the pelican eel ( eurypharynx pelecanoides ) is a deep-sea fish rarely seen by humans , though it is occasionally caught in fishing nets .

it is an eel-like fish and the only known member of the genus eurypharynx and the family eurypharyngidae .

it belongs to the order saccopharyngiformes , which is closely related to the true eels in anguilliformes .

it is also referred to as the gulper eel , pelican gulper , and umbrella-mouth gulper .

the specific epithet pelecanoides refers to the pelican , as the fish 's large mouth is reminiscent of that of the bird .

pelican eel

the gulper eel is a weird - looking , eel - like fish , which is mostly found in the deep seas . here is a brief overview about this eel , that is otherwise known as pelican eel or umbrella - mouthed gulper eel .
the pelican eel is a deep - sea species of eel that appears in both endless ocean and endless ocean : blue world .
the lower jaws of a fish appear to be pelican which is why the eel earns its name .
pelican eel , eurypharynx pelecanoides from off southern nsw . source : ken graham . license : all rights reserved
pelican eel : this animal can measure 2 meters long . its enormous mouth are connected directly to the stomach .
the pelican eel has an elongate body with a luminous organ at the end of the tail . the gulper eel occurs in midwaters of tropical and temperate seas worldwide .
the gulper eel ( eurypharynx pelecanoides ) is a subspecies of eel that typically occurs in the temperate and tropical waters worldwide . it has an elongated body and tiny eyes . gulper eels are found in australia . crustaceans make up much part of the eel’s diet . it is also known as pelican eel or umbrella - mouth gulper .
the light organ at the tail tip may lure predators to attack the least vulnerable part of the pelican eel ' s body ( smith 2008 ) .
the species is named pelecanoides for its huge mouth that expands like that of a pelican .
species reported from offshore by struhsaker ( 1969 ) include the bank cusk - eel ( ophidion holbrooki ) , polka - dot cusk - eel ( otophidium omostigmum ) , blotched cusk - eel ( ophidion grayii , and lepophidium spp .
these are all true eels of the order anguilliformes . the fishes of the other four traditional orders of elopomorph fishes that have this type of larva are more diverse in their body forms and include the tarpon , bonefish , spiny eel , and pelican eel .
the large mouth may facilitate the eel to eat as much food it can in one opening . this explains why the eel swims mostly with its mouth open . gulper eel’s diet consists of shrimps , cephalopods , and many other small invertebrates .
the reproductive behavior of the gulper eel is one of the least understood behaviors .
gulper eel , note the highly visible lateral line ampullae . image source : wikipedia commons
the pelican eel has an elongate body with a luminous organ at the end of the tail . the eyes are tiny and close to the snout . there are several rows of small teeth in the massive jaws . the species is black , sometimes with a white line or groove on either side of the dorsal fin . the pelican eel is the only species in the family eurypharyngidae .
the pelican eel occurs in midwaters of tropical and temperate seas worldwide . in australian waters , this species is known from off north - western western australia , northern queensland and new south wales .
the pelican eel grows up to 80 cm long ( 31 inches ) and has a long thin body , with a large head . the huge jaws have many rows of teeth , and the eel catches its prey by opening its mouth wide , and using it as a net .
although the eel is a deep - sea living species yet it has very small eyes .
pelican eels live in the deep oceanic midwaters and mostly feed on deep - sea crustaceans captured in their huge mouths .
the gulper eel is also known as the pelican eel , and is found at depths between 500 m and 3 km ( 1 , 640 feet to 1 . 83 miles ) in tropical and temperate seas . it is has a very unusual head , with massive jaws that enable it to swallow prey as large as itself , and sometimes larger !
there is a luminous organ at the end of the eel’s tail . the tiny eyes are set next to the snout .
the gulper eel is thought to live in the australian waters including northern queensland , new south wales , and northwestern west australia .
most of us are familiar with eels that are snake - like fish with elongated bodies . there are different types of eels that are found in both freshwater as well as seawater . the gulper eel is an eel - like fish that is usually found in deep seas . it is not a true eel and is not related to the order of true eels , anguilliformes . gulper eels belong to the order saccopharyngiformes and family eurypharyngidae . in fact , the gulper eel ( eurypharynx pelecanoides ) is the single member of the genus eurypharynx .
in spite of its gigantic mouth , it is believed that the gulper eel ' s diet consists mainly of small crustaceans . since the eel has very tiny teeth , it probably does not eat large fish on a regular basis . the large mouth may be an adaptation to allow the eel to eat a wider variety of prey when food is scarce . it can also be used like a large net . the eel can swim into a large groups of shrimp or other crustaceans with its mouth wide open , scooping them up as it goes . the gulper eel is also known to feed on cephalopods ( squid ) and other small invertebrates . when the eel gulps its prey into its massive jaws , it also takes in a large amount of water , which is then slowly expelled through its gill slits . gulper eels themselves are preyed upon by lancet fish and other deep sea predators .
as compared to the body , the gulper eel has an unusually large mouth . they are able to open their mouths wide open to swallow much larger prey .
enter the pelican eel or gulper eel ; a relatively well known example of deep sea life . like much life at depth , not a huge amount is known about it but scientists are working hard to rectify this . these fish are not ‘true’ eels , as they belong to a different order ( saccopharyngiformes rather than anguilliformes ) . they produce leptocephalus larvae though , much like the true eels . saccopharyngiformes have been found in almost all of the world’s oceans , with the exception of the southern and bering seas , it lives in the deep pelagic , up to around 3000m depth .
because of the extreme depths at which it lives , most of what we know about the gulper eel comes from specimens that are inadvertently caught in deep sea fishing nets . the gulper eel is found in all of the world ' s tropical and temperate oceans at depths ranging from 500 to 6 , 000 feet ( about 150 to 1 , 800 meters ) .
unlike most other fish species , the gulper eel lacks swim bladders and scales . they don’t have pelvic fins either . these are major features that fish possesses but gulper eels do not !
even the stomach of the gulper eel is stretchable , and can hold large amount of food . however , this fish feeds on small crustaceans , in spite of having a big mouth and a stretchable stomach .
a leptocephalus ( meaning “slim head” ) is the flat and transparent larva of the eel , marine eels , and other members of the superorder elopomorpha . this is the most diverse group of teleosts , containing 801 species over the span of 24 orders , 24 families , and 156 genera . it is supposed that this group arose in the cretaceous period over 140 million years ago . fishes with a leptocephalus larva stage include the most familiar eels such as the conger , moray eel , and garden eel , and the freshwater eels of the family anguillidae , plus more than 10 other families of lesser - known types of marine eels .
this eel has a giant sack - like mouth and a long , soft thin body with no scales . the tip of its tail has a luminescent organ which it is thought to use to attract prey .
