the namdapha flying squirrel ( biswamoyopterus biswasi ) is an arboreal , nocturnal flying squirrel endemic to northeastern india , where it is known from a single specimen collected in namdapha national park in 1981 .

it was the sole member in the genus biswamoyopterus until the description of the laotian giant flying squirrel ( biswamoyopterus laoensis ) in 2013 .

no population estimates are available for b. biswasi , but the known habitat is tall mesua ferrea jungles , often on hill slopes in the catchment area of na dihing river ( particularly on the western slope of patkai range ) in north eastern india .

namdapha flying squirrel

according to the international union for the conservation of nature ' s red list , these species are endangered : san joaquin antelope ground squirrel , woolly flying squirrel , sipora flying squirrel , mentawi flying squirrel , siberut flying squirrel , smoky flying squirrel , vincent ' s bush squirrel , baja california rock squirrel , idaho ground squirrel , perote ground squirrel , fraternal squirrel and mearns ' squirrel . the namdapha flying squirrel is critically endangered .
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but it is likely to be similar to other flying squirrels . all flying squirrels are nocturnal
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the namdapha flying squirrel has reddish , grizzled fur with white above . its crown is pale grey , its patagium is orangish and its underparts are white .
the new species is named biswamoyopterus laoensis . the suggested common name is the laotian giant flying squirrel .
the namdapha flying squirrel inhabits temperate broadleaf forests ( 4 ) . one specimen was found in a lofty tree , at 350 metres above sea level ( 2 ) .
the namdapha flying squirrel inhabits temperate broadleaf forests ( 4 ) . one specimen was found in a lofty tree , at 350 metres above sea level ( 2 ) .
the new species is a close relative of the enigmatic namdapha flying squirrel ( biswamoyopterus biswasi ) , the only known specimen of which was discovered in northwestern india in 1981 .
the cheek teeth of the namdapha flying squirrel are simple , and its incisors are unpigmented . septae are multiple in auditory bullae and sometimes honeycomb - shaped with 10 to 12 cells in it .
it is a unique ( the only one in its genus ) flying squirrel that is restricted to a single valley in the namdapha n . p . ( or ) w . l . s . in arunachal pradesh .
an international team of biologists from thailand , uk and the lao people’s democratic republic has described a new species of flying squirrel in the genus biswamoyopterus .
“the specimen of the laotian giant flying squirrel was incidentally found on display for sale at a bush meat market in central lao pdr about a year ago . ”
the namdapha flying squirrel occurs within namdapha national park in arunachal pradesh ( 4 ) . despite the protection of this large area , it is still affected by human activities , such as those mentioned above . the namdapha national park contains not only the critically endangered namdapha flying squirrel , but is also home to populations of other threatened species , including tigers ( panthera tigris ) , snow leopards ( uncia unicia ) and asian elephants ( elephas maximus ) . the effective protection of the namdapha national park is therefore incredibly important , but this is also an incredibly difficult aim to achieve . this is not only due to the park’s inaccessibility , the lack of legal enforcement and shortage of well - trained and equipped personnel , but also due to the local people’s dependence on the forest and the materials it provides . this means that any conservation measures require local people’s participation to be successful ( 5 ) .
. some authorities regard flying squirrels as a family ( pteromyidae ) . a few species of
the namdapha flying squirrel occurs within namdapha national park in arunachal pradesh ( 4 ) . despite the protection of this large area , it is still affected by human activities , such as those mentioned above . the namdapha national park contains not only the critically endangered namdapha flying squirrel , but is also home to populations of other threatened species , including tigers ( panthera tigris ) , snow leopards ( uncia unicia ) and asian elephants ( elephas maximus ) . the effective protection of the namdapha national park is therefore incredibly important , but this is also an incredibly difficult aim to achieve . this is not only due to the park ' s inaccessibility , the lack of legal enforcement and shortage of well - trained and equipped personnel , but also due to the local people ' s dependence on the forest and the materials it provides . this means that any conservation measures require local people ' s participation to be successful ( 5 ) .
justification : the namdapha flying squirrel is assessed as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 100 km² based on available habitat in the park and on survey data ( molur et al . 2005 ) , it is known from only one location , and its habitat is continuing to decline .
marmots , prairie dogs , and flying squirrels , but to most people squirrel refers to the 122 species of tree squirrels , which belong to 22 genera of the subfamily sciurinae . the north american gray squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) has adapted to urban and suburban areas where it is regarded as aesthetic or…
scaly - tailed flying squirrels , but these rodents are classified in the family anomaluridae . some researchers have speculated that pteromyinae is not a single group but members from two different clusters of tree squirrels or possibly nonsquirrel ancestors . recent evidence derived from fossils and the anatomy of wrist and gliding membranes , however , indicates that all living flying squirrel species are closely related and likely evolved from a tree squirrel ancestor during the
the wonderfully peculiar namdapha flying squirrel is the only species in the genus biswamoyopterus ( 2 ) . like other flying squirrels , the most distinctive feature of this species is the furred , muscular membrane that extends along the sides of the body , from the front limbs to the hindlegs . this unique membrane acts as a parachute when the animal leaps from a tree , and once in the air , the squirrel can steer by moving its limbs and tail , and altering the tension in the membrane ( 3 ) . the thick , soft pelage is red , grizzled with white , on the back , and white on the underparts . the fur covering the small hands and feet are darker . the namdapha flying squirrel’s bushy tail is pale smokey - grey at the base , turning wine red , then reddish - brown and finally clove brown at the tip . at the base of each ear are tufts of long hair ( 2 ) .
this little - known flying squirrel has a very restricted range , and is currently known from only one location ( 1 ) . like other restricted - range species , this makes it particularly vulnerable to any threats , which could rapidly affect all individuals in the population . the namdapha flying squirrel is presently threatened by habitat loss and degradation ( 1 ) , caused by clear - felling for human settlements , shifting agriculture , and the extraction of non - timber forest products , particularly the leaves of a rattan palm , zalacca secunda , for use as a roofing material ( 5 ) .
this little - known flying squirrel has a very restricted range , and is currently known from only one location ( 1 ) . like other restricted - range species , this makes it particularly vulnerable to any threats , which could rapidly affect all individuals in the population . the namdapha flying squirrel is presently threatened by habitat loss and degradation ( 1 ) , caused by clear - felling for human settlements , shifting agriculture , and the extraction of non - timber forest products , particularly the leaves of a rattan palm , zalacca secunda , for use as a roofing material ( 5 ) .
the wonderfully peculiar namdapha flying squirrel is the only species in the genus biswamoyopterus ( 2 ) . like other flying squirrels , the most distinctive feature of this species is the furred , muscular membrane that extends along the sides of the body , from the front limbs to the hindlegs . this unique membrane acts as a parachute when the animal leaps from a tree , and once in the air , the squirrel can steer by moving its limbs and tail , and altering the tension in the membrane ( 3 ) . the thick , soft pelage is red , grizzled with white , on the back , and white on the underparts . the fur covering the small hands and feet are darker . the namdapha flying squirrel ' s bushy tail is pale smokey - grey at the base , turning wine red , then reddish - brown and finally clove brown at the tip . at the base of each ear are tufts of long hair ( 2 ) .
“this is a large flying squirrel , the upper surface of which is predominantly an admixture of dark reddish brown and black hairs , variably grizzled with whitish - gray , ” mr sanamxay and his colleagues wrote in the zootaxa paper .
since there are so many types of squirrels , they range greatly in size . the smallest squirrel is the african pygmy squirrel . it grows to 2 . 8 to 5 inches ( 7 to 13 centimeters ) in length and weighs just 0 . 35 ounces ( 10 grams ) . the indian giant squirrel is the world ' s largest known squirrel . it grows to 36 inches ( 1 meter ) long and weighs up to 4 pounds ( 1 . 8 kilograms ) .
saha , s . s . ( 1981 ) .
a new genus and a new species of flying squirrel ( mammalia : rodentia : sciuridae ) from northeastern india
. bull . zool . surv . india 4 ( 3 ) : 331–336 .
there are more than 200 species of squirrels , according to the integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) , and they are categorized into three types : tree squirrels , ground squirrels and flying squirrels . these three categories are further broken down into many squirrel types , such as albino , mountain tree , antelope , spotted , grey , american red , douglas , fox , pygmy , northern flying , southern , arizona gray , idaho , arctic ground , albert’s , franklin , richardson , rock , white and black squirrel .
biswamoyopterus laoensis is a large flying squirrel that weighs 1 . 8 kg and measures about 42 inches ( 1 . 08 m ) in total length – the body is about 18 inches ( 0 . 46 m ) long and the tail is 24 inches ( 0 . 62 m ) long .
…mammals , such as the african flying squirrel and the colugo , usually have , on each side of the body , a fold of skin ( the patagium ) that extends from their wrist or forearm backward along the body to the shank of the hind leg or the ankle . when gliding , they assume a…
flying squirrels make their homes in tree holes or nests that are built into the crooks of branches . to get from tree to tree or from a tree to the ground , flying squirrels spread the muscle membrane between their legs and body and glide on the air . they can glide up to 160 feet ( 48 m ) , making it look like they can fly .
saha , s . s . ( 1985 ) .
arunachal pradesh : a proposed biosphere reserve
. mammalia rec . zool . surv . india ( special issue on fauna of namdapha 82 ( 1–4 ) : 321–330 .
arunachalam , a . , sarmah , r . , adhikari , d . , majumder , m . and khan , m . l . ( 2004 ) anthropogenic threats and biodiversity conservation in namdapha nature reserve in the indian eastern himalayas . current science , 97 ( 4 ) : 447 - 454 .
flying squirrels are long - limbed and slender and have large eyes ; the long , bushy tail may be cylindrical or flattened . their dense fur is soft and long and either silky or woolly in texture . a considerable range of body size exists among the 14 genera . some giant flying squirrels of tropical india and southeastern asia weigh 1 to 2 . 5 kg ( 2 . 2 to 5 . 5 pounds ) and have a body length of about 30 to 60 cm ( 12 to 24 inches ) and a tail 35 to 64 cm long . the smallest are the
…from a similar structure in flying squirrels that originates from the wrist bones . by extending their limbs , anomalures transform themselves into a gliding platform that they control by manipulating the membranes and tail . the curved claws and tail scales help stabilize the animal when it rests on vertical surfaces . …
“ biswamoyopterus biswasi was previously collected at an elevation of 350 m in deban and until now was only known from the western slope of the patkai range in the catchment area of the noa dihing river in namdapha , india . like biswamoyopterus biswasi , the extent of the geographical range of biswamoyopterus laoensis is currently not known , ” the scientists wrote .
after seven to eight weeks , the young are weaned . when the kits leave the nest , they don ' t travel farther than 2 miles from home , according to the massachusetts department of wildlife and fisheries . some species of squirrel have new litters every few months or as little as twice per year .
the gray squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) isn ' t just gray . it comes in a variety of colors , such as white , gray , brown and black . these little squirrels are great at planting trees . they bury their acorns , but forget where they put them . the forgotten acorns become oak trees .
the species is not protected by any legislation . it is known from namdapha national park , arunachal pradesh , india ( molur et al . 2005 ) . there is a need to maintain suitable areas of habitat for this species , and to undertake detailed field surveys to determine whether the species still persists and to determine the current distribution range ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
unlike other squirrels , flying squirrels are nocturnal . they den in tree cavities , grottoes or rock crevices on cliffs , and cave ledges . some also build globular nests high in trees where branches join the trunk . nests are made of leaves , shredded bark , mosses , or lichens . most species seldom leave the trees , but
this species is only known with certainty from a single specimen collected in namdapha national park ( at altitudes of 100 - 350 m asl ) , tirap district , arunachal pradesh , northeastern india ( saha 1981 ) . the surrounding area has been well surveyed but there have been no verified sightings of the species since ( saha pers . comm ) . it might be restricted to the area of a single valley within the park ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
these rodents have remarkable little bodies . for example , a squirrel has padded feet that cushions jumps from up to 20 feet ( 6 meters ) long . their eyes are high on their head and placed on each side of the head so they can see a large amount of their surroundings without having to turn their head . they are also fantastic runners . squirrels can run 20 mph ( 32 kph ) .
from high in a tree , the squirrel leaps into the air and extends its limbs to stretch the membranes , transforming the body into a gliding platform that is controlled by manipulating the membranes and tail . the animal sails downward to an adjacent tree . just before the glide ends , it pulls upward , landing deftly on all four feet . when not in use , the membranes are pulled close to the body .
this species is only known with certainty from a single specimen collected in namdapha national park ( at altitudes of 100 - 350 m asl ) , tirap district , arunachal pradesh , northeastern india ( saha 1981 ) . the surrounding area has been well surveyed but there have been no verified sightings of the species since ( s . s . saha pers . comm . 2005 ) . it might be restricted to the area of a single valley within the park ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
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this appears to be a rare species , and is thought to have a very small population . nothing known about population trends . it is known only from the holotype specimen collected in 1981 , although informal sightings occurred in 2002 near halidibari and deban ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
it is a mostly crepuscular and arboreal species . it occurs in dry deciduous montane forests occupying moist forest tracts along streams ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
biswamoyopterus biswasi is a local livelihood and it is used as food by humans .
poaching of animals for food within the park has been observed to be the major threat ( molur et al . 2005 ) . the species appears to have a restricted range , with presumably some general habitat loss and degradation taking place . additional important threats include habitat loss through landslides and flooding ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t2816a115063959 .
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classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
nowak , r . m . ( 1991 ) walker’s mammals of the world . fifth edition . the john hopkins university press , baltimore and london .
macdonald , d . w . ( 2006 ) the encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .
wwf - us , asia program . ( 2005 ) ecosystem profile : eastern himalayas region . critical ecosystem partnership fund , arlington , usa . available at : urltoken
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amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )
listed as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are estimated to be less than 100 km based on available habitat in the park and on survey data ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .
biswamoyopterus
redirects here . for the other member of this genus , see biswamoyopterus laoensis .
molur , s . ( 2008 ) . biswamoyopterus biswasi . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
don e . wilson & deeann m . reeder ( eds . ) ( 2005 ) . mammal species of the world - a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) .
sanamxay , daosavanh ; douangboubpha , bounsavane ; bumrungsri , sara ; xayavong , sysouphanh ; xayaphet , vilakhan ; satasook , chutamas ; bates , paul j . j . ( 2013 ) .
rediscovery of biswamoyopterus ( mammalia : rodentia : sciuridae : pteromyini ) in asia , with the description of a new species from lao pdr
. zootaxa ( magnolia press ) 3686 ( 4 ) : 471–481 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3686 . 4 . 5 . issn 1175 - 5334 .
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) . ample , loose skin and underlying muscle typically form a fur - covered membrane between each forelimb and hind limb ; some species have smaller membranes between the head and wrists and between the hind limbs and tail . a
rod that extends from the wrist supports the front part of each membrane alongside the body .
; their bodies are just 7 to 9 cm long and their tails 6 to 10 cm . when seen in the tall trees of the
, the glides of these tiny rodents are easily mistaken for the flutter of large butterflies .
) regularly descend to the ground to forage and bury nuts . depending upon the species , diets can include seeds , fruit , leaves , flower buds , nuts , fungi , lichens , pollen , ferns , tree sap , insects , spiders , other invertebrates , small birds , eggs , snakes , and smaller mammals .
43 species in 15 genera . all but 4 species are found solely in asia and india .
temperate forest , vegetation type with a more or less continuous canopy of broad - leaved trees . such forests occur between approximately 25° and 50° latitude in both hemispheres ( see figure 1 ) . toward the polar regions they grade into boreal forests , which are dominated by evergreen conifers , so that mixed forests containing both…
tropical rainforest , luxuriant forest , generally composed of broad - leaved trees and found in wet tropical uplands and lowlands around the equator . rainforests are vegetation types dominated by broad - leaved trees that form a dense upper canopy ( layer of foliage ) and contain a diverse array of vegetation . contrary to…
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animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
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biswamoyopterus laoensis , female , ventral view ( adapted from daosavanh sanamxay et al ) .
“it is a remarkable discovery for science . it is very rare species with large body size , ” explained mr daosavanh sanamxay , a masters student at the prince of songkla university in thailand and a lead author of a paper published in the journal zootaxa .
“it is probable that the specimen was caught by a local hunter in either the nam kading national biodiversity conservation area or the khammouan limestone national biodiversity conservation area . ”
“individual hairs are variable in color but usually comprise the following components : metallic - ash at the base for up to 20 mm , reddish brown in the mid - part for about 15 mm , and a black tip of about 3 mm . a distinctive whitish - gray band , some 6 mm in length , is present in hairs that reside in areas of the upper surface that are extensively grizzled . ”
bibliographic information : daosavanh sanamxay et al . 2013 . rediscovery of biswamoyopterus ( mammalia : rodentia : sciuridae : pteromyini ) in asia , with the description of a new species from lao pdr . zootaxa 3686 ( 4 ) : 471–481
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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squirrels are nimble , bushy - tailed rodents found all over the world . they belong to the sciuridae family , which includes prairie dogs , chipmunks and marmots .
grey squirrels , commonly found in north america , are medium - size squirrels . they grow to 15 to 20 inches ( 38 . 1 to 50 . 8 cm ) in length , with their tails adding an extra 6 to 9 . 5 inches ( 15 . 24 to 24 . 13 cm ) to their length . they typically weigh about 1 to 1 . 5 pounds ( 0 . 45 to 0 . 68 kg ) .
a group of squirrels are called a scurry or dray . they are very territorial and will fight to the death to defend their area . mother squirrels are the most vicious when defending their babies .
some squirrels are crepuscular . this means that they are only active at dawn and dusk .
squirrels live on every continent except in australia and antarctica , according to the bbc .
tree squirrels typically live in wooded areas , since they prefer to live in trees . ground squirrels live up to their names . they dig burrows , a system of tunnels underground , to live in . some squirrels also hibernate in burrows during the winter to keep warm .
albino squirrels are quite popular in some parts of the united states . olney , ill . , is one of the towns that calls itself
home of the white squirrels ,
along with marionville , mo . , and brevard , n . c . the township of kenton , tenn . , proudly boasts a population of 200 of the furry , pale rodents .
on average , squirrels eat about one pound of food per week . many people think that squirrels only eat nuts , but this isn ' t true . squirrels are omnivores , which means they like to eat plants and meat . squirrels mainly eat fungi , seeds , nuts and fruits , but they will also munch on eggs , small insects , caterpillars , small animals and even young snakes .
to prepare for cold months , squirrels will bury their food . in the winter months they have a store of food they can eat when supplies are scarce .
a female carries her young for a gestation period of 29 to 65 days , depending on the size of the species ; smaller squirrels have shorter gestation periods , according to the university of michigan ' s animal diversity web . mothers give birth to two to eight offspring at one time . babies are called kits or kittens and are born blind . they depend on their mothers for around two or three months .
a boost of stress during pregnancy helps red squirrels ensure that their pups will grow fast .
squirrels have four teeth in the front of their mouth that constantly grow throughout their lives . this ensures that their teeth don ' t wear down to nubs from gnawing on nuts and other objects .
correction : this article was updated on may 4 , 2016 , to reflect the correct length of the gestation period .
poachers tried to kill rhinos in south african reserve . instead , a pride of lions killed them .
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at 350 metres above sea level ( 2 ) . more > > species found in a similar habitatcactus ( cylindropuntia anteojoensis ) yellow - throated bulbul ( pycnonotus xantholaemus ) mushroomtongue salamander ( bolitoglossa engelhardti )
the membrane does allow an effective escape from flightless tree predators . launching themselves from a tree
with the help of more than 100 iucn species survival commission specialist groups , global wildlife conservation has compiled the following list of lost species , spanning more than 160 countries , as part of the search for lost species . we welcome additional nominations and encourage conservationists , scientists and naturalists to launch searches for species on this broad list . report an observation on the search for lost species inauralist page .
8 ) name any five critically endangered animal species from different parts of india and analyse the causes for their critical status . – insights
8 ) name any five critically endangered animal species from different parts of india and analyse the causes for their critical status .
8 ) name any five critically endangered animal species from different parts of india and analyse the causes for their critical status . ( 200 words )
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it measures 40 . 5 cm from head to vent and has 60 cm long tail . the hindfoot is 7 . 8 cm and the ear is 4 . 6 cm .
it is listed as a critically endangered species due to habitat loss . in addition it is hunted for food , and or skins / fur .
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( iucn ) is an international organization ( ngo ) working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources .
it is involved in data gathering and analysis , research , field projects , advocacy , lobbying and education .
the organization is best known for compiling and publishing the iucn red list , which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide .
birdlife international strives to conserve birds , their habitats and global biodiversity , working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources .
birdlife international is the official red list authority for birds , for the international union for conservation of nature .
it identifies the sites known / referred to as ‘important bird and biodiversity areas’ .
it identifies the sites known / referred to as ‘important bird and biodiversity areas’ .
it is a multilateral treaty drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) .
its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild , and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 35 , 000 species of animals and plants .
although cites is legally binding on the parties – in other words they have to implement the convention – it does not take the place of national laws .
rather it provides a framework to be respected by each party , which has to adopt its own domestic legislation to ensure that cites is implemented at the national level .
iucn runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments .
cites is legally binding on the states that have joined it , but this convention does not take the place of national laws .
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traffic is a non - governmental organization working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development .
traffic is a joint programme of world wide fund for nature ( wwf ) and iucn .
traffic is complimentary to convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) .
the programme was founded in 1976 , with headquarters now located in cambridge , united kingdom .
traffic’s mission is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature .
it investigates and analyses wildlife trade trends , patterns , impacts and drivers to provide the leading knowledge base on trade in wild animals and plants .
the iucn red list of threatened species , founded in 1964 , is the world’s most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species .
when discussing the iucn red list , the official term “threatened” is a grouping of three categories : critically endangered , endangered , and vulnerable .
the pink pages in this publication include the critically endangered species . as the status of the species changes , new pages are sent to the subscribers .
green pages are used for those species that were formerly endangered , but have now recovered to a point where they are no longer threatened .
with passing time , the number of pink pages continue to increase . there are pitifully few green pages .
extinct in the wild ( ew ) – known only to survive in captivity , or as a naturalized population outside its historic range .
critically endangered ( cr ) – extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .
it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .
near threatened ( nt ) – likely to become endangered in the near future .
least concern ( lc ) – lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at - risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
data deficient ( dd ) – not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction .
not evaluated ( ne ) – has not yet been evaluated against the criteria .
iucn is an ngo . it publishes red data book which contains a list of ‘threatened species’ ( vulnerable , endangered and critically endangered ) .
india has added 15 more species to the “red list” of threatened species [ 973 in 2014 ] .
is the world’s smallest wild pig . this species constructs a nest throughout the year .
it is one of the most useful indicators of the management status of grassland habitats .
the grasslands where the pygmy hog resides are crucial for the survival of other threatened species such as indian rhinoceros , swamp deer , wild buffalo , hispid hare , bengal florican and swamp francolin .
distribution : previously spread across india , nepal , and bhutan . now only found in assam ( manas wildlife sanctuary and its buffer reserves ) .
pygmy hog - sucking louse ( haematopinus oliveri ) , a parasite that feeds only on pygmy hogs will also fall in the same risk category of critically endangered as its survival is linked to that of the host species .
threats : the main threats are loss and degradation of grasslands , dry - season burning , livestock grazing and afforestation of grasslands . hunting is also a threat .
threats : habitat loss due to selective logging , natural disasters such as tsunami and drastic weather change are thought to contribute to current population declines .
distribution : known only from the small sinhagarh plateau ( about one km2 ) , near pune in maharashtra .
threats : major threats are habitat loss , overgrazing of vegetation and disturbance from tourism and recreational activities .
habitat / distribution : known only from eastern ghats of tamil nadu . recorded from an elevation of about 600 m above mean sea level .
threats : major threats are habitat loss , conversion of forests and fuel wood collection .
it is now thought to be regionally extinct in india , though it once occurred in the foothills of the himalayas and north - east india .
the javan rhinoceros ( rhinoceros sondaicus ) is also believed to be extinct in india and only a small number survive in java and vietnam .
habitat : dense riverine forests , high valleys , and mountains of the kashmir valley and northern chamba in himachal pradesh .
threat : habitat destruction , over - grazing by domestic livestock , and poaching .
today , its last refuge lies in the indian wild ass sanctuary , little rann of kutch .
threat – diseases , habitat degradation due to salt activities , invasive species prosopis juliflora shrub , and encroachment and grazing by the maldhari .
a sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an indian animal species . the animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat . which one of the following could be that animal ?
indian wild boar = can survive in different types of habitat : grasslands , taiga , tropical rainforests , but they prefer life in deciduous forests .
distribution : they occur in most of india south of the ganges , particularly in the central indian highlands and the western and eastern ghats of the southern states .
in north - east india , they inhabit arunachal pradesh , assam , meghalaya , and west bengal .
threats : habitat loss , depletion of its prey base , competition from other predators , persecution and possibly diseases from domestic and feral dogs .
distribution – small region of western assam and in the neighboring foothills of the black mountains of bhutan .
threat : poaching & illegal trade for its musk . only males produce the musk .
threats : the habitat of hispid hares is highly fragmented due to increasing agriculture , flood control , and human development .
avoid human presence and they do not live , feed or travel through plantations .
threat : habitat fragmentation due to spread of agriculture and tea , coffee , teak and cinchona , construction of water reservoirs and human settlements to support such activities .
lion - tailed macaque is found in western ghats . so ap is the odd option .
threat : the chiru is threatened by hunting for its fine wool which is used to make the shahtoosh scarves , meat , magnificent horns .
the nilgiri tahr is the largest of the three tahr species , inhabit montane grasslands of western ghats . it is the state animal of tamil nadu .
distribution : india , bangladesh , nepal and pakistan which is split into two subspecies , the ganges river dolphin and indus river dolphin .
threats : unintentional killing through entanglement in fishing gear ; habitat loss and degradation – water development projects ( barrages , high dams , and embankments ) , pollution – industrial waste and pesticides , municipal sewage discharge and noise from vessel traffic .
habitat : ganges and brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries in bangladesh , india and nepal .
the ganges river dolphin has been recognized by the government of india as its national aquatic animal .
‘susu’ shares its habitat with crocodiles , freshwater turtles and wetland birds , many of which are fish eaters and are potential competitors with dolphins .
the mugger ( or marsh ) crocodile , gharial and the estuarine ( coast ) crocodile .
gharials ( critically endangered ) once thrived in all the major river systems of the indian subcontinent . today , they are extinct in the indus river , in the brahmaputra of bhutan and bangladesh , and in the irrawaddy river . their distribution is now limited to only 2 % of their former range .
the mugger ( vulnerable ) crocodile is a freshwater species found sparsely in various lakes , rivers and marshes in the indian subcontinent .
apart from the eastern coast of india , the saltwater crocodile ( least concern ) is extremely rare on the indian subcontinent .
a huge population is present within the bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary of odisha and they are known to be present in smaller numbers throughout the indian and bangladeshi portions of the sunderbans .
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it is found in morona-santiago province , ecuador .

the wingspan is 14.5 mm for males and 17 mm for females .

the hindwings are blackish brown .

gorytvesica ebenoptera

this is the place for ebenoptera definition . you find here ebenoptera meaning , synonyms of ebenoptera and images for ebenoptera copyright 2017 © urltoken
gorytvesica ebenoptera is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in morona - santiago province , ecuador .
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ebenoptera . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ebenoptera and , of course , ebenoptera synonyms and on the right images related to the word ebenoptera .
the wingspan is 14 . 5 mm for males and 17 mm for females . the wings are dark brown , in the distal third tinged rust with weak brown strigulation ( fine streaks ) . the hindwings are blackish brown .
the species name refers to the dark , brown colouration of the species and is derived from latin / greek ebenus ( meaning ebony ) and pteron ( meaning wing ) .
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which it differs in the structure of aedeagus and transtilla . also the importance of the forewing pat
proximal dense group of fixed cornuti . at present we may point out three differing characters , viz . ,
are its postero - lateral lobes ) . median part of transtilla is very slender provided at most with a minute
between venezuela and argentina at middle to high elevations . only two species are known from
were raised from larvae . a paper on the preimmature stages will be published later .
all larvae were found in rolled or spun leaves of small trees or shrubs . unfortunetly to date only one
the specimens examined in this paper , including the types , are in the collection of v . p
darker , brownish creamy distinctly diffusely strigulated with grey - brown . the male genitalia are
species name refers to the name of the type locality . it is defined as a
wing span 16 . 0 mm in holotype , in male paratypes 14 . 0 - 17 . 0 mm , in
palpus 2 . 0 , concolorous with head . forewing as in compared species , however , termen slightly
longer , more oblique . white markings two slender , parallel fasciae , anterior tapering costally , pos
brown ; terminal area of wing reticulate , termen without strigulae ; costal spots brown . cilia
male genitalia ( figs 51 , 52 ) . uncus slender , rounded apically ; socius slender except for base
female genitalia ( fig . 119 ) . sterigma large , broad with rather weakly sclerotized posterior por
holotype , male : “ecuador , napo - prov . , 12 km sse cosanga , 2120 m , 0e37’26
s
, gu - 2292 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
paratypes ( 18 ) : 3 males : same data as ht ; 1 male : ecuador , napo - prov . , 10 km sse cosanga ,
2180 m , 0e37’13
s 77e49’29
w , 23 . x . 2002 , sta 35 , leg . g
1 female ( gu - 2277 - v . p . ) : ecuador , napo - prov . , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo , 1850 m ,
; 3 males , 1 female : same locality but 27 . x . 2002 , sta 39 , leg .
; 1 female ( gu - 2281 - v . p . ) : same locality but 23 . - 26 . vi . 2003 , leg . volker p
not found but male genitalia of the latter are quite distinct having strongly sclerotized , sharp socii .
latin / greek : ebenus – ebony ; pteron – wing . the name is defined as a noun in apposition .
wing span in holotype 14 . 5 mm , in female paratype 17 . 0 mm ; head
and thorax dark brown ; labial palpus 2 . 0 , concolorous . shape of forewing similar to that in the
above mentioned two species . wing dark brown , in distal third tinged rust with weak brown strigu
sp . n . but the posterior line terminates in a row of spots . whitish
spots in posterior part of costa in the female paratype . hindwing blackish brown ; cilia greyish .
curved and posterior group of cornuti consisting of three longer and one short spines .
holotype , male : “ecuador , morona - santiago - prov . , macas , proano , 5 km so alshi , 1700 m ,
” ; gu - 1381 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl . paratype : 1 fe
male : same data as ht ( gu - 1113 - v . p . ) ; cvpr .
wing span 21 . 0 mm ( in paratypes 21 . 0 - 22 . 5 mm ) . head and thorax
rust brown , this last browner proximally ; labial palpus 2 . 0 concolorous with head . forewing fer
ruginous distinctly suffused with brown to middle , with weak brown reticulation . white lines slen
sp . n . , the posterior not expanding towards costa . cilia brownish .
hindwing brownish with weak rust suffusion apically ; cilia paler , grey - brown .
female genitalia ( fig . 117 ) . distal part of sterigma concave in middle posteriorly ; proximal por
from mid - corpus to colliculum ; ductus seminalis in median portion of this last .
holotype , female : “ecuador , napo - prov . , 12 km sse cosanga , 2120 m , 0e37’26
s
paratypes ( 2 ) : 1 female : same data as ht ( gu - 1593 - v . p . ) ; 1 female : ecuador , napo - prov . , 10 km
sse cosanga , 2180 m , 0e37’13
s 77e49’29
w , 23 . x . 2002 , sta 35 , leg . g
wing span 18 . 5 mm ; head and thorax dark brown ; labial palpus 2 . 0 .
forewing broad , similarly shaped as in the two above mentioned species . wing dark brown with
slight rusty admixture , somewhat paler distally than mediadially . white lines : anterior curved at
holotype , female : “ecuador , pichincha - prov . , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia , 1700m , 0e1’35
s
” ; gu - 2491 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
lated with same colour . white blotches marked with brown dots at wing edges . cilia brownish .
colorous with middle of wing . in female the shape of white markings somewhat different than in
holotype , male : “ecuador , napo - prov . , 10 km sse cosanga , 2180 m , 0e37’13
s 77e49’29
w ,
” ; gu - 1851 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl . paratype : 1 fe
male : same locality as ht but 23 . x . 2002 , sta 35 , leg . g
distinct by broad costal half of posterior fascia and its weak or atrophied dorsal portion . easily dis -
ful , latin : spina – spine . it is defined as a noun in apposition .
wing span 17 . 5 mm in holotype , in male paratypes 16 . 0 - 18 . 0 mm , in
females 19 . 0 - 20 . 0 mm . head rusty brown , thorax browner ; labial palpus 2 . 0 concolorous with head .
forewing rusty , densely strigulated with brown , suffused with dark brown chiefly near white lines .
atrophying or very slender towards tornus . cilia rusty brown . hindwing creamy grey , strigulation
brownish grey ; cilia dirty cream . in females hindwing without strigulae , pale brownish grey ,
male genitalia ( figs 63 , 64 ) . uncus and socii rather similar to those in preceding species ; valva
female genitalia ( fig . 115 ) . sterigma very broad , slightly convex posteriorly , with corners
holotype , male : “ ecuador , napo - prov . , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo , 1850 m , 0e38’56
s
” ; gu - 2289 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
paratypes ( 15 ) : 3 males , 1 female ( gu - 1875 - v . p . ) : same data as ht ; 1 male ( gu - 1957 - v . p . ) :
same locality as ht but 25 . x . 2002 , sta 37 , leg . g
; 2 males ( gu - 2497 - v . p . , gu - 2498 - v . p . ) : ecuador , tungura
hua - prov . , 17 km e baños , río verde , 1500 m , 1e24’11
s 78e17’22
w , 1 . - 3 . xii . 2004 , leg .
; 1 male , 1 female ( gu - 2422 - v . p . ) same locality but 16 . - 18 . xii . 2004 , leg . volker
; 3 males ( gu - 1111 - v . p . , gu - 1112 - v . p . , gu - 1383 - v . p . ) : ecuador , morona - santiago - prov . ,
alshi , 5 km so alshi , 1700 m , 27 . ix . - 4 . x . 2000 , leg . volker p
( gu - 1382 - v . p . ) : ecuador , morona - santiago - prov . , macas , proano
mos – of allied blood . it is defined as a noun in apposition .
brown proximally ; labial palpus 2 . 0 . wing rusty suffused and sprinkled with brown to beyond pos
terior white line , terminal portion paler . white lines slender , the anterior convex postmedially , the
posterior atrophying towards wing edges . cilia brownish . hindwing grey , blackish from beyond
male genitalia ( figs 59 , 60 ) . uncus rounded apically ; socius broad sharp terminally ; valva
” ; gu - 1846 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
but differing externally by fully developed white lines and reticulate remaining area of forewing .
wing span 18 . 0 mm . head and thorax brownish ; labial palpus 2 . 0 .
area somewhat paler ; white lines slender , almost parallel ; cilia brownish . hindwing brown , slightly
part of valva slenderer , and ventro - caudal prominence of sacculus atrophied . other differences as
as the facies and shapes of the particular parts of the male genitalia show .
wing span 18 . 5 mm . head and thorax brownish ; labial palpus 2 . 0 .
male genitalia ( figs 67 , 68 ) . uncus rather long , club - shaped , slender to beyond middle ; socius
paratype ( figs 16 , 69 , 70 ) is smaller ( wing span 14 . 0 mm ) and shows some small
holotype , male : “ ecuador , napo - prov . , 10 km sse cosanga , 2180 m , 0e37’13
s
” ; gu - 2288 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
paratype : 1 male ( gu - 2275 - v . p ) : ecuador , napo – prov . , 12 km sse cosanga , 2120 m , 0e37’26
s
wing span in males 13 . 5 - 14 . 5 mm in female 16 . 5 mm . head creamy
ferruginous , thorax rust ; labial palpus 2 . 0 , concolorous with head . ground colour pale ferruginous ,
costa marked with some blackish spots . white markings consisting of two lines ; the anterior extend
costa , tapering towards end of termen where slender . cilia creamy ferruginous , basal line more rust .
male genitalia ( figs 65 , 66 ) . uncus very large , almost uniformly broad throughout ; gnathos
female genitalia ( fig . 116 ) . sterigma enormous , with very broad postostial and anteostial parts ;
holotype , male : “ecuador , pichincha - prov . , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia , 1700m , 0e1’35
s
” ; gu - 2492 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl . para
types ( 3 ) : 2 males ( gu - 2515 - v . p . , gu - 2513 - v . p . ) , 1 female ( gu - 2493 - v . p . ) : same data as ht , all
three males ( gu - 1730 - v . p . , gu - 1947 - v . p . ) , 2 females
2850 m , 4e6’58
s 79e10’19
w , 7 . - 8 . x . 2002 , sta 20 / 21 , leg . g
this species described from loja province and was collected at the altitude of 2750 m . the de
on the evidence that they were found several times now together on same places . to date no other
species was found in the loja - province . so in this species a clearly marked sexual di
morphism seems present , a hitherto seldom encountered phenomenon in euliini . the species is eas
ily distinguished by the white , dark edged hindwing in the female . the female genitalia are similar
number of cornuti in posterior groups ca . 14 - 21 ( only 9 in
differs from it as already mentioned mainly in two important diagnostic characters , viz . , the pres
ence of the dorsal lobes of transtilla and the absence of the white forewing lines . also in female
wing span 14 . 5 - 18 . 0 mm in males and 17 . 0 - 23 . 5 mm . head and tho
rax creamy grey , labial palpus 2 . 5 , thorax grey , darker , more brownish grey proximally . ground
costa to tornus ; subterminal fascia reaching almost middle of termen . cilia concolorous with
ground colour . hindwing whitish creamy strigulated with pale brownish grey ; cilia creamy . female
variation . the species exhibits a great variability . ground colour lighter and darker sometimes
male genitalia ( figs 71 - 74 ) . uncus club - shaped ; socius and arm of gnathos slender ; valva rather
spines , posterior group a row of 13 - 18 slenderer almost equally long spines and 1 - 3 separate spines .
female genitalia ( figs 127 , 128 ) . postostial part of sterigma rather weakly sclerotized except for
holotype , male : “ecuador : tungurahua - prov . , 15 km n ambato , 2550m 1e7’16
s
” ; gu - 2116 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
paratypes ( 59 ) : 11 males ( gu - 2118 - v . p . , gu - 2122 - v . p . ) , 3 females ( gu - 2115 - v . p . , gu - 2117 - v . p . ) :
same data as ht , 10 males , 1 female : tungurahua - prov . ambato , 2595m , 1e14’s 78e36
w ,
, 3 males ( gu - ec116 , gu - 1752 - v . p . , gu - 1780 - v . p . ) : same
dates but e . l . 5 . vii . 2003 , 1 male : same locality but 21 . ix . 2002 , sta 1 , leg . g
, 1 male : tungurahua - prov . , 3 km e izamba , 2675m , 1e12’s
1699 , 2110 , 2239 ) : ecuador : azuay - prov . , pn cajas , laguna llaviuco , 3225 m 2e50’38
s
, 5 males , 3 females : same locality but 12 . x . 2002 ,
, 5 males ( gu 2108 , 2107 , 2102 ) : azuay prov . , 25 km s cuenca , pto . de
tinajilla , 3320m , 3e9’46
s 79e1’30
w , 6 . x . 2002 , sta 18 , leg . g
podocarpus , cajanuma ranger stt , 2850 m , 4e6’58
s 79e10’19
w , 7 . x . 2002 , sta 20 , leg . g
larger and in male genitalia 2 or 3 separate cornuti in proximal group are present . in specimens from
browner forewing , and in male genitalia by slender uncus and strong dorsal lobes of transtilla .
name concerns the shape of uncus ; greek : allos – another . it is de
wing span 14 . 0 mm . head creamy brown , labial palpus 2 . 2 , concolor
ous with head , thorax brownish . ground colour of forewing brownish , paler , more ochreous in dis
tal third ; costal spots brownish ; strigulate and sprinkled with brown . markings brown in form of
three oblique fasciae and incomplete basal marking . cilia pale brownish . hindwing creamy , tinged
male genitalia ( figs 75 , 76 ) . uncus slender , rather short , sharp terminally ; valva gradually ta
holotype , male : “ ecuador : zamora - chinchipe - prov . 22 km e loja , pn podocarpus , san fran
cisco ranger stt , 2200 m , 3e59’15
s 79e5’37
w , 9 . x . 2002 , sta 22 , leg . g
name concerns shape uncus ; latin : craceus – slim . it is defined as a
pus 2 . 0 . forewing weakly expanding terminally , termen oblique . ground colour pale brownish
brownish , more cream at tornus . hindwing cream , spotted with brownish grey ; cilia pale cream .
male genitalia ( figs 77 , 78 ) . uncus fairly long , very slender ; valva moderately broad , with costa
nuti consisting of three curved spines , posterior group of two unequal straight spines .
2850 m , 4e6’58
s 79e10’19
w , 7 . x . 2002 , sta 20 , leg . g
dorso - median process of juxta . in possession of this structure it is very similar to
name refers to dark colouration of the forewing ; greek : lypros – sad .
parts ; labial palpus 2 . 0 . forewing expanding to middle , then uniformly broad . ground colour
partly confluent ; subterminal fascia very slender . cilia brownish grey . hindwing cream brownish ,
male genitalia ( figs 79 , 80 ) . uncus rather short , slender , slightly expanding postmedially ; valva
” ; gu - 2380 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
material examined . one male ( gu - 1130 - v . p ) : ecuador , morona - santiago - prov . , macas , pro
; 1 female ( gu - 2581 - v . p . ) :
ecuador , tungurahua – prov . , 17 km e banos , río verde , 1500 m , 1e24’11
s 78e17’22
w ,
one female , however , from a different locality . its colouration fits well that of the males . wing span
for reasons of comparison also the male specimen is illustrated ( figs 45 , 105 , 106 ) .
sp . n . but the genitalia are strongly differing in lack of dorso - median process of juxta .
greek : onkos – hook . the name is defined as a noun in apposition .
wing span 16 mm . head and thorax cream brown , labial palpus 2 . 2 .
dotted with brown ; costal spots distinct . markings brownish black consisting of confluent basal and
postbasal marks followed by three parallel fasciae and incomplete apical markings . cilia concolor -
ous with ground colour . hindwing creamy , tinged ochreous at apex , diffusely spotted with
male genitalia ( figs 81 , 82 ) . uncus short , slender , broadening basally ; sacculus reaching to be
by means of median concavity ; juxta provided with two strong dorso - posterior hooks .
wing span 13 . 5 - 15 . 0 mm in males , 14 . 0 - 16 . 0 mm in females . male :
head rust brown , thorax dark brown ; labial palpus 2 . 5 . ground colour of forewing whitish suffused
numerous whitish dots . cilia concolorous with distal part of wing . hindwing dark brown ; cilia
the wing . cilia brownish grey . hindwing whitish grey , greyish brown on periphery , with cilia
female genitalia ( fig . 126 ) . postostial media part of sterigma forming a large plate folded proxi
paratypes ( 7 ) : 1 male , 6 females ( gu - 1431 - v . p . ) : same data as ht ( e . l . 21 . xi - 15 . xii ) ; cvpr ,
labial palpus 2 . 0 , concolorous with head ; thorax whitish postmedially . shape of forewing as in
grey - brown , grey along costa and proximally . remaining area cinnamon with browner strigulae .
females with ill - defined white maculation atrophying in median or posterior parts of wing .
male genitalia ( figs 85 , 86 ) . uncus moderately long with small latero - submedian processes ;
female genitalia ( figs 121 , 122 ) . distal part of ductus bursae well sclerotized , slightly asym
, gu - 1892 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl . para
types ( 16 ) : 2 males , 3 females ( gu - 1751 - v . p . , gu - 1754 - v . p ) . : same data as ht , some e . l .
7 . - 14 . vii . 2003 ; 7 males : same locality but 30 . ix . 2002 , sta 12 , leg . g
, 1 male : same locality but 25 . x . 2002 , sta 37 , leg .
, 1 female ( gu - 2763 - v . p . ) : ecuador , tungurahua - prov . , 17 km e banos , río
verde , 1500 m , 1e24’11
s 78e17’22
w , 16 . - 18 . xii . 2004 e . l . 15 . i . 2005 , leg . volker p
nous cream ground colour of forewing and a series of three black spots subterminally .
kothornos – a shue on enlarged sole ; latinized : cothurnata . it is defined as a noun in apposition .
brownish strigulae and brownish costal spots . markings ferruginous brownish , diffuse , incomplete ,
fascia represented by three or four black spots before mid - termen . cilia creamy . hindwing creamy
male genitalia ( figs 87 , 88 ) . uncus fairly broad , rounded apically ; valva slender ; sacculus pro -
” ; gu - 1822 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
material examined . one male : ecuador , tungurahua - prov . , 17 km e banos , río verde , 1500
m , 1e24’11
s 78e17’22
w , 16 . - 18 . xii . 2004 , leg . volker p
in morona - santiago province . in the present material the above mentioned male with 17 . 0 mm
– strong , latin : spina – spine . it is defined as a noun in apposition .
wing span 16 . 5 mm . head and thorax brownish ; labial palpus 2 . 5 ,
for terminal area ; costa and subtornal dots more brown . markings consisting of blackish brown ba
fore mid - tornus . cilia rather concolorous with ground colour . hindwing creamy , tinged with
male genitalia ( figs 89 , 90 ) . uncus slender , rounded apically , provided with pair of submedian
name refers to the colouration of forewing ; latin : crepera – dark . it is
wing span 16 mm . head and thorax pale brownish ; labial palpus 2 . 5
area with slender lines ; spots along costa and dorsum small . cilia brownish . hindwing ochreous
cream , cream towards base ; strigulation pale brownish ; cilia pale ochreous cream .
male genitalia ( figs 91 , 92 ) . uncus slightly longer and broader than in
group of cornuti consisting of four strong spines , posterior group represented by single short spine .
, gu - 2381 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
mination , and with broader dorsal lobe of transtilla ( fused submedian lobes ) .
greek : ependyma – overcoat . it is defined as a noun in apposition .
proximally ; labial palpus 2 . 5 , concolorous with head . termen of forewing not oblique to middle .
with black - brown at tornus ; a few blackish brown dots subterminally . cilia concolorous with distal
part of wing . hindwing pale ochreous cream ; strigulation brownish grey , diffuse ; cilia cream .
male genitalia ( figs 93 , 94 ) . uncus fairly broad , tapering in distal half terminally ; sacculus
ternally this species is similar to several species of this genus e . g .
guished from all known species by long sacculus terminating in a rounded ventral pprominence .
species name refers to long sacculus ; greek : mekos – length . it is de
palpus 2 . 0 , concolorous with head . costa of forewing curved outwards , termen oblique . ground
brownish . markings brown , diffuse , incomplete , broadening and darker towards tornus . fringes
brownish , more cream at tornus . hindwing whitish cream , mixed ochreous and indistinctly strigu -
male genitalia ( figs 95 , 96 ) . uncus broadening terminally ; valva broad proximally ; sacculus
wing span 18 . 0 - 21 . 0 mm . head and thorax brown ; labial palpus 2 . 0 ,
wing ; terminal part of costa suffused with brownish grey , costal spots similar or darker . markings :
variation . paratype ( gu - 2260 - v . p . ) from loja - province darker than holotype with weak macu
lation ; median fascia atrophied . hindwing much paler , creamer than in holotype .
male genitalia ( figs 97 , 98 ) . uncus slender , rather short , broadening near middle ; sacculus
dorsal processes of juxta broad , slightly bent ; numerous very slender cornuti in vesica . in one para
type ( gu - 2260 - v . p . ) cornuti slightly longer , less numerous .
paratypes ( 18 ) : 3 males : ecuador , napo - prov . , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo , 1850 m , 0e38’56
s
; 4 males ( gu - 1671 - v . p . ) : same locality but 27 . x . 2002 , sta 39 , leg . g
; 3 males ( gu - 1598 - v . p ) : ecuador , napo - prov . , 12 km sse cosanga , 2120 m , 0e37’26
s
1 male ( gu - 2260 - v . p . ) : ecuador : zamora - chinchipe - prov . 22 km e loja , pn podocarpus , san
francisco ranger stt , 2200 m , 3e59’15
s 79e5’37
w , 9 . x . 2002 , sta 22 , leg . g
pus 2 . 2 concolorous with head . forewing expanding terminad ; termen weakly oblique . ground col -
dots before mid - termen . cilia concolorous with distal part of wing , mixed with brownish beneath
male genitalia ( figs 99 , 100 ) . uncus moderately long , slender ; sacculus with straight dorso -
name refers to the appearence of the species ; greek : nedymos – nice .
wing span 19 . 0 mm in holotype , in paratype 20 . 5 mm . head and tho
rax brownish , labial palpus 2 . 5 , concolorous with head . forewing fairly broad , termen not oblique .
median cell . cilia ochreous brownish . hindwing greyish brown , paler basally , with ochreous anal
male genitalia ( figs 111 - 114 ) . uncus fairly long , slender ; valva slightly convex caudally ; sac
” , gu - 2374 - v . p ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
paratype : 1 male ( gu - 1608 - v . p . ) :
ecuador : zamora - chinchipe - prov . 22 km e loja , pn podo
carpus , san francisco ranger stt , 2200 m , 3e59’15
s 79e5’37
w , 9 . x . 2002 , sta 22 , leg . g
by extremely long dorso - lateral processes of juxta and rod like termination of aedeagus .
numerous , maculatum – spotted . the name is defined as a noun in apposition .
spots ; labial palpus 2 . 2 . forewing broad , apex rounded , termen somewhat convex . ground colour
minal , terminal and basal markings rather weak . cilia brown with ochreous dividings . hindwing
male genitalia ( figs 101 , 102 ) . uncus slender , fairly long ; sacculus simple , slender , tapering ter
” , gu - 1743 - v . p ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
species epithet refers to the type locality . it is defined as a noun in ap
suffusions in postmedian part of wing ; costal strigulae whitish . cilia ferruginous brownish .
male genitalia ( figs 103 , 104 ) . uncus broad basally tapering terminally ; valva upcurved , taper
sally ; processes of juxta fairly broad , one distinctly shorter than the other ; cornuti ca 20 short spines .
holotype , male : “ ecuador , tungurahua - prov . , 17 km e baños , río verde , 1500 m , 1e24’11
s
” , gu - 2477 - v . p ; cvpr , eventually smfl .
nearby to the type locality . it is defined as a noun in apposition .
wing span 15 . 0 - 16 . 0 mm in males , 18 . 0 mm in female ; head pale
brownish , labial palpus 2 . 0 , concolorous with head , thorax brownish with slight ferruginous admix -
ture , base of tegula browner . ground colour of forewing dirty ferruginous with darker groups of
scales and brownish black strigulae , spots and suffusions . markings indistinct preseserved in costal
part of wing consisting of postbasal and median parts of fasciae . cilia concolorous with ground col -
male genitalia ( figs 107 , 108 ) . uncus very large , broadest postmedially , tapering apically
subtriangular ; aedeagus with very long rod like latero - posterior process ; two small cornuti .
female genitalia ( fig . 124 ) . sterigma in major part membranous , with latero - posterior sclerites
” ; gu - 2422 - v . p . ; cvpr , eventually smfl . para
types ( 3 ) : 2 males ( gu - 2523 - v . p . , gu - 2576 - v . p . ) , 1 female ( gu - 2546 - v . p . ) : same data as ht , all
sp . n . but in female genitalia distinct by larger , extending proximally sclerites of ductus bursae .
ally ; labial palpus 2 . 0 , grey brown with some ferruginous scales . shape of forewing as in
sp . n . except for termen which is less oblique . ground colour ferruginous with darker transverse
ent in anterior half of wing chiefly costally . cilia rather concolorous with ground colour with whiter
female genitalia ( fig . 123 ) . posterior parts of sterigma forming distinct arms , median portion
holotype , female : “ ecuador , tungurahua - prov . , 17 km e baños , río verde , 1500 m ,
v . 2003 . tortricidae collected in ecuador in the years 1996 - 1999 : euliini ( lepidoptera ) .
, paratype , male ( gu - 1730 - v . p . ) , 8
– same species , paratype , female ( gu - 1944 - v . p . ) ; 9 –
– same species , paratype , female ( gu - 2493 - v . p . ) ; 13 –
sp . n . , holotype , male , 16 – same species , paratype , male ( gu - 2275 - v . p . ) ; 17 –
( gu - 2108 - v . p . ) , 20 – same species , holotype , male .
same species , paratype female ( gu - 1431 - v . p . ) ; 27 –
male , 36 – same species , paratype , male ( gu - 2260 - v . p . ) ; 37 –
type , male ( gu - 1608 - v . p . ) ; 39 –
, male ( gu - 1130 - v . p . ) . 46 – same species , female ( gu - 2581 - v . p . ) ; 47 –
type , male ( gu - ec116 - v . p . ) , 48 – same species , paratype , female ( gu - 2117 - v . p . ) , 49 – same species , paratype , male
( gu - 1689 - v . p . ) , 50 – same species , paratype , female ( gu - 1688 - v . p . ) .
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - 2499 - v . p . ) ; 65 , 66 –
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - 2275 - v . p . ) ; 71 –
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - ec116 - v . p . ) , 72 – same
species , aedeagus of paratype ( gu - 2116 - v . p . ) , 73 , 74 – same species , paratype ( gu - 1689 - v . p . ) . scale bar 1 . 0 mm .
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - 1598 - v . p . ) . scale bar 1 . 0 mm .
cas ( gu - 1130 - v . p . ) . scale bar 1 . 0 mm .
, ecuador , tungurahua ( gu - 2762 - v . p . ) ; 111 , 112 –
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - 1608 - v . p . ) ,
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - 2493 - v . p . ) ; 117 –
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - 2277 - v . p . ) ; 120 –
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - 1113 - v . p . ) ; 121 –
ecuador , cajanuma ( gu - 2286 - v . p . ) . scale bar 1 . 0 mm .
, ecuador , tungurahua ( gu - 2581 - v . p . ) ; 126 –
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - 1431 - v . p . ) . scale bar 1 . 0 mm .
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - 2110 - v . p . ) , 128
– same species , paratype ( gu - 1688 - v . p . ) ; 129 , 130 –
sp . n . , paratype ( gu - 1751 - v . p . ) , 130 – same species , para
type ( gu - 2763 - v . p . ) . scale bar 1 . 0 mm .
tortricidae of the palaearctic region . volume 1 . general part and tortricini józef razowski . 2008 . 30 × 21 . 5 cm , hardcover , 152 pp . 8 color plates of adults , 26 plates of genitalia drawings . . bratislava , slovakia , f . slamka @ nextra . sk . published by frantisek slamka . us $ 110 ; €70 . isbn : isbn 978 - 80 - 969052 - 4 - 9 .
diagnoses and remarks on the genera of tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) . part 4 . cnephasiini , ceracini , atteriini , sparganothini and euliini
the neotropical chrysoxena - group of genera is discussed . cincorunia razowski & becker , 2002 and ptyongnathosia razowski , 1988 are included in this group . one new genus ( rubroxena razowski & pelz , gen . n . ) and 9 new species ( rubroxena rubra razowski & pelz , sp . n . , ptyongnathosia pectinata razowski & pelz , sp . n . , vulpoxena dentata razowski & pelz , sp . n . , cuproxena amplana razowski & pelz , sp . . . . [ show full abstract ]
ecuadoran species of aglaopollex razowski & pelz , gen . n . , ancylis hübner , [ 1825 ] and rhopobota lede . . .
the enarmoniini genus aglaopollex razowski & pelz , gen . n . and its seven species ( aglaopollex crinita razowski & pelz , sp . n . , aglaopollex onepsia razowski & pelz , sp . n . , laopollex zanclon razowski & pelz , sp . n . , aglaopollex cresson razowski & pelz , sp . n . , aglaopollex storthynx razowski & pelz , sp . n . , aglaopollex sthenarovalva razowski & pelz , sp . n . , aglaopollex evides razowski & pelz , sp . . . . [ show full abstract ]
pastazania razowski & pelz , gen . n . cylichneulia razowski , 1994 , pseudapina brown , 2003 , and gielisi . . .
four genera of neotropical euliina are discussed , twelve new species ( cylichneulia napoana razowski & pelz , sp . n . , cylichneulia chocoana razowski & pelz , sp . n . , cylichneulia rotundana razowski & pelz , sp . n . , cylichneulia luteana razowski & pelz , sp . n . , cylichneulia reticulana razowski & pelz , sp . n . , cylichneulia tungurahuana razowski & pelz , sp . n . , pastazania elegans razowski & pelz sp . . . . [ show full abstract ]
exoletuncus razowski , 1988 from ecuador , with description of seven new species ( lepidoptera : tortric . . .
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discolocrinus thieli is a species of sea lily , a crinoid in the family bathycrinidae .

it is native to the eastern pacific ocean .

it was described by a. n. mironov .

it is named in honor of deep sea ecologist hjalmar thiel .

discolocrinus thieli

figure 7 . distribution of the genus discolocrinus . circles : d . iselini n . sp . square : d . thieli .
key words : discolocrinus , bathycrinidae , bourgueticrinida , crinoidea , east pacific , deep - sea fauna , comparative morphological analysis .
key words : discolocrinus , bathycrinidae , bourgueticrinida , crinoidea , east pacific , deep - sea fauna , comparative morphological analysis .
figure 2 . discolocrinus iselini n . sp . holotype , usnm e 00048150 . aboral cup with proximal arms and proxistele .
figure 6 . discolocrinus iselini n . sp . paratype 6 , usnm e 00048151 , primibrachitaxis . a : first primibrachial viewed from
figure 3 . discolocrinus iselini n . sp . . holotype , usnm e 00048150 . a : plates and other ossicles from brs and pinnules . b : x - shaped tube feet plates . c : plates and rod - like ossicles from the tegmen .
figure 4 . discolocrinus iselini n . sp . paratype , fragment of the arm usnm 1229429 ( a , d – e ) and holotype , usnm e 00048150 ( b , c ) . a : fragment of the arm with pinnule 1 , pores ( ? genital pores ) visible on pinnules 3 – 6 . b : proximal part of arm with pinnule 1 on br 14 . c : pn 2 from br 20 ; two thick plates ( marked by black ) . d – f : pinnules 1 – 2 viewed from lateral . . .
figure 1 . discolocrinus iselini n . sp . holotype , usnm e 00048150 ( a ) , paratype 6 , usnm e 00048151 ( b – c ) and paratype 2 , usnm 1229429 ( d ) . a : general view consisting of calyx , proximal arms and proxistele . b – c : rr with proximal arms , a primibrachitaxis and two free arms removed to show the inner knobby processes on ibrs 1 – 2 ( b – c ) and the top of the tegmen ( b ) . d : aboral cup with proximal . . .
figure 5 . discolocrinus iselini n . sp . holotype , usnm e 00048150 ( b – d ) , paratype 1 , usnm 1229429 ( f ) , paratype 6 , usnm e 00048151 ( a ) ; arm fragment , usnm 1229429 ( e ) . a : distal articular facet of iibr 1 , non - muscular joint with rudimentary aborsal areola pit ( transverse synarthry ) . b : proximal articular facet of iibr 9 , muscular synarthry . c : distal articular facet of iibr 10 , non - muscular joint ( synostosis ) . d : proximal articular facet of iibr 10 , muscular synarthry with disruption . . .
clark ah ( 1907 ) a new species of crinoid ( ptilocrinus pinnatus ) from the pacific coast , with a note on bathycrinus . proceedings of the u . s . national museum 32 : 551–554 . [ details ]
check list of antarctic and subantarctic crinoidea by marc eleaume . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
mah , c . l . ; mcknight , d . g . ; eagle , m . k . ; pawson , d . l . ; améziane , n . ; vance , d . j . ; baker , a . n . ; clark , h . e . s . ; davey , n . ( 2009 ) . phylum echinodermata : sea stars , brittle stars , sea urchins , sea cucumbers , sea lilies . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 371 - 400 . [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mironov , a . n . ( 2008 ) . stalked crinoids of the family bathycrinidae ( echinodermata ) from the eastern pacific . invertebrate zoology . 5 ( 2 ) : 133 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
distribution sse of galapagos is . , and e of paita , peru . depth : 4131 m .
distribution sse of galapagos is . , and e of paita , peru . depth : 4131 m . [ details ]
scientific peer - reviewed journal invertebrate zoology publishes original papers , reviews and brief communications on morphology , anatomy , embryology , taxonomy , phylogeny , and ecology of any group of invertebrates from protistans to lower chordates . invertebrate zoology accepts manuscripts in both english and russian and publishes them in two identical versions , printed and electronic . papers dealing with taxonomic revisions are available online upon printing out to avoid any conflicts about priority issues .
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1 zoological museum , moscow state university , bolshaya nikitskaya str . 6 , 125009 moscow , russia .
2 p . p . shirshov institute of oceanology , russian academy of sciences , nakhimovskyi prospekt 36 , moscow 117997 , russia .
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tunnicliffe v . , mcarthur a . g . , mchugh d . 1998 . a biogeographical perspective of the deep - sea hydrothermal vent fauna / / adv . mar . biol . vol . 34 . p . 355–442 .
van dover c . l . , german c . r . , speer k . g . , parson l . m . , vrjenhoek r . c . 2002 . evolution and biogeography of deep - sea vent and seep invertebrates / / science . vol . 295 . no . 5558 . p . 1253–1257 .
marusik yu . m . 1987 . [ three new species of the family nesticidae ( aranei ) from the fauna of the ussr ] / / zool . zhurn . vol . 66 . no . 3 . p . 461–463 [ in russian , with english summary ] .
zaitzev y . m . 1982 . [ the larvae of chrysomelid beetles ( coleoptera , chrysomelidae ) from mongolia ] / / g . s . medvedev ( ed . ) . nasekomye mongolii . leningrad : nauka publ . no . 8 . p . 296–307 [ in russian ] .
hoffman r . l . 1980 ( for 1979 ) . classification of the diplopoda . mus . hist . nat . geneve . 237 p .
mironov a . n . , gebruk a . v . , moskalev l . i . 2002 . biogeography of hydrothermal vent communities and obligate hydrothermal taxa / / a . gebruk ( ed . ) . biology of hydrothermal systems . moscow : kmk sci . press ltd . p . 410–455 .
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fig . 1 . cells of exocyst of aploparaksis bulbocirrus at the stage of late sclexogenesis . a–b — sagittal sections ; c — transversal section .
a — muscle cells and tegument’s cyton of internal side of exocyst ; b — cells in caudal part of exocyst ; c — cell with signs of undifferentiated and “dark” cells in caudal part of exocyst .
abbreviations : dac — “dark cell” ; dc — distal part of tegument ; ger — granular endoplasmic reticulum ; m — mitochondrion ; mc — muscle cells ; mi — microvillus ; n — nucleus ; nu — nucleolus . scale bar : a — 2 µm ; b , c — 2 . 5 µm .
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biota > caledonicrininae avocat & roux , 1990 ( in améziane - cominardi et al . 1990 )
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hess h ( 2011 ) bourgueticrinina . in : hess h , messing cg , ausich wi ( eds . ) , treatise on invertebrate paleontology , part t , echinodermata 2 revised , crinoidea , vol . 3 . university of kansas press , lawrence , kansas , pp . 146–158 .
bathycrinidae is a family of echinoderms in the class crinoidea . it contains the following genera and species :
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institute inland waters biology , russian academy of sciences , borok , yaroslavl region , 152742 , russia .
white sea biological station , biological faculty , moscow state university , moscow 119992 , russia .
department of invertebrate zoology , biological faculty , moscow state university , moscow 119992 , russia .
key words : bathypelagic zone , mid - atlantic ridge , polychaeta , yndolacia , hesionidae , amphinomidae , buskiella abyssorum .
p . p . shirshov institute of oceanology , russian academy of sciences , nakhimovskyi prospekt 36 , moscow 117997 , russia .
kamchatka branch of the pacific institute of geography feb ras , partizanskaya 6 , petropavlovsk - kamchatsky , 683000 , russia .
department of cell and organism biology , faculty of science , university of lund , helgonavagen 3 , s - 22362 lund , sweden .
, 1758 ) from south sweden were investigated by light microscopy methods . the structure of t . hispida eye is typical camera eye with fixed optics . eye structure and optical properties differences were revealed between the specimens t . hispida from south sweden and the specimens of t . hispida from kaliningrad district previously studied . the eye of t . hispida from south sweden is adapted to the vision during daylight and twilight hours , whereas the eye of t . hispida from kaliningrad district functions as an illumination detector only .
key words : gastropod mollusks , trichia hispida , eye structure , optical properties .
for problems or questions regarding this web contact invertebrate . zoology @ urltoken last updated : tuesday , 07 / 08 / 2014
figure 8 . primibrachials of crinoids with xenomorphic stalks ; viewed from inner side . a : bathycrinus gracilis , rrs challenger ii , st . 52701 # 48 . b : monachocrinus recuperatus ( perrier , 1885 ) , rrs discovery , st . 12930 # 60 . c : cingocrinus sp . , rrs discovery , st . m 5 - 15773 # 17 . d : democrinus conifer ( a . h . clark , 1909 ) , r / v gerda , sta . 76 . scale : 1 mm . knobby processes are present on the first and second primibrachials ( a ) , on the first . . .