the alligator pipefish or double-ended pipefish ( syngnathoides biaculeatus ) is a species of fish in the family syngnathidae and is the only species in the monotypic genus syngnathoides .

it is found in shallow water in the tropical and subtropical indo-pacific , its range extending from east africa to northern australia .

this fish lives in habitats of seagrass and seaweed , and hides by positioning itself vertically with its head down amidst the similar-coloured fronds of vegetation .

the elongated , well-camouflaged body can reach 29 cm ( 11 in ) in length .

it feeds by sucking up its prey .

alligator pipefish

the alligator pipefish – s . e . a . aquarium at resorts world sentosa
also known as double - ended pipefish , double - end pipehorse , symmetric pipehorse , grass pipefish , green dragon pipefish , spiraltail pipefish .
where can you find the alligator pipefish at s . e . a . aquarium ?
the alligator pipefish lives in seagrass beds of tropical waters . its body shape and color provide great camouflage against predators as the alligator pipefish is hard to distinguish from seagrass blades .
most “baby” fish are called fry , and it is the same for the baby alligator pipefish .
s . e . a . aquarium’s alligator pipefish have been transferred to a sand reef habitat with live algaes .
alligator pipefish have a modified pipefish body form that is ribbbon - like . the species can often be seen hanging out vertically in order to blend in with seagrass .
among the alligator pipefish which s . e . a . a . welcomed , one was a pregnant male fish .
alligator pipefish ( syngnathoides biaculeatus ) from fishbase : technical fact sheet on the family , including fact sheets on individual species .
during the third week of march , the s . e . a . aquarium welcomed several alligator pipefish , including a pregnant father .
when you visit the s . e . a . aquarium , try to see if you can differentiate the alligator pipefish from the other pipefishes .
the alligator pipefish can be kept singly or in pairs . as a pair , the pipefish tend to stick close together . alone , the pipefish seems to be a little more active than when it has a mate . the male and female pipefish are indistinguishable unless they have mated . when the pipefish mate , the male carries the eggs on his belly . there is no other visible difference between the male and female .
similar to seahorses , male pipefish carries the babies . a male alligator pipefish has a brooding pouch where it keeps the embryos nourished . each egg is oxygenated and nourished through a blood vessel . the egg hatches when still attached to the male .
this pipefish seems to eat more readily in captivity than the more common banded pipefish . regardless of this fact , pipefish are usually finicky eaters . my alligator pipefish ate frozen mysis shrimp with gusto after two days . it accepted the food for the two initial days , but it did not eat very much . the pipefish has a similar eating issue to the seahorse . it needs to be fed at least three times per day . it should be fed vitamin - enriched mysis shrimp .
i went to the lfs today and they had some tiny blue strip pipes but i want a alligator pipe .
the alligator pipefish can be found widely from the red sea and east africa to japan and the central pacific . its scientific name is syngnathoides biaculeatus and it is the only species under the syngnathoides genus
that was a big if ! shame as it would be an interesting mix . . . . a banded alligator .
i have put this in the seahorse section as more people here are likely to keep a mixture of pipefish in their tanks . i have two alligator pipefish , one banded and one blue - stripe . the banded is very friendly with the blue - stripe and they often swim around together
ghost pipefish differ from pipefish in that females carry the eggs to birth rather than the males . this species is particularly well - camouflaged , and not often seen although common .
the alligator pipefish makes a great addition to a species tank . it is very peaceful and interesting to watch . make sure that the pipefish is eating at the store before you take it home . getting the pipefish to eat is the most difficult part about keeping it . if it is not eating at the store , do not take it home with you because odds are that it will not eat in your home aquarium either .
information on the double - ended pipefish is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the alligator pipefish is peaceful , will eat a carnivorous diet , and can be housed with other members of its own species . they require a large tank with plenty of live rock , plants , and structures to grab onto . seahorses and pipefish can actually form a symbiotic relationship together as the seahorse will grab onto the pipefish . they are reef safe so long as they are not housed with aggressive corals , sea anemones , or aggressive inverts .
pipefish are reef - safe with caution . like its seahorse relative , the pipefish is a very slow swimmer . this species also likes to hook on to things with its tail . if the pipefish hooks on to a stinging coral , it will be in trouble . generally speaking , pipefish prefer relatively calm water . in a reef , the water current might be too strong for the pipefish to handle . be careful when selecting invertebrates to keep it with . if you can support some invertebrates , try to avoid anemones , crabs , lobsters , and aggressive shrimp . other invertebrates should be fine tankmates for the pipefish .
apart from used in tcm and aquariums , degradation of habitats and by - catch in trawl fishing also contributing to the decline in pipefish populations . this is more important in case of alligator pipefish , s . biaculeatus as it prefers seagrass habitat . furthermore , due to considerable decline in seahorse populations , there is shift in the exploitation of this pipefish species . compared to seahorses , other syngnathid fishes , particularly alligator pipefish has received lesser attention of researchers . little is known about its ecology , the population size or life - history variables , particularly the populations associated with seagrass meadows . for developing captive breeding and rearing and conservation of pipefihses , comprehensive information on ecobiology and population life history characteristics is necessary .
also known as double - ended pipefish , double - end pipehorse , symmetric pipehorse , grass pipefish , green dragon pipefish and spiraltail pipefish . found singly or in pairs , in shallow coastal reefs amongst seagrass , algae and weedy areas . they feed on tiny swimming invertebrates which they suck whole into their mouths . length - 25cm depth - 0 - 10m widespread indo - pacific pipefish are like seahorses in that the male gives birth ! the female deposits their eggs after fertilization into the males pouch to incubate the eggs for one month before giving birth .
here is a pic of the pipefish although i haven ' t been able to get one of them together .
an alligator pipefish fry breaks the egg shell by small jerking movements and starts swimming freely as soon as they leave the protection of the egg . the fry is born with a small yolk sac , food reserve which allows it to survive a couple of days without feeding .
pair bonding varies wildly between different species of pipefish . while some are monogamous or seasonally monogamous , others are not .
due to their lack of strong swimming ability pipefish are often found in shallow waters that are easily disturbed by industrial runoffs and human recreation . shoreline are also affected by boats and drag lines that move shoreline sediment . these disturbances cause a decrease in seagrasses and eelgrasses that are vital in pipefish habitats . due to pipefish ' s narrow distribution they are unable to adapt to new habitats . another factor that affects pipefish populations is their use in chinese medicine remedies . syngnathidae in general are being used in medicine but pipefish are used for their high potentiates . aquarium trade of pipefish has also increased in recent years . local and national fishing restrictions have been put into affect to help protect this vulnerable order of fish . [ 3 ]
omg , a banded / alligator mix lol ! that ' s really cute . surely they can ' t actually breed though and do they know how to sex each other ?
joseph , eb & rw yerger . 1956 . the fishes of alligator harbor , florida , with notes on their natural history . florida state univ . stud . 22 : 111 - 156 .
this pipefish requires plenty of plants in its tank so as to imitate its natural habitat . caulerpa or any other green plant is great because the pipefish likes to use them for camouflage , as seen in the above picture . bigger bush - like plants , such as red algae and chaetomorpha , are also great to have in their tank because those plants are natural breeding grounds for copepods , which the pipefish eats .
many are very weak swimmers in open water , moving slowly by means of rapid movements of the dorsal fin . some species of pipefish have
but recently the banded has also befriended the alligator pipefish too or so it seems . it swims alongside one of them , its head level with theirs and does a kind of flicking / jerking movement with it ' s head . it ' s very comical to see , especially as there is a huge size difference . any idea why it is doing this ?
, exhibits a straight pencil - like body and is related to the seahorse . its slender green body features an elongated snout resembling a pipe giving it its name . they do not possess teeth and have specialized armor - like scales . the alligator pipefish uses its dorsal fin to swim around the tank although it is a weak swimmer that will spend much of its time floating .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - double - ended pipefish ( syngnathoides biaculeatus )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - double - ended pipefish ( syngnathoides biaculeatus )
title =
arkive species - double - ended pipefish ( syngnathoides biaculeatus )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
the alligator pipefish is found in shallow water in the tropical and subtropical indo - pacific . this fish lives in habitats of seagrass and seaweed , and hides by positioning itself vertically with its head down amidst the similar - colored fronds of vegetation . it length is about 11 inches . this thin pencil - like fish was taken with a nikon d3s camera with a tamron 16 - 300mm lens .
ichthyological bulletin ; no . 44 : review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup ( pisces : syngnathidae ) with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies
jones ag , rosenqvist g , berglund a , avise jc ( 1999 ) .
the genetic mating system of a sex - role - reversed pipefish ( syngnathus typhle ) : a molecular inquiry
.
razorfishes ( aeoliscus strigatus ) , alligator pipefishes ( syngnathoides biaculeatus ) , seamoths and dragonets ( synchiropus picturatus ) are displayed along with green seaweeds such as caulerpa lentillifera and red bamboo seaweed . the habitat is also enhanced with the presence of horse shoe crabs , gobies , blennies and sea stars .
at least 28 species of pipefish have been recorded in south australian waters . due largely to these bony fishes’ cryptic nature , reported sightings for many species are few . much remains to be learned about their range , distribution , abundance , biology and ecology . if you see a pipefish in south australian waters , we encourage you to log your sighting on the atlas of living australia . pages for each species are linked via the common names listed below .
this fish is one of the few species from the pipefish family that can actively use its tail for gripping , like a seahorse . from a systematic viewpoint , it is more closely related to the leafy seadragon than to other pipefishes .
the present study is based on a single male specimen of alligator pipefish , syngnathoides biaculeatus ( bloch , 1785 ) collected from the bay - estuarine system of , goa ( central west coast of india ) which is the new distributional record for this species . a comparison of 20 morphometric and 5 meristic characters of the specimen collected from goa waters with those from the eastern coast of india revealed significant differences in the number of pre and post - anal rings . an attempt has been made to elucidate its rare occurrence along the coast of goa in the light of its ecological prerequisites .
most pipefishes are marine dwellers ; only a few are freshwater species . they are abundant on coasts of the tropical and temperate zones . most species of pipefish are usually 35–40 cm in length and generally inhabit sheltered areas in coral reefs or seagrass beds .
the pipefish isn’t a type of seahorse but rather a sub family of small fish . they do belong to the same family though . they have a body that is long and thin . they are very unique in design and that is why people often want to have them as pets .
the males have a spongy area around the tail that they carry the eggs in . there are some sub species though of the pipefish that feature a pouch that they will carry those eggs in . the gestation period will vary based on the sub species as well the number of young that are born .
alligator pipefish , syngnathoides biaculeatus ( bloch , 1785 ) is one of the heavily traded and expensive ingredient in traditional chinese medicines and there were no reports on its antioxidant activities . total phenolic content ( tpc ) and in vitro antioxidant activities in terms of reducing power ( rp ) , metal chelating activity ( mca ) , 2 , 2 diphenyl - 1 - picrylhydrazyl ( dpph ) radical scavenging activity , ferric reducing antioxidant power ( frap ) , inhibition of lipid peroxidation ( lpx ) and hydroxyl radical scavenging ( hrs ) activity were evaluated at extract concentrations ranging between 200 and 800 µg . levels of tpc , rp , mca , dpph scavenging , frap , lpx and hrs activity measured was 19 . 81±1 . 10 to 64 . 04±0 . 45 mg gallic acid g - 1 dried extract , from 0 . 16 to 0 . 31 abs , from 6 . 20±0 . 21 % to 29 . 33±1 . 73 % , from 16 . 59±0 . 01 to 40 . 21±0 . 02 % , from 75 . 46±0 . 90 to 167 . 25±0 . 41 mg ascorbic acid g - 1 dried extract , from 54 . 59±1 . 5 % to 84 . 28±3 . 5 % and from 84 . 89±0 . 26 to 91 . 02±0 . 01 % , respectively . significant correlation ( p < 0 . 05 ) between tpc and other antioxidant properties confirm the antioxidant potential of s . biaculeatus . results of this study would form a baseline information on the antioxidant potential of alligator pipefish .
