the red-backed poison frog ( ranitomeya reticulata ) is a species of frog in the family dendrobatidae .

it is an arboreal insectivorous species , and is the second-most poisonous species in the genus , after r. variabilis .

like many species of small , poisonous frogs native to south america , it is grouped with the poison dart frogs , and is a moderately toxic species , containing poison capable of causing serious injury to humans , and death in animals such as chickens .

r. reticulata is native to the amazon rainforest in peru and ecuador .

red - backed poison frog

red - backed poison dart frog reptipedia . web . accessed march 21 , 2013 .
hi guys . : ) a new video that is very colorful about amazing frogs . some of them are very poisonous and very cute . some of them are not poisonous and very colorful . . subscribe : urltoken facebook : urltoken list of 25 colorful frog : 25 - malagasy rainbow frog 24 - harlequin poison frog 23 - phantasmal poison frog 22 - waxy monkey leaf frog 21 - lovely poison frog 20 - kokoe poison dart frog 19 - splash - back poison frog 18 - australian green tree frog 17 - green and black poison dart frog 16 - yellow - banded poison dart frog 15 - glass frog 14 - strawberry poison dart frog 13 - stony creek frog 12 - corroboree frog 11 - japanese tree frog 10 - golden toad 9 - panamanian golden frog 8 - golfodulcean poison frog 7 - granular poison frog 6 - dyeing dart frog 5 - black - legged dart frog 4 - golden poison dart frog 3 - red - backed poison frog 2 - blue poison dart frog 1 - red - eyed tree frog 25 beautiful but deadly frogs . 25 coolest frogs in the world . 25 beautiful frog images for you . rhastafarian by audionautix is licensed under a creative commons attribution licence ( urltoken ) artist : urltoken
the “poison” of red - backed poison dart frogs , although moderate in toxicity , ranks second in strength among the sixteen species in the genus ranitomeya . the variable poison dart frog ( r . variabilis ) ranks first .
the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list of threatened species has listed the red - backed poison dart frog as least concern since 2004 ; however , it states that updated field studies are needed .
this species’ bright orange or red - colored back serves as a warning to predators not to eat it . with its small size and slim build , the red - backed poison dart frog is able to squeeze into very tiny spaces .
the red - backed poison frog is now absent from the biodôme but it has already been kept in the poison frog aquarium inside the bat cave in the tropical rainforest of the americas ecosystem . despite its bright colouration , its small size made it difficult to find .
during the day , the red - backed poison dart frog constantly hunts for food as it hops along the leaf - littered rainforest floor . once its keen vision spots prey , the frog zaps out its long , sticky tongue to slurp in an unsuspecting insect .
beautiful and engaging , red pandas are classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species . there may be fewer than 2 , 500 adult red pandas living in the wild today .
this is a clear picture that shows how the poison dart frog reproduces / mates .
the red - backed poison frog is poisonous . the toxic substance in the ants that it eats accumulates in its body so a predator that eats this frog can be poisoned . the bright colours of this frog warn potential predators of the danger . on the other hand , the tadpoles are not toxic and are eaten without ill effect .
the red backed poison frog is a species of poison dart frog known by the scientific name ranitomeya reticulates . all dart frogs are brightly colored . this frog is one of the smaller species of poison dart frogs that exist today . the red backed poison dart frogs coloring consists of black legs with sky blue or cobalt blue pattering’s on them . sometimes their spots will collide with another spot and it will make a line . their backs are usually either a fiery orange color or a scarlet color . the male frogs are usually smaller than the females and have remarkable behavioral characteristics of caring for their offspring .
in the wild the red - backed poison dart frog’s diet includes ants , fruit flies , termites , young crickets , and tiny beetles . it is uncertain whether ants or beetles are the source of the chemical substances from which this poison dart frog derives the toxin that is stored in glands just under the surface of the skin .
the poison dart frog has a diet of spiders and other small insects . [ 1 ]
poison dart frog woodland park zoo . web . accessed march 21 , 2013 . author unknown .
there are many kinds of poisonous animals out there one of them is the poison dart frogs . the golden poison dart frog has enough poison to kill up to 10 men . but the red backed poison dart frog has very weak toxins . its skin secretes pumiliotoxin c which is a less potent version of the poison pumiliotoxins . pumiliotoxin c interferes with muscle contraction in the heart and the skeletal muscle . even though this dart frog doesn ' t have a lot of poison it’s still enough to cause an illness in humans . so stat away from bright color frogs and don’t touch them .
the red - backed poison dart frog , a terrestrial frog , gets its common name from the splash of color across its back that can vary from scarlet red to fiery orange . less than an inch ( 2 . 5 centimeters ) in length from snout to vent , this colorful frog is small enough to be included in the group of frogs called “thumbnails . ” primarily a ground dweller in lowland areas of the upper amazon of peru and ecuador , it does occasionally climb trees . its poison is moderately toxic .
poison frogs in general can live for over ten years in human care . the tri - colored poison frog will live from 12 to 20 years .
the red backed poison dart frog is one of the smaller species of poison dart frogs that exist today . the feet of this frog are like sucker like disks , so it is very easy to stick to things and hang . they also have very strong feet . the length of the poison dart frog will vary in length . usually the males are smaller than the females . the male’s length is usually 12 mm from snout to vent and the female is usually 15 mm from snout to vent ( the anal opening on the frog ) . [ 1 ]
in some poison dart frog species the male frog will look after the eggs , and the newly hatched tadpoles . for other ones the female will look after the young .
as a group , the most brightly colored frogs in the world , poison frogs ( also called poison dart frogs or dendrobatids ) these frogs live in wet tropical forests in central and south america where their diet contributes to the toxins they secrete through their skin . three species are on exhibit at the smithsonian ' s national zoo : the green and black poison frog , tri - colored poison frog and blue poison frog .
poison frogs are commonly called poison arrow and poison dart frogs due to native indian tribes reportedly rubbing their arrow tips on the frogs ' backs before hunting . however , only three species have been documented as actually being used for this purpose , including the golden poison frog , the most toxic of all frog species .
our red - backed poison dart frogs were captive - bred . they are fed a diet that includes crickets , wingless fruit flies , meal worms , and earthworms . none of these foods contain the chemicals that cause them to develop toxins .
red - backed poison dart frogs have a slender body with well - developed adhesive disks at the tips of the toes on all four of its limbs . this species has many color variations and patterns ; however , all have a colored back that in spite of the common name , red - backed , may be fiery orange . legs are black with an overlay of a sky - blue or cobalt mesh pattern . eyes and belly are black .
here in this site we are devoted to show you the magnificent poison dart frog , more specifically the rare red backed poison dart frog , due to its rarity we ' ll at times show facts on common poison dart frogs . nonetheless , this site will show you many interesting facts on one of the most deadliest animals in the world . we ' ll teach you about their ecology , physiology , and evolution . hope you enjoy your visit and learn something before you leave .
this terrestrial frog inhabits lowland areas of primary ( undisturbed ) and secondary ( degraded ) tropical rainforests . its ground habitats include the leaf litter on the rainforest floor and the cavities between tree roots . usually a ground - dweller , the red - backed poison dart frog does climb tree trunks when trying to escape from a predator . elevation : sea level to 656 feet ( 200 meters )
tiny , tiny poison dart frog . note size compared to human thumb and index finger . would fit on a dime !
the red backed poison dart frog likes moist floors of tropical rain forests and areas in the shade . they like to be near pools or streams , or pretty much anything that has water . they are usually found in central and south america . they have also been located on islands in hawaii . they were introduced to hawaii in 1932 .
because of its small size , the red - backed poison frog eats only small insects , some of which are ants that have a toxic substance in their bodies . in captivity , they eat fruit flies ( drosophila ) and collembola ( small terrestrial insects that have a spring on their bellies , which allows them to move about by jumping ) .
currently large populations are widely distributed in rainforest areas where there are still extensive patches of suitable habitat . this species does have a major threat—illegal poaching for the international pet trade . the red - backed poison dart frog is listed as cites appendix ii in an effort to minimize this illegal practice . cites , the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora , is an international agreement among governments . the united states is a cites party . cites appendix ii requires that the government where the species is found must issue a permit before export . captive breeding programs in several countries are now the major source of red - backed poison dart frogs .
all frogs including the red backed poison dart frog have remarkable behavioral characteristics of caring for their offspring . when the eggs turn into tadpoles and the mama frog leaves her young . in some dart frog species the mom will come back and bring protein filled eggs for her young . the male frog will take the female frog to an appropriate spot that he picked out to deposit the eggs . the eggs are usually laid on leaves , where the high humidity provides the necessary environment for developing eggs . once the tadpoles hatch from the eggs they maneuver themselves onto their parents back . the poison dart frog will climb a tree and put a tadpole on a leaf . the tadpoles face some dangers though , in the tree they could get eaten by another tadpole . or they can get attacked by giant damselflies . they grow up here and leave when they are ready to . [ 2 ]
dendrobatids are commonly known as poison arrow and poison dart frogs due to native indian tribes reportedly rubbing their arrow tips on the frogs ' backs before hunting . however , only three species have been documented as actually being used for this purpose , including the golden poison frog , the most toxic of all frog species . much medical research is now being done with the alkaloid toxin , batrachotoxin , that the golden poison frog secretes . researchers are trying to develop muscle relaxants , heart stimulants and anesthetics from the batrachotoxin .
all poison dart frogs are very vividly colored and patterned . like the red back poison dart frog . which has black legs with sky blue or cobalt blue pattering’s on them . there belly has the same design as well . sometimes there spots will colloid with another spot and it will make a line . their backs are usually either a fiery orange color or a scarlet color . the name of this dart frog matches perfectly with the color on its back . [ 1 ] this poison dart frog’s texture is rough , not smooth like some people expect . [ [ 2 ] ]
although its toes have suckers and it can climb trees ( but never more than to a height of two metres ) , in its natural habitat the red - backed poison frog is most often found on the ground . in fact , it prefers areas with good plant cover , which affords a variety of hiding places , in the foliage or on lianas , or deep in plant receptacles ( bromeliads and other epiphytes ) .
the red - backed poison frog can be found in the iquitos region of peru , in leticia in colombia , and around tabatinga in the brazilian amazon . it can also be found in the wet primary forests of the andes at 300 to 800 metres altitude . it lives in open areas , where the trees are widely spaced , the light levels high , and the temperature ranges from 25 - 26 degrees celsius in the morning to 30 degrees celsius in the afternoon .
tribes , in the areas where these frogs and their relatives , live use the poison that excretes off their body to poison there weapons . [ 2 ]
climate change : many scientists believe that over time global climate change and rainforest degradation together could lead to increased temperatures and changing rain patterns in the amazon basin . as a result , the region’s forests , water availability , and ultimately the animals and plants that currently inhabit the rainforests would be affected . the red - backed poison dart frog has been able to adapt to living in degraded rainforests and habitat where there are continuing human activities . given enough time , this species may be able to adapt to changes in temperature and water availability resulting from climate change .
most species have omnivorous tadpoles that will eat all sorts of food from algae and detritus to insect larvae and dead insects . some species tend to be more carnivorous ( such as the tri - colored poison frog ) and eat insect larvae and other tadpoles . females of some poison frog species place individual tadpoles in water in bromeliads and then periodically return to the site of each tadpole and deposit unfertilized eggs , which the tadpoles eat .
poison frogs feed mostly on small insects such as ants and termites , which they find on the forest floor . many species capture their prey by using their sticky , retractable tongues . scientists believe that poison frogs gain their poison from a specific arthropod and other insects that they eat in the wild and that these insects most likely acquire the poison from their plant diet . as a result , poison frogs in human care on a diet of crickets and other non - poisonous insects are not poisonous themselves .
all three of these documented species belong to the genus phyllobates and not dendrobates , the genus that includes the most brightly colored of poison frogs that are most often recognized as
poison dart frogs .
this tiny reticulated dart frog was shown to me at the otorongo lodge by the owner antony giardenelli , who found this new variation of the reticulated dart frog . if you check the literature , you ' ll see that typically this species is red clear down the middle of its back . this froglet is tiny , not quite ¾
long . it is considered moderately poisonous . this is likely a female , because males only reach about 12mm , and this is closer to 20mm , a size reached by females .
it is interesting to note that all three of these documented species belong to the genus phyllobates and not dendrobates , the genus that includes the most brightly colored of poison frogs that are most often recognized as
poison dart frogs .
poison frogs are generally small species , about 0 . 75 to 1 . 5 inches ( 20 to 40 millimeters ) in length .
this is the smallest of the poison frogs , being about the size of a thumb nail . the back and head are red or orangey coloured , while the rest of the body is black with a net - like pattern of white , blue or green lines . the back and belly is slightly grainy . the eyes are black . the eyes are twice as big as the tympanums . its toes are short , with small suckers at their extremities .
these frogs are about the size of a paper clip yet their only predator is a snake called leimadophis epinephelus , which has adapted to their poison . [ 3 ]
every week the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project posts a new photo of a cute frog from anywhere in the world with an interesting , fun and unique story to tell . be sure to check back every monday for the latest addition .
the poison dart frog like other frogs and other multicellular organisms is a sexual reproducer and not an asexual reproducer . the male frogs consist of three organs , the are the testes , the urine duct , and the cloaca . like humans the testes is where the sperm is produced , unlike the human the frog has a urine duct which works like the urethra which allows sperm / urine to be carried out . the sperm goes into the frogs cloaca , the cloaca is an interesting organ that many creatures use , its where the animal holds all liquids / waste and releases it through the one hole . the females are similar to human females in which they have ovaries and oviduct / fallopian tube . the frogs have a method of reproducing , or should we say mating , its called amplexus . amplexus is where the male collapses over the female and wraps its small frog arms around the female ' s abdomens . in a quick moment both frogs release their sperm ( the male ) , and their eggs ( females ) . this takes place close to water in order for frog eggs to be kept safe and wet , it ' s also a good spot for tadpoles when they hatch .
poison frogs are known for their beautiful colors , and amphibians that have toxic skin secretions tend to have bright warning colors or patterns . it is theorized that these colors function as a visual warning , a learned response on the part of the predator . a predator that finds a certain kind of amphibian to be distasteful will associate the warning color with the bad taste and after one or more such experiences , will recognize the distasteful species and refrain from attacking . aposematic coloration usually involves red , orange or yellow . some animals have bright coloration that does not correlate to toxicity , presumably mimicking those animals in which color truly is a warning .
the destruction of rainforest habitat by fires and by humans for farmland has contributed to the decreasing numbers of these frogs in the wild . the illegal pet trade has also affected their existence . finally , like many other species of frog and amphibian , these species faces the potentially devastating effects of the chytrid fungus .
this species has a remarkable way of getting water . the long , curved leaves of bromeliads overlap at the base , forming a tight little bowl—a perfect water tank for a frog . the leaves also act as gutters to collect rain , and the tank holds the water . the largest bromeliads hold up to two gallons of water .
over the next several weeks , the tadpoles metamorphose into froglets . their gills are grown over by skin , eventually disappearing to be replaced by lungs . teeth and rear legs develop . the head becomes more pronounced and the body elongates . front legs develop and the tail becomes a stub . at ten to twelve weeks old , with metamorphosis complete , a young frog or froglet leaves the water for a land habitat . during metamorphosis the tadpole will develop back legs first and then front legs . at around six weeks of life the mouth starts to widen . sometime around ten weeks the froglet’s eyes start to bulge out and the tail begins to shrink and eventually disappear . when the lungs finish developing the froglet makes its way onto the land and becomes a frog .
there are three different types of toxins a , b , and c . toxins work by affecting the calcium channels . pumiliotoxins is the worst kind of poison in the dart frogs . it causes partial paralysis , having difficulty moving , being hyperactive , and even death sometimes may occur . [ 1 ]
after about ten to 18 days and depending on the species and temperature , the eggs have matured into tadpoles . either males or females remain with , or periodically visit , the nest . all poison frog species carry their tadpoles on their backs . the adult sits in the remainder of the gelatinous egg clutch and the tadpoles will wriggle up the hind limbs and onto the back . the adult carries the tadpoles to a small stream , pool or other small body of water . some species transport whole clutches at one time and are completely covered with tadpoles , others transport them one by one or only a few at a time . after several months , the tadpoles go through metamorphosis and become adult frogs .
poison frogs ' clutch size varies between species from one to 40 eggs per clutch . after the eggs are laid , the male fertilizes the clutch . however , in some species , the male releases his sperm before the eggs are laid . the pair will usually guard the eggs to make sure that they do not dry out .
poison dart frogs display elaborate and diverse courtship behaviors . in general , the male will lead the female to a site that he has chosen to lay the eggs . most of these species of frogs deposit their eggs inside leaf - litter , where it is dark and moist . at the zoo , keepers make an artificial breeding
hut
for the frogs . some species also deposit their eggs in bromeliads .
poison frogs can be heard calling in the flooded forest . most species of frogs have well - developed vocal structures capable of producing a variety of sounds that serve to attract mates , advertise territories or express distress . sound production is often the most common form of communication in animals that jump or fly because they would otherwise have a difficult time communicating by scent . frogs produce sounds using their laryngeal apparatuses ( larynx / vocal chords ) and most males have vocal sacs that function as resonating chambers . species of frogs can be identified based on their calls .
they are found in ecuador , venezuela , french guyana , peru , panama , costa rica , bolivia , and columbia . also in brazil . [ [ 3 ] ]
authorlastname , firstname . [ 1 ] dendrobates reticulatus . web . date - of - publication or last - update or access ( 2004 - 2013 ) .
this page was last modified on 20 january 2016 , at 14 : 58 .
their average lifespan in the wild is 3 to 15 years . [ 3 ]
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locally abundant in peru . rare in ecuador . diurnal . found in primary and secondary lowland tropical rainforest ; it is mostly terrestrial but climbs into rainforest canopy to lay eggs in water captured by bromeliads .
native : ecuador and peru from the iquitos and yurimaguas region , loreto , northeastern perú , and from two sites in ecuador .
0 . 5 to 0 . 75 inches ( 1 . 2 to 2 centimeters ) females are larger than males .
in the breeding season males attract females and ward off other males by calling to advertise how fit they are . courtship includes stroking and licking an attracted female . the female stamps her feet to indicate that she is ready to mate . the male then escorts her to a site he has selected . the male climbs onto the female’s back , grasping her with his front limbs . he fertilizes the eggs as she lays them , but may do so after they are laid in a damp place , usually leaf litter on the rainforest floor . after the eggs hatch , the tadpoles wiggle onto the male’s back and he carries them , usually one by one , to a pool of water . often this is the small amount of rainwater trapped in the leaves of bromeliads growing close to the ground on a tree trunk or one that has fallen to the ground . the female visits the tadpoles at intervals , feeding them unfertilized eggs until they can feed themselves .
today ' s hours : 8 a . m . to 7 p . m . last admittance 6 p . m .
head to freedom plaza for the fast & the fierce 5k and fun run . then , make your way to the zoo for an after - party on the great meadow !
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splash into fun with nature cubs summer preschool classes ! attend the beach buddies series starting july 10 , or pick a weekend class about elephants , monkeys , pandas and other zoo favorites .
at the zoo , they are fed small crickets , bean beetles , black worms and / or fruit flies daily and as a result , are not poisonous . occasionally insects are coated with vitamin powder for extra nutrition .
in wet tropical rainforests , both sexes breed throughout the year , with rainfall being the primary factor controlling the timing of reproductive activity .
courtship behavior can last for several hours and normally , the pair visit several deposition sites before they start mating . courtship continues at the deposition site where the frogs start a mating
dance
consisting of mutual stroking and cleaning of the surface of the leaves .
smithsonian’s national zoo & conservation biology institute 3001 connecticut ave . , nw washington , dc 20008
it was spotted in a moist area of the riverine forest on a bluff above the amazon river .
antony was hoping this was a new species , but authorities decided it was only a variation . ah well , it ' s beautiful nevertheless .
your spotting has been nominated for the spotting of the week . the winner will be chosen by the project noah rangers based on a combination of factors including : uniqueness of the shot , status of the organism ( for example , rare or endangered ) , quality of the information provided in the habitat and description sections . there is a subjective element , of course ; the spotting with the highest number of ranger votes is chosen . congratulations on being nominated !
thanks , guys . i felt really honored to get to see it . like many things , it was just a matter of being in the right place at the right time . and so tiny !
wow ! what a find irene ! ! ! t f s . . .
wonderful . . . . words fail me . . . you were lucky to see this and a variant too . . . even rarer . thanks , for sharing .
reproduction . . . every living thing does it in order to continue the species . the purpose is to continue the species as well as modifying the genetic coding to help it survive . there are two forms of reproduction , asexual which is done by bacteria and other prokaryotes . humans and other cellular organism use sexual reproduction . asexual is basically a form of reproducing that involves one organism , they split in half giving its exact cell coding to its baby . sexual reproduction involves 2 members of the same species , male and female , they combine their sexual cells ( egg - female , sperm - male ) . each hold 23 genes , this is beneficial to sexual reproducers because it varies the dna helping species survive . asexual reproductions comes in many forms , fragmentations , vegetative propagation , budding , and binary fission .
reproduction and cell division happen in two ways mitosis and meiosis . mitosis divide cells in these steps , prophase , metaphase , anaphase , and telophase , and it begins with homologous chromosomes . meiosis is broken into two main stages meiosis i and meiosis ii , meiosis i goes interphase , prophase , metaphase , anaphase , and then telophase . then it goes into stage 2 where it starts over with prophase i , metaphase i , anaphase ii , and telophase ii . meiosis starts off with a diploid cell or a cell with a full set of chromosomes and ends up with 4 daughter cells . this differs from mitosis which ends with two daughter cells .
after mating , the female lays two or three eggs on a flat surface ( a leaf , for example ) . the eggs hatch eight to eleven days later . the male and female carry the tadpoles to small pools of water or , more rarely , to the rainwater that accumulates between the leaves of bromeliad plants . at two months , the tadpoles develop into small frogs ( 10 mm . ) . at eight months they become adults .
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ixodes pacificus , the western black-legged tick , is a species of ixodes , a parasitic tick found on the western coast of north america .

it is the principal vector of lyme disease in that region .

ixodes pacificus

reported distribution of ixodes scapularis and ixodes pacificus ( acari : ixodidae ) in the united states .
reported distribution of ixodes scapularis and ixodes pacificus ( acari : ixodidae ) in the united states . - pubmed - ncbi
the western black - legged tick , ixodes pacificus : a vector of borrelia burgdorferi .
the western black - legged tick , ixodes pacificus : a vector of borrelia burgdorferi . - pubmed - ncbi
citation : eshoo mw , carolan he , massire c , chou dm , crowder cd , rounds ma , et al . ( 2015 ) survey of ixodes pacificus ticks in california reveals a diversity of microorganisms and a novel and widespread anaplasmataceae species . plos one 10 ( 9 ) : e0135828 . urltoken
the western blacklegged tick , ixodes pacificus , has been shown to transmit the zoonotic infection human granulocytic ehrlichiosis ( hge ) , in the western united states . the small scutum , or tough , chitinous dorsal abdominal plate , does not cover its entire abdomen , thereby , allowing the abdomen to expand many times when this tick ingests its blood meal , and which identified this specimen as a female .
‘ candidatus cryptoplasma californiense’ [ ( α - proteobacteria ) nc ; g - ; u ; nas ( genbank no . kp276586 ) , oligonucleotide sequence complementary to unique region of 16s rrna gene 5’ - tggcttgccataaaagagtttag – 3’ ; p ( ixodes pacificum ticks ) ; m ] . eshoo et al . , this study .
approximately 4 % of the ticks were infected with a microorganism with a base count signature consistent with a spotted fever group rickettsia that was distinct from the characterized rickettsia endosymbiont of i . pacificus . further analysis is needed to determine whether this signature represents a novel spotted fever group rickettsia or a genotypic variant of a known species .
cryptoplasma ( cryp . to . plas’ma . gr . adj . kruptos , hidden ; gr . neut . n . plasma , anything formed or molded , image , figure ; n . l . neut . n . cryptoplasma , a thing ( a bacterium ) of hidden form ; ca . li . for . ni . en′se . l . neut . adj . californiense , pertaining to the state of california , where the organism was found ) . members of the α - proteobacteria , placed phylogenetically within the family anaplasmataceae . not cultivated . parasitic to ixodes pacificum ticks .
in our next generation dna sequencing of the four ticks with anaplasma we also determined the sequences of the rickettsia endosymbiont 16s rrna ( gi : kp276589 , kp276590 and kp276591 ) , glta ( gi : kp276596 , kp276597 , kp276598 , and kp276599 ) , and rpob ( gi : kp276608 , kp276609 , kp276610 , and kp276611 ) loci from four ticks . the groel locus was not sequenced as it was not amplified due to primer design . no sequence variation was detected in the four tick specimens sequenced , and the sequences of the i . pacificus endosymbiont shared 100 % identity with the recently published genome sequence . ( fig 1a–1d ) .
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corresponding author . mailing address : department of population health and reproduction , school of veterinary medicine , university of california , davis , ca 95616 . phone : ( 530 ) 752 - 8112 . fax : ( 530 ) 752 - 2377 or ( 530 ) 752 - 5845 . e - mail :
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of the many different tick species found throughout the world , only a select few bite and transmit disease to people . of the ticks that bite people , different species of ticks transmit different diseases . these maps show the general distribution of human - biting ticks in the contiguous united states . populations of ticks may be found outside shaded areas . naturally occurring populations of the ticks described below do not occur in alaska ; however , the brown dog tick occurs in hawaii .
note that adult ticks are the easiest to identify and male and female ticks of the same species may look different . nymphal and larval ticks are very small and may be hard to identify .
where found : widely distributed east of the rocky mountains . also occurs in limited areas on the pacific coast . transmits : tularemia and rocky mountain spotted fever . comments : the highest risk of being bitten occurs during spring and summer . dog ticks are sometimes called wood ticks . adult females are most likely to bite humans .
where found : widely distributed in the northeastern and upper midwestern united states . transmits : lyme disease , anaplasmosis , ehrlichiosis ( ehrlichia muris eauclairensis ) , babesiosis , borrelia miyamotoi , and powassan disease . comments : the greatest risk of being bitten exists in the spring , summer , and fall . however , adults may be out searching for a host any time winter temperatures are above freezing . stages most likely to bite humans are nymphs and adult females .
where found : worldwide . transmits : rocky mountain spotted fever ( in the southwestern u . s . and along the u . s . - mexico border ) . comments : dogs are the primary host for the brown dog tick in each of its life stages , but the tick may also bite humans or other mammals .
where found : coastal areas of the u . s . along the atlantic coast and the gulf of mexico . transmits : rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis , a form of spotted fever . comments : larvae and nymphs feed on birds and small rodents , while adult ticks feed on deer and other wildlife . adult ticks have been associated with transmission of r . parkeri to humans .
where found : widely distributed in the southeastern and eastern united states . transmits : ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii ( which cause human ehrlichiosis ) , heartland virus , tularemia , and stari . comments : a very aggressive tick that bites humans . the adult female is distinguished by a white dot or “lone star” on her back . lone star tick saliva can be irritating ; redness and discomfort at a bite site does not necessarily indicate an infection . the nymph and adult females most frequently bite humans and transmit disease .
where found : rocky mountain states and southwestern canada from elevations of 4 , 000 to 10 , 500 feet . transmits : rocky mountain spotted fever , colorado tick fever , and tularemia . comments : adult ticks feed primarily on large mammals . larvae and nymphs feed on small rodents . adult ticks are primarily associated with pathogen transmission to humans .
where found : along the pacific coast of the u . s . , particularly northern california . transmits : anaplasmosis and lyme disease . comments : nymphs often feed on lizards , as well as other small animals . as a result , rates of infection are usually low ( ~ 1 % ) in adults . stages most likely to bite humans are nymphs and adult females .
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am j trop med hyg . 1985 sep ; 34 ( 5 ) : 925 - 30 .
burgdorfer w , lane rs , barbour ag , gresbrink ra , anderson jr .
dennis dt 1 , nekomoto ts , victor jc , paul ws , piesman j .
division of vector - borne infection diseases , centers for disease control and prevention , u . s . department of health and human services , fort collins , co 80522 , usa .
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rutgers new jersey medical school , dept . of medicine , newark , new jersey , united states of america
copyright : © 2015 eshoo et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited
data availability : all sequences were deposited in genbank under accession numbers kp276585 to kp276611 .
funding : this work was supported by national institutes of health grant number 2r44ai077156 and abbott .
competing interests : mwe , cdc , dmc , cm , cap , hec , mar , and dje are all employees of ibis biosciences , an abbott company , which developed the pcr / esi - ms assays and instrumentation used in these studies .
sequences determined in this study are highlighted in bold . numbers at nodes indicate percentages of bootstrap support based on 100 replicates . the horizontal bars correspond to substitutions per nucleotide position in panel ( a ) and to substitutions per amino acid position in panels ( b - d ) .
s1 alignment . raw sequence alignment of the 16s rrna for the 26 sequences included in the phylogenetic analysis .
sequences of the pcr / esi - ms primers and sequencing primers are reported in the top two rows . the analysis mask indicates with ‘n’ the positions included in the analysis .
s2 alignment . raw sequence alignment of the groel gene for the 23 sequences included in the phylogenetic analysis .
sequences of the sequencing primers are reported in the top row . the analysis mask indicates with ‘n’ the 804 nucleotide positions included in the analysis . positions were aligned with respect of the encoded protein sequence .
s3 alignment . raw sequence alignment of glta for the 23 sequences included in the phylogenetic analysis .
sequences of the pcr / esi - ms primers and sequencing primers are reported in the top rows . the analysis mask indicates with ‘n’ the 720 nucleotide positions included in the analysis . positions were aligned with respect of the encoded protein sequence .
s4 alignment . raw sequence alignment of rpob for the 19 sequences included in the phylogenetic analysis .
sequences of the pcr / esi - ms primers and sequencing primers are reported in the top rows . the analysis mask indicates with ‘n’ the 555 nucleotide positions included in the analysis . positions were aligned with respect of the encoded protein sequence .
s1 data . identity score matrix computed across the 1 , 347 nucleotide positions of the 16s rrna alignment ( see s1 text ) .
s2 data . identity score matrix computed across the 268 amino acid positions of the groel alignment ( see s2 text ) .
s3 data . identity score matrix computed across the 240 amino acid positions of the glta alignment ( see s3 text ) .
s4 data . identity score matrix computed across the 185 amino acid positions of the rpob alignment ( see s4 text ) .
s1 fig . dispersion of the collection sites ( red dots ) across thirteen california counties .
s1 text . trimmed alignment of the 1 , 347 nucleotide positions of the 16s rrna for the 26 sequences included in the phylogenetic analysis .
s2 text . trimmed alignment of the 268 amino acid positions of groel for the 23 sequences included in the phylogenetic analysis .
s3 text . trimmed alignment of the 240 amino acid positions of glta for the 23 sequences included in the phylogenetic analysis .
s4 text . trimmed alignment of the 185 amino acid positions of rpob for the 19 sequences included in the phylogenetic analysis .
conceived and designed the experiments : mwe dje ses hec dmc cdc cm . performed the experiments : dmc cdc mar cap . analyzed the data : mwe hec cm cdc mar dmc . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : cdc dmc cm . wrote the paper : mwe cm hec dmc .
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