porpax is a genus of dragonflies in the family libellulidae .

the five species in the genus are all endemic to tropical africa : porpax asperipes karsch , 1896 porpax risi pinhey , 1958 porpax garambensis pinhey , 1966 porpax bipunctus pinhey , 1966 porpax sentipes dijkstra , 2006

porpax ( dragonfly )

porpax is a genus of dragonfly in family libellulidae . it contains the following species :
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porpax seidenfadenii a . n . rao , orchid memories : 24 ( 2004 ) . - arunachal pradesh
lindley , john . 1845 . edwards ' s botanical register 31 ( misc . ) : 62 , porpax
dijkstra , k . - d . b . taxonomy and biogeography of porpax , a dragonfly genus centred in the congo basin ( odonata , libellulidae ) . tijdschrift voor entomologie 149 : 71 - 88 . pdf
porpax jerdoniana ( wight ) rolfe , orchid rev . 16 : 8 ( 1908 ) . - india , andaman islands
klaas - douwe b . dijkstra ( 2006 ) .
taxonomy and biogeography of porpax , a dragonfly genus centred in the congo basin ( odonata , libellulidae )
( pdf ) . tijdschrift voor entomologie 149 : 71–88 .
porpax elwesii ( rchb . f . ) rolfe , orchid rev . 16 : 8 ( 1908 ) . - nepal to malaysia
porpax gigantea deori , bull . bot . surv . india 17 : 174 ( 1978 ) . - assam , myanmar , thailand
dijkstra , k . - d . b . ( 2006 ) . taxonomy and biogeography of porpax , a dragonfly genus centred in the congo basin ( odonata , libellulidae ) tijdschrift entomologie , 149 , 71 - 88 . [ pdf file ]
dragonfly hunting on the congo river in africa . ( credit : kris pannecoucke / royal museum for central africa . )
porpax parishii ( lindl . & rchb . f . ) rolfe , orchid rev . 16 : 8 ( 1908 ) . - thailand , myanmar
porpax reticulata lindl . , edwards ' s bot . reg . 31 ( misc . ) : 62 ( 1845 ) . - india , laos , thailand , vietnam
flora of china v 25 p 360 , 盾柄兰属 dun bing lan shu , porpax lindley , edwards’s bot . reg . 31 ( misc . ) : 62 . 1845 .
porpax ustulata ( c . s . p . parish & rchb . f . ) rolfe , orchid rev . 16 : 8 ( 1908 ) . - yunnan , myanmar , thailand
porpax borneensis j . j . wood & a . l . lamb in j . j . wood & al . , pl . mt . kinabalu 2 : 300 ( 1993 ) . - sabah
“the current emphasis on molecular research in taxonomy creates the impression that undiscovered life is inconspicuous or hidden , ” said lead author and dragonfly expert , klaas - douwe dijkstra , a member of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) species survival commission dragonfly specialist group and an honorary research associate at the naturalis biodiversity center in the netherlands .
porpax fibuliformis ( king & pantl . ) king & pantl . , ann . roy . bot . gard . ( calcutta ) 8 : 114 ( 1898 ) . - assam , bhutan , laos , thailand
newly - described african dragonfly species , the red - veined basker ( urothemis venata ) . ( credit : jens kipping / odonatologica 2015 / doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 35388 . )
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , n . mézière & j . kipping . sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from africa ( odonata ) . odonatologica 44 : 447 - 678 .
vilenica , m . , & k . - d . b . dijkstra . the dragonfly ( insecta , odonata ) fauna of the banovina region , croatia . natura croatica 23 : 45 - 66 .
porpax meirax ( c . s . p . parish & rchb . f . ) king & pantl . , ann . roy . bot . gard . ( calcutta ) 8 : 114 ( 1898 ) . - thailand , myanmar , andaman islands
seven hundred species of dragonflies and damselflies were known to inhabit continental africa . but recently , researchers published descriptions of 60 new species in the specialist journal odonatologica , which dramatically increases the number of named african species . discovered by an international team of dragonfly experts (
odonatologists
) , naturalists and school teachers during a period of fifteen years , this is the greatest number of new dragonfly and damselfly species to be formally described at the same time in 130 years .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . the atoconeura problem revisited : taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of a dragonfly genus in the highlands of africa ( odonata , libellulidae ) . tijdschrift voor entomologie 149 : 121 - 144 . pdf
edelaar , p . , k . - d . b . dijkstra & n . j . dingemanse , 1996 . hemianax ephippiger : a new dragonfly for the netherlands ( odonata : aeshnidae ) . entomologische berichten 56 : 192 - 195 .
klaas - douwe b . dijkstra , jens kipping & nicolas mézière ( 2015 ) . sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from africa ( odonata ) , odonatologica 44 ( 4 ) : 447 - 678 | doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 35388
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , & n . matushkina . kindred spirits : “ brachythemis leucosticta ” , africa’s most familiar dragonfly , consists of two species ( odonata : libellulidae ) . international journal of odonatology 12 : 237 - 256 .
mens , l . p . , k . schütte , f . r . stokvis & k . - d . b . dijkstra . six , not two , species of acisoma pintail dragonfly ( odonata : libellulidae ) . zootaxa 4109 : 153 - 172 .
clausnitzer , v . & k . - d . b . dijkstra . honouring nobel peace prize winner wangari maathai : notogomphus maathaiae spec . nov . , a threatened dragonfly of kenya’s forest streams . international journal of odonatology 8 : 177 - 182 . pdf + plate
as a long - time member of the iucn dragonfly specialist group , i contributed to the first global estimate of extinction risk in insects , as well as the first complete red list for a tropical continent . the latter rests on my 45 taxonomic and faunistic publications of african odonata .
i authored the european dragonfly field guide in 2006 , which has become the most successful publication on odonata to date with 35 , 000 copies in five languages , and in 2014 published the handbook of eastern african dragonflies , the order ' s first species - level treatise for a tropical continent .
although naming a species after yourself is forbidden , the other team members named the newly discovered blue - spotted pricklyleg , porpax mezierei , in honour of co - author nicolas mézière , who worked as a secondary school teacher in gabon for seven years whilst chasing dragonflies and damselflies in his spare time . mr mézière discovered 18 of these 60 newly identified species .
garrison , r . w . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , m . hämälainen & r . j . villanueva . mitragomphus ganzanus needham , 1944 , a geographically misplaced dragonfly , is a junior synonym of gomphidia kirschii selys , 1878 ( odonata : gomphidae ) . zootaxa 3911 : 280 - 286 .
