the bornean mountain ground squirrel ( dremomys everetti ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .

the scientific name commemorates british colonial administrator and zoological collector alfred hart everett .

bornean mountain ground squirrel

bornean mountain ground squirrel , dremomys everetti - license for £31 . 00 on picfair
minden pictures stock photos - bornean mountain ground squirrel ( dremomys everetti ) montane forests ( at 2200m ) , slopes of mt kinabalu kinabalu park , s . . .
– seen by one group with rar and adrian , from the pavilion above the timpohon gate , where it ran along the railing beside a bornean mountain ground - squirrel ( for a good comparison ) .
we began officially in the crocker range , where we saw a number of highland endemics , from the usually tough whitehead ' s broadbill and mountain serpent - eagle to mountain and bornean barbets , bornean treepie , bornean bulbul , bornean leafbird , black - sided flowerpecker , and endearing flocks of chestnut - crested yuhinas . we were off to a nice start .
– a . k . a . pale giant squirrel . generally considered a sundaland specialty , of near threatened status , this big squirrel was seen well , first from the rdc towers and then along the road at brl .
this mountain treeshrew could be contributing critical nitrogen to the largest pitcher plant on earth . ( photo by tour participant steve rannels )
– a . k . a . mountain leaf - warbler , this one was quite common at kinabalu , where it was seen well .
– but we all had fabulous views of this stunning bornean endemic along the bukit ular trail at kinabalu .
– the common good - sized squirrel of the lowland rainforest , it was first seen at rdc and then seen daily at sukau and brl . they were particularly common in the trees close to the main lodgeat brl . the bornean race is very dark with a chestnut belly .
this male blue - headed pitta was busy building a nest 25 ' above ground in primary forest at brl . ( photo by tour participant john drummond )
– reminiscent of the squirrel cuckoo of the neotropics , this handsome sundaland specialty was seen well repeatedly , especially from the canopy , starting at the tallest rdc canopy tower .
– this race too is split by some authorities as chestnut - hooded laughingthrush , in which case it would be another bornean endemic of the north - central mountain ranges , where it is quite common . it seemed to lead a number of big - bird flocks and was quite vocal during our visit .
– what a great way to start our lowland birding at the rdc ! a very responsive pair of these dramatic woodpeckers showed well both from the ground and from the canopy walkway .
the lowland long - nosed squirrel ( hyosciurus ileile ) is a species of rodent in the sciuridae family . it is endemic to indonesia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland .
– the bornean race connectens is split by some from birds of sumatra and the malay peninsula , and those birds are sometimes split from flavala , of the himalayas to thailand . it ' s one to watch , as it could be elevated to a bornean endemic . we saw it well at the tambunan rafflesia centre , its white throat puffed out .
– a . k . a . bornean forktail , this is the endemic , montane race , which is the one we saw along the silau - silau at kinabalu . it has a longer tail and more white on the crown than the lowland birds , and recent molecular studies suggest that borneensis could be a distinct species , in which case it would become another bornean endemic .
– as split from blue - winged leafbird , another bornean endemic ; we saw pairs at the rafflesia centre and noted the black masks / throats of the females , which blue - winged females lack .
– a few are known to breed in borneo , but the dozen or so we saw on our pre - tour excursion were probably migrants . we did have some nice looks , both at scoped birds on the ground and then at birds in buoyant flight .
– this aberrant , monotypic barbet is another sundaland specialty , the bornean birds having red legs and feet . we saw them well on various occasions , first at the tambunan rafflesia centre , then at sepilok , in the kinabatangan , at gomantong , and at brl .
- - and did i mention the leeches ? especially notable were those yellow - striped tiger leeches ( haemadipsa picta ) at brl , yet another bornean specialty . they informed our fashion and left several of us with a
battled scar
to show off at home .
– another recent split from striped tit - babbler , this noisy babbler becomes yet another bornean endemic . some of us saw it well in the gardens of the sukau rainforest lodge and then everyone caught up with it on the gomantong road and / or at brl , where it is quite common on the grounds .
- - file - eared tree frog ( polypedates otilophus ) , the richly colored frogs also at the brl frog pond . they occur only in sumatra and borneo , ordinarily well above the ground . but they congregate over water to breed and lay their fertilized eggs into a foam mass that will harden on the outside while remaining liquid on the inside , providing the tadpoles a suitable environment until the mass falls into the water below .
– as split from black laughingthrush , this weirdly wonderful laughingthrush becomes another bornean endemic . we all saw it well on our final morning at kinabalu , thanks to ds ' s group having found it and kept track of it until my group arrived . it reminds us of one of the advantages of having had two groups in the field simultaneously .
– perhaps the most beautiful of the bornean endemics , a male of this species was seen well by all on our first morning afield at kinabalu park ! yip ! yip ! yip ! the group with rar on our final morning in kinabalu encountered a female trogon as well , along the kiau view trail . this can be one of the toughest of the specialties to encounter .
- - harlequin flying tree frog ( rhacophorus pardalis ) . also at the brl frog pond . little did we realize at the time that this little frog spends most of its time in the canopy , only coming to the ground to breed in suitable streams and pools . it too is a foam nest builder , but it ' s one of the
flying
frogs , with extensive membranes between its toes to help it glide from branch to branch - - and down to pools on the forest floor . it occurs in peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo , and the philippines .
- - rafflesia keithii - we traveled to poring to see the flower of this fascinating bornean endemic , the largest of its genus in borneo . adrian explained how scientists and the kinabalu park staff work with locals to enhance the environmental conditions favorable to this rare parasitic plant , namely by making its host vine available for distribution on nearby private lands . we saw several buds and a fabulous blossom on its second day open , as well as several older , decaying flowers .
– we had missed them the afternoon of our arrival to brl , and we had rain the following afternoon . but martin wandered the grounds as the rain stopped and found a male that led us to a group of at least 4 birds , 2 males and 2 females , that we all had great views of . several birds were seen again during our stay , near the lodge and off the entrance road . note the endemic bornean race , with the central tail feathers cinnamon - buff ( instead of white ) .
– formerly classified as subspecies of white - browed shrike - babbler , the aeralatus group ( including robinsoni , of the highlands of borneo ) has been elevated to a full species , as blyth ' s shrike - babbler . recent genetic studies have shown that the shrike - babblers are more closely related to vireos than to the babblers ( timaliidae ) and that the whole group needed reassessment ; hence the changes . the aeralatus group occurs from n pakistan to s china and through sundaland . we saw the bornean subspecies at tambunan rafflesia centre and on kinabalu .
– now usually called bornean orangutan , having been split from the larger sumatran orangutan . our first encounter with this endangered primate comprised another of the outstanding mammalian highlights of the trip . it was a was , according to haswan ' s estimate , a 12 to13 - year - old male , right at the entrance to gomantong cave , and it was
hanging out
in the open , so that we had great views ! we later saw a mother with a baby in the kinabatangan and singles at brl on two occasions , one of them showing just the top of its head over the rim of its roosting
nest .
orangutans average 73 - 180 lbs , with big males weighing 250 lbs or more . considered endangered by the iucn red list . thanks to karen walz for the cover photo .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as least concern as it is common species , and although it is very susceptible to habitat disturbance , its main altitudinal zones are above the levels of severe habitat loss .
this species is found on mountains of north and west borneo ( kalimantan , sarawak , sabah ) , above 975 m ( thorington and hoffmann 2005 ) .
this species is fairly common and stable throughout its range ( han pers . comm . ) .
this species can tolerate secondary forest and fruit orchards , and appear to be more common in primary forest ( han pers . comm . ) .
deforestation due to land conversion for agriculture is the major threat to this species , even right outside mt . kinabalu national park , where people grow vegetables at high altitudes ( han pers . comm . ) .
it is found in at least mt . kinabalu national park ( han pers . comm . ) and gunung mulu national park ( giman pers . comm . ) .
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kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
borneonvuoriorava
to
dremomys everetti ( thomas , 1890 )
.
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thorington , richard w . , jr . , and robert s . hoffman / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
thorington , richard w . , jr . , john l . koprowski , michael a . steele , and james f . whatton
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
missy is a geneticist , and field biologist who enjoys both observing mammals in their natural environment and combining that with dna detective work .
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phylogeny , biogeography and systematic revision of plain long - nosed squirrels ( genus dremomys , nannosciurinae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
mol phylogenet evol . 2016 jan ; 94 ( pt b ) : 752 - 764 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2015 . 10 . 023 . epub 2015 oct 31 .
phylogeny , biogeography and systematic revision of plain long - nosed squirrels ( genus dremomys , nannosciurinae ) .
hawkins mtr 1 , helgen km 2 , maldonado je 3 , rockwood ll 4 , tsuchiya mtn 5 , leonard ja 6 .
smithsonian conservation biology institute , center for conservation and evolutionary genetics , national zoological park , washington dc 20008 , usa ; division of mammals , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , washington dc 20013 - 7012 , usa ; estación biológica de doñana ( ebd - csic ) , conservation and evolutionary genetics group , avda . americo vespucio s / n , sevilla 41092 , spain ; george mason university , department of environmental science and policy , 4400 university drive , fairfax , va 20030 , usa . electronic address : robertsmt @ si . edu .
division of mammals , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , washington dc 20013 - 7012 , usa .
smithsonian conservation biology institute , center for conservation and evolutionary genetics , national zoological park , washington dc 20008 , usa ; division of mammals , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , washington dc 20013 - 7012 , usa .
george mason university , department of biology , 4400 university drive , fairfax , va 20030 , usa .
smithsonian conservation biology institute , center for conservation and evolutionary genetics , national zoological park , washington dc 20008 , usa ; division of mammals , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , washington dc 20013 - 7012 , usa ; george mason university , department of environmental science and policy , 4400 university drive , fairfax , va 20030 , usa .
estación biológica de doñana ( ebd - csic ) , conservation and evolutionary genetics group , avda . americo vespucio s / n , sevilla 41092 , spain .
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this species is restricted to lowland and hill forest in northern peninsula of sulawesi ( indonesia ) .
this species is known from primary forest as well as degraded , secondary forest and scrub at altitudes up to 1 , 700 m .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km 2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat . this species is known exclusively from primary forest below 1 , 700 m , but it is known to inhabit also degraded , secondary forest and scrub . further , the species occurs at extremely low densities and is extremely susceptible to human disturbance .
species range broadly overlaps with the proposed : kelompok hutan buol toli - toli nature reserve , gunung sojol nature reserve , and pegunungan buol toli - toli game reserve .
chiozza , f . ( 2008 ) . hyosciurus ileile . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
thorington , r . w . jr . and r . s . hoffman . 2005 . family sciuridae . pp . 754–818 in mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference . d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds . johns hopkins university press , baltimore .
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enjoy our triplist below ! for our tour description , itinerary , past triplists , dates , fees , and more , please visit our tour page .
click on the link at right to see this triplist in printable pdf format with media only on page 1 .
the spiffy black - and - yellow broadbill , though a fairly common sundaland specialty , turned out to be one of our favorites . ( photo by tour participant steve rannels )
i ' ve said it before , but i ' m still thinking : what could be more fun ? ! take an enthusiastic group of birders to some of the world ' s most impressive forests , full of exotic birds and mammals ,
flying
reptiles and amphibians , and a long list of other incredible critters and plants , and we ' re sure to have a great time . and so it was on this , our sixth , tour of some of the best of borneo . dave and i thoroughly enjoyed it .
in our efforts to overcome jetlag , we all arrived early , and we managed to get in a little extra birding before the tour officially started . we had a morning to the n of kk , in open country marshes and agricultural fields on the tempusak plain ; it produced a number of more widespread asian species that we don ' t see on the tour itself but that were clearly enjoyed by this group , a number of whom were experiencing asian birding for the first time . ( since we all participated , i ' ve included those species in the list below . )
our real introduction to tropical lowland forest was at sepilok , where we spent a morning in the rdc canopy towers , enjoying a range of representative asian species , from our first hornbills and black - and - yellow broadbills to displaying violet cuckoos , stunning white - bellied and crimson - winged woodpeckers , and fancy raffles ' s and chestnut - breasted malkohas .
that afternoon we would continue to gomantong cave , where we scoped out each of the echo - locating swiftlets on their nests and then emerged from the cave to our first orangutan ! we watched a long - winged black eagle sailing along the high limestone cliffs and watched our first red leaf monkeys accomplishing some impressive jumps . we saw a calling pair of white - crested hornbills and watched large groups of bushy - crested hornbills gather to roost sites as we waited for the bats to emerge . soon there were smoke - like clouds of hundreds of wrinkle - lipped bats drifting away from the caves , and shortly the crepuscular bat hawks appeared , diving through the clouds and emerging with food for the night . we would later see them perched and even hear their calls . it was a lovely clear evening , and we managed to reach sukau earlier than usual .
we had a wonderful morning of birding along the gomantong entrance road , seeing such wonders as hooded and black - headed pittas , red - bearded bee - eater , and a terrific array of babblers , before settling in to borneo rainforest lodge , our comfortable home for the next five days .
it was a bit sobering to realize how many of the species we saw are considered either endangered , vulnerable , or near threatened by birdlife international and the iucn red list . we ' ll hope that our visit will contribute a bit toward their longterm preservation .
by a sundaland specialty , i mean a species whose range is generally restricted to the thai - malay peninsula , borneo , sumatra , and java‚ all of which were connected during the last ice age . the eastern boundary of sundaland is wallace ' s line , a deep - water trench between borneo and sulawesi and between bali and lombok , east of which is wallacea / australasia . many of the birds of borneo , as marked with an s on the checklist , are sundaland specialties . taxonomy follows the clements checklist with online updates . to access the clements checklist , go urltoken where you can download it and check for additional updates .
we thank borneo eco tours , our great local guides ( adrian , haswan , wangkong , and paul ) , our captains and boatmen , and the staffs of our wonderful lodgings throughout the tour . special thanks for cover photos to john drummond ( fruit - hunter , black - sided flowerpecker ) , steve rannels ( antheraea moth , black - and - yellow broadbill ) , and karen walz ( orangutan ) . dave contributed the storm ' s stork , streaky - breasted spiderhunter , and blue - headed pitta , and the rest were mine . thanks , too , to each of you guys for coming and for making the trip so much fun .
for more information about this tour , including future departures , visit our website at urltoken . and to see this same triplist online , go to urltoken and you will find the list in its entirety .
– at least two birds were seen on our pre - tour morning in the marshes near kota belud .
– heard ( repeatedly ) by all and seen well by one lucky group along the bukit ular trail at kinabalu on our final morning in the park .
– seen late one afternoon from the road at brl . well , there was a pair at close range , singing away and responding to playback , but it was so dark inside the tangled road - edge forest floor , where one bird came into view , that it appeared mostly a big , dark blob - - even in the scope . still , it was a singing dark blob for those who could make it out .
we found a very friendly friendly bush - warbler up the summit trail at kinabalu . ( photo by guide dave stejskal )
– we all heard this one a few times , giving a series of calls as they foraged through the forest , but they were not at their display grounds this trip . one group got incredibly lucky and had a foraging male walk across the sapa trail right in front of us ! sorry there was nothing we could do to target this beauty for the other group .
– classified as endangered ( with a population of fewer than 500 birds ) by the iucn , this small stork is one of the real specialties of the kinabatangan , which is considered its world stronghold . we were quite lucky this trip , seeing as many as 10 birds circling together and 6 on another day , both perched and flying ! that ' s in an area where a breeding population of only 40 + birds was censused between 1999 and 2002 . with increased fragmentation of their habitat , the species has declined throughout its limited range , mostly in borneo and sumatra . the cover photo was taken by dave stejskal .
– we lucked into one perched bird , in a dead tree along the big kinabatangan , at sunset one afternoon as we returned by boat to sukau rainforest lodge . this species is more common well downriver , close to the coast .
– seen both on our pre - tour morning in the kota belud marshes and at night ( by flashlight ! ) in tall grasses along the kinabatangan .
– our pre - tour views were all of birds in flight - - up and back down quickly - - but we had great scope views of a bird that flushed up along the highway through the palm plantations en route to gomantong . it ' s a locally common breeder in borneo , but its numbers are augmented by boreal migrants that winter as well .
– as we sat in the brl dining room one rainy afternoon , jan spotted this species flying upriver ; but it disappeared before anyone else got on it .
– seen well on our pre - tour morning and especially on the airstrip at lahad datu , where we could see that the gape extended only as far as the eye - - and not beyond ( as it does in great egret ) .
– several were seen flying past during our dinner ( s ) at the delicious indian food restaurant on the waterfront in kk .
– fairly common and widespread this time of year , but not known to breed in borneo . we did see some in orangy alternate plumage ; these are thought to be headed for japan and / or taiwan . note the trinomial in case this asian race is elevated to full - species status in the future .
