pleurobranchus areolatus is a species of pleurobranchid sea slug , a type of marine gastropod mollusc , commonly found in the caribbean sea .

it is up to 15 cm long and it feeds on ascidians .

pleurobranchus areolatus

pleurobranchus areolatus from jamaica from : ross w . gundersen , october 20 , 2003
giant pleurobranchus areolatus from cabo frio , brazil . from : vinicius padula , february 15 , 2005
nick hope added the english common name
grand pleurobranchus
to
pleurobranchus grandis pease , 1868
.
this is the pizza crust sea slug ( pleurobranchus areolatus ) which , as you may have guessed , gets its name from the fact that it looks like a lovely cheese pizza ( ok maybe sometimes with pepperoni , too ) .
both ortea et al . ( 2014 ) and goodheart et al . ( 2015 ) agreed in considering pleurobranchus digueti rochebrune , 1895 as the valid name for the eastern pacific species of pleurobranchus .
pleurobranchus areolatus that we sell are around two inches long . their primary diet is algae . this variety of slugs are not harmful to anything that we know of . we often find them in pairs living together . they are often a redish color or sometimes more brown .
systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 sea slugs ( heterobranchus : nudipleura : pleurobranchidae ) . addendum
systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 , sea slugs ( heterobranchia : nudipleura : . . .
: systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 sea slugs ( mollusca : gastropoda : heter . . .
nick hope added the english common name
grand pleurobranch
to
pleurobranchus grandis pease , 1868
.
nick hope added the english common name
grand sidegill slug
to
pleurobranchus grandis pease , 1868
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
großer flankenkiemer
to
pleurobranchus grandis pease , 1868
.
so i can ' t be sure that this is p . areolatus , but i am not sure we are ever going to be sure just what moerch ' s species was . best wishes , bill rudman .
bill , i´m a brazilian student of biology from rio de janeiro - brasil . last month , i travelled to cabo frio , a city next to rio . i collected this slug at conchas beach in 9 august , on a reef and a depth of approximately 2 meters . i think there is a pleurobranchus areolatus . what do you think ?
about pleurobranchus areolatus , eliézer rios ( 1994 ) and francisco r . garcía et al ( 2002 ) recorded specimens from cabo frio and fernando de noronha island in brasil respectively . in the garcía paper its is recorded also from the pacific [ panama and galapagos islands ] , and in the atlantic ocean [ from florida to canary islands and ghana ] .
to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym pleurobranchus reesi white , 1952 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 19 publications ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym pleurobranchus atlanticus abbott , 1949 ) to pesi to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) ( from synonym pleurobranchus atlanticus abbott , 1949 ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym pleurobranchus atlanticus abbott , 1949 ) to itis
: systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 sea slugs ( mollusca : gastropoda : heterobranchia : nudipleura : pleurobranchidae ) . addendum .
: systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 sea slugs ( mollusca : gastropoda : heterobranchia : nudipleura : pleurobranchidae ) . addendum . | request pdf
systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 sea slugs ( heterobranchus : nudipleura : pleurobranchidae ) . addendum | zoological journal of the linnean society | oxford academic
. . . 148 - 164 . goodheart et al . ( 2015a ) , consideran que es una sola especie , p . areolatus , opinión que apoyan con estudios moleculares ; estos mismos autores publican posteriormente una nota ( goodheart et al . , 2015b ) reafirmando su propuesta . . . .
( of pleurobranchus atlanticus abbott , 1949 ) goodheart j . , camacho - garcía y . , padula v . , schrödl m . , cervera j . l . , gosliner t . m . & valdés á . ( 2015 ) . systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 , sea slugs ( heterobranchia : nudipleura : pleurobranchidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society . 174 : 322 - 362 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pleurobranchus reesi white , 1952 ) goodheart j . , camacho - garcía y . , padula v . , schrödl m . , cervera j . l . , gosliner t . m . & valdés á . ( 2015 ) . systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 , sea slugs ( heterobranchia : nudipleura : pleurobranchidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society . 174 : 322 - 362 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
alvim j . & pimenta a . d . ( 2016 ) . comparative morphology and redescription of pleurobranchus species ( gastropoda , pleurobranchoidea ) from brazil . zoological studies . 55 : 15 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
shortly before the publication of goodheart et al . ( 2015 ) and while this paper was in press , ortea , moro & caballer ( 2014 ) published a paper dealing with some atlantic and eastern pacific species of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 .
( of pleurobranchus reesi white , 1952 ) white k . m . ( 1952 ) . on a collection of molluscs from dry tortugas , florida . proceedings of the malacological society of london . 29 : 106 - 120 , pl . 6 . [ details ]
pleurobranchus forskalii rüppell & leuckart , 1828 : bidgrain ( 2015 ) [ statut pour mayotte ] bidgrain , p . ( coord . ) 2015 . site des nudibranches et planaires du sud ouest de l ' océan indien : http : / / seaslugs . free . fr . version du 28 avril 2015 . [ urltoken ]
species of pleurobranchus ( mollusca : gastropoda : heterobranchia : nudipleura : pleurobranchidae ) are commonly found worldwide , but there is a substantial amount of confusion regarding the ranges and identification of individual species . difficulties in phylogenetic reconstruction and identification of pleurobranchids using morphological traits has resulted in complex classification schemes , with . . . [ show full abstract ]
jessica goodheart , yolanda camacho - garcia , vinicius padula , michael schödl , juan l cervera , terrence m gosliner , angel valdés ; systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 sea slugs ( heterobranchus : nudipleura : pleurobranchidae ) . addendum , zoological journal of the linnean society , volume 174 , issue 3 , 1 july 2015 , pages 649 , urltoken
i have found two species of notaspid . [ santa marta , colombia - caribbean coast ] they were collected in a bivalve larvae net collector . they were 3 - 5 cm long . i think they belong to the genus pleurobranchus but i ' m not sure . what do you think ? i have sent photos of the other species in a separate message .
goodheart j . , camacho - garcía y . , padula v . , schrödl m . , cervera j . l . , gosliner t . m . & valdés á . ( 2015 ) . systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 , sea slugs ( heterobranchia : nudipleura : pleurobranchidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society . 174 : 322 - 362 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of susania gardineri white , 1952 ) goodheart j . , camacho - garcía y . , padula v . , schrödl m . , cervera j . l . , gosliner t . m . & valdés á . ( 2015 ) . systematics and biogeography of pleurobranchus cuvier , 1804 , sea slugs ( heterobranchia : nudipleura : pleurobranchidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society . 174 : 322 - 362 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pleurobranchus atlanticus abbott , 1949 ) rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pleurobranchus reesi white , 1952 ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]
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the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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mörch o . a . ( 1863 ) . contributions la faune malacologique des antilles danoises . journal de conchyliologie , 11 : 21 - 43
rosenberg , g . , f . moretzsohn , and e . f . garcía . 2009 . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas .
behrens d . w . ( 2004 ) pacific coast nudibranchs , supplement ii . new species to the pacific coast and new information on the oldies . proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( 4 ) 55 ( 2 ) : 11–54 .
mörch , 1863 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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nuevas citas y nuevos datos sobre las lesmas do mar ( mollusca : heterobranchia ) de las islas de cabo verde , con el restablecimiento de tritonia pallescens ( eliot , 1906 ) .
. . . these results are hardly surprising , considering that other species of sea hares and heterobranch sea slugs with broad tropical ranges studied to date have been found to constitute species complexes ( e . g . ornelas - gatdula et al . , 2012 ; alexander & valdés , 2013 ; krug et al . , 2013 ; carmona et al . , 2014a , b ; goodheart et al . , 2015 ; kienberger et al . , 2016 ) . however , the case of dolabrifera is unique in several respects . . . .
. . . marine heterobranch gastropods from the west indian ocean ( wio ) have been the focus of recent systematic investigations , with increasing tendency towards species discoveries ( gosliner et al . 2008 , yonow 2012 , tibiriçá 2013 , goodheart et al . 2015 , tibiriçá and malaquias 2016 ) . this is not surprising considering that the wio region , frequently defined with the eastern african marine ecoregion ( eame ) ( wwf 2004 ) , borders 4 , 600 km of coastline and comprises diverse ecosystems from southern somalia to the cape of south africa ( everett et al . 2008 , pereira et al . 2014 , van der elst and everett 2015 ) . . . .
. . . topologies with the bi analysis . perhaps phylogenomic analyses will be able to recover this part of the neogastropoda tree with high support , as is usually the case with deep nodes in mollusks ( kocot et al . , 2011 ; smith et al . , 2011 ; zapata et al . , 2014 ; goodheart et al . , 2015 ) . . . .
my phd work explores the evolutionary relationships of two marine gastropod groups using molecular phylogenetics . i will employ a transcriptome - based exon - capture approach to generate a phylogeny a…
[ more ]
this project aims to understand how molecular homology and multiple sequence alignment effect doridina phylogenetic estimates . we will estimate molecular phylogenies of the nudibranch suborder do…
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we anticipate that dermatobranchus represents both specialised and generalist feeders and contains greater cryptic diversity than what is previously described . this project aims to confirm whether …
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this project investigates the role of ecology and natural selection in driving the formation of new species , a process known as ecological speciation . specifically , it examines how corals play a ro…
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a test of color - based taxonomy in nudibranchs : molecular phylogeny and species delimitation of the f . . .
traditionally , species identification in nudibranch gastropods relies heavily on body color pattern . the felimida clenchi species complex , a group of brightly colored atlantic and mediterranean species in the family chromodorididae , has a history of exceptional controversy and discussion among taxonomists . the most widely accepted hypothesis is that the complex includes four species ( felimida . . . [ show full abstract ]
phylogeny of the family aglajidae ( pilsbry , 1895 ) ( heterobranchia : cephalaspidea ) inferred from mtdn . . .
the family aglajidae includes several species of benthic , carnivorous cephalaspidean sea slugs , which generally lack a radula , have an internal shell , a posterior shield with short to moderate caudal lobes , and sensory cilia present on the head . the present study reports a phylogenetic analysis of the aglajidae based on the mitochondrial genes 16s and co1 and the nuclear gene h3 , including 160 . . . [ show full abstract ]
redescription of felimida elegantula ( philippi , 1844 ) and a preliminary phylogeny of the european sp . . .
felimida elegantula ( philippi , 1844 ) was originally described as doris elegantula based on the external morphology of a single specimen from sicily ( italy ) . since philippi ' s description , this species has been recorded only a few times , always from the mediterranean sea , and without any detailed description of the internal morphology . according to a recent reassessment of the family . . . [ show full abstract ]
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bidgrain ( 2015 ) [ statut pour la réunion ] bidgrain , p . ( coord . ) 2015 . site des nudibranches et planaires du sud ouest de l ' océan indien : http : / / seaslugs . free . fr . version du 28 avril 2015 . [ urltoken ]
héros et al . ( 2007 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - calédonie ] héros , v . , lozouet , p . , maestrati , p . , von cosel , r . , brabant , d . , bouchet , p . 2007 . mollusca of new caledonia . in : payri , c . & richer de forges , b . [ eds ] . compendium of marine species of new caledonia . doc . sci . tech . ird , nouméa . ii7 ( 2 ) : 199 - 254 . [ urltoken ]
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
dear bill , thank you for your reply to my message . this site is extraordinary !
i like so much sea slugs and recently ( 1 month ) i become a trainee at laboratory of malacology in ufrj [ universidade federal do rio de janeiro ] , rio de janeiro . there , the work basic is with taxonomy of small gastropods ( olivellidae , olividae , barleeidae . . . ) organized by dr . ricardo absalão . unfortunately we don´t work with sea slugs at ufrj . i think brasil doesn ' t have any experts on nudibranchs . do you know of any ? maybe in the future i will be one .
• garcía , f . r . , troncoso , j . s . & domiguez , m . ( 2002 ) new data on benthic opisthobranch molluscs from the archipelago of fernando de noronha ( brazil ) , with description of new species os aegires lóven , 1844 . iberus , 20 ( 2 ) : 45 - 56 .
dear vinicius , any photos and information you can send us on sea slugs from brazil will be very welcome . for many years [ from 1950s to 1970s ] ernst and eveline marcus were well known international experts on sea slugs . they were at the university of sao paulo , but are now no longer with us . they described quite a few species from brazil and the caribbean but seldom illustrated their species very well , and only very rarely in colour . so photographs of your local fauna , even animals you think are common , would be great to include on the forum as they would help us interpret and better understand the marcus ' s species . best wishes bill rudman
the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .
these documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .
the checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .
a complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hernán vargas , howard l . snell .
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mörch , o . a . ( 1863 ) . contributions la faune malacologique des antilles danoises . journal de conchyliologie . 11 : 21 - 43 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 28 - 29 [ details ]
( of susania gardineri white , 1952 ) white k . m . ( 1952 ) . on a collection of molluscs from dry tortugas , florida . proceedings of the malacological society of london . 29 : 106 - 120 , pl . 6 . [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
behrens d . w . ( 2004 ) pacific coast nudibranchs , supplement ii . new species to the pacific coast and new information on the oldies . proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( 4 ) 55 ( 2 ) : 11–54 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
santa marta , colombia [ caribbean coast ] , 3 - 5cm long . photos : phanor montoya
reference : • mörch , o . a . l . ( 1863 ) contributions à la faune malacologique des antilles danoises . journal de conchyliologie , 11 : 21 - 43 . • thompson , t . e . ( 1977 ) jamaican opisthobranch molluscs i . journal of molluscan studies , 43 ( 2 ) : 93 - 139 , pls . 1 - 3 .
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, often called the warty side - gilled slug , is one of the largest species of side - gilled slug , or pleurobranch , on the pacific coast of north and central america . specimens in california and brazil have been documented at over 150 cm in length . this species has a very large distribution , which includes the caribbean , tropical west africa and the eastern pacific .
this species first showed up in the california channel islands after el nino in the late 1990ís . i received almost a dozen inquiries about its identity from interested branchers , but at that time i was convinced it was an undescribed species . slugo buddies terry gosliner and hans bertsch convinced me otherwise , that it was
, and whether the number of variations in the caribbean , are possibly separate species . see
to my note on his forum , january 23 , 2001 . concerning the identification of the pacific specimens , those found in mexico like aliís above match the poorly described caribbean species but those found further north in california , in more temperate waters , have a smoother mantle , and lack white specks like ericís animals in bow 71 .
during a recent trip to the northern area of the sea of cortez by puerto penasco .
i must say , my heart leaps every time i turn over a rock and find one of these beauties .
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2005 . all rights reserved .
these strange creatures are found over a very wide distribution , which includes the caribbean , tropical west africa and the eastern pacific . specimens in california and brazil have been documented at over 150 cm in length… so we’re not exactly talking about a pizza party - sized nudibranch here !
underwater this moving pizza crust sea slug looks a little less cheesy , though . it’s actually really pretty , i think !
carly brooke is the animal - obsessed founder and author of the award - winning animal website , the featured creature . com , where little - known species become known .
i have a confession : i love animals . join me and the rest of the featured creature community as we learn about the weirdest , coolest , and craziest animals out there . including your dog , mr . scrufflebutt ( if you submit him ! ) .
a review of molluscan taxa described by p . forsskål and c . niebuhr with citation of original descriptions , discussion of type - material available and selection of some lectotypes
description of a new pleurobranch ( opisthobranchia : notamidea ) from antarctic waters . with a review of notasdideans from soutgern polar seas
going further on an intricate and challenging group of nudibranchs : description of five novel specie . . .
nembrothinae is a colourful subfamily of nudibranch polycerids , which despite its large size and striking appearance , needs to be more thoroughly studied . the available scientific information about this subfamily is very recent , and pictures of living undescribed species become available every day . nevertheless , the lack of associated material for morphological , anatomical , and molecular . . . [ show full abstract ]
moluscos marinos de andalucía volumen ii – clase gastropoda ( heterobranchia ) , clase bivalvia , clase . . .
• marcus , ev . ( 1970 ) opisthobranchs from northern brazil . bulletin of marine science , 20 : 922 - 951 . • marcus , ev ( 1976 ) marine euthyneuran gastropods from brazil ( 3 ) . studies neotropical fauna and environment , 11 ( 1 / 2 ) : 5 - 23 . • thompson , t . e . ( 1977 ) jamaican opisthobranch molluscs i . journal of molluscan studies , 43 ( 2 ) : 93 - 139 , pls . 1 - 3 .
rudman , w . b . , 2000 ( oct 22 ) . comment on notaspids from colombia by phanor montoya .
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during their work , the staff of the nazca institute had the opportunity to register in photographs a great variety of sea life . within this section , a small display of the immense biodiversity found along the ecuadorian coast is shown here ( all the photographs are copyrighted by nazca institute for marine research )
eugorgia sp . ( 1 ) , heterogrogia verrucosa ( 2 ) , lophogorgia alba ( 3 ) , muricea fructicosa ( 4 ) , pacifigorgia sp . close - up ( 5 ) .
a phylum of metazoa that includes starfish , sea urchins , sea lilies , and other classes . all but the sea cucumbers ( holothuroidea ) are basically radially symmetrical and most possess a calcareous endoskeleton with external spines . they inhabit the sea bottom , some near shore , others in deep water .
, ac maen nhw i gyd yn greaduriaid sy ' n byw yn y mor a ' r mwyafrif ohonyn nhw yn byw ar waelod y mor .
developed in a northern fishing ground also showed significant differences between areas subjected to differential fishing effort ; asteroidea was significantly more abundant than ophiuroidea and echinoidea in more disturbed areas ( escolar & bremec , in press ) .
mae draenog y mor , ac mae ' r creaduriaid yma ' n rhai rhyfeddol .
all content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .
any of a group of marine gastropods characterized by gills located behind the heart , a shell that is reduced or absent , and two pairs of tentacles , and including the sea slugs and the sea butterflies .
any gastropod mollusk of the order opisthobranchia , characterized by a small or absent mantle and shell and by two pairs of tentacles : includes the sea slugs and pteropods .
mollusc that is commonly employed as a model organism in neurophysiology ( frazier et al .
mollusks ( elysia , bosellia ) within the cells of the animal ' s digestive gland .


calliostoma gibbsorum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .

some authors place this taxon in the subgenus calliostoma ( maurea ) .

calliostoma gibbsorum

species calliostoma gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
worms - world register of marine species - calliostoma gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995
worms - world register of marine species - calliostoma ( maurea ) gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995
to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to museum of new zealand te papa ( m . 035456 ; calliostoma gibbsorum b . marshall , 1995 ; holotype )
calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma purpureocinctum hedley , 1894 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
species calliostoma convexum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma africanum bartsch , 1915
species calliostoma capense thiele , 1925 accepted as calliostoma perfragile g . b . sowerby iii , 1903
species calliostoma albolineatum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma ornatum ( lamarck , 1822 )
calliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 : synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907
calliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
species calliostoma formosensis [ sic ] accepted as calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907 ( incorrect original spelling )
species calliostoma fernandesi boyer , 2006 accepted as calliostoma angolense boyer , 2007 ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma fernandesi rolán & monteiro , 2006 ; c . angolense is a replacement name )
calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) : synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )
species calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 accepted as calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma adamsi pilsbry , 1889 )
» species calliostoma ( calliostoma ) burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
species calliostoma echinatum dall , 1881 accepted as calliostoma caribbechinatum landau , van dingenen & ceulemans , 2017 ( invalid : junior secondary homonym of calliostoma echinatum ( millet , 1865 ) ; c . caribbechinatum is a replacement name )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) heros b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )
species calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) accepted as calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )
species calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 accepted as enida japonica a . adams , 1860
calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 : synonym of enida japonica a . adams , 1860
species calliostoma rubroscalptum y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 1998
subgenus calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 represented as kombologion clench & r . d . turner , 1960 accepted as calliostoma swainson , 1840
subgenus calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 accepted as astele swainson , 1855
calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith : synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith
calliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 : synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 : synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995
» species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma waikanae oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 ) ( basionym )
calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 · accepted , alternate representation
calliostoma swainson , 1840 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 30 october 2010 .
» species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) pagoda w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) selectum ( dillwyn , 1817 ) accepted as maurea selecta ( dillwyn , 1817 )
calliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
» species calliostoma ( mauriella ) wanganuicum w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) punctulatum ( martyn , 1784 ) accepted as maurea punctulata ( martyn , 1784 ) ( synonym )
» species calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 ) ( original combination )
species calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )
species calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )
calliostoma polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of cantharidus polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 )
calliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )
species calliostoma aucklandicum e . a . smith , 1902 accepted as coelotrochus chathamensis ( hutton , 1873 ) ( synonym )
species calliostoma farquhari g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )
species calliostoma coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as calliostoma kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena coronata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma coronatum quinn , 1992 ; c . kanakorum is a replacement name )
subgenus calliostoma ( mauriella ) w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea oliver , 1926 ( synonym )
species calliostoma antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma cristatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena cristata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma crossleyae e . a . smith , 1910 accepted as tristichotrochus crossleyae ( e . a . smith , 1910 )
species calliostoma diadematum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena diademata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 )
calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) : synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )
species calliostoma alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( replacement name for calliostoma blacki ( dell , 1956 ) not c . blacki ( powell , 1950 ) )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) gracile p . marshall , 1918 † accepted as maurea gracilis ( p . marshall , 1918 ) †
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) spectabile ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as maurea spectabilis ( a . adams , 1855 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 )
species calliostoma aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 accepted as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )
species calliostoma correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 †
species calliostoma dnopherum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as margarites dnopherus ( r . b . watson , 1879 )
species calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )
» species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) jamiesoni b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea jamiesoni ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) maui b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea maui ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) penniketi b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea penniketi ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) regale b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea regalis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) simulans b . a . marshall , 1994 accepted as maurea simulans ( b . a . marshall , 1994 )
species calliostoma arruense r . b . watson , 1880 accepted as calthalotia arruensis ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) ( original combination )
species calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( original combination )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 †
perron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .
carnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific
. veliger 18 : 52–54 .
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .
a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand
. the nautilus 108 : 83–127 .
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) houbricki b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor houbricki ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) metivieri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor metivieri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) necopinatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor necopinatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) paradigmatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor paradigmatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) periglyptum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor periglyptus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) richeri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor richeri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) vaubani b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor vaubani ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
clench w . & turner r . ( 1960 ) .
the genus calliostoma in the western atlantic
. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1 - 80 .
remarks . calliostoma delli tends to be broader than high ; one of the figured paratypes ( fig . 14 ) is unusually narrow , compared to most specimens on the type lot .
quinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .
new species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic
. the nautilus 106 : 77–114 .
marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
marshall , b . a . 1995 : a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) , the nautilus , 108 ( 4 ) ( p . 93 )
» species calliostoma ( otukaia ) alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as otukaia blacki ( dell , 1956 ) accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture of the shell . the genus calliostoma is known in fossil records from the upper cretaceous onwards . [ 3 ]
( of trochus ( calliostoma ) swainson , 1840 ) swainson w . ( 1840 ) a treatise on malacology or shells and shell - fish . london , longman . viii + 419 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 218 , 351 [ details ]
contrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .
currently , calliostoma is being treated in worms as a broad genus . it is expected to be broken up and ( some ) subgenera will be elevated to the status of genus . at this moment ( 2013 ) , information is too fragmentary to assign all species in a revised genus .
holotype for calliostoma atlantoides quinn , 1992 catalog number : usnm 860261 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry locality : st . lucia , caribbean sea , north atlantic ocean depth ( m ) : 417 to 589 vessel : pillsbury r / v
the species in this genus are mainly herbivorous or feed on detritus , [ 4 ] although a few have been observed to be omnivorous ( keen , 1975 ) or even carnivorous , feeding on a wide range of algae and on animals belonging to various other invertebrate phyla . [ 5 ] the north atlantic topshell calliostoma occidentale has been reported to feed on coelenterates . [ 6 ]
( of fluxina dall , 1881 ) dall w . h . 1881 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877 - 78 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer
blake
, lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . preliminary report on the mollusca . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college , 9 ( 2 ) : 33 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]
vilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163 [ details ]
williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) . calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , the loyalty islands , and the northern lord howe rise . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) résultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . série a , zoologie . 167 : 381 - 458 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]
( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]
description . shell large , thin , silky white , nonumbilicate , spire whorls convex . protoconch of one and one - fourth whorls , teleoconch whorls seven , first teleoconch whorl with three spiral cords , noded to produce square cancellations : sculpture changing by the second whorl to three prominently projecting spiral cords , the uppermost cord beaded , the other two smooth . mature sculpture of three prominent cords , subsutural cord the least prominent , remaining close to the suture and losing its beading by about the third whorl ; second cord sharply defined and separated from the subsutural cord by a broad , smooth area ; third cord equally strong and projecting to form the peripheral extent of the whorl . basal keep sharp ; suture laid directly on its lower surface , not forming a channel . basal cording of about three fine cords on the outer edge and two to three bordering the columellar wall ; intermediate area of base smooth except for fine spiral striae . columellar wall thickened , slanted , forming a spur at the base ; outer lip thin . operculum corneous , multispiral . animal and radula as in c . chilena .
dimensions : height 29 . 6 mm . diameter 30 . 9 min ( holotype , fig . 13 ) : height 24 . 3 mm , diameter 23 . 2 mm ( paratype , fig . 14 ) ; height 29 . 0 mm , diameter 26 . 0 ( paratype . fig . 15 ) .
material . chile : los vilos ( lacm , type lot , figs . 13 - 15 ) , papudo , zapallar , algarrobo , punta penablanca ( lacm ) , pichilemu , constitución . specimens examined : 114 .
type material . thirty - three specimens from the type locality , collected 29 may 1977 , by andrade , shrimp trawler goden wind , holotype , lacm 1980 ; paratypes , lacm 1981 ; paratypes , mnhn 200489 ; paratypes , mzicb 15 . 528 ; paratypes , usnm 784738 .
type locality . 400 m off los vilos , chile ( 31°56 ' s : 71°54 ' w ) .
distribution . los vilos ( 31°56 ' s ) to constitución , chile ( 35°20 ' s ) . depth range 200 - 450 m .
diagnosis . a species of the subgenus otukaia characterized by having three spiral cords prominent at all growth stages . it differs from the similarly sculptured c . blacki ( dell , 1956 ) from new zealand ( see dell , 1956 : 46 , pl . 7 , fig . 6 ) in being lower spired , and in having a weaker subsutural ( first ) cord and a stronger second cord .
etymology . we are pleased to name this species in honor of dr . richard k . dell of the national museum of new zealand , wellington . ”
mclean , j . h . and h . andrade . 1982 . large archibenthal gastropods of central chile : collections from an expedition of the r / v anton bruun and the chilean shrimp industry . los angeles county museum , contributions in sciences , 342 : 1 - 20 . urltoken ; = 2316
unconfirmed _ type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .
holotype : quinn , j . f . 1992 . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 102 .
unconfirmed type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 274 - 274 temperature range ( °c ) : 12 . 462 - 12 . 462 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 16 . 704 - 16 . 704 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 456 - 35 . 456 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 043 - 3 . 043 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 235 - 1 . 235 silicate ( umol / l ) : 5 . 700 - 5 . 700 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
stocks , k . 2009 . seamounts online : an online information system for seamount biology . version 2009 - 1 . world wide web electronic publication .
the distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrata , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .
the rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the
perron , frank e . ; turner r . d . ( 1978 ) .
dall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake
, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40
vilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 18
williams , s . t . ; k . m . donald , h . g . spencer and t . nakano ( march 2010 ) .
vilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163
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holotype , collected 18 feb 1974 , between palmer rocks & south east island , nz . ( m . 035456 ) . 16mm .
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
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title view pdf description principal edition , 11 july 2013 . file type and size pdf ( 375kb ) page number 1 see page 2347
the distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrates , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .
the rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the body whorl is angulated at the periphery . the aperture is quadrangular , sinuated at the base and slightly oblique . the columella is simple , usually ending anteriorly in a slight tooth . [ 7 ] the nucleus appears to be either dextral or sinistral indifferently . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
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