alligator pipefish , syngnathoides biaculeatus ( bloch , 1785 ) is one of the heavily traded and expensive ingredient in traditional chinese medicines and there were no reports on its antioxidant activities . total phenolic content ( tpc ) and in - vitro antioxidant activities in terms of reducing power ( rp ) , metal chelating activity ( mca ) , 2 , 2 diphenyl - 1 - picrylhydrazyl ( dpph ) radical scavenging activity , ferric reducing antioxidant power ( frap ) , inhibition of lipid peroxidation ( lpx ) and hydroxyl radical scavenging ( hrs ) activity were evaluated at extract concentrations ranging between 200 and 800 µg . levels of tpc , rp , mca , dpph scavenging , frap , lpx and hrs activity measured was 19 . 81±1 . 10 to 64 . 04±0 . 45 mg gallic acid g - 1 dried extract , from 0 . 16 to 0 . 31 abs , from 6 . 20±0 . 21 % to 29 . 33±1 . 73 % , from 16 . 59±0 . 01 to 40 . 21±0 . 02 % , from 75 . 46±0 . 90 to 167 . 25±0 . 41 mg ascorbic acid g - 1 dried extract , from 54 . 59±1 . 5 % to 84 . 28±3 . 5 % and from 84 . 89±0 . 26 to 91 . 02±0 . 01 % , respectively . significant correlation ( p < 0 . 05 ) between tpc and other antioxidant properties confirm the antioxidant potential of s . biaculeatus . results of this study would form a baseline information on the antioxidant potential of alligator pipefish .
ii . habitat and distribution regional occurrence & habitat preference : the range of the chain pipefish extends from virginia to the caribbean coast of mexico , jamaica , bermuda , and the gulf of mexico . however , this species is reported to be absent from the bahamas ( robins & ray 1986 ) . most populations of s . louisianae inhabit seagrass beds , marsh areas ( kanouse et al . 2006 ) and floating mats of the brown algae sargassum natans and s . fluitans ( wells & rooker 2004 ) . irl distribution : the chain pipefish can be found throughout the irl , usually in association with seagrass beds and drift algae .
hi meredith , sorry that i’m a year late now . my attention has just been drawn back to your enquiry from last year . i was away when i responded last year and it seems that your enquiry got overlooked on my return . only a knife - snout pipefish , hypselognathus rostratus seems to fit your description .
a physical limit exists for the number of eggs a male pipefish can carry , so males are considered to be the limiting sex . females can often produce more eggs than males can accommodate inside their brood pouches , resulting in more eggs than can be cared for . other factors may restrict female reproductive success , including male pregnancy length and energy investment in progeny . [ 11 ] because the pipefish embryos develop within the male , feeding on nutrients supplied by him , male pipefish invest more energy than females in each zygote . additionally , they invest more energy per unit time than females throughout each breeding season . [ 12 ] as a result , some males may consume their embryos rather than continuing to rear them under situations in which their bodies are exhausted of resources , to regain energy . pregnant male pipefish can absorb nutrients from their broods , in a manner very similar to filial cannibalism found in many other families of fish . the smallest eggs in a brood of various egg sizes usually have lower survival rates than larger ones , due to the larger eggs being competitively superior and more likely to develop into mature adults . in other instances , some pipefishes may consume the embryos of mates that seem less fit or desirable , as each male generally copulates with more than one female . [ 10 ]
syngnathoides biaculeatus is one of the larger pipefish found in the trade . they can handle reef environments as long as the temperature maxes out at 75 degrees fahrenheit . however , they are more suited for a macro algae - based system . in my experience , they are one of the easier pipefish to get eating prepared foods assuming you acquire a healthy specimen and provide the proper environment . they tend not to eat in systems too small for them . offering them live mysis shrimp for a few days and then introducing frozen mysis is what i have found to work best . they are slow eaters so it is best to house them with similar species .
during pipefish copulation , which signifies the termination of the courtship dance , the female transfers her eggs through a small ovipositor into the male brood pouch or onto the special patch of skin on the male’s ventral body surface . while the eggs are being transferred , the mating pair rises through the water until copulation is complete . at this point , the male assumes an s - shaped posture and fertilizes the eggs , all the while travelling back down the water column . [ 10 ] males possessing brood pouches release their sperm directly into them ; the pouches are then vigorously shaken . the ventral seams are not opened until weeks later when the male pipefish give birth . [ 6 ]
the name of the pipefish comes from the fact that they have a snout that is long and thin like a pipe . the body seems to have a type of armor plating around it . this helps to keep them out of danger . they have a dorsal fin to help them move but they don’t have the pectoral fin that seahorses feature .
for all pipefish the young have to be able to care for themselves immediately upon birth . they also may end up being a source of food for both the mother and the father of the young . they are also victims of various predators so less than 1 % of them will actually live long enough to become mature and have their own young .
crustaceans , small shrimp , and plankton are the types of food that the pipefish consume . they have a body shape that allows them to get into tiny cracks and crevices along the corral reef . they do need to feed often though and this helps them to do so . they don’t have a digestive system so they run out of energy and nutrients fast .
the present study provides information on weight - length relationship ( wlr ) and fulton ' s condition factor ( k ) of the alligator pipefish , syngnathoides biaculeatus ( bloch , 1785 ) sampled from palk bay ( pb ) and gulf of mannar ( gom ) regions , southeast coast of india . the pooled estimate for the parameter b of the wlr for s . biaculeatus ( n = 217 ) was determined to be 1 . 75 , indicating the negative allometric growth pattern ( b < 3 ) . the k values ranged from 0 . 65 to 1 . 35 ( pooled , 0 . 84 ) and from 0 . 68 to 1 . 27 ( pooled , 0 . 85 ) for populations of s . biaculeatus collected from pb ( n = 120 ) and gom ( n = 97 ) respectively . the results may help address the concerns of conservation of s . biaculeatus in the wake of habitat loss and / or incidental by - catch .
iv . physical tolerances temperature & salinity : the habitat and distribution of the chain pipefish suggests that it has large salinity and temperature tolerances , although most individuals are found in warm coastal waters . salinity and temperature ranges for populations in the gulf of mexico off the mississippi coast range from 13 . 1 to 36 . 5 ppt and 12 . 4 to 30 . 8 °c ( dawson 1972 ) .
species name : syngnathus louisianae günther 1870 common names : chain pipefish species description : the chain pipefish , syngnathus louisianae , is a member of the family syngnathidae . the irl contains a few members of this group , including five other pipefishes and three seahorse species . syngnathids are characterized by a body divided into tail and trunk portions , and a head with a prominent snout ( robins & ray 1986 ) . the length of this snout is one of the main factors used to cluster pipefishes into three groups . the chain pipefish is a long - snout species , with a head to snout ratio of less than 1 . 9 ( robins & ray 1986 ) . the common name of the species is derived from the long row of chainlike diamond - shaped marks along the lower side . the dorsal fin of syngnathids is usually aligned with tail and trunk rings . in s . louisianae , the fin is located between the 2nd and 3rd trunk ring , extending up to the 6th tail ring some individuals ( dawson 1972 ) . other fin ray and meristic counts are as follows : dorsal fin rays = 33 - 36 ; trunk rings = 19 - 21 ; and tail rings = 36 - 37 ( robins & ray 1986 ) .