– it was nice to see a couple of birds in breeding plumage in the marshy fields on our pre - tour trip to kota belud . in borneo this species is considered an uncommon to rare non - breeding visitor .
– this seemed to be the more common of the two pond - herons at kota belud - - where it is considered regular but non - breeding - - and we saw a number of breeding - plumaged birds . it does breed in se kalimantan .
– first seen flying above the gomantong entrance road , but later seen better by folks along the brl entrance road .
– because this species mimics the plumages of the hawk - eagles with which it occurs , differentiating on the basis of plumage can be really tough . fortunately , we saw birds in flight , on two different days , well out the brl entrance road , and we could see their long - necked , small - headed , long - tailed shapes .
– what a treat ! not only did we watch them in dramatic pursuit of bats emerging from the gomantong caves , but we saw them up close and calling and then perched and in the scopes ! the species is widespread but local , occurring in africa , australasia , and se asia . the borneo birds belong to the nominate race .
– first seen from our dinner table on the kk waterfront , this species was seen fairly widely , from the rdc canopy to the kinabatangan to lahad datu .
– seen well along the menanggul and ( through the scopes ) along the danum r at brl ; considered near threatened by the iucn .
– our first one was calling , high above the tambunan rafflesia centre , and we ran out to the parking lot to see it and were delighted with seeing it at all . then we lucked into calling birds at least twice more in kinabalu park , on one occasion when a bird swooped in low overhead for good naked - eye views ! this was the most conspicuous i ' ve had this vulnerable rarity on a borneo tour .
– seen first , perched , from the sepilok rdc tower , and then seen daily the rest of the trip ; the common lowland counterpart of the last species .
– also fairly common , this species was more conspicuous than usual this trip . we watched it perched and displaying overhead , seeing it well repeatedly .
– this migrant was seen by one group with ds , well out the brl entrance road .
– it was another treat to watch this long - winged eagle sailing along the cliffs above gomantong caves on our first visit there . we later saw one at brl as well .
– we all had great views of a bird along the menanggul near sukau , and then some folks saw another out the brl entrance road .
– we found an active nest of this species , one bird of which was a dark morph , along the menanggul river .
– considered near threatened , this tiny raptor can be easily overlooked . we were extremely lucky to have seen a pair of them , perched up together , along the big kinabatangan , and just before the rains came down , on our final afternoon boat trip from sukau .
– one bird was perched on a high tower above the marshy fields of the tempusak plain on our pre - tour excursion .
– fairly common and widespread , this one was seen first on our pre - tour trip and then on various occasions along our tour route .
– i ' ve never seen such a concentration of this rallid as in the marshes of the tempusak plain near kota belud . we saw numbers flying up and down , and we even had the telescopes on several that showed well . generally thought to be a non - breeding visitor to borneo , it has now been recorded during the breeding season and may actually stay to breed .
– one was seen by john drummond ( and possibly others ? ) in the marshy fields near kota belud pre - tour .
– one bird , still in basic plumage , in a flooded rice field n of kota belud .
– the old world stilts have been split , this species breeding from indonesia to australia & new zealand and wintering in the philippines , and the nominate black - winged stilt , himantopus himantopus , breeding in the mediterranean and sub - saharan africa to se asia and taiwan , considered distinct species . both occur regularly as migrants in nw borneo and could have been in the flooded field n of kota belud ( where we turned around ) , but i noticed only leucocephalus , with black on the back of the neck before we left .
the canopy walkway at brl offers a totally different perspective on canopy birding . ( photo by guide rose ann rowlett )
– a few on our pre - tour excursion and then several along the kinabatangan near sukau .
– near kota belud pre - tour ; the old world equivalent of our solitary sandpiper .
– the commonest sandpiper in the marshy fields on our pre - tour excursion .
– we had nice scope views of this peep in the flooded field n of kota belud .
– based on captures , this is considered the commonest snipe in w sabah - - which is where we were on our pre - tour excursion ; so the snipe we saw were likely of this species . but it ' s practically impossible to separate this species from swinhoe ' s where they overlap , and so we leave this one unidentified - - as snipe sp . ? ?
– dave pointed out one quick fly - by , which some folks got on , from our vista point along the trail above poring hot springs . a slope specialist of lower montane forest , this sundaland specialty is quite scarce on our route .
– but this smaller relative of the last species is fairly common , especially in the montane forest , and we had great looks , starting at the tambunan rafflesia centre and then also at kinabalu .
– only glimpsed flying across the river in the kinabatangan and then heard at brl ; fortunately , this one is a very widespread species .
– we had terrific looks at this spiffy sundaland specialty in the big fruiting fig right on the grounds of our sepilok jungle resort . also seen regularly in the kinabatangan .
– martin saw one perched briefly on our pre - tour excursion n of kota belud . the rest of us saw a female above the parking area at sepilok rdc and then with the large green - pigeon along the kinabatangan .
– we had nice views of this big pigeon , another sundaland specialty , perched up along the kinabatangan , where we saw 6 birds together during an afternoon cruise .
– seen by some around kk , this was the common big pigeon of the lowlands . we had nice views in good light along the kinabatangan and at brl .
– first seen flying over the tambunan rafflesia centre , this big montane pigeon was best seen in a tree right beside our bungalows in kinabalu park .
– first seen at sepilok , this sundaland specialty was ultimately seen perched up in electric light in the kinabatangan .
– seen ( when heard ) as a midget fly - by on many occasions in the lowlands before we all finally managed great scope views at brl , either from the canopy walkway or out the entrance road .
– the race bocki is restricted to the mountains of sundaland , but it was always calling in the distance , and we never managed a view on this trip .
– a bird was seen briefly along the menanggul , and we also heard them calling at brl .
– another sundaland specialty , this one was seen by some folks with ds along the brl road ; otherwise , it was heard only .
– this species was calling a lot during our trip , but it was tough getting a good look . some folks saw it in the scope , briefly , from the rdc canopy tower ; we all saw a responsive bird fly high overhead along the gomantong road ; and then the group in the brl canopy on our final morning there had good looks at a perched bird .
– it took a while , but this sundaland specialty was ultimately lured in by playback , right above our rooms at kinabalu park , such that everyone had great scope views . good spotting , john spahr !
– known to brood - parasitize sunbirds , this scarce cuckoo was a nice surprise along the menanggul , where we all saw it well from the boats .
– this little beauty was engaged in flight displays throughout our visit , starting at the rdc canopy walkway , where we had great scope views and watched it in display flight .
– widespread and calling a lot during our visit , this species was best seen by all from the canopy walkway , where it was quite responsive - - and looking quite like a drongo ( until it started its wing - spreading display ) .
– this sundaland specialty was first seen along the gomantong entrance road and then at brl as well .
– another sundaland specialty , this one was seen only twice - - both from the brl canopy walkway .
– first seen in the vines at poring , this sundaland specialty was later seen extremely well , especially from the rdc canopy and from the brl canopy walkway .
– yip ! yip ! yip ! it was amazing that we all - - in all three boats ! - - managed to see this shy and elusive endemic ! something was just right this trip to cause them to respond well vocally , and then we were lucky to find a reasonable spot for viewing along the banks of the menanggul . we may have used up our luck for a while on this one .
– scoped at a distance in the marshy fields n of kota belud on our pre - tour extension and then seen again by one group well out the entrance road at brl .
– heard , at too great a distance , along the menanggul on our first night cruise ; then heard , at closer range , from the sukau boardwalk the following night , right before the rainstorm . a great sound , but sorry we couldn ' t see it .
– calling very little - - and only during the wee hours of the night - - during our visit to kinabalu .
– we had great studies of this one ! we first saw it right on the grounds of sukau rainforest lodge , but our best looks were of two birds interacting ( adult and young ? ) repeatedly behind the dining area at brl .
– we had a great view of this beauty on our brl night walk , when we spotlighted a bird near the staff quarters .
– fairly common and widespread in the lowlands , starting with poring ( over the parking lot ) .
– seen essentially every day of the trip , this commonest swiftlet was nesting under the eaves of various structures . unlike the echo - locating swiftlets of the genus aerodramus , this species needs some light for nesting , thus building under eaves or near the mouth of caves .
– one of the three similar , echo - locating swiftlets that nest inside gomantong cave ; they ' re so similar , in fact , that they are not reliably separated unless seen on their distinctive nests . this species builds a cup nest of sticks glued together with saliva and covered with moss , often placed on a small ledge , sometimes at low elevation . their nests contain too much foreign material to be edible and hence are not harvested . we saw them well inside the cave .
– the black - nest cave at gomantong was named for this species , and indeed it was the most abundant nester during our visit . their nests , harvested at least twice a year , are shallow cups of their own dark feather glued with their own saliva . there were masses of them clustered together on the very vertical walls of the cave , all blackish in appearance . teams of workers clean these nests up for the market , and we saw their nests for sale in the kk airport .
the scarce red - throated sunbird replaces brown - throated sunbird inside primary forest at brl . ( photo by tour participant steve rannels )
– seen by some from the bus , right in kk , on our pre - tour excursion .
– john spahr alone saw this species , flying over the palm plantations en route to gomantong , from the bus window .
– seen nicely in flight several times , especially over the parking lot at poring , and then seen again , perched by some , at brl .
– considered near threatened , this sundaland beauty was seen in the kinabatangan , along the gomantong road , and on several occasions at brl . big and handsome !
– brl : a female by some along the road ; a male from the canopy tower by one group ; and another male along the jacuzzi trail on our final morning afield . another handsome sundaland specialty .
– like a miniature version of the red - naped trogon , this sundaland beauty was seen first along the menanggul , then on the gomantong road , and then by some from the brl canopy walkway .
– possibly a breeder , but more likely the bird we saw at the mouth of the menanggul was a winter visitor that hadn ' t left yet for its breeding area in continental asia or the philippines .
– seen well in the kinabatangan , including by spotlight on a night roost .
– we could hear it calling as it flew under the bridge across the danum r . ( on our final morn at brl ) , but we never laid eyes on it .
– one group with ds on the sukau boardwalk called in a responsive bird . then as we were drinking our welcome drink at brl , jan pointed out a bird perched just outside . after that we saw a confiding bird around the lodge several additional times . what a cutie !
– this difficult - to - see species was seen wonderfully well by all , through the scope , after it responded to playback along the sukau boardwalk . a fabulous kingfisher !
– seen nicely at sepilok forest edge and along the wires through the vast palm plantations between sukau and lahad datu .
– a fabulous - - and very different - - bee - eater , it was scoped at gomantong and seen from the brl canopy walkway and along the brl road .
– seen daily in the kinabatangan and our almost constant companions at brl , these handsome bee - eaters were nesting in holes in the small sandy mounds along the danum r . floodplain .
– it was the first hornbill we saw , at sepilok jungle resort , and it was the commonest along the rivers in the kinabatangan ; but it was absent from the primary forest at brl .
– considered near threatened , this noisy sundaland specialty was also seen first at sepilok , then in the kinabatangan , and also in small numbers at brl . we saw male variants ( with the white brow ) on a number of occasions .
– also considered near threatened , this dramatic hornbill may be the handsomest of the hornbills . we saw them well in the kinabatangan and at brl , where they were regular in small numbers .
– well , jan may have seen more than her share , but , ultimately , everyone caught up with this , the most bizarre of the hornbills , along the brl entrance road . we laughed repeatedly at its long , maniacal song as we made numerous attempts to call it in . it too is a sundaland specialty that is considered near threatened .
– usually the commonest of the hornbills in the lowland rainforest , this social species was seen best in the late afternoon at our gomantong bat emergence vista . also seen at sukau and brl .
– this scarce sundaland specialty is usually the hardest to see , but we were lucky this trip to have seen a pair on our afternoon at gomantong caves . then one group with rar along the brl road encountered another group of 3 . also considered near threatened .
– we saw but one female of this near threatened , sundaland specialty , but she was seen quite well , along the tenangang r , a tributary of the kinabatangan .
– this big hornbill , more widespread than most , is generally scarce on this tour in march ; apparently , most of the figs they prefer fruit later in the year . they travel long distances to good fruiting trees , sometimes gathering in large groups at a fruit bonanza . we saw our first pair flying along the kinabatangan , another pair ( for one group ) perched out the entrance road at brl , and there was yet one other encounter along the brl road . a big beauty indeed !
– we all saw this sundaland specialty well from our vista point along the trail at poring , where we called one in for scope views . it was heard widely thereafter but never seen well again .
– another sundaland specialty , this one was seen well at gomantong and from the brl canopy tower .
– we had several good looks at this lower - montane endemic along the road at tambunan rafflesia centre , and we heard it along the kiau view trail at kinabalu , where it is scarce . this was the one that stops to take a breath after delivering a series of notes .
– the toughest barbet to see , it too is a sundaland specialty that was heard several times in the distance at brl .
– a kinabalu / crocker range endemic , it was heard a lot , but seen only a few times this trip .
– a more widespread species , this one was nesting in a hole in a tree just outside the dining area at brl we had already seen it well at poring , in the fig at sepilok , and in the kinabatangan .
– a generally tough endemic , it was a struggle to locate this one , but we finally succeeded in getting scope views for all ; at trafflesia centre .
– seen best along the sukau boardwalk ( just when martha stepped off ! ) and then again at brl . it ' s another sundaland specialty .
– this widespread woodpecker , still placed in the same genus with all the blond , crested woodpeckers of the neotropics , put in brief appearances at sukau and on the gomantong road .
– i think we all had beautifully responsive birds , both from the canopy and along the road , on that cool ( and super ! ) day of birding at brl . this one ' s a sundaland specialty .
– another sundaland specialty , and another stunning old world woodpecker ! we all enjoyed it , as if frozen to the trunk , in a tree visible from the bristlehead tower at rdc .
– first seen by one group ( with ds ) along the bukit ular trail at kinabalu , this sundaland specialty was seen again with flocks at kinabalu and along the entrance road at brl .
– another sundaland woodpecker , this one was seen at kinabalu , in the kinabatangan , at gomantong , and at brl .
– this fancy sundaland specialty was seen right at the hill lodge and up the road at kinabalu , and one group had a nice pair from the canopy walkway at brl .
– we all saw this one well from the rdc hornbill tower , then later in the kinabatangan and at brl . it too is restricted to sundaland .
– also a sundaland specialty , this one considered near threatened ; we saw a pair ( or family group ? ) well along the gomantong entrance road . it was also seen at brl .
– what a fabulous little woodpecker ! it ' s one of asia ' s smallest woodpeckers and a sundaland specialty to boot . we had several marvelous looks at it , including a close pair from the brl canopy walkway . the male sat close - by , its tall crest erect and curled forward .
– from the smallest to the largest of asian woodpeckers ! this big woodpecker was seen well in threesomes , first along the menanggul by all , and then by a group with ds along the brl entrance road . in each case , they seemed to face off , calling and spreading their wings in interaction . quite a treat to behold !
– heard by a group with wangkong and ds near the trail to the brl canopy walkway , but it didn ' t respond well and managed to go unseen .
– this fancy endemic was more conspicuous this year than on any past trip for me ! we had fabulous looks at a responsive bird near the tambunan rafflesia centre ; then a bird was seen well on lower bukit ular , and they were vocalizing a lot ( and seen yet again ) near our lodgings at kinabalu park . a fantastic big broadbill , now placed ( with green broadbill & african broadbills ) into a family distinct from that of the other asian broadbills .
– the typical asian broadbills are exquisite too ! this one , first seen at gomantong , was seen especially well from our boats in the kinabatangan . we noted several old nests hanging over the tributaries , at least one of them currently active on the tenangang .
– fairly widespread , but what a bird ! we saw a pair beautifully near masakob waterfall .
– this one was seen well repeatedly , starting at the rdc hornbill tower , then along the menanggul , and finally at brl , where we watched it nest - building in the crotch of a canopy emergent from the brl walkway . for one whole morning , at least one bird would fly in repeatedly , carrying long strings of plant material and casually drop it in the fork of two major limbs of a big canopy emergent . it rarely seemed to stay long enough to work the material into any form . on another morning at the same tower , we didn ' t see any such activity .
– could this extraordinary and confiding small broadbill be the fairest of them all ? certainly , the soft pink is a rare color in passerines . we watched one at an active nest along the menanggul and enjoyed them eye - to - eye from the canopy walkways . common as it is , it ' s the only streaky - breasted spiderhunter that ' s restricted to sundaland . thanks to steve rannels for the lovely cover photo .
– but this one has the biggest bill of all ! after our first , rather frustrating , encounter with a responsive bird that continually overshot ( well downriver in the kinabatangan ) , one group had an incredibly responsive family of 8 birds from the brl canopy walkway our first morning up there . others caught up with good scope views along the road .
– on our final morning at brl , four lucky folks who were birding the road with wangkong ( martha , jan , harlan , & martin ) got to see a responsive male giant pitta , another sundaland specialty , that had decided to start singing right at the end of our stay ! sorry we didn ' t have yet another morning .


the short-footed luzon tree rat or greater dwarf cloud rat ( carpomys melanurus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .

it is found only in the philippines , specifically in northern luzon .

its natural habitat is tropical moist montane forests .

this species was long thought to be extinct .

in 2008 , filipino researchers including dr. danilo balete found a specimen in the canopy of mount pulag national park , the first scientifically observed individual of the species since 1896 .

the captured individual was " about 185 grams and has dense soft reddish-brown fur , a black mask around large dark eyes , small rounded ears , a broad and blunt snout and a long tail covered with dark hair " .

short - footed luzon tree rat

short footed luzon tree rat ( carpomys melanurus ) at mt . pulag - schadow1 expeditions
short footed luzon tree rat ( carpomys melanurus ) at mt . pulag - schadow1 expeditions - youtube
rare sighting of a greater dwarf cloud rat thought to be extinct but is observed at mt . pulag , luzon ' s highest peak in the philippines . captured in video by schadow1 expeditions on its mapping expedition to the mountain . more info on urltoken
this species is endemic to the philippines and is known only from the type locality , mt . data , benguet province , luzon ( heaney et al . 1998 ) . a survey of mt . amuyao failed to find the species ( rickart et al . 2016 ) . it is possible that the species may be widespread in the extensive mossy forest that remains in the cordillera ( l . heaney pers . comm . ) .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
duya , a . , balete , d . s . , heaney , l . , rosell - ambal , r . g . b . , tabaranza , b . & ong , p .
justification : listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
there is very little known about population or local abundance of this species . it may be locally common ( thomas 1898 ; heaney et al . 1998 ) . it is known from four specimens in the original collection from 1895 and another two taken later that year , there have been no surveys for this species since then and it has not been collected again ( l . heaney pers . comm ) . there is little information about this species , because it is difficult to trap as it lives in the canopy ( l . heaney pers . comm . ) .
the specimens were collected from mossy and upper montane forest at high elevation , from 2 , 200 to 2 , 500 m . ( largen 1985 ; thomas 1898 ) . it is likely to be an arboreal and forest dependent species ( l . heaney pers . comm ) .
the region of the type locality at mt . data has been largely converted to vegetable farms although there are other mossy , montane forests nearby where this species may occur ( l . heaney pers . comm ) .
this species occurs in protected areas throughout its range . surveys using appropriate sampling techniques are required to determine where this species may occur .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t3917a115067010 .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


epinotia solandriana is a moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in europe , china ( jilin , heilongjiang , shaanxi , gansu , qinghai ) , korea , japan and russia .

the wingspan is 16 – 21 mm .

the moth flies in one generation from july to september depending on the location .

the larvae mainly feed on birch , corylus avellana , and willow .

epinotia solandriana

epinotia solandriana ( variable bell ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
a biological study of epinotia solandriana ( lepidoptera : olethreutidae ) , a leaf roller on birch in ontario . | canadian forest service publications | natural resources canada
a biological study of epinotia solandriana ( lepidoptera : olethreutidae ) , a leaf roller on birch in ontario . 1967 . lindquist , o . h . ; macleod , l . s . the canadian entomologist 99 ( 10 ) : 1110 - 1114 .
notes : common in woodland and scrubland throughout much of the british isles . in hampshire widespread and common . not recorded from the isle of wight since 1975 , formerly widespread in the north of the island . wingspan 15 - 21 mm . the nominate form of e . solandriana with the elongate - semiovate dorsal blotch on the forewing is distinctive , but forms with fasciate markings or with a white triangular blotch of ground colour dorsally can be confused with similar forms of e . brunnichana ; in e . solandriana the dorsal blotch is triangular instead of subquadrate [ bradley ] . larva feeds on birch , hazel and goat willow , living within a spun or rolled leaf .
a fairly common , and rather variable species , occurring over most of the british isles , and occupying woodland and scrubby habitats .
although quite variable in colour , the contrasting dorsal blotch is often present , sometimes darker and other times paler than the ground colour .
the larvae feed in a rolled leaf of birch ( betula ) , hazel ( corylus ) , sallow ( salix ) or occasionally some other species of tree or bush .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
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procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 04 03 : 38 : 37 page render time : 0 . 4004s total w / procache : 0 . 4382s
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 16 . 19m , . 20m , . 21m ; p . 138 . book review and ordering
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photo © brian jones , 28 / 7 / 2015 , windle hill , raveningham ( tm4199 ) . male dissected by j . clifton , ( in collection of j . clifton ) .
approx length ( c . 10 . 5mm ) wingspan ( 16 - 21 mm . )
distinctive dorsal blotch is often present , sometimes darker and other times paler than the ground colour .
recorded in 10 ( 14 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
specific epithet in honor of carl linnaeus ' apostle daniel solander ( 1733 - 1782 ) . solander was a botanist and travelled with james cook to australia and new zealand where he penned the manuscript for primitiae florae novae zelandiae ( beginnings of a new zealand flora ) .
adult - forewing extremely variable in color and pattern - from dark brown with large white triangle along inner margin , to mostly white with sparse blackish markings , to medium brown with dark brown patches , to light brown with large blackish semicircular patch along inner margin ( see photos of these 4 variations at swedish museum of natural history ) ; hindwing light grayish - brown with pale fringe .
larva - early instars whitish - yellow ; older instars bluish - gray with black head .
holarctic : across eurasia from japan to the british isles ; in north america from alaska to quebec , south in the west to utah and california .
) in canada and alaska , but may also feed on trembling aspen , alder , and yellow birch . in eurasia , foodplants include birch , hazel , and willow .
one generation per year ; overwinters as an egg on roughened bud stalks of hostplant .
systema naturae , 10th ed . carolus linnaeus ( carl linné ) . 1758 .
revision of the north american moths of the subfamily eucosminae of the family olethreutidae carl heinrich . 1923 . united states national museum bulletin 123 : 1 - 298 .
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the galleries below lead you to information pages for every species recorded on naturespot .
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barbatula is a genus of fish in the family nemacheilidae native to europe and asia .

they are found in streams , rivers and lakes , and the genus also includes europe 's only cavefish , which only was discovered in the danube – aachtopf system in germany in 2015 .

barbatula formerly included many more species , but these have been moved to other genera , notably oxynoemacheilus .

barbatula

life - history traits of the stone loach barbatula barbatula . - pubmed - ncbi
jennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds resource for species - level taxa from barbatula barbatula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
often erroneously called nemacheilus barbatulus , cobitis barbatula or orthrias barbatula . several species are apparently confused under the name b . barbatula . recent molecular studies suggest that several species are lumped under this name and a taxonomic revision is needed to settle this problem .
habitat : streams with gravel to stone bottom . biology : no data , probably largely similar to b . barbatula . spawns for the first time at 40 mm sl .
. . . this name was reduced with the synonymy barbatula toni ( dybowski , 1869 ) [ 23 , 27 ] . kottelat [ 32 ] reinstates , for this area , the taxon barbatula tomiana , previously listed as an infrasubspecies by berg [ 6 ] , which confirmed prokofiev ' s work [ 47 , 48 ] . order : ? . . .
the life - history tactics of the stone loach barbatula barbatula were studied in a mediterranean - type climate stream ( matarranya river ) located in the ebro river basin ( north - east spain ) . maximum observed ages were 2 + years in both sexes ( 1 % of individuals ) , although only 0 + and 1 + year age groups were well represented . it is the lowest longevity reported for this species in its entire distribution . the seasonal growth period started in june and continued until november , but the pattern observed was different to northern populations . barbatula barbatula in the matarranya river was a multiple spawner , releasing small batches of oocytes between april and june . the fecundity of females was higher and the size of oocytes smaller in 1984 than in 1985 . the relative fecundity ( number of ripening and ripe oocytes g ( - 1 ) of fish ) was lower than in northern european populations . the role of the particular environmental conditions of a mediterranean stream was discussed in relation to the life - history tactics of b . barbatula .
( of cobitis barbatula linnaeus , 1758 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cobitis barbatula parisiensis de la pylaie , 1835 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
barbatula restricta , new species , is described from the saldan - kol lake in the upper ob river drainage in the altai mountains . it is distinguished from all other species of barbatula in asia by its body depth increasing continuously between the nape and the dorsal - fin origin and a combination of characters : nares widely spaced , upper lip with a short medial incision , lower lip without lateral expansions , mental lobes of lower lip without conical protrusions , tips of paired fins formed by 1st and 2nd branched rays , 42 - 45 ( mean 44 ) vertebrae , color pattern consisting of small irregular mottles without saddles on back . an overview of the status of all nominal asiatic barbatula species described is given .
two sympatric species of siberian loaches are recorded in the zavkhan river basin ( great lakes depression , western mongolia ) and described as new for science : barbatula conilobus and b . dsapchynensis spp . n . the former species , most likely , is widely distributed over the entire river basin , and the latter species , apparently , occurs locally , but in sympatry with b . conilobus . morphological differences of the new species from other representatives of the genus barbatula and their relationships are analyzed . ecological distinctions between the species of the genera barbatula and triplophysa in the zavkhan river basin are described . possible mechanisms of development of the present fauna of loaches in mongolia and adjacent territories with an appearance of sympatric species pairs in a single water basin are discussed .
( of cobitis barbatula linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cobitis barbatula linnaeus , 1758 ) poll , m . ( 1945 ) . contribution à la connaissance de la faune ichtyologique du bas - escaut . bull . mus . royal d ' hist . nat . belg . / med . kon . natuurhist . mus . belg . 21 ( 11 ) : 1 - 32 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
simply dubbed “cave loach” or “barbatula” for now , the fish was discovered in 2015 by joachim kreiselmaier , an amateur cave diver . he was exploring a hard - to - reach water - filled cave labyrinth called the danube - aach system in southern germany , which ultimately empties into the river rhine . kreiselmaier is a friend of behrmann - godel and sent her film and photographs of the strange fish he spotted .
two sympatric species of siberian loaches are recorded in the zavkhan river basin ( great lakes depression , western mongolia ) and described as new for science : barbatula conilobus and b . dsapchynensis spp . n . the former species , most likely , is widely distributed over the entire river basin , and the latter species , apparently , occurs locally , but in sympatry with b . conilobus . morphological . . . [ show full abstract ]
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 ; anal soft rays : 8 ; vertebrae : 40 - 42 . distinguished from all other species of barbatula from northern asia by having an upper lip with a marked and deep median indention ( vs . slight and shallow ) and a nearly scaleless body or scales only on the caudal - fin base ( vs . body scaled posterior to the dorsal - fin origin or a fully scaled body ) . can be further diagnosed from b . dgebuadzei in having closely - set nostrils ( vs . widely separated ) and 40 - 42 vertebrae ( vs . 43 - 45 ) . similar to both barbatula altayensis and b . sawadai in the shared presence of closely - set nostrils , a character distinguishing them from all other congeners from northern asia with widely separated nostrils . can be further diagnosed from b . altayensis in having 40 - 42 vertebrae ( vs . 44 - 45 ) , and from b . sawadai in having 7 branched dorsal - fin rays ( vs . 8 ) . resembles b . compressirostrisi ( or b . golubtsovii ) and b . dgebuadzei in scalation in that the body is scaleless or scales only on the caudal - fin base . further differs from b . compressirostrisi ( or b . golubtsovii ) in having 40 - 42 vertebrae ( vs . 45 - 47 ) and closely - set nostril ( vs . widely separated ) ( ref . 93050 ) .
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the pale - coloured loach , shown above , is thought to have diverged from surface fish as glaciers from the last ice age receded some 16 , 000 to 20 , 000 years ago .
“our first genetic studies , plus knowledge of the geological history of the region , suggest the cave loach population is amazingly young , certainly not older than 20 , 000 years , ” says jasminca behrmann - godel at the university of konstanz in germany , who led the team that analysed the fish . “despite this short time span , the fish show trademark adaptions to cave life compared with loaches from surface locations nearby , including a pale body colouration , much smaller eyes , plus larger nostrils and barbels . ”
it shows that adaptation to these subterranean habitats can be fast , and just a few thousand years might be enough for a fish to adapt to cave life , says behrmann - godel . “cavefish could exist virtually everywhere in principle , and there’s no good reason to expect long evolution times for them to adapt to cave environments , ” she says .
kreiselmaier says the section inhabited by the fish is notoriously difficult to reach , accessible only in dry spells when the underground river is sufficiently calm and clear to allow exploration . “to reach the area with the fish takes an hour , and involves periods of decompression that make the round trip as long as 3 hours , ” he says .
so far , kreiselmaier has brought back five live specimens for behrmann - godel to examine . “through comparison of their appearance and genetics with surface fish caught upstream and downstream from the cave , we found evidence that the first european cavefish population is indeed a distinct lineage , with its own adaptations , ” she says .
moreover , knowledge of local geology enabled the birth of the new lineage to be dated . the cave system had been sealed for hundreds of thousands of years , but an opening called the aach spring made it accessible when alpine glaciers retreated northward around 16 , 000 to 20 , 000 years ago . this allowed surface loaches to enter the system for the first time , and they have followed their own evolutionary trajectory since .
the cavefish’s eyes are about 10 per cent smaller than those of surface loaches , and their barbels are longer . they also lack scales . most obviously , they have lost the dark brown blotches typical of surface loaches .
“the barbels are enlarged in what seems to be a possible adaption to tactile sensing in the dark , ” says roi holzman of tel aviv university in israel , who studies how cavefish navigate . “in other cavefish species , barbels are also equipped with chemosensors to help them identify food in sediment , so these fish will need to be further studied to figure these mechanisms out . ”
most known cavefish are found in north america and china , and until now none had been seen in europe . “we would always have expected that cavefish should occur in the cave hotspots in europe – there is no real reason why not , ” says jörg freyhof at the leibniz - institute of freshwater ecology and inland fisheries in berlin
but discovering the cavefish in germany was a surprise , says behrmann - godel , because cave systems are far richer in life further south in the balkans , where hundreds of subterranean species including weird “baby dragon” salamanders have been discovered – but no cavefish so far .
“in slovenia’s dinaric karst , there are no true cavefish , just surface species that occasionally make it down , ” says janez mulec of the karst research institute in postojna , slovenia . “with the german cavefish discovery , our understanding of underground ecosystems is becoming more complex , indicating that there are often enough nutrients to sustain complex food chains . ”
holzman adds that knowledge of the source and speed of evolution is unusual and invaluable . “it opens a window to see evolution in its relatively early stages , which is not common , ” he says .
journal reference : current biology , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cub . 2017 . 02 . 048
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 7 . 7 ; dh range : 10 - 15 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . temperate ; ? - 18°c ( ref . 13371 ) ; 67°n - 39°n , 6°w - 59°e
eurasia : europe north of caucasus , pyrénées and alps , from loire and rhone drainages eastward ; british isles ( except northern scotland ) , southern sweden and finland ( northward to about 66°n ) ; northeastern italy ; danube and vardar drainages ( ref . 59043 ) ; asia to china ( ref . 6111 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 21 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1441 ) ; common length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5504 ) ; max . published weight : 200 . 00 g ( ref . 5504 ) ; max . reported age : 7 years ( ref . 6111 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 - 8 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 - 6 . distinguished from its congeners in europe by the following combination of characters : caudal fin usually slightly emarginate ( truncate in a few populations ) ; pelvic origin beneath dorsal origin or under branched dorsal rays 1 - 2 ; caudal peduncle depth 1 . 4 - 2 . 2 ( usually 1 . 6 - 2 . 0 ) times in its length , 1 . 2 - 1 . 8 times in body depth ; often lacking dark blotches along back between nape and dorsal ( ref . 59043 ) . body elongated , anteriorly somewhat depressed , posteriorly laterally compressed . three pairs of mouth barbels . no erectile spine below eye . posterior margin of caudal fin slightly notched . caudal fin with 15 - 17 rays ( ref . 2196 ) .
usually found in flowing stretches of streams and medium - sized rivers with gravel to stone bottom , but also in a variety of other habitats , including sandy canals and lake shores . larvae are benthic . larvae and small juveniles prefer sand bottom and slow current , shifting to gravel bottom and fast current when growing . adults prey on relatively large benthic invertebrates such as gammarids , chironomids , insect larvae . they breed on gravel , sand or among aquatic vegetation . tolerate moderate organic pollution and stream canalization and very sensitive to pollution by heavy metals ( ref . 59043 ) . sensitive to pollution and low oxygen levels , therefore , its presence in a river can be taken as an indication of good water quality ( ref . 6111 ) .
spawns once a year for several years in low productivity streams , but exhibits multiple spawning within a season in high productivity environments ( ref . 40290 , 40756 ) . releases eggs in open open water , often close to surface . eggs drift and adhere to different substrates and are often covered by sand or detritus . individual females may spawn daily for a short period ( ref . 59043 ) .
kottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00386 - 0 . 02592 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 - 3 ) .
prior r = 0 . 69 , 2 sd range = 0 . 35 - 1 . 38 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 37 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 34 , based on : 2 k , 8 tgen , 1 tmax , 1 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .
europe : france from lez to tech drainages ( mediterranean basin ) and adour and garonne dranages ( atlantic basin ) ; spain in ebro drainage and between bidasao and nervión drainages on eastern cantabric slope ( introduced in douro drainage ) .
maturity : l m ? , range 4 - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 59043 )
can be diagnosed from its congeners in europe by the following combination of characters : caudal fin slightly emarginate ; dorsal fin origin above or slightly in front of pelvic fin origin ; caudal peduncle depth 1 . 1 - 1 . 6 ( usually 1 . 3 - 1 . 4 ) times in its length , 1 . 2 - 1 . 5 times in body depth ; back between nape and dorsal usually with 2 - 4 irregular dark blotches ( ref . 59043 ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00631 ( 0 . 00294 - 0 . 01353 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( lm = 4 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .
( dybowski , 1869 ) in eschmeyer ( coff ver . nov . 2011 : ref .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 22 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 51717 )
kim , i . - s . , 1997 . illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of korea . vol . 37 . freshwater fishes . ministry of education , seoul , korea . 629 p . ( ref . 38401 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00692 ( 0 . 00414 - 0 . 01157 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 6 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 32 of 100 ) .
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justification : a widespread species with no known major widespread threats . european union 27 = lc . rationale same as above .
europe north of caucasus , pyrénées and alps , from loire and rhône drainages eastward ; british isles ( except northern scotland ) , southern sweden and finland ( northward to about 66°n ) ; danube and vardar drainages . several similar species in asia , as far as japan ( including
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vinyoles d 1 , de sostoa a , franch c , maceda - veiga a , casals f , caiola n .
department of animal biology , faculty of biology , university of barcelona , avda diagonal 645 , 08028 barcelona , spain . d . vinyoles @ urltoken
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robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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poll , m . ( 1945 ) . contribution à la connaissance de la faune ichtyologique du bas - escaut . bull . mus . royal d ' hist . nat . belg . / med . kon . natuurhist . mus . belg . 21 ( 11 ) : 1 - 32 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
original russian text © a . m . prokofiev , 2016 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2016 , vol . 56 , no . 6 , pp . 655–669 .
( fishes of the people’s republic of mongolia ) , sokolov , v . e . , ed . , moscow : nauka , 1983 , pp . 102–224 .
( freshwater fishes of soviet union and adjacent countries ) , moscow : akad . nauk sssr , 1949 , vol . 3 , pp . 929–1382 .
( siberian reservoirs and their prospective use for fishery ) , tomsk : tomsk . gos . univ . , 1973 , pp . 77–78 .
holcik , j . and pivnicka , k . , notes on collection from mongolia with description of microphysogobio tungtingensis anudarini ssp . n . and discovery of some new or little known fishes ,
prokofiev , a . m . , materials on the revision of common stone loaches ( balitoridae : nemacheilinae : orthrias jordan et fowler , 1903 ) from mongolia and adjacent areas : i . two new species from tuva and mongolia ,
( morphology , systematics , and origin of the common stone loaches of genus orthrias ( teleostei : balitoridae : nemacheilinae ) ) , moscow : kmk , 2007 .
prokofiev , a . m . , review on the book by m . kottelat
: an inventory of the loaches of the world ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cobitoidei ) [ raffles bull . zool . suppl . , 2012 , vol . 26 ] ,
( fishes of the people’s republic of mongolia ) , sokolov , v . e . , ed . , moscow : nauka , 1983 , pp . 7–10 .
usually found in flowing stretches of streams and medium - sized rivers with gravel to stone bottom , but also in a variety of other habitats , including sandy canals and lake shores . larvae are benthic . larvae and small juveniles prefer sand bottom and slow current , shifting to gravel bottom and fast current when growing . adults prey on relatively large benthic invertebrates such as gammarids , chironomids , insect larvae . they breed on gravel , sand or among aquatic vegetation . tolerate moderate organic pollution and stream canalization and very sensitive to pollution by heavy metals ( ref . 59043 ) . sensitive to pollution and low oxygen levels , therefore , its presence in a river can be taken as an indication of good water quality ( ref . 6111 ) .
jennifer hammock added an association between
seine river demersal habitat
and
tinca tinca ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
seine river demersal habitat
and
phoxinus phoxinus ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
seine river demersal habitat
and
platichthys flesus ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
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france : lez to tech drainages ( mediterranean basin ) ; spain , in ebro drainage and between bidasoa and nervión drainages on eastern cantabric slope ( introduced in douro drainage ) .
( of cobitis variabilis günther , 1868 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cobitis furstenbergii bonaparte , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
hulsemann , k . ; grice , g . d . ( 1963 ) . a new genus and species of bathypelagic calanoid copepod from the north atlantic . deep - sea research . 10 : 724 - 734 , figs . 1 - 15 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .
boxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
grice , g . d . & k . hulsemann ( 1967 ) . bathypelagic calanoid copepods of the western indian ocean . proceedings of the united states national museum . smithsonian institution . washington , d . c . vol . 122 , no . 3583 : 1 - 67 . [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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redescription and systematic position of nominal loach species nemacheilus compressirostris and n . sibiricus ( nemacheilidae )
morphological characteristics and intraspecific structure of triplophysa orientalis ( balitoridae : ne . . .
the morphology and intraspecific structure of triplophysa orientalis inhabiting the inland basins of tsaidam ( northeastern edge of the tibetan plateau ) and the basin of the upper reach of the huang he river in china were studied . significant morphological differences between the populations from the inland basins and the huang he river were revealed ; the latter were distinguished as a separate . . . [ show full abstract ]
two new species of the loach genus triplophysa rendahl 1933 from western mongolia and northwestern c . . .
two new species of the genus triplophysa are described from the inner drainages of western mongolia and northwestern china . t . arnoldii sp . n . ( holotype ♂ , in zin , st . - peterburg ) from the lower part of chovd - gol river basin ( western mongolia ) differs from its congeners in having the numerous wart - like epidermal tubercles densely covering skin in both sexes at all the ontogenetic stages , the . . . [ show full abstract ]
traccatichthys tuberculum , a new species of nemacheiline loach from guangdong province , south china . . .
traccatichthys tuberculum , new species , is herein described from the jian - jiang , a coastal river in guangdong province , south china . photo by bosco p . l . chan . this new species differs from all other chinese congeners ( i . e . , t . pulcher and t . zispi ) in interorbital width , caudal - peduncle length , and pectoral - fin length . it , together with t . zispi , lacks the color patterns of the dorsal and anal . . . [ show full abstract ]


cylindera colmanti is a species of ground beetle of the subfamily cicindelinae .

it is found in countries such as cameroon , equatorial guinea , rwanda , uganda , and the congos .

cylindera colmanti

no one has contributed data records for cylindera colmanti yet . learn how to contribute .
cylindera germanica germanica is an extant subspecies of cylindera germanica and is part of the genus cylindera .
cylindera germanica sobrina is an extant subspecies of tiger beetle in the genus cylindera .
cylindera bonina is a species of ground beetle of the subfamily cicindelinae that is endemic to micronesia .
cylindera froggatti is a species of ground beetle of the subfamily cicindelinae that can be found in australia and indonesia .
cylindera is a genus of ground beetles native to the palearctic , the near east and northern africa . it was a result of the breakup of the cicindela genus , and the status of cylindera as a genus or a subgenus of the genus cicindela is in dispute .
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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
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mordellistena pseudonana is a species of beetle in the
mordellistena
genus that is in the mordellidae family .
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hypolycaena tearei , the teare 's hairstreak , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it was described by graham allan henning in 1981 .

it is found in mozambique and zimbabwe .

adults are on wing during the warmer months of the year , with peaks in february and march .

hypolycaena tearei

danaus chrysippus amauris niavius dominicanus amauris ochlea amauris albimaculata amauris echeria bicyclus safitza bicyclus ena bicyclus anynana henotesia perspicua psyscaenura panda betamatistes aganice acraea terpsicore neobule acraea obeira burni acraea eponina manjaca acraea cabira acraea esebria acraea encedon acraea natalica acraea oncaea acraea axina acraea aglaonice acraea zetes acara acraea anemosa charaxes varanes charaxes candiope charaxes jasius saturnus charaxes castor flavifasciatus charaxes brutus natalensis charaxes zoolina zoolina charaxes etesipe tavetensis charaxes achaemenes achaemenes charaxes phaeus hamanumida daedalus neptis saclava marpessa neptis laeta sallya natalensis byblia acheloia byblia ilithyia eurytela dryope angulata hypolimnas misippus f . misippus salamis parhassus aethiops salamis anarcardii nebulosa precis natalica precis terea elgiva junonia herta cebrene junonia oenone junonia orithya madagascariensis cynthia cardui phalantha phalantha aethiopica libythea labdaca laius deudorix dinochares deudorix antalus hypolycaena philippus philippus iolaus caeculus caeculus iolaus bowkeri tearei iolaus trimeni iolaus pallene spindasis natalensis spindasis ella axiocerses amanga leptomyrina gorgias aloeides taikosama curdaria leroma anthene amarah amarah anthene talboti castalius malaena malaena tarucus sybaris sybaris lampides boeticus syntarucus pirithous syntarucus pulcher lepidochrysops patricia lepidochrysops glauca euchrysops osiris osiris euchrysops barkeri eicochrysops messapus cupidopsis jobates jobates freyeria trochylus azanus jesous jesous oraidium barberae zizeeria knysna zizina antanossa zizula hylax pinacopteryx eriphia catopsillia florella eurema hecabe senegalensis eurema brigitta eronia cleodora eronia leda colotis vesta colotis danae annae colotis eucharis auxo colotis antevippe gavisa colotis evenina colotis evippe omphale colotis pallene colotis evagore antigone colotis eris eris belenois aurota belenois creona severina belenois gidica dixeia pigea leptosia alcesta mylothris chloris agathina papilio constantinus papilio demodocus papilio nireus lyaeus papilio angolanus papilio morania papilio leonidas papilio antheus coeliades libeon coeliades forestan coeliades pisistratus coeliades keithloa tagiades flesus sarangesa phidyle caprona pillaana abantis venosa spialia delagoae spialia dromus spialia diomus ferax spialia spio gomalia elma parasmodes morantii morantii pelopidas matthias pelopidas thrax inconspicua gegenes pumilio gambica gegenes niso niso
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urltoken
small or large shrub or small tree with spine - tipped branchlets . leaves in the axils of straight spines or in fascicles on small lateral spurs , oblong , 2 - 3 cm long , bluish or grey - green , hairless , distinctly folded upwards along the midrib . flowers clustered in the axils of the spines , small , greenish - white with a white
beard
in the throat . fruit ellipsoid , c . 2 . 5 cm long , yellow to red when ripe . the fruit is edible but very sour .
americana : of america , where it was first collected ; microphylla : with very small leaves ( compared to var . americana )
a list of trees , shrubs and woody climbers indigenous or naturalised in rhodesia .
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 33 sabonet , pretoria and harare page 65 .
copyright : mike bingham , annette willemen , bart wursten , petra ballings and mark hyde , 2011 - 18 bingham , m . g . , willemen , a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . and hyde , m . a . ( 2018 ) . flora of zambia : species information : ximenia americana var . microphylla . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 10 may 2018 10 : 51pm terms of use
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : species information : ximenia americana var . microphylla . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 march 2018 2 : 01pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use