leiarius is a genus of long-whiskered catfishes native to south america .

most of the genus ' species are found in the aquarium hobby as ornamental fish .

leiarius

picture of leiarius pictus , juvenile picture of leiarius pictus , adult leiarius pictus , juvenile and adult . more
oxidative stress in the hybrid fish jundiara ( leiarius marmoratus × pseudoplatystoma reticulatum ) exposed to roundup original ® .
are the leiarius pictus cat fish buggers for eating other fish ? ? cost me £65 and is beutiful . . more
oxidative stress in the hybrid fish jundiara ( leiarius marmoratus × pseudoplatystoma reticulatum ) exposed to roundup original® . - pubmed - ncbi
leiarius pictus ( marbled sailfin catfish ) , 28
, oxydoras niger ( black dorad , ripsaw cat ) , 18
l . pictus , 4 inches l . pictus , 12 inches l . more
the species leiarius longibarbis has often been confused with l . marmoratus , in fact until only recently , the current pictures of l . marmoratus here in the cat - elog were listed under this name .
leiarius pictus , the sailfin pimelodid make sure to have enough tank space for this active and predatory rare catfish . will eat mussels , small crustaceans , small fish as well as blackworms and other live foods . more
lubes ca . efecto del tiempo de retardo en la refrigeración sobre los cambios microbiológicos , físicos , químicos y sensoriales en el bagre yaque ( leiarius marmoratus ) [ dissertation ] . [ caracas ] : universidad central de venezuela ; 2005 , 31p . [ links ]
i think we should lighten up on the hybrid calling . does anyone know what leiarius longibarbis ( recently split from l . marmoratus ) look like ? idk . i am ~ 100 % positive that none of us has seen it yet . given that , how can we call it a hybrid ?
there is some history of confusion in the leiarius genus . l . marmoratus was for some time a synonym of l . longibarbis , but it was taken out of synonymy by ferraris in his catalog of catfishes ( 2007 ) . fish are still sometimes seen as l . longibarbis , but most likely they are l . marmoratus .
often confused with the rarely , if ever , encountered perrunichthys perruno . the fishes are identical in terms of colouration although p . perruno has 8 ( 1 hard and 7 soft ) dorsal fin rays , leiarius has 10 or 11 . also similar to l . pictus , these two can be distinguished by l . pictus having a larger dorsal fin albeit this feature reduces with age .
this catfish is sometimes confused with leiarius longibarbis ( formerly known as l . marmoratus ) . the overall body colour of l . pictus is dark brown with darker spots , with a lighter underside colouration . more noticeable in juvenile specimens this catfish has two pale bands , the first extends from the base of the dorsal fine spine toward the ventral fin , and then laterally along the body to the base of the caudal ; the second thinner band lies parallel to the first originating from the base of the third to sixth soft dorsal fin rays .
this catfish is sometimes confused with perrunichthys perruno ( reticulated pimelodid ) and leiarius marmoratus ( marble antenna catfish ) . the overall body colour of l . pictus is dark brown with darker spots , with a lighter underside colouration . more noticeable in juvenile specimens this catfish has two pale bands , the first extends from the base of the dorsal fine spine toward the ventral fin , and then laterally along the body to the base of the caudal ; the second thinner band lies parallel to the first originating from the base of the third to sixth soft dorsal fin rays . large round spots can be seen in the dorsal , adipose and caudal fins , whilst the anal and ventral fins have much smaller spots . the barbels have a ringed pattern to them alternating light and dark colouration .
el objetivo fue establecer la variación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas , microbiológicas y sensoriales de filetes de yaque leiarius marmoratus , silvestres y de cultivo , empacados al vacío y almacenados durante 120 días a - 18 º c . se observó que la carne de las dos fuentes , presenta contenidos de proteína entre 19 . 8 ± 0 . 2 y 20 ± 1 . 1 % y de lípidos entre 1 . 5 ± 0 . 3 y 4 . 6 ± 0 . 3 % . los valores máximos de coliformes y mesófilos aerobios totales fueron de9±2 nmp / g y 5 . 2 ± 0 . 1 log ufc / g , respectivamente ; variando significativamente ( p < 0 . 05 ) en el tiempo . el recuento de psicrófilos aeróbicos fue menor de 10 , los coliformes fecales menos de 3 nmp / g , el s . aureus coagulasa estuvo por debajo de 100 ufc / g y la salmonella sp y el vibrio sppor debajo de los niveles detectables . el ph varió entre 6 . 5 ± 0 y 7 . 1 ± 0 . 2 ; los valores máximos de tvb - n fueron 15 . 3 ± 0 . 2 mg de vbn / 100 g , y el tba fue inferior a 0 . 1 mg de mda / kg , con diferencias significativas ( p < 0 . 05 ) durante los 120 días de almacenamiento . el análisis sensorial y la textura no presentaron diferencias significativas ( p > 0 . 05 ) durante el almacenamiento . estos resultados permiten inferir que la carne de yaque silvestre y de cultivo , bajo las condiciones de almacenamiento evaluadas , pueden tener una vida útil superior a 120 días .
o objetivo foi estabelecer a variação das propriedades físico - químicas microbiológicas e sensoriais dos filetes do yaque leiarius marmoratus , selvagens e de criação , embaladas a vácuo e armazenadas por 120 dias a - 18 °c . observou - se que a carne das duas fontes apresenta conteúdos de proteína entre 19 . 8 ± 0 . 2 e 20 ± 1 . 1 % e 20 ± 1 . 1 % e de lipídeos entre 1 . 5 ± 0 . 3 y 4 . 6 ± 0 . 3 % . os valores máximos de coliformes e mesófilos aeróbios totais foram de 9 ± 2 nmp / g e 5 . 2 ± 0 . 1 log ufc / g , respectivamente ; variando significantemente no tempo ( p < 0 . 05 ) . a contagem aeróbia de psicrofílicas foi menor que dez , os coliformes fecais menos que 3 nmp / g , a s . aureus coagulasasob 100 ufc / g , e a salmonella sp e o vibrio spabaixo dos níveis detectáveis . o ph variou de 6 . 5 ± 0 e 7 . 1 ± 0 . 2 ; os valores máximos de tvb - n foram de 15 . 3 ± 0 . 2 mg de vbn / 100 g e o tba foi inferior a 0 . 1 mg do mda / kg , com diferenças significantes ( p < 0 . 05 ) durante os 120 dias de armazenamento . o analise sensorial e da textura não apresentaram diferenças significantes ( p > 0 . 05 ) durante o armazenamento . estes resultados permitem inferir que a carne de yaques silvestres e de criação , sob as condições de armazenamento avaliadas podem ter uma vida util superior aos 120 dias .
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chris ralph returns from writing his first book on aquarium pufferfish to what is really his primary aquatic love at heart : big catfish . many big catfish are unsuitable aquarium inhabitants , but as chris explains , this one is big enough to classed a true tank buster , but small enough to be housed by a responsible aquarist .
with regard to the anatomical characteristics of l . pictus the head is described as being narrow and flattish above . the upper jaw is slightly longer than the lower jaw . the maxillary barbels in adult specimens extend just beyond the dorsal fin ; the inner mandibular barbels extend to the base of the pectoral fin whilst the outer mandibular barbels extend to the middle of the pectoral fin . in juvenile specimens the maxillary barbels can be seen to extend well beyond the tips of the caudal fin . this catfish has a large sail - like dorsal fin with 9 - 10 soft rays hence the common name of sailfin pim . the caudal fin is described as being deeply forked .
copyright information for the images used in this article can be found on the species ' full cat - elog page .
the genus name is derived from leios , meaning smooth and arius which is a greek for
dealing with mars , warlike , belliose
. it ' s the name of another catfish genus , so the combination is
smooth arius
. this specific epithet literally means painted ( pictus = painted ) and refers to the spots of the adult of the species .
600mm or 23 . 6
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
see the images above of the male and female genital areas . observation of cpative adult fishes points towards females tending to be more heavily built and robust than the males , which tend to be slender .
carnivore feeding on a very mixed and varied diet including earthworms , whole prawns , mussels , floating sticks / pellets and catfish pellets . in their natural environment they would feed upon other fish .
large , spacious tank with open space for night time cruising . a large shady bogwood root or pipe that the catfish can retreat to during the day is also required . ensure the heater is in the open and not in a place where the catfish may try and hide .
ideally suited to life with other large fish . these catfish are predatory and will eat smaller fish if hungry .
other large catfish such as pseudodoras , oxydoras , pterodoras and megalodoras , oscars and larger characins .
there are no known aquarium spawnings of this catfish . this is most likely due to the size that these fish can attain and hence the subsequent size of aquarium in which to spawn them .
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freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 2 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 18 . tropical ; 22°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36506 )
lundberg , j . g . and m . w . littmann , 2003 . pimelodidae ( long - whiskered catfishes ) . p . 432 - 446 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 36506 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00243 - 0 . 01032 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .
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native to the rio orinoco basin in colombia and venezuela , and parts of the amazon drainage in peru and brazil .
inhabits large rivers and lakes . it lurks among submerged tree roots and other refuges during daylight hours , emerging at night to feed .
something in the region of 8′ x 3′ x 4′ ( 240cm x 90cm x 120cm ) – 2592 litres would be needed for a fully - grown fish .
strictly speaking , decor isn’t necessary for a tank containing an adult , provided the lighting is fairly dim . you can however add some large chunks of bogwood , beech branches or smooth rocks if you wish . ensure that any such furnishings are too heavy to be moved around or secured to the tank in some way , and that there’s plenty of open swimming space . juveniles enjoy hiding places in the form of bogwood , tangles of roots and branches , rock piles or lengths of plastic piping of a suitable bore .
choice of substrate can be an issue , as most grades of gravel can either be swallowed or become caught in the delicate gills . sand is ok , but don’t expect it to stay in one place . a layer of large , smooth pebbles is a better option . some hobbyists simply leave the substrate out altogether , which certainly makes cleaning the tank an easier task .
a large and efficient biological filter is needed to cope with the amounts of waste produced by a fish of this size . if possible , choose a sump – type arrangement , as this allows most of the equipment to be located outside the tank . a large specimen can easily destroy glass heaterstats , thermometers etc .
this species should not be fed the meat of mammals such as beef heart or chicken . some of the lipids contained in these meats cannot be properly metabolised by the fish , and can cause excess deposits of fat and even organ degeneration . similarly , there is no benefit in the use of ‘feeder’ fish such as livebearers or small goldfish . risks involved with feeding these include the potential of disease introduction .
it’s territorial towards both conspecifics and other large pimelodids , so should be the only fish of this type kept in most situations .
virtually impossible to sex by external characteristics . adult females are likely to be stockier in build than males .
for those select few that do , it’s a magnificent specimen catfish that can show a good degree of intelligence and will develop a real personality as it grows . it also has an amazing set of very long barbels that can move independently of each other . these barbels are one of the reasons why the fish needs a wide tank , as it can become stressed if there isn’t enough room to extend them fully .
it’s sometimes confused with its only congener , l . longibarbis ( formerly l . marmoratus ) , but can be distinguished by its much larger , sail - like dorsal fin . this difference is especially apparent in young specimens . it can also be told apart from the similar looking perrunichthys perruno using the same method .
the genus name is derived from leios , meaning smooth and arius which is a greek for
dealing with mars , warlike , belliose
. it ' s the name of another catfish genus , so the combination is
smooth arius
. this specific epithet refers to its long ( longus = long ) barbels ( barba = barbel ) .
800mm or 31 . 5
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
requires clean , regularly changed water can become listless and loses appetite if a regular water change regime is not adhered to .
young fish will eat virtually anything , especially small tankmates . as the fish matures it should be fed less often and periods of fasting will maintain the fishes health as well as provide the aquarist with a more active pet . aside from large catfish pellets , feeder fish , crab , prawn and crayfish are also taken . the more adventurous aquarist may also try large earthworms , maggots and small cubes of raw beef heart ( taking care to remove all traces of fat ) .
large , thick branches or bogwood roots to provide cover over a rounded large pebble base is ideal . sand is often ' ' re - arranged ' ' by larger fish and coarse gravel can irritate or even damage the fish . an open area for night time exercise should also be provided .
this article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .
difficult to sex visually , females are said to be more heavily set than more slender males .
a very large growing fish that will eat anything that fits in its very large mouth . best kept with similar - sized fish in very large aquaria , such as
which is far less common than this fish . the fish are identical in terms of colouration although
is a chunky catfish with a broad head and large mouth with three sets of barbels . it is brown in colour with large darker spots .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 20 .
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de moura fr 1 , brentegani kr 2 , gemelli a 2 , sinhorin ap 1 , sinhorin vdg 3 .
post - graduation program in environmental science , integrated laboratories for research in chemical sciences ( lipeq ) , institute of natural , human and social sciences , federal university of mato grosso , campus of sinop , mato grosso , brazil .
institute of health sciences , federal university of mato grosso , campus of sinop , mato grosso , brazil .
post - graduation program in environmental science , integrated laboratories for research in chemical sciences ( lipeq ) , institute of natural , human and social sciences , federal university of mato grosso , campus of sinop , mato grosso , brazil . electronic address : valeriadgindri @ gmail . com .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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his month ( feb . 2006 ) we stay in south america and on to the
, and they are more closely related to the sub - family surubiminae , the shovel noses , and that will maybe give you an idea of this catfishes temperament , not to be messed with ! .
head narrow , flattish above , upper jaw slightly longer than the lower . on adult specimens the maxillary barbels extend to a little beyond the dorsal fin , the inner mandibular barbels to base of pecoral fin and the outer mandibular barbels to the middle of the pectoral fin . maxillary barbels extend well beyond the tips of the caudal fin in juvenile specimens . body is heaviest under base of dorsal fin spine . large sail - like dorsal fin has 9 - 10 soft rays ; caudal fin deeply forked .
body dark brown with darker spots , lighter on underside . two pale bands , the first extending from the base of the dorsal fin spine toward the ventral fin , then laterally along the body to the caudal base ; the second thinner band lies parallel to the first originating from approximately the base of the third to sixth soft dorsal fin rays . dorsal , adipose and caudal fins with large round dusky spots . anal and ventral fins with smaller spots . barbels ringed with light and dark .
this fish can be very territorial and a predator in aquarium set - ups and as such can only be kept with large cichlids or fish such as the giant gourami . it can not be mixed with other members of the pimelodidae family as they are too aggresive to conspecifics .
maxillary barbels : pertaining to the upper jaw . ( maxillary barbels ) mandibular barbels : pertaining to the lower jaw . ( mandibualr barbels )
sands , david ; catfishes of the world vol . 3 : auchenipteridae & pimelodidae catfish association of great britain , volume 1 ; p76 . baensch , h . a . and r . riehl 1985 aquarien atlas . band 2 . mergus , verlag für natur - und heimtierkunde gmbh , melle , germany . 1216 p .
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the genus name is derived from leios , meaning smooth and arius which is a greek for
dealing with mars , warlike , belliose
. it ' s the name of another catfish genus , so the combination is
smooth arius
.
smallest 600mm , largest 800mm , average 700mm , most commonly 600mm . all sl .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00330 - 0 . 02196 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 ±0 . 8 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 59 of 100 ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
cabrera , t . , d . jory , and m . silva ( eds . ) . 1999 .
. servicio autónomo de los recursos pesqueros y acuícolas and world aquaculture society , latin america chapter , puerto la cruz , venezuela . 156 pp .
chernoff , b . , a . machado - allison , and n . meneses . 1996 . la conservación de los ambientes acuáticos , una necesidad impostergable . acta biologica venezuelica 16 : i–iii .
diaz de gamero , m . l . 1996 . the changing course of the orinoco river during the neogene : a review . palaeogrography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology 123 : 385–402 .
invasive species in the americas pilot projects . background report , april 14 , 1999
. report of the technical meeting for establishment of iabin . electronic publication . website :
lópez - rojas , h . and a . bonilla - rivero . 2000 . anthropogenically induced fish diversity reduction in valencia lake basin , venezuela . biodiversity and conservation 9 : 757–765 .
. talleres gráficos del fondo nacional de investigaciones agrícolas y pecuarias . fonaiap , caracas , venezuela . 230 pp .
mago - leccia , f . 1965 . contribución a la sistemática y ecología de los peces de la laguna de unare , venezuela . bulletin of marine science 15 ( 2 ) : 274–330 .
. ministerio de agricultura y cría , oficina nacional de pesca , caracas , venezuela . 283 pp .
mencher , f . , h . j . fisher , h . h . renz , w . e . wallis , h . h . renz , j . m . patterson , and r . h . robie . 1953 . geology of venezuela and its oil fields . bulletin of american association of petroleum geologists 37 : 690–777 .
plantas cultivadas y animales domésticos en américa equinoccial . tomo v . animales domésticos introducidos
. instituto para la conservación del lago de valencia . publicaciones del ministerio de agricultura cría , caracas , venezuela . 66 pp .
( de man ) ( crustacea , decapoda , palaemonidae ) en venezuela . acta biologica venezuelica 16 ( 3 ) : 93–95 .
pérez , j . 1996a . la acuicultura y la conservación de la biodiversidad . interciencia 21 ( 3 ) : 154–157 .
pérez , j . 1996b . genetic impact of escapement from aquaculture cages . boletín del instituto oceanográfico de venezuela , universidad oriente 35 ( 1 & 2 ) : 81–98 .
pickect , s . t . a . , j . kolasa , j . j . armesto , and s . l . collins . 1989 . the ecological concept of disturbance and its expression at various hierarchical levels . oikos 54 : 129–136 .
ruthven & gaige ( anura : pipidae ) en la cuenca del lago de valencia , venezuela : un problema de introducción de especies . biollania 11 : 57–62 .
( steindachner , 1878 ) ( perciformes , cichlidae ) en venezuela : un ejemplo del problema de la introducción de especies . memoria , sociedad de ciencias naturales la salle 52 ( 138 ) : 163–179 .
sebastiani , m . , s . e . gonzález , m . m . castillo , p . alvizu , m . a . oliveira , j . pérez , a . quilici , m . rada , m . c . yáber , and m . lentino . 1994 . large - scale shrimp farming in the coastal wetlands of venezuela , south america : causes and consequences of land - use conflicts . environmental management 18 : 647–661 .
sheldon , a . i . 1987 . rarity : patterns and consequences for stream fishes .
: w . j . mattews and d . c . heins ( eds . ) ,
. university of oklahoma press , norman , oklahoma , usa . pp . 203–209 .
sousa , w . p . 1984 . the role of disturbance in natural communities . annual review of ecology and systematics 15 : 353–391 .
sparks , r . e . , p . b . bayley , s . l . kohler , and l . l . osborne . 1990 . disturbance and recovery of large floodplain rivers . environmental management 14 : 699–709 .
vitousek , p . m . 1996 . biological invasions and ecosystem processes : toward an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies .
: f . b . sampson and f . l . knopf ( eds . ) ,
. springer - verlag incorporated , new york city , new york , usa . pp . 183–191 .
lópez - rojas h . , bonilla - rivero a . ( 2007 ) introduction of exotic species and transplantation of native species across river basins in venezuela . in : bert t . m . ( eds ) ecological and genetic implications of aquaculture activities . methods and technologies in fish biology and fisheries , vol 6 . springer , dordrecht
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hello catfish lovers , just thought id share with you a couple vids of my l . pictus ! < object width =
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african catfishes and oddballs , madagascar cichlids ; stoner doom and heavy rock ; old school choppers and riding them , fantasy novels , travelling and diving in the tropics and all things nature .
lou : every young man ' s fantasy is to have a three - way .
i do have a soft spot for these - they are great characters & stunning to look at . they don ' t quite reach the sizes of the rtc , tsn & giraffe cats so are slightly more suitable for monster aquaria , that said careful consideration should be undertaken before keeping one .
thanks for all the suggestions guys ! so far everything has worked out perfectly , he has been in with the the tankmates since kitten , and i havent lost one fish to him yet . there are also unseen bushynose plecos and peacock eels the size of worms . im sure if i didnt feed him for a week , things would soon change . im confident by that feeding him well , and not feeding him feeder fish or fish tasting things , he will not acquire a taste for fish and eat his tankmates . the stingrays are actually motoros , i have had retics in the past , and it is true that they are finnicky . i had mine handfeeding on frozen bloodworms however to ensure that they would get fed . the motoro pups , however , are on market prawn , and after i feed the catfish enough he just goes and sits in the corner until it digest .
i wonder what the other fish say to each other , in this tank . . . . .
look out ! its coming this way - run for your lives ! ! !
here comes fatbastard
has anyone seen pete ?
i don ' t think natural urges can be supressed completely . there might be stimulants or attractants in fish pellets etc which mean fish automatically take these first but i think its only a matter of time . . . . & how do the other fish feel ? they look worried to say the least & they must be stressed out .
haha wrasse ! richard , the only reason the other fish looked stressed is because they had a full stomach , they are not really stressed at all . if i dont feed the dats for a day , they are at the front of the glass begging for food , same with the other fish . they are all fat and happy . the male motoro has some bite marks , and i havent found the culprit yet , but the mouth size is very small , so im guessing it is the female motoro picking on him , as she is in perfect condition .
yet
is the operative word . this has been said many times , in similar situations and has never ended well . the overwhelming evidence ( albeit anecdotal ) points towards the suggestion that you are risking the lives of some of your fish by housing them with a predatory fish that will grow large .
im confident by that feeding him well , and not feeding him feeder fish or fish tasting things , he will not acquire a taste for fish and eat his tankmates .
won ' t happen . you ' re hoping to overcome all those instincts , receptors and millions of years of evolution . it
just get lucky . but that wouldn ' t prove anything of value , and the flipside is that you could needlessly cause the deaths of fish through deliberate improper husbandry .
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tributyltin ( tbt ) is a ubiquitous marine environmental contaminant characterized primarily by its reproductive toxicity . however , the neurotoxic effect of tbt has not been extensively described , especially in fishes which have a high number of species in the marine environment . this study was conducted to investigate the neurotoxic effects of tbt at environmental levels ( 1 , 10 , and 100ngl ( - 1 ) ) on female sebastiscus
. the results showed that tbt exposure induced apoptosis in brain cells of three regions including the pallial areas of the telencephalon , the granular layer of the optic tectum , and the cerebellum . in addition , the increase of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide levels , and the decrease of na + / k + - atpase activity were found in the brain . the results strongly indicated neurotoxicity of tbt to fishes . according to the regions in which apoptosis was found in the brain , tbt exposure might influence the schooling , sensory and motorial functions of fishes .
the pathogenic fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( bd ) has been associated with amphibian declines worldwide but has not been well - studied among critically endangered amphibian species in bolivia . we sampled free - living marbled water frogs telmatobius
( anura : leptodactylidae ) from isla del sol , bolivia , for bd using skin swabs and quantitative polymerase chain reactions . we detected bd on 44 % of t .
sampled . this is the first record of bd in amphibians from waters associated with lake titicaca , bolivia . these results further confirm the presence of bd in bolivia and substantiate the potential threat of this pathogen to the critically endangered , sympatric titicaca water frog t . culeus and other andean amphibians .
garcia , mark j . ; ferro , jack m . ; mattox , tyler
) , to elucidate potential factors that might drive the âdecisionâ to switch sex . rivulus populations consist of self - fertilizing hermaphrodites and males . hermaphrodites transition into males under certain environmental . . .
poey , 1880 has previously been found only in south florida , cuba , the bahamas , barbuda , st . martin and several islands off the venezuelan coast ( curaã§ao , bonaire and gran roque ) ( hoedeman , 1958 ; bã¶hlke & chaplin , 1968 ) . in september of 1978 , one of my students , mr . edgard w .
plastic embryological models lack the excitement of seeing real , live embryos . chick embryos are often used to demonstrate embryological development and blood circulation to students but this necessitates the death of the organism .
kryptolebias
teleost fish have oxygen - sensitive neuroepithelial cells ( necs ) in the gills that appear to mediate physiological responses to hypoxia , but little is known about oxygen sensing in amphibious fish . the mangrove rivulus , kryptolebias
, is an amphibious fish that respires via the gills and / or the skin . first , we hypothesized that both the skin and gills are sites of oxygen sensing in k .
emerse in order to breathe air cutaneously when challenged with severe aquatic hypoxia , and this response will be modulated by neurochemicals associated chemoreceptor activity . acute exposure to hypoxia induced fish to emerse at 0 . 2 mg l ( - 1 ) . when k .
were pre - exposed to serotonin or acetylcholine , they emersed at a significantly higher concentration of oxygen than untreated fish . pre - exposure to receptor antagonists ( ketanserin and hexamethonium ) predictably resulted in fish emersing at a lower concentration of oxygen . taken together , these results suggest that oxygen sensing occurs at the branchial and / or cutaneous surfaces in k .
rhesus ( rh ) glycoproteins are ammonia gas ( nh3 ) channels known to be involved in ammonia transport in animals . because of the different osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory challenges faced by teleost fishes in marine and freshwater ( fw ) environments , we hypothesized that ammonia excretion strategies would differ between environments . also , we hypothesized that cutaneous nh3 volatilization in air - acclimated fish is facilitated by base secretion . to test these hypotheses , we used the skin of the euryhaline amphibious mangrove rivulus ( kryptolebias
are consistent with the model for branchial ammonia excretion in fw teleost fish . nh4 + excretion appeared to play a stronger role in bw . nh4 + excretion in bw may be facilitated by apical nhe and / or diffuse through paracellular pathways . in aerially acclimated fish , inhibition of nhe and h + atpase , but not the clâ / hco3â exchanger , significantly affected cutaneous surface ph , suggesting that direct base excretion is not critical for nh3 volatilization . overall , k .
use different strategies for excreting ammonia in three different environments , fw , bw , and air , and rh glycoproteins and nhe are integral to all . pmid : 23389109
elevated levels of metals have been reported in mangrove ecosystems worldwide . mangrove fishes also routinely experience severe environmental stressors , such as hypoxia . in the amphibious fish kryptolebias
( mangrove rivulus ) , a key behavioural response to avoid aquatic stress is to leave water ( emersion ) . we hypothesized that copper ( cu ) exposure would increase the sensitivity of this behavioural hypoxia avoidance response due to histopathological effects of cu on gill structure and function . k .
) is an excellent model species for understanding the physiological mechanisms that fish use in coping with extreme environmental conditions , particularly cutaneous exchange during prolonged exposure to air . their ability to self - fertilize and produce highly homozygous lineages provides the potential for examining environmental influences on structures and related functions without the complications of genetic variation . over the past 10 years or so , we have gained a broader understanding of the mechanisms k .
use to maintain homeostasis when out of water for days to weeks . gaseous exchange occurs across the skin , as dramatic remodeling of the gill reduces its effective surface area for exchange . ionoregulation and osmoregulation are maintained in air by exchanging na ( + ) , cl ( - ) , and h ( 2 ) o across skin that contains a rich population of ionocytes . ammonia excretion occurs in part by cutaneous nh ( 3 ) volatilization facilitated by ammonia transporters on the surface of the epidermis . finally , new evidence indicates that cutaneous angiogenesis occurs when k .
are emersed for a week , suggesting a higher rate of blood flow to surface vessels . taken together , these and other findings demonstrate that the skin of k .
takes on all the major functions attributed to fish gills , allowing them to move between aquatic and terrestrial environments with ease . future studies should focus on variation in response to environmental changes between homozygous lineages to identify the genetic underpinnings of physiological responses .
rew , mb ; peery , mz ; beissinger , steven r . ; berube , m ; lozier , jd ; rubidge , em ; palsboll , pj
) , a critically endangered seabird . variability was tested on 15 individuals from the santa cruz , california population , with each locus characterized by two to 12 alleles . observed levels of
use to maintain homeostasis when out of water for days to weeks . gaseous exchange occurs across the skin , as dramatic remodeling of the gill reduces its effective surface area for exchange . ionoregulation and osmoregulation are maintained in air by exchanging na + , clâ , and h2o across skin that contains a rich population of ionocytes . ammonia excretion occurs in part by cutaneous nh3 volatilization facilitated by ammonia transporters on the surface of the epidermis . finally , new evidence indicates that cutaneous angiogenesis occurs when k .
takes on all the major functions attributed to fish gills , allowing them to move between aquatic and terrestrial environments with ease . future studies should focus on variation in response to environmental changes between homozygous lineages to identify the genetic underpinnings of physiological responses . pmid : 22693260
the skin of amphibious fishes is a multipurpose organ , important for gas and ion exchange and nitrogen excretion when fish are out of water ( emersed ) . we tested the hypothesis that skin permeability is altered to maintain water balance through changes in water permeability and skin thickness during salinity acclimation and / or when fish emerse , using the euryhaline , amphibious fish kryptolebias
as a model . we first recorded the behaviour of fish out of water to determine which part of the cutaneous surface was in contact with the substrate . fish spent about 70 % of their time on their ventral surface when out of water . osmotic permeability of the skin was assessed in fish acclimated to 0 . 3 or 45â° using 3 h 2 o fluxes in an in vitro micro - ussing chamber setup . in freshwater - acclimated fish , 3 h 2 o influx across the skin was significantly higher compared to hypersaline - acclimated fish , with no significant changes in efflux . prolonged emersion ( 7 days ) resulted in an increase in skin 3 h 2 o influx , but not efflux in fish acclimated to a moist 45â° substrate . in a separate experiment , dorsal epidermal skin thickness increased while the ventral dermis thickness decreased in fish emersed for over a week . however , there was no link between regional skin thickness and water flux in our experiments . taken together , these findings suggest that k .
alter skin permeability to maximize water uptake while emersed in hypersaline conditions , adjustments that probably help them survive months of emersion during the dry season when drinking to replace water loss is not possible .
. after pbz exposure for 50 days , hepatic lipid droplets were enlarged and the hepatic total lipid , triglyceride , total cholesterol and free fatty acid content had increased in a dose dependent manner compared to the control . the mrna expression of lipid metabolism associated genes such as peroxisome proliferator - activated receptors ( ppars ) , androgen receptor , acetyl - coa carboxylase 1 , fatty acid synthesis , fatty acid bing protein 4 , liver x receptor { alpha } ( lxr { alpha } ) and stearoyl - coa desaturase were up - regulated by pbz exposure . these results indicated that triazole - containing fungicides might affect the metabolism and health of fish via the multi - signal pathways of nuclear receptors such as ppars and lxr .
by george a . boulenger in 1900 based on a single specimen reported to have been collected at the foot of mount roraima in guyana in 1898 . we herein discuss the exact location of the type locality of p .
and provide a redescription of the species based on new material from kaieteur national park and from the slopes of maringma - tepui in guyana . we also describe the previously unknown vocalization and breeding ecology of the species , and conducted an exploratory molecular analysis of the phylogenetic relationships within the genus pristimantis represented by the members of the âunistrigatus species groupâ in the guiana shield . pristimantis
is a small - sized species mainly distinguished from its known guiana shield congeners by the combination of f i < ii , svl â¤ 20 . 4 in males , presence of vocal slits in males , granular / pustulate dorsal skin with well - developed scapular ridges , basal webbing between fingers , fringes on fingers and toes , crossed iris , diffuse yellow or pale green wash on groin , and absence of flashy colour on axillary / pre - axillary region . the advertisement call consists of a single note repeated at a rate of ca 11 calls / min with a dominant frequency ranging from 2756 to 3101 hz . pristimantis
is primarily arboreal , exclusively active at dusk , and probably restricted to the pristine rainforests of the pantepui uplands and highlands , east of the gran sabana between ca 600 and 1800â m above sea level . preliminary molecular analyses recovered pristimantis
as sister to an unnamed species from the eastern guiana shield . on grounds of the newly established distributional extent we suggest maintaining the iucn conservation status as least concern .
a small cyprinodont fish native to tropical and subtropical waters from florida to brazil , is one of two known self - fertilizing , hermaphroditic vertebrates of which k .
displays androdioecy , a complex system of reproduction in which hermaphrodites and males are present . this study describes the behavioral repertoires observed during dyadic interactions in the laboratory . kryptolebias
establishing links between morphology and performance is important for understanding the functional , ecological , and evolutionary implications of morphological diversity . relationships between morphology and performance are expected to be age dependent if , at different points during ontogeny , animals must perform in different capacities to achieve high fitness returns . few studies have examined how the relationship between form and function changes across ontogeny . here , we assess this relationship in the amphibious mangrove rivulus ( kryptolebias
cragg , jenna l . ; burger , alan e . ; piatt , john f .
hagar , joan c . ; eskelson , bianca n . i . ; haggerty , patricia k . ; nelson , s . kim ; vesely , david g .
lidar ( light detection and ranging ) is an emerging remote - sensing tool that can provide fine - scale data describing vertical complexity of vegetation relevant to species that are responsive to forest structure . we used lidar data to estimate occupancy probability for the federally threatened marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus
as a reliable vertebrate model for experimental research that requires or can capitalize upon
clonal
replicate specimens .
exhibit marked phenotypic differences , particularly with regard to skin pigmentation . histological analysis of skin from the head and gill cover of differently aged individuals of the two species was carried out in order to characterize differences in skin structure . the basic structure of skin of the individuals studied corresponded with that described for other salmonids , though the head epidermis was somewhat thicker in
, thickening with age in both species . numerous secretory goblet cells and sporadic secretory sacciform cells were observed in the upper and middle part of the epidermis in both species . melanophores were present in both species only in the dermis , and were bigger in
, and more or less constant across all age classes . in adult s .
with fully established marble pigmentation , light areas at low density with small ( i . e . aggregated melanophores were present , while in
fishes acclimated to hypoxic environments often increase gill surface area to improve o 2 uptake . in some species , surface area is increased via reduction of an interlamellar cell mass ( ilcm ) that fills water channels between gill lamellae . amphibious fishes , however , may not increase gill surface area in hypoxic water because these species can , instead , leave water and breathe air . to differentiate between these possibilities , we compared wild amphibious mangrove rivulus kryptolebias
is one of only two hermaphroditic vertebrate species that can produce both self - fertilized ( inbred ) or out - crossed ( more heterozygous ) offspring . we found no evidence for inbreeding depression , suggesting that self - fertilization does not impair respiratory function . overall , our results demonstrate that amphibious fishes that inhabit hypoxic aquatic habitats can use a fundamentally different strategy from that used by fully aquatic water - breathing fishes , relying on escape behaviour rather than metabolic depression or increased o 2 extraction ability . â© 2018 . published by the company of biologists ltd .
â has not yet been established due to high mortality occurring on the early juvenileâ stage and / or after 40 days after hatching ( d ah . in order to establish the mass seedâ production technique , o .
juveniles of 40 d ah were reared for 60 daysâ to determine growth , survival and digestive enzyme activity at different types ofâ feed ( trash fish , artificial feed andâ artemia sp . nauplii . specific growth rate ( 5 . 32 andâ survival rate ( 91 . 3 % in juveniles fed artemia sp . nauplii showed significantly higherâ ( p < 0 . 05 than those of juveniles fed trash fish and artificial feed . at the end of theâ experiment , the mean specific trypsin , amylase and lipase activities of juveniles fedâ artemia sp . nauplii were recorded as 0 . 04 mu mg protein - 1m - 1 , 0 . 114 mg maltose mgâ protein - 1h - 1 and 9 . 58 m units , respectively , and they were significantly higher thanâ those of juveniles fed trash fish and artificial feed . in the present study it was shownâ that o .
early juveniles had more efficient digestibility and absorptionâ the nutrient when fed with artemia .
in order to assess the effects of increasing temperature on the reproductive performance of fish , different thermal conditions ( i . e . , 25 . 0 , 26 . 5 , 27 . 5 , 28 . 5 , 30 . 0â â°c ) were used in this study and the self - fertilizing hermaphrodite fish , kryptolebias
, was exposed to these different thermal conditions . during an exposure period of 30 to 150â days , the gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) , gonadal development , the levels of plasma 17î² - estradial ( e2 ) and testosterone ( t ) , hepatic vitellogenin ( vtg ) mrna abundance , and the number of self - fertilized eggs were analyzed . this study confirmed that a high water temperature above 27 . 5â â°c led to the suppression of self - fertility of hermaphroditic fish from 30â days after exposure . the oocyte quality and maturation would be affected by the disruption of hepatic vtg synthesis at a high water temperature of 30â â°c , which resulted in the reduced the self - fertility in k .


epermenia lomatii is a moth in the epermeniidae family .

it was described by gaedike in 1977 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , oregon , washington and california .

epermenia lomatii

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 35286 genus : epermenia species : lomatii sex : location : 5 mi se hayfork county : trinity collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 25 73 specimen _ . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 19812 genus : epermenia species : californica sex : location : big creek reserve county : monterey collector : j . powell coll _ date : sep 28 87 sp . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16364 genus : epermenia species : cicutaella ? sex : location : japsen trail county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : jul 18 94 specimen _ l . . . more
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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poole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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compiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that state at the county level . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .
source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 25 10 2015 . ( link )
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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the immature stages , feeding , and oviposition behaviors , patterns of larval abundance , and associated arthropod fauna of dasypyga alternosquamella ragonot ( pyralidae ) on arceuthobium caginatum susp . cryptopodum ( hawks . ) , the southwestern dwarf mistletoe , are described and illustrated . the study was conducted at the manitou experimental forest , u . s . d . a . rocky mountain research station , woodland park , colorado , where the southwestern dwarf mistletoe parasitizes pinus ponderosa ( laws . ) scopulorum .
pation average pupal weight was 35 . 4 mg ( n = 7 , se = 1 . 94 ) .
. . . parasitic plants represent an interesting anomaly to traditional food web models in that they are plants occupying the second trophic level . the suite of herbivores that feed on parasitic plants is typically different from that of their host plant ( mooney 2001 mooney , 2003 ) , but parasite and host plant herbivores most often share a common group of predators ( mooney and linhart 2006 ) . some parasitic plants , most notably the dwarf mistletoes ( arceuthobium spp . ; viscaceae ) , alter their hostõs growth form and other phenotypes ( geils and hawksworth 2002 ) . . . .
. . . variety scopulorum engelm . , in the rocky mountains with well - documented effects on host pine phenotypes , including branch morphology ( hawksworth and wiens 1996 ) . this parasite is fed upon by several lepidopteran herbivores ( hawksworth and geils 1996 ; mooney 2001 mooney , 2003 ) . using this model system , we asked the following two questions in separate studies : first , are there bottom - up effects of mistletoe on predatory arthropods via parasite - induced changes to host pines ? . . .
. . . several ants are also common ( formica spp . ; hymenoptera : formicidae ) that are predators of many herbivores but are mutualists with some aphids ( tillberg 2005 , mooney 2006 ) . southwestern dwarf mistletoe supports an endemic herbivore fauna ( mooney 2001 mooney , 2003 ) . the most abundant herbivores are dasypyga alternosquamella raganot 1887 and promylea lunigerella glendella dyar 1906 ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) caperpillars . . . .
. . . tissues ( see below ) . at this site , mistletoe caterpillars were very common ( as high as 2·5 per plant in 1999 : mooney 2001 , 2003 ) while n . tumida was relatively less common ( 0·3 per plant , mooney unpublished data ) . fourteen separate 12 - min searches were conducted for arthropods over three summers : four in 1999 and five in 2000 and 2001 . . . .
. . . our understanding of bird effects on mistletoe herbivores is thus limited to inference from data on herbivore damage to mistletoe tissues ( see below ) . at this site , mistletoe caterpillars were very common ( as high as 2·5 per plant in 1999 : mooney 2001 mooney , 2003 ) while n . tumida was relatively less common ( 0·3 per plant , mooney unpublished data ) . fourteen separate 12 - min searches were conducted for arthropods over three summers : four in 1999 and five in 2000 and 2001 . . . .
promylea lunicerella glendella dyar ( pyralidae ) feeds on both conifers and parasitic dwarf mistletoe ( arceuthobium spp . ) : one example of food plant shifting between parasitic plants and their hosts
contrasting arthropod communities associated with dwarf mistletoes arceuthobium globosum and a . vaginatum and their host pinus hartwegii
promylea lunicerella glendella dyar ( pyralidae ) feeds on both conifers and parasitic dwarf mistletoe . . .
larvae of promylea lunigerella glendella dyar ( pyralidae , phycitinae ) feed on arceuthobium vaginatum susp . cryptopodum ( hawks . ) ( viscaceae ) , the southwestern dwarf mistletoe , a parasite of pinus ponderosa ( laws . ) scopulorum ( pinaceae ) at the maniton experimental forest , u . s . d . a . rocky mountain research station , woodland park , colorado . a previous food plant record for p . lunigerella describes . . . [ show full abstract ]
predators affect herbivores directly and indirectly , by consumptive and nonconsumptive effects , and the combined influence of multiple predators is shaped by interactions among predators . i documented the individual and combined effects of birds ( chickadees , nuthatches , warblers ) and ants ( formica podzolica ) on arthropods residing in pine ( pinus ponderosa ) canopies in a factorial field . . . [ show full abstract ]
1 . intraguild predation occurs when top predators feed upon both intermediate predators and herbivores . intraguild predators may thus have little net impact on herbivore abundance . variation among communities in the strength of trophic cascades ( the indirect effects of predators on plants ) may be due to differing frequencies of intraguild predation . less is known about the influence of . . . [ show full abstract ]
a species’ genotype can have extended consequences for the structure of the surrounding community , but few studies have investigated the extended consequences of genetic variation in animals . accordingly , i examined the importance of genetically based variation among five populations of the ant - tended aphid aphis asclepiadis for its interactions with both ants and predators . in a common . . . [ show full abstract ]