ameridelphia is traditionally a superorder that includes all marsupials living in the americas except for the monito del monte ( dromiciops ) .

it is now regarded as a paraphyletic group .

ameridelphia

ameridelphia .
a dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
the ameridelphia is a superorder of marsupial mammals only found in south america . it consists of two orders :
ameridelphia .
a dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
majority rule consensus of the bayesian analyses using the focal concatenated character matrix ( excluding species with less than 10 % data coverage ) for ameridelphia .
there are over 300 extant species of marsupials distributed between the americas ( ameridelphia ) and australasia ( australidelphia ) . the ameridelphia consists of 99 species belonging to just two orders , whereas the australidelphia are a diverse group of marsupials represented by 235 species belonging to five orders . the ameridelphia and australidelphia diverged from a common ancestor approximately 80 million years ago [ 5 , 6 ] , making comparisons between these two lineages similar in evolutionary terms to the comparison of human and mouse .
) . these analyses did not support the monophyly of ameridelphia , but instead placed paucituberculata as the lineage sister to the remaining marsupials , composed of didelphimorphia plus australidelphia . in addition , our results did not support the clade eometatheria as defined by
superorder ameridelphia ( american opossums ) 75 or more species in 2 orders . order didelphimorphia ( opossums ) 70 or more species in 1 family found in central and south america , except for the virginia opossum , which ranges as far north as southern canada . many species with unusual adaptations .
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the research in plos biology suggests that australian kangaroos , wallabies and more evolved from a common south american ancestor millions of years ago .
the kangaroo , a beloved national symbol of australia , may in fact be an ancient interloper .
a study published tuesday in the online journal plos biology suggests that australian marsupials — kangaroos , wallabies , tasmanian devils and more — evolved from a common south american marsupial ancestor millions of years ago . the finding , by researchers at the university of munster in germany , indicates that the theory that marsupials originated in australia is incorrect .
marsupials are characterized by distinctive frontal pouches in which they carry their young . there are seven existing orders , three from the americas and four from australia .
one prominent theory , now validated by the new study , suggested that ancient south american marsupials migrated across antarctica to australia more than 80 million years ago when the continents were connected in a supercontinent known as gondwana . but scientists had also theorized that the first marsupials migrated from south america to australia and then back again .
a third theory was that marsupials originated in australia and then traveled to south america .
up till now , it had been hard to verify any of the theories , said matt phillips , a biologist at the australian national university in canberra , who was not involved in the study .
ancient fossil records for marsupials are very poor , particularly in australia ,
phillips said .
this has made it hard to understand early migration patterns and relationships amongst the species .
previous studies had tried to tackle the question by comparing small bits of dna or physical differences between marsupials , such as ankle joint characteristics , phillips said . the new study , in contrast , examines large chunks of marsupial genomes for evolutionary clues .
the team started by analyzing the genome sequences for the south american opossum and the australian tammar wallaby . they specifically looked at dna features called retroposons , types of
jumping genes
that pass virtually unchanged from mother to offspring . when two species share retroposons with very similar genetic sequences it is likely that they are derived from the same ancestor . the scientists found 53 similar retroposons in the opossum and wallaby , verifying their common ancestry .
the team then compared the wallaby and opossum data to the dna of 20 other marsupial species , including the wallaroo , the common wombat , and the marsupial mole , to find out which marsupial lineages are more closely related and which split off first .
they found that all of the species had common retroposons , and thus a common ancestor . closer analysis revealed that the south american opossum order , didelphimorphia , was the oldest living marsupial order , indicating that all marsupials originated in south america .
scientists had always suspected there was a common ancestor between south american and australasian marsupials but now we finally understand where they may have originated and how they branched off from one another ,
said study lead author maria nilsson , a postdoctoral researcher at the university of munster .
the study also cleared up years of confusion about where to group a marsupial called the monito del monte ( mountain monkey ) . although this creature is native to south america , it has more characteristics in common with australian marsupials , and so scientists had debated its closest relatives for many years , phillips said .
the dna comparisons clearly showed that the mountain monkey belongs to the south american group on the marsupial evolutionary tree .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
© a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .
( marsupials ) are generally divided in modern classifications . there are three orders , all occurring in central and s . america :
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one of the two cohorts into which the metatheria ( marsupials ) are generally divided in modern classifications . there are three orders , all occurring in central and s . america : didelphimorphia ( also represented in n . america ) ; paucituberculata ; and the extinct sparassodontia .
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nuclear gene sequences provide evidence for the monophyly of australidelphian marsupials . - pubmed - ncbi
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amrine - madsen h 1 , scally m , westerman m , stanhope mj , krajewski c , springer ms .
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figure 1 : ( a ) the phylogenetic relationship of model marsupial species and a summary of their genome projects . ( b ) a timeline of the publication of marsupial genome projects and those of outgroups ( human , platypus , and chicken ) commonly used for comparative studies .
the opossum was the chosen species for the first marsupial genome project . the opossum is a laboratory marsupial , being able to be bred in captivity in a similar manner to laboratory mice [ 16 ] . this species has been used as a model for biomedical research , particularly as an animal model for uv - induced melanoma [ 17 ] , and has the added advantage of being raised for genetics research in pedigreed colonies for over 30 years [ 18 ] . these colonies have been used for the construction of linkage maps [ 19 , 20 ] , which represent valuable resources for correlating phenotypic variation with genomic sequence .
there have been two independent genome sequencing projects for the tasmanian devil , spurred on by the devastating transmissible cancer threatening the tasmanian devil population with extinction [ 32 ] . the main aim of these projects was not necessarily to obtain a well - assembled and annotated genome assembly , but to identify sequence variants that may potentially confer resistance or at least delay the onset of the disease [ 12 ] and provide the first step towards identifying the mutations present in the dftd genome [ 11 , 12 ] .
the first genome project sequenced dna from two male devils from different locations and with suspected differences in dftd susceptibility with the assumption that genetic variants detected between these two individuals may be responsible for the difference in response to dftd [ 12 ] . a combination of different next generation sequencing platforms was used . sequencing data from both males was combined to produce a genome assembly consisting of ~ 140 , 000 scaffolds and an n50 of 147 . 5 kb , which is better than the tammar wallaby genome assembly . genes were not actually annotated in this assembly but exons identified in the opossum genome were used to identify exons in the devil in order to detect sequence variants causing amino acid differences between the two individuals [ 12 ] .
the second genome project sequenced a female devil using the illumina platform to sequence both short and large insert libraries , which were assembled into ~ 35 , 000 scaffolds with an n50 of 1 . 8 mb [ 11 ] , a vast improvement over that obtained by the previous genome project . sequencing of chromosomes sorted by flow cytometry has enabled the assembly to assign 99 % of scaffolds to chromosomes ; the accuracy of which has been attested by cytogenetic mapping [ 11 ] . gene order has been inferred based on the opossum assembly [ 11 ] , but caution is warranted using this gene order for comparative analysis as considerable rearrangement between the opossum and devil has been observed from gene mapping [ 33 ] . it should also be noted that the dna used for sequencing was obtained from a fibroblast cell line , which displayed a trisomy for chromosome 6 [ 11 ] and raises concern that other mutations may have arisen in culture . transcriptome sequence from 12 pooled devil tissues assisted the annotation of genes using the ensembl genebuild pipeline , resulting in the identification of 18 , 775 protein coding genes of which ~ 1200 had no orthologue in the human or opossum genomes [ 11 ] .
the major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) represents one of the most studied regions of the vertebrate genome , mainly due to its pivotal role in the immune response . it is a dynamically evolving region of the genome due to selective pressures posed from the host - pathogen arms race .
sequencing of the opossum mhc presented an opportunity to characterize the gene content and organisation of a marsupial mhc and was the first multimegabase region of the genome to be annotated . in size and complexity , the opossum mhc is similar to that of eutherian species , spanning 3 . 95 mb and containing 114 recognisable genes [ 43 ] . however , gene arrangement is strikingly different , with a combined class i / ii region , also containing the antigen processing genes , and a well - conserved class iii region . this organisation led to the hypothesis that marsupials possess an ancestral mhc organisation , whereas class i genes have relocated in eutherian species to form a distinct class i region [ 43 ] . this hypothesis has since been supported by analysis of the xenopus tropicalis mhc ( figure 2 ( a ) ) [ 44 ] .
figure 2 : mhc organisation . ( a ) a comparison of mhc organisation across different vertebrate lineages . the organisation of the opossum mhc resembles the ancestral organisation observed in frog and chicken , and the organisation in human and mouse is derived ( modified from [ 43 ] ) . ( b ) the tammar wallaby core mhc region is substantially different to that of the opossum , with class ii genes on either side of the class iii region and class i genes distributed on different chromosomes .
the devil mhc is yet to be as extensively characterised as those of the opossum or tammar wallaby but bac - based sequencing has resulted in the annotation of a 960 kb region containing class i and ii genes [ 49 ] . comparisons between the three sequenced marsupial mhc regions indicate that the organisation of the devil mhc may be more similar to that of the opossum than the tammar wallaby , suggesting that the very unusual dispersal of class i genes observed in the wallaby is not a common feature of the australian lineage .
claims were made from early studies that the immune response of marsupials was inferior to that of their eutherian counterparts [ 56 , 57 ] . the amazing survival of marsupial young born without an adaptive immune system is truly remarkable and would indicate that marsupials are more than adequately able to immunologically protect themselves . the release of marsupial genome sequence has allowed the complexity of the marsupial immunome to be examined and determine whether this inferiority label is warranted .
notably , antimicrobial genes have undergone unprecedented expansion and diversification , which may be linked to the protection of the highly altricial young . in particular , the cathelicidin gene family has 12 members in the opossum ( human and mouse have only one ) that show an extreme level of sequence heterogeneity , with as little as 1 % sequence identity for mature peptides [ 60 ] . annotation of cathelicidins in the tammar wallaby genome shows that they are just as diverse as those of the opossum , consisting of 14 genes and sharing ~ 28 % sequence identity at the peptide level [ 62 ] . these cathelicidins , expressed in milk and young , are more highly expressed in the later stages of lactation and pouch young development than they are at birth [ 63 , 64 ] . although they act as highly potent antimicrobials [ 62 , 63 ] , other factors may be more important for conferring protection at the very early stages of pouch life .
poor mixed lymphocyte responses in marsupials were responsible for their t - cell - mediated response being labelled inferior [ 57 ] . this makes the discovery of a novel t - cell receptor gene ( tcrm ) in marsupials , in addition to the four traditional t - cell receptor genes ( tcra , tcrb , tcrd , and tcrg ) found in eutherians and other species , all the more intriguing [ 65 ] . the function of tcrm is unknown at this stage but an orthologue of this gene has been recently identified in the platypus , suggesting that it evolved early in mammalian evolution and was subsequently lost in the eutherian lineage [ 66 , 67 ] .
now that the identification of marsupial immune genes is well at hand , research should shift towards determining the functions of these genes , particularly for novel genes such as tcrm . as more transcriptome data becomes available , marsupial - specific immune genes that have failed to be identified using the current approach of searching with known human immune gene sequence may also be discovered .
table 1 : there are currently 63 australian marsupials listed as threatened on the iucn list .
hox gene clusters were well annotated in the opossum genome but were dispersed over many scaffolds in the tammar wallaby sequence , making it necessary to sequence bacs spanning each of the four clusters . a high level of conservation between vertebrate species in sequence similarity of orthologous genes and gene arrangement within each cluster was observed . in addition , three long non - coding rnas orthologous to those found in eutherians ( hoxa11as , hotairm1 , and hotair ) were identified in marsupials as well as five conserved micrornas ( mir - 10a , mir - 10b , mir - 196a , mir - 196a2 , and mir - 196b ) , suggesting an important regulatory role is performed by these genes [ 102 ] . a novel microrna expressed in testis and fibroblast was also discovered [ 102 ] .
after the discovery of x chromosome inactivation in eutherian mammals , susumu ohno predicted that the gene content of the x chromosome would be conserved among mammals as rearrangements with autosomes would risk disrupting the inactivation mechanism [ 107 ] . this prediction was confirmed by finding that the tammar wallaby x chromosome hybridised to two - thirds of the human x chromosome [ 108 ] . the remaining third of the human x appeared to be autosomal in marsupials [ 109 ] . marsupial genome sequence enabled the fusion point of this addition to the eutherian x chromosome to be uncovered and provided information on gene content and arrangement of marsupial x chromosomes .
the opossum x chromosome consists of ~ 442 protein - coding genes ( ensembl 68 ) and 302 of these have orthologues in the fragmented tammar wallaby assembly . this is far fewer than the ~ 1500 genes identified on the human x . a comparison of the human and opossum genomes exposed the border of the region conserved between eutherians and marsupials ( x conserved region - xcr ) and the region added in the eutherian lineage ( x added region - xar ) to correspond to human xp11 . 23 , between rgn ( located on opossum chromosome 7 ) and rbm10 ( located on opossum x chromosome ) [ 13 ] . this fusion point was also confirmed in the tammar wallaby by gene mapping [ 28 ] . in the african elephant , a member of the most basal clade of eutherian mammals , the centromere appears to be positioned at this fusion point , suggesting that the eutherian x chromosome was the result of a robertsonian fusion between the xar and xcr [ 110 ] .
figure 3 : comparative map of the human and marsupial x chromosomes . the position of xist , genes flanking xist in eutherians , and the recently discovered opossum rsx gene are indicated . the dark grey region on the human x corresponds to the region added to the x in the eutherian lineage ( xar ) . a heterochromatic region of the tammar wallaby x chromosome is indicated in light grey . an activity map is shown to the right of the tammar wallaby x chromosome . grey bars indicate the percent of nuclei displaying biallelic expression , that is , expressed from both the active and “inactive” x chromosomes .
the early isozyme studies found that x inactivation in fibroblasts was generally not as tightly controlled as that observed in somatic tissues . indeed , rna - fish experiments on seven genes from different locations on the opossum x chromosome showed a much higher frequency of inactivation , with monoallelic expression detected in 96–100 % of cells [ 136 ] . unfortunately , none of these genes corresponded to those tested in fibroblasts , making it difficult to draw conclusions as to whether somatic tissues generally display tighter inactivation or if this is a feature of this selected subset of genes .
table 2 : orthologues of eutherian imprinted genes and their imprint status in marsupials .
figure 4 : arrangement of genes from conserved segments c10 , c11 , and c12 in chicken ( outgroup ) and marsupials . most genes from these three segments are intermingled on chicken chromosome 1 . they remain together on devil chromosome 3 but are distributed across two chromosomes both in the tammar wallaby and opossum , with independently derived breakpoints . vertical lines indicated conserved blocks of genes .
thus , all evidence , including extensive g - banding studies , cross - species chromosome painting , phylogenetics , and genome comparisons , support the ancestor hypothesis , similar to the karyotypes observed in extant species from six of the seven marsupial orders .
traditional microscopic techniques struggled to identify the tissue origin of the dftd tumour and simply referred to it as a poorly differentiated soft - tissue neoplasm [ 196 ] . immunological staining suggested that it was of neuroendocrine origin [ 197 ] . sequencing the transcriptome of the tumour finally solved this mystery . the expression profile of the tumour matched that of a myelinating cell . more specifically , the detection of the gene encoding for periaxin protein ( prx ) , a schwann cell - specific gene , indicated a schwann cell origin [ 192 ] . all dft cells have since been shown to have intense staining for periaxin by immunohistochemistry , thereby providing a diagnostic maker for dftd [ 192 , 198 ] .
the limitation of these sequencing efforts is a lack of a well - assembled and anchored reference genome , making it more difficult to accurately detect structural mutations . the best assembly consisted of well over 30 , 000 unordered scaffolds on devil chromosomes . breakpoints in a primary dftd tumour and in a lung metastasis have been identified and verified , which provides some idea of the structural rearrangements that have occurred [ 11 ] . nonetheless , without a reference assembly ordered on devil chromosomes , it remains difficult to accurately determine the extent of genomic restructuring that has taken place and the new genomic context in which this places candidate genes potentially involved in tumourigenesis . molecular cytogenetics techniques have been used to complement the sequencing data . chromosome painting was used to detect gross homology between normal and dftd chromosomes , and gene mapping to detect rearrangements on a finer scale [ 33 ] . these techniques have also been used to gain insight into the differences between karyotypic strains and tumour evolution .
figure 5 : ( a ) schematic of dftd strain 1 karyotype . chromosomes have been colour coded to reflect their homology to normal devil chromosomes ( modified from [ 33 ] ) . ( b ) one homologue of chromosome 1 appears to have been shattered by a chromothripsis event . some chromosome fragments have been lost , but most rejoin to form marker chromosome 1 ( m1 ) .
genomic resources for the devil have permitted knowledge of dfts to be rapidly acquired , but there is still much left to be done . further integration of the tumour sequence data with cytogenetic mapping is required to home in on candidate genes and pathways driving tumourigenesis as well as tumour evolution . the extensive structural rearrangement [ 33 ] , the proposed chromothripsis mechanism for the generation of the tumour genome [ 9 , 33 ] , and the paucity of nonsynonymous mutations identified by sequencing [ 11 , 12 ] would strongly suggest that future studies need to focus on accurately identifying structural mutations .
marsupial genome sequences have greatly accelerated research on some of the unique features of this mammalian lineage . here i have highlighted just several areas that have particularly forged ahead since the release of the first marsupial genome assembly .
perhaps the best example of the utility of marsupial genome sequence is the rapid progress that has been made towards understanding the devastating disease threatening australia’s iconic tasmanian devil . since the first publication positing the allograft theory of transmission [ 190 ] , many questions have been answered through genomic approaches . with a proposed increase risk of diseases emerging in the future , it is hoped that the knowledge we have gained from marsupial genome projects will help to ensure the survival of these amazing animals .
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s . s . wanyonyi , j . a . sharp , e . khalil , c . lefevre , and k . r . nicholas , “tammar wallaby mammary cathelicidins are differentially expressed during lactation and exhibit antimicrobial and cell proliferative activity , ”
k . a . daly , m . r . digby , c . lefévre , k . r . nicholas , e . m . deane , and p . williamson , “identification , characterization and expression of cathelicidin in the pouch young of tammar wallaby ( macropus eugenii ) , ”
z . e . parra , m . l . baker , r . s . schwarz , j . e . deakin , k . lindblad - toh , and r . d . miller , “a unique t cell receptor discovered in marsupials , ”
x . wang , z . e . parra , and r . d . miller , “platypus tcrmu provides insight into the origins and evolution of a uniquely mammalian tcr locus , ”
z . e . parra , m . l . baker , j . hathaway et al . , “comparative genomic analysis and evolution of the t cell receptor loci in the opossum monodelphis domestica , ”
j . short and a . smith , “mammal decline and recovery in australia , ”
a . a . burbidge and n . l . mckenzie , “patterns in the modern decline of western australia ' s vertebrate fauna : causes and conservation implications , ”
p . daszak , a . a . cunningham , and a . d . hyatt , “emerging infectious diseases of wildlife—threats to biodiversity and human health , ”
j . e . deakin , k . belov , n . c . curach , p . green , and d . w . cooper , “high levels of variability in immune response using antigens from two reproductive proteins in brushtail possums , ”
s . j . o ' brien , m . e . roelke , and l . marker , “genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah , ”
s . j . o ' brien and j . f . evermann , “interactive influence of infectious disease and genetic diversity in natural populations , ”
b . ujvari and k . belov , “major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) markers in conservation biology , ”
a . k . turner , m . begon , j . a . jackson , j . e . bradley , and s . paterson , “genetic diversity in cytokines associated with immune variation and resistance to multiple pathogens in a natural rodent population , ”
k . acevedo - whitehouse and a . a . cunningham , “is mhc enough for understanding wildlife immunogenetics ? ”
y . cheng , h . v . siddle , s . beck , m . d . b . eldridge , and k . belov , “high levels of genetic variation at mhc class ii dbb loci in the tammar wallaby ( macropus eugenii ) , ”
r . a . b . mason , t . l . browning , and m . d . b . eldridge , “reduced mhc class ii diversity in island compared to mainland populations of the black - footed rock - wallaby ( petrogale lateralis lateralis ) , ”
o . j . holland , p . e . cowan , d . m . gleeson , and l . w . chamley , “high variability in the mhc class ii da beta chain of the brushtail possum ( trichosurus vulpecula ) , ”
s . e . jobbins , c . e . sanderson , j . e . griffith , m . b . krockenberger , k . belov , and d . p . higgins , “diversity of mhc class ii dab1 in the koala ( phascolarctos cinereus ) , ”
s . smith , k . belov , and j . hughes , “mhc screening for marsupial conservation : extremely low levels of class ii diversity indicate population vulnerability for an endangered australian marsupial , ”
d . s . weber , b . s . stewart , j . schienman , and n . lehman , “major histocompatibility complex variation at three class ii loci in the northern elephant seal , ”
k . m . colegrove , l . j . lowenstine , and f . m . d . gulland , “leptospirosis in northern elephant seals ( mirounga angustirostris ) stranded along the california coast , ”
p . m . visscher , d . smith , s . j . g . hall , and j . l . williams , “a viable herd of genetically uniform cattle , ”
g . a . gutierrez - espeleta , p . w . hedrick , s . t . kalinowski , d . garrigan , and w . m . boyce , “is the decline of desert bighorn sheep from infectious disease the result of low mhc variation ? ”
a . k . turner , m . begon , j . a . jackson , and s . paterson , “evidence for selection at cytokine loci in a natural population of field voles ( microtus agrestis ) , ”
e . s . w . wong , a . t . papenfuss , and k . belov , “immunome database for marsupials and monotremes , ”
a . j . brennan , j . a . sharp , m . r . digby , and k . r . nicholas , “the tammar wallaby : a model to examine endocrine and local control of lactation , ”
k . j . simpson , s . ranganathani , j . a . fisher , p . a . janssens , d . c . shaw , and k . r . nicholas , “the gene for a novel member of the whey acidic protein family encodes three four - disulfide core domains and is asynchronously expressed during lactation , ”
j . a . sharp , m . digby , c . lefevre et al . , “the comparative genomics of tammar wallaby and cape fur seal lactation models to examine function of milk proteins , ” in
, a . thompson , m . boland , and h . singh , eds . , pp . 55–79 , academic press , san diego , calif , usa , 2009 .
a . p . watt , j . a . sharp , c . lefevre , and k . r . nicholas , “wfdc2 is differentially expressed in the mammary gland of the tammar wallaby and provides immune protection to the mammary gland and the developing pouch young , ”
k . basden , d . w . cooper , and e . m . deane , “development of the lymphoid tissues of the tammar wallaby macropus eugenii , ”
j . m . old and e . m . deane , “development of the immune system and immunological protection in marsupial pouch young , ”
e . khalil , m . r . digby , p . c . thomson et al . , “acute involution in the tammar wallaby : identification of genes and putative novel milk proteins implicated in mammary gland function , ”
c . m . lefèvre , j . a . sharp , and k . r . nicholas , “characterisation of monotreme caseins reveals lineage - specific expansion of an ancestral casein locus in mammals , ”
e . a . pharo , a . a . de leo , m . b . renfree , p . c . thomson , c . m . lefèvre , and k . r . nicholas , “the mammary gland - specific marsupial elp and eutherian cti share a common ancestral gene , ”
w . mcginnis and r . krumlauf , “homeobox genes and axial patterning , ”
g . panopoulou and a . j . poustka , “timing and mechanism of ancient vertebrate genome duplications—the adventure of a hypothesis , ”
h . yu , j . lindsay , z . - p . feng et al . , “evolution of coding and non - coding genes in hox clusters of a marsupial , ”
c . fromental - ramain , x . warot , n . messadecq , m . lemeur , p . dollé , and p . chambon , “hoxa - 13 and hoxd - 13 play a crucial role in the patterning of the limb autopod , ”
k . y . chew , h . yu , a . j . pask , g . shaw , and m . b . renfree , “hoxa13 and hoxd13 expression during development of the syndactylous digits in the marsupial macropus eugenii , ”
t . ezaz , r . stiglec , f . veyrunes , and j . a . marshall graves , “relationships between vertebrate zw and xy sex chromosome systems , ”
r . glas , j . a . m . graves , r . toder , m . ferguson - smith , and p . c . o ' brien , “cross - species chromosome painting between human and marsupial directly demonstrates the ancient region of the mammalian x , ”
c . l . rodríguez delgado , p . d . waters , c . gilbert , t . j . robinson , and j . a . m . graves , “physical mapping of the elephant x chromosome : conservation of gene order over 105 million years , ”
m . r . band , j . h . larson , m . rebeiz et al . , “an ordered comparative map of the cattle and human genomes [ 2 ] , ”
w . j . murphy , s . sun , z . q . chen , j . pecon - slattery , and s . j . o ' brien , “extensive conservation of sex chromosome organization between cat and human revealed by parallel radiation hybrid mapping , ”
j . e . swinburne , m . boursnell , g . hill et al . , “single linkage group per chromosome genetic linkage map for the horse , based on two three - generation , full - sibling , crossbred horse reference families , ”
l . duret , c . chureau , s . samain , j . weissanbach , and p . avner , “the xist rna gene evolved in eutherians by pseudogenization of a protein - coding gene , ”
a . i . shevchenko , i . s . zakharova , e . a . elisaphenko et al . , “genes flanking xist in mouse and human are separated on the x chromosome in american marsupials , ”
t . a . hore , e . koina , m . j . wakefield , and j . a . marshall graves , “the region homologous to the x - chromosome inactivation centre has been disrupted in marsupial and monotreme mammals , ”
l . s . davidow , m . breen , s . e . duke , p . b . samollow , j . r . mccarrey , and j . t . lee , “the search for a marsupial xic reveals a break with vertebrate synteny , ”
j . grant , s . k . mahadevaiah , p . khil et al . , “rsx is a metatherian rna with xist - like properties in x - chromosome inactivation , ”
j . f . hughes , h . skaletsky , t . pyntikova et al . , “chimpanzee and human y chromosomes are remarkably divergent in structure and gene content , ”
r . toder , m . j . wakefield , and j . a . m . graves , “the minimal mammalian y chromosome - the marsupial y as a model system , ”
h . skaletsky , t . kuroda - kawaguchl , p . j . minx et al . , “the male - specific region of the human y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequence classes , ”
j . f . hughes , h . skaletsky , l . g . brown et al . , “strict evolutionary conservation followed rapid gene loss on human and rhesus y chromosomes , ”
n . sankovic , m . l . delbridge , f . grützner , m . a . ferguson - smith , p . c . m . o ' brien , and j . a . marshall graves , “construction of a highly enriched marsupial y chromosome - specific bac sub - library using isolated y chromosomes , ”
v . j . murtagh , d . o ' meally , n . sankovic et al . , “evolutionary history of novel genes on the tammar wallaby y chromosome : implications for sex chromosome evolution , ”
a . pask , m . b . renfree , and j . a . marshall graves , “the human sex - reversing atrx gene has a homologue on the marsupial y chromosome , atry : implications for the evolution of mammalian sex determination , ”
m . l . delbridge , j . l . harry , r . toder et al . , “a human candidate spermatogenesis gene , rbm1 , is conserved and amplified on the marsupial y chromosome , ”
j . e . deakin , j . chaumeil , t . a . hore , and j . a . marshall graves , “unravelling the evolutionary origins of x chromosome inactivation in mammals : insights from marsupials and monotremes , ”
d . w . cooper , p . g . johnston , j . m . watson , and j . a . m . graves , “x - inactivation in marsupials and monotremes , ”
b . j . richardson , a . b . czuppon , and g . b . sharman , “inheritance of glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase variation in kangaroos , ”
d . w . cooper , j . l . vandeberg , g . b . sharman , and w . e . poole , “phosphoglycerate kinase polymorphism in kangaroos provides further evidence for paternal x inactivation , ”
s . al nadaf , p . d . waters , e . koina , j . e . deakin , k . s . jordan , and j . a . m . graves , “activity map of the tammar x chromosome shows that marsupial x inactivation is incomplete and escape is stochastic , ”
j . a . graves and g . w . dawson , “the relationship between position and expression of genes on the kangaroo x chromosome suggests a tissue - specific spread of inactivation from a single control site , ”
j . l . vandeberg , p . g . johnston , d . w . cooper , and e . s . robinson , “x - chromosome inactivation and evolution in marsupials and other mammals , ”
s . k . mahadevaiah , h . royo , j . l . vandeberg , j . r . mccarrey , s . mackay , and j . m . a . turner , “key features of the x inactivation process are conserved between marsupials and eutherians , ”
i . s . zakharova , a . i . shevchenko , a . g . shilov , t . b . nesterova , j . l . vandeberg , and s . m . zakian , “histone h3 trimethylation at lysine 9 marks the inactive metaphase x chromosome in the marsupial monodelphis domestica , ”
w . rens , m . s . wallduck , f . l . lovell , m . a . ferguson - smith , and a . c . ferguson - smith , “epigenetic modifications on x chromosomes in marsupial and monotreme mammals and implications for evolution of dosage compensation , ”
e . koina , j . chaumeil , i . k . greaves , d . j . tremethick , and j . a . graves , “specific patterns of histone marks accompany x chromosome inactivation in a marsupial , ”
j . chaumeil , p . d . waters , e . koina , c . gilbert , t . j . robinson , and j . a . m . graves , “evolution from xist - independent to xist - controlled x - chromosome inactivation : epigenetic modifications in distantly related mammals , ”
d . a . f . loebel and p . g . johnston , “methylation analysis of a marsupial x - linked cpg island by bisulfite genomic sequencing , ”
d . c . kaslow and b . r . migeon , “dna methylation stabilizes x chromosome inactivation in eutherians but not in marsupials : evidence for multistep maintenance of mammalian x dosage compensation , ”
j . l . hornecker , p . b . samollow , e . s . robinson , j . l . vandeberg , and j . r . mccarrey , “meiotic sex chromosome inactivation in the marsupial monodelphis domestica , ”
m . f . lyon , “gene action in the x - chromosome of the mouse ( mus musculus l . ) , ”
k . a . raphael and d . w . cooper , “studies on metatherian sex - chromosomes . 8 . evidence for an absence of dosage compensation at glucose - 6 - phosphate - dehydrogenase locus in cultured - cells of macropus - rufogriseus , ”
p . julien , d . brawand , m . soumillon et al . , “mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of mammalian and avian dosage compensation , ”
t . a . hore , r . w . rapkins , and j . a . m . graves , “construction and evolution of imprinted loci in mammals , ”
m . j . o ' neill , r . s . ingram , p . b . vrana , and s . m . tilghman , “allelic expression of igf2 in marsupials and birds , ”
b . r . lawton , b . r . carone , c . j . obergfell et al . , “genomic imprinting of igf2 in marsupials is methylation dependent , ”
a . murrell , s . heeson , and w . reik , “interaction between differentially methylated regions partitions the imprinted genes igf2 and h19 into parent - specific chromatin loops , ”
m . weber , h . hagège , a . murrell et al . , “genomic imprinting controls matrix attachment regions in the igf2 gene , ”
j . r . weidman , s . k . murphy , c . m . nolan , f . s . dietrich , and r . l . jirtle , “phylogenetic footprint analysis of igf2 in extant mammals , ”
m . s . bartolomei , s . vigneau , and m . j . o ' neill , “h19 in the pouch , ”
g . smits , a . j . mungall , s . griffiths - jones et al . , “conservation of the h19 noncoding rna and h19 - igf2 imprinting mechanism in therians , ”
s . suzuki , m . b . renfree , a . j . pask et al . , “genomic imprinting of igf2 , p57kip2 and peg1 / mest in a marsupial , the tammar wallaby , ”


pareuchaetes insulata , the yellow-winged pareuchaetes , is a moth of the arctiidae family .

it was described by walker in 1855 .

it is found on cuba and the antilles , as well as in the southern united states ( arizona , florida , south carolina and texas ) , the dominican republic , el salvador , guatemala and nicaragua .

the wingspan is 26 – 38 mm .

the forewings are clay yellow without markings .

adults have been recorded on wing year round , but are most common from april to november .

the larvae feed on various plants , including chromolaena odorata , ageratum species and hernandia sonora .

pareuchaetes insulata

species pareuchaetes insulata - yellow - winged pareuchaetes - hodges # 8227 - bugguide . net
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
se az , c . to s . tx , s . fl , plus a few strays to se us -
chromolaena odorata is a noxious weed on pacific islands , australia , and south africa . this moth has been released as a biological control agent against this plant where it ' s a pest . pdf
, a . r . , 1865 . notes on the bombycidae of cuba .
check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .
annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . donald j . lafontaine , b . christian schmidt . 2010 . zookeys 40 : 1–239 .
peterson field guides : eastern moths charles v . covell . 1984 . houghton mifflin company .
arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas : lepidoptera of florida j . b . heppner . 2003 . florida department of agriculture 17 ( 1 ) : 1 - 670 .
caterpillars of eastern north america david l . wagner . 2005 . princeton university press .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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walker f . 1855a . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part iii . — lepidoptera heterocera . - — 3 : i—iv , 583—775 .
picker m . d . & griffiths ch . 2011 . alien & invasive animals . a south african perspective . - — : 1—140 .
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manulea costalis is a moth of the family erebidae .

it is found in albania , bulgaria , serbia , the republic of macedonia , greece and on crete , as well as in turkey and armenia , on the andamans and from india to burma .

manulea costalis

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this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article manulea costalis ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa
manulea is a genus of moth in the family arctiidae . the type species is lithosia gilveola ochsenheimer , 1810 ( = palliatella scopoli , 1763 ) .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
, 2012 : new records of lichen - moths from the nanling mts . , guangdong , south china , with descriptions of new genera and species ( lepidoptera : arctiidae : lithosiinae ) .
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dubatolov , v . v . & v . v . zolotuhin . ( 2011 ) . does eilema hübner , ( 1819 ) ( lepidoptera , arctiidae , lithosiinae ) present one or several genera ? euroasian entomological journal 10 ( 3 ) 367 - 79 , 380 , col . plate vii .
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