caridina cf. spongicola is a small species of freshwater shrimp from sulawesi ( indonesia ) that grows up to 0.65 centimetres ( 0.26 in ) to 1.27 centimetres ( 0.50 in ) in length .

it takes its name from the fact that it lives and feeds off freshwater sponges that live in the lakes of sulawesi .

it is popularly known as the ' harlequin shrimp , and also sometimes ' celebes beauty shrimp ' or ' sponge shrimp ' in the aquarium trade .

caridina spongicola

i found out that what i ' ve been calling caridina spongicola isn ' t even spongicola but rather caridina woltereckae . distributors sell them under the name spongicola . woltereckae is the one you folks commonly see when you google spongicola in google images . true spongicola isn ' t as colorful . the image on planet inverts is woltereckae .
caridina spongicola and caridina woltereckae are two species that are very often confused and mislabelled . although similar , these species can be differentiated .
caridina spongicola ( celebes beauty ) , caridina striata ( red line bee ) 200 * 500 * 350 ph 7 . 9 gh 7 28℃
zitzler k , cai yx . caridina spongicola , new species , a freshwater shrimp ( crustacea : decapoda : atyidae ) from the ancient malili lake system of sulawesi , indonesia .
explaining caridina shrimp genetics . mischlings , golden bee , crystal red , & blue bolt breeding
caridina h . milne edwards , 1837 [ in h . milne edwards , 1834 - 1840 ]
zitzler k , cai yx ( 2006 ) caridina spongicola , new species , a freshwater shrimp ( crustacea : decapoda : atyidae ) from the ancient malili lake system of sulawesi , indonesia . raffles bulletin of zoology 54 : 271–276 .
below are images of the two species for comparison . the first image is of c . spongicola and the second is of c . woltereckae
zitzler , k . & cai , y . ( 2006 ) caridina spongicola , new species , a freshwater shrimp ( crustacea : decapoda : atyidae ) from the ancient malili lake system of sulawesi , indonesia . the raffles bulletin of zoology , 54 , 271–276 .
below are images of the two species for comparison . the first image is of c . spongicola and the second is of c . woltereckae .
zitzler , k . & y . cai , 2006 . caridina spongicola , new species , a freshwater shrimp ( crustacea : decapoda : atyidae ) from the ancient malili lake system of sulawesi , indonesia . — raffles bulletin of zoology 54 : 271 - 276 . [ details ]
sample size , offspring stage and number of sires in 20 broods of caridina ensifera blue inferred using gerud and colony software * .
roux , j . ( 1904 ) décapodes d´eau douce de celebes ( genres caridina et potamon ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 12 , 539–572 .
de man , j . g . ( 1904 ) on caridina nilotica ( roux ) and its varieties . records of the indian museum , 2 , 255–283 .
fryer , g . ( 1960 ) the feeding mechanisms of some atyid prawns of the genus caridina . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh 64 , 217–44 .
very nice but small shrimp with wine - red and white stripes , going horizontally and vertically . dont confound this shrimp with caridina woltarecke , which looks very similar .
die aus sulawesi ( lake towuti ) stammende harlekingarnele ist eine rarität unter den zwerggarnelen . caridina woltereckae mag etwas wärmeres wasser über 25°c . früher wurde diese art fälschlich als die sehr ähnlich aussehende caridina spongicola bezeichnet , welche in symbiose mit einem süßwasserschwamm lebt . durch die sehr interessanten farben und der körperzeichnung ist sie sehr begehrt bei garnelenliebhabern . die harlekingarnele lebt und vermehrt sich komplett im süßwasser . unter dieser bezeichnung ( engl . harlequin shrimp ) gibt es auch eine meerwassergarnele . erfahrene aquarianer benutzen daher meistens die lateinischen bezeichnungen , um verwirrungen vorzubeugen .
the objectives of this study were to reveal ecological preferences and distribution of all species of caridina found in lake lindu and their catchment area . specimens from 39 sampling sites were caught using tray net and hand net . there are three species of caridina found in the lake system , i . e . caridina linduensis , caridina kaili and caridina dali . there is no overlapping distribution among the species . caridina kaili is a true riverine species and it is never encountered sympatric with c . dali nor c . linduensis . this species is abundant in streams and ditches with moderate flow running water and gravel–cobble substrate . it is mainly spread within streams west to the lake . both c . dali and c . linduensis can be found in the lake and streams with very slow current to almost stagnant water , muddy sand substrate and associated with roots of water plants and leaf litter . however , c . dali is never occurred together with c . linduensis and they are less abundant compare to c . kaili . distribution of caridina spp . in lake lindu is probably affected by the temperature of their habitats and the occurrence of introduced fish such as mozambique tilapia ( oreochromis mossambicus ) , common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) , and an alien riceland prawn ( macrobrachium lanchesteri ) . these introduced and alien species can have the potency to become predators or competitors for the caridina spp . it is also the first record for m . lanchesteri present in lake lindu .
the two atyid shrimp species caridina buehleri and caridina appendiculata have not been reported since their first description many years ago . based on new material from the luwuk peninsula in central sulawesi , indonesia , we here redescribe these poorly known species and provide a discussion of their taxonomic status . in addition , we give a brief review of the atyid shrimp known from sulawesi .
citation : yue gh , chang a ( 2010 ) molecular evidence for high frequency of multiple paternity in a freshwater shrimp species caridina ensifera . plos one 5 ( 9 ) : e12721 . urltoken
moreover , the scientific name for the cardinal shrimp is caridina dennerli . i ' m going to start using scientific names now so my brain can absorb it and i can learn new species .
cardinals came in fine , spongicola on the other hand is another story . lost 12 spongicolas right off the bat , very unfortunate but at least i still have 8 . one of them came in berried too , so crossing my fingers !
rintelen k , rintelen t , glaubrecht m . molecular phylogeny and diversification of freshwater shrimps ( decapoda , atyidae , caridina ) from ancient lake poso ( sulawesi , indonesia ) —the importance of being colourful .
gurney , a . r . ( 1984 ) freshwater shrimps genera caridina and parisia ( decapoda : caridea : atyidae ) from madagascar , with description of four new species . journal of natural history , 18 , 567–590 .
woltereck , e . ( 1937a ) systematisch - variationsanalytische untersuchungen über die rassen - und artbildung bei süßwassergarnelen aus der gattung caridina ( decapoda , atyide ) . internationale revue der gesamten hydrobiologie und hydrographie , 34 , 208–262 .
it appears that the new ‘blue poso’ shrimp is indeed caridina longidigita . to avoid any further confusion , i will be changing all references to c . caerulea to ‘blue morphe’ shrimp within my blog articles and further posts .
this shrimp was found in the sulawesi , indonesia expedition . it is endemic to lake towuti in the malili lake system . in the wild it is found on and sometimes dwelling inside the oscula of an undescribed freshwater sponge of the suborder spongillina that grows in lake towuti . caridina spongicola is herbivorous in nature , will graze constantly around the tank . they prefer a well planted tank , and moss or riccia will provide them with a snack . they are constant grazers on algae but if this is lacking in the tank supply them with algae wafers or a crushed flake , or shrimp pellets . caridina spongicola has very unique coloration and marking . it is the smallest of all of the recently discovered sulawesi shrimp . it is also extremely shy until it is comfortable with its new environment . once it is acclimated to the aquarium it will come out more and its colors will really show . once this species becomes acclimated and does not fear predators it will come out in plain site . it is fine companion to most community life .
c . spongicola is generally smaller than c . woltereckae , with a shorter rostrum . the rostrum of the second species extends beyond the scaphocerite , whereas it does not in the first . c . woltereckae also has more striking colouration , with stronger purple - red and more thick white . a less practical , yet reliable , way of differentiating between the species is by the number of eggs the female carries . in c . spongicola , the female typically carries between 12 and 18 eggs , whereas in c . woltereckae this number is typically between 19 and 29 .
the harlequin shrimp is a unique species as far as its environment . it actually lives and eats off of the freshwater sponges that exist in the lake . that is why it was given the name caridina spongicola . it was originally thought that the harlequin shrimp would need these sponges in order to survive , but that is not true . it used the sponges to feed off of the algae or particle found in the sponge , basically cleaning it . captive feeding of this species without the sponge is fine and the shrimp will survive .
jalihal , d . r . & shenoy , s . ( 1998 ) taxonomic revision of some indian prawn species of genus caridina h . milne edward , 1837 ( atyidae ) . proceedings and abstracts of the fourth international crustacean congress , 128–129 .
rintelen k , rintelen t , glaubrecht m ( 2007 ) molecular phylogeny and diversification of freshwater shrimps ( decapoda , atyidae , caridina ) from ancient lake poso ( sulawesi , indonesia ) —the importance of being colourful . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 45 : 1033–1041 .
harlequin shrimp origin is sulawesi , one of the islands in indonesia . it is one of the many lakes in sulawesi where harlequin shrimp is caught . it lives and feeds on the freshwater sponges in the lakes . due to this reason the shrimp was named ‘caridina spongicola’ . at first it was thought that the harlequin shrimp could not survive without these sponges but it was later discovered that this was not really true . it uses the sponges to eat off the particles and algae in them , basically cleaning it . this shrimp species will still survive when feeding without the sponge .
both species are endemic to lake towuti of sulawesi , indonesia . however , c . spongicola has so far only been found in the outlet bay , whereas c . woltereckae is widely distributed within the lake . this is presumably due to their ecological niches . c . spongicola appears to be in symbiosis with an undescribed species of sponge which occurs only in the outlet bay of lake towuti , thus restricting the distribution of this specialised species . the shrimp does not appear to feed on the sponge itself , and so it is not a parasitic relationship , but rather a commensalistic or mutualistic relationship . on the other hand c . woltereckae is a typical hard substrate dweller .
beautiful creature ! ! ! ! maybe they should try breeding the spongicola with other types of caridinia shrimp ! ! ! you might not know what you will get by mixing these shrimp ! ! ! i personally love mixing different types of cockatiel . . wonder if these work on shrimps ! ! ! ! cheers for the new discovery ! ! !
hussein , m . a . & obuid - allah , a . h . ( 1992 ) anatomical studies on the reproductive and digestive systems of the freshwater prawn caridina nilotica nilotica collected from egypt . journal of the egyptian - german society of zoology , d , invertebrate zoology & parasitology , 53–71 .
on a brighter note , i had a surprise today ! my local aquatics store had a very rare species in stock , the malili fire shrimp [ caridina cf . spinata ] . there were only 2 left , which i bought with excitement . let’s hope they survive and are a male and a female !
people have started breeding the cardinal shrimp . harlequins . . . not so much , but i do believe there are some people out there who have been able to achieve that . they ' re tiny , real tiny ! very slender in shape , it ' s really different from the neocaridina and caridina sp . most of us are used to .
they ' ve been in the tank for eight hours now ( 8 hours from this post ' s time ) . no deaths so far , even from the spongicola . so i ' m crossing my fingers that they ' ll be okay for now . . . i ' ve been reading and reading about how people keep getting their sulawesi shrimp killed . but i dunno , i ' m kind of praying for some beginner ' s ( in sulawesi shrimp ) luck .
molecular genetic analyses of parentage provide insights into mating systems . although there are 22 , 000 members in malacostraca , not much has been known about mating systems in malacostraca . the freshwater shrimp caridina ensifera blue , is a new species belonging to malacostraca which was discovered recently in sulawesi , indonesia . due to its small body size and low fecundity , this species is an ideal species to study the occurrence and frequency of multiple paternity and to understand of how the low fecundity species persist and evolve .
the average brood size in c . ensifera blue was only 15 . 65±1 . 65 . similar low number of offspring has been reported in other endemic atyid shrimp species : c . longidigita [ 46 ] and c . spongicola [ 47 ] in sulawesi . the brood size of c . ensifera blue is much smaller than that of most freshwater shrimp species [ 48 ] , indicating that low fecundity is a reproductive characteristic of the endemic atyid shrimp species in sulawesi . the low number of offspring may be related to the small body size of c . ensifera blue . low fecundity could lead this species more vulnerable to catching pressure and climate change . in shrimp species , usually females take care of the offspring by carrying them until hatching . in this study , we found all offspring attached to the females were the offspring of the mothers . this extended mother care might be important for the survival of offspring . high survival rate of offspring is especially important for low fecundity species for persistence and adaption to environmental change because any loss of offspring could reduce the potential for retaining evolutionary potential .
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information on this very popular shrimp . its name comes from takashi amano , the creator of ada , who used these shrimp for algae eating purposes . it cannot breed in pure freshwater .
information on this wild caught species which is a filter feeder . it is very common to find in most pet stores and online . it is not possible to breed this species in pure freshwater .
information on this elusive all black color variation of the common tiger shrimp . its all black coloration is from selective breeding to widen the black stripes of the common tiger shrimp .
information on this newly introduced species to the hobby . not much is known and they are caught in the wild . captive breeding is possible .
information on this beautiful blue colored species of the wild n . zhangjiajiensis shrimp .
information on this blue coloration variation on the common tiger shrimp . it is expensive and sometimes hard to find .
information on this variation on the common tiger shrimp . easy to keep and a beautiful shrimp
information on the very popular shrimp from sulawesi indonesia . its colors are awesome .
information on this extremely popular , difficult , expensive , and complex shrimp species . selectively bred for coloration and other features .
information on this beautiful dark green colored shrimp . its eggs are a nice lime green which really make this shrimp stand out . its true scientic name and genus are in question .
information on this wild caught and extremely cheap freshwater shrimp . it carries many different names and can be found in most pet stores . it is considered a feeder shrimp for freshwater aquarium fish .
information on this all white relative of the crystal red shrimp , bee shrimp , orange bee shrimp and others . it is nicely colored but little is known as to its origin .
information on this wild caught grandfather of the selectively bred species red cherry shrimp and yellow shrimp . there may be other selectively bred color variations unknown to the hobby at the moment .
information on this wild species and the grandfather of the crystal red shrimp , bee shrimp and others . can be rare and hard to find .
information on this wild caught species . unfortunately it cannot breed in pure freshwater and has slowly disappeared from the hobby as a result .
information on the most common and most popular shrimp in the hobby . this is the ultimate beginners shrimp and most hobbyists begin with this species before venturing into more difficult / expensive shrimp .
this is a variant of the red cherry shrimp , it is bred for a deep red color and has several grades .
information on this red color variation of the common tiger shrimp . this color variation is apparently found in the wild and not selectively bred .
information on this very rare and almost impossible to find shrimp in the hobby . hopefully it will someday become more available .
information on this beautiful all white selectively bred shrimp . its name comes from its eggs which are all white resembling snowballs .
a gallery of photos of many different kinds of sulawesi shrimp from indonesia . newly introduced to the hobby in late 2007 .
information on this somewhat common shrimp . it is the less rare variation than its cousins : blue tiger , red tiger , golden eye and others .
information on this elusive and very rare species of bee shrimp . it is definitely a cool looking shrimp .
information on this selectively bred shrimp from the wild n . heteropoda species . it breeds very well .
information on care and breeding of this popular crayfish species which comes in several different colors .
information of the most common snail found in pet stores , the apple snail . are they good or bad for a shrimp tank ?
information on the common malaysian trumpet snail . they are great for all aquariums given several reasons .
information on the common pond snail . they are not bad snails and are in fact good for any kind of tank especially shrimp - only tanks .
photos of the various species of sulawesi snails . there are more species than are pictured as well .
species info on care and breeding of this non - crab , non - shrimp creature .
information on the unwelcomed hydra in the freshwater aquarium including ways to prevent and remove them .
information on this wild species and the many selectively bred color morphs that have evolved from it .
information on how to successfully pack shrimp for a wintertime shipment . keeping the shrimp warm is very important .
a rare photographic glimpse of a baby red cherry shrimp hatching from an egg .
information on how to successfully hatch isolated eggs . great method if you have a pregnant female die who has eggs .
information on how to successfully breed shrimp that require soft water . tips and advice from user kenshin .
information on how the babaulti shrimp variety is commonly mislabeled as different types of shrimp which vary in color . good to know .
information on grading the crystal red shrimp . includes information on how to identify specific features and what makes the grade .
a how - to for making a homemade shrimp trap . instead of chasing your shrimp with a net , let them do the work themselves .
an article about dosing fertilizers in a tank with shrimp . what is too much ? what will kill them ? is it ok ?
an experiment conducted to see if imported shrimp are naturally colored or dyed by the supplier . great article .
information regarding what tankmates are safe for shrimp and what will definitely eat your shrimp . very important .
information about setting up a new shrimp tank including details on exactly what should and shouldn ' t be used . great info for beginners .
general information about shipping inverts . proper packaging , insulation , heatpacks , etc . great info for all hobbyists .
information about using leaf litter in a shrimp tank . do shrimp do better with leaf litter ? what leaves to use ?
what is true and what is false about shrimp keeping and everything related to the hobby . there are a lot of false statements out there so it is important to quell them .
two journals on setting up a shrimp rack for keeping multiple tanks using smaller space . great tutorials with both journals by both ryan and pedro .
a journal on the expedition conducted by mimbon aquarium from germany . photos and information about sulawesi indonesia as well as underwater photos of the habitat .
great information by kenshin about changing the water during wintertime . you do not want very cold water to shock the shrimp . this is a great article for those in cold weather climates .
information on the many creatures found inside a tank including planaria , hydra , and many others . superb article by satu in finland .
information about what shrimp are ok to house together in the same tank , and which ones will interbreed creating a hybrid . great chart for easy comparision .
information about why it is better to ship young shrimp and why it is better to buy young shrimp vs adults . size is important when introducing shrimp to a new tank .
awesome macro photos by peter maquire . these are some of the best out there !
information for the newcomer to the hobby . how to start , what to use , what not to do .
what is it about shrimp thats makes the hobbyist love them so much ? great editorial .
quick tutorial on taking macro shots with a simple everyday camera and not professional equipment .
an editorial on why sometimes its best to let things stay the way they are .
information on this rapid multi - color changing
ninja
. many colors including black , red , brown , and more .
the harlequin shrimp is from sulawesi , indonesia and has very unique coloration and marking . it is the smallest of all of the recently discovered sulawesi shrimp . the harlequin shrimp is also extremely shy until it is comfortable with its new environment . once it is acclimated to the aquarium it will come out more and its colors will really show .
the harlequin shrimp is from sulawesi , indonesia . sulawesi is one of the islands encompassing the country of indonesia . the harlequin shrimp is caught in one of several lakes in sulawesi . i highly suggest that you read the article sulawesi expedition for detailed information on sulawesi as well as more information on is habitat . there are also underwater photos of the lake system itself .
as with all sulawesi shrimp it is highly recommended that you keep the harlequin shrimp in a temperature of at least 78f . anything lower can kill this species . it is also recommended that you keep this species in a tank with hard water and a ph of no less than 7 . 0 . most hobbyists set their sulawesi tanks with a ph oh 8 . 0 .
i am currently keeping the harlequin shrimp in the same tank with a few other species from sulawesi . the tank consists of ada amazonia substrate , a temperature of 84f and a ph of 7 . 0 . some have stated that the low ph of 7 . 0 due to the ada amazonia is not good for this species . right now i disagree . all of the sulawesi shrimp that i currently house are doing very well in this setup and so far even the babies are doing very well .
sexing of the harlequin shrimp is unknown . i do not know how you can tell the difference between the males and females . i have tried to read online about how to sex any of the sulawesi shrimp and apparently it is not yet known . perhaps as more time progresses it will be easier to sex these shrimp but right now it seems that all males and females have the exact same coloration . my guess is that the females may be a bit bigger than the males . if size is the only indicator than it may be difficult to sex them anyhow since the harlequin shrimp is small at adulthood .
i have had the harlequin shrimp produce babies and the babies seem to do ok . i was lucky to receive some pregnant harlequin shrimp from overseas . the pregnant ones from the wild hatched their eggs and now i have some baby harlequins . i hope to have them grow to adulthood and reproduce in pure captivity .
breeding is done in complete freshwater , not salt or brackish water is required whatsoever . there is also no larval stage . the adult females carry the eggs until they hatch , producing miniature shrimp . the females carry roughly 10 - 15 eggs . it takes approximately 20 - 30 days for the eggs to hatch . the babies immediately show the same color as the adults , just not as intense . i will update as time progresses . for more information on the reproduction cycle of freshwater aquarium shrimp please read the article shrimp reproduction .
the harlequin shrimp has a very distinct coloration . it has a mixture of three colors : black , red and white . these three colors offset each other very well and offer a very unique contrast . harlequin is an art style usually depicted in jesters or jokers from the middle ages . the name harlequin shrimp may very well have derived from the d . c . comic book character
harley quinn
who has very similar coloration . please visit this wikipedia page for more information on the harley quinn character . compare the photos of the character to the actual harlequin shrimp shown below .
as mentioned before , the harlequin shrimp can be a very shy species . it can hide in the shadows and sometimes not appear often . i attribute this behavior to the fact that the harlequin shrimp not being comfortable in its new environment , the aquarium . once this species becomes acclimated and does not fear predators it will come out in plain site . if you notice that your harlequin shrimp are frequently hiding then it is a sign that they need more time to get comfortable or that your tank parameters are not to its liking . it is very important that you have clean water and stick to the water parameters mentioned previously on this page .
i feed the sulawesi shrimp , including the harlequin shrimp , the same as i feed all of the other shrimp i keep . the occasional algae water and other invert food . it seems to prefer to eat at night as it mostly hangs out on the plants or substrate during the day . it prefers to be in the shade under cover of plants . i highly recommend feeding the harlequin shrimp when the lights are out . it will feel more comfortable and feed versus when the lights are on .
feeding is best done once a day . only feed an amount of food that the shrimp can finish within 2 - 3 hours maximum . it is not good to feed in excess and have food sitting for too long . overfeeding is a known cause of death and can also cause water quality issues . remember that shrimp are scavengers in the wild . they will eat whatever they find and are not used to a constant food source 24 / 7 . not feeding for one or two days is fine and will not harm this species at all . sometimes i will not feed for a couple of days in order to let the shrimp cleanse their systems and keep the water clean at the same time .
the origin of harlequin is sulawesi , indonesia and has exceptional coloration and markings . among the newly discovered sulawesi shrimp sulawesi shrimp is the smallest . it is therefore very shy until it becomes accustomed to the new environment . after it becomes adjusted to the aquarium , it starts revealing itself more and its colors will truly show .
the harlequin shrimp possess a very distinct coloration . it has a combination of three colors : black , red and white . the three colors counterbalance each other in a very outstanding way to provide a very unique contrast . harlequin is an art basically portrayed in the jesters and jokers from middle ages . surprisingly , the moniker “harlequin shrimp” is gotten from the d . c comic book character “harley quinn” , who has the same coloration .
it is highly recommended that the harlequin shrimp should be kept in a temperature of at least 78f which is the case with any other sulawesi shrimp . the shrimp will not survive in a temperature lower than this . it is also advisable that you keep the shrimp in a tank with hard water and the ph should not be lower than 7 . 0 .
it is impossible to tell between the male from the female harlequin shrimp . their sexing remains unknown . i have tried to check online for any ways that one can use to distinguish the sexes of the sulawesi shrimp and apparently there’s none . maybe as time progresses there will emerge an easier way to tell the females from the males but at the moment both sexes possess the exact same coloration and urltoken guess is that the females are a bit longer than the males . having the size as the only indicator however brings a challenge of sexing the harlequin shrimp anyhow since it is small when attaining adulthood .
harlequin shrimp breeds in complete freshwater . the process also has no larval stage . the adult female shrimp carry eggs until they are hatched and then they produce miniature shrimp . each female carries around 10 - 15 eggs and it takes roughly 20 - 30 days for the eggs to hatch . the offspring immediately exhibits the same coloration as the fully grown shrimp just that it’s not as intense . i will provide more information on this in the near future .
it is rare to find harlequin in the aquatic world . many breeders will not rare them due to their complexity in captivity and their low breeding rate . you may find a few places below who sell the freshwater harlequin sulawesi shrimp but their prices are pretty high owing to their rarity . ensure that you have some knowledge in shrimp keeping and have all your aquarium specs right before purchasing harlequin shrimp to acquire the best .
i ' m not the greatest writer in the world but i like to educate people on how to setup and maintain a beautiful shrimp tank that friends and family will be envious about . it ' s a great hobby and takes a bit of knowledge but once you get it down - it seriously beats looking at a screensaver of fishes !
looking to buy mr aqua 12 gallon long ? get the review before purchasing this unique 12 gallon tank to know if it ' s worth it .
does ada amazonia aquasoil stand above other substrates ? find out if ada aqua soil is right for you .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
endangered b1ab ( iii , v ) + 2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
de grave , s . , wowor , d . & klotz , w .
is endemic to lake towuti ( sulawesi ) , a small lake ( 561 . 1 km 2 ) which is a single location . potential impacts include pollution ( nickel mining ) , eutrophication and invasive species . the species is only found in the rocky substrate areas within lake towuti and is not found in any of the other lakes within the malili lake system . as such the species is considered endangered under criteria b1ab ( iii , v ) + 2ab ( iii , v ) .
is endemic to lake towuti in sulawesi ( von rintelen and cai 2009 ) .
has only been encountered in association with an unidentified species of freshwater sponge , which only occurs in the outlet bay of lake towuti .
current threats to the species are nickel mining ( specifically polluting danau matano , a close connected lake to towuti ) , introduced species ( nile perch and cyprinus carpio have been introduced to towuti ) and organic effluents from the rapidly expanding human population .
de grave , s . , wowor , d . & klotz , w . 2013 .
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to differentiate accurately and reliably , i suggest using the morphological difference in the length of the rostrum relative to the scaphocerite .
“the raffles bulletin of zoology 2009 57 ( 2 ) : 343 - 452 k . rintelen y . cai” :
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de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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endemic species which lives in symbiosis with a sponge and will not survive without . ( further reading : von rintelen , k . , von rintelen , t . , meixner , m . , lüter , c . , cai . y . & glaubrecht , m . ( 2007 ) . freshwater shrimp - sponge association from an ancient lake . biology letters 3 : 262 - 264 ) .
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cai , y . & ng , p . k . l . ( 2001 ) the freshwater decapod crustaceans of halmahera , indonesia . journal of crustacean biology , 21 , 665–695 .
cai , y . , ng , p . k . l . ( 2005 ) marosina , a new genus of troglobitic shrimps ( decapoda , atyidae ) from sulawesi , indonesia , with descriptions of two new species . crustaceana , 78 ( 2 ) , 129–139 .
cai , y . & shokita , s . ( 2006 ) report on a collection of freshwater shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea ) from the philippines , with descriptions of four new species . the raffles bulletin of zoology , 54 , 245–270 .
cai , y . , ng , p . k . l . , shokita , s . & satake , k . ( 2006 ) on the species of japanese atyid shrimps ( decapoda : caridea ) described by william stimpson ( 1860 ) . journal of crustacean biology , 26 , 392–419 .
chace , f . a . & bruce a . j . jr . ( 1997 ) the caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) of the albatross philippine expedition , 1907–1910 , part 7 : families atyidae , eugonatonotidae , rhynchocinetidae , bathypalaemonellidae , processidae and hippolytidae . smithonian contributions to zoology , 587 , i–v , 1–106 .
de man , j . g . ( 1892 ) decapoden des indischen archipels . in : weber , m . ( ed . ) , zoologische ergebnisse einer reise in niederlandisch ost - indien , e . j . brill , leiden vol . 2 , 265–527 , pls . 15–29 .
hickson , s . i . ( 1888 ) on a new species of the genus atya ( a . wyckii ) from celebes . annals and magazine of natural history , series 6 . 2 , 357–362 pls . 13–14 .
holthuis , l . b . ( 1978 ) a collection of decapod crustacea from sumba , lesser sunda islands , indonesia . zoologische verhandelingen , rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie , 162 , 1–55 , 14 figs , 1 pl .
johnson , d . ( 1963 ) distributional and other notes on some freshwater prawns ( atyidae and palaemonidae ) mainly from the indo - west pacific region . bulletin of the national museum of singapore , 32 , 5–30 .
liang , x . ( 2004 ) fauna sinica invertebrata , volume 36 : crustacea decapoda atidae . science press , beijing , china , 375 pp . , 156 figs . ( in chinese with english abstracts ) .
roux , j . ( 1919 ) süßwasserdekapoden von den aru - und kei - inseln . abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft , 35 , 315–351 .
roux , j . ( 1934 ) notes de carcinologie melasenienne . revue suisse de zoologie , 41 ( 11 ) , 217–234 .
schenkel , e . ( 1902 ) beitrag zur kenntnis der dekapodenfauna von celebes . verhandlungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in basel , 13 , 485–585 , pls . 7–13 .
woltereck , e . ( 1937b ) zur systematik und geographischen verbreitung der caridinen . internationale revue der gesamten hydrobiologie und hydrographie , 34 , 294–330 .
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in this study , we developed four polymorphic microsatellites from c . ensifera and applied them to investigate the occurrence and frequency of multiple paternity in 20 c . ensifera broods caught from lake matano , sulawesi . by genotyping the mother and all offspring from each brood we discovered multiple paternity in all 20 broods . in most of the 20 broods , fathers contributed skewed numbers of offspring and there was an apparent inverse correlation between reproductive success of sires and their relatedness to mothers .
our results in combination with recent reports on multiple paternity in crayfish , crab and lobster species suggests that multiple paternity is common in malacostraca . skewed contribution of fathers to the numbers of offspring and inverse correlation between reproductive success of sires and their relatedness to mothers suggest that sperm competition occurred and / or pre - and postcopulatory female choice happen , which may be important for avoiding the occurrence of inbreeding and optimize genetic variation in offspring and for persistence and evolution of low fecundity species .
copyright : © 2010 yue , chang . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was supported by the internal fund of the temasek life sciences laboratory , singapore . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
inferring of parentage of individuals in natural populations is important in understanding mating behaviour , which is of importance for studying reproductive strategies , sperm competition , cryptic female choice , and evolution [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . parentage in natural populations is very difficult to determine by field observations , because usually mating can not be easily observed in the wild . with the advent of polymorphic dna markers [ 7 ] and sophisticated statistic tools [ 8 ] , parentage in wild populations can now be determined [ 9 ] . mating behaviour and the extent of multiple mating by male and female individuals are important components of life - history traits . it is generally believed that multiple mating posses both advantages and disadvantages . disadvantages include an increased risk of predation and disease transmission [ 10 ] . benefits of multiple mating include ( 1 ) prolonged guarding of vulnerable females by their mate [ 11 ] ; ( 2 ) ensuring fertilization because ( a ) some males may be sterile , ( b ) males invest less sperm than females require when they partition their ejaculate among multiple females ; or ( c ) there is a reduction of active sperm in storage organs due to passive loss or sperm mortality over time [ 12 ] ; ( 3 ) avoiding genetic incompatibility [ 13 ] , inbreeding [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] and genetic defects resulting from stored sperm [ 16 ] ; and ( 4 ) promoting the gain of ‘good genes’ and increasing genetic diversity among offspring [ 17 ] .
in this study , we developed four novel polymorphic microsatellites in c . ensifera and applied these markers to determine the occurrence of multiple paternity in 20 broods . this study allows addressing of important questions related to mating systems , and their importance in the persistence and evolution of this low fecundity species .
all handling of shrimps was conducted in accordance with the guidelines on the care and use of animals for scientific purposes set up by the institutional animal care and use committee ( iacuc ) of the temasek life sciences laboratory , singapore .
twenty gravid females of c . ensifera blue were collected from the south part ( 02° 33 . 57′ s , 121° 25 . 19 e ) of matano lake , sulawesi , indonesia ( fig . 1 ) in june 2008 . all of the 20 live females were brought to singapore and were raised in a laboratory at temasek life sciences laboratory . a small piece ( 2×2 mm 2 ) of tail of each gravid female and all fertilized eggs / hatchlings attached to females were collected , immersed and stored in 95 % ethanol . the number of fertilized eggs / hatchlings from each female was recorded . to examine whether the females store sperm , after collection of tissue samples and removing all fertilized eggs and hatchlings , all adult females were raised in a 0 . 25 m 3 tank at 81 °f and ph 7 . 0 . the shrimps were fed with hbh crab & lobster bites ( hbh ) . we examined whether the females bear fertilized eggs / hatchlings every week for nine months . dna was isolated from the tissues of each gravid female and from fertilized eggs and hatchlings on 96 - well pcr plates using the method that we developed previously [ 34 ] .
a : map of indonesia ; b : map of sulawesi and c : map of lake mantano . the star showed the position of sampling c . ensifera blue individuals .
microsatellites were isolated following the protocol described previously [ 35 ] with minor modifications [ 36 ] . briefly , 450 ng genomic dna was digested using 10 units of rsa i ( new england biolabs ) at 37°cfor 2 h , followed by the ligation of the 21 - and 25 - mer adaptors [ 35 ] . ligated dna was pcr amplified using the 21 - mer adaptors as primer in a 25 µl reaction consisting of 1× pcr buffer containing 50 mm kcl ; 10 mm tris - hcl ( ph 8 . 3 ) , and1 . 5 mm mgcl 2 , 400 nm of a 21 - mer adaptor as primers , 200 µm dntps and one unit dna polymerase ( finnzymes ) . the following pcr program was used : 94°c for 2 min , followed by 30 cycles of 94°c for 30 sec , 56°c for 30 sec and 72°c for 48 sec , and then a final extension at 72°c for 5 min . the pcr products were cleaned and concentrated using glassmilk ( gen 101 ) . biotinylated ( ca ) 10 and ( ga ) 10 ( proligo ) were used to perform hybridization reactions at 55°cfor 30 min following a protocol described previously [ 35 ] . dna enriched with ca - and ga - repeats was eluted in 30 µl distilled water at room temperature . dna of 1 µl was amplified using the 21 - mer adaptor as primer as described above . the resulting double - stranded products were cleaned using glassmilk ( gene 101 ) . about 25 ng cleaned pcr products were ligated into 25 ng pgem - t vector ( promega ) and transformed into competent cell dh5 - α ( stratagene ) . inserts of white colonies were pcr amplified using m13 and m13 reverse primers . pcr was conducted on a ptc - 100 thermocycler ( bio - rad ) . the pcr program consisted of a denaturation at 94°cfor 2 min followed by 35 cycles at 94°c for 30 s , 55°c for 30 s , and 72°c for 30 s , followed by a final extension at 72°c for 5 min . inserts between 250–1200 bp were sequenced in both 5′ and 3′ directions using m13 and m13 primers , and bigdye chemicals on an abi 3730xl dna sequencer ( applied biosystems ) . forward and reverse sequences were assembled using sequencher ( genecodes ) . primers were designed in the flanking regions of each microsatellite using primerselect ( dnastar ) . one primer of each pair was labelled with a fluorescent dye ( 6 - fam or hex ) to detect the pcr products using the abi 3730xl sequencer ( applied biosystems ) .
genotyping of microsatellites was conducted using fluorescently labelled primers and an automated dna sequencer abi 3730xl ( applied biosystems ) . each microsatellite locus was amplified in 25 µl total volume containing 1× pcr buffer ( finnzymes ) with 1 . 5 mm mgcl 2 , 200 nm of each primer , 100 µm dntps and one unit dna polymerase ( finnzymes ) . pcr conditions were as follows : an initial denaturation step for 2 min at 94°c , followed by 35 cycles of denaturation ( 94°c for 30 s ) , annealing ( 55°c for 30 s ) and extension ( 72°c for 30 s ) , and a final extension at 72°c for 5 min . pcr products were electrophoresed using the abi 3730xl dna sequencer , and allele sizes at each locus were determined against the size standard rox - 500 ( applied biosystems ) . data were analyzed using genemapper v3 . 7 ( applied biosystems ) . allele number , observed and expected heterozygosity , linkage equilibrium and hardy - weinberg equilibrium were analyzed using gda [ 37 ] .
we performed an ordinal logistic regression analysis to assess whether the number of offspring and the increased number of alleles in offspring ( as compared to the allele number in the mother and the father contributing most to the offspring in each brood ) depend on the number of detected fathers in each brood , designating the number of offspring as the dependent variable . an ordinal scaling was chosen for the number of detected fathers since the paternity analysis with gerud did not allow differentiating between six or more fathering males . for the data estimated by using colony , we performed a linear regression analysis to assess whether the number of offspring and the increased number of alleles in offspring depend on the number of inferred fathers in each brood , as the program colony was able to infer all possible sires in each brood . the analysis was carried out with the program jmp ( sas institute ) . we also conducted a linear regression analysis to examine whether the genetic relatedness between the fathers and mothers was associated with the relative contribution of fathers to offspring . genetic similarity ( gs ) between individuals i and j was estimated according to the formula given by nei and li [ 45 ] : gsij = 2 n ij / ( n i + n j ) , where n ij is the number of alleles common in individuals i and j , and n i and n j are the total number of allele in individuals i and j , respectively .
microsatellites were identified from a partial genomic dna library enriched with ca - and ga - repeats . out of 48 clones sequenced , 15 contained microsatellites and enough flanking sequences in both 3′ and 5′ end . primers were designed for 10 microsatellites . four microsatellites ( blues02 , blues03 , blues04 and blues07 ) could be easily amplified and scored and showed polymorphism in 20 females . in the 20 mothers , the allele number ranged from 4 for the locus blues03 to 25 for the locus blues02 with an average of 13 . 5 alleles / locus ( table 1 ) . data analysis showed that the four loci were in linkage equilibrium and hwe . paternity exclusion probability for all four loci combined was 99 . 80 % .


it contains only one species , moronanita moruna , which is found in ecuador ( morona-santiago ) .

the wingspan is 12.5 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is cream grey , suffused and dotted with brown-grey .

the hindwings are dirty cream , strigulated with brown-grey .

moronanita

moronanita is a genus of moths of the family tortricidae . it contains only one species , moronanita moruna , which is found in ecuador ( morona - santiago ) .
moronanita is a genus of moths of the family tortricidae . it contains only one species , moronanita moruna , which is found in ecuador ( morona - santiago ) .
genus : moronanita razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 . acta zool . cracov . 49b : 29 .
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type - species : moronanita moruana razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 . acta zool . cracov . 49b : 29 .
tortricidae collected in río gualaceo valley with special attention to their elevational distribution are listed . three genera and 34 species are described as new : henricus cerussatus sp . n . , bonagota moronaecola sp . n . , dogolion textrix sp . n . , netechma brunneochra sp . n . , netechma nigricunea sp . n . , netechma triangulum sp . n . , netechma chytrostium sp . n . , netechma paralojana sp . n . , romanaria gen . n . , romanaria spasmaria sp . n . , inape cinnamobrunnea sp . n . , badiaria gen . n . , badiaria plagiostrigata sp . n . . gorytvesica cidnozodion sp . n . , gorytvesica chara sp . n . , gorytvesica cerussolinea sp . n . , ernocornutia gualaceoana sp . n . , ernocornutia limona sp . n . , bidorpidia ceramia sp . n . , moronanita gen . n . , moronanita moronana sp . n . , orthocomotis albimarmorea sp . n . , orthocomotis marmorobrunnea sp . n . , argyrotaenia cacaoticaria sp . n . , sisurcana pallidobrunnea sp . n . , anacrusis erioheir sp . n . , archipimima undulicostata sp . n . , sparganothina flava sp . n . , paramorbia aureocastanea sp . n . , auratonota chlamydophora sp . n . , auratonota aurochra sp . n . , epinotia chloana sp . n . , epinotia tenebrica sp . n . , epinotia illepidosa sp . n . , epinotia brunneomarginata sp . n . , laculataria nigroapicata sp . n . , gretchena ochrantennae sp . n . cnephasia iantha meyrick is transferred to inape , argyroplae intermissa ( meyrick ) to epinotia .
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by t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4
urltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .
t @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .
we are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .
gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken
1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk
unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .
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urltoken
type specimens : holotype - male ecuador : prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , ( mzuj ) . .
t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )
by gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .
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the wingspan is 12 . 5 mm . the ground colour of the forewings is cream grey , suffused and dotted with brown - grey . the hindwings are dirty cream , strigulated with brown - grey .
baixeras , j . , brown , j . w . , and gilligan , t . m . .
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tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the valley of río gualaceo , east c . . . : ingenta connect
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brahmaea tancrei ( siberian owl moth ) is a moth in the family brahmaeidae .

it was described by austaut in 1896 .

it is found from russia ( amur , siberia and in the russian far east ) to korea and china and south to indonesia .

adults are on wing in april , probably in one generation per year .

larvae have been recorded feeding on ligustrum ovalifolium and ligustrum vulgare .

brahmaea tancrei

the film shows the details of the development of brahmaea tancrei moth : the hatched larvae from eggs , their various stages of caterpillars , molting , pupating . you can see an adult insect the butterfly with a wing span of 12 - 15 cm ( 5 - 6 inch ) . it cames from asian tropical countries . film przedstawia szczegóły rozwoju tropikalnego motyla brahmaea tancrei . motyl występuje w krajach dalekiego wschodu . ujęcia dokumentują wylęg larw z jajeczek , różne stadia gąsienic , ich wylinki , tworzenie kokonu i owada doroslego - motyla ma rozpiętość skrzydeł 12 - 15 cm . w europie motyl nie występuje , ale jest często hodowany , gdyż gąsienice mozna karmić liścmi ligustru i bzu lilaka .
in my experience all brahmaea species seem to pair readily if healthy males and females are out together . some species – such as
) and thrived on this as a foodplant . i understand that brahmaea larvae are regularly found on privet in china . i have also been told that they are found on
i have reared and bred several brahmaea species ( owl moths ) over the years . i don’t claim to be an expert but i have had some success so these notes may prove useful to other people rearing these species .
the brahmaea species have some of the most complicated wing patterns of any lepidoptera . the ones that i have seen seem to divide into two main groups . the ones that we tend to refer to as ‘owl moths’ which have circular ‘eye’ markings on their wings – such as
austaut , 1896 flies in amur , siberia and in the russian far east , primorski krai , khasansky regions into korea , china and southwards to indonesia .
according to scott henninger ,
the larva have very interesting coloration , and will often make noise when disturbed ( a kinds of cross between a squeak and chirp ) .
the third instar is mostly a tan color with a violet hue on its back . the twist in the
antennae
is very prominant in this stage .
the fourth and fifth instar larvae lose their elongated scoli and develop false eyespots on the dorsal surface of the thoracic segments .
when disturbed , larvae assume a defensive posture , accentuating the eyespots , and wave the head and thoracic segments back and forth as if to strike .
mature larvae , which lack the elongated scoli of the first , second and third instars ( right ) , descend stems and pupate underground or under surface litter .
pupae can be stored indoors if kept at temperatures from 1 - 6 celsius . they should not be subjected to freezing temperatures .
in the final instar , false eyespots replace the thoracic scoli , but the
eyespots
are usually only visible when the larvae assumes a defensive posture , curling the head down .
species . mature larvae descend host stems and form relatively smooth pupae with very short cremasters .
no special care is needed and this moth is reported as being easy to rear .
there seems to be considerable variation with regard to wing patterns . three images immediately above , courtesy of martin jagelka .
paź królowej - przepoczwarczenie pazia królowej . papillio machaon turning into pupa - pupating .
the siberian owl moth , a female . emerged on valentines day ! a very beautiful specimen . origin is siberia .
: these are domed with a flat base . fertile eggs develop a distinctive dark spot at the micropyle in the middle of the upper surface about two days after laying . as the eggs are close to hatching , the developing larva can clearly be seen inside the transparent eggshell . larvae eat part of the eggshell , but it doesn’t seem to affect them if they are disturbed and don’t eat the shell . mine hatched in twelve days – but this depends on the temperature .
: these have incredible ‘horns’ ( modified tubercles ) on the thoracic and caudal segments in instars 1 to 4 . if the larvae are disturbed they whip these back and forth , and i suspect that these may offer some protection against parasitic wasps . in the 5th instar the horns are lost , but the large larvae are very colourful and striking . given their foodplants , the larvae are probably distasteful to most predators .
species . ( this is not surprising as , like privet , it is in the olive family – oleaceae . ) apparently larger larvae of
will switch to lilac and ash ( both of which are alternative foodplants for other privet feeders ) .
and other brahmaeas will probably do the same . i haven’t tried this myself as i can easily obtain privet .
nb : if you want their ‘horns’ to expand to their full glory , keep the larvae in containers where they can hang free and unhindered when changing their skins . personally i usually rear them in plastic boxes . they are generally very easy to rear and can tolerate conditions that would be fatal to most saturnids .
the larvae grow very rapidly . i find that although they do grow very quickly when kept warm , they also thrive in cool conditions . i suspect that even brahmaeas from tropical countries mainly come from cool regions – i . e . at altitude . mine took less than 3 weeks from hatching to ‘going down’ .
frequently make a ‘clicking’ noise with their mandibles when disturbed . i’ve not noticed this with
: i suspect that in the wild the larvae burrow under logs or rocks to pupate . in captivity they are reluctant to burrow in uncovered soil or peat . larvae that are ready to pupate undergo a major colour change ( almost always overnight ) in a similar way to many sphingid larvae . they can wander for a considerable time before settling to pupate .
i put a few inches of peat in a large box and cover it with several layers of newspaper . then i spray the newspaper with water . eventually the larvae burrow under this and settle down to pupate .
: the other species that i have kept have all survived well when stored on peat in plastic boxes out in my garage or shed .
has produced a partial 2nd brood with two thirds of the early brood emerging as moths in late august and producing another generation . the rest remain dormant . i intend to overwinter the pupae as above . their native habitat is probably similar to that of
in taiwan and the insulata that i had some years ago did well under those conditions .
: the trickiest part of breeding brahmaeas in my experience , is in getting the moths to emerge properly and fully expand their wings . i have always failed to breed from imported pupae ( including
from india ) because i have not been able to get many of the moths to emerge successfully . the pupae seem to dehydrate easily and i think that this is the problem . in contrast i don’t have any problems in emerging my home reared stock .
for storage i keep the pupae lying on slightly damp peat . then in spring , when emergence is imminent , i keep them on dry peat .
under damp conditions the pupal case doesn’t split easily and that can be just as bad as having the pupae dehydrated .
always emerged overnight . on the first occasion five males emerged first ( 38 days after ‘going down’ ) and were joined after a couple of days by two females . both of these paired in a cylindrical netting cage in my kitchen the first night after their emergence at around 11pm . they were still together when i went to bed after midnight but had separated by morning .
, pair relatively briefly late in the evening and have separated by the following morning .
it ' s obviously best to observe a pairing to be sure of fertility of the eggs – but , as mentioned above , the eggs do develop a dark micropyle if fertile . if you have a female laying and suspect that she may have mated , keep the eggs for a couple of days and see if the dark spot develops !
unlike saturnids , the brahmaeids do have a functional proboscis . in some species – such as
it is very inconspicuous , just a tiny thread which is difficult to see . all species do appear to be capable of sipping droplets of water from the netting of the cage , but i doubt if they do any more than that . i have kept female
brahmaeas are reputed to lay only a small number of eggs . certainly the eggs are large for the size of the moth – especially as female brahmaeas have relatively slender bodies . however , if the females are kept in good condition , they will continue to lay over a long period . to my surprise my
eventually laid an average of 200 each . i think that the key is to ensure that they don’t become dehydrated .
the brahmaeidae seem to have been little studied . there is little about them in the literature and not very much on the internet . two web sites to look at are urltoken compiled by bill oehlke and urltoken compiled by ulrich paukstadt . however , i think that there are a lot more species and detail to add as information becomes available . there are apparently 15 + species in china alone .
. these main groups also appear to have other differences ( such as the proboscis size mentioned above ) .
the inner band is smooth and arcs towards the body giving the apical patch an oval appearance .
in b wallichii this band arcs towards the wing tip and has a more jagged appearance .
hopefully more species will become available to rearers in future years . they are certainly interesting insects to breed .
s . pavonia ova x 12 delivery april / may 2018 ( £5 . 95 )
( saturnia pavonia - linnaeus ) this stunning day flying silk moth can been seen flitting around most of the uk in april / may . this is the uk ' s only
silkmoth
species . lovely
eyed
markings on male and female moths . larvae are bright green with white / black tubercules ( warts ) available may - july . cocoons august - march . lfp bramble , heather , hawthorn , blackthorn , sallow . easy and popular species .
( scot 1864 ) wingspan 100 - 120mm . a medium sized silkmoth from australia , tasmania and new zealand . colourful larvae growing 80 - 90mm . lfp . eucalyptus ssp . an easy and interesting and unusual species , seldom offered . the super strong cocoon is made of a mixture of wood fibre and silk . the emerging moths can be heard for several hours scratching away at the cocoon as they cut a circular escape hole , amazing !
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the wingspan is about 36 mm .

the forewings are pale olive , suffused in parts with dark olive fuscous .

the inner line is white , fine and mixed with olive above the middle , projecting and twice bent below , broadly white , then inbent , dentate inwards on vein 1 and above the inner margin , preceded below the median by dark suffusion .

the outer line is outcurved , lunulate-dentate , marked with white from the costa to vein 6 and again from vein 2 to the inner margin , where it is followed by a black triangular mark .

from the costa to vein 4 it is followed by a pale olive curved band with a darker centre .

the median area , except on the inner margin below vein 1 , is suffused with dark fuscous , the dark waved cross lines alternated with olive lines .

the orbicular stigma has the form of a white dot and there is a large white apical blotch , narrowing to a point at vein 6 , connected by three white dots on veins 3 , 4 and 5 with an angnlated white mark on the inner margin beyond the black triangle .

there is a row of white black-edged spots before the termen .

the hindwings are dull greyish ochreons with a darker subterminal shade .

habrona papuata

habrona papuata - urdu meaning and translation of habrona papuata , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of habrona papuata and more .
habrona papuata is a moth in the drepanidae family . it is found in papua and papua new guinea , where it has been recorded from mountainous areas .
habrona bethune - baker , 1908 ; novit . zool . 15 : 179 ; ts : habrona alboplagata bethune - baker
gaurena papuata warren , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 1 ) : 154 ; tl : dutch new guinea , biagi , mambare river
status : a rare species , the smallest habrona . it seems to prefer mountainous areas .
habrona brunnea bethune - baker , 1908 ; novit . zool . 15 : 180 ; tl : kebea range , dinawa
habrona alboplagata bethune - baker , 1908 ; novit . zool . 15 : 179 ; tl : new guinea , kebea range , ekeikei
habrona concinna warren , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : mt . goliath , dutch new guinea , 5000 - 7000ft
habrona caerulescens warren , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : mt . goliath , dutch new guinea , 5000 - 7000ft
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papua localities : new guinea : abmisibil , bog camp ( foja mts . ) , demaisi , mt . kunupi ( kobowre mts . ) , langda , moanemani , mokwam , pass valley , walmak ( nipsan ) . details in gazetteer .
laszlo , gy . m . , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & th . witt , 2007 . the thyatiridae of eurasia , including the sundaland and new guinea ( lepidoptera ) . esperiana 13 : 1 - 687 .
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3250132a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32502161 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 34a2304e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
beccaloni g . , scoble m . , kitching i . , simonsen t . , robinson g . , pitkin b . , hine a . & lyal c . ( 2018 ) . lepindex : the global lepidoptera names index ( version 12 . 3 , jan 2012 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 4f810ef3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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warren , 1915 some new oriental cymatophoridae in the tring museum novit . zool . 22 ( 1 ) : 154 - 159
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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stephen nash 's titi ( callicebus stephennashi ) , also known as just nash 's titi or stephen nash 's monkey , is a species of titi , a type of new world monkey , endemic to the eastern bank of the purus river in brazil .

it was discovered by marc van roosmalen in 2001 when local fishermen brought specimens to his breeding center .

it was described in 2002 .

it was named in honor of stephen d. nash , an illustrator for conservation international , the organization that funded van roosmalen 's work .

the monkey is largely silver with a black forehead and red sideburns and chest , as well as on the underside of the species ' limbs .

it is 28 inches long , although 17 inches is taken up by the titi 's tail .

stephen nash ' s titi

information on stephen nash’s titi monkey is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
byrne , h . , rylands , a . b . , carneiro , j . c . , lynch - alfaro , j . w . , bertuol , f . , da silva , m . n . f . , messias , m . , groves , c . p . , mittermeier , r . a . , farias , i . , hrbek , t . , schneider , h . , sampaio , i . and j . p . boubli . 2016 . phylogenetic relationships of the new world titi monkeys ( callicebus ) : first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence . frontiers in zoology 13 ( 10 ) .
no data on the ecology of this species are available . titi monkeys ( callicebus spp . ) are known to occur in a wide range of habitats , although some species exhibit habitat preferences , for example c . lucifer is reported to prefer white - sand forests ( e . heymann pers . comm . 2008 ) , and c . donacophilus drier forests ( ferrari et al . 2000 ; r . wallace pers . comm . ) . members of the c . moloch and c . cupreus groups are considered tolerant of habitat disturbance caused by human activity or seasonal flooding ( van roosmalen et al . 2002 ) . the diet of titis comprises mainly fruit pulp , leaves , insects and seeds . they form small , pair - bonded , territorial groups and are considered monogamous . they have small home ( 1 . 5 - 30 km ) and day ranges ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 km ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
m . van roosmalen , t . van roosmalen & r . a . mittermeier , 2002
the precise type locality of this species is unknown . the holotype is aid to have come from along the middle to upper rio purús together with the paratypes . van roosmalen et al . ( 2002 ) argued that the species seems to be phenotypically most closely related to both c . caligatus and c . dubius .
justification : this species is listed as data deficient in light of a complete lack of information on its distribution , ecology and threats . the type locality is unknown and the species is recently described . this species should be a priority for future research .
van roosmalen et al . ( 2002 ) posited that c . stephennashi should occur along the right bank of the rio purús between the distributions of c . caligatus and c . dubius in brazil . as a possible distribution , they suggested the interfluvium of the rios purús / ipixuna / madeira / mucuím .
there is no information on the population status of this species . it is known from only four specimens kept in captivity and has not been seen or studied in the wild .
it is not known whether the species occurs in any protected areas . it is listed on cites appendix ii .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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classified as data deficient ( dd ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
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