the peaceful dove ( geopelia placida ) is a pigeon native to australia and new guinea .

the peaceful dove is closely related to the zebra dove of south-east asia and the barred dove of eastern indonesia .

until recently , the three were classed as a single species , geopelia striata , known as peaceful dove or zebra dove .

peaceful dove

the peaceful dove belongs to the geopelia genus , with geo meaning ‘ground’ , and pelia meaning ‘dove’ .
the zebra dove is closely related to the peaceful dove of australia and new guinea and the barred dove of eastern indonesia . these two were classified as subspecies of the zebra dove until recently and the names peaceful dove and barred dove were often applied to the whole species .
peaceful doves are about the same size as the zebra dove . the barred dove is somewhat larger than either the zebra dove or the peaceful dove . the peaceful dove does have barring completely across the neck and upper chest while the zebras dove ' s barring is restricted to the sides of the throat and chest .
the peaceful dove has adapted to habitat changes brought about by increased human development .
no conservation measures are currently known to be in place for the peaceful dove .
flight : peaceful dove performs fast and direct flight , often for short distances .
near - lateral view of a peaceful dove ( photo courtesy of r . druce )
the male peaceful dove displays to the female during courtship by bowing to the ground and splaying its tail .
the peaceful dove is native to australia , indonesia and papua new guinea ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .
the peaceful dove is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
protection / threats / status : peaceful dove suffered some decline in coastal range , dues to human developments , but clearing of rainforest has been beneficial for this species . however , peaceful dove is common and widespread in its range .
peaceful dove drinking from a rock pool in a creek bed [ mt . kaputar np , nsw , april 2013 ]
the peaceful dove is found from south east asia , through new guinea , and to australia and islands of the pacific .
diet : peaceful dove feeds mainly on the ground , searching for small seeds of several plants , and eating sometimes small invertebrates . this species forages in open areas , roadsides , parks and gardens . peaceful dove needs water each day , twice or more .
peaceful dove taking water from a bowl ( photo courtesy of a . campbell ) [ mount mceuen , qld , july 2017 ]
the peaceful dove . the dove is people - orientated , loyal , friendly , hard - working and a great team player but tends to avoid change , confrontation , risk - taking and assertiveness .
lateral view of a peaceful dove on red soil ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ broome , wa , april 2015 ]
the peaceful dove has a similar shape but is larger than the diamond dove , g . cuneata , and is much smaller than the bar - shouldered dove , g . humeralis , which has a bronze shoulder patch . they can also be distinguished by their characteristic calls .
near - dorsal view of peaceful dove ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ lake argyle , near kununurra , wa , april 2018 ]
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near - frontal view of peaceful dove on the ground ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ town of 1770 , qld , september 2017 ]
near - dorsal view of peaceful dove on the ground ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ town of 1770 , qld , september 2017 ]
mystery dove
- peaceful doves are swift fliers and hard to catch on camera while in the air ( photo courtesy of r . druce )
there are no known threats to the peaceful dove at present . this species is considered to be widespread and adaptable , and its population stable ( 4 ) .
all pigeons and doves are strictly vegetarian . peaceful doves are seed - eaters .
. peaceful doves are found in southern papua and papua new guinea and in australia .
seen from this side the peaceful dove egg still looks almost round ; it has a very small axial ratio of 1 . 235 [ eulah creek , nsw , october 2014 ]
[ … ] case of the peaceful dove ( geopelia striata ) whose nest is filthy is a case in point ( left ) . normally doves and pigeone are [ … ]
it is believed by some that the peaceful dove belongs to the same species as the zebra dove ( geopelia striata ) , so it is possible that these species’ behaviour may be comparable . more often seen in pairs or small groups , the zebra dove forages on the ground for seeds and leafy plants , occasionally also feeding on small invertebrates ( 2 ) .
willi kwek photographed a fly running around the body of the fledgling spotted dove ( streptopelia . . .
when courting , the male peaceful dove puts on quite a display of bowing and dipping . he drops his chest and bobs his fully - fanned tail high , giving a ' coo ' call .
a pair of spotted dove ( streptopelia chinensis ) built a nest on top of opel mok’s . . .
habitat : peaceful dove lives in woodlands , savannahs and scrublands with scattered trees . in drier areas , it is found mainly near vegetation along watercourses . we can also find it in urban and cultivated areas .
domesticated doves and pigeons like human contact . they are quiet and peaceful , and make wonderful pets .
putting small doves , like the domestic white dove and ringneck dove , in a free flight situation could mean the loss of your pet . these birds would likely be lost , possibly perishing of starvation , predation , or exposure .
zebra doves are popular cage and aviary birds , although they are not kept as widely as the related diamond dove .
range : peaceful dove lives in australia , except southern victoria , south - western australia and tasmania . this species occurs in the south of new guinea , and some local populations lives in the north and on the aru islands .
we have found peaceful doves , race
placida
, in abundance in the northern territory in august 2014 .
m . eaton reports spotting peaceful doves , race
placida
, regularly in various locations in se qld .
the zebra dove ( geopelia striata ) also known as barred ground dove , is a bird of the dove family columbidae , native to south - east asia . they are small birds with a long tail . they are predominantly brownish - grey in color with black - and - white barring . they are known for their pleasant soft , staccato cooing calls .
behaviour : peaceful dove forages mainly on the ground . it is often seen in pairs or in small groups , but in dry season , these birds gather in large flocks near water . they rest and roost in trees and bushes .
the pale blue eyes of the peaceful dove are the same colour as the surrounding skin . its grey bill becomes increasingly more bluish towards the base , and has a blue cere . this species has pinkish - red feet ( 2 ) .
( 1 ) brown , danny ,
peaceful dove , geopelia placida
a guide to pigeons , doves & quail , their management , care & breeding , south tweeds heads , australia : australian birdkeeper 1995 , pp . 117 - 119
the adult peaceful dove has a grey forehead . however , the rest of its head gradually becomes more greenish - brown towards the nape , which also has indistinct blackish barring . the sides of its neck are pale yellowish - brown , and each feather has three black , horizontal bars at the tip . the throat of the peaceful dove is pinkish - grey , as is the breast which also has bar - like markings . its belly and flanks are reddish - pink in colour ( 2 ) .
the juvenile peaceful dove is similar to the adult except for some reddish - brown on the wing feathers , which are also partially tipped white . its underparts are light brownish - orange and the barring on its breast is more apparent ( 2 ) .
peaceful doves have benefitted from the clearing of rainforest , but may have declined on the coast from increasing urbanisation and farming .
peaceful doves are sedentary , though some seasonal changes in distribution occur in the south and flocks may form briefly in some areas .
c . hayne reports that peaceful doves , race
placida
, are observed regularly in the area of moree , nsw .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto peaceful dove utters high - pitched , musical “doodle - doo” often repeated . it also utters a loud “coo - uc” . during displays , such as bowing , male gives single “coo” , or soft “ur - coo - coo” .
peaceful doves usually live in and around open forest , commonly near water . they are also found by us regularly on grassland , especially near farms .
the peaceful dove’s wings have square - edged feathers that are greyish - brown and tipped with black , giving its plumage a distinctive barred pattern . its outer tail feathers are black with white tips , compared to the central feathers which are greyish - brown , and those underneath the tail which are whitish ( 2 ) .
zebra doves are common throughout much of their range ( very common on sumatra ) . most information on their biology and ecology has been gathered from introduced populations . they have sometimes been treated as conspecific ( i . e . , members of the same species ) as the peaceful dove ( g . placida ) and the barred dove ( g . maugei ) , but these three taxa ( each of which has a distinct song ) , are now generally recognized as three distinct species .
within australia , the peaceful dove is present throughout most of the mainland , and is also found on barrow island , just off the west coast . however , this species avoids areas of extreme aridity in northern territory , as well as closed canopy forest in queensland , and is considered uncommon in western australia ( 2 ) .
an adaptable species ( 2 ) , the peaceful dove is present in agricultural and suburban land ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , as well as open sclerophyll forest , woodland and savannah . this species also occurs in tall shrubland where eucalyptus , acacia and casuarina species are common , and where water is present ( 2 ) .
there can be difficulties in breeding if the pair is very young . there are some species such as the bleeding - heart pigeon , that are difficult to breed or may abandon their eggs or hatchlings . in this case you can often successfully foster the eggs or young to other birds that are not so particular about breeding and are good parents . this can work if the eggs or hatchlings are within 4 or 5 days of the foster parents own . you must also be sure they eat a similar diet and that they are similar in size . some very good foster parents include the barbary dove , diamond dove , senegal dove , spotted dove and some of the fancy pigeons .
some of the more common illnesses your dove or pigeon could contract are pigeon pox , internal parasites such as threadworm , roundworm , or tapeworm , external parasites such as mites or ticks , wounds , salmonellosis , and parrot fever also known as psittacosis . an ailing dove or pigeon should be taken to a avian veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment .
being seedeaters , peaceful doves are often found foraging on the ground in groups . astonishingly , they sometimes also rest on the ground , in open , exposed areas .
brown ( 1 ) reports that breeding can occur any time during the year however breeding may be less frequent during dry periods and also during cold weather . gibbs ( 2 ) state that breeding in the south occurs only during the summer months while breeding in the north is year around . the peaceful dove starts up to eight clutches in a season .
dove and pigeon care has bird information for pet pigeons and types of doves . bird care covers bird cages , bird seed , and bird health care for pigeon breeds and pet doves
yes , that was precisely what a young pair of trendy peaceful doves ( geopelia striata ) was observed to be doing - building ‘a nest within a nest above a nest’ .
the peaceful dove constructs a very simple nest , actually a more or less flat platform of twigs . the adults take turn incubating and brooding , remaining in the nest all the time until time to change shift . even when they are ready to discharge wastes , they do not leave the nest . they just point their posterior away from the nest and shoot .
four geographical races have been described for this dove but gibbs reports the differences between the races are slight and of thus doubtful validity . the four races and their locations are described below :
peaceful doves , race
placida
, were frequent visitors on the yard and grass around the place where we lived 2003 - 2006 , 20 km south of narrabri , nsw .
p . brown reports spotting peaceful doves , race
placida
, regularly in and around darwin . they were also found at lake argyle , near kununurra , wa , in april 2018 .
doves and pigeons will live for a relatively long period of time , generally about 10 to 12 years with some living quite a bit longer . a turtle dove was recorded to have lived for 34 years .
apparently having decided that this was good fun , the same pair of peaceful doves had another go at it 40 days after laying the first egg of the first brood , but the second brood failed .
we have noticed that in the tropical north of the australian continent peaceful doves hang out a lot more with bar - shouldered doves ( race
inexpectata
) than in the se of the continent .
“these are specially taken for krys kazmierczak . since he educated me on how to differentiate the sexes for peaceful doves ( geopelia striata ) i have been taking lots of images to verify and document this .
the peaceful dove often raises more than one brood per season . each clutch generally consists of two white eggs that are laid in a nest built 0 . 5 to 12 metres from the ground . the nest is built from twigs and is typically placed in a tree or shrub . eggs are incubated by the male and female for 13 to 14 days , and young birds fledge 16 to 17 days after the eggs hatch ( 2 ) .
after it is comfortable with you and its accommodations , then you can let it out to start exploring the rest of the home . doves and pigeons enjoy time out of the cage daily . a pet dove can become very people oriented .
several points i would like to mention . first , i have bred many generations of peaceful doves in aviaries , and can state categorically that they do not generally make a mess of their nests like the bird in the pictures .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . & horblit , h . m . ( 2018 ) . peaceful dove ( geopelia placida ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
peaceful doves are small doves . they have a grey face and cap . the neck is finely streaked grey and black . the front ( chest , belly , vent and undertail ) are creamy - brown . the back ( mantle and wings ) are streaked brownish - grey and black . the uppertail is grey . the base of the bill , gape and eye - ring are light - blue . the bill is grey , the legs and feet are brownish . in the field it is very difficult to tell the sexes apart . male peaceful doves may have a bit more prominent blue facial skin than females . juvenile and immature peaceful doves have a greyer front than adults and more barring on the breast .
peaceful doves are found in asia , south burma and the malay peninsula , through indochina to eastern new guinea and australia , where it is widespread in the north west , north and eastern mainland . they have been widely introduced to islands .
peaceful doves are found in open dry woodland with a grassy understorey and the edges of rainforest . in drier areas , they are often in woodland beside rivers , pandanus and vine thickets . they feed on the ground and roost in trees .
peaceful doves forage on the ground in open , bare areas , in paddocks , beside roads and in gardens . they feed mainly on small seeds of grasses and sedges , and sometimes small insects . they need to drink at least twice a day .
in all cases the size of the dove or pigeon determines the size of its home , they must be able to flap their wings without hitting the sides . small birds such as the diamond dove can be housed in a cage . the medium and larger sized birds will do much better in an aviary . birds that are allowed free flight will need a dovecote . unlike the larger birds , many of the small doves have very poor homing instincts and will not do well if released outside . they are not good candidates for free flight housing .
peaceful doves , race
placida
, are quite common and widespread in inland nsw and have been spotted by us in various different locations ( e . g . mt . kaputar np , deriah aboriginal area , but also open farm country at eulah creek .
there is no scientific separation between doves and pigeons . they are often simply recognized as one or the other by the common names given to them over the years . in general the term ' pigeon ' is usually applied to the larger species and ' dove ' to the smaller species .
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share the joys , pains and losses , be challenged by the fury of mother nature , be a part of rescue and conservative efforts , witness the powerful resilience of peaceful doves ( geopelia striata ) and perhaps , learn an adage or two and be inspired by the birds .
to undertake the responsibility of this nesting observation , would be my first for doves and also the first by peaceful doves using my home base as their breeding sanctuary , as in the past , several pairs of yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier ) had done repeatedly before .
peaceful doves place their nests in trees or shrubs , including in garden and street trees . they build a small , flimsy platform of twigs , grasses and roots , which is built by both parents . both parents also feed the young , with ' crop milk ' or small seeds .
peaceful dove bird on concrete abstract nature - this bird wants to find a flock to fly with at weekends - concrete is a construction material composed of cement ( commonly portland cement ) as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement , aggregate ( generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel , limestone , or granite , plus a fine aggregate such as sand ) , water , and chemical admixtures . the word concrete comes from the latin word ' concretus ' ( meaning compact or condensed ) , the past participle of ' concresco ' , from ' com - ' ( together ) and ' cresco ' ( to grow ) .
depending on geographic latitude and weather conditions , peaceful doves can breed at any time of the year . in the south - eastern part of the australian continent they breed primarily from september to february , in the tropical north from april to august . like most other doves and pigeons , they can have more than one clutch per year .
the homing instinct is demonstrated today in the popular use of white pigeons for wedding releases . ( note : the birds used in weddings are white pigeons , not white doves . white pigeons are a larger bird with a developed homing instinct that the white dove lacks . ) itt has also influenced the popular sport of racing pigeons , or ' pigeon racing ' .
the peaceful doves ' juvenile plumage is duller than their parents . the bars on the body are less well defined and and the top pf the head is without bars , the skin around the eyes is gray for the first three or four weeks and then changes to blue , full adult plumage is obtained three months after hatching . ( 1 )
j . greaves reports spotting peaceful doves , race
placida
, in broome , wa , in april 2015 , and at the kununurra , wa , sewage treatment plant in january 2016 . the species was also seen at wurrumiyanga , bathurst island , nt , in september 2016 , and at pickertaramoor , melville island , off darwin , nt , in december 2016 .
the dove feeds on small seeds – weed seeds mainly . not sure whether it can feed on bird seeds at that age , even if grounded up . chicks are fed by the adults on regurgitated crop milk . if the adults are around , let them take care of the bird . it may be its first flight and landed on the ground . if so , we should let it be…
a dove and pigeon diet consisting of a basic commercial mix supplemented with greens rich in minerals is generally regarded as suitable . greens can include such things as lettuce , endive , chickweed , clover , watercress , and spinach . some fruits are berries , apple , and pear . for smaller doves and pigeons you can use a budgie or canary mix . the smaller birds will also enjoy millet spray .
the zebra dove is popular in captivity and many populations have appeared outside its native range due to birds escaping or being deliberately released . it can now be found in central thailand , laos , borneo , sulawesi , hawaii ( introduced in 1922 ) , tahiti ( 1950 ) , new caledonia , the seychelles , the chagos archipelago ( 1960 ) , mauritius ( before 1768 ) , réunion and saint helena .
peaceful doves are usually found in dry , open grasslands with some scrub vegetation which is used for cover . they are also found in eucalyptus forests and in other dry , wooded areas . but like most geopelia doves they prefer to have a source of water nearby . these doves can also be seen in villages and towns and in gardens and parks , and also in cultivated areas .
in springtime , mated doves prepare a nest where incubation takes place . the male looks for a strategic place where there ' s plenty of food , then invites the female to form a lifetime bond . the male and female dove cooperate in nest - building and brooding . knowing their nesting habits may help you learn how to keep doves in your yard . since doves are erratic birds , caution should be exercised to prevent them from abandoning the nest .
for pigeon and dove breeding you will need a sound compatible pair . many doves and pigeons are not easily sexed though there are a few species that are dimorphic , having distinctive markings differentiating the male from the female . if the sex is not visually obvious , it can be be determined by either a surgical probe , endoscopy , which can be done by many veterinarians or by a dna testing , usually a blood sample or a few plucked feathers sent to be diagnosed in a lab .
the native range of the zebra dove ( geopelia striata ) extends from southern burma through malaysia to sumatra and java . it has been widely introduced elsewhere , however , and in some regions it is uncertain whether it is native or introduced ( e . g . , in borneo , the philippines , bali , and lombok ) . apparently feral populations are well established in thailand , borneo , sulawesi , the moluccas , tahiti , the hawaiian islands , st . helena , madagascar , and the seychelles .
the zebra dove feeds on small grass and weed seeds . they will also eat insects and other small invertebrates . they prefer to forage on bare ground , short grass or on roads , scurrying about with rodent - like movement . unlike other doves , they forage alone , or in pairs . their coloration camouflages them wonderfully against the ground . in hawaii and the seychelles they come to hotels , restaurants , and even people ' s houses to feed on crumbs and pieces of bread around outdoor tables .
a male dove congregates building materials like grass weed and twigs for the female to use in building the nest . nests are 5 to 25 feet above the ground . she makes a loose structure where eggs can fall in case the bird is startled or the object holding the nest is suddenly moved . the nest is loose - fitting enough to see through from the ground . a successful nest will be used more than once during the brooding season . in most areas , doves will use the nest for up to five broods .
there are two races of peaceful doves in australia , both of which are endemic . they are found basically in the entire eastern half of the australian continent , plus the top end of the nt and a wide strip along the north - west coast , through the kimberley and pilbara , down to about the area of geraldton , wa . they are not found in the south - eastern two - thirds of wa , the south - western quadrant of the nt and the western half of sa .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be adaptable and widespread ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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a musical ' doodle - doo ' repeated often and a loud ' coo - lo - lue ' .
handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds , volume 3 ( snipe to pigeons ) .
moro , d . and macaulay , i . ( 2010 ) a guide to the birds of barrow island . chevron australia , perth . available at : urltoken
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
gibbs , d . ( 2010 ) pigeons and doves : a guide to the pigeons and doves of the world . a & c black publishers , london .
sibley , c . and monroe , b . ( 1990 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .
gould , j . ( 1848 ) an introduction to the birds of australia . r . & j . e . taylor , london .
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three birds feeding on the ground , calling before they fly off . recording equipment : telinga pro 7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702
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rand , 1938 – s & e new guinea ( from merauke e to port moresby ; also markham valley and madang and upper ramu valley ) .
, but with proportionately longer , more pointed wings ; overall paler ; barring more extensive , extending across . . .
occupies a wide variety of open habitats with grassy understorey and at least scattered bushes or . . .
diet consists primarily of small seeds , especially of grasses and sedges , with a small amount of insect and other invertebrate food ; in . . .
breeds in all months , with less activity during peak of dry season . pairs may initiate several clutches ( as many as 8 ) in a single season . . . .
not globally threatened . adaptable , widespread and common in many parts of its sizeable range . ability to colonize urban areas , and make use of agricultural land indicate . . .
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despite superficial resemblances to streptopelia , probably most closely related to bronzewing group ( phaps and allies ) on basis of behaviour .
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feeds on small seeds of native grasses and weeds where the ground is bare in open spaces . the bird walks and runs about very quickly while feeding . brown ( 1 ) reports that insects are rarely eaten
adult doves can be fed finch seed or a budgerigar mix . these seeds can be supplemented by the use if egg and biscuit mix , chicken starter , and crumbles . ( 1 ) for more variety see the food section on the caring for diamonds page of this web site . vriends ( 4 ) also recommends soaked seed , white bread softened in milk , and baby bird formula for chicks still in the nest . feeding techniques can also be found on the raising diamonds page . these doves tame easily and adults will soon accept food from one ' s fingers ( 4 ) .
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from 60 smithfield blvd . turn right onto tom miller rd . boynton square is on the left at the fifth traffic light .
take exit 38 south . turn right onto boynton ave . , traveling west . you will see us on the right at the traffic light , at the top of the hill . from suny college from broad street go north on beekman street to the end . cross over boynton ave . at the light and into boynton square .
m - f 10 : 00 a . m . – 5 : 00 p . m . ; sat . 10 : 00 a . m . – 2 : 00 p . m .
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adult has brownish - grey upperparts , with dark brown barring . hind neck and upper mantle are finely barred with black . wings have greyer coverts . long tail is grey - brown on central feathers , and outer are black tipped white , and graduated . underparts are pinkish - white . chin and throat are pale grey , but foreneck and breast are more pinkish - grey , with fine black subterminal bands , giving scaled effect on breast . underwing coverts are dark chestnut , and flight feathers are grey . undertail feathers are white with black base . head shows pale grey forehead . crown and nape are soft grey with indistinct dark barring . bill is grey with bluish base and blue cere . eyes are often pale bluish - white , but sometimes , they can be yellowish . eye - ring is pale blue . legs and feet are pinkish - red . both sexes are similar .
juvenile resembles adults , with duller barring on neck , and rufous markings on scapulars and wings . underparts are orange - buff instead pinkish , with indistinct breast pattern .
we find four subspecies : g . p . placida , from north australia ; g . p . papua , from new guinea and aru islands ; g . p . tranquila , from southern australia ; g . p . clelandi , from pilbara region in western australia . these four subspecies can slightly differ in colour of plumage , darker or paler than nominate race .
during breeding season , male performs some displays . it follows the female on the ground while it raises head and breast . sometimes , it raises and fans its tail while bowing , and giving its “coo” calls . it can also display on branch or fence . flight display includes steeply flight , followed by glide to the perch with fanned tail .
urban birds are not so shy . they often feed near humans and allow close approach , but they fly off very quickly in nearby bushes or trees if alarmed .
reproduction : breeding season occurs in the warm months in the south , and mostly in the rainy season in the north . but it can occur also at any time in the north . nest is built in trees or shrubs . both adults prepare a loose platform with twigs , grasses and rootlets , about one to 12 metres above the ground .
female lays 2 whitish eggs . incubation lasts about two weeks , by both parents . chicks are fed by both adults with “crop milk” and also small seeds . young fledge about 16 to 17 days after hatching . this species often produces several broods in the year , sometimes up to eight .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : geopelia placida . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
these slender , long - tailed doves are found in a range of open habitats with some bushes or trees , including dry woodland , scrubland , agricultural areas , gardens , and cities . zebra doves are generally restricted to lowlands , but occur up to 900 m on sumatra . their diet consists mainly of small seeds , with a small quantity of insects taken . they feed on the ground in pairs or small groups .
global range : resident from malay peninsula and phillipines south to east indies . introduced ( 1922 , oahu ) and established in hawaii ; now on all main islands .
clements , j . f . , t . s . schulenberg , m . j . iliff , d . roberson , t . a . fredericks , b . l . sullivan , and c . l . wood . 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . 9 . downloaded from urltoken
comments : open country with trees and shrubby growth , parks , gardens , and cultivated areas , especially near human habitation ( aou 1983 ) . ground - dweller of drier lowland habitats ( pratt et al . 1987 ) . pineapple and cane plantations , cut forest . nests in trees , on buildings , etc .
non - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
density of up to 300 per sq km has been recorded in some areas of hawaii ( oahu , molokai ) ( berger 1981 ) .
hawaii : breeds throughout year ; clutch size is 2 ; young stay in nest 14 - 16 days , attended by parent for about 1 week after fledging ( berger 1981 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 5 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as usually common over most of its range , although scarce in bali and java and uncommon in the philippines and borneo ( gibbs et al . 2001 ) .
the native range of the species extends from southern thailand , tenasserim , peninsular malaysia and singapore to the indonesian islands of sumatra and java . it may also be native to borneo , bali , lombok , sumbawa , and the philippine islands .
it inhabits scrub , farmland and open country in lowland areas and is commonly seen in parks and gardens . trapping for the cagebird industry has led to them becoming rare in parts of indonesia but in most parts of its range it is common . zebra doves are among the most abundant birds in some places such as hawaii and the seychelles .
the birds are small and slender with a long , narrow tail . the upperparts are brownish - grey with black - and - white barring . the underparts are pinkish with black bars on the sides of the neck , breast and belly . the face is blue - grey with bare blue skin around the eyes . there are white tips to the tail feathers . juveniles are duller and paler than the adults . zebra doves are 20 - 23 centimetres in length with a wingspan of 24–26 cm .
their call is a series of soft , staccato cooing notes . in thailand and indonesia , the birds are popular as pets because of their calls and cooing competitions are held to find the bird with the best voice . in
where they bow and coo while raising and spreading the tail . the nest is a simple platform of leaves and grass blades . it is built in a bush or tree or sometimes on the ground . one or two white eggs are laid and are incubated by both parents for 13 to 18 days . the young leave the nest within two weeks and can fly well after three weeks .
robert kennedy ( 2000 ) . a guide to the birds of the philippines . oxford university press . pp . 149–150 . isbn 9780198546689 .
h . douglas pratt , philip l . bruner & delwyn . berrett ( 1987 ) , a field guide to the birds of hawaii and the tropical pacific , princeton university press
craig robson ( 2002 ) , a field guide to the birds of south - east asia , new holland publishers ( uk ) ltd .
comments : australian g . placida and wallacean g . maugeus may be conspecific with g . striata ( sibley and monroe , 1990 ) .
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justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as usually common over most of its range , although scarce in bali and java and uncommon in the philippines and borneo ( gibbs et al . 2001 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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nectophrynoides viviparus is a species of toad in the family bufonidae .

it is endemic to tanzania .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland , arable land , and rural gardens .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

nectophrynoides viviparus

marie studer set
nectophrynoides viviparus from udzungwa scarp .
as an exemplar on
nectophrynoides viviparus ( tornier , 1905 )
.
figure 3 . colour variation in nectophrynoides viviparus from the southern highlands , tanzania .
marie studer changed the thumbnail image of
nectophrynoides viviparus from udzungwa scarp .
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figure 2 . dorsal and ventral views of the nectophrynoides viviparus lectotype ( zmb 21775 ) .
nectophrynoides viviparus — perret , 1971 , ann . fac . sci . cameroun , 6 : 99 .
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re - description of the type series of nectophrynoides viviparus ( bufonidae ) , with a taxonomic reassessment - loader , s . p . ; poynton , j . c . ; davenport , t . r . b . ; rodel , m . o .
nectophrynoides viviparus is easily distinguished from other species of the genus by its large size and enormous glands . this toad is found restrict to highland areas in the eastern arc mountains and southern highlands of tanzania and is considered vulnerable . fertilization is internal , and females give birth to live toadlets .
table 2 . morphometric characters and ratios of nectophrynoides viviparus ( 27 specimens from tornier’s original series - excluding n . werthi specimens - see table 1 - and five from topotypic material ) ; measures in mm , and abbreviations min . ( minimum ) , and max . ( maximum ) .
nectophrynoides viviparus has been collected in montane forest from approx . 1800 to 2700 m a . s . l in the southern highlands . this includes wet , open , secondary and disturbed montane forest , including logged hagenia forest . in addition specimens have been collected in montane grassland and ericaceous heathland near the forest edge .
loader , simon p . , poynton , john c . , davenport , tim r . b . & rödel , mark - oliver , 2009 , re - description of the type series of nectophrynoides viviparus ( bufonidae ) , with a taxonomic reassessment , zootaxa 2304 , pp . 41 - 50 : 44 - 46
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nectophrynoides vivipara — noble , 1926 , am . mus . novit . , 212 : 15 . barbour and loveridge , 1928 , mem . mus . comp . zool . , 50 : 191 .
this medium - sized nectophrynoides is known only from the uluguru north forest reserve within the uluguru mountains of eastern tanzania and is considered endangered . its large hands and feet , expanded toe tips , fingers webbed at the base , indistinct parotid glands , and lack of a tympanum make it distinguishable from other species of the genus .
a robust nectophrynoides with very large distinct glands on the limbs . the skin is smooth and glandular . the dorsal coloration can be extremely variable , including gray , reddish , and green colors , but the color of the glands is usually in contrast with the rest of the body . the tympanum is visible and round , but may be difficult to see . fingers are webbed only slightly at the base . toes have some webbing ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .
a medium - sized nectophrynoides with a broad head , protruding eyes and large hands and feet relative to other members of the genus . the dorsum is light brown with irregular darker brown markings . this species lacks a tympanum . the parotid glands are present , but small and indistinct . they are located in the scapular region and are shorter than the length of the eye . the toe tips are expanded and the tips of some of the digits are truncate . fingers are webbed at the base . toes are partially webbed ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .
resembling n . tornieri in body shape but substantially larger . easily distinguished from n . tornieri , n . poyntoni , n . vestergaardi , n . minutus and n . viviparus by the absence of tympanum . differing from n . wendyae , n . cryptus and n . frontierei in having expanded tip of fingers ( the two latter species sometimes also have a weakly discernible tympanum under the skin ) . n . laevi s has shorter hindlimbs ( sul / hindlimb = 1 . 20 versus 1 . 12 in n . pseudotornieri holotype ) , lacks hand webbing and has clearly raised parotoid glands , longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye . n . asperginis has rounded finger tips , is smaller with dark dorsolateral bands , and has a more developed webbing ( menegon et al . , 2004 ) .
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frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .
further taxonomic investigations are required on this species as more than one taxon may be represented .
justification : listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and degree of tolerance to disturbance .
in the previous assessment , this species was known only from the uluguru and udzungwa mountains in the east and mount rungwe in the south of tanzania . its range has been expanded to include mahenge , the livingston and rubeho mountains . it is a montane species ranging from 1 , 350 - 2 , 800m asl occurring in approximately six threat - defined locations . the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 55 , 263 km 2 and a rough estimate of its area of occupancy ( aoo ) equals 2 , 399 km 2 .
it is a relatively common species , but its population is suspected to be both severely fragmented and decreasing due to ongoing habitat loss and degradation .
it lives in sub - montane and montane forest , and montane grassland , where it is found low in the vegetation and on the ground . it can tolerate some disturbance to its habitat and can survive in banana plantations , but probably not in very open areas . it breeds by internal fertilization , the females retaining the larvae internally in the oviduct until little toadlets are born .
this species has been reported as being illegally traded ( k . howell pers . comm . june 2012 ) .
the major threat to this species is habitat disturbance , especially at lower altitudes , due to agricultural encroachment , wood extraction and expanding human settlements .
conservation actions it occurs in several forest reserves , including the uluguru nature reserve . it might occur in the udzungwa national park , but has thus far not been recorded . it is listed on cites appendix i . conservation needed improved protection of its habitat and management of protected areas is required . research needed further information is required on the species ' distribution and population status .
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' meaning bring forth or bear , referring to the fact that this species gives birth to live young .
the tympanum is visible at least in adults , the tip of forth toe exceeds the tip of the snout , and the fifth toe is shorter than third . this species is viviparous .
this species occurs in the nguru , rubeho , uluguru , udzungwa mountains and in the southern highlands of eastern and southern tanzania .
it is a terrestrial species living in forest , bamboo , and grasslands at the forest edge from 1 , 350 - 2 , 800 m asl . it has been found in maize cultivation , but needs to be close to the forest edge , and probably cannot tolerate complete opening up of its habitat ( loader et al . , 2004 ) .
described by channing and howell ( 2006 ) as “a series of slow creaks…with 35 pulses at a rate of 52 / s . ”
fertilization is internal . females retain eggs and give birth to live toadlets ( harper et al . , 2010 ) . tornier ( 1905 ) reported that an especially large female of the type series carried 67 larvae , 37 in the right oviduct and 30 in the left oviduct .
the iucn red list ( 2010 ) categorizes this species as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is probably less than 20 , 000 km 2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and the quality and extent of its forest habitat in the eastern arc mountains is declining ( loader et al . , 2004 ) .
populations of this species are believed to be decreasing ( loader et al . , 2004 ) .
the major threat to this species is habitat loss , especially at lower altitudes , due to agricultural encroachment , wood extraction and expanding human settlements ( loader et al . , 2004 ) .
it occurs in several forest reserves , but has not been found in any well - protected area . it might occur in the udzungwa national park , but has thus far not been recorded ( loader et al . , 2004 ) .
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nectophryne werthi nieden , 1911
1910
, sitzungsber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 1910 : 439 . syntypes : zmb ( 7 specimens ) , by original designation . given as zmb 21784 and 71528 by loader , poynton , davenport , and rödel , 2009 , zootaxa , 2304 : 42 . type locality :
dar es salaam
, tanzania . synonymy by perret , 1972 , ann . fac . sci . cameroun , 11 : 93 - 119 .
tornierobates vivipara — miranda - ribeiro , 1926 , arq . mus . nac . , rio de janeiro , 27 : 19 .
morogoro tree toad ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 45 ) .
robust forest toad ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 115 ) .
channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 115 - 116 , and pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 556 , provided accounts . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 198 . loader , poynton , davenport , and rödel , 2009 , zootaxa , 2304 : 41 - 50 , discussed the type series and redescribed the lectotype . harper , measey , patrick , menegon , and vonesh , 2010 , field guide amph . e . arc mts . tanzania and kenya : 152–153 , provided a brief account and photograph .
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for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
© harper , et al . ( 2010 ; field guide to the amphibians of the eastern arc mountains and coastal forests of tanzania and kenya )
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miranda - ribeiro , 1926 , arq . mus . nac . , rio de janeiro , 27 : 19 .
, am . mus . novit . , 212 : 15 . barbour and loveridge , 1928 , mem . mus . comp . zool . , 50 : 191 .
translation from original text : species collected from various localities in german east africa , i . e . dar es salam ( collected by werth and emin pascha ) , in rungwe and the kinga mountains ( collected by s . fülleborn ) . the specimens in which viviparity was detected originate from the collection donated to the museum by medical officer dr . s . fülleborn with the support of the academy ( of sciences ) .
colour pattern of lectotype in preservative dorsal ground colour light brown with lighter cream patches on head region and parotoid glands ; dark brown patches on posterior lateral margins , femoral and humerus regions of the specimen ; glands present on lower arm , tibia and foot ; ventral colour pattern is cream coloured , slightly white on the centre of ventral region .
variation in material the material from berlin comprises a range of embryos and adult specimens ( sul : 10 . 8 - 32 . 9 ) . the addition of shcp
material includes adult specimens ( sul : 32 . 0 - 40 . 0 ) . the larger size reported by channing & howell ( 2006 ) for
is based on 166 specimens collected by a . loveridge from the ulugurus ( e . g . males reach max sul 56 , and females c . 60 ; barbour & loveridge 1928 ; channing & howell 2006 ) . it is unclear whether there are significant geographical differences in sul between populations . this will require examination of specimens across all the assumed distribution range of the species ( e . g . ulugurus , udzungwa and rubeho ; channing & howell 2006 ) . we present morphometric data and sul ratios for key measures for the specimens of
) . for dorsal and ventral surfaces we observed specimens jet black with cream light brown coloured glands . the chin region was often also lighter coloured being a cream light brown . differences to this pattern included specimens with a mid dorsal reddish - brown colouration and ventral region reddish brown . we also observed specimens with a light brown / yellow colouration completely covering dorsal and ventral aspects ( fig . 3
has been collected in montane forest from approx . 1800 to 2700 m a . s . l . this includes wet , open , secondary and disturbed montane forest , including logged
forest . in addition specimens have been collected in montane grassland and ericaceous heathland near the forest edge .
figure 1 . map of the southern highlands , tanzania . black dots : type locality and further records of the species .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
loader , simon p . , poynton , john c . , davenport , tim r . b . & rödel , mark - oliver 2009
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
named for the latin ' pseudo ' meaning false or seeming , indicating the species overall similarity to n . tornieri .
the iucn red list ( 2010 ) categorizes this species as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km2 , all individuals are in fewer than five locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat on the uluguru mountains , tanzania ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .
it occurs in the uluguru north forest reserve , but this area is not generally managed for biodiversity conservation and is in need of improved management . further survey work is needed to determine the current population status of this species ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .
the submontane forest on the eastern slopes of the uluguru mountains has been extensively cleared , mainly due to agricultural encroachment , wood extraction , and expanding human settlements ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .
hides under logs during the day and perch on vegetation approximately 1 m off the ground at night ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .
the body appears dark brown dorsally . the dorsum is finely marbled with different shades of brown . the sides are slightly darker than the dorsum with more contrasted and extensive marbling . hands and feet are lighter in colour . the belly is creamy with sparse condensation of melanophores mainly on throat and limbs . in the living specimen the dorsum and head were light brown . iris was gold ( menegon et al . , 2004 ) .
the holotype , a male , measured 25 . 0 mm , and the single paratype , a female , measured 29 mm from snout to urostyle ( menegon et al . , 2004 ) .
this species is known only from the uluguru north forest reserve on the eastern slopes of the northern part of the uluguru mountains , eastern tanzania . it appears to have a very restricted distribution ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .
this species is known only from tall , submontane rainforest between 1080 and 1345 m ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .
there is no information on the population status of this species as it is known from only two specimens , collected in 1996 and 2000 ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .
reproduction is assumed to be similar to that of other species in the genus with internal fertilization and live birth ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .
arkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .
iucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .
classified as vulnerable ( vu b1ab ( iii ) ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
michele menegon museo tridentino di scienze naturali sezione di zoologia dei vertebrati via calepina 14 , i - 38100 trento italy tel : + 39 ( 461 ) 270374 menegon @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / easternarc
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male : 58 mm ( 2 . 20 inches ) ; female : 60 mm ( 2 . 36 inches )
this is quite an interesting species of toad , as i am sure you will agree . its taxonomic name suggests that it is viviparous , which means it produces live young rather than laying eggs . technically it is ovoviviparous , meaning the eggs develop in the female of the species and then hatch inside her , just before being
born
in a live birth . females give birth to up to 114 toadlets , but the average is more likely around 70 . this
birthing
takes place over a 24 hour period .
the skin is fairly smooth for a bufonid . large glands are present on the limbs . these glands , and the parotoid glands , often contrast with the color of the body . coloration can be quite variable - the species can be gray , reddish , pale green , yellow , or dark olive , depending on the current background where the toad finds itself . the underside can vary from jet black to pure white , and is often mottled .
morogoro tree toads can be found in forest , grass lands at the forest ' s edge , bamboo forest , and montane forest in the udzungwa , uluguru , and ukinga mountains . generally this species is terrestrial , but sometimes it can be found in vegetation , climbing up to a meter off the ground . the toad is commonly found on the forest floor or under rotting logs . during the dry winter , males are known to call from the leaf litter or from trees . they call at temperatures as low as 6 °c ( 42 °f ) .
genus is prohibited under the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which lists the genus in cites
appendix i
.
. the kihansi spray toad , now extinct in the wild , was discovered in 1996 and was found only in the spray zone around the kihansi and mhalala waterfalls in the mountains of udzungwa . you will recall from earlier in this article that
is found in these mountains too . the kihansi spray toad had evolved to take advantage of the unique conditions offered by the area around these waterfalls . unfortunately , the tanzanian government decided to build a hydroelectric dam on the river above the falls , restricting the water flow severely . in fairness to the tanzanians , they did work with conservationists to establish captive breeding programs , and two of these ( the toledo zoo in ohio , usa , and the bronx zoo , also in the usa ) have successfully bred the species .
( known as
chytrid
or
bd
) was found in the wild toads . this disease is widely credited with wiping out or severely damaging amphibian populations around the world . it is unclear whether the fungus has played a role in the decline of the kihansi spray toad . the threat of the disease to the genus as a whole is difficult to ascertain , as initial surveys have documented chytrid in widespread locations in the udzungwas , including many areas where the anuran faunas appear to be unaffected . several pesticides known to be lethal to amphibians have been documented in the water of the mhalala and kihansi waterfalls , and a sediment flushing event upstream at the dam immediately preceded the population crash .
the last wild kihansi spray toad was sighted in 2005 . for now , the species ' fate lies in the successful captive breeding efforts that will hopefully allow the re - introduction of this beautiful toad to the wild in the future .
) can still be found in the forests around the waterfalls in the kihansi gorge .
i am in the planning stages of a new build , i was inspired by serpadesign with his 10 gallon conversation videos . i was looking at joshs frogs for . . .
i ' ve had my bullfrog frederick for a few months now . he ' s still a juvenile frog but he ' s gotten to where he absolutely will not eat . i tried soaking . . .
hello everyone i am new to this . i have a rock for the froglets to lay on but they seem to want to get out of the tank entirely . should i release . . .
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