i spent over 1000 field days in 20 african countries to obtain material and 4260 barcode sequences of 585 species and named 78 as new , of which 60 new dragonfly species in one paper , the greatest number of odonata at once in about a century , adding 1 to every 12 known in africa . none are cryptic !
the jrs biodiversity foundation project that includes the african dragonfly biotic index ( adbi ) , african dragonflies and damselflies online ( addo ) and the african freshwater entomology workshops ( afresh ) are a collaboration with prof michael samways ( stellenbosch ) , prof les underhill ( cape town ) and dr helen james ( rhodes ) in south africa .
damm , s . , k . - d . b . dijkstra & h . hadrys . red drifters and dark residents : the phylogeny and ecology of a plio - pleistocene dragonfly radiation reflects africa’s changing environment ( odonata , libellulidae , trithemis ) . molecular phylogenetics & evolution 54 : 870 - 882 . [ or e - mail for pdf ]
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , k . mostert , j . - w . van velzen & r . witte , 1999 . [ recent developments in the dragonfly fauna of the coastal dunes of holland and zeeland ] . brachytron 3 : 15 - 29 . pdf please contact the author when you are interested in one of the articles above and it is not available online or in the repository [ repository ] .
clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .
map citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .
© 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter .
today i saw the dragon - fly come from the wells where he did lie . an inner impulse rent the veil of his old husk : from head to tail came out clear plates of sapphire mail . he dried his wings : like gauze they grew ; thro ' crofts and pastures wet with dew a living flash of light he flew .
as insects go , odonates - - dragonflies and damselflies - - are well - known . worldwide , more than 6 , 000 species have been named . yet , this one paper , the result of 15 years ' work , has added 60 more species , increasing the total number known for africa alone to 760 species .
klaas - douwe b . dijkstra identifies newly - collected odonates in the field . ( credit : kris pannecoucke / royal museum for central africa . )
“ [ b ] ut each of our new species is colorful and easy to identify” , dr dijkstra pointed out in email .
remarkably , despite their conspicuousness , only nine of the 60 new species were discovered by a professional biologist whilst he worked for a university or museum on academic time ; 21 more were discovered by the biologist working as a paid consultant , and the rest by a teacher or professional consultant - - in their spare time .
“anyone who deepens their interest in nature and goes out to look , can find new species” , said dr dijkstra . “it’s a matter of going outside and knowing what you’re looking for . ”
“introducing species to society and into our [ consciousness ] has general importance” , said dr dijkstra . “nature needs names . like a person’s name , they allow us to care . ”
“as one budding enthusiast exclaimed to me : ' you don’t notice them until you know they have a name ! ' ” added dr dijkstra .
names chosen by taxonomists consist of a common name and a binomial , or scientific , name , which is either latin or is
latinised
. whilst the common name may change to reflect local or popular usage , and may be shared with other species , the scientific name , which conforms to specific nomenclatural rules , is unique and stable ; only changing to reflect new developments in our understanding of species relationships .
since the assigned binomial is more or less permanent , naming a new species can be challenging and perhaps somewhat intimidating , but it provides an opportunity for researchers to add some poetry to science . thus , a number of strategies are used to name newly identified species . for example , some names are descriptive .
“males of the polychrome jewel , africocypha varicolor , from gabon , for example , are not just black , blue , green and red , but can also have a red , blue or yellow tail - end
, said dr dijkstra .
the newly - described polychrome jewel ( africocypha varicolor ) , blue form , from gabon in africa . ( credit : andre guenther / klaas - douwe b . dijkstra , jens kipping & nicolas mézière , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 35388 / odonatologica 2015 . )
“we have no idea why” , added dr dijkstra . “maybe females have different preferences ? or males are signalling something about their own or their territory ' s condition ? ”
the newly - described polychrome jewel ( africocypha varicolor ) , yellow form , from gabon in africa . ( credit : andre guenther / klaas - douwe b . dijkstra , jens kipping & nicolas mézière , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 35388 / odonatologica 2015 . )
other names refer to local words or events . for example , the peace sprite , pseudagrion pacale , was discovered on the moa river near sierra leone’s diamond capital , kenema . twenty years earlier , fleeing villagers became trapped between rebel and government forces on opposite banks of this river , and drowned . perhaps ironically , kenema became the epicentre of an ebola outbreak just two years later .
the team named some species after people who helped or inspired them . for example , the dawn jewel , chlorocypha aurora , was named to honour dr dijkstra’s colleagues at dawn ( the damselfly workers at naturalis ) .
the newly - described dawn jewel ( chlorocypha aurora ) , from cameroon in africa . ( credit : jens kipping / klaas - douwe b . dijkstra , jens kipping & nicolas mézière , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 35388 / odonatologica 2015 . )
“nico [ nicolas mézière ] is the author of the paper this species is described in , but not of the description itself , and so we ' ve avoided any immodesty from his side ! ” said dr dijkstra .
of course , some names are light - hearted and intended to attract the public ' s attention . the best example of this is the robust sparklewing , umma gumma , which is named for the 1969 classic pink floyd album “ummagumma” , slang for making love .
newly identified african damselfly , the robust sparklewing ( umma gumma ) . ( credit : jens kipping / klaas - douwe b . dijkstra , jens kipping & nicolas mézière , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 35388 / odonatologica 2015 . )
odonates are exclusively dependent upon freshwater habitats . they lay their eggs in freshwater , their larvae are aquatic , and the adults maintain freshwater territories for reproduction . thus , they are sensitive to structural changes in their homes , such as erosion and loss of vegetation cover , and changes in water clarity and water flow , just to name a few things . by monitoring the diversity of odonate species and their relative numbers present on a body of water , observers can obtain fine - grained data about the types of structural changes taking place in a particular watershed . long - term monitoring of odonate communities is an accessible and important way for human communities to assess ongoing changes within a particular ecosystem .
although less than 1 % of the earth ' s surface is covered with freshwater , these habitats are home to 10 % of all animal species ( doi : 10 . 1146 / annurev - ento - 011613 - 161958 ) . due to intense human exploitation by mining , damming , fishing , land - clearing and agriculture , freshwater - dependent species are more likely to be endangered than those living anywhere else . these pressures will only increase : the global human population , which surpassed 7 billion people sometime in 2012 , is projected to grow to 11 billion people by 2100 , and 83 % of that growth is predicted to occur in african nations .
klaas - douwe b . dijkstra demonstrates how to collect dragonflies and damselflies in the field . ( credit : kris pannecoucke / royal museum for central africa . )
at the same time that museum collections are becoming increasingly digitised , our knowledge of the various life forms present in areas that are most vulnerable to increasing human populations is unfortunately incomplete , as this 233 - page paper indicates . for this reason , unidentified species can be wiped out of existence before we ever know they are present - - and certainly before we learn anything about them .
at the same time that museum collections are becoming increasingly digitised , natural history museums and taxonomists receive fewer and fewer funds to conduct research ; to identify , describe and name species , to go into the field to learn more about these species , and to share their knowledge with the public in a meaningful way .