potentially misidentified species : as mentioned above , five other pipefishes are found in the irl . of these , one is a long - snout species like s . louisianae . the dusky pipefish , s . floridae , is generally smaller than s . louisianae , at a maximum length of 25 cm ( robins & ray 1986 ) . the body is olive - brown and variably mottled without districts bands . the dorsal fin is usually located from the 2nd trunk ring to the 4th or 5th tail ring . other fin ray and meristic counts are as follows : dorsal fin rays = 26 - 34 ; trunk rings = 17 - 18 ; and tail rings = 30 - 38 ( robins & ray 1986 ) . the commonly seen gulf pipefish , s . scovelli , is a short - snout species only reaching 7 . 5 cm in length .
i think the banded do seem to like other pipefish . when i had 1 banded and one blue they were in love and when i added another blue the banded still hung around with them and the alligators but now he has a breeding mate he sticks to her most the time but seems to like to visit the other pipes occasionally . but the head jerking is a mating move so you may end up with an odd mix
courtship between male and female pipefish involves lengthy and complicated shows of display . for example , in syngnathus typhle , copulation is always preceded by a ritualized dance by both sexes . the dance involves very conspicuous wriggling and shaking motions , especially in comparison to the species ' otherwise extremely secretive lifestyle . under the threat or presence of a predator , pipefish are more reluctant to perform their dances . in addition , when risk of predation is high , they copulate less frequently , dance less per copulation , and females transfer more eggs per copulation . although s . thyphle males normally prefer to mate with larger females , they mate randomly when potentially threatened by predators . [ 8 ] furthermore , in corythoichthys haematopterus , similar ritualized mating dances were hypothesized to aid in reproductive synchronization , by allowing the female to assess male willingness to spawn so her eggs aren ' t wasted . [ 9 ]
many species exhibit polyandry , a breeding system in which one female mates with two or more males . this tends to occur with greater frequency in internal - brooding species of pipefishes than with external - brooding ones due to limitation in male brood capacity . [ 13 ] polyandrous species are also more likely to have females with complex sexual signals such as ornaments . [ 14 ] for example , the polyandrous gulf pipefish ( syngnathus scovelli ) displays considerable sexual dimorphic characteristics such as larger ornament area and number , and body size . [ 15 ]
pipefish look like straight - bodied seahorses with tiny mouths . the name is derived from the peculiar form of the snout , which is like a long tube , ending in a narrow and small mouth which opens upwards and is toothless . the body and tail are long , thin , and snake - like . they each have a highly modified skeleton formed into armored plating . this dermal skeleton has several longitudinal ridges , so a vertical section through the body looks angular , not round or oval as in the majority of other fishes . [ 2 ]
justification : syngnathoides biaculeatus is a coastal pipefish species that inhabits seagrass and algae through much of the indo - pacific . to date there have been no range - wide population estimates . the species is known to be used heavily in traditional medicine trade , but methods of capture and levels of offtake are unknown . although further research is needed in order to determine how trade in this species is affecting wild populations , they are known to be relatively productive , are possibly resilient to fishing pressure , and local studies in some areas have shown population stability . therefore s . biaculeatus is listed as least concern .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
dawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa .
syngnathoides biaculeatus has a wide geographic range . it has been recorded in surveys and taxonomic overviews from the red sea and the african east coast to knysna , south africa ( dawson 1985 , dawson 1986 ) . it is also found in the indo - pacific from the east coast of india , throughout the south china sea and has been recorded as far northward as northern japan and korea ( kim et al . 2013 ) . it has been found in three states and one territory in australia : western australia , the northern territory , queensland , and new south wales ( paxton et al . 1989 ) . it has been recorded near the islands of micronesia and samoa ( randall et al . 1997 ) .
museum records worldwide : in australia , there are 106 specimens ( standard length 100 - 288 mm ) , collected from a depth range of 0 to 5 m , ranging in geographical distribution from the timor sea , northern territory south - eastwards to batemans bay ( 35°44’s ) , new south wales on the east coast of australia , and from ashmore reef ( 12°13’s ) southwards to geraldton ( 28°46’s ) on the west coast of australia . outside australia there are specimens from the andaman islands , india , malay archipelago , guam , papua new guinea and the solomon islands . specimens were collected between circa 1879 and 1998 ( pogonoski et al . 2002 ) .
other museum records are available from fishbase and the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) and include specimens collected from fiji , singapore , kenya , and yemen ( froese and pauly 2016 , ocean biogeographic information system 2016 ) . specimens listed in fishbase / obis have collection dates from 1828 to 2004 .
to date there have been no range - wide population estimates for syngnathoides biaculeatus . local studies have been undertaken , such as the takahashi et al . ( 2003 ) ( and earlier thesis takahashi 2000 ) report on index of population size ( cpue - ~ 0 . 2 fish per net ) and seasonal changes in moreton bay , queensland . work in bootless bay , png found that they were very common ( found at all seagrass sites ) in moderate abundance ( 2 - 6 individuals / 100 m² ) with no systematic changes across the year ( barrows et al . 2009 ) . research is needed to determine overall population size and trends in abundance , but there are no indications of decline at this point .
syngnathoides biaculeatus is generally found in seagrass beds or algal flats in the protected shallow waters of lagoons and bays , its colouring matching plants well ( randall et al . 1997 ) . adults are found in large sargassum rafts ( kuiter 1996 ) and juveniles are occasionally found among debris floating offshore ( dawson 1985 ) . in queensland , australia , this species is found in estuaries , usually in association with zostera seagrass , to which it anchors itself by means of its prehensile tail ( grant 1978 ) .
2002 ) . some individuals have been observed near the surface of the water or jumping out of the water entirely ( dawson 1986 , kuiter 1996 ) . prey items
