gnorismoneura elegantica is a moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in vietnam .

the wingspan is 16 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is brownish cinnamon along the costa and at the base , but blackish grey to beyond the middle and then much paler , greyish scaled cream .

there are a few black dots along the termen beneath the apex .

the hindwings are brownish .

gnorismoneura elegantica

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homonopsis multilata ( x . p . wang , h . h . li & s . x . wang , 2003 )
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mascelia ectophoea is a species of snout moth , and the only species in the genus mascelia .

it was described by hampson in 1908 .

it is found in sri lanka and in india .

this species has a wingspan of 18 mm .

mascelia ectophoea

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v . 18 ( 1907 - 1908 ) - the journal of the bombay natural history society . - biodiversity heritage library
the moths of india . supplementary paper to the volumes in
the fauna of british india .
ser . iii , pt . x
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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echidna nocturna is a moray eel found in the eastern pacific ocean , in the gulf of california and around peru and the galapagos islands .

it was first named by cope in 1872 , and is commonly known as the freckled moray or the palenose moray .

echidna nocturna

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kesakkomureena
to
echidna nocturna ( cope , 1872 )
.
theletrum lamothei sp . nov . ( digenea ) , parasite of echidna nocturna from cuajiniquil , guanacaste , and other digenes of marine fishes from costa rica .
theletrum lamothei sp . nov . ( digenea ) , parasite of echidna nocturna from cuajiniquil , guanacaste , and other digenes of marine fishes from costa rica . - pubmed - ncbi
marine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 30 m ( ref . 9324 ) . tropical ; 32°n -
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 71 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9324 )
lives between rocks in littoral pools . not frequently seen . feeds on crabs , lobsters and mollusks and possibly on other soft - bodied invertebrates and fishes ( ref . 28023 ) .
thomson , d . a . , 1987 . reef fishes of the sea of cortez . the rocky - shore fishes of the gulf of california . the university of arizona press , tucson . 302 p . ( ref . 5592 )
) : 22 . 3 - 29 . 1 , mean 26 . 9 ( based on 255 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00112 ( 0 . 00054 - 0 . 00233 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 56 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .
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justification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific region . no major threats to this deep water species are known , and there is no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .
this species is found in the eastern pacific in the gulf of california , along central mexico , and from el salvador to northern peru , including the revillagigedo , clipperton , cocos , malpelo and galapagos islands .
this demersal species lives between rocks in littoral pools . it is not frequently seen .
there are no known specific conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls within the cocos , malpelo , galagapos , and the gulf of california marine protected areas ( wdpa 2006 ) .
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lives between rocks in littoral pools . not frequently seen . feeds on crabs , lobsters and mollusks and possibly on other soft - bodied invertebrates and fishes ( ref . 28023 ) .
71 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9324 ) )
depth range based on 24 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 7 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 . 16 - 220 temperature range ( °c ) : 21 . 311 - 27 . 666 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 144 - 2 . 687 salinity ( pps ) : 32 . 938 - 35 . 311 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 671 - 5 . 074 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 327 - 0 . 885 silicate ( umol / l ) : 2 . 028 - 7 . 399 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 . 16 - 220 temperature range ( °c ) : 21 . 311 - 27 . 666 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 144 - 2 . 687 salinity ( pps ) : 32 . 938 - 35 . 311 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 671 - 5 . 074 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 327 - 0 . 885 silicate ( umol / l ) : 2 . 028 - 7 . 399 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
demersal ; marine ; depth range ? - 30 m ( ref . 9324 )
depth : 0 - 30m . recorded at 30 meters . habitat : demersal .
this species is widespread in the eastern pacific region . no major threats to this deep water species are known , and there is no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of poecilophis nocturnus cope , 1872 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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dorsal and anal fins moderately developed , clearly evident skin - covered ridges ; origin of dorsal fin in front of level of gill openings ; teeth blunt , no canines , becoming molar - like in adults .
dark brown to nearly blackish with scattered white to yellowish spots ; front nostrils orange .
allen , g . r . and robertson , d . r . , 1997 . , an annotated checklist of the fishes of clipperton atoll , tropical eastern pacific . , revista de biologia tropical , 45 : 813 - 843 .
béarez , p . , 1996 . , lista de los peces marinos del ecuador continental . , revista de biologia tropical , 44 : 731 - 741 .
castro - aguirre , j . l . and balart , e . f . , 2002 . , la ictiofauna de las islas revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas , con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion . en : lozano - vilano , m . l . ( ed . ) . libro jubilar en honor al dr . salvador contreras balderas . , universidad autonoma de nuevo león : 153 - 170 .
clark , h . w . , 1936 . , the templeton crocker expedition of the california academy of sciences . 1932 . no . 29 . new and noteworthy fishes . , proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( series 4 ) , 4 : 21 ( 29 ) : 383 - 396 .
cope , e . d . , 1872 . , report on the recent reptiles and fishes of the survey , collected by campbell carrington and c . m . dawes . , u . s . geol . surv . territ . ann . rept . , 5 : 467 - 476 .
cuesta , t . c . , 1932 . , lista de los peces de las costas de la baja california . , inst . biol . mexico , anal , 3 ( 1 ) : 75 - 80 .
findley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versión 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservación internacional .
fischer , w . , krup , f . , schneider , w . , sommer , c . , carpenter , k . e . and niem , v . h . , 1995 . , guia fao para la identificacion de especies de para los fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . volumen iii . vertebrados - parte 2 . , fao3 : 1201 - 1813 .
jimenez - prado , p . , béarez , p . , 2004 . , peces marinos del ecuador continental / marine fishes of continental ecuador . , simbioe / nazca / ifea tomo 1 y 2 .
jordan , d . s . and evermann , b . w . , 1896 . , the fishes of north and middle america : a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . part i . , bull . u . s . nat . mus . , 47 : 1 - 1240 .
jordan , and mcgregor , . , 1898 . , list of fishes collected at the revillagigedo archipelago and neighboring islands . , rept . u . s . fisheries comm . , 24 : 271 - 284 .
lopez , m . i . and bussing , w . a . , 1982 . , lista provisional de los peces marinos de la costa rica . , revista de biologia tropical , 30 ( 1 ) : 5 - 26 .
love , m . s . , mecklenburg , c . w . , mecklenburg , t . a . , thorsteinson , l . k . , 2005 . , es of the west coast and alaska : a checklist of north pacific and artic ocena species from baja california to the alaska - yukon border . , u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , biological resources division , 288pp .
mccosker , j . e . and rosenblatt , r . h . , 1975 . , the moray eels ( pisces : muraenidae ) of the galapagos islands , with new records and synonymies of extralimital species . , proc . calif . acad . sci . , 40 : 417 - 427 .
meek , s . e . and hildebrand , s . f . , 1923 . , the marine fishes of panama . part i . , field mus . nat . hist . , zool . ser . publ . , xv : 1 - 330 .
orellana , j . j . , 1985 . , marine fishes of los cóbanos : fishes of el salvador . , sigma found : 126pp .
ricker , k . e . , 1959 . , mexican shore and pelagic fishes collected from acapulco to cape san lucas during the 1957 cruise of the
marijean
. , univ . brit . columbia inst . fish . , mus . contrib . , 3 : 18pp .
robertson , d . r . and allen , g . a . , 1996 . , zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of clipperton atoll . , coral reefs , 15 : 121 - 131 .
rubio , e . a . , 1986 . , notas sobre la ictiofauna de la isla de gorgona , colombia . , boletin ecotropica . univ . bog . jorge tadeo lozano , 13 : 86 - 112 .
snodgrass , r . e . and heller , e . , 1905 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xvii . shorefishes of the revillagigedo , clipperton , cocos and galapagos island . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 6 : 333 - 427 .
thomson , d . a . , findley , l . t . and kerstitch , a . n . , 2000 . , reef fishes of the sea of cortez . , university of texas press ( revised ed . ) : 353 .
van der heiden , a . m . and findley , l . t . , 1988 . , lista de los peces marinos del sur de sinaloa , méxico . , anales del centro de ciencias del mar y limnologia de la universidad autonoma nacional de mexico , 15 : 209 - 224 .
vega , a . j . , villareal , n . , 2003 . , peces asociados a arrecifes y manglares en el parque nacional coiba . , tecnociencia , 5 : 65 - 76 .
villareal - cavazos , a . , reyes - bonilla , h . , bermúdez - almada , b . and arizpe - covarrubias , o . , 2000 . , los peces del arrecife de cabo pulmo , golfo de california , méxico : lista sistemática y aspectos de abundancia y biogeografía . , rev . biol . trop . , 48 : 413 - 424 .
walker , b . w . and baldwin , w . j . , 1964 . , provisional check list of fishes of the revillagigedo islands . , 18 pp .
i thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .
) : 22 . 3 - 29 . 1 , mean 26 . 9 ( based on 255 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00112 ( 0 . 00054 - 0 . 00233 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 56 se ; based on food items .
) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
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böhlke , e . b . , j . e . böhlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / böhlke , eugenia b . , ed .
fishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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pérez - ponce de león g 1 , león - règagnon v , monks s .
laboratorio de helmintología , instituto de biología , u . n . a . m . , méxico d . f . ppdleon @ urltoken


thalassinidea is a former infraorder of decapod crustaceans that live in burrows in muddy bottoms of the world 's oceans .

in australian english , the littoral thalassinidean trypaea australiensis is referred to as the yabby ( a term which also refers to freshwater crayfish of the genus cherax ) , frequently used as bait for estuarine fishing ; elsewhere , however , they are poorly known , and as such have few vernacular names , " mud lobster " and " ghost shrimp " counting among them .

the burrows made by thalassinideans are frequently preserved , and the fossil record of thalassinideans reaches back to the late jurassic .

the group was abandoned when it became clear that it represented two separate lineages , now both recognised as infraorders : gebiidea and axiidea .

recent molecular analyses have shown that thalassinideans are most closely related to brachyura ( crabs ) and anomura ( hermit crabs and their allies ) .

there are believed to be 556 extant species of thalassinideans in 96 genera , with the greatest diversity in the tropics , although with some species reaching latitudes above 60 ° north .

about 95 % of species live in shallow water , with only three taxa living below 2,000 metres ( 6,600 ft ) .

thalassinidea

thatje , s . ( 2003 ) : review of the thalassinidea ( crustacea : decapoda ) from chile and argentina , anales instituto patagonia , serie ciencias naturales , chile : , 31 , pp . 115 - 122 .
poore , g . c . b . ( 1994 ) a phylogeny of the families of thalassinidea ( crustacea : decapoda ) with keys to the families and genera . memoirs of the museum of victoria , 54 , 79 - 120 . [ details ]
although more than 500 thalassinid taxa have been described so far , only eight species of thalassinidea are recorded from a total of more than 5800 km of chilean and argentine coastline . most knowledge of the thalassinidea from chile and argentina is restricted to intertidal or shallow subtidal species , out of which some are of interest to local artisanal fisheries . thalassinid diversity from the deeper sublittoral to the bathyal remains almost entirely unknown at present . this work reviews the scarce knowledge on the biogeography and life history of the chilean and argentine thalassinidae . the study includes an analysis of original sampling sites with special focus on the local south american scientific literature .
[ a comparison of the gastric mill in some representative species of the thalassinidea , indicates that the thalassinidea are possibly diphyletic , consisting of the superfamily callianassoidea dana , 1852 , including the families callianassidae dana , 1852 , axiidae huxley , 1879 , callianideidae kossmann , 1880 , ctenochelidae manning & felder , 1991 , and gourretiidae sakai , 1999 , in which the propyloric ossicle is simple and has a smooth posterior surface ; and the superfamily thalassinoidea latreille , 1831 , including the thalassinidae latreille , 1831 , upogebiidae borradaile , 1903 , and laomediidae de haan , 1849 , in which the propyloric ossicle is triangularly protruded downwards and has a series of fine , transverse septa on its posterior face . ein vergleich der kaumägen ausgewählter arten der thalassinidea deutet an , dass die thalassinidea möglicherweise diphyletisch sind . sie bestehen aus zwei überfamilien , einerseits den callianassioidea dana , 1852 , bei denen der propylorische mittelzahn einfach und dessen rückseite glatt ist , andererseits den thalassinoidea , bei denen dieser zahn dreieckig vorragt und auf der rückseite transversale septen trägt . zu den callianassoidea gehören die familien callianassidae dana , 1852 , axiidae huxley , 1879 , callianideidae kossmann , 1880 , ctenochelidae manning & felder , 1991 und gourretiidae sakai , 2004 ; zu den thalassinoidea die familien thalassinidae latreille , 1831 , upogebiidae borradaile , 1903 und laomediidae de haan , 1849 . , a comparison of the gastric mill in some representative species of the thalassinidea , indicates that the thalassinidea are possibly diphyletic , consisting of the superfamily callianassoidea dana , 1852 , including the families callianassidae dana , 1852 , axiidae huxley , 1879 , callianideidae kossmann , 1880 , ctenochelidae manning & felder , 1991 , and gourretiidae sakai , 1999 , in which the propyloric ossicle is simple and has a smooth posterior surface ; and the superfamily thalassinoidea latreille , 1831 , including the thalassinidae latreille , 1831 , upogebiidae borradaile , 1903 , and laomediidae de haan , 1849 , in which the propyloric ossicle is triangularly protruded downwards and has a series of fine , transverse septa on its posterior face . ein vergleich der kaumägen ausgewählter arten der thalassinidea deutet an , dass die thalassinidea möglicherweise diphyletisch sind . sie bestehen aus zwei überfamilien , einerseits den callianassioidea dana , 1852 , bei denen der propylorische mittelzahn einfach und dessen rückseite glatt ist , andererseits den thalassinoidea , bei denen dieser zahn dreieckig vorragt und auf der rückseite transversale septen trägt . zu den callianassoidea gehören die familien callianassidae dana , 1852 , axiidae huxley , 1879 , callianideidae kossmann , 1880 , ctenochelidae manning & felder , 1991 und gourretiidae sakai , 2004 ; zu den thalassinoidea die familien thalassinidae latreille , 1831 , upogebiidae borradaile , 1903 und laomediidae de haan , 1849 . ]
ty - jour ti - on the classification of the thalassinidea t2 - the annals and magazine of natural history ; zoology , botany , and geology vl - 12 ur - urltoken pb - taylor and francis , ltd . cy - london , py - 1903 sp - 534 ep - 551 sn - 0374 - 5481 au - borradaile , l a er -
@ article { bhlpart60631 , title = { on the classification of the thalassinidea } , journal = { the annals and magazine of natural history ; zoology , botany , and geology } , volume = { 12 } , copyright = { not _ in _ copyright } , url = urltoken publisher = { london , taylor and francis , ltd . } , author = { borradaile , l a } , year = { 1903 } , pages = { 534 - - 551 } , }
robles , r . , tudge , c . c . , dworschak , p . d . , poore , g . c . b . & felder , d . l . ( 2009 ) molecular phylogeny of the thalassinidea based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes . in : martin , j . w . , crandall , k . a . & felder , d . l . ( eds . ) crustacean issues vol . 18 : decapod crustacean phylogenetics . crc press , bocan raton , pp . 309 - 326 . [ details ]
the present section , callianassida dana , 1852 , has recently been separated from the thalassinida dana , 1852 ; together these two sections constitute the infraorder thalassinidea within the decapoda . the section thalassinida includes one superfamily , thalassinoidea dana , 1852 , which is not considered herein . the callianassida include two superfamilies , axioidea huxley , 1879 and callianassoidea dana , 1852 . those two superfamilies are reviewed according to the presence or absence of a rostral carina ; cardiac sulcus ( i ) ; cardiac prominence ; dorsal oval of the carapace ; linea thalassinica ; setal rows on carapace , abdomen , tail - fan , and pereiopods ; the posterior whip of the maxilla 2 scaphognathite ; a dorsal plate or lateral notch on the uropodal exopod ; the male plp1 - 2 ; and a median tooth of the prepyloric ossicle . in the present new classification , the section callianassida thus comprises two superfamilies , axioidea and callianassoidea , 19 families including one new family and two families with a new status , 8 subfamilies including one subfam . nov . , 116 genera including 41 gen . nov . and 8 genera sensu nov . , and 419 species including 12 spp . nov . and 2 nom . nov .
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h . h . hobbs ; joan p . jass and jay v . huner
latreille , p . a . ( 1831 ) . cours d ' entomologie , ou de l ' histoire naturelle des crustacés , des arachnides , des myriapodes et des insects à l ' usage des élèves de l ' école du muséum d ' histoire naturelle ( accompagné d ' un atlas ) . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris , xiii 568 pp . , atlas 26 pp . 24 pls pp . [ details ]
poore , g . c . b . ( 2016 ) . the names of the higher taxa of crustacea decapoda . journal of crustacean biology . 36 , 248 - 255 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
bowman , thomas e . , and lawrence g . abele / lawrence g . abele , ed . / dorothy e . bliss , ed . - in - chief
the biology of crustacea , vol . 1 : systematics , the fossil record , and biogeography
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
kento furui added the japanese common name
スナモグリ上科
to
callianassoidea
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
アナエビ科
to
axiidae
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
オキナワアナジャコ科
to
thalassinidae
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
アナジャコ科
to
upogebiidae
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
ハサミシャコエビ科
to
laomediidae
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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, with 7 families , viz . , axianassidae , axiidae , callianassidae , callianideidae , laomediidae , thalassinidae and upogebiidae with all together more than 350 known species . of these 7 familiesonly 3 are dealt with here as the other do not have species of which it is known that they are of
. of these three families , thalassinidae , callianassidae and upogebiidae , perhaps two or three species are used for human consumption , a number of others is used as bait for fishing .
latreille , p . a . , 1831 . cours d’entomologie , ou de l ' histoire naturelle des crustacés , des arachnides , des myriapodes et des insectes ; à l ' usage des élèves de l ' école du muséum d ' histoire naturelle : i - xiii , 1 - 568 , 1 - 26 , pls . 1 - 24 .
sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
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katsushi sakai , ph . d . ( 1965 ) at the university of kyushu , is emeritus prof . of shikoku university , tokushima , japan . he has published extensively on decapod crustacea , including
callianassoidea of the world
( crust . monogr . , 4 ( brill , 2005 ) ) and
upogebiidae of the world
( crust . monogr . , 6 ( brill , 2006 ) ) .
publication date : 18 february 2011 subjects : carcinology , biology status : published publisher : brill pages arabic : 616 extent : 520 pp .
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the behaviour and allocation of time of the endobenthic shrimp callianassa subterranea from the central north sea was studied in the laboratory . animals were allowed to construct a two - dimensional burrow in large transparent sediment filled cuvettes tailored to their body width . the behaviour of the animals was found to consist of 12 behavioural states which were described in an ethogram . the allocation of time of animals in cuvettes was recorded to the nearest 0 . 1 s during 1 or 2 h observation periods randomly distributed over the day . all records were statistically tested for their validity with respect to visibility of the animals studied . the behavioural states were grouped into six classes using a type of markov - chain sequence analysis : wandering , resting , burrowing , surveying , grooming and ventilating . an average time budget of 10 animals based on 98 valid 1 h protocols shows that c . subterranea spends 27 . 4 ± 2 . 2 % ( sem ) of the time burrowing . this is a little more than 40 % of the time the animal is active . wandering and grooming each take about half that amount , with 12 . 6 ± 0 . 9 % and 14 . 9 ± 1 . 4 % respectively . ventilating takes 8 . 6 ± 1 . 5 % and only little time is spent surveying the burrow ( 2 . 6 ± 0 . 4 % ) . the animal is resting during 33 . 9 ± 2 . 4 % of the time . circumstantial evidence indicates that feeding is part of the burrowing behaviour . no major periodicity in the behaviour of c . subterranea was encountered .
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biodivlibrary english druggist & chemist henry gardiner adams also had an interest in # naturalhistory . his
beautiful butterflies… urltoken
biodivlibrary rt @ bhl _ au :
this cockatoo , which is in truth the most beautiful of all , was first described by vigors in 1831
. # majormitchellscockatoo # l…
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finsch 's bulbul ( alophoixus finschii ) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .

it is found on the malay peninsula , sumatra , and borneo .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

finsch ' s bulbul

select an image : 1 . finsch ' s bulbul 2 . finsch ' s bulbul > > adult 3 . finsch ' s bulbul > > adult feeding 4 . finsch ' s bulbul 5 . finsch ' s bulbul > > adult 6 . finsch ' s bulbul > > adult 7 . finsch ' s bulbul > > adult and juvenile 8 . finsch ' s bulbul 9 . finsch ' s bulbul 10 . finsch ' s bulbul > > adult 11 . finsch ' s bulbul > > adult 12 . finsch ' s bulbul 13 . finsch ' s bulbul 14 . finsch ' s bulbul 15 . finsch ' s bulbul 16 . finsch ' s bulbul 17 . finsch ' s bulbul 18 . finsch ' s bulbul 19 . finsch ' s bulbul 20 . finsch ' s bulbul 21 . finsch ' s bulbul 22 . finsch ' s bulbul 23 . finsch ' s bulbul
information on the finsch’s bulbul is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
english : yellow - vented bulbul , dark - capped bulbul , black - eyed bulbul , white - eared bulbul , garden bulbul ; french : bulbul commun , bulbul des jardins ; german : graubülbül ; spanish : bulbul naranjero .
english : madagascar bulbul , madagascar black bulbul , comoro bulbul , comoro black bulbul ; french : bulbul malgache , bulbul des comores ; german : madagaskarfluchtvogel , rotschnabel - fluchtvogel ; spanish : bulbul negro .
english : shelley ' s bulbul ; french : bulbul des monts masukus ; german : shelleybülbül ; spanish : bulbul de shelley .
english : ashy bulbul , brown - eared bulbul , chestnut bulbul ; french : bulbul à ailes vertes ; german : braunohrbülbül ; spanish : bulbul ahumado .
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english : joyful bulbul ; french : bulbul joyeux ; german : dotterbülbül ; spanish : bulbul feliz .
english : crested bulbul , red - eared bulbul ; french : bulbul orphée ; german : rotohrbülbül ; spanish : bulbul de bigotes rojos .
english : lesser icterine bulbul ; french : bulbul ictérin ; german : zeisigbülbül ; spanish : bulbul icterino .
english : straw - crowned bulbul ; french : bulbul á tête jaune ; german : gelbscheitelbülbül ; spanish : bulbul bigotudo .
french : bulbul à ventre rouge ; german : russbülbül ; spanish : bulbul ventrirrojo .
english : yellow - whiskered bulbul ; french : bulbul à moustaches jaunes ; german : gelbbartbülbül ; spanish : bulbul de bigotes amarillos .
english : red - tailed bulbul ; french : bulbul à barbe blanche ; german : swainsonbülbül ; spanish : bulbul de cola roja .
english : ashy - fronted bearded bulbul ; french : bulbul flavéole ; german : weisskehlbülbül ; spanish : bulbul barbudo de frente ahumado .
french : bulbul d ' arabie ; german : gelbsteißbülbül ; spanish : bulbul capirotado ; .
french : bulbul crinon oriental ; german : haarbülbül ; spanish : bulbul de lomo verde .
french : bulbul à collier noir ; german : rüttelbülbül ; spanish : bulbul de collar negro .
french : bulbul à gorge jaune ; german : gelbkehlnicator ; spanish : bulbul de garganta amarilla .
hypsipetes flavala blyth , 1845 . some authors consider races of chestnut bulbul ( hemixos castanonotus ) as races of the ashy bulbul .
english : finch - billed bulbul ; french : bulbul á gros bec ; german : fimkenbülbül ; spanish : pico de pinzón copetón .
housing and development board’s landscape planner and engineers marking the trees to be retained .
dowsett , r . j . , s . l . olson , m . s . roy , and f . dowsett - lemaire .
systematic status of the black - collared bulbul neolestes torquatus .
ibis 141 ( 1999 ) : 22–28 .
22 april 2016 five days before fledgling . note the chick’s big and flesh colored bill .
move dohm’s thrush - babbler to sylviidae as sister to pseudoalcippe [ abyssinica ] ( voelker et al . 2009 )
fishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . finsch ' s bulbul ( alophoixus finschii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
english : leaflove ; french : bulbul à queue rousse ; german : uferbülbül ; spanish : amante de hojas .
the drama of a square - tailed drongo cuckoo being chased by a olive - winged bulbul over the central forest captured by francis yap . this bulbul may have caught the cuckoo red - handed trying to replace its eggs .
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
nss bird group’s lee ee ling and lim kim keang the organisers for the pesta ubin 2016 commonest bird quest . photo : ria tan .
islam , k . , and r . n . williams .
red - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus cafer ) , red - whiskered bulbul ( pycnonotus jocosus ) .
in the birds of north america . 520 ( 2000 ) .
bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
yong ding li , lim kim chuah and lee tiah khee . a naturalist’s guide to the birds of singapore . 2013 . john beaufoy publishing limited .
reference : yong ding li , lim kim chuah and lee tiah khee . a naturalist’s guide to the birds of singapore . 2013 john beaufor publishing limited .
over at pulau ubin , yap wee jin reported the fledgling of the white - rumped shama , copsychus malabaricus on 9th . lim kim keang reported the nesting of the olive - winged bulbul , pycnonotus plumosus , on 14th and three dependent abbott’s babbler , malacocincla abbotti , juveniles on 28th .
because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :
keith , s . , e . urban , and c . h . fry , eds . the birds of africa . vol . iv . san diego : academic press , 2000 .
on 5 june 2016 , the nature society ( singapore ) bird group conducted a survey to find out which were the commonest bird species on pulau ubin . this survey was organized in conjunction with the month - long pesta ubin 2016 event . the bird group has been birding on pulau ubin since the 1970’s and 80’s and this survey to determine the commonest bird species on pulau ubin was also timely .
roy , m . s .
recent diversification in african greenbuls ( pycnonotidae : andropadus ) supports a montane speciation model .
proceedings of the royal society of london b , 264 ( 1997 ) : 1337–1344 .
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
16·5–17 cm ; 22–25 g . medium - sized , dull , unobtrusive bulbul with distinctively short bill . side of head is brownish olive , greenish tint on ear - coverts and . . .
although most bulbuls prefer areas with lots of green vegetation , a small number are found in drier scrub habitats , especially pycnonotus . the african red - eyed bulbul ( pycnonotus nigricans ) occupies drier areas , including savanna , semiarid scrub , and bushy hillsides . the northern brownbul ( phyllastrephus strepitans ) also prefers scrub , and is often the only bulbul present in the driest parts of its range .
cibois , a . , b . slikas , t . s . schulenberg , and e . pasquet .
an endemic radiation of malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial sequence data .
evolution 55 , no . 6 ( 2001 ) .
most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .
sadly , the species with the most celebrated song , the straw - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus zeylanicus ) is now threatened as a result of being highly prized and traded for its voice . described as
a prolonged series of magnificently warbled notes , richer and more powerful by far than the songs of such celebrated performers as the nightingale and the blackbird ,
the song of the straw - headed bulbul is by no means typical of the pycnonotidae .
typically found singly or in pairs , may forage in larger groups . unusually silent for a bulbul , has soft song of
chip , wa - da - tee , chee - tu , ti - wew .
nonmigratory .
bulbuls can be quite aggressive towards members of their own species , and other species as well . some , such as the puff - throated bulbul ( criniger pallidus ) and the mountain bulbul ( hypsipetes mcclellandii ) will aggressively mob birds of prey . if the face - off is against a bulbul of the same species , the threat display may be different than against other birds . among pycnonotus , there are roughly three to seven threat displays . these include tail - flicking , tail - spreading , crest - raising , undertail - covert spreading , wing - flicking - and - spreading , and crouch display ( the latter may also be an appeasement display ) . the red - vented bulbul has been observed attacking birds by poking with its bill . the red - tailed greenbul ( criniger calurus ) and other criniger bulbuls will puff out their fluffy beard - like throat feathers , both as a preening gesture and as an aggressive display .
this bulbul is found in broad - leaved forests , cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas , but himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter . the western ghats birds may make movements related to rain .
narang , m . l . , r . s . rana , and p . mukesh .
avian species involved in pollination and seed dispersal of some forestry species in himachal pradesh .
journal of the bombay natural history society 97 , no . 2 ( 2000 ) : 215–222 .
11 . 5 in ( 29 cm ) . large bulbul with orange - yellow crown and cheek , white throat lined with black on top , and large bill . whitish belly and orange rump , olive - green back and wings . sexes alike . juvenile duller with brownish head .
several bulbuls show a preference for water and are found alongside rivers and forest streams . the gray - olive bulbul ( phyllastrephus cerviniventris ) is one such bird . infrequently entering the forest , this smallish bulbul frequently inhabits streamside thickets . primarily an insect eater in zambia , it is especially fond of feeding on logs that have fallen across streams or ravines . the swamp greenbul ( thescelocichla leucopleura ) and the leaf - love ( pyrrhurus scandens ) are also partial to water , both prefer swampy areas with luxuriant vegetation and palm trees , especially raphia and the oil palm elaeis .
8 . 6 in ( 22 cm ) . large , olive - green bulbul with prominent blackish crest and stout , pale - yellow , finchlike bill . gray fore - head , blackish throat , broad blackish green tail . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but browner head and throat .
now , for the migrants . five migrant raptor species were recorded in the april to june period . four of them – the osprey , oriental honey - buzzard , japanese sparrowhawk and peregrine falcon were also recorded during last year’s late spring migration . the notable addition this year was the rufous - bellied eagle : a juvenile was photographed at lorong sesuai on 23 april enjoying a meal .
although most bulbuls are omnivorous , a few specialize in certain foods . sjöstedt ' s honeyguide greenbul is closely associated with the small , black wasps polybioides melaina that build large paper nests in riverbank trees . the bird will tear apart the nests , despite the vicious retaliation of the wasps , and the young birds are fed exclusively on the wax , larvae , and pupae of the insect .
i noticed that all the grt drongo’s nests that i came across in the past decade , at hindhede park , venus loop and bukit brown were very high up . but the first nest that i saw in the mid 90s were just above head level . have they adapted to more disturbances and human presence and play safe ? let me know what your experience was with our paradiseus birds .
the survey by the six teams produced a total of 51 lists . the relative abundance index of the birds detected ranged from 0 . 02 to 0 . 65 . a total of 63 species were recorded during the cbq . the most abundant species is the olive - winged bulbul . it recorded the highest relative abundance index of 0 . 65 and was recorded in all the surveyed sites . this is interesting as other censuses conducted by the bird group have consistently found the yellow - vented bulbul to be the more common bird in most parts of singapore . the habitat on pulau ubin which consists of a mosaic of orchards , old rubber plantations and secondary forest probably contributed to this result .
bulbuls ( p . cafer ) , were introduced to the hawaiian island of o ' ahu in the late 1960s . populations of both birds have dramatically increased . red - vented bulbuls are now found across the island , while the red - whiskered bulbul is found throughout southeastern areas . these birds are considered serious pests and threats to native bird populations .
i could just see two heads of the chicks hanging out the side of the nest . they looked not more than a week old . one parent would always be on guard while the other was out looking for food . they were very aggressive at this time of nesting . every bird or perceived predator that were larger than a bulbul will be chased away if they perched anywhere near the nest .
most insect - eating bulbuls forage on and among vegetation , but will also sally for insects in the air and hunt along the ground on fallen logs and branches . many favor caterpillars and dragonflies , and several species have been found attending swarms of army ants . the yellow - bellied greenbul ( chlorocichla flaviventris ) frequently forages on antelopes , landing on the animal and grooming its head , ears , and even eyes , presumably searching for small insects in the antelope ' s coat .
the straw - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus zeylanicus ) is now threatened as a result of being highly prized for its voice and hence traded as a caged bird . listed on appendix ii of cites , some measures have been taken to protect this bird , but it is still widely traded , and captive - breeding programs are subject to theft . habitat protection might also help as long as areas are guarded .
a second record of a successful nesting of the spotted wood owl , strix seloputo , this season came from the woodlands area with ria tan’s posting on 26th . one fledgling was seen with both parents . like the earlier nesting at cashew they were also using the bird nest fern as nest . on 26th laurence eu photographed a little spiderhunter , arachnothera longirostris , looking after a juvenile at dairy farm nature park . we are have not documented an active nesting of this forest species yet .
7 . 5–8 . 3 in ( 19–21 cm ) ; 1 . 3–1 . 5 oz ( 38–45 g ) . large bulbul ; breast and head gray , few black bristles on hindneck and mantle . mantle , rump , and wings yellow - green olive . tail bright rust - maroon . chin and throat white , appears puffy and beard - like , creamy belly . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult .
the majority of the pycnonotidae are nonmigratory , either sedentary or only locally nomadic . banding and recapture records from asia indicate that some bulbuls remain in the same few hundred yard area for several years . a handful of the cooler - climate , temperate - zone species , such as the black bulbul ( hypsipetes madagascariensis ) , are partly migratory . flocks of several hundred of these birds move to southern china in winter .
this morning members of the nature society ( singapore ) ’s conservation committee and bird group made a site visit to the old bidadari muslim cemetery with the planners , architects , engineers and landscape contractors from the housing and development board ( hdb ) and staff from the national parks board ( nparks ) . the purpose of the visit is to mark out the boundaries of the hillock where most of the migrant species were found . the hillock is centered around the “bida studio” at the western end of bidadari .
forest , open woodland , gardens , and cultivated areas all constitute bulbul habitat . essentially arboreal birds , the majority of pycnonotids live in or next to forested areas , but many are well adapted to human - made habitats . many bulbuls show a preference for a particular level of the forest canopy . so as long as there is enough fruit and insects , a relatively small area of forest may support a large number of birds .
the taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of hypsipetes madagascariensis . within asia , h . ganeesa has often been listed as a subspecies of h . leucocephalus , but is increasingly treated as a separate species restricted to the western ghats ( south of somewhere near bombay ) and sri lanka , the square - tailed black bulbul . the subspecies from sri lanka humii is then placed under this species .
there were less excitement this month compared to last june . then we had the first record of a white - tailed tropicbird at tuas , an oriental darter at ubin and the wintering horsfield’s bronze cuckoos at punggol barat to keep us busy . this june , we had to be contented with the king quails , excalfactoria chinensis , at punggol barat , blue - eared kingfishers , alcedo meninting , at kranji marshes and red - crowned barbets , m egalaima rafflesii at seletar to keep our shutters clicking . on the plus side we had many interesting nesting records including a first from all over the island .
the black bulbul is 24–25 cm in length , with a long tail . the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black , depending on the race . the beak , legs , and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest . sexes are similar in plumage , but young birds lack the crest , have whitish underparts with a grey breast band , and have a brown tint to the upperparts . they have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts .
a very significant observation from the survey is the relative abundance of both the straw - headed bulbul and white - rumped shama . both species are becoming scarce in many parts of southeast asia as a result of rampant trapping for the bird trade . it is critical that the authorities and the public remain vigilant against potential poaching here and other parts of singapore where these species are thriving . if the current situation persists , singapore could become the only place in the world where these species survive in the wild .
a family of 4 - 5 abbott’s babblers , malacocincia abbotti , was very active at the marsh gardens west coast park when francis yap paid a visit there on 17th . these babblers are not that common in the south . confirmation of the sunda scops owl , otus lempiji , breeding in sentosa came when sarah chin found an immature at the tanjong beach station on 19th . another sunda scops owl was reported from lower pierce reservoir by vincent lao on 20th . a hard to see white - browed crake , ponzana cinerea , was spotted by lim kim chuah during a bird group trip to the kranji marshes on 22nd .
also controversial is the placement of two of the endemic african genera neolestes and nicator . the striking plumage of the black - collared bulbul ( neolestes torquatus ) allies it with the shrikes ( malaconotidae , laniidae , or prionopidae ) , dna data ally it with other bulbuls . similarly , nicator has also been allied with the shrikes , but feather protein and dna evidence suggest the birds are bulbuls . because the three nicator species and neolestes lack a thin sheet of nostril - covering bone that is present in the rest of the bulbuls , they are sometimes placed elsewhere .
the bulbul diet spans the range of fruits and berries to insects and other arthropods , as well as small vertebrates such as frogs , snakes , and lizards . a few eat nectar and pollen . the jaw apparatus of pycnonotids is rather generalized compared to other passeriform birds , and while some pycnonotids eat mainly fruit or insects , most can and do have a mixed diet . this flexibility may be critical during the dry season : since most bulbuls are non - migratory , they must take advantage of the food sources available within in their range , which can mean shifting to feeding on more plant matter when insects are not as abundant .
as expected during the tail end of the breeding season , records of fledglings came in from all over the island . the most welcomed was a family of rarely seen king quails , excalfactoria chinensis with five chicks over at punggol barat . joseph tan kok beng reported the fledgling of two crested goshawk chicks , accipiter trivirgatus , at the singapore botanic gardens on 3rd and 6th . this is the second family of crested goshawks to have successfully raise a family there in the same season . over at burgundy drive , doreen ang reported two juvenile blue - crowned hanging parrots , loriculus galgulus , seen with two adults feasting on her neighbour’s mango tree on the 7th . on the same day , she also reported a juvenile thick - billed pigeon , treron curvirostra , at lorong sesuai . good to know that some of our uncommon residents are doing well .
the timing of bulbul reproduction varies greatly , depending on the climate and region . in some areas breeding appears to be tied to rainfall , and many species have two broods per year , usually before and after the monsoon season . breeding is common year - round in other species , and some african species may breed throughout the rainy season , or after the rains . most bulbuls are monogamous and territorial , often the pair - bond is maintained year after year . one species , the yellow - whiskered greenbul , has a quite flexible social system , and in high density areas uses leks , but is monogamous and territorial in lower - density areas . there is evidence of cooperative breeding in a handful of species including , the spotted greenbul , the yellow - throated leaf - love , and ixonotus . groups of four to six birds will feed the young , usually both in the nest and after leaving it .
most of the bulbuls are dressed in somber browns , olive tones , or grays , and are often heard before they are seen . however , several species have distinctive face markings with a bright splash of red , yellow , orange , or white plumage . the plumage of pycnonotus tends to be more variable than other genera , and these birds usually have are a red , yellow , orange , or white
vent
which contrasts with the rest of their underparts . many species , especially among the pycnonotus , criniger , and some hypsipetes , have long crown feathers that form a prominent head crest ; the crest is absent in andropadus . almost all have at least a few bristles on the nape of their short necks and a small area without feathers , such that a bulbul with its neck stretched out shows a small bare patch between the nape and upper back . the tail can be fairly long , usually with a round tip , although it is slightly forked in some species .
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cheke & hume 2008 , bli . conspecific with the extinct reunion form whose scientific name has priority .
manchurian bush warbler is restricted to borealis ; ssp canturians is treated here as a subspecies of h . diphone . an alternative treatment would be to lump borealis with diphone until relationships of the members of this complex are sorted out genetically ( alström et al . 2011b ) . see rasmussen & anderton 2005 , bli re original split of cettia canturians , including borealis from c . diphone .
iczn opinion 2215 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 65 : 327 - 328 , 2008 .
correct gender agreement ; original specific epithet albicapillus is invariable . ( n david , h & m corrigenda 2 . 1 )
genetically embedded in monticola ; move before m . rupestris ( zuccon & ericson 2010a )
frith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .
frith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .
restore inland plover to peltohyas ; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel ; resequence following lapwings , their sister group ( baker et al . 2007 ; fjeldsa comm )
fuchs et al 2008 ; correct error in v2 . 5 ; correct gender agreement
correct gender agreement ; “we are speaking here of hydrornis blyth 1843 in jasb 12 ( 2 ) : 960 , indeed masculine . in turdus guajanus by statius müller , guajanus is adjectival ( much [ too ] long to explain ) ; thus hydrornis guayanus is ok . ” ( n . david 7 / 9 / 2010 )
chlorophoneus viridis , c . dohertyi , c . quadricolor form a separate clade with telophorus , rhodophoneus , all merged into telophorus ( fuchs et al 2004 , fjeldsa comm )
malcorus belongs with hypergerus and eminia in cisticolidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif , fjeldsa comm )
“ lopesi ” is an unjustified emmendation . fide alan peterson , peter ryan ( hbw 11 )
pnoepyga wren - babblers are not babblers and elevated to their own family ( gelang et al . 2009 )
correct spreadsheet re 2 . 0 change of genus ( p . kovalik 7 / 2010 )
new family includes melocichla , sphenoeacus , achaetops , macrosphenus , sylvietta , cryptillas , and possibly graueria and hemitesia ( johansson et al . 2007 , 2008 , tif ) . move up in sequence as old branch of sylvioid passerines .
bush blackcap is a member of the sylviidae closer to pseudoalcippe than to sylvia ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif )
separate fulvetta species from alcippe fulvettas and move to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )
move yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae ( cibois et al 2003 , moyle et al 2009 ) ; recognition of subclades under review .
richmond ( 1917 ) , fide alan peterson . ichthyophaga is an unjustified emendation of original spelling .
highly divergent in morphology , behaviour and voice , and may merit isolation in monotypic genus ; thorough review needed . putative race theiodes ( = theoides ) only very weakly differentiated . monotypic .
not well known . usually very quiet , but said to give simple series of notes , transcribed as “ . . .
usually in primary and selectively logged evergreen forest in lowlands , avoiding heavily logged . . .
recorded in mar–jul . nest built by both pair - members ; nest undescribed , but pair in mature forest gathered material at canopy level ; . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . generally uncommon or rare ; possibly overlooked . status in sumatra was , until recently , enigmatic ; apart from . . .
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often merged into african criniger , but molecular study # r indicates that african and asian members of this family are only distantly related . phylogeographical study # r reveals apparent presence of a ring species complex in indomalayan region , and this is supported by analytical study # r .
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bird was well seen , in disturbed forest ; three call types , amongst other calls a song - like ( ? ) “twetwetwe” , from perch .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
this scarce species is considered near threatened as it is likely to be declining moderately rapidly as a result of forest destruction and degradation across much of its range . the magnitude of this threat may be allayed by the persistence of populations in secondary and hill forests , which are under less threat of development .
. it is a little known and seldom recorded species , and is probably scarce and local throughout much of its range .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally uncommon or rare ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . trend justification : declines are inevitably occurring in line with rates of forest clearance and degradation across the range .
most records of this species come from primary evergreen forests in the lowlands , up to 750 m in peninsular malaysia , 650 m in sumatra and 900 m on borneo . it occurs in selectively logged forest and tall secondary growth , but apparently avoids heavily logged areas or younger regrowth . there are records from overgrown plantations and forest edge , although these habitats are perhaps only used when adjacent primary habitats are present .
this species is likely to be significantly affected by deforestation , as it occurs primarily in closed - canopy forests in the lowlands . rates of forest loss in the sundaic lowlands have been extremely rapid , owing partly to the escalation of illegal logging and land conversion , with deliberate targeting of all remaining stands of valuable timber including those inside protected areas . forest fires have also had a damaging effect ( particularly in 1997 - 1998 ) . however , the presence of populations in hill forest , as well as logged and secondary habitats , suggests that these threats are not particularly significant at present .
conduct surveys within the range to assess population trends and rates of habitat loss . conduct ecological studies to improve understanding of its precise habitat requirements , tolerance of secondary habitats and response to fragmentation . protect areas of suitable habitat to safeguard populations against future levels of logging and encroachment .
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classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : alophoixus finschii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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black bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects , and they are often seen in small groups , either roosting or flying about in search of food . they are particularly fond of berries . they are known to feed on a wide range of berries including celtis , rosa , melia and ehretia in the himalayas . the feed on the nectar of salmalia , erythrina , rhododendron and other species . they make aerial sallies for insects . they can be quite noisy , making various loud cheeping , mewing and grating calls . the himalayan form has been reported to make a call resembling a goat kid , throwing back its neck when calling .
it builds its nest in a tree or bush ; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses , dry leaves , mosses , lichens and cobwebs . the lining is made up of ferns , rootlets and other soft material . both sexes participate in nest construction . two or three eggs form the usual clutch . in southern india , nesting activity begins from february and rises to a peak in may . the eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 13 days and the chicks fledge after about 11 or 12 days . nest predators include birds of prey ( black - winged kite ) , snakes ( ptyas mucosus ) . adults of h . ganeesa have been known to be preyed on by the crested goshawk .
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in the introduction to his 1945 revision of the family pycnonotidae , jean delacour states that
the bulbuls constitute one of the most clearly defined groups of perching birds ( passeres ) . this means that the different genera and subgenera which belongs to the group are obviously related to one another , and rather far removed from any others .
recognition of the bulbuls as a
natural
group has not stood the test of time , however , and the placement of the pycnonotidae within passeriformes remains unresolved , as do the relationships of these songbirds to each other .
whatever their relationships , it is clear that birds considered bulbuls evolved in the last 10 million years and much of the family may have radiated more recently , probably during the plio - pleistocene , about 2 . 8 million years ago . during the tertiary , northern africa experienced general drying , and the eastern lowland forests became isolated as mountains swelled and rifted in the region . andropadus probably colonized these
new
mountain habitats , which became centers of speciation for the group .
small to medium - sized birds , bulbuls range in size from 3 . 6 to 11 . 5 in ( 9 . 3–29 cm ) ; and between 0 . 5 and 2 oz ( 15–59g ) . except for the finchbills ( spizixos spp . ) , the pycnonotids have medium - sized , slender , notched bills . among the criniger , the bill is usually strongly hooked at the tip . bulbuls tend to have short , weak legs and short , rounded wings . males and females usually look alike , though the female is often slightly smaller ; this size difference is greatest in phyllastrephus . likewise , the juveniles look like the adults , but their plumage is duller and often more brown .
in 1960 a population of red - whiskered bulbuls ( pycnonotus jocosus ) became established in florida when a few birds escaped while being transported from one aviary to another . this population had increased to 500 birds by 1973 , at which time it was still expanding in a southerly direction . redwhiskered bulbuls also became established in los angeles county , california , in 1968 . both the red - whiskered and red - vented
most bulbuls are found in pairs , or in small groups that tend to be family parties and often include juveniles . mostly monogamous and territorial , except for the yellow - whiskered greenbul ( pycnonotus latirostris ) , a lekking species , some bulbuls will form groups that defend a large home range together . both the leaf - love and the swamp greenbul will gather and chorus to defend communal territory . in the case of the swamp greenbul , the loud vocalizations are accompanied by displays of spread wings and tail .
pre - copulatory displays have been observed in some bulbuls , in which the birds chase each other while softly calling . little is known about the selection of the nest . it is usually built by both parents , although in some cases just the female . nests tend to be an untidy cup nestled in the fork of a tree . the construction materials vary , but usually include a variety of twigs , rootlets , plant stems , grasses , cobwebs , and hairs . some species
decorate
the outside of the nest with fern fronds or bark strips . there are usually two eggs per clutch , although there may be as many as five , and there is great variation in the egg color and markings , even within a single species . some eggs are elongated ovals , others truncated ovate , they may be glossy white , pinkish , lilac , gray , brown , and mauve with scratchy markings , blotches , or spots , sometimes concentrated at one end so the egg appears to be
capped .
in some species both parents incubate the eggs , in others the female only , usually for 10–14 days . young are born naked and are usually cared for by both parents . they are often just given insects at first , even among the species that primarily eat fruit . they generally fledge at 14 days , but as early as seven days in some species .
in addition to habitat protection , the ecology and behavior of these birds must be studied further to better understand survival rates and ecological needs . efforts to protect these birds by local governments and international groups will do little without the involvement of local people .
turdus barbatus desfontaine , 1789 ,
côtes de barbarie
( = near algiers ) .
3 . 6–4 . 2 in ( 93–107 mm ) , 0 . 8–2 . 1 oz ( 23–60 g ) . thrush - sized with dark , slightly crested head , dark eye - ring and black bill . grayish brown upperparts and breast , white belly and white or yellow undertail . sexes alike , female slightly smaller . juvenile duller than adult with rusty tones .
widespread and common , almost everywhere in africa south of 20°n , except in dry southwest and the cape .
usually in pairs , congregates in fruiting trees with other birds . not territorial outside breeding season . song abrupt
quick , chop , toquick
; one of earliest birds to sing in the morning ,
starting before dawn and continuing for up to two hours . communal singing noted following feeding . fond of bathing and scolding , but not overly aggressive .
eats wide variety of wild and cultivated fruits , also flowers , termites , and other insects , sometimes small lizards .
monogamous , said to mate for life . pairs bond with preening ceremony and duet singing . lays two to five eggs in shallow , thin cuplike nest in bush or shrub , lays twice per season . incubation 12–14 days , usually by female only . naked young cared for by both parents , fledging 10–17 days .
pycnonotus cafer linnaeus , 1766 . nine subspecies recognized , extensive hybridization between races . forms superspecies with six other bulbuls : common p . barbatus , black - fronted p . nigricans , cape p . capensis , white - speckled p . xanthopygos , white - eared p . leucotis , and himalayan and sooty - headed p . aurigaster .
7 . 8–9 in ( 20–23 cm ) , 1 . 0–2 . 0 oz ( 31–59 g ) . glossy black chin and throat , slightly tufted head . back and breast feathers
brownish black edged with gray , appearing scalelike . rump white , tail brownish black with white tip , undertail (
vent
) crimson . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but paler ; undertail pinkish .
native range covers the indian subcontinent to southwestern china and polynesia . established populations in o ' ahu , hawaii .
keeps in pairs or loose flocks . bold and tame , can be quarrelsome . aggressive behavior includes
crest - raising ,
whereby crest feathers arch over bill and body feathers fluff out . call a
be - care - ful
or
be - quick - quick ,
alarm a sharp
peep .
non - migratory .
mainly eats fruits and berries , including figs ( ficus spp . ) , night - shade ( solanum spp . ) , and lantana . also eats insects , often caught on the wing .
appears to be monogamous . male courtship display involves showing erect crimson undertail . two broods per season , male and female build nest , and both may incubate eggs 10–14 days . fledge 12 days .
not threatened . widespread and common throughout range , well adapted to human environments . in pakistan , building of canals and plantations has increased range .
fruit - eating a threat to nurseries and agricultural orchards ; management taken in hawaii to prevent spread . also disperses noxious weed seeds .
6 . 6–9 in ( 17–23 cm ) , 0 . 8–1 . 0 oz ( 24–31 g ) . sooty black crown and erect pointed crest . white chick patch encircled with black line . brown upperparts , white underparts . glossy crimson feathers behind eye (
whiskers
) . sexes alike . juvenile lacks whiskers and crest ; head is brown .
native range saudi arabia to indian subcontinent to southern china . introduced in australia , singapore . established populations in southeastern florida , o ' ahu , hawaii , sighted in southern california .
active and noisy , especially in morning and evening . may flock outside breeding season . somewhat territorial , adult pairs frequently observed with third adult foraging nearby . call a
petti - grew - kick - pettigrew .
nonmigratory .
fruit , also insects , spiders , nectar , and flower buds . will forage on ground , along buildings , and on tree trunks .
probably monogamous . during courtship male lowers head in a bow , while emitting small croaks . nests well hidden in low vegetation and often left unattended until full clutch ( two to five eggs ) is laid . both parents feed young , insects at first , then fruits and berries .
not threatened . common and widespread throughout range . florida populations grew from 40 to 50 birds in 1964 , to 500 in 1973 . handful of birds escaped in southern california in late 1960s ; 15 counted there in christmas bird count of 1995 .
fruit - eating a threat to nurseries and agricultural orchards , 75 % of some orchid plantations destroyed in hawaii because of bud and flower damage . blamed for drastic reduction in populations of native hawaiian white - eyes ( zosterops spp . ) on mauritius i . management taken in hawaii to prevent spread . when southern california populations increased so dramatically that they became a threat to citrus crops , the california department of agriculture initiated an eradication program that has been partially successful . also problematic out of range as it disperses noxious weed seeds .
pycnonotus goiaver scopoli , 1786 . forms superspecies with p . barbatus , p . nigricans , p . capensis , p . leucotis , p . leucogenys and possibly p . cafer , p . aurigaster .
7 . 4 in ( 19 cm ) , 1 . 2–1 . 6 oz ( 35–46 g ) . black head with white eye - ring . brownish underparts , white in center of belly . conspicuous yellow undertail ( vent ) . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but head brown .
turkey , lebanon , israel , western syria , jordan , sinai and arabian peninsulas .
open forest , cultivated gardens , orchards , plantations—anywhere with trees , bushes or scrub ; will nest quite close to humans .
thought to spend time in
duo
with a sibling of same or different sex . gregarious where food is abundant , hundreds may
flock together outside of breeding season . active and noisy , squabbling common . calls various chirping , bubbling , whistling , scolding , occasional mimic of other birds . nonmigratory .
mainly feeds on fleshy fruits , also insects ; flying ants , bees , wasps , mole - crickets , worms , and snails .
monogamous , pairs remain together all year , often for several years . two to three broods , nests in bushes or low palms . two to four subelliptical light violet to pink eggs , with violet or red - brown and gray speckles . incubation 14 days , fledge 13–15 days .
not threatened . fairly common throughout range , largest numbers in israel where range is expanding ( few hundred thousand pairs ) .
sundaic range ; myanmar and thailand through malaysia , singapore , sumatra , java , borneo .
found in pairs or family groups up to six birds . have large territories designated by singing duets ( male and female alternating ) . very vocal , especially at dawn and dusk . song a strong , clear , melodious warble .
little known , may breed year round . nests of plant material often on boughs overhanging water . both adults incubate eggs and care for young . fledge 16 days .
vulnerable . listed on appendix ii of cites . highly prized caged birds ; poaching and trapping has led to dramatic population declines and local extinction , habitat loss also a problem . habitat preservation offers some protection , but capture and trade still permitted in some areas .
prized songbird worldwide . known as maki boyah or
alligator bird
from its supposed habit of annoying
alligators ,
and extending as far up the river crocodiles do .
pycnonotus masukuensis shelley , 1897 , masuku range , east - central africa . species level taxonomy unclear . two groups of sub - species recognized : gray - headed western group and green - headed nominate group .
6 . 3 in ( 16 cm ) ; 0 . 9–1 . 1 oz ( 27–31 g ) . bright green upperparts , underparts dull olive . head and neck variable ; gray , olive - gray , or olive . pale eye - ring . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but olive parts deeper colored , upperparts duller .
endemic resident of middle elevation highlands in east - central africa . eastern zaire to uganda , rwanda , western kenya , eastern tanzania into malawi .
eats berries and insects . often uses
treecreeper
foraging method , whereby it starts at the base of a tree looking for insects , works its way up the tree in short hops for 18–30 ft ( 6–10 m ) , then flies to base of next tree and starts again .
not well known . nest a strong , shallow cup ; lays one or two pinkish , spotted eggs .
pycnonotus latirostris strickland , 1844 , fernando po ( now bioko , equatorial guinea ) . four races recognized on basis of plumage variation .


biffarius is a genus of ghost shrimp in the family callianassidae , containing species formerly included in the genus callianassa .

its members are small and generally live in the intertidal zone .

biffarius was named in honour of thomas a. biffar , and includes the following species : biffarius arenosus ( poore , 1975 ) biffarius biformis ( biffar , 1971 ) biffarius ceramicus ( fulton & grant , 1906 ) biffarius debilis hernandez-aguilera , 1998 biffarius delicatulus rodrigues & manning , 1992 biffarius filholi ( a. milne-edwards , 1878 ) biffarius fragilis ( biffar , 1970 ) biffarius lewtonae ( ngoc-ho , 1994 ) biffarius melissae poore , 2008 biffarius pacificus guzman & thadje , 2003

biffarius

burrowing and feeding ecology of the ghost shrimp biffarius arenosus ( decapoda : callianassidae ) .
worms - world register of marine species - biffarius filholi ( a . milne - edwards , 1878 )
guzman , g . and thatje , s . ( 2003 ) : biffarius pacificus , a new species of the callianassidae ( crustacea : decapoda : thalassinidea ) from northern chile , scientia marina : , 67 ( 3 ) , pp . 293 - 298 .
the thalassinidean ghost shrimp , biffarius arenosus ( decapoda : callianassidae ) , is a dominant component of coastal soft sediment communities in temperate south - eastern australia . this thesis investigated the burrowing and feeding ecology of a population of shrimps inhabiting an intertidal sandflat in western port , victoria .
manning , r . b . ; felder , d . l . ( 1991 ) . revision of the american callianassidae ( crustacea : decapoda : thalassinidea . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 104 : 764 - 792 . [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
biffar , t . a . ( 1971 ) new species of callianassa ( decapoda , thalassinidea ) from the western atlantic . crustaceana , 21 , 225 - 236 . [ details ]
( of callianassa biformis biffar , 1971 ) biffar , t . a . ( 1971 ) new species of callianassa ( decapoda , thalassinidea ) from the western atlantic . crustaceana , 21 , 225 - 236 . [ details ]
pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
felder , d . l . , álvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019–1104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
poore , g . c . b . ( 1975 ) systematics and distribution of callianassa ( crustacea , decapoda , macrura ) from port phillip bay , australia , with descriptions of two new species . pacific science , 29 , 197 - 209 . [ details ]
( of callianassa arenosa poore , 1975 ) poore , g . c . b . ( 1975 ) systematics and distribution of callianassa ( crustacea , decapoda , macrura ) from port phillip bay , australia , with descriptions of two new species . pacific science , 29 , 197 - 209 . [ details ]
sakai , k . ( 1999 ) a new species , callianassa poorei , sp . nov . ( decapoda : crustacea : callianassidae ) from tasmania . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 79 , 373 - 374 . [ details ]
( of callianassa poorei sakai , 1999 ) sakai , k . ( 1999 ) a new species , callianassa poorei , sp . nov . ( decapoda : crustacea : callianassidae ) from tasmania . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 79 , 373 - 374 . [ details ]
ngoc - ho , n . ( 1994 ) some callianassidae and upogebidae from australia with description of four new species ( crustacea : decapoda : thalassinidea ) . memoirs of the museum of victoria , 54 , 51 - 78 . [ details ]
( of callianassa lewtonae ngoc - ho , 1994 ) ngoc - ho , n . ( 1994 ) some callianassidae and upogebidae from australia with description of four new species ( crustacea : decapoda : thalassinidea ) . memoirs of the museum of victoria , 54 , 51 - 78 . [ details ]
milne - edwards , a . ( 1878 ) additions à la famille des thalassiens . bulletin des sciences , par la société philomatique de paris , 7 , 110 - 115 . [ details ]
( of callianassa filholi a . milne edwards , 1878 ) milne - edwards , a . ( 1878 ) additions à la famille des thalassiens . bulletin des sciences , par la société philomatique de paris , 7 , 110 - 115 . [ details ]
( of callianassa filholi a . milne edwards , 1878 ) webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 7 publications ) ( from synonym callianassa filholi a . milne edwards , 1878 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) ( from synonym callianassa filholi a . milne edwards , 1878 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym callianassa filholi a . milne edwards , 1878 )
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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