another unusual feature of the pelican eel is the red photophore on the tip of its tail . this is used as a lure for unsuspecting predators , they are drawn to the light thinking it is a food source and are snapped up by the waiting jaws of the gulper . the fish also possesses an unusual lateral line . the ampullae project from the body giving a much increased sensitivity used to detect potential prey . along with no scales , pelvic fins or swim bladder these fish are unusual indeed .
it is difficult to find a mate in the deep waters where few other organisms live . the gulper eel is thought to attract mates by using bioluminescence . the male gulper eels may also find their female mates by following a scent released by the females .
even though , gulper eels have big mouths , their teeth are small ; and this indicates that they are not intended to prey upon large animals . apart from crustaceans , gulper eel diet includes fish , seaweed , cephalopods such as squids and octopus , etc .
eel , ( order anguilliformes ) , any of more than 800 species of teleost fishes characterized by elongate wormlike bodies . anguilliforms include the common freshwater eels as well as the voracious marine morays . regardless of their final habitat , all eels probably pass through the leptocephalus stage , …
bullis , h . r . , jr . , and j . r . thompson . 1965 . collections by the exploratory fishing vessels oregon , silver bay , combat , and pelican made during 1956 to 1960 in southwestern north atlantic . u . s . fish wildl . serv . spec . sci . rep . fish . 510 . 130 p .
gulper eels are deep - sea creatures that are found in tropical and temperate oceans . these fish are usually found at a depth of around 3000 to 26 , 200 feet . occasionally , they travel to the surface and may sometimes shift to rivers ; as they find it difficult to locate food in their natural habitat . gulper eels resemble true eels in looks , as they have a snake - like body structure . unlike true eels , they have long and thin tails , which help them in locomotion . in fact , the tail of the gulper eel is so long that , it sometimes gets knotted . gulper eels have almost no pectoral fins and are blackish or dark green in color . the characteristic feature of the fish is its loosely hinged mouth , which is very big and wide . this enormous mouth is bigger in proportion to its body . the lower jaw has a big pouch - like structure , where prey can be deposited . it is due to this pouch - like structure that this fish is also called pelican eel . it is also known as umbrella mouth gulper , and even this name is derived from their giant mouth . the following are some of the amazing umbrella mouth gulper eel facts .
inoue , j . g . , miya , m . , tsukamoto , k . , & m . nishida . 2003 . evolution of the deep - sea gulper eel mitochondrial genomes : large - scale gene rearrangements originated within the eels . molecular biology and evolution 20 : 1917 - 1924 .
bizarre deep - water eels with an enormous mouth , extremely long jaws , pore - like gill openings and a very expandable pharynx and stomach . pelican eels lack scales and are covered in black velvety skin . they have a very long tapering compressed tail that is tipped with a small pinkish light organ . the skull is tiny in comparison with the huge mouth and jaws .
many pelicans fish by swimming in cooperative groups . they may form a line or a
u
shape and drive fish into shallow water by beating their wings on the surface . when fish congregate in the shallows , the pelicans simply scoop them up . the brown pelican , on the other hand , dives on fish ( usually a type of herring called menhaden ) from above and snares them in its bill . pelicans do not store fish in their pouch , but simply use it to catch them and then tip it back to drain out water and swallow the fish immediately . the american white pelican can hold some 3 gallons of water in its bill . young pelicans feed by sticking their bills into their parents ' throats to retrieve food .
[ eats whenever it can ] because there is so little life at the depths of the ocean , this eel doesn ' t know when the next opportunity to feed will come . this is why it developed its giant sack - like mouth in order to eat much more food in a single meal .
the gulper eel has a luminous organ at the end of its tail , since sunlight does not reach the depths that it normally lives in . this is used as a lure , or decoy . . . due to the extreme depths this lives in , detailed studies have not been made of its habits .
what makes the gulper eel so different from other fish , is not so much what it has , but what it doesn ' t have . they do not have pelvic fins , swim bladders , or scales . their muscle segments have a “v - shape” , while other fish have “w - shaped” muscle segments .
basketweave cusk - eel , otophidium scrippsi . family o phidiidae north of guaymas , mexico ( lacm 6519 ) , to pt . arguello . length to 10 . 75 in . depth 9 to 230 ft . brownish to olive above , tan below . uncommon . d 136–153 ; a 113–119 ; vert . 67–69 .
the gulper eel has separate sexes . male species tend to have slightly enlarged nasal structures and eyes . female gulper eels are able to produce a large amount of eggs . it is thought that gulper eels reproduce the same way as other eels in that they put all of their energy into reproduction , they reproduce once and then die off .
spotted cusk - eel , chilara taylori . family o phidiidae san cristobal bay , baja california , to n . oregon . length to 14 . 25 in . depth 4 to over 800 ft . light brown to cream colored ; fish over 4 in . with dark blotches on upper parts . common . d 198–216 ; a 156–170 ; gr 1–4 + 5–9 = 6–12 ; vert . 86–91 .
island kelpfish , alloclinus holderi . pt . san pablo , baja california ( lacm 32082 ) , to e of pelican pt . , santa cruz isl . ( sio h 51–241 ) , including guadalupe isl . length 4 in . depth , surface to 162 ft . gray , with reddish stripes ; about six dark bars on sides ; dorsal fin red - orange , with a green spot anteriorly . common . d xxiv–xxvi , 9–11 ; a ii , 21–23 ; pect . 13–14 ; pelvic i , 3 ; lls 47–54 ; gr 4 + 9 .
questa è un ' anguilla inghiottitrice ( eurypharynx ) , un pesce abissale . quì potete vedere perchè è chiamata
inghiottitrice
. . . la musica l ' ho aggiunta io ; mi piace e penso che sia adatta . this is a gulper eel ( eurypharynx ) , an abyssal fish . here you can see why it ' s called
gulper
. . . i added the song ; i like it and i think it ' s appropriate .
not much is known about the reproductive habits of the gulper eel . we do know that as they mature , the males undergo a change that causes enlargement of the olfactory organs , responsible for the sense of smell , and degeneration of the teeth and jaws . the females , on the other hand , remain relatively unchanged as they mature . the large olfactory organs in the males indicates that they may locate their mates through pheromones released by the females . many researchers believe that the eels die shortly after reproduction .
longfin smelt , spirinchus thaleichthys . san francisco bay , humboldt bay , and eel river in california , north to hinchinbrook isl . , prince william sound , alaska . length to about 6 in . surface to 66 ft . ; ascends rivers to spawn . sides silver , brownish dorsally . common . d 8–10 ; a 15–22 ; pect . 10–12 ; llp 14–21 ; midlateral scales 54–65 ; gr 10–13 + 26–34 = 38–47 ; vert . 54–61 . ( clemens & wilby have d minimum 6 , grt 36 ) .
cutthroat trout , salmo clarkii . eel river to s . e . alaska . length to 2 . 5 ft . , and wt . to 17 lbs . ( anadromous form ) . freshwater and anadromous . dark olive above , with a red stripe on sides in adult ; black spotting on upper parts and fins . rarely taken in ocean in california . d 10–13 ( 8–11 ) [ * ] ; a 11–13 ( 8–12 ) [ * ] ; lls 116–126 ; scales in row above ll 120–208 ; grt 14–21 ; vert . 61–64 .
most fish feed by creating a space with negative pressure that sucks water , and prey along with it , into their mouth . it is not known exactly how these gulper eels feed but this method can be ruled out as the muscles in the mouth are almost certainly too weak to create this area of low pressure . an alternative has been proposed based upon the feeding strategy of the fish’s namesake , the pelican . this involves the fish darting towards its prey , followed by a swift upturn of the head and closure of its mouth . as they are swallowed live the prey would struggle in vain against the highly elasticated mouth walls . saccopharyngiformes possess small teeth that are helpful for prey capture . it is thought that they ‘hover’ in the water column , staying in one place and using the tail as a lure .
leptocephali ( singular leptocephalus ) all have laterally compressed bodies that contain transparent jelly - like substances on the inside of the body and a thin layer of muscle with visible myomeres on the outside . their body organs are small and they possess only a simple tube for a gut . this combination of features results in them being very transparent when they are alive . while leptocephali have dorsal and anal fins that are confluent with caudal fins , they lack pelvic fins . they also lack red blood cells until they begin to metamorphose into the juvenile glass eel stage when they start to look like eels . leptocephali are also characterized by their fang - like teeth that are present until metamorphosis , when they are lost .
for deep sea life , finding a suitable mate can be very tricky indeed and so special strategies have evolved in order to achieve it . often extreme sexual dimorphism can be observed . once the gulper eel male reaches sexual maturity ( at what age this is we do not yet know ) , his teeth begin to shrink and his olfactory organs expand massively . these are known as the nasal rosette , the organ used to smell . in the female these are barely visible but in the male it forms a knob just in front of the eyes . it is thought that once mature the male uses pheromone trails to find a mate . researchers believe that , like the true eels , gulper eels reproduce just once in their life cycle . they are known as a semelparous species .
hubbs , clark . 1952 . a contribution to the classification of the blennoid fishes of the family clinidae , with a partial revision of the eastern pacific forms . stanford ichthyol . bull . , 4 ( 2 ) : 41–165 . hubbs , clark . 1953 . revision and systematic position of the blennoid fishes of the genus neoclinus . copeia , ( 1 ) : 11–23 . jordan , david starr , and barton warren evermann . 1896–1900 . the fishes of north and middle america . u . s . nat . mus . , bull . , ( 47 ) : 4 vol . kanazawa , robert h . 1952 . variations in the wolf eel , anarrichthys ocellatus ayres , a fish inhabiting the north pacific ocean . calif . fish and game , 38 ( 4 ) : 567–574 . kato , susumu , stewart springer and mary h . wagner . 1967 . field guide to eastern pacific and hawaiian sharks . u . s . fish and wild . serv . , circ . , ( 271 ) : 1–47 . lachner , ernest a . 1966 . order echeneida , family echeneidae : diskfishes , p . 74–80 .
known in australian waters from off the northwest shelf , western australia , and from townsville , queensland to south of maatsuyker island , tasmania ; also from the tasman sea .
elsewhere , widespread in tropical and temperate regions of all oceans ; in mid - waters to 3000m .
meristic features : dorsal fin 155–196 ; anal fin 118–147 ; pectoral fin about 11 ; vertebrae 101–113 .
body elongate , mostly comprised of the mouth and greatly expandable pharynx , distance from tip of snout to angle of jaw 18–24 % tl ; small eyes close to snout tip ; teeth in jaws tiny and numerous .
trunk relatively deep , tail region elongate , slender , compressed , caudal fin absent , tail ending in a small luminous caudal organ .
pectoral fin reduced , low on side just behind gill opening ; scales absent , body covered in soft black velvety skin ; lateral line present but without pores .
carnivore - feeding mostly mesopelagic and bathypelagic crustaceans , engulfed in teh enormous mouth .
eurypharynx pelecanoides vaillant 1882 , c . r . hebd . séances acad . sci . 95 : 1226 .
type locality : off morocco , 29°52 ' n , 11°44 ' w , 2300m .
charter , s . r . 1996 . eurypharyngidae : umbrellamouth gulpers . p . 155 - 157 . in h . g . moser ( ed . ) the early stages of fishes in the california current region . california cooperative oceanic fisheries investigations atlas no . 33 . allen press , inc . , lawrence , kansas . 1505 p .
nielsen , j . g . , bertelsen , e . & jespersen , a . 1989 . the biology of eurypharynx pelecanoides ( pisces , eurypharyngidae ) . acta zoologica ( stockholm ) 70 ( 3 ) : 187 - 197
nielsen , j . g . & bertelsen , e . 1990 . eurypharyngidae . 206 in quéro , j . - c . , hureau , j . - c . , karrer , c . , post , a . & saldanha , l . ( eds ) . check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic . paris : unesco 1492 pp . , 3 vols .
paxton , j . r . , j . e . gates & d . f . hoese 2006 . families cyematidae , eurypharyngidae and saccopharyngidae . pp . 304 - 307 in beesley , p . l . & wells , a . ( eds ) . zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 australia : abrs & csiro publishing parts 1 - 3 2178 pp .
smith , d . g . 1989 . family eurypharyngidae ( pp . 948 - 954 ) . in böhlke , e . b . ( ed . ) 1989 . fishes of the western north atlantic . mem . sears found . mar . res . 1 ( 9 ) : 1–1055 ( 2 volumes ) .
smith , d . g . 1999 . families colocongridae , derichthyidae , muraenesocidae , nemichtyhyidae , congridae , nettastomatidae , serrivomeridae , cyematidae , saccopharyngidae , eurypharyngidae , monognathidae . pp . 1670 - 1697 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes . rome : fao vol . 3 1397 - 2068 pp .
smith , d . g . 2008 . family eurypharyngidae . pp . 182 in gomon . m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h ( eds ) . fishes of australia ' s southern coast . sydney : reed new holland 928 pp .
vaillant , l . l . 1882 . sur un poisson des grandes profondeurs de l ' atlantique , l ' eurypharynx pelecanoides . comptes rendus ( hebdomadaires ) des séances de l ' academie des sciences . série d . sciences naturelles 95 : 1226 - 1228
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gulper eels are black and some subspecies may have a thin lateral white stripe . they are ray - finned fish , and only resemble eels in a their appearance .
the bioluminescent organ at the end of the tail , acts as bait for fish . due to their body shape , they are bad at swimming , and cannot hunt for fish like other predators do . they rely on their “tail light” to attract prey . they feed on fish , plankton , copepods and shrimp .
the lower jaw is hinged at the base of the head , with no body mass behind it , making the head look disproportionately large . when it feeds on prey , water that is ingested is expelled via the gills .
strangely , when males reach sexual maturity , they gain a better sense of smell , but their teeth become weaker , and the strength of their jaws decreases . females do not undergo significant change during their adult phase .
it is thought that gulper eels die after spawning , which could account for the changes that affect males during mating : larger olfactory organs are more useful for mating . also , if they are supposed to die after spawning , then it makes sense that the teeth and jaws degrade .
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all content on this site is copyright © 1998 - 2016 by sea and sky . all rights reserved . content from this website may not be used in any form without written permission from the site owner .
greek , eurys = long + greek , pharyngx = pharynx ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 500 - 7625 m ( ref . 58426 ) , usually 1200 - 1400 m ( ref . 559 ) . deep - water
circumglobal : in tropical to temperate waters . eastern pacific : ranges from northern california to peru ( ref . 35600 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27000 ) ; common length : 55 . 0 cm ng male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5755 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . mouth greatly enlarged by a backward extension of jaws , gape comprising half or more of preanal length ; buccal cavity greatly distensible . tail attenuated and ending in an expanded , luminous caudal organ . caudal fin absent ; scales absent ; lateral line without pores , instead with groups of elevated tubules .
meso - to abyssopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) and bathypelagic ( ref . 58426 ) . adults feed mainly on crustaceans , but also take fishes , cephalopods , and other invertebrates ( ref . 2850 , 11041 ) . oviparous , planktonic eggs hatch into planktonic leptocephalus larvae ( ref . 6719 , 35600 ) . degenerative changes in males and females suggest semelparity ( ref . 35600 ) .
oviparous ( ref . 35600 ) . degenerative changes in males and females suggest semelparity ( ref . 35600 ) . egg cells within each of the gonads have the same developmental stage ( monocyclic ovaries ) suggesting only one spawning during its lifetime or periodic spawning ( ref . 36055 ) .
nielsen , j . g . and e . bertelsen , 1990 . eurypharyngidae . p . 206 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4457 )
) : 2 . 3 - 5 . 5 , mean 3 . 6 ( based on 890 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 56 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( assuming semelparity with tm > 10 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 54 of 100 ) .
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 500 - 7625 m ( ref . 58426 ) , usually 1200 - 1400 m ( ref . 559 ) . deep - water , preferred ?
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
its major food items are crustaceans , but it also feeds on fishes , cephalopods and other invertebrates . it is believed to ingest its prey along with a quantity of water that is expelled through the gill openings .
at maturity males undergo changes that include an enlargement of the olfactory organs and degeneration of the teeth and jaws . females remain relatively unchanged .
smith , d . g . 1999 . eurypharyngidae . in carpenter , k . e . & v . h . niem ( eds ) . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 3 . batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . fao , rome . pp . iii - vi , 1398 - 2068 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
compiled by roberts , c . d . ; paulin , c . d . ; stewart , a . l . ; mcphee , r . p . ; mcdowall , r . m . , king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicol , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , r . ; macadie , i . 24 : phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , checklist of new zealand chordata . living lancelets , jawless fishes , cartilaginous fishes , and bony fishes . in : new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 021158db - acdc - 45a6 - bfa2 - 33380a4536a0
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4e8dacad - 4c7d - 4f3b - a1a3 - d3ca4cba42a5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8cfde6c6 - d3dc - 40cd - 826b - ddd98ab62d6b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e5b31fb - 4b4d - 4f5b - 920b - fb523b6dd349
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bd56e13e - f380 - 430c - 89b2 - ce5045e57de5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d0863764 - fd31 - 4f46 - b30a - fb6ada23dcbf
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 433594
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( eels ) and by others in a distinct order , saccopharyngiformes ( or lyomeri ) . gulpers range to depths of 2 , 700 m ( 9 , 000 feet ) or more . the members of one family ,
saccopharyngidae ) are noted for their enormous mouths . in the eurypharyngidae , the mouth is longer than the body . in the saccopharyngidae , it is somewhat smaller but still huge . gulpers are soft - bodied
with tapered bodies , long tails , and greatly expandable stomachs that can accommodate large prey . gulpers are usually solid black , and some are provided with light organs . some gulpers grow as long as 1 . 8 m ; most of this length , however , is tail .
order saccopharyngiformes ( gulper eels ) jaws and hyomandibular greatly elongate ; caudal fin absentor rudimentary ; no opercular bones , branchiostegal rays , scales , pelvic fins or ribs . 4 families , 5 genera , and about 28 species . marine ( some bathypelagic ) , tropical and temperate atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . superorder…
deep - sea fish , in general , any species of fishes ( class osteichthyes ) that are found at extreme ocean depths , usually more than 600 m and even to as much as 8 , 370 m ( that is , about 2 , 000 to 27 , 500 feet ) . mid - water species , which represent more than a dozen families of marine fishes , are…
teleost , ( infraclass teleostei ) , any member of a large and extremely diverse group of ray - finned fishes . along with the chondrosteans and the holosteans , they are one of the three major subdivisions of the class actinopterygii , the most advanced of the bony fishes . the teleosts include virtually…
bony fish , any member of the superclass osteichthyes , a group made up of the classes sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fishes ) and actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) in the subphylum vertebrata , including the great majority of living fishes and virtually all the world’s sport and commercial fishes . the…
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animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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the devilfish ( mobula mobular ) is an enormous ray species known by several other monikers , including giant devil ray and mediterranean devil ray . these creatures of the family mobulidae are prevalent in the mediterranean sea . they also inhabit the black sea and parts of the atlantic ocean . they live in small scattered pods throughout this distribution .
devilfish are usually either blackish - blue or brown on the top , and white below . they possess slender and lengthy tails that are covered by thorny protrusions . devilfish can sometimes grow to 17 feet or so . they possess several sets of fins , which are the cephalic , pelvic and pectoral fins . their sizable and pointy pectoral fins go further back than their heads . devilfish have prominently wide and large heads . their mouths are located not on their heads but on their undersides , by the cephalic fins . their mostly white undersides have irregular black blots .
devilfish consume a lot of wee schooling fishes and planktonic creatures . one of the devilfish ' s preferred forms of sustenance is the northern krill ( meganyctiphanes norvegica ) . crustaceans are a particular favorite for devilfish . devilfish tend to swim near the top of the water in order to track down planktonic nourishment .
devilfish live in both deep and shallower waters . they typically gravitate toward offshore settings close to continental shelves . within their geographic scope , devilfish frequently travel great distances , although the purposes of their treks are uncertain .
while pregnant , female devilfish carry their young for approximately 25 months . they welcome one pup into the world at a time , although two pups may also occur occasionally . the eggs stay inside the mother until they open up . birthing takes place during the summer months every year . the pups feed on their mothers ' uterine milk .
the iucn red list of threatened species classified devilfish as being
endangered
creatures in 2006 but didn ' t hazard a guess at population size . they are believed to be scattered around all over the place in small amounts . among dangers to devilfish are polluted water and accidental trapping .
devilfish are companionable and sociable creatures in their natural environment . they do not lead solitary lifestyles in any sense of the word , and are generally found swimming in units of fellow devilfish .
millburn , naomi .
description of devilfish .
animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / description - devilfish - 3528 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .
millburn , naomi . ( n . d . ) . description of devilfish . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / description - devilfish - 3528 . html
millburn , naomi .
description of devilfish
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
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in endless ocean , these eels are found in the abyss , mainly near fiend ' s cave .
in endless ocean 2 , these are found floating over chimney forest in the zahhab region depths , as well as the area around and above the giant ' s lair .
these float in loose groups around 345 - 360 ft [ 105 - 110m ] deep . they do not respond to many stimuli beyond using the underwater pen . in this respect , they are similar to the fanfin , because both of these creatures do not give you their names unless given markings from the pen to swim around , at least in the first endless ocean .
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they have big mouths that are wide enough to swallow large prey . in fact , the length of the jaws is almost one - fourth of their body length .
the mouth of the fish acts like a net , as it swims into large groups of small fish and shrimp . their wide open mouth fills with food as well as water . the water is slowly released through the gill slits .
even the eyes of this deep - sea creature are too small . expert opinion is that their eyes are meant for detection of lights rather than formation of images .
this fish has a tiny light - producing organ at the tip of its tail . this organ called photophore , has numerous tentacles , and glows pink , through bioluminescence .
this light - producing organ can also produce red flashes , occasionally . these red flashes are used to attract prey , as they keep their tail tip near their wide open mouths ; so that they can swallow fish and other organisms that move towards the light source .
it is said that mature males have bigger eyes and olfactory organs ; as compared to females , who do not change much , as they become sexually mature . it is with the help of these olfactory organs that males sense the pheromones released by the females . it is also said that after reproduction , gulper eels die .
as of now , very little is known about gulper eels ; that are difficult to locate , as they live in deep seas .
gulper eels reach a length of about 0 . 75 m ( 2 . 5 ft ) .
they are likely to make habitats at a depth of about 500 – 3 , 000 meters . in the north atlantic waters , they dive as deep as 9 , 800 feet .
gulper eels have got large mouth and stomach . they rely on crustaceans . the jaws are great but teeth are fairly small .
while eating they may take in large amount of water but it is expelled through the gill slits .
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new research from dutch scientists has revitalised the search for the elusive majorana fermion . the majorana fermion was first predicted about 75 years ago by italian scientist ettore majorana , one of the via paspernera boys - a group of scientists named after the street where their lab was located .
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gulper eels begin their life in a leptocephalus larvae stage which is thin , almost transparent , and ribbon like in character .
l ife in the deep sea is hard . near complete darkness , low temperatures and little food means animals must specialise in order to survive . finding a meal can be tough and many animals have adapted specially in order to ensure that whatever they may find they can eat .
the most readily recognisable feature of these fish is their extraordinary mouths . these jaws can make up a quarter of the animal’s body length and have a hugely elastic membrane covering them . many fish in the deep sea have large mouths , when you don’t know where your next meal is coming from it is best to not risk it and hope to swallow anything you may come across . the fish itself has been measured up to 80cm long , making the jaw around 20cm ! the skull is only a tiny fraction of this . these fish can eat a large diversity of prey and in their stomachs crustaceans , fish , arrow worms , jellyfish , ribbon worms and others have been found within their stomach .
because the eels live at extreme depths there is still large gaps in our knowledge of their life history . much of what we do know is based upon damaged specimens caught as bycatch from deep sea fisheries .
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extreme marine habitats is a site dedicated to those habitats that are simply extreme ! written by students , we aim to provide detailed and insightful information on a variety of marine science subjects .
the pacific blackdragon is a deep - sea predator that lives in the deep waters of the eastern pacific ocean from about 700 to 3300 feet ( 200 - 1000 m ) deep . though they spend most of their time in these deep waters , pacific blackdragons are known to migrate toward the surface , at night following their preferred prey of small crustaceans and other fishes .
interestingly , most of the above characteristics of the pacific blackdragon only apply to the females . the males are much smaller ; have no teeth , stomach , or barbel ; and are unable to feed . they never really leave the larval stage of development , and all of their energy comes from the egg yolk . males only live long enough to mate , soon after which they die . this extreme difference in the sexes has been documented in other deep - sea species as well and may be a means to reduce competition for limited resources while preserving the importance of mixing genes through sexual reproduction . larvae of both sexes have extraordinary , stalked eyes that they absorb as they mature into young juveniles .
pacific blackdragons are not eaten by people , and there is no evidence to suggest that people have any negative affects on their populations . they are likely naturally rare , however , and any changes to the deep - sea environment could threaten this interesting species .
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there are more than half a dozen species of pelicans , but all of them have the famous throat pouch for which the birds are best known . these large birds use their elastic pouches to catch fish—though different species use it in different ways .
pelicans are found on many of the world ' s coastlines and also along lakes and rivers . they are social birds and typically travel in flocks , often strung out in a line . they also breed in groups called colonies , which typically gather on islands .
these seabirds are threatened by chemical pesticides , such as ddt , which damaged the eggs of pelicans and many other species .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : european regional assessment : lc eurypharynx pelecanoides is circumglobally distributed in tropical and temperate waters . it is found at depths ranging from 500 to 7 , 625 meters , although it is more typically found in waters ranging from 1 , 200 to 1 , 400 meters . it is abundant in museum collections . this species is an opportunistic feeder which feeds on a variety of prey items including crustaceans , fish , and squid . there are no species - specific threats to e . pelecanoides , and its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas . therefore , e . pelecanoides is assessed as least concern .


asthenosoma marisrubri ( ' flexible body of the red sea ' ) ( weinberg & de ridder , 1998 ) aka red sea fire urchin and toxic leather sea urchin , is a relatively common sea urchin with a widespread distribution in the indo-pacific , and was till 1998 considered a color variant of asthenosoma varium .

sea urchins are close relatives of starfish , crinoids , brittle stars and sea cucumbers , all being echinoderms ( ' spiny skins ' ) .

this species grows to 25 cm in diameter , with articulated plates making the test quite flexible and accounting for its binomen .

it prefers water temperatures in the range 24 °c - 27 °c and depths down to 90m .

it subsists on a great variety of food including algae , coral polyps and bottom detritus .

it is most active at night and is named for the extreme pain inflicted by its spines and its occurrence in the red sea .

asthenosoma marisrubri weinberg and de ridder , 1998 , formerly known as asthenosoma varium ( grube , 1868 ) , was described from the northern red sea .

it is well distinguished from the oceanic a. varium by its spine and test morphology : the ia spines regularly cover the entire aboral side in a. marisrubri , but grouped in rectangular patches , separated by naked areas , in a. varium . - diversity and recent changes in the echinoderm fauna of the gulf of aqaba with emphasis on the regular echinoids , dafni , j. , ben-gurion university , eilat campus it often affords shelter to the commensal shrimps allopontonia iaini , periclimenes colemani and the parasitic gastropod leutzenia asthenosomae .

it is found in habitats such as lagoons , external reefs , and sandy or stony bottoms .

asthenosoma marisrubri

let ' s do some zoology ! - red sea fire urchin ( asthenosoma marisrubri ) . . .
red sea , egypt . 6th nov , 2016 . toxic leather sea urchin or red sea fire urchin ( asthenosoma marisrubri ) red sea , sharm el sheikh , sinai peninsula , egypt © andrey nekrasov / zuma wire / zumapress . com / alamy live news
weinberg , s . & de ridder , c . 1998 . asthenosoma marisrubri n . sp . ( echinodermata , echinoidea ) from the red sea . beaufortia 48 , 27 - 46 . page ( s ) : 32 - 35 ; fig . 3a - c , 4a - c , 5a - e , 6a - g , 7a - g [ details ]
toxic leather sea urchins ( asthenosoma marisrubri : 20 cms . ) are found in the indo - pacific region . it was not until 1998 that the species was classified as distinct , the work in that respect having been carried out in the northern red sea - hence the specific ' marisrubri ' . as with all regular sea urchins , it has a pentagonal structure , which is clearly visible in the photograph . the animal ' s armour plating is covered in spines , each of which carries a sack of a powerful toxin . stings can be excruciatingly painful ! it lives on coral reefs , feeding mainly on algae and detritus . egyptian red sea .
( of asthenosoma marisrubis ) kroh , a . 2010 . index of living and fossil echinoids 1971 - 2008 . annalen des naturhistorischen museums in wien , serie a 112 , 195 - 470 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 234 [ details ]
note northern red sea , ht : zma v . ech . e 9365 ; pt : zma . . .
type material ht : zma v . ech . e 9365 ; pt : zma v . ech . e 9366 ; zmtau ec 25123 , ns 5091 ; huj echi 343 ; mnhn 6 - 9 . ec es 8376 [ details ]
kroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .
weinberg & de ridder , 1998 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 513046 on 2018 - 07 - 09
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weinberg & de ridder , 1998 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 513046 on 2018 - 07 - 09
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hi , i ' m andrew and i’m just a simple zoology student and crustacean researcher from ohio . this blog centers around animal ids so feel free to send me any unknown species ( and its location ) that you have and i will take my best shot at iding it ! i also occasionally post random zoology / animal factoid things . disclamer : none of the pictures are mine unless stated
also known as the toxic leather sea urchin , the red sea fire urchin is a species of sea urchin native to indo - pacific waters . they are fairly big as far as sea urchins go with the largest individuals growing up to 10 inches in diameter . although they might look soft and harmless they earned the name toxic leather urchin due to the fact that their small spines ( which could be mistaken for tube feet ) cause extreme pain


foetorepus is a genus of dragonets .

the validity of this genus has been questioned with some experts regarding it as a junior synonym of synchiropus .

foetorepus

a common stinkfish , foetorepus calauropomus - sydney , new south wales . source : klaus stiefel / flickr . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
( of foetorepus agassizi ( goode & bean , 1888 ) ) gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]
( of foetorepus agassizi ( goode & bean , 1888 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of foetorepus agassizi ( goode & bean , 1888 ) ) scott , w . b . ; scott , m . g . ( 1988 ) . atlantic fishes of canada . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences . no . 219 . 731 pp . [ details ]
ty - jour ti - a new species of the genus foetorepus ( pisces : callionymidae ) queensland [ sic ] t2 - memoirs of the queensland museum . vl - 27 ur - urltoken pb - queensland museum , cy - brisbane : py - 1989 sp - 563 ep - 565 sn - 0079 - 8835 au - nakabo , tetsuji au - mckay , roland j er -
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the name ' stinkfish ' refers to the acid smell of the slime covering the body ; the slime tastes bitter and may be toxic ; only some birds of prey take this species ( ref . 557 ) .
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the common stinkfish occurs in temperate marine waters from southern queensland to south - western western australia .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
gomon , m . f . , bray , d . & r . h . kuiter ( eds ) . 2008 . the fishes of australia ' s southern coast . reed new holland . pp . 928 .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
( of callionymus agassizii goode & bean , 1888 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of callionymus himantophorus goode & bean , 1896 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of synchiropus agassizi ( goode & bean , 1888 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of synchiropus agassizii ( goode & bean , 1888 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of callionymus agassizi goode & bean , 1888 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of collyonimus agassizi goode & bean , 1888 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
a well camouflaged , brown to orange or reddish stinkfish with darker brown mottling above , a whitish underside , and blue spots on cheeks . males have many small black blotches on head , body , and fins . the name ' stinkfish ' refers to the acid smell of slime covering the body .
moreton bay , queensland , around southern australia including tasmania , to perth , western australia . the species also occurs in new zealand . inhabits shelly , sandy , muddy areas and seagrass beds in bays , estuaries and coastal waters , in depths of 15 - 183 m .
dorsal fin iv + 8 ; anal fin 7 ; caudal fin 9 ; pectoral fin 18 - 22 ; pelvic fin i , 5 . body long , slender , tapering towards tail , eyes close together on top of head ; mouth small , opening forward and downward ; dorsal fins separate ; pelvic fins large , arising well before pectoral - fin base . caudal fin elongate , in males with 4 to 6 medial filaments ; in females convex , without filaments . preopercular spine with a dorsal point additionally to main tip , but without an antrorse spine at its base . first dorsal fin not much higher than second dorsal fin .
dorsal sides of head and body brown to orange or reddish darker brown mottling above , ventral side white . males with many small black blotches on head , body , and fins ; females without black blotches .
the common name ' stinkfish ' refers to the acid smell of the slime on the body , which tastes bitter and may be toxic .
callionymus calauropomus richardson 1844 , zool . voy . erebus terror 1839–43 2 : 10 , pl . 7 ( 4 - 5 ) . type locality : western australia .
de vis , c . w . 1883 . descriptions of two new queensland fishes .
fricke , r . 1983 . revision of the indo - pacific genera and species of the dragonet family callionymidae ( teleostei ) .
fricke , r . 2000 . callionymidae of new caledonia , with remarks on related species and descriptions of 10 new species from new caledonia , australia , new guinea , and hawaii ( teleostei ) .
fricke , r . 2001 . suborder callionymoidei . pp . 3549 - 3573 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes .
fricke , r . 2002 . annotated checklist of the dragonet families callionymidae and draconettidae ( teleostei : callionymoidei ) , with comments on callionymid fish classification .
gomon . m . f . & yearsley , g . k . 2008 . family callionymidae . pp . 742 - 746 in gomon , m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) .
johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .
nakabo , t . 1982 . revision of genera of the dragonets ( pisces : callionymidae ) .
melbourne : george robertson vol . 2 329 - 375 pls 191 - 200 . ( plate 192 , p . 333 ,
richardson , j . 1844 . ichthyology . pp . 1 - 16 pls 1 - 6 , 7 - 8 ( parts ) , 9 - 10 in richardson , j . & gray , j . e . ( eds ) . t
he zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . erebus and terror under the command of captain sir james clark ross , r . n . , f . r . s . , during the years 1839–43 .
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claro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .
moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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smith - vaniz , w . f . , williams , j . t . , pina amargos , f . & curtis , m .
is widely distributed and common where it occurs over deeper soft bottom . there are no major threats known and its deep habitat may provide refuge . therefore it is assessed as least concern .
this species is distributed in the western atlantic ocean from georges bank off new england south along the u . s . coast and through the straits of florida into the gulf of mexico from the florida keys north along the gulf coast to the u . s . / mexico border and one record on the yucatan shelf ( mexico ) ( nakabo and hartel 1999 ) . its depth range is 47 - 396 m , but usually occurs between 100 - 200 m .
this species is common . there are 111 museum records ( fishnet2 , accessed 7 august 2012 ) .
this is a demersal , relatively deep - water species . habitat and ecology information for this species is limited , but is probably similar to that of f . agassizii . it reaches a maximum 29 . 9 cm total length ( tl ) .
smith - vaniz , w . f . , williams , j . t . , pina amargos , f . & curtis , m . 2015 .
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nakabo , t . 1982 ,
revision of genera of the dragonets ( pisces : callionymidae )
, publications of the seto marine biological laboratory , vol . 27 , no . 1 / 3 , pp . 77 - 131 figs 1 - 30
fricke , r . 2001 ,
suborder callionymoidei
, ed . carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) , the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes , vol . 6 , pp . 3549 - 3573 , fao , rome
de vis , c . w . 1883 ,
descriptions of two new queensland fishes
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , ser . 1 , vol . 7 , no . 4 , pp . 620 - 621
richardson , j . 1844 ,
ichthyology
, ed . richardson , j . & gray , j . e . ( eds ) , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . erebus and terror under the command of captain sir james clark ross , r . n . , f . r . s . , during the years 1839–43 , vol . 2 , pp . pp . 1 - 16 pls 1 - 6 , 7 - 8 ( parts ) , 9 - 10 , e . w . janson , london
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 742ea2f3 - fb42 - 4c2f - bc0b - 272e883f545c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 04a78ee6 - 2749 - 4025 - aa65 - c5cbecc3516f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 423834
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liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of synchiropus talarae hildebrand & barton , 1949 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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elongate , somewhat depressed ; no skin fold along side of belly ; head relatively short ( length before dorsal fin 22 - 32 % sl ) ; a large , up - curved , two - pointed spine on the preoperculum , but no spines or the operculum ; a small mouth that angles down when open , with a protrusible top jaw ; gill openings that are small and high on the shoulder ; two dorsal fins , iv flexible spines + 8 soft rays , 1st dorsal spine elongate and filamentous in male , edge of 2nd dorsal slightly concave in both sexes ; anal fin with 7 rays and no spines ; pectorals large , rounded , usually 2 unbranched + 18 - 21 branched rays ; pelvics insert under preopercular spine , large , reach past anal fin origin in males ; tail fin long , with filaments in males ; lateral line complete , extends onto tail fin ; no scales .
reddish above , white below ; 2 wavy yellow lines along sides ; first dorsal fin yellow , with a small dark spot between last two dorsal fin spines in juveniles , fin without spot in large fish ; 2nd dorsal fin with several irregular rows of yellow spots ; anal fin with black stripe near outer edge in female red stripe in male .
elongate , somewhat depressed ; no skin fold along side of belly ; head relatively long ( length before dorsal fin 30 - 35 % sl ) ; a small mouth that angles down when open , with a protrusible top jaw ; a large , up - curved , two - pointed spine on the preoperculum , but no spines or the operculum ; gill openings small and high on the shoulder ; two dorsal fins , iv flexible spines + 8 soft rays , 1st dorsal spine elongate and filamentous in male , outer edge of 2nd dorsal slightly concave in both sexes ; anal fin with 7 rays and no spines ; pectorals large , rounded , usually 2 unbranched + 18 - 21 branched rays ; pelvics insert under preopercular spine , large , reach past anal fin origin in males ; tail fin long , with filaments in males ; lateral line complete , extends onto tail fin ; no scales .
reddish ; a distinct dark spot ( heart - shaped in male ) between last two dorsal fin spines at all sizes ; second dorsal fin dark spotted ; anal fin with black stripe near outer edge in female but not male ; tail fin may have dark spots on upper half .
eschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .
justification : this deep - living species is widely distributed , common and locally abundant where it occurs over soft bottom habitat within a wide depth range . there are no known major threats , therefore it is listed as least concern .
this species is distributed in the western atlantic ocean from nova scotia ( canada ) south along the u . s . coast , bermuda , the bahamas , throughout the gulf of mexico , in the caribbean sea from puerto rico to grenada , and along central and south america from mexico to sao luis , brazil ( r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is 90 - 650 m .
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; canada ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
is common and can be locally abundant in parts of this range . there are 343 museum records ( accessed through
this demersal species occurs over sandy or mud bottoms ( cervigón 1994 ) . it reaches a maximum 25 cm total length ( tl ) .
there are no major threats known for this species . it may be caught as incidental bycatch in the shrimp trawl fishery , but there is no indication at present time of detrimental population effects due to shrimp trawl catch .


bebearia barombina , the large green forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in eastern nigeria , cameroon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic and the south-western part of the democratic republic of the congo .

the habitat consists of forests .

adults feed on fallen fruit .

bebearia barombina

bebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby
etude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .
bebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11
bebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20
bebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39
bebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35
remarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .
etude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania
are similar in appearance to bebearia but are generally smaller , and their hindwings are deeper and with a straighter costa . on the upperside the males of some species e . g . barombina , coerulea and veronica are grey with a vague metallic steely - blue sheen . others including lysandra and gambiae have a reddish - brown ground colour . all have distinctive dark bars in the cell of the forewings and suffused dark markings over the rest of the wings . many also have a series of small white dots arranged in an arc at the apex .
bebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46
revision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .
bebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda
bebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq
bebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance
bebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon
bebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon
bebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley
bebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .
bebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi
bebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana
bebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga
bebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1
bebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch
bebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1
bebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon
bebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon
= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 ♂ only
bebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft
bebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu
bebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui
bebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2
bebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4
bebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela
bebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
van de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43
bebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
euryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo
guinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]
euryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724
papilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56
e . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]
aterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast
: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )
aterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar
cameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda
euryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe
cameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa
euryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
papilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250
zaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania
euryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24
e . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia
senegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]
euryphene senegalensis herrich - schäffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98
euryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277
euryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8
nigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]
euryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus
papilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?
euryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )
euryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2
eyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8
aterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone
euryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a
euryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]
nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .
euryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215
euryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490
coastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4
euryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai
euryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar
euriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267
cameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi
euryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi
euryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo
aurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74
euryphene tessmanni grünberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea
euryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?
euryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
euryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station
euryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire
euryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station
euryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera
euryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria
euryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river
euryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon
zaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .
evena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv
euryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala
euryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast
romaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar
euphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest
euryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]
euryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangwé , ogové valley
euryphene ducalis grünberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
contribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae
( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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a diverse genus from african forests . species groups listed are based on larsen ' s ( 2005 ) treatment of the west african fauna .
ackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
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each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
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females of obtusangula , obani and gambiae have a catuna - like pattern of brown and cream . most other species
however have a reddish - brown ground colour , a dark apex , and a broken white or cream diagonal band across the forewings .
is distributed from cote d ' ivoire to northern angola , congo and uganda .
this species is found in closed - canopy forest . it can be found in degraded forest but only if there is a core area of good quality forest nearby .
appears to be unrecorded , but the following generalisations apply to the genus euriphene : several species are known to use combretaceae as larval foodplants . the larvae have long multi - branched lateral spines . pupation takes place at the end of a twig . prior to pupation the larva spins a silk web on the twig and wets it with a noxious yellow fluid which deters ants .
both sexes can be found on forest trails where patches of dappled sunlight filter down to the forest floor . the best description of their behaviour comes from fox who writes :
these places appear to attract the butterflies that everywhere else on the forest floor are to be seen only as elusive ghost - like flashes . as one walks along a trail the butterflies rise up ahead and re - alight , repeating the process as one nears them again .
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