metaspriggina is a genus of chordate initially known from two specimens in the middle cambrian burgess shale and 44 specimens found in 2012 at the marble canyon bed in kootenay national park .

whilst named after the ediacaran organism spriggina , later work has shown the two to be unrelated .

metaspriggina is considered to represent a primitive chordate , possibly transitional between cephalochordates and the earliest vertebrates , albeit this has been questioned because it seems to possess most of the characteristics attributed to craniates .

it lacked fins and it had a weakly developed cranium , but it did possess two well-developed upward-facing eyes with nostrils behind them .

metaspriggina also possessed a notochord , along with seven pairs of pharyngeal bars , possibly made of cartilage .

surprisingly they were not formed from a singular bone , but they were formed of multiple separate pairs of bones , along with first two of them that were enlarged compared to the others and that seemed to not support any gills , all of these characteristics suggesting a " distant link to gnathostomatans " .

the largest specimens are 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) in length .

originally believed to be free-swimming but occasionally found on the sea floor , the fossils from marble canyon showing the presence of eyes and their placement suggests it lived as a filter-feeder swimming above the sea floor .

the exceptional preservation at marble canyon also preserved muscle detail , showing that the animal moved with a side-to-side swimming motion .

in metaspriggina the myomeral configuration has an additional ventral chevron , and a clear dorsal bend which defines a w-shaped arrangement that is directly comparable to fish .

the discovery of pharyngeal bars ( gill bars ) makes metaspriggina the oldest known animal to have this feature .

the first pair of pharyngeal bars later evolved to form the upper and lower jaws of vertebrates .