“biodiversity science seems to be hurtling towards a state where all available data may be accessible , but where fewer and fewer people know what these data mean” , observed dr dijkstra .
“for example , none of the world ' s great odonata collections has a dedicated researcher anymore” , added dr dijkstra . “just serving the tens of thousands worldwide who simply enjoy these insects ' beauty , would make it worth it . ”
making this information freely available online is a step in the right direction because it serves to increase public awareness of these animals , of their intrinsic value , and of their value to humans . and of course , such discoveries may serve to inspire a new generation of odonatologists , whether they are amateurs or professionals , and whether they seek these insects with a camera , a microscope or a dna sequencer .
“we see this effort as a call to science and the public : make the search for unknown life a priority before it’s too late , ” said dr dijkstra .
“in freshwater alone a quarter million species could be gone before they are known . nature needs more explorers now ! ”
“nature needs more explorers now ! ” ( credit : alan manson / klaas - douwe b . dijkstra , jens kipping & nicolas mézière , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 35388 . )
klaas - douwe b . dijkstra , michael t . monaghan , and steffen u . pauls ( 2014 ) . freshwater biodiversity and aquatic insect diversification , annual review of entomology 59 : 143 - 163 | doi : 10 . 1146 / annurev - ento - 011613 - 161958
male is similar to widely co - occuring p . asperipes by ( a ) all black labrum ; ( b ) pale band across frons often broken by black in median groove ; ( c ) interpleural stripe at least as wide as pale stripes bordering it ; ( d ) costa and subcostal ax black ; ( e ) anterior side of hind femur and trochanter densely hairy , hairs about as long femur is wide ; ( f ) abd ( partly ) pruinose with maturity ; ( g ) if not covered by pruinosity , s3 - 9 black dorsally , s6 with pale ring . however , differs by ( 1 ) smaller size , hw 21 - 23 mm ; ( 2 ) occipital triangle less than half black ( dorsal view ) ; ( 3 ) venter of thorax largely to entirely black , rather than with extensive pale areas ; ( 4 ) postdorsal stripes converge dorsally , black area between them narrower than stripes ; spiracular dorsum ( anterior to mesepisterna ) all black ; ( 5 ) usually 1 cux in hw , only rarely 2 or 3 ; ( 6 ) 8½ - 10½ ax in fw ; ( 7 ) lobe of hamule pointed rather than rounded ; ( 8 ) abd at most becomes pruinose on s2 - 4 . [ adapted from dijkstra & clausnitzer 2014 ]
standing and often temporary waters shaded by forest . usually with coarse detritus and often blackwater , emergent vegetation and a soft ( like muddy ) bottom . from 300 to 1000 m above sea level , but possibly up to 1800 .
female ; democratic republic of congo , province equateur , lower itimbiri © dijkstra , k . - d . b .
female ; democratic republic of congo , province orientale , © dijkstra , k . - d . b .
pinhey , e . c . g . ( 1966 ) . odonata . exploration parc national garamba . mission h de saeger , 45 , 1 - 114 .
citation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .
african dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .
by combining conservation ecology and entomology , our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes . read more . . .
the adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .
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“the beauty of dragonflies gives threatened freshwaters a face , their sensitivity a gauge . ”
every lake or river is like an island in a sea of land , and so each species community develops in isolation , leading to unique biodiversity : while freshwaters cover only 1 % of earth , they harbor 10 % of known animal species , over 80 % of which are insects like dragonflies . as each water body is like an island , a single impact ( e . g . dam or mine spill ) can wipe out an irreplaceable ecosystem . freshwater is thus our most threatened environment : 32 % of species are thought to be at risk of extinction compared with 24 % on land .
expanding expertise of emerging flagship groups opens new frontiers in the research , conservation and appreciation of nature . dragonflies and damselflies are underused to enhance biodiversity knowledge and awareness despite their broad potential and appeal : their beauty gives threatened freshwaters a face , their sensitivity a gauge . my expertise and network are built on a long - term and multi - purpose focus on these insects . nature , natural history and the archives they form together are all under pressure : now is the time to explore , document and understand biodiversity .
my mission is to make dragonflies ‘the new birds’ : the first insect order to break ' the vertebrate frontier ' and attain universal familiarity and application in science , conservation , and public interest .
we are developing odonata for freshwater assessment across africa while training local researchers with support of the jrs biodiversity foundation , providing free access to the biotic value , ecology , distribution and identification of all 770 species via addo african dragonflies & damselflies online . data extent and detail may well be unsurpassed by any insect and most animal groups . afresh1 , the first african freshwater entomology workshop , at midmar in south africa in february 2016 hosted 69 aquatic entomologists representing 21 african countries . the midmar memorandum identifies priorities for freshwater biodiversity research and conservation in africa .
odonata and the unprecedented african dataset offer great potential for evolutionary and global change research , as most groups applied in conservation and research poorly represent the most dense , threatened and responsive biodiversity : tied to water , but able to fly . no birds or butterflies are born from water , no frogs or fish are airborne , but dragonflies are both !
the first synthesis of aquatic insect diversity evolution for annual review of entomology provides a blueprint for further study of ‘freshwater fliers’ . i also led the first globally agreed classification of odonata and most complete molecular phylogeny to date with the damselfly workers at naturalis ( dawn ) .
parallel to the genomic era of comprehensive organismal data , we live in a biotic age in which exhaustive geographic , ecological and genetic data allow us to analyze complete biota . freshwater may have the most dense and most sensitive species richness on the planet and africa is the most changeable tropical continent . dragonflies and damselflies are known well enough to assess the evolutionary impact of past environmental change , and to predict and monitor future changes for conservation , from community to continental and even global scales .
knowledge of african odonata is unparalleled in geographic breadth , genetic resolution and ecological detail . the maps show species diversity ( colours ) and distribution of 127 , 000 available records ( all symbols ) . i described 10 % and recorded 80 % of all 770 species ( dark symbols ) , obtained over 5000 molecular samples , and revised all 500 ( 65 % ) for the eastern african handbook ( grey ) . species’ habitats can be inferred from niche models ( e . g . altitude , rainfall ) and 27 attributes ( e . g . shade , flow , substrate ) obtained from experts’ field experience ; extinction risks were estimated using iucn red list criteria .
odonata are rather uniform in reproductive and feeding ecology , but vary greatly in their sensitivity to environmental impacts . africa’s geographic template is extensive but barely divided , yet while odonata seem unlimited in their potential to disperse and interbreed , the species are great in number . data on the distribution , habitat requirements , genetic diversity , evolutionary relationships and morphology is accessible for all 770 african species ( see above ) . this allows the first quantification of the net effect of environmental , ecological and evolutionary forces at such an extent and detail , on such responsive biodiversity , and across such a dynamic continent . this is of great interest in the context of both human evolution and man - made change : while landscapes are still relatively pristine in africa , economic and population growth is also unrivalled , and further impacts will be greater here than anywhere else , the unpredictable climate becoming even more extreme .
phylogenetic exploration of 75 % of 670 genera at naturalis and with prof michael may and dr jessica ware ( rutgers , new jersey ) will be combined with an anchored hybrid enrichment approach of at least 500 genes and transcriptome data for over 80 taxa with prof seth bybee ( brigham young , utah ) to obtain a global phylogenetic backbone for color ( vision ) evolution in odonata .
i amassed the foremost collection of african odonata in leiden and reviewed important historical collections ( tervuren , bulawayo , nairobi ) .
as the former curator of the zoological collection at the university of suriname ( nzcs ) , i initiated collaboration with naturalis with development aid from the dutch foreign ministry : we alleviated knowledge poverty on one of the nation’s greatest assets by repatriating biodiversity expertise in the form of collection databases and popular handbooks on butterflies , fish and amphibians .
invited lecturer at universities from angola to taiwan and the netherlands , and for the tropical biology association in tanzania , madagascar and uganda .
participant of conservation international’s rapid assessments in dr congo , liberia and ghana , and congo biodiversity initiative’s two - month congo 2010 expedition .
conservation consultant to a rocha , arcelor mittal , birdlife / rspb , frankfurt zoological society , and millennium challenge corporation .
lead author on 77 % , including 36 % as sole author . total citations are 2247 , of which 1372 in the last five years , and 551 for best - cited work , the field guide to european odonata . h - index : 19 ( google scholar citations - 29 june 2017 ) .
newsletters , presentations and posters are excluded . titles between square brackets were published in dutch .
the fieldguide to european odonata in english ( sample ) , french , dutch , german and spanish may be the most successful publication on dragonflies to date , with 35 , 000 copies printed since 2006 . a handbook for over 500 species occurring from sudan through eastern drc to mozambique ( 65 % of the african fauna ) that appeared in 2014 is the first species - level handbook for a tropical continent . i was also co - editor and co - author of the handbook of dutch odonata .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & v . clausnitzer , 2014 . the dragonflies and damselflies of eastern africa : handbook for all odonata from sudan to zimbabwe . studies in afrotropical zoology 298 : 1 - 260 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & r . lewington , 2014 . guía de campo de las libélulas de españa y de europa . ediciones omega . 1 - 320 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & r . lewington , 2014 . feldführer für die libellen europas . haupt - verlag . 1 - 320 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & r . lewington , 2008 . libellen van europa : veldgids met alle libellen tussen noordpool en sahara . tirion uitgevers . 1 - 320 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , 2007 . demise and rise : the biogeography and taxonomy of the odonata of tropical africa . phd thesis , leiden university . 1 - 204 . [ click here to download complete thesis ]
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & r . lewington , 2007 . guide des libellules de france et d ' europe . delachaux & niestle . 1 - 320 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & r . lewington , 2006 . field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe . british wildlife publishing . 1 - 320 .
nvl ( editors : dijkstra , k . - d . b . , v . j . kalkman , r . ketelaar & m . j . t . van der weide ) , 2002 . [ the dutch dragonflies ( odonata ) ] . nederlandse fauna 4 . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum naturalis , knnv uitgeverij & european invertebrate survey - nederland . 1 - 440 . chapters : - dijkstra , k . - d . b . [ morphology and development ] . 11 - 20 . - dingemanse , n . j . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , d . groenendijk & r . ketelaar . [ phenology ] . 21 - 26 . - bos , f . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , j . t . hermans & d . groenendijk . [ ecology and behaviour ] . 27 - 42 . - dijkstra , k . - d . b . [ diversity and nomenclature ] . 43 - 60 . - dijkstra , k . - d . b . & w . - j . hoeffnagel . aeshna grandis . 236 - 238 . - delft , j . van & k . - d . b . dijkstra . sympetrum flaveolum . 361 - 364 . - dijkstra , k . - d . b . sympetrum fonscolombii . 365 - 368 . - delft , j . van & k . - d . b . dijkstra . sympetrum sanguineum . 374 - 376 . - dijkstra , k . - d . b . sympetrum striolatum . 377 - 379 . - dijkstra , k . - d . b . sympetrum vulgatum . 380 - 382 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . taxonomy : use the red list as a registry . nature 546 : 599 - 600 .
kipping , j . , v . clausnitzer , s . r . f . fernandes elizalde & k . - d . b . dijkstra . the dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) of angola . african invertebrates 58 : 65 - 91 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . restore our sense of species . nature 533 : 172 - 174 .
di domenico , m . , k . - d . b . dijkstra & g . carchini . redescription of the larva of gynacantha cylindrata karsch ( insecta : odonata : aeshnidae ) . zootaxa 4078 : 78 - 83 .
suhling , f . , g . sahlén , s . gorb , v . j . kalkman , k - d . b . dijkstra & j . van tol . order odonata . in : thorp , j . , rogers , d . c . ( editors ) . ecology and general biology : thorp and covich’s freshwater invertebrates . academic press . 893–932 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , m . t . monaghan & s . u . pauls . freshwater biodiversity and aquatic insect diversification . annual review of entomology 59 : 143 - 163 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , v . j . kalkman , r . a . dow , f . r . stokvis & j . van tol . redefining the damselfly families : a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of zygoptera ( odonata ) . systematic entomology 39 : 68 - 96 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . three new genera of damselflies ( odonata : chlorocyphidae , platycnemididae ) . international journal of odonatology 16 : 269 - 274 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , g . bechly , s . m . bybee , r . a . dow , h . j . dumont , g . fleck , r . w . garrison , m . hämäläinen , v . j . kalkman , h . karube , m . l . may , a . g . orr , d . paulson , a . c . rehn , g . theischinger , j . w . h . trueman , j . van tol , n . von ellenrieder & j . ware . the classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) . in : zhang , z . - q . ( editor ) . animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness . zootaxa 3730 : 36 - 45 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , & v . j . kalkman . the ‘african’ genus argiagrion is a brazilian leptagrion species and the ‘philippine’ moroagrion a european pyrrhosoma ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . international journal of odonatology 16 : 189 - 191 .
outomuro , d . , k . - d . b . dijkstra & f . johansson . habitat variation and wing coloration affect wing shape evolution in dragonflies . journal of evolutionary biology 26 : 1866 - 1874 .
simaika , j . p . , m . j . samways , j . kipping , f . suhling , k . - d . b . dijkstra , v . clausnitzer , j . - p . boudot & s . domisch . continental - scale conservation prioritization of african dragonflies . biological conservation 157 : 245 - 254 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & v . j . kalkman . phylogeny , classification and taxonomy of european dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) : a review . organisms diversity & evolution 12 : 209 - 227 .
clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra & j . kipping . globally threatened dragonflies ( odonata ) in eastern africa and implications for conservation . journal of east african natural history 100 : 89 - 111 .
darwall , w . r . t . , r . a . holland , k . g . smith , d . j . allen , e . g . e . brooks , v . katarya , c . m . pollock , y . shi , v . clausnitzer , n . cumberlidge , a . cuttelod , k . - d . b . dijkstra , m . d . diop , n . garcía , m . b . seddon , p . h . skelton , j . snoeks , d . tweddle & j . - c . vié . implications of bias in conservation research and investment for freshwater species . conservation letters 4 : 474 - 482 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , j . - p . boudot , v . clausnitzer , j . kipping , j . j . kisakye , s . s . ogbogu , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , k . schütte , j . p . simaika , f . suhling & s . tchibozo . dragonflies and damselflies of africa ( odonata ) : history , diversity , distribution , and conservation . in : darwall , w . r . t . , k . g . smith , d . j . allen , r . a . holland , i . j . harrison & e . g . e . brooks ( editors ) . the diversity of life in african freshwaters : under water , under threat . an analysis of the status and distribution of freshwater species throughout mainland africa . iucn . 128 - 177 . pdf + references
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , v . clausnitzer , n . mézière , j . kipping & k . schütte . the status and distribution of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) in central africa . in : brooks , e . g . e . , w . r . t . darwall & d . j . allen ( editors ) . the status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in central africa . iucn . 62 - 76 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & j . - p . boudot . first update of the atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa : orthetrum machadoi new to the palaearctic and agriocnemis sania new to the egyptian nile valley . libellula 29 : 107 - 125 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , s . l . tchibozo & s . s . ogbogu . the status and distribution of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) in western africa . in : smith , k . g . , m . d . diop , m . niane & w . r . t . darwall ( editors ) . the status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in western africa . iucn . 41 - 55 . pdf
clausnitzer , v . , v . j . kalkman , m . ram , b . collen , j . e . m . baillie , m . bedjanič , w . r . t . darwall , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . a . dow , j . hawking , h . karube , e . malikova , d . paulson , k . schütte , f . suhling , r . j . villanueva , n . von ellenrieder & k . wilson . odonata enter the biodiversity crisis debate : the first global assessment of an insect group . biological conservation 142 : 1864 - 1869 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) of the lower malagarasi basin , western tanzania . in : malagarasi aquatic rapid biodiversity assessment . mott macdonald . 53 - 60 ( report ) , 98 - 104 ( appendix ) .
kipping , j . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , v . clausnitzer , f . suhling & k . schütte . odonata database of africa ( oda ) . agrion 13 : 20 - 23 . pdf
ottema , o . h . , s . ramcharan , p . ouboter , f . chin - joe & k . - d . b . dijkstra . four bird species new to surinam . cotinga 31 : 140 - 141 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . the systematist ' s muse – two new damselfly species from ' elisabetha ' in the congo basin ( odonata : chlorocyphidae , platycnemididae ) . zoologische mededelingen 82 : 15 - 27 . pdf [ the volume commemorates linnaeus and 250 years of zoological nomenclature ]
kalkman , v . j . , v . clausnitzer , k . - d . b . dijkstra , a . g . orr , d . r . paulson & j . van tol . global diversity of dragonflies ( odonata ; insecta ) in freshwater . in : balian , e . , c . lévêque , h . segers & k . martens ( editors ) . freshwater animal diversity assessment . hydrobiologia 595 : 351 - 363 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . demise and rise : the biogeography and taxonomy of the odonata of tropical africa . in : dijkstra , k . - d . b . ( editor ) . demise and rise : the biogeography and taxonomy of the odonata of tropical africa . phd thesis , leiden university . 143 - 187 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) of lokutu . in : t . m . butynski & j . mccullough ( editors ) . a rapid biological assessment of lokutu , democratic republic of congo . rap bulletin of biological assessment 46 : 21 - 36 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) of the atewa range . in : mccullough , j . , l . e . alonso , p . naskrecki , h . e . wright & y . osei - owusu ( editors ) . a rapid biological assessment of the atewa range forest reserve , eastern ghana . rap bulletin of biological assessment 47 : 50 - 54 ( report ) , 137 - 142 ( appendix ) . pdf ( full report ) [ appendix provides a checklist of ghana ' s odonata , including unpublished records ]
dijkstra , k . - d . b . erratum in ‘a review of continental afrotropical ceriagrion ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) ’ . journal of afrotropical zoology 3 : 162 - 163 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . gone with the wind : westward dispersal across the indian ocean and island speciation in hemicordulia dragonflies ( odonata : corduliidae ) . zootaxa 1438 : 27 - 48 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . rapid survey of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) of north lorma , gola and grebo national forests , liberia . in : p . hoke , r . demey & a . peal ( editors ) . a rapid biological assessment of north lorma , gola and grebo national forests , liberia . rap bulletin of biological assessment 44 : 25 - 28 ( report ) , 79 - 85 ( appendix ) . pdf [ appendix provides a checklist of liberia ' s and sierra leone ' s odonata ]
dijkstra , k . - d . b . the name - bearing types of odonata held in the natural history museum of zimbabwe , with systematic notes on afrotropical taxa . part 1 : introduction and anisoptera . international journal of odonatology 10 : 1 - 29 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . the name - bearing types of odonata held in the natural history museum of zimbabwe , with systematic notes on afrotropical taxa . part 2 : zygoptera and descriptions of new species . international journal of odonatology 10 : 137 - 170 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , v . clausnitzer & a . martens . tropical african platycnemis damselflies ( odonata : platycnemididae ) and the biogeographical significance of a new species from pemba island , tanzania . systematics & biodiversity 5 : 187 - 198 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , l . f . groeneveld , v . clausnitzer & h . hadrys . the pseudagrion split : molecular phylogeny confirms the morphological and ecological dichotomy of africa’s most diverse genus of odonata ( coenagrionidae ) . international journal of odonatology 10 : 31 - 41 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & e . m . pilgrim . trithetrum , a new genus of african dragonflies formerly placed in sympetrum ( odonata , libellulidae ) . journal of afrotropical zoology 3 : 77 - 81 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , m . j . samways & j . p . simaika . two new relict syncordulia species found during museum and field studies of threatened dragonflies in the cape floristic region ( odonata : corduliidae ) . zootaxa 1467 : 19 - 34 . pdf
finch , b . , t . m . butynski & k . - d . b . dijkstra . a rapid survey of the avifauna of lokutu . in : t . m . butynski & j . mccullough ( editors ) . a rapid biological assessment of lokutu , democratic republic of congo . rap bulletin of biological assessment 46 : 42 - 46 ( report ) , 66 - 81 ( appendices ) .
buczynski , p . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . mauersberger & m . d . moroz . review of the odonata of belarus . odonatologica 35 : 1 - 13 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . african diplacodes : the status of the small species and the genus philonomon ( odonata : libellulidae ) . international journal of odonatology 9 : 119 - 132 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . [ the blue - eyed damselfly : why
cercion
should be called erythromma lindenii ] . brachytron 8 : 20 - 24 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & v . clausnitzer . thoughts from africa : how can forest influence species composition , diversity and speciation in tropical odonata ? in : cordero rivera , a . ( editor ) . forests and dragonflies . pensoft publishers . 127 - 151 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , v . clausnitzer & g . s . vick . revision of the three - striped species of phyllogomphus ( odonata , gomphidae ) . tijdschrift voor entomologie 149 : 1 - 14 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , f . suhling & o . müller . review of the genus zygonoides , with the description of the larvae and notes on ‘zygonychine’ libellulidae ( odonata ) . tijdschrift voor entomologie 149 : 275 - 292 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & g . s . vick . inflation by venation and the bankruptcy of traditional genera : the case of neodythemis and micromacromia , with keys to the continental african species and the description of two new neodythemis species from the albertine rift ( odonata : libellulidae ) . international journal of odonatology 9 : 51 - 70 . pdf
melo , m . , r . covas & k . - d . dijkstra . first records of blackcap sylvia atricapilla for mozambique . bulletin of the african bird club 13 : 80 - 81 .
clausnitzer , v . & k . - d . b . dijkstra . the dragonflies ( odonata ) of ethiopia , with notes on the status of endemic taxa and the description of a new species . entomologische zeitschrift 115 : 117 - 130 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . the identity of some widespread and variable phyllomacromia species , with a revised grouping of the genus ( anisoptera : corduliidae ) . odonatologica 34 : 11 - 26 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . taxonomy and identification of the continental african gynacantha and heliaeschna ( odonata : aeshnidae ) . international journal of odonatology 8 : 1 - 33 . pdf + plate
dijkstra , k . - d . b . a review of continental afrotropical ceriagrion ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . journal of afrotropical zoology 2 : 3 - 14 . pdf + erratum
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , a . branson & r . lewington . a proposal for european standard names for the odonata of europe , turkey and north - west africa . atropos 25 : 37 - 43 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , j . van tol , j . legrand & g . theischinger . tramea hagen , 1861 : proposed conservation ( insecta , odonata ) . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 62 : 68 - 71 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . comment on the proposed conservation of usage of the specific names of libellula aenea linnaeus , 1758 ( currently cordulia aenea ) and l . flavomaculata vander linden , 1825 ( currently somatochlora flavomaculata ; insecta , odonata ) by the replacement of the lectotype of l . aenea with a newly designated lectotype . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 61 : 110 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . dragonflies ( odonata ) of mulanje , malawi . idf - report 6 : 23 - 29 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . dragonflies ( odonata ) of mulanje mountain , malawi . nyala 22 : 3 - 8 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . odonates . in : louette , m . , d . meirte & r . jocqué ( editors ) . la faune terrestre de l ' arc hipel des comores . studies in afrotropical zoology 293 : 251 - 252 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & g . balyesiima . first record of orange - cheeked waxbill estrilda melpoda in east africa . scopus 24 : 50 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & v . clausnitzer . critical species of odonata in madagascar . in : clausnitzer , v . & r . jödicke ( editors ) . guardians of the watershed . global status of dragonflies : critical species , threat and conservation . international journal of odonatology 7 : 219 - 228 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & v . j . kalkman . [ an odonatological excursion to the southern netherlands , half a century later ] . entomologische berichten 64 : 157 - 161 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & j . j . kisakye . idomacromia jillianae sp . nov . from uganda ( odonata : corduliidae ) . international journal of odonatology 7 : 459 - 466 . pdf + plate
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & g . s . vick . critical species of odonata in western africa . in : clausnitzer , v . & r . jödicke ( editors ) . guardians of the watershed . global status of dragonflies : critical species , threat and conservation . international journal of odonatology 7 : 229 - 238 . pdf
garcía , g . & k . - d . b . dijkstra . odonata collected in the ankarafantsika forest , madagascar . idf - report 6 : 7 - 22 . pdf
reinhardt , k . & k . - d . b . dijkstra . auf der jagd nach libellennamen in malawi . idf - report 6 : 31 - 34 . pdf
tchibozo , s . & k . - d . b . dijkstra . rapport d ' inventaire préliminaire des libellules des zones humides du sud - bénin . idf - report 6 : 1 - 6 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . fooled by the double : brachythemis liberiensis is parazyxomma flavicans , with a note on the zyxommatini ( odonata : libellulidae ) . international journal of odonatology 6 : 17 - 21 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . problems in chlorocypha classification : four cases from west africa and a discussion of the taxonomic pitfalls ( odonata : chlorocyphidae ) . international journal of odonatology 6 : 109 - 126 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . a review of the taxonomy of african odonata : finding ways to better identification and biogeographic insight . cimbebasia 18 : 191 - 206 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & j . lempert . odonate assemblages of running waters in the upper guinean forest . archiv für hydrobiologie 157 : 397 - 412 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , a . martens & m . j . parr . proceedings of the 1st phaon meeting on african odonata , gällivare , 26 july 2001 , foreword , african odonatology : past , present and future . cimbebasia 18 : 161 - 166 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . [ gone with the wind : dragonflies in the dunes ] . in : van der bent , g . , g . van ommering & r . van rossum ( editors ) . [ through the dunes : an exploration from the hague to noordwijk ] . van den berg kantoorboekhandel . 185 - 186 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . [ watching dragonflies in the netherlands : voornes duin ] . brachytron 6 : 16 - 18 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . the identity of the west african zygopterans pseudagrion emarginatum and p . camerunense ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . international journal of odonatology 5 : 105 - 110 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . odonata ( dragonflies ) . in : nagorskaya , l . , m . moroz , t . laenko , v . veznovetz , h . moller pillot , k . - d . b . dijkstra & m . reemer ( editors ) . macrofauna in floodplain pools and dead branches of the pripyat river , belarus . riza werkdocument 2003 155x : 78 - 84 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . [ dragonflies in the dunes ] . duin 24 : 22 - 24 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , a . cordero rivera & j . a . andrés . repeated predation of odonata by the hornet vespa crabro ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . international journal of odonatology 4 : 17 - 21 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & v . j . kalkman . [ an odonatological excursion to the southern netherlands , half a century later ] . entomologische berichten 64 : 157 - 161 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & v . j . kalkman . early spring records of odonata from southern turkey , with special reference to the sympatric occurrence of crocothemis erythraea ( brullé ) and c . servilia ( drury ) ( anisoptera : libellulidae ) . notulae odonatologicae 5 : 85 - 88 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & b . koese . dragonflies of pripyat national park , belarus ( odonata ) . opuscula zoologica fluminensia 192 : 1 - 20 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & n . j . dingemanse . new records of crocothemis sanguinolenta ( burmeister , 1839 ) from israel , with a critical note on the subspecies arabica schneider , 1982 . international journal of odonatology 3 : 169 - 171 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & n . j . dingemanse . odonata from kibale national park , western uganda . notulae odonatologicae 5 : 72 - 75 . pdf
kalkman , v . j . & k . - d . b . dijkstra . the dragonflies of the bialowieza area , poland and belarus ( odonata ) . opuscula zoologica fluminensia 185 : 1 - 19 . pdf
evans , d . j . & k . - d . b . dijkstra , 1993 . the birds of gezira , egypt . ornithological society of the middle east bulletin 30 : 20 - 25 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , 1997a . new records of libellula fulva ( müll . ) for portugal ( anisoptera : libellulidae ) . notulae odonatologicae 4 : 160 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , 1997b . striated heron butorides striatus breeding in the egyptian nile valley . sandgrouse 19 : 140 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & m . j . t . van der weide , 1997 . [ the red - veined darter ( sympetrum fonscolombii ( sélys ) ) in the netherlands in 1996 ] . brachytron 1 : 16 - 21 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , 1998 . [ dragonflies in berkheide and the coepelduynen 1995 - 1997 , three years of observation between katwijk and wassenaar ] . holland ' s duinen 32 : 7 - 28 .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , d . groenendijk & v . j . kalkman , 1998 . [ odonata of the dutch st . pietersberg ] . brachytron 2 : 23 - 27 . pdf
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , 1999 . [ dragonflies in berkheide and de klip 1998 ] . holland ' s duinen 34 : 19 - 41 .
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hypsopygia pelasgalis is a species of snout moth in the genus hypsopygia .

it was described by walker in 1859 , and is known from korea , japan , china and taiwan .

the wingspan is 25 – 33 mm .

the colour of the wings varies from reddish brown to dark blackish brown .

adults are on wing from july to august .

the larvae feed on quercus acutissima .

hypsopygia pelasgalis

this is the place for pelasgalis definition . you find here pelasgalis meaning , synonyms of pelasgalis and images for pelasgalis copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word pelasgalis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word pelasgalis and , of course , pelasgalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word pelasgalis .
hypsopygia nostralis , the southern hayworm moth , is a species of snout moth in the genus hypsopygia .
the red - shawled moth ( hypsopygia intermedialis ) is a species of snout moth in the genus hypsopygia .
the pink - fringed dolichomia moth ( hypsopygia binodulalis ) is a species of snout moth in the genus hypsopygia .
hypsopygia thymetusalis , the spruce needleworm moth or paler dolichomia moth , is a species of snout moth in the genus hypsopygia .
hypsopygia is a genus of moths belonging to the family pyralidae . though fairly small , they are large among their relatives .
hypsopygia flavamaculata shaffer , nielsen & horak , 1996 – formerly h . laticilialis rothschild , 1916 ( non ragonot , 1916 : preoccupied )
the genera herculia , dolichomia , pseudasopia , orthopygia and ocrasa are mostly merged into hypsopygia , although some authors still treat them as distinct genera .
aglossa pinguinalis , also known as the large tabby and grease moth , is a moth in the pyralinae subfamily .
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chytra kirki is a species of tropical freshwater snail with an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family paludomidae .

chytra kirki is the only species in the genus chytra .

the specific name kirki is in honor of explorer john kirk ( 1832-1922 ) , who has donated various other specimen of snails ( not this species ) to the natural history museum .

chytra kirki

usually solitary although many individuals may be observed at one time . feeds on small snails that specifically live on the biocover ( chytra kirki , spekia zonata , paramelania demoni and tanganycia rufofilosa ) . also feeds on the eggs of the killifish , lamprichthys tanganicanus . leaves the rocky biotope to breed in the sandy bottom .
usually solitary although many individuals may be observed at one time . feeds on small snails that specifically live on the biocover ( chytra kirki , spekia zonata , paramelania demoni and tanganycia rufofilosa ) . also feeds on the eggs of the killifish , lamprichthys tanganicanus . leaves the rocky biotope to breed in the sandy bottom ( ref . 7343 ) .
usually solitary although many individuals may be observed at one time . feeds on small snails that specifically live on the biocover ( chytra kirki , spekia zonata , paramelania demoni and tanganycia rufofilosa ) . also feeds on the eggs of the killifish , lamprichthys tanganicanus . leaves the rocky biotope to breed in the sandy bottom ( ref . 7343 ) .
izvor : wikipedia . stranice : 104 . poglavlja : cochlicopa nitens , bathanalia straeleni , chytra kirki , bellamya jucunda , bellamya jeffreysi , bellamya costulata , biomphalaria angulosa , achatinella bulimoides , bellamya ecclesi , cleopatra grandidieri , achatinella spaldingi , bulinus canescens , achatinella apexfulva ssp . vittata , anceya giraudi , achatinella bulimoides ssp . rosea , auriculella uniplicata , catinella arenaria , cymatium parthenopaeum , achatinella thaanumi , auriculella expansa , afrogyrus starmuehlneri , achatinella leucorrhaphe , achatinella livida , achatinella valida , bythiospeum cisterciensorum , cyclophorus horridulum , achatinella buddii , achatinella juncea , achatinella papyracea , discocharopa mimosa , achatinella abbreviata , achatinella casta , amphigyra alabamensis , achatinella sowerbyana , achatinella decora , achatinella lehuiensis , achatinella elegans , amastra umbilicata , acroloxus coloradensis , aphaostracon xynoelictum , achatinella decipiens , achatinella phaeozona , achatinella taeniolata , craspedopoma lyonnetianum , achatinella juddii , biomphalaria tchadiensis , amastra crassilabrum , amastra pellucida , craterodiscus pricei , achatinella viridans , achatinella pupukanioe , achatinella vulpina , achatinella swiftii , auriculella perpusilla , hystricella bicarinata , bythiospeum bressanum , amastra spirizona , achatinella bellula , achatinella concavospira , beddomeia franklandensis , achatinella lorata , achatinella byronii , achatinella caesia , amastra tenuispira , cincinnatia ponderosa , cincinnatia monroensis , achatinella cestus , cincinnatia vanhyningi , achatinella pulcherrima , auriculella castanea , amastra subrostrata , ampelita soulaiana , diplommatina circumstomata , amastra cornea , craspedopoma hespericum , achatinella curta , achatinella dimorpha , bellamya monardi , bellamya constricta , cylindrus obtusus , amastra cylindrica , beddomeia trochiformis , carelia evelynae , carelia glossema , carelia paradoxa , carelia pilsbryi , achatinella fuscobasis , angrobia simsoniana , actinella ac . . .
this chapter presents the first molecular phylogenetic treatment of 12 of the 18 endemic gastropod genera of lake tanganyika , based on a mitochondrial gene fragment of cytochrome oxidase i ( coi ) . the endemic thiarid fauna of lake tanganyika was found to be paraphyletic , but a larger clade including cleopatra , a thiarid genus widely distributed throughout east africa , is monophyletic . the data reveal five robust clades within this larger monophyletic group : ( 1 ) ( ( reymondia , cleopatra ) spekia ) , ( 2 ) ( stanleya , tanganyicia ) as sister group to group 1 , ( 3 ) the trochiform genera ( ( bathanalia , chytra ) limnotrochus ) as a clade and ( 4 ) sistem - taxon pairings for ( lavigeria , nov . gen . ) and ( 5 ) ( anceya , paramelania ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
justification : this species has a widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified .
this species is endemic to lake tanganyika . it has a patchy distribution on all coastlines .
this species occurs in low numbers , patchy , on soft substrates ( e . michel , pers . comm . ) .
it is widespread in the lake living in sand , silt and mud substrates . this species is documented to from 10 - 60 m ( possibly 80 m ) .
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- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
greek , neos = new + greek , lampros = torch + greek , lagos = hare ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5667 ) ; 10 . 0 cm tl ( female )
maréchal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . neolamprologus . p . 274 - 294 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5667 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 56 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
the world association for the development of philately ( wadp ) and the universal postal union ( upu ) jointly conceived and developed the wadp numbering system - wns , which was launched on 1 january 2002 .
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the endemic gastropod fauna of lake tanganyika is remarkable not only for its great species richness , but also for its unusually ornate and heavily calcified shell morphologies that are convergent with diverse marine forms . the origin and intralacustrine radiation of these thiarid gastropods have been debated since the late nineteenth century , as they are perhaps the most dramatic lacustrine radiation of gastropods in the world . they parallel the endemic cichlid fish fauna of the african great lakes in their potential for providing information about the mechanisms of evolution .
analyses using parsimony , neighbour - joining and maximum likelihood analyses agreed on sister - taxon relationships at terminal nodes , but were unable to resolve relationships among these tanganyikan clades . this may be interpreted as an indication of rapid , burst - like radiation at the time of origin of this fauna . the term “superflock” ( sensu ribbink ) may be used to describe the generic level radiation of tanganyikan gastropods , as it preserves the information that this is a group of closely related endemics that have radiated in situ , but does not imply complete monophyly .
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endemic to lake tanganyika where it is distributed in the southern part of the lake .
12 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5667 ) ) ; 10 cm tl ( female )
one of the most common and ubiquitous fish in the lake . it is seen over sand as well as on rocks , but usually near the surface and near the shore .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
endemic to lake tanganyika with a widespread distribution in the southern part of the lake and no known major widespread threats .
where it lives on rocky substrates in the southern portion of the lake . it breeds in areas with sandy substrates . generally eating small snails , it also specializes on eating the eggs of
. males of this species can reach a length of 12 centimetres ( 4 . 7 in )
while the females only grow to 10 centimetres ( 3 . 9 in ) tl . this species can also be found in the
bigirimana , c . 2006 . neolamprologus modestus . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 1 may 2013 .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2013 ) .
neolamprologus modestus
in fishbase . february 2013 version .
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so much is now known about the ancient lakes of africa—malawi , tanganyika , and victoria . it comes almost as a shock to realize that even the existence , and certainly the true whereabouts , of these enormous lakes was unknown to the outside world until after the middle of the 19th century . this chapter illustrates the contributions of j . e . s . moore , johann rebman , richard burton , and john hanning speke in finding the ancient lakes of africa .