. 2003 ) as well as other tiny crustaceans ( allen and swainston 1992 ) .
syngnathoides biaculeatus is ovoviviparous , and males brood the young beneath their trunk prior to giving live birth ( breder and rosen 1966 , dawson 1985 ) . they have a breeding season of between october and april in moreton bay , australia ( takahashi et al . 2003 ) but year - round in bootless bay , png ( barrows et al . 2009 ) . males mature and can begin brooding at a length of about 180 mm ( dawson , 1985 ; takahashi et al . 2003 ) although smaller mature males have been observed ( barrows et al . 2009 ) . brood size for males was comparable to that of other syngnathids , at 60 - 350 eggs ( takahashi et al . 2003 , barrows et al . 2009 ) .
syngnathoides biaculeatus has been reported to achieve a maximum length of between 26 to 30 cm ( kuiter 1996 , takahashi et al . 2003 ) and displays significant size dimorphism , with males growing bigger than females ( takahashi et al . 2003 ) . although growth of s . biaculeatus has been reported as rapid over a life span of less than two years ( takahashi et al . 2003 ) , more recent studies suggest that growth rates are slower and life spans can reach three years ( barrows et al . 2009 ) .
wild specimens have been dried and used in the chinese traditional medicine trade for at least 600 years ( shi et al . 1993 ) . they are traded live or dried ( vincent et al . 2011 ) . individuals are also kept and reared in public aquariums ( lange 1989 , koldewey 2005 ) . specimens are offered for sale to home / hobby aquarium owners through aquarium retailers ( s . bartnik , pers . obs . ) . it is not known from where specimens that supply either the traditional medicine trade or the aquarium trade originate , and thus levels of offtake are unknown .
this species is targeted by artisanal fishers and may be caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries ( vincent et al . 2011 ) .
2002 ) . it is not mentioned in any international legislation or trade regulations . in australia , this species has been identified or protected along with other species by the following conservation actions :
in australia all syngnathids became subject to the export controls of the commonwealth wildlife protection ( regulation of exports and imports ) act 1982 on 1 january 1998 ( pogonoski et al . 2002 ) .
in australia , all syngnathids and solenostomids are listed as marine species under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation ( epbc ) act 1999 ( pogonoski et al . 2002 ) .
this species is listed as data deficient by the australian society for fish biology ( asfb ) in its 2001 conservation status of australian fishes document , the most recent afsb listing available ( asfb 2007 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
greek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , gnathos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 10 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical ; 32°n - 32°s
indo - pacific : red sea and knysna , south africa ( ref . 4281 ) to samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales .
maturity : l m ? , range 19 - ? cm max length : 29 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4281 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 38 - 48 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 4 . variable green to brown or grey , depending on habitat ( ref . 48635 ) .
occur in protected coastal shallows over or among algae , seagrasses ( ref . 41878 ) , or floating weeds ( ref . 1602 ) . juveniles occasionally found near the surface ( ref . 4281 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the males carry the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) . used in chinese medicine to extract hailong , one of the important drugs ( ref . 12206 ) . has been reared in captivity ( ref . 35416 ) .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 24 . 9 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 3423 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00049 ( 0 . 00022 - 0 . 00111 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 6 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming annual fec < 1000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
description occurs in protected coastal shallows over or among algae , seagrasses , or floating weeds ( ref . 1602 ) . juveniles occasionally . . .
description occurs in protected coastal shallows over or among algae , seagrasses , or floating weeds ( ref . 1602 ) . juveniles occasionally found near the surface ( ref . 4281 ) . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of syngnathus biaculeatus bloch , 1785 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of syngnathus tetragonus thunberg , 1776 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of syngnathoides blochii bleeker , 1851 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of stigmatophora unicolor castelnau , 1875 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of syngnathoides bicauleatus ( bloch , 1785 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of syngnathoides biculeatus ( bloch , 1785 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
project seahorse : the website for everything about seahorses , it also has lots of info about pipefishes .
allen , gerry , 2000 . marine fishes of south - east asia : a field guide for anglers and divers . periplus editions . 292 pp .
kuiter , rudie h . 2002 . guide to sea fishes of australia : a comprehensive reference for divers & fishermen new holland publishers . 434pp .
kuiter , rudie h . , 2000 ( english edition ) . seahorses , pipefishes and their relatives : a comprehensive guide to syngnathiformes tmc publishing , uk . 240 pp .
jennifer hammock chose to hide data on
syngnathoides biaculeatus ( bloch , 1785 )
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
doppelenden - nadelpferdchen
to
syngnathoides biaculeatus ( bloch , 1785 )
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
doppelendige seenadel
to
syngnathoides biaculeatus ( bloch , 1785 )
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
dreieckige seenadel
to
syngnathoides biaculeatus ( bloch , 1785 )
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
please select from the available marine fish species below . you may also click here to browse the category .
please select from the available invertebrate species below . you may also click here to browse the category .
please select from the available coral species below . you may also click here to browse the category .
please select from the available aquarium supplies below . you may also click here to browse the category .
with 79 or more in marine life . use coupon code : freeshipping more details
all images , pictures and descriptions are generalizations and cannot be exact representations . copyright 2018 saltwaterfish . com . all rights reserved .
receive free shipping on qualifying order when you sign up to receive our email . open your email for complete details .
got some experience to share for this page ? no registration necessary to contribute ! your privacy is respected : your e - mail is published only if you wish so . all submissions are reviewed before addition . write based on your personal experiences , with no abbreviations , no chat lingo , and using proper punctuation and capitalization . ready ? then send your comments !