metaspriggina

new fossil shows evolution of jaws : metaspriggina gill arches from the burgess shale .
metaspriggina , showing features of the head region . distance across the eyes roughly 2mm .
dr . caron and dr . conway morris also discovered exquisitely well - preserved eyes on metaspriggina . the eyes appear to have had lenses , meaning that metaspriggina could see complex images . its eyes sit atop its head , bulging upward , suggesting that metaspriggina kept watch on other animals overhead .
metaspriggina is hinted at even having well formed front gill bars that presuppose the origin of jaws .
a view of marble canyon in the canadian rockies , where the multitude of metaspriggina fossils were discovered .
metaspriggina was tiny . “they are no longer than my thumb , ” he says of the fossils .
the spectacular burgess shale fossil site in british columbia where the oldest fish , metaspriggina , was found .
type material of metaspriggina walcotti ( simonetta and insom , 1993 ) from walcott’s quarry ( phyllopod bed ) .
if metaspriggina had plates of bone enveloping its head and trunk region it would look uncannily similar to arandaspis .
now that dr . caron could see metaspriggina in its entirety , he realized that he had seen the animal before . over the years , he had examined unidentified fossils in various museum collections that were actually parts of metaspriggina .
metaspriggina is considered to represent a primitive chordate , possibly transitional between cephalochordates and the earliest vertebrates ( conway morris , 2008 ) .
metaspriggina swam the oceans more than 500 million years ago . now its fossils are helping scientists understand how our own biology developed .
at 505 million years old , metaspriggina offers the oldest , clear evidence of these vertebrate muscles , which allowed fish to move quickly .
metaspriggina walcotti ( simonetta and insom , 1993 ) specimens collected by the royal ontario museum from the walcott quarry ( greater phyllopod bed ) .
the fossilized fish , called metaspriggina , sports characteristic gill structures that later evolved into jawbones in jawed vertebrates , according to a new study .
metaspriggina fueled those escapes with gills , which extracted oxygen from the water . dr . caron and dr . conway morris found that it grew six pairs of gills , each supported by bars of cartilage . metaspriggina probably also used its gills to trap the particles it sucked into its mouth .
metaspriggina lived in the rocky mountains when life was exploding in new directions . it swam in a world then dominated by small , strange looking creatures
the first of these pairs , closest to the head of metaspriggina walcotti , eventually led to the evolution of jaws in vertebrates , according to the paleontologists .
early vertebrates may have evolved powerful vision and smell , along with fast swimming muscles , for another purpose . instead of chasing prey , metaspriggina was the prey .
vision was not the only sense that metaspriggina had . along with powerful eyes , the scientists found what appears to be a nose at the front of its head .
several fossil specimens of a cambrian fish called metaspriggina walcotti recently discovered in canada shed new light on the development of the earliest vertebrates , including the origin of jaws .
metaspriggina was first discovered and named in 1993 as it was thought then to be related to spriggina from the ediacaran fauna of australia , dated at 560 million years old .
the “stunning” fossils , as conway morris describes them , enabled the scientists to classify metaspriggina as one of the first primitive fishes that they say was common in the ancient seas .
overall view showing approximately 44 individuals of metaspriggina walcotti , white numbers , including several preserving eyes , blue arrows . image credit : simon conway morris / jean - bernard caron .
the 518 million - year - old fish metaspriggina walcotti was about 6cm long , bore a pair of large protruding eyes and small paired nasal capsules ( see image , above ) .
the scientists could see , for example , that metaspriggina had a series of w - shaped blocks of muscle running the length of its body , the kind fish today contract when swimming .
“even the eyes are beautifully preserved and clearly evident , ” says simon conway morris at the university of cambridge , co - author of a report on metaspriggina published wednesday in the journal nature .
caron’s team first stumbled upon the site in 2012 when they came across fossils littering a mountainside . over a two - week period they pulled out many high - quality specimens including the metaspriggina fossils .
caron says there are striking differences between the locations , with the older burgess shale sites dominated by arthropods , with only two partial fossils of metaspriggina among the 200 , 000 samples collected over the years .
the arrangement of the muscles shows metaspriggina walcotti were active swimmers , not unlike a trout , and the animals saw the world through a pair of large eyes and sensed their surrounding environment with nasal structures .
this two - inch , 505 - million - year - old creature belonged to the lineage that would later produce sharks , eels and other fish — along with birds , reptiles and mammals like us . this early vertebrate , known as metaspriggina , was something of a mystery for years , known only from a pair of ambiguous fossils . but recently , scientists unearthed a trove of much more complete metaspriggina fossils .
this extraordinary cache included 40 fossils of metaspriggina . to study them , dr . caron invited the top expert on the creature , simon conway morris of the university of cambridge , to join him in toronto .
scientists say the primitive little fish , called metaspriggina , gives an unprecedented glimpse of the origin and development of the earliest vertebrates , which eventually led the way to evolution of dinosaurs and mammals , such as humans .
metaspriggina lived 505 million years ago when life was exploding in new directions . it swam in a world then dominated by small , strange looking creatures , many of which resemble today’s shrimps and crabs , says caron .
paleontologists have found fossils of large predators from the same age , which were distantly related to today’s lobsters and insects . once metaspriggina sensed these predators nearby , it may have used its powerful muscle blocks to swim away .
it turned out that the creature was very similar to a poorly known specimen called metaspriggina walcotti that was found in sediments in the burgess shale nearby in canada , as well as to other fossils found in china , caron said .
conway morris , s . 2008 . a redescription of a rare chordate , metaspriggina walcotti simonetta and insom , from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) , british columbia , canada . journal of paleontology , 82 ( 2 ) : 424 - 430 .
later , dr . caron inspected those mysterious fossils and confirmed that they were indeed left by metaspriggina . all told , he and dr . conway morris have now examined about 100 specimens . together , the fossils add up to an extraordinarily detailed picture .
a living shark uses its nose and eyes to detect prey , and then uses its muscle blocks to chase it . but dr . caron doubts that the first fish were predators . he notes that metaspriggina’s mouth was a just tiny opening , without jaws or teeth .
dr . morris said that he still expected to learn much more about metaspriggina from fossils . after all , it only took two weeks for dr . caron and his colleagues to find dozens of them , and they’re planning to dig more at the site this summer .
paleontologists have long predicted such a creature , but metaspriggina is the first fossil evidence that supports the prediction . “everyone said it should have existed , but it’s never been found , ” morris said . “it looks remarkably like the hypothetical animal that we’d talked about . ”
paleontologists prof simon morris of the university of cambridge and dr jean - bernard caron from the university of toronto and royal ontario museum used these fossils , along with several more specimens from the eastern united states , to reclassify metaspriggina walcotti as one of the first vertebrates .
metaspriggina walcotti ( usnm 198611 ) – holotype , part and counterpart . lateral specimen showing clear myomeres ; anterior to the right . specimen length = 43 mm . specimen dry – direct light ( left column ) , dry – polarized light ( right column ) . walcott quarry .
metaspriggina – from the greek meta , “in company with , or later in time , ” and the morphologically similar ediacaran organism spriggina ( which is no longer thought to be related ) . spriggina honours reg sprigg , discoverer of the precambrian fossils of the ediacara hills in australia .
dr . conway morris first laid eyes on the two known metaspriggina fossils in the 1970s . in 2008 , he published a study suggesting the animal was either an early vertebrate or a close relative . but the fossils were too incomplete for him to be more certain than that .
their patience paid off . dr . caron and dr . conway morris discovered that some of the fossils were in extraordinary shape . for the first time , the scientists could see well - preserved parts of metaspriggina’s body , including its muscles , its liver , its gills and even its eyes .
metaspriggina is the latest organism discovered near the burgess shale fossil field to enrich paleontology’s understanding of the evolution of life . fossils from this area in the canadian rockies have helped scientists understand the cambrian explosion , the period of time roughly 540 million years ago when life on earth underwent rapid diversification .
but dr . caron and dr . conway morris also found a surprise . in front of its gills , metaspriggina grew an extra pair of cartilage bars that were bigger than the others but did not support any gills . dr . caron speculates that they may have been the precursors to our jaws .
while metaspriggina didn’t have any hard bones in its skeleton , it did grow a rod of cartilage from head to tail , called a notochord , to keep its body stiff . human embryos develop a notochord , too , but it later turns into the disks of cartilage between the vertebrae in our spine .
like other fish , metaspriggina had bones called gill arches to support its gills . but while more primitive fish had seven individual gill arches , scientists found that metaspriggina had seven pairs of gill arches . this fish did not have full - fledged jaws , but its gill arches , with paired separate bones rather than continuous single bones , were “a staging post in the evolutionary story of vertebrates , ” says paleontologist simon conway morris , the study’s lead author . morris and his co - author , jean - bernard caron , propose that the pair of gill arches closest to the head evolved into the upper and lower jaw bones .
with only two specimens , and poor preservation of the head , the diet and feeding habits of metaspriggina remain a mystery . the rarity of fossils suggests that the animal was likely free - swimming , which is consistent with its musculature , although it is possible that it also spent some time on the sea floor .
in contrast , lampreys , hagfish and other jawless fishes have a more complicated basket - shaped series of gill structures , which suggests they evolved from a side branch of the vertebrate evolutionary tree that diverged long after metaspriggina lived , said jon mallatt , an evolutionary biologist at washington state university in pullman , who was not involved in the study .
like many successful features found in nature , metaspriggina ’s pairs of gill arches did not necessarily evolve for the purpose of eating or chewing . some scientists have proposed that jaws helped fish push more water—and thus , more oxygen—through their mouths and gills . like feathers , jaw bones could have evolved for one purpose and then been co - opted for others .
the cambrian burgess shale of canada has produced some of the most intriguing and spectacular fossils of early animal life , although fossil vertebrates have been rare to non - existent . new exposures close to the classic locality have remedied that deficiency with many spectacular fossils of the hitherto enigmatic fossil metaspriggina , revealed in this study — by simon conway morris and jean - bernard caron — as one of the earliest known and most primitive fishes , basal to extant vertebrates whether jawed or jawless . the structure of the gills of metaspriggina are revelatory , showing a simple structure that presages that of the jawed vertebrates in many ways , suggesting that the branchial basket seen in modern jawless vertebrates such as lampreys is a highly derived structure .
metaspriggina walcotti ( usnm 198612 ) – lectotype , part and counterpart . dorsoventral specimen showing the gut ( left ) in the narrow part of the body and cranium ( to the right ) . specimen length = 69 mm . specimen dry – direct light ( top left ) , dry – polarized light ( right column ) , wet – polarized light ( bottom left ) . walcott quarry .
once upon a time , weird fish ruled the world . the oceans teemed with primitive vertebrates that lacked eyes , ears , and even fins . fish ate by sucking up water and debris from the ocean floor , filtering out the goodies , and then releasing the rest through their gills . once fish evolved jaws , they began to chomp on more complex plants and animals . scientists announced today in nature that metaspriggina , a primitive fish that lived roughly 505 million years ago , played a key role in the origin of jaws .
metaspriggina is elongate in shape with a small anterior cranial region and a long triangular and laterally flattened trunk ; there is no evidence of fins . the larger of the two known fossil specimens is around 7 cm in length . both specimens possess numerous v - shaped or zig - zag segments interpreted as myomeres or muscle bands . a narrow central structure runs down the length of the organism and is interpreted as a gut . the front of one specimen appears to show a rudimentary cranium which is poorly preserved and seems to have lacked eyes .
once in place , jaws would have allowed fish to eat a more diverse set of foods , but jaws may also have had less obvious effects on vertebrate evolution . a more diverse set of foods may have led to the development of more complex immune systems to guard against foreign diseases , for instance , and could have pushed the evolution of cognitive abilities as species engaged in more complex predator / prey interactions . but , most importantly for us humans , they allow us to do cool things like talk about fossils—so thanks for blazing the trail , metaspriggina !
animation © phlesch bubble a key piece in the puzzle of the evolution of vertebrates has been identified after the discovery of fossilized fish specimens , dating from the cambrian period ( around 505 million - years old ) , in the canadian rockies . this fish , which bears the scientific name
metaspriggina
, shows a series of exceptionally well - preserved branchial arches near the fish ' s head . it is the first pair , closest to the head , that eventually leads to the evolution of jaws in vertebrates , and is a remarkable feature to see for the first time this early in the fossil record . more info at : urltoken
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© smithsonian institution – national museum of natural history . photos : jean - bernard caron
lectotype – usnm 198612 and former holotype 198611 in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , usa .
middle cambrian , bathyuriscus - elrathina zone ( approximately 505 million years ago ) .
set aside by walcott for further study , the two known specimens of this species were briefly examined by conway morris ( 1979 ) . simonetta and insom ( 1993 ) described one of the two specimens ( the original holotype specimen ) as a potential relative of the ediacaran organism spriggina , whereas the second specimen ( now the lectotype ) was interpreted as a potential chordate . a chordate interpretation for both specimens was proposed ( janvier , 1998 ; smith et al . , 2001 ) and a detailed redescription was eventually instigated by conway morris ( 2008 ) with both specimens being included in the same genus and species .
m . walcotti is very rare in the walcott quarry , known from just two specimens .
conway morris , s . 1979 . the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) fauna . annual review of ecology and systematics , 10 ( 1 ) : 327 - 349 .
janvier , p . 1998 . les vertébrés avant le silurien . geobios , 30 : 931 - 950 .
simonetta , a . m . and e . insom . 1993 . new animals from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) and their possible significance for the understanding of the bilateria . bolletino di zoologia , 60 ( 1 ) : 97 - 107 .
smith , m . p . , i . j . sansom and k . d . cochrane . 2001 . the cambrian origin of vertebrates , p . 67 - 84 . in p . e . ahlberg ( ed . ) , major events in early vertebrate evolution : palaeontology , phylogeny , genetics and development . taylor and francis , london .
journal of paleontology . ( journal , magazine , 1927 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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society of economic paleontologists and mineralogists . ; paleontological society . ; american association of petroleum geologists . ; geological society of america .
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vols . 7 - 10 , 12 - 13 , 15 - < 17 > include section
bibliography and index to new genera , species and varieties of foraminifera
( varies ) - - by h . e . thalmann . editors : 1927 - mar . 1930 , j . a . cushman ; june 1930 - mar . 1937 , r . c . moore ( with j . b . reeside , 1935 - mar . 1937 , c . w . cooke , apr . 1937 - mar . 1939 ) ; may 1939 - < 43 > c . w . cooke ( with n . d . newell , may 1939 - july 1942 , j . m . weller , sept . 1942 - < 43 > ) .
journal of paleontology . / society of economic paleontologists and mineralogists . ; paleontological society . ; american association of petroleum geologists . ; geological society of america . ; ; [ tulsa , okla . ] society of economic paleontologists and mineralogists .
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we thank t . lacalli for comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript , j . mallatt for an extensive series of critiques , and j . hoyal - cuthill and c . aria for assistance with phylogenetic analyses . we also thank m . collins for technical drawings and reconstructions , and r . thomas and m . webster for information on the kinzers and parker formations , respectively . s . c . m . thanks v . brown for manuscript preparation , and the department of earth sciences and st john’s college , cambridge for support . we thank parks canada for granting a collection and research permit to j . - b . c . ( ynp - 2012 - 12054 ) . fieldwork support for the 2012 expedition comes from the royal ontario museum ( dmv research and acquisition fund and dnh fieldwork fund ) , m . streng ( uppsala university and the swedish research council ) , r . gaines ( pomona college ) , g . mangáno ( university of saskatchewan ) and a natural sciences and engineering research council discovery grant ( to j . - b . c . , # 341944 ) . this is royal ontario museum burgess shale project number 53 .
j . - b . c . collected fossils , prepared all illustrative material and conducted phylogenetic analyses . s . c . m . wrote early drafts of paper , and both authors discussed results and developed observations and conclusions .
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as they report today in the journal nature , the new fossils offer a remarkably detailed understanding of the first vertebrates , helping scientists understand how major parts of our own anatomy — from eyes to jaws to our muscles — evolved .
“it’s clearly a benchmark early vertebrate , which we haven’t had before , ” said thurston lacalli of the university of victoria in british columbia , who was not involved in the research .
discovering the origins of vertebrates has occupied biologists for decades . a few living invertebrates , such as worm - like animals called lancelets , are closely related to vertebrates , but our ancestors split off from theirs more than 600 million years ago .
to discover how vertebrates emerged , paleontologists have hunted for fossils . but the earliest vertebrates lacked hard bones , and their soft , cartilage - based bodies rarely fossilized well . in china , paleontologists have found several species of early vertebrates dating back about 515 million years , yet their rarity and poor condition has left many unanswered questions .
in 2012 , jean - bernard caron , a paleontologist at the royal ontario museum in toronto , and his colleagues discovered an astonishingly dense collection of fossils in the canadian rockies . in two weeks , they found 3 , 000 fossils from 55 species , all dating back 505 million years ago .
last april , he flew to toronto , where he and dr . caron inspected the new fossils , which were still partly embedded in rock . day after day , they carefully chipped away at the rocks to uncover more anatomical details .
“the material is fiendishly difficult to prepare , ” said dr . conway morris .
“it’s what you’d see in your favorite salmon steak , ” said dr . caron .
“we think it was filtering particles at the bottom of the sea , ” he said .
“it probably looked juicy and nice to eat with all that muscle , ” said dr . caron .
jon m . mallatt of washington state university , who was not part of the study , agreed with dr . caron’s interpretation . “these were the super - escape artists , ” he said .
millions of years later , the bars may have become even bigger and more flexible . fish could then use them to grab prey , rather than just suck up bits of food .
philip donoghue , a paleontologist at the university of bristol , is cautious about drawing too many conclusions at this point .
“the fossils are really nice , ” he said , but noted that it was hard to make out the body wall on them . as a result , the precise anatomy of its head is still ambiguous , making it hard to determine if it fed on particles or on other types of food . “i can’t personally interpret its ecology . ”
the tiny fish were swimming about the ancient tropical sea 500 million years ago when they were buried alive on the sea floor .
their squashed remains , uncovered on a windswept mountainside near the b . c . - alberta border , were held up internationally wednesday as a “major fossil discovery . ”
“it is basically allowing us to peer into our deepest roots , ” says jean - bernard caron , a paleontologist with the royal ontario museum , who led the team that found the exquisitely preserved specimens in a “motherlode” of fossils uncovered at a secret location in kootenay national park .
plenty more ancient treasure is expected to turn up during a 10 - week international expedition back to the fossil bed this summer .
“i am so thankful that the site was found in a national park , “ says caron , referring to the way parks canada is controlling access to the site to prevent pillaging .
the scientists say the fish had “unambiguous vertebrate features” and striking “branchial arches” on either side of its body .
the arches likely helped the primitive fish eat and breathe , and appears to be the one of the first steps toward the evolution of jaws . “it’s the first stage of a series of transformations that led to the jaws , ” says caron .
the kootenay fossil bed , which caron and his colleagues discovered in 2012 , is about 40 kilometres from the more famed burgess shale sites , discovered more than a century ago and long considered among the richest fossil beds in the world . they all formed during the cambrian explosion when many forms and new branches of life emerged . some died out while others evolved into animals seen today .
the kootenay site is not necessarily better or richer but “complements” the other sites , he says , noting it had already yielded more than 40 fish specimens .
“i’m going to start calling this site the fossil fish bed , ” caron says , who will head the 10 - week expedition this summer with researchers from canada , the u . s . and europe . the location of the fossil bed is not being released with parks canada and the scientists saying only that it is located near marble canyon .
caron says the creatures lived in a “dynamic” environment in an ancient tropical sea near the equator .
“these animals would have been trapped in very quickly in mudflows that would have buried them alive , ” he says . mudflows repeatedly trapped creatures in layers for thousands of years and built up layers on the sea floor .
over the eons the sea floor — along with its fossils — was pushed up onto the rocky mountains .
some fossil beds have eroded away while others ended up on inaccessible cliffs , but caron says the marble canyon fossil bed is horizontal .
“this one is great for us as there are no cliffs above , so no potential rockfalls , the rock layers are pretty much flat , the way they were deposited 500 million years ago , ” he says .
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about 44 well - preserved specimens of this prehistoric species were collected from the famous burgess shale formation in british columbia in 2012 .
“the details in the fossils are stunning . even the eyes are beautifully preserved and clearly evident , ” said prof conway morris , who is the first author of a paper published in the journal nature .
the fossils , which date from 505 million years ago , also show pairs of exceptionally well - preserved arches near the front of the fish’s body .
“these arches have long been known to have played a key role in the evolution of vertebrates , including the origin of jaws , and some of the tiny bones in the ear which transmit sound in mammals . ”
“until now , however , a lack of quality fossils has meant that the arrangement of these arches in the first vertebrates had been hypothetical . ”
simon conway morris & jean - bernard caron . a primitive fish from the cambrian of north america . nature , published online june 11 , 2014 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / nature13414
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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a tiny fossil fish may be close to the ancestor of all jawed vertebrates .
a stunningly preserved , soft - bodied fish that is more than 500 million years old could be the ancestor of almost all living vertebrates .
for the first time , we are able to say this is really close to this hypothetical ancestor that was drawn based on a study of modern organisms in the 19th century ,
said study co - author jean - bernard caron , a paleontologist at the royal ontario museum in toronto , canada .
the primeval creature lived during a period from 543 million to 493 million years ago known as the cambrian explosion , the evolutionary
big bang
when almost all complex life appeared . [ cambrian creatures gallery : photos of primitive sea life ]
jawed vertebrates — such as fish , birds and humans — make up about 99 percent of the vertebrates on earth , but scientists don ' t agree on how and when jaws first evolved . scientists think that the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates was similar to eyeless , boneless , jawless fishes such as hagfish and lampreys , which diverged from their immediate ancestors about 360 million years ago and haven ' t changed much since .
but that wasn ' t always the dominant theory . in the 1870s , naturalist karl gegenbaur noted that living fish such as sharks have five or six pairs of bars that support the gills , and that these so - called gill bars bear a striking resemblance to jawbones . based on that similarity , he proposed a theory , called the serial homology hypothesis , that jawbones in modern fish gradually evolved from an earlier pair of gill bars in some long - lost
father fish ,
from which all jawed vertebrates would have evolved .
yet nobody had ever found evidence of this ancestral fish , and eventually , the hypothesis fell out of favor .
then , in 2012 , caron and his colleagues uncovered dozens of fossilized fish , many of which were exquisitely preserved , in marble canyon in canada ' s kootenay national park . the mud at the bottom of the cambrian sea had likely cemented them in place 514 million years earlier , preserving many internal structures such as the heart , gut and muscles .
the primeval creature was the size of a man ' s thumb , with a flattened head and single - lens , or so - called camera eyes , at the top of its head that could peer forward or up , caron said .
the direction of the eyes would have allowed them to see what was happening above them , which means they were probably living at the bottom ,
and may have even been able to evade the large predators of the day , such as the bizarre shrimplike sea monster anomalocaridid , caron told live science .
the team was intrigued by seven pairs of structures on either side of the cavity at the back of the mouth , known as the pharynx . the first pair of these bars looked just like those gegenbaur predicted in the hypothetical ancestor to jawed vertebrates .
other lines of evidence — such as the fact that jaws and gill bars develop from similar structures in shark embryos — also support gegenbaur ' s notion , he told live science .
but the case for the gegenbaur hypothesis isn ' t airtight , said philippe janvier , a paleontologist at the museum national de l ' histoire naturelle in paris , who was not involved in the study .
yet the fossil does have a spectacular feature : its well - preserved eyes , which resemble those found in other similar fossils
but provide much better evidence for camera eyes ; that is , indisputable vertebrate eyes ,
janvier told live science .
follow tia ghose on twitter and google + . follow live science @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .
tia has interned at science news , wired . com , and the milwaukee journal sentinel and has written for the center for investigative reporting , scientific american , and sciencenow . she has a master ' s degree in bioengineering from the university of washington and a graduate certificate in science writing from the university of california santa cruz .
elon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .
republish our articles for free , online or in print , under creative commons license .
it looked more like the worm on an angler’s hook than any living fish we might recognise today but it still takes the record for the oldest known fish to date .
the first fossil fishes are known from scant and often ambiguous fossil remains , and research published today in nature gives us the first clear picture of exactly what these earliest fishes were really like .
it breathed through seven pairs of external gills . it had a stout rod supporting its spine ( notochord ) enabling strong w - shaped muscle bands to develop along its entire body .
its ability to swim fast was no doubt a key factor in its success while living in precarious seas inhabited by huge predators such as anomalocaris .
the new fossils display rare soft tissue features such as stained impressions of the heart , liver , gut and circulatory vessels .
the fossils came from the famous burgess shale sites in british columbia , canada , and were described by simon conway morris of cambridge university and jean - bernard caron of the royal ontario musuem based on more than 100 new examples .
the origins of fishes have long been shrouded in mystery due to the poor preservation of fossils lacking hard bony skeletons .
other fish - like creatures such as myllokungmingia of the same age found in southern china have doubts cast upon their vertebrate nature .
but the new finds dispel doubt because they clearly show features found only in true vertebrates . this creature is therefore highly significant in being the first step on the long line of vertebrate evolution ultimately leading to us humans .
the very first step of this sequence is represented by chordates , or creatures with a notochord supporting their body .
these include the sea squirts ( ascidians ) whose larvae have a tadpole - like shape and actively swim before settling into a sedentary life , and lancelets such as branchiostoma which are almost like fishes without fins in many regards .
true vertebrates mostly have vertebