garra typhlops , also known as the iran cave barb is a species of ray-finned fish in the family cyprinidae .

it is endemic to caves in iran .

like other cave-adapted fish , it is blind and lacks pigmentation .

two other cave-adapted fish species are known from iran : garra lorestanensis and the zagroz blind loach ( eidinemacheilus smithi ) .

in the general region there are three additional cavefish species , all iraqi cypriniforms : eidinemacheilus proudlovei , caecocypris basimi , typhlogarra widdowsoni .

garra typhlops

phylogenetic relationships of iranocypris typhlops based on cyt b . the posterior probability values on the branches are the results of bi . iranocypris typhlops - nd = specimens without a mental disc , iranocypris typhlops - d = specimens with a mental disc .
reassessment of the taxonomic position of iranocypris typhlops bruun & kaiser , 1944 ( actinopterygii , cyprinidae ) .
( left ) ventral view of heads of putative iranocypris typhlops , with ( d ) and without ( nd ) a disc , adapted from ; ( right ) iranocypris typhlops , adapted from ( ) .
the iranian subterranean species are reviewed , diagnoses are presented for garra typhlops and paracobitis smithi , and a new species is described . garra lorestanensis , new species , from loven cave , the tigris river drainage in iran , is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of characters , including lacking pigment and eyes , having a well - developed mental disc , two pairs of barbels , and naked body .
sayyadzadeh g . , esmaeili h . r . , freyhof j . 2015 . garra mondica , a new species from the mond river drainage with remarks on the genus garra from the persian gulf basin in iran ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . zootaxa 4048 ( 1 ) : 075 - 089 .
reassessment of the taxonomic position of iranocypris typhlops bruun & kaiser , 1944 ( actinopterygii , cyprinidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
stiassny m . l . j . , getahun a . 2007 . an overview of labeonin relationships and the phylogenetic placement of the afro - asian genus garra hamilton , 1922 ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , with the description of five new species of garra from ethiopia , and a key to all african species . zoological journal of the linnean society 150 : 41 - 83 .
mousavi - sabet h . 2013 . the iran’s blind cavefish iranocypris typhlops . aquariumwereld 66 ( 2 ) : 34 - 39 . ( in dutch ) .
nebeshwar k . , vishwanath w . ( 2013 ) three new species of garra ( pisces : cyprinidae ) from north - eastern india and redescription of g . gotyla . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 24 : 97 - 120 .
coad b . w . 1996 . threatened fishes of the world : iranocypris typhlops bruun and kaiser , 1944 ( cyprinidae ) . environmental biology of fishes 46 : 374 .
mousavi - sabet . h . and s . eagderi , 2016 . garra lorestanensis , a new cave fish from the tigris river drainage with remarks on the subterranean fishes in iran ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) fishtaxa ( 2016 ) 1 : 45 - 54 .
movaghar s . ( 1973 ) : iranocypris typhlops kaiser the blind cave fish from iran . journal of the veterinary faculty of the university of tehran 29 : 43 - 50 . ( in farsi )
jalili p . , eagderi s . 2014 . osteological description of iran cave barb ( iranocypris typhlops bruun & kaiser , 1944 ) . university journal of zoology , rajshahi university 33 : 01 - 07 .
hamidan n . a . , geiger m . f . , freyhof j . 2014 . garra jordanica , a new species from the dead sea basin with remarks on the relationship of g . ghorensis , g . tibanica and g . rufa ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 25 : 223 - 236 .
bruun a . f . , kaiser e . w . 1948 . iranocypris typhlops n . g . , n . sp . , the first true cave fish from asia . danish scientific investigations in iran , copenhagen , 4 ( 1944 ) : 1 - 8 .
hamidan , n . a . , m . f . geiger and j . freyhof , 2014 . garra jordanica , a new species from the dead sea basin with remarks on the relationship of g . ghorensis , g . tibanica and g . rufa ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwaters 25 ( 3 ) : 223 - 236 .
farashi a . , kaboli m . , rahimian h . , rezaei h . r . , naghavi m . r . 2015 . selecting suitable habitat for iranian blind fish ( iranocypris typhlops ) . journal of natural environment 68 ( 3 ) : 443 - 459 . ( in farsi )
hashemzadeh segherloo i . , bernatchez l . , golzarianpour k . , abdoli a . , primmer c . r . , bakhtiary m . 2012 . genetic differentiation between two sympatric morphs of the blind iran cave barb iranocypris typhlops . journal of fish biology , 81 : 1747 - 53 .
farashi a . , kaboli m . , rezaei h . r . , naghavi m . r . , rahimian h . , coad b . w . 2014 . reassessment of the taxonomic position of iranocypris typhlops bruun & kaiser , 1944 ( actinopterygii , cyprinidae ) . zookeys 374 : 69 - 77 .
sargeran p . , bakhtiyari m . , abdoli a . , coad b . w . , sarvi k . , rahmati lishi m . , hajimoradloo a . 2008 . the endemic iranian cave - fish , iranocypris typhlops : two taxa or two forms based on the mental disc ? journal of zoology in the middle east 44 : 67 - 74 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
this protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .
< p > the < a href =
urltoken
> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
urltoken
> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
urltoken
> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
coad b . w . 2015 . freshwater fishes of iran . available at http : / / www . briancoad . com , accessed 07 november 2015 .
greenwood p . h . 1976 . a new and eyeless cobitid fish ( pisces , cypriniformes ) from the zagros mountains , iran . journal of zoology , london 180 : 129 - 137 .
harrington r . w . jr . 1955 . the osteocranium of the american cyprinid fish , notropis bifrenatus , with an annotated synonymy of teleost skull bones . copeia 4 : 267 - 290 .
howes g . 1981 , anatomy and phylogeny of the chinese major carps ctenopharyngodon steind . , 1866 and hypophthalmichthys blkr . , 1860 , bulletin of the british museum of natural history 41 ( 1 ) : 1 - 52 .
kottelat m . , freyhof j . 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 p .
mahjoorazad a . , coad b . w . 2009 . a new cave fish locality for iran . electronic journal of ichthyology 2 : 30 - 33 .
proudlove g . s . 1997 . a synopsis of the hypogean fishes of the world . proceedings of the 12th international congress of speleology , la chaux de fonds , switzerland , august 1997 , 3 : 351 - 354 .
rojo a . l . 1991 . dictionary of evolutionary fish osteology , boca raton : crc press . 273 p .
smith a . 1953 . blind white fish in persia . george allen and unwin , london . 207 p .
taylor w . r . , van dyke g . c . 1985 . revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study . cybium 9 : 107 - 119 .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
farashi a 1 , kaboli m 1 , rezaei hr 2 , naghavi mr 3 , rahimian h 4 , coad bw 5 .
department of environmental sciences , faculty of natural resources , university of tehran , iran .
department of environmental sciences , faculty of natural resources , gorgan university , iran .
department of agronomy and plant breeding , faculty of agricultural sciences , university of tehran , iran .
department of animal biology , faculty of biology , university of tehran , iran .
pmid : 24493966 pmcid : pmc3909813 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 374 . 6617
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
iucn , 1990 . 1990 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , u . k . 288 p .
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott , 1991 . world fishes important to north americans . exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . publ . ( 21 ) : 243 p .
world conservation monitoring center , 1992 . global biodiversity : status of the earth ' s living resources . chapman and hall , london . 594 p .
iucn , 1994 . 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals . international union for conservation of nature and natural resources , gland , switzerland and cambridge , u . k .
baillie , j . and b . groombridge ( eds . ) , 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland . 378 p .
proudlove , g . s . , 1997 . a synopsis of the hypogean fishes of the world . p . 351 - 354 . in proceedings of the 12th international congress of speleology , la chaux de fonds , switzerland . vol . 3 .
coad , b . w . , 1998 . systematic biodiversity in the freshwater fishes of iran . ital . j . zool . 65 : 101 - 108 .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) , 1999 . latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
anonymous , 1999 . fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .
hilton - taylor , c . , 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . xviii + 61 p . ( with 1 cd - rom ) .
anonymous , 2001 . fish collection database of the zoological museum , university of copenhagen . zoological museum , university of copenhagen .
hanel , l . and j . novák , 2002 . ? eské názvy zivo ? ich ? v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , maloústí ( gonorhynchiformes ) - máloostní ( cypriniformes ) . národní muzeum ( zoologické odd ? lení ) , praha .
coad , b . w . , 2003 . freshwater fishes of iran : checklists of farsi names . retrieved july 16 , 2003 , from urltoken
chinese academy of fishery sciences , 2003 . chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . urltoken
varjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlström , 2004 . kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .
fao - fies , 2008 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken 29 april 2008 .
fao - fies , 2010 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken march 2010 .
fao - fies , 2012 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken march 2012 .
fao - fies , 2014 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken april 2014 .
fao - fies , 2015 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] .
cfm script by eagbayani , 13 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 09 / 05 / 08 , 最后修订者： caldemita , 04 / 03 / 16
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257953e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32579fd6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32a730bb - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 6060ce4c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .


the ruspoli 's turaco ( tauraco ruspolii ) , also known as prince ruspoli 's turaco or touraco de ruspoli , is a species of bird in the family musophagidae .

it is endemic to southern ethiopia where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

ruspoli ' s turaco

nobody uploaded sound recordings for ruspoli ' s turaco ( tauraco ruspolii ) yet .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - prince ruspoli’s turaco ( tauraco ruspolii )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - prince ruspoli’s turaco ( tauraco ruspolii )
title =
arkive species - prince ruspoli’s turaco ( tauraco ruspolii )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
prince ruspoli ' s turaco is restricted to a narrow range in southern ethiopia , around arero , bobela , sokora , negele and wadera ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
prince ruspoli ' s turaco is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
this turaco was first introduced to science when prince ruspoli collected it in either 1892 or 1893 . since prince ruspoli , an italian explorer , was killed in an
encounter with an elephant
in the lake abaya area and unfortunately did not leave any notes about his travels , the locality and date of collection of the first specimen of this turaco remain unknown .
no definitive information is available on the reproductive biology of prince ruspoli’s turaco , but there are local reports that it breeds from december to february in sidamo province , which requires investigation ( 2 ) . hybrids between this species and the white - cheeked turaco ( t . leucotis ) have been observed , most commonly in edge habitats ( 4 ) .
prince ruspoli ' s turaco is known in the literature from two areas in southern ethiopia in juniper forests with dense evergreen undergrowth : one is at arero and the other 80 kilometers north of neghelli : both localities are 1800 meters ( 6000 feet ) in elevation .
although found in juniper ( juniperus ) woodland with dense evergreen undergrowth near arero and wadera , prince ruspoli’s turaco is thought to favour drier forest margins , acacia - conifer woodland and mixed broadleaf scrub , from 1 , 250 to 1 , 860 metres above sea level ( 2 ) .
there are no breeding records nor any recorded observations on the nesting activities of prince ruspoli ' s turaco , its nest and eggs are unknown . it has been reported to feed on fruits of tecle and aditicl . its call has been described as a low
chirr - clia
and short
te
.
but the best was yet to come . after calling for a few minutes the turaco took off , opening its wings to reveal deep crimson linings . these rich red and green colours are unique to the world ' s 18 species of turaco , and derive from special pigments known only from this family of birds .
the feather belongs to one of the most extraordinary creatures i have ever seen : prince ruspoli ' s turaco . of all the 400 or more species of bird i saw in ethiopia – more , incidentally , than i have racked up in a lifetime ' s birding in britain – this curious bird was the most memorable . not just because of its striking appearance , but also because of its strange history .
prince ruspoli’s turaco and its habitat receive some degree of protection in the woodlands of anferara - wadera and adjacent bore - anferara , which have been designated as national forest priority areas . these areas are now thought to hold the majority of the species’ population , and it has been advocated that protecting other key sites could greatly benefit this distinctive ethiopian bird ( 4 ) .
turner , d . a . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . ruspoli ' s turaco ( tauraco ruspolii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
we caught up with the turaco halfway through our memorable whistle - stop tour . our leader steve rooke has an unrivalled knowledge of ethiopia ' s birds , so when he stopped the minibus alongside an unremarkable looking area of habitat we suspected we could find something special .
. the ethiopian wildlife conservation authority proposed to include the species ' s range in its protected areas network in march 2012 ( a . shimelis
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
. the species ' s eggs may be taken for medicinal purposes , although this is also likely to be a very minor threat ( l . borghesio
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
stephen moss ' s latest book , wild hares and hummingbirds , the natural history of an english village , is available from square peg ( price £14 . 99 ) .
the turaco – now posthumously bearing the name of its finder – remained a mystery for another half century . then , in the 1940s , it was rediscovered in an area of scrubby woodland near the town of negelle , in the far south of the country . since then ornithologists have mapped its distribution : just three sites in the same region , making it one of the most restricted in range of all ethiopia ' s 33 endemic birds .
prince ruspoli was a 19th century italian aristocrat , naturalist and explorer . in the early 1890s he went on an expedition to ethiopia , to collect new species for science , but unfortunately halfway through his visit he was trampled to death by an elephant . when his collecting bag arrived back in italy , it contained a colourful , long - tailed bird about the size of a pheasant – clearly a new species of turaco . but because he had omitted to label the bird with the location where it had been shot , it was impossible to tell where in this vast country it was found .
although more common and widespread than previously thought , and not dependent solely on primary habitat , this species still has a small range , within much of which its woodland habitat is being altered and fragmented . moderately rapid population declines owing to habitat degradation and hybridisation with white - cheeked turaco
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
stresemann ' s bush - crow - reported to science for the first time in 1938 - is a frequent to common bird in a restricted area of about 2400 square kilometers ( 1500 sq . miles ) around yabelo , mega and arero in southern ethiopia .
feet ) . it visits many habitats including alpine screes , cliffs and gorges , giant lobelia - chemilla - tussock grass - glant heath moorlands , highland grasslands , giant lieath , st . john ' s wort , bamboo , juniper , podocarpus , olive and lowland subtropical humid forests .
the ruppell ' s chat is a wholly black bird except for a white patch on the inner surface of the wing ( inner webs of the primaries and innermost secondaries ) which contrasts sharply with the black when the bird flies . when sitting , the chat has the habit of flitting its tail high over its back . its time of nesting has not been definitely recorded although in december a pair was once seen building a nest in a crack on a cliff - face in eritrea . details of the nest have not been recorded nor have the eggs . the ruppell ' s chat is one of the poorest known of all ethiopian endemics .
we invite you to join us to explore this fascinating nation , the only country in africa not to have been colonized . ethiopia boasts the 2nd highest total of endemic birds in africa and our comprehensive tours record in excess of 500 bird species as well as many exciting mammals including the world’s rarest canid , the ethiopian wolf and the unique gelada baboon .
the yellow - throated seed - eater is known from a few isolated areas in acacia - grass savanna in southern and southeastern ethiopia . it is a species of questionable taxonomic status since it may be a hybrid between the yellow - rumped seed - eater ( s . atrogularis ) and the white - bellied canary ( s . dorostritus ) . it has a grey back and is similar in size to the yellow - rumped seed - eater but has streaks on the back and a long tail like the white - bellied canary . further evidence for considering the yellow - throated seed - eater a hybrid is that it is known only from localities where both the yellow - rumped seed - eater and the white - bellied canary would be expected to occur as well .
the rouget ' s rail is common on the western and southeastern highlands , but its presence is not so obvious as that of some other endemics . once one is able to recognize the bird ' s calls , one well appreciates how common this rail is . it has two calls which are useful in identification : one , a piercing alarm note , a
dideet
or
a di - dii
, and the other , a display call ,
wreeeee - creeuw - wreeeee - creeliw
. this rail mainly lives at higher elevations of up to 4 , 100 meters ( 13 , 500 feet ) where it inhabits small pockets of grass tussock and wet hollows with plenty , of cover ; it is a characteristic bird of the moorlands of ethiopia .
. the northern part of the species ' s distribution encompasses the woodlands of anferara - wadera and adjacent bore - anferara , where it is not uncommon in suitable habitat ( ewnhs 1996 ) . in the central part of the range , the woodlands bordering sede and lela lemu forests may stil be fairly intact , and support high densities of the species . it is more common and widespread than was formerly believed ( turner 1997 )
the population is suspected to have declined by c . 10 - 30 % between 1995 and 2007 , owing to rapid changes to the species ' s habitat ( l . borghesio in litt . 2007 ) . based on this information , the population is estimated to have experienced a slow to moderate decline in the last ten years . declines are likely to increase in future in line with rapidly increasing human pressure on the area ( l . borghesio
the abyssinian catbird - one of the finest , if not the finest singer of all the birds of africa - is frequent to common in the western and southern highlands between 1800 and 3500 meters ( 600 - 11 , 500 feet ) in giant heath , st . john ' s wort , highland bamboo , juniper , podocarpus and olive forests . it lives singly , in pairs or in parties up to eight often in thickets and vines that fringe these forests .
the black - headed siskin is common to locally abundant in tile western and southeastern highlands from 1800 - 4100 meters ( 6000 - 13 , 500 feet ) . almost always in flocks , this little - known finch inhabits moorlands with giant lobelia , alchemilla , tussock grass and giant heath , highland grasslands and the open areas of montane forests , especially st . john ' s wort and hagenia . flocks are regularly seen alongside the road to gaferssa reservoir west of addis ababa .
these starlings also inhabit buildings where they occasionally nest : for example , one pair was seen nesting is october under the eaves of a church at ankober . details of the nest and the eggs of this species have not been described , however . its call is
loud and monotonous
. other details of its life history are unknown . mackworth - praed and grant - authors of several books on birds of africa - - - have compared this starling ' s habits with those of the bristle - crowned starling
this endemic is known to feed on juniper berries , but other items in its diet are not known . it certainly nests in may and july ; it probably nests from february through july . the nest is a small , frail , thin , cup - like structure of plant stems placed loosely in a tangle of vines ; one was discovered five meters up in a st . john ' s wort tree . the eggs , two in number , are pale flesh - colored and uniformly covered with fine flesh marks and a few dark chestnut spots .
this pigeon nests most months of the year ( january - june and august - november ) on ledges of cliffs , bridges and houses . its nest is like most pigeons ' nests , made largely of grass stalks and small sticks . it lays two creamy white and glossy eggs . the male and female , who may be at the nest at the same time , are alike in appearance . despite this pigeon ' s abundance and its occurrence in large areas of the plateau , including cities like addis ababa little else is known about its life history .
the ruppell ' s chat is uncommon to locally frequent in the western highlands of shoa , gojjam , gonder , wollo , tigre and eritrea regions . it has not been recorded in the southeastern highlands nor in the southern portion of the western highlands . this chat , living singly , in paris or in small parties , inhabits edges and sides of cliffs and gorges and associated bare rock above 1800 meters ( 6000 feet ) ; it shows a distinct preference for high elevations of the plateau around waterfalls and wet rocks on the tops of precipitous ravines and cliffs .
harwood ' s francolin has been reported from only three localities along about 160 kilometers of valleys and gorges within the upper blue nile system extending to the east and north of the addis ababa - debre marcos - dejen bridge ; this francolin is a very poorly known ethiopian endemic . it was first recorded for science in 1898 at ahiyafej , then again in 1927 at bichana , and in 1930 at kalo ford along the banks of the blue nile
below zemie
. no other record of this species has been published although recent reports suggest that it is more widely distributed than previously thought .
both male and female have similar russet - colored plumages , tile immature is slightly lighter in color . this rail sometimes lives in family parties of three to ten . it seems not to be so nocturnal in activity as once thought . rouget ' s rail nests from april through october ; the nest is a shallow cup of grass placed in tussock grass . in one clutch a rail lays as many as eight eggs , brownish - cream colored with reddish - brown splashes and lilac - grey undermarkings . the nestling is yellow - brown with black along the sides of the face , its neck is russet , its crown , bill and legs are black .
like other rails and crakes , the rouget ' s rail skulks through and around the grass tussocks , probably searching for aquatic insects , crustaceans , small snails and seeds . this endemic , slightly larger than many of its rails - like relatives , is tame compared with most rails , and at times simply stands in all open area where it is easily observed . normally , however , one gets only a fleeting glimpse of the bird as its moves quickly through the tall grass , characteristically flitting its tail upward and showing the white undertail coverts . the flashes of white - on and off , so to speak - are indeed obvious and often draw the attention of the observer to the bird for the first time .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
40 cm . long - tailed , arboreal bird . green upperbody with dark back and tail . white , rounded , erectile crest . bright scarlet wing - patches in flight . bright red bill and eye - ring .
plantations that have greatly expanded in the area in recent years . outside the range of
, due to its restricted altitudinal distribution . in 1995 , the population was estimated at c . 10 , 000 individuals ( borghesio and massa 2000 )
. however , rapid changes to its habitat between 1995 and 2007 are likely to have caused a decline in the population of around 10 - 30 % , and it is now expected to number fewer than 10 , 000 individuals ( l . borghesio
in 1995 , the population was estimated at c . 10 , 000 individuals . however , rapid changes to its habitat between 1995 and 2007 are likely to have caused a decline in the population , and it is now expected to number fewer than 10 , 000 individuals ( l . borghesio
2007 ) , so placed in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals .
forest , in mixed conifer - broadleaved woodland , and riverine tree formations . it is most common at mid - altitudes ( c . 1 , 500 m [ ewnhs 1996 ]
. human pressure is probably to blame for the decline of the species around arero , with fires being reported in neighbouring woodland areas in march 1994 . agricultural expansion was found to be the main cause of habitat degradation in the north , but overgrazing and uncontrolled bushfires were more important in the south ( borghesio
. rates of illegal logging and agricultural expansions are increasing in the sede and lela lemu area , and rates of habitat destruction will likely increase with the upgrading of the road system to support the expansion of the mining industry ( l . borghesio
2016 ) . the road from kibre mengist to negele is being tarmacked and this will cause an expansion of human activities , while there are already large mines south of shakiso ( l . borghesio
. however , the area is wet enough to support coffee , which will likely result in increased settlement ( l . borghesio
. the capture of adult birds is likely to be for the cagebird trade and appears to be only a minor threat ( l . borghesio
. initiate a scheme for monitoring its distribution and population . evaluate its habitat requirements in more detail . investigate the importance of its seasonal use of woodlands . carry out surveys in the wet season ( april - may ) , when it is more evenly distributed across its range ( borghesio
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
because of its loud , raucous
haa - haa - haa - haa
call , the wattled ibis is easily recognized even from some distance away . a flock of these ibises rising or flying overhead becomes especially noisy and obvious . in flight a white patch shows on the upper surface of the ibis ' wing , and at close range its tliroat wattle is visible . these two diagnostic features distinguish the wattled ibis from the closely related hadada ibis ( bostrychia hagedavli ) , which also occurs in ethiopia .
the blue - winged goose inhabits plateau marshes , streams and damp grasslands from about 1800 meters ( 6000 feet ) upward . pairs or small parties of three to five of these geese are common and easily seen at high elevations in small stream valleys and in pools and marshes in the moorlands where giant lobelia , alchemilla and tussock grass predominate and where they nest in march , april , june and september . during the big rains of july , august and september blue - winged geese flock in groups that may include 50 to 100 or more individuals which at this time probably undergo molt , losing the flight feathers . in the big rains the flocks also move to lower elevations of the plateau : for example , in one day in august 165 individuals were counted at gafersa reservoir , some 20 kilometers west of addis ababa .
the goose has a peculiar habit , whether standing or walking , of resting its neck on its back . indeed this posture together with the comparatively dull body color and bluish wing - patches are useful marks for identifying the species . another characteristic habit of the goose can be observed during pair formation when the male struts around the female , his head bent over his back , and his bill pointed skywards or even behind him , exposing his blue wing patch and uttering a rapidly repeated soft , barely audible whistle , a
wnee - whu - whu - whu - whu - whu - whu - whu
. parties of this goose , like other geese , station sentinels at the periphery of the flock . an alarmed goose produces a soft
whew - whu - whu - wliu
and , when forced into flight , a rather nasal bark , a
penk , penk - penk
, uttered at take - off but not in flight .
studies of captive blue - winged geese suggest that they are largely active at night , which perhaps explain why so little is known about the species . this goose lays four to seven cream - colored eggs ; the nestling is largely black with various silvery - white markings above , silvery - white below ; the immature is similar to but duller than the adult . in total numbers the blue - winged goose seems to be one of the least numerous of any species of goose in the world . in africa it is unique : its closest living relative lives in south america .
majoir r . e . cheesman , who obtained the 1927 and the 1930 the specimens , observed that the local people around bichana knew the species
and considered it the best table bird of the francolin family
. in fact , the bichana specimen was presented to him by the leader of the area to be eaten ; cheesman thought the live animal was not from bichana but was captured alive in the lower altitudes of the blue nile valley and brought to him .
hardly anything is known about this plover . for example , the nest and eggs have only recently been described : the nest , a shallow scrape within a patch of grass and moss in the giant lobelia moorlands with small lakes , contained four eggs that were brownish - blue to smoke - grey and heavily marked with black . the plover is known to breed in april in the bale mountains and in august in shoa region . other aspects of its life history are unrecorded . although locally common , it is one of the least studied plovers in the world .
the white - collared pigeon - unmistakable with its uniform greyish color , white collar patch and , in flight , white on the wings is the dominant pigeon on the plateau above 2 , 400 meters ( 8 , 000 feet ) . it mainly inhabits rugged areas of the western and southeastern highlands , especially cliffs and escarpments , but it is also a common feature of many plateau villages and towns where it lives in association with churches and other large buildings . it also frequents bridges on the highways and roads of the plateau .
a regular occurrence on the plateau in the morning is the movement of white - collared pigeons from their roosting sites on the cliffs to grain fields where they feed ; occasionally a flock of several hundred individuals may visit these fields . in the bale mountains the pigeons roost at the higher elevations of up to 3 , 800 ( 12 , 500 feet ) in flocks and in meters the morning fly to lower elevations to feed . in the semien mountains they roost usually on the lower levels of the cliffs at about 2100 meters ( 7 , 000 feet ) and every morning slowly spiral up to the tops of the cliffs at 3 , 200 - 4 , 400 meters ( 10 , 500 - 14 , 500 feet ) before moving inland to feed . in late afternoon they either remain inland and roost in trees , or they return to the cliffs where they hurtle themselves over the edge and , passing within a few meters of the cliff - face , fly at very high speeds to their roosting sites hundreds of feet below .
the black - winged lovebird is the common , small green parrot of the ethiopian plateau . it is widely distributed from about 1 , 500 - 3 , 200m . ( 5 , 000 - 10 , 500 feet ) in the western and southeastern highlands and in the rift valley in forests and woodlands of hagenia , juniper , podocarpus , olive , acacia , candelabra euphorbia , combretum and fig . it commonly visits gardens , especially with seeding trees in addis ababa . the lovebird flies in noisy flocks which number usually five to ten individuals although as many as 50 to 80 individuals may be present . it flies swiftly and makes sharp turns at high speeds ; it moves its wings in quick , short flaps , the black under the wings being obvious then . both sexes have a large bright red bill ; the male has a red forehead , the female and immature do not .
although the behavior of captive black - winged lovebirds has been documented in detail , no study of this species has been done under natural conditions . in captivity the lovebird is a sociable creature : a pair regularly stands as close together as possible . the two birds at times bounce their heads and necks up and down and move around in small circles : they may do this several times before they stop and press their bodies together again . the lovebird walks ; it does not hop . under natural conditions it has been observed to feed on juniper berries , figs and seeds . at night the birds sleep in holes in trees . it has a shrill twittering call and , in flight , a sharp whistle .
amazingly , only one record of the nest and eggs of the lovebird has been documented : around 1900 one egg was obtained in april from a hole in a tree ; the size and color of the eggs , details of the nest and the kind of tree were not recorded . recent observations on pairing behavior and activities associated with nesting indicate that this species is a solitary nester , doing so probably from march through november .
the little - known banded barbet is very widely distributed throughout ethiopia between 300 and 2400 meters ( 1000 - 8000 feet ) . although the numbers and abundance of this species have not been determined , it seems to vary from being uncommon in the north west and cast to locally common elsewhere in the country , living singly or in pairs in trees near water .
it has been reported to eat insects ( beetles ) and the fruit of fig trees . the barbet has been described also to hawk insects like a flycatcher and to hang from a branch up side down like a tit . its call notes are metallic and it produces also a
gr - gr - grgrgr . . .
in rising tempo . the barbet has been reported to nest in a hole in a branch of a tree or in a tree or in a stump : the time of nesting and the eggs have not been described .
the golden - backed woodpecker , is a very uncommon , not often seen endemic of the ethiopian highlands from about 1 , 500 to 2 , 400 meters ( 5 , 000 - 8 , 000 feet ) , although it has been seen up to approximately 3 , 200 meters ( 10 , 500 feet ) .
it lives in western and southeastern highlands in forests , woodlands and savannas and seems to be more uncommon in the northern than in the southern parts of the country . it has been reported to haunt especially candelabra euphorbias , junipers and figs . the male golden - backed woodpecker has a green unbarred back and bright red crown , nape , rump and upper tall coverts . the crown and nape of the female are ash brown , not bright red .
the woodpecker has been reported to breed from february - may and possibly in december . no information , however , is available on its nest , nesting habits , numbers or food . very little is known about this species .
the white - tailed swallow was first introduced to science in 1942 when c . w . bensoii reported it in southern ethiopia from yabelo to mega in short grass savana with small acacia thorn bush .
this endemic , related to the pied - winged swallow ( hirundo leucosom a ) of western africa and the pearl - breasted swallow ( h . diniidiata ) of southern africa , is common but restricted to an area of about 4850 square kilometers ( 3000 square miles ) between 1200 and 1350 meters ( 4000 - 4500 feet ) . this restriction has baffled scientists because there is no obvious explanation , particularly no natural barriers or boundaries which mark off the area , for such a limited distribution . in recent years there have been reports of the swallow in the addis ababa area . studies of this species in the future may show that its distribution is not so limited as thought .
the species is unique among swallows in having the greater part of the tail white ; the white is very conspicuous in flight . the white - tailed swallow is thought to be a sedentary species , remaining mainly in its home range . it is not associated with human habitation . c . w . benson suggested that this swallow may build its nest in january and february in holes in the tail chimney - shaped ant hills common in the area . the nest , however , has not been discovered .
the abyssinian long - claw - very similar in both appearance and behavior to the yellow - throated long - claw ( macronyx croceus ) of other parts of africa - is a common grassland bird of the western and south eastern highlands except in the extreme north where it does not occur .
like other long - claws , this ethiopian endemic inhabits grasslands and has plumage markings similar to those of meadowlarks of north and south america ( passerine birds that are not related to long - claws ) . the abyssinian long - claw occurs largely between 1 , 200 and 3 , 050 meters ( 4 , 000 - 10 , 000 feet ) but occasionally reaches the grassland moorlands up to 4100 meters ( 13 , 500 feet ) ; it is most common between 1 , 800 and 2 , 750 meters ( 6 , 000 - 9 , 000 feet ) .
living singly or in pairs , this long - claw is usually seen sitting on a lump of dirt , a rock , a small bush or a fence . its black necklace and saffron throat and neck are especially obvious when it sits . considered to be
tame and friendly
, when breeding , it nests in february , june , july and august . its nest is a cup - like structure raised slightly above the ground and lined with various grass fibers . the eggs , two or three in number , are glossy , pale greenish - white and flecked with dull brown . it makes
a clear trilling little song from a perch or on tile wine , and a piping call note
.
the white - winged cliff - chat is a bird which is locally frequent to common in the highlands of most of ethiopia where it lives in gorges , on cliffs , on scrubby mountain - sides and in open country among rocks and grasslands ; it is uncommon in the north in eritrea .
the chat occurs usually above 2000 meters ( 6500 feet ) and rarely below 1500 meters ( 5000 feet ) . its preferred habitat in the country varies . for example , in eritrea the white - winged cliff - chat lives on rocks and in mountain gorges from 1800 to 2400 meters ( 6000 - 8000 feet ) . in the south in sidamo it occurs slightly lower between 1500 and 1800 meters ( 5000 - 6000 feet ) in hilly downland rather than rocky country .
mainly black and chestnut in color , both sexes of this chat can be readily distinguished when flying by the white patch on the wings ( basal part of primaries ) . the male cliff - chat ( myrmecocicha cinnamomeiventris ) , similar in appearance to the white - winged cliff - chat , has a white shoulder patch but not the white wing patch : in flight the wings of this species are glossy blue - black . the female white - winged cliff - chat is not so strongly colored as the male ; her plumage , especially underneath , is more brownish in color . the young bird is brownish - black , spotted above and below with dark buff , like its parents , it too has the distinguishing white wing patch .
the white - winged cliff - chat nests during the rains in june , july and august . its nest is a compact structure of grass stems and mosses usually placed in a crevice of a rock . the chat is occasionally associated with human settlements where it has been known to nest in holes in stone walls . its eggs are usually three in number , glossy , white or greenish - white , and speckled with fine pale rust color . its food is undocumented : immatures , however , have been seen in addis ababa in the rains feeding on recently emerged termites . it has a
modulated flute - like song
.
it is found as far north as the semien mountains , it does not occur in eritrea . the catbird is a resident garden bird of plateau cities ; for example , it is a regular inhabitant in addis ababa in gardens with large trees , for instance , embassies , hotels and many private compounds .
one usually first notices the catbird when it sings . the birds , which appear to be territorial , are intense singers in the rains when a male and a female often duet persistently . the male , stretching his neck skyward and holding his wings out at the bend , vigorously produces a long clear ringing song : the female answers with a churring or purring note . because the little - known catbird lives in dense parts of thickets , it is sometimes difficult to see . distinguishing features are its general greyish , color , dirty , white forehead and chestnut belly and undertail coverts .
the classification of the catbird is not well understood : it may be a flycatcher or a babbler . recent evidence , based on plumage characters , indicates that the abyssinian catbird is a babbler whose nearest relative may be the bush blackcap , also called blackcap babbler
the whlte - backed black tit , wholly black with a whitish mantle , is found in woodlands , thickets and forests in the western and southeastern highlands from 1800 - 3500 meters ( 6000 - 11 , 500 feet ) .
it is locally frequent to occasionally common except in eritrea , where it is uncommon . one usually notices first its typical tit - like call , it is seen in small parties or in pairs , in trees or bushes especially along small stream valleys in the wooded areas high up on the plateau . its habits have not been recorded . it may nest in january ; its nest and eggs are not described . it is indeed litt
the habits of the yellow - throated seed - eater are unknown . its nest and eggs are undescribed . most ornithological references maintain that , until the yellow - throated seed - eater is better known , it should be considered a separate species . it is on this basis that the bird is included here and therefore is considered to be another species found only in ethiopia .
the male black - headed siskin is the only yellow finch with a black head in the highlands of ethiopia . the female is similar but her head and neck are dull olive green with some black present oil the top and sides of head , chin and throat .
it breeds in the higher levels of the plateau in bushes and low trees in may , june , september , october and november . its nest is a well - made , compact , deep cup - like structure fitted with moss , lichens , stems and small roots . its eggs , two or three in number , are bluish - white with a few brown spots .
the white - billed starling is frequent to locally abundant in the western and southeastern highlands , being most common in the north . widely distributed in the country , it usually lives in association with cliffs and gorges near waterfalls . it also inhabits moorlands with giant lobelia , alchemilla , tussock grass and giant heath and highland grasslands : it rarely travels below 1800 meters ( 6000 feet ) .
its square tail and white bill distinguish the white - billed starling from other red - wing / chestnut - wing starlings . it feeds on the fruits of juniper and fig trees often in groups of five to 40 non - breeding birds . it nests in june in eritrea in crannies high up on sheer cliffs , sometimes in association with the white - collared pigeon .
the distribution , numbers , time of nesting and life history of the black - headed forest oriole are not clearly understood because of the difficulty of distinguishing it from the black - headed oriole ( oriolus larvatus ) . the two are separable by the color of parts of wings feathers , features that are not easy to see in the field .
the outer margins of the flight feathers ( primaries ) and the outer secondaries of the forest oriole are grey ; the inner secondaries , mainly olivaceous - yellow , are edged in grey on the inner webs .
the outer margins of the primaries and outer secondaries of the black - headed oriole are white ; the inner secondaries , mainly black , are edged in pale yellow on the outer webs . in the field the two species are partially separable by habitats , the haunts of each differing somewhat . the black - headed forest oriole inhabits evergreen forest ( olive , podocarpus ) and juniper woods of the highlands ; it is absent in lowland dry acacia thorn scrub country . the black - headed oriole lives in the lowland dry acacia thorn scrub country and the juniper woods of the highlands ; it does not inhabit the highland evergreen forest .
the black - headed forest oriole occurs in the western and southeastern highlands , the rift valley and southern ethiopia from about 1200 - 3200 meters ( 4000 - 10 , 500 feet ) . it is frequent in the north , common to abundant in the south . it breeds in august and possibly july . it has three calls : a rich and loud
li
, a harsh
skaa - skaa
and three or four liquid whistling notes slurred together . the nest , eggs and other aspect of its life history have not been described .
this species ' distribution to the north and south is limited probably by elevation and consequent change in habitat : in the north the land be - comes higher and mountainous , in the south , lower and more open . the areas to the east and west of its present distribution are of similar elevation and include park - land acacia country of the type that it is found in ; yet the bush - crow does not occur in either area . this phenomenon has fascinated scientists ever since the species was discovered .
the bush - crow looks somewhat like a starling . even its nest , is starling - like . it also associates with starlings , like the white - crowned starling ( spreo albicapillus ) ; mixed parties of the two are not uncomrnon in the yabelo - area . yet the curved bill , the bristles which extend well over the nostrils and the bare area around the eyes suggest that the bush - crow is not a starling but a member of the crow family , probably related to choughs ( pyrrhocorax sp . ) .
of east and south africa , is a bird which is common to abundant from about 1200 to at least 4100 meters ( 4000 . 13 , 500
it is especially abundant at higher elevations where it is obvious and sometimes bold around camps , villages and cities including addis ababa .
it is a frequent and persistent visitor to camps of travelers , where it scavenges for scraps including those in ashes of camp fires . this raven accompanies lammergeiers ( gypaettus barbatus ) when they drop bones and will steal from them if given a chance . ravens sometimes also kill small rodents out on the open moorlands and grasslands and , by holding the huge arched bill up - side - down scatter dung to obtain insects . they feed on grain where
whole corners of the field ( have ) been cleared by them .
the thick - billed raven is easily recognized by the large curved , white - tipped bill and the white nape at the top of the neck . in flight , its neck extends forward , giving the raven a somewhat hornbill - like appearance . they are excellent fliers and soarers , often performing in formation along sheer cliff - faces . two birds may give magnificent aerial displays , occasionally clenching feet and descending together for some 200 meters or so .
they nest in december , january and february on rocks and high up in trees . details of the nest are unknown , as are the eggs . although they usually live in pairs and are territorial , they sometimes congregate in parties of four to ten individuals . during courtship , the male feeds the female . he finds a morsel of food , then flies with it to a branch where he sits and calls his partner . she comes to him and flutters her wings , after which he feeds her . during this ceremony , the two birds produce hoarse gurgling and choking noises . their typical call note , however , is a throaty
phlurk - phlurk
which has been described also as harsh and guttural or as a croak , which sounds as if the bird had
lost its voice
and was suffering from a
sore throat
.
this arboreal bird mainly feeds on fruits , with figs ( ficus ) , juniperus procera and podocarpus gracilior being the main food plants ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
arboreal lives in trees . coverts small feathers concealing the bases of larger primary feathers , usually on the wings or tail . hybridisation cross - breeding with a different species .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1997 ) handbook of the birds of the world – sandgrouse to cuckoos . vol . 4 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
fran trabalon av / venezuela 10 . 6a tel : 0034 972 26 04 69 zagros . fran @ urltoken urltoken
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
no flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .
josep del hoyo , mkennewell , ron hoff , keith blomerley , keith and lynn youngs .
ian fulton , jacqueserard , nik borrow , morten venas , guy poisson , ken havard , phil kindermann , christian boix hinzen , fran trabalon , rainer . marius , krzysztof blachowiak , hector ceballos - lascurain , markus lilje , josep del hoyo , paul van giersbergen , lars petersson .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tauraco ruspolii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
am in proud possession of a feather , given to me by merid , my guide during a recent visit to ethiopia . at first it doesn ' t look all that special : until , that is , you turn it towards the light , when it glows a deep crimson colour .
after a few minutes searching , a shout went up and we raced over , binoculars at the ready . and there it was , perched on top of an acacia : a vision of moss - green , with a bizarre blonde punk hairdo , looking remarkably like chris packham in his younger days .
i only returned from ethiopia a short while ago , but already the wonderful places , birds and other wild animals i saw are fading in my memory . but i still have a vision of this splendid creature , with its strange and poignant history . and if i need reminding of its beauty , i need only to pick up that feather , turn it towards the light , and watch it glow .
© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
cites ii : endangered , but more numerous than once thought . its range is restricted and subject to deforestation and degradation .
doesn’t show your resolution : use the nearest option and then select ‘stretch’ in display properties .
or if you want to save a wallpaper on your hard disk click right mouse button and select “save picture as” .
then join the brand new rockjumper go club ! there is no charge to join and you will receive monthly updates on guaranteed tours and special last minute discounts , some of them exclusively available to go club members only .
sign up now and discover more . [ / vc _ column _ text ] [ / vc _ column ] [ vc _ column width = ”1 / 2″ ] [ vc _ empty _ space ]
when you share your personal data with us , we treat it with care and take the responsibility to protect it very seriously . your data will never be distributed to 3rd parties . we want you to know exactly how our service works , and why we need your registration details . please state that you have read , understand and accept our privacy policy before you continue .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 803 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
have you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .
© 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15
has hybridized in the wild with nominate race of t . leucotis # r . monotypic .
c . 40 cm ; 200–290 g . adult has forehead and front of crest covering nostrils greenish grey ; rest of rounded bushy crest ( feathers 40 mm long ) is greyish white , rose - . . .
primarily fruit , with figs ( ficus ) , juniperus procera and podocarpus gracilior as main food plants .
no definite information available . recently reported by local people to breed dec–feb near genale r ( sidamo province ) ; investigation . . .
believed to undertake regular short - range movements from wetter juniper forests and their margins . . .
vulnerable . cites ii . previously considered endangered . although listed as being a globally endangered species , with its survival threatened by continuing degradation and . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !