r . c . k . bowie , and h . slabbekoorn . 2015 . henicorhina anachoreta ( troglodytidae ) , another endemic bird species for the sierra nevada de santa marta , colombia . ornitología colombiana 15 : 68 - 74 .
mcmullan , m . , and t . donegan . 2014 . field guide to the birds of colombia . second edition . fundación proaves de colombia , bogotá , colombia .
plain - backed thrush zoothera mollissima is split into three species , one of which is newly described : alpine thrush zoothera mollissima ; the newly described himalayan thrush zoothera salimalii ; and sichuan thrush zoothera griseiceps ( alström et al . 2016 ) . subspecies whiteheadi is a junior synonym of mollissima , and is deleted ; as a result , alpine thrush becomes monotypic . revise the range description for alpine thrush from “e himalayas to se tibet ; winters to myanmar and indochina” to “breeds in the himalayas from northern pakistan to southcentral china ( sichuan ) ; winters at lower elevations , south to northern myanmar and yunnan ( china ) . ”
the range of himalayan thrush is “breeds in the eastern himalayas from eastern nepal to southcentral china ( sichuan and yunnan ) ; winter range poorly known , but reported from northeastern india to northern vietnam ( tonkin ) ” .
revise the range description of sichuan thrush from “sw china ( sichuan and yunnan ) to n vietnam ( tonkin ) ” to “breeds southcentral china ( central sichuan ) ; winter range poorly known , but reported from northern vietnam ( tonkin ) ” .
alström , p . , p . c . rasmussen , c . zhao , j . xu , s . dalvi , t . cai , y . guan , r . zhang , m . v . kalyakin , f . lei , and u . olsson . 2016 . integrative taxonomy of the plain‑backed thrush ( zoothera mollissima ) complex ( aves , turdidae ) reveals cryptic species , including a new species . avian research 7 : 1
change the scientific name of the monotypic group three - striped warbler ( costa rican ) from basileuterus tristriatus chitrensis to basileuterus tristriatus melanotis ( wetmore et al . 1984 ) . in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , this group is elevated to species rank as costa rican warbler basileuterus melanotis ; this action is based “on differences in genetics and vocalizations ( gutiérrez - pinto et al . 2012 , donegan 2014 ) ” ( chesser et al . 2016 ) .
in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , the monotypic group three - striped warbler ( tacarcuna ) basileuterus tristriatus tacarcunae also is elevated to species rank as tacarcuna warbler basileuterus tacarcunae .
donegan , t . m . 2014 . geographical variation in morphology and voice of three - striped warbler basileuterus tristriatus . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 134 : 79 - 109 .
gutiérrez - pinto , n . , a . m . cuervo , j . miranda , j . l . pérez - emán , r . t . brumfield , and c . d . cadena . 2012 . non - monophyly and deep genetic differentiation across low - elevation barriers in a neotropical montane bird ( basileuterus tristriatus ; aves : parulidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 64 : 156 - 165 .
wetmore , a . , r . f . pasquier , and s . l . olson . 1984 . the birds of the republic of panamá . part 4 . smithsonian miscellaneous collections 150 , part 4 .
vietnam partridge is lumped with scaly - breasted partridge arborophila chloropus ( davison 1992 chen et al . 2015 ) ; the two subspecies change from arborophila merlini merlini to arborophila chloropus merlini and from arborophila merlini vivida to arborophila chloropus vivida . position these two subspecies immediately following arborophila chloropus tonkinensis .
chen , d . , y . liu , g . w . h . davison , l . dong , j . chang , s . gao , s . - h . li , and z . zhang . 2015 . revival of the genus tropicoperdix blyth 1859 ( phasianidae , aves ) using multilocus sequence data . zoological journal of the linnean society 175 : 429 - 438 .
davison , g . w . h . 1992 . systematics within the genus arborophila hodgson . federation museums journal 27 : 125 - 134 .
caribbean coot fulica caribaea is lumped with american coot fulica americana , in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) ; this action is “based on evidence of non - assortative mating ( mcnair and cramer - burke 2006 ) and lack of diagnosable morphological ( roberson and baptista 1988 ) or vocal ( bond 1961 ) differences” ( chesser et al . 2016 ) . as aou - nacc now treats caribaea as a junior synonym of americana , caribaea now longer is recognized as a valid taxon . revise the range description of nominate americana from “alaska to nw costa rica , cuba , jamaica and grand cayman i . ” to “north america ( southern alaska south to northwestern costa rica ) , the caribbean ( greater and lesser antilles ) , and northern south america ( northern venezuela ) . ”
forest dove columba simplex is lumped with lemon dove columba larvata ( serle 1959 , urban et al . 1986 ) . we recognize simplex as a monotypic group , lemon dove ( sao tome ) columba larvata simplex . position simplex immediately following the entry for lemon dove ( principe ) columba larvata principalis .
serle , w . 1959 . the west african races of the lemon - dove aplopelia larvata ( temm . and knip ) . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 79 : 38 - 41 .
urban , e . k . , c . h . fry , and s . keith . 1986 . the birds of africa . volume ii . academic press , london .
barbary falcon falco pelegrinoides is lumped with peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ) ( white et al . 2013a , 2013b ) , although we continue to recognize this taxon as a monotypic group , peregrine falcon ( barbary ) falco peregrinus pelegrinoides . reposition pelegrinoides to follow peregrine falcon ( mediterranean ) falco peregrinus brookei .
white , c . m . , t . j . cade , and j . h . enderson . 2013a . peregrine falcons of the world . lynx edicions , barcelona .
white , c . m . , s . a . sonsthagen , g . k . sage , c . anderson , and s . l . talbot . 2013b . genetic relationships among some subspecies of the peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus l . ) , inferred from mitochondrial dna control - region sequences . auk 130 : 78 - 87 .
port lincoln parrot barnardius zonarius and mallee ringneck barnardius barnardi are lumped as a single species , australian ringneck barnardius zonarius ( schodde , in schodde and mason 1997 , christidis and boles 2008 ) .
change the english name of the group barnardius zonarius semitorquatus from port lincoln parrot ( twenty - eight ) to australian ringneck ( twenty - eight ) .
change the english name of the group port lincoln parrot ( port lincoln ) to australian ringneck ( port lincoln ) . subspecies occidentalis is considered to be a junior synonym of zonarius ( schodde , in schodde and mason 1997 ) , and is deleted . change the scientific name of the group australian ringneck ( port lincoln ) from barnardius zonarius zonarius / occidentalis to barnardius zonarius zonarius . revise the range of zonarius from “w australia to s - c northern territory and s - c south australia” to “west central western australia east to south central northern territory and south central south australia . ”


abisara cameroonensis , the cameroon judy , is a butterfly in the riodinidae family .

it is found in nigeria and cameroon .

abisara cameroonensis

abisara is a genus of butterflies in the family riodinidae , found in africa and southeast asia .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
the habitat consists of montane secondary forests , where it is found along streams .
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author / s : steve c . collins , torben b . larsen and haydon warren - gash
notes on afrotropical butterflies with the description of eleven new species and four new subspecies ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) - abri research paper no . 3
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represent the african taxa and the oriental taxa . within the oriental taxa , species groups are indicated as per callaghan ( 2009 ) .
ackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
callaghan , cj . 2009 . the riodinid butterflies of vietnam ( lepidoptera ) . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 63 , 61 - 82 .
corbet as , pendlebury hm , and eliot jn . 1992 . the butterflies of the malay peninsula . malayan nature society , kuala lumpur .
vane - wright ri , and de jong r . 2003 . the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island fauna . zoologische verhandelingen 343 : 1 - 267 .
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each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
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