copyright © 1997 - 2011 marcos a . avila . all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is strictly forbidden without written permission .
it has the same long toothless snout as the other pipefishes . the shape of the mouth allows them to suck their prey at lightning - fast speed . they feed on small shrimps , amphipods and other large planktonic crustaceans in the sea . at the s . e . a . aquarium , it is fed with mysid shrimps .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
because of the sheer size of our forum , we ' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who ' ve met a couple of criteria . ( if you ' re seeing this message , you haven ' t met them yet . ) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .
what exactly do you want to know ? that ' s a pretty broad request . . . kinda like
tell me everything you know about dogs
.
they are much like seahorses , they need daily feedings of live brine and pods . they cant have any tank mates besides seahorses and sometimes mandarins so there is no competition for food . they arent very big so a 20 gallon is a good sized tank . they are very delicate and need top notch water quality .
thanks is mysis shrimp a good food for them ? i seen a video of them eating ghost shrimp and guppies to . and are they the easiest to keep out of all the pipes ?
' gator pipes are actually one of the larger sw pipes , and they ' d do better in a larger setup than a 20 gal ( i ' d go at least 29 gals for a pair ) , however , the space in a 40 gal would be better . they tend to take to frozen more easily than many pipes , partially due to their size , and are actually classified by many as a
pipehorse
because they have prehensile tails like a sh .
i wouldn ' t count on a captive specimen hitting that mark unless it was collected at that size . captives are going to reach about 7
- 8
tops . i just saw some good - sized specimens at one of our lfs this past weekend and the female was about 7
. the two males were about an inch shorter .
for syngnathoides biaculeatus , follow the same basic rules as you would for sh : nothing with a sting . . . no sweepers , no ' nems , etc . a seagrass bed aquascaping theme would be the best choice as these fish are found in seagrass beds . since true vascular seagrasses can be a bit tuff to keep , you can use caulerpa prolifera and
plant
the rhizoids so it covers the substrate like seagrass .
i ' ve never heard of or seen ' gators eating redbugs . . . it ' s dragon - faced pipes that are known for eating them . i ' m not saying it doesn ' t happen , but in general , i think redbugs are probably on the small side for adult ' gators to pay much attention to , much in the way that adult sh pretty much ignore copepods .
that would be a gammarid amphipod , and yes , those are like candy to a syngnathid .
don ' t get multiple blue - stripes unless you can verify their sex . males will fight to the death , period . . .
powered by vbulletin® version 3 . 8 . 4 copyright ©2000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd . powered by searchlight © 2018 axivo inc .
use of this web site is subject to the terms and conditions described in the user agreement . reef central tm reef central , llc . copyright ©1999 - 2014
user alert system provided by advanced user tagging v3 . 3 . 0 ( pro ) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd .
urltoken is the world ' s leading destination for sustainable coral reef farming and the aquarium hobby . we offer a free open forum and reef related news and data to better educate aquarists and further our goals of sustainable reef management . reefs® community system | copyright © 2018
you can now access full text articles from research journals published by csir - niscair ! full text facility is provided for all eighteen research journals viz . alis , bvaap , ijbb , ijbt , ijca , ijcb , ijct , ijeb , ijems , ijftr , ijms , ijnpr , ijpap , ijrsp , ijtk , jipr , jsir & jst . nopr also hosts three popular science magazines viz . science reporter ( sr ) , vigyan pragati ( vp ) & science ki duniya ( skd ) and a natural products repository ( nparr ) .
items in nopr are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .
created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .
the gill openings are very small and located by the head area . they don’t swim well due to the design of the body . they do move very slow around and they need to rest often . some of them have the prehensile tail but many of the sub species don’t have this feature .
both tropical and temperature temperatures are where you will find this species . there are about 200 overall subspecies of them though . some of them live in saltwater and others are known to inhabit areas of freshwater . they live in lagoons , corral , sea grass , and even the sandy bottoms . they tend to live very close to the shore though in shallow water .
whether you will see them anchored or not in their natural surroundings depends on if they have the prehensile tail or not . they aren’t very active creatures other than for finding food .
they have a very thin snout and so they can’t consume sources of food that are very large at all . that can be tough if there are many larger types of prey around but nothing small enough that they can successfully swallow it whole .
the males and the females seem to be eager to mate when they come into contact with each other . before they do so though they are going to have to do various rituals for the courtship to continue . before the female can pass the eggs to the male they have to be moving at the same speed in the same movements at the same time .
with this species there are also those females that will choose to mate with several males . she will be able to deposit eggs to all of them and this is going to significantly increase the overall number of young that are produced . this can help to increase the population but such activity will only occur when there is low stress and plenty of food available among the current population .
newsletter is out now . are you subscribed ? ! you know what to do if you haven ' t !
we’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .
{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }
once this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .
editorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .
this format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .
by clicking
confirm download
you agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .
for full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
therefore , it is proposed to study ecobiological parameters , captive breeding and rearing in controlled environment . it is expected that the results of this study would help in understanding the reproductive behavior and growth of s . biaculeatus which is important to optimize reproduction and culture of this species . furthermore , standardization of captive breeding and rearing would provide an alternative livelihood for the fisher folks who are dependent on the syngnathid catch from the wild in source countries as well as for its conservation .
the species within the remit of the iucn sps specialist group certainly are interesting ! from tiny pygmy seahorses and vertically - standing razorfish to 15 - spined sticklebacks and pipefishes that look like seagrass , this diverse bunch is full of characters . get to know some of these quirky creatures better by checking out the profiles below !


caloptilia betulicola , the red birch slender , is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is found from scandinavia and the north of european russia to the pyrenees and alps and from ireland to poland and slovakia .

in the east it is found up to china , japan and the russian far east .

the wingspan is 14 – 16 millimetres ( 0.55 – 0.63 in ) .

there are two generations per year , with adults on wing in june and july and again in september and october .

the larvae feed on betula pendula and betula pubecens .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine starts with an inconspicuous epidermal corridor .

later , a blotch is formed , that quickly develops into a tentiform mine .

generally , the mine is lower-surface , but upper-surface mines are not rare .

the frass is deposited in a mass of grains in a corner of the mine .

after leaving the mine , the larva moves twice .

first it lives in a rolled or folded leaf margin and later in a leaf that is rolled downwards , starting from the leaf tip .

pupation takes place in a white , shining , parchment-like cocoon , that is attached to the leaf margin with silk .

caloptilia betulicola

gracilaria betulicola m . hering , 1928 . z . angew . ent . 13 : 168 caloptilia betulicola ( m . hering , 1928 ) .
caloptilia betulicola §1 , female , westcliff - on - sea , essex , 05 / 08 / 2009 , fw6 . 9mm © chris lewis
very similar to c . elongella , both species being quite variable . it is possible to identify either species from the foodplant if the moth is reared from the larva , but adults located in mixed habitat should be treated with more caution and may need to be dissected .
as suggested by the scientific name , the foodplant of the present species is birch ( betula ) , the larva mining the leaves initially and then living inside a rolled leaf in later instars .
there are two generations , flying in june and july , and then in september and october . the second brood overwinters as an adult and often reappears in the early spring .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 05 07 : 00 : 03 page render time : 0 . 4448s total w / procache : 0 . 4938s
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
leaf - miner : the larva mining the leaves initially and then living inside a rolled leaf in later instars ( ukmoths ) .
the mine starts with an unconspicuous epidermal corridor , mainly visible by a reddish brown frass line . during the following larval stage a blotch is formed , that quickly develops into a tentiform mine ; the epidermis is brown . generally the mine is lower - surface , but upper - surface mines are not rare . frass in a mass of grains in a corner of the mine . after having left its mine the larva moves twice . first it lives in a rolled ( sometimes just folded ) leaf margin , after that in a leaf that is transverely rolled downwards , starting from the leaf tip ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
larva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .
whitish with pale brown head ; pronotum without black spots ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
pupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .
pupation in a white , strongly shining , parchment - like cocoon that is fixed with silk to the leaf margin ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
adult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths and the encyclopedia of life . the species is included in urltoken .
time of year - adults : two generations . june and july and then september and october . the second brood overwinters as an adult and often reappears in the early spring ( ukmoths ) .
distribution in great britain and ireland : britain including leicester ( pickworth woods ) ( ukmoths ) ; bedfordshire , breconshire , buckinghamshire , caernarvonshire , cambridgeshire , carmarthenshire , cheshire , denbighshire , dorset , dumfriesshire , dunbartonshire , durham , east cornwall , east kent , east norfolk , east ross , east suffolk , east sutherland , easterness , elgin , glamorgan , haddington , hertfordshire , huntingdonshire , kincardineshire , kirkudbrightshire , linlithgow , merionethshire , middlesex , north aberdeenshire , north devon , north essex , north hampshire , north northumberland , north somerset , nottinghamshire , outer hebrides , pembrokeshire , shropshire , south aberdeenshire , south devon , south northumberland , south somerset , south wiltshire , south - west yorkshire , stafford , stirlingshire , surrey , warwickshire , west gloucestershire , west kent , west lancashire , west norfolk , west perthshire , west ross , west suffolk , westmorland , wigtowwnshire and worcestershire ( nbn atlas ) .
also recorded in the republic of ireland and northern ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) . see also ireland ' s nbdc interactive map .
distribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , germany , latvia , norwegian mainland , poland , russia - central , north and northwest , slovakia , sweden , switzerland and the netherlands ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
the mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
the mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .
the mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright ( c ) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .
ws : 14 - 16mm ; bivoltine - jun - jul , sep - apr ; birch ( betula spp . ) ; widespread and common throughout uk this specimen illustrates a difficulty with devising a key for this genus and in particular with using the one in mbgbi2 . the key in mbgbi2 assumes the costal blotch is absent or indistinct for this species , however the species text states that the costal blotch is usually present ! ultimately the id was clinched by genital examination - the ductus bursae being quite distinct from that of similar species . note that the time of capture of this fresh specimen was 1 month ahead of the advertised schedule .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
as the name suggests the red birch slender feeds on birch leaves , first ' mining ' them and then living inside a rolled leaf in later instars .
two generations of the red birch slender moth fly each year : the first in june and july , and the second in september and october . this later generation over - winters as an adult and often reappears early in the following spring .
if you found this information helpful , you would probably find the new 2017 edition of our bestselling book matching the hatch by pat o ' reilly very useful . get an author - signed copy here . . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .
female , confirmed by dissection - ipswich , suffolk ( 29 . vii . 2013 ) © neil sherman
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en
urltoken
notes : common wherever the foodplant occurs , throughout much of the british isles . widespread and common in hampshire . recorded for the first time on the isle of wight at freshwater in 2010 . wingspan 14 - 16 mm . separated with certainty from c . elongella only by dissection of the genitalia ; similar to c . rufipennella and c . hemidactylella . larva mines leaves of birch , subsequently living within a leaf - cone .


the grey trembler ( cinclocerthia gutturalis ) is a songbird species in the family mimidae .

it is found only in martinique and saint lucia , the martinique trembler ( c. g. gutturalis ) on the former island , the saint lucia trembler ( c. g. macrorhyncha ) – which might be a distinct species – on the latter .

in 1898 a unique skin was discovered in the world museum liverpool .

this specimen was obtained by edward smith-stanley , 13th earl of derby from bird collector jules verreaux in 1850 and was on display in the liverpool museum since then .

it was believed to be an extinct starling from the mascarenes , described by henry ogg forbes under the name necropsar leguati and sketched by bird illustrator john gerrard keulemans .

it was supposed to be a close relative of the rodrigues starling .

a vernacular name for this supposed species was " white mascarene starling " .

however , in april 2000 ancient dna analysis of that skin in the smithsonian institution led by storrs olson had shown that the liverpool specimen was nothing more than a misidentified and mislabeled albinistic specimen of c. g. gutturalis .

grey trembler

introduction : only found in martinique and st lucia , the grey trembler shows less sexual dimorphism in bill - length than in the brown trembler . both species frequently quiver their wings . the grey trembler is mostly arboreal . it is endemic to the lesser antilles .
habitat : the grey trembler frequents mature moist forests , both in lowland and mountains . it is less visible in drier areas . less restricted to humid habitats than the brown trembler , it is more general in habitat .
protection / threats / status : the grey trembler is fairly common throughout its restricted range on two islands . the global population is suspected to be stable , and the species is not currently threatened .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the grey trembler utters repeated notes and wavering , whistled phrases , from harsh to melodious . it also gives harsh scold and call notes , and quavering whistles .
behaviour in the wild : the grey trembler feeds on insects , small vertebrates , fruits and berries . this arboreal species forages among the vegetation , probing into epiphyte clusters with its long bill , and tearing open tangles . like the brown trembler , it forages at all levels in vegetation , and also on the ground .
the tremblers are well named , for they indeed tremble as they sing . the trembling is mainly a quavering of the wings , but also a vibration of the cocked tail , giving the effect that the entire bird is reverberating as it sings . the gray trembler is found only on martinique and st . lucia in the lesser antilles , and it is flanked both north and south of its distribution by the brown trembler ( cinclocerthia ruficauda ) , there is controversy over sympaptry in these two species however . there are reports of brown trembler in st . lucia , although these may be misidentifications and there is no verifiable proof that any trembler other than the gray trembler has occurred on that island . gray tremblers are indeed grayer than the other species , they also have a more contrasting dark mask and paler underparts . the gray trembler is particularly long - billed , even for a mimid . the preferred habitat of this trembler is moist montane forest , however it is also found in lower elevation dry forest and scrub , although in lower densities .
the variation of the grey trembler song is remarkable . i did two recordings over a six day period within a distance of 3 kilometers from each other around the gros islet area at st . lucia . the song structure of the two singing birds is completely different . at both locations there were other grey tremblers singing as well and they were singing in their respective “local” dialect . check the other recording here : urltoken both birds were seen and photographed .
the variation of the grey trembler song is remarkable . i did two recordings over a six day period within a distance of 3 kilometers from each other around the gros islet area at st . lucia . the song structure of the two singing birds is completely different . at both locations there were other grey tremblers singing as well and they were singing in their respective “local” dialect . check the other recording here : urltoken both birds were seen and photographed .
on the grey - brown head , lores and ear - coverts are blackish . the long , slightly down - curved bill is blackish . the eyes are yellow . legs and feet are dark brown .
both sexes are similar in plumage , but the female is slightly smaller and she has 18 % longer bill than male . the juvenile is browner than adults , with mottled breast and dark grey eyes .
the grey trembler is often seen alone . it frequently quivers its half - open drooped wings , like numerous mimidae species . this behaviour appears more frequent during the breeding season . an observation mentions two birds in tree , moving from branch to branch . one of the birds , probably the male , is perched and swings from side to side with stretched neck while turning the head . the half - open drooped wings are quivering nervously .
the adult of the nominate race has grey - brown upperparts , including crown , back and wings , the latter usually more dusky . the tail is similar in colour , relatively short and often cocked over the back . on the underparts , throat and centre of breast and belly are buffy - white , whereas breast sides , flanks and thighs are greyish - brown , with darker flanks . the undertail - coverts are greyish - brown with more or less white margins .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as fairly common ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
no flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .
a bird in a tree , holding a twig in the beak , looking around and flying away .
a bird moving in a tree , with a section repeated in slow motion .
guy poisson , jens thalund , mikko pyhälä , josep del hoyo , rich bayldon , greg griffith .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
although this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cinclocerthia gutturalis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
subspecies and range : there are two subspecies . c . g . macrorhyncha occurs on st lucia , in sc lesser antilles . this race has dull buffy - white to pale greyish - buff underparts . undertail - coverts and flanks are pale cinnamon , and the sides are tinged olive greyish .
c . g . gutturalis ( here described and displayed ) is found in martinique , on c lesser antilles .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs between march and august . the nest is apparently domed , that is unusual in mimidae . the domed structure has a side entrance . it is made with dry grass , and is often placed in a palm , or in hollow in tree , or in crotch .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
have you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .
© 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 129 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
avibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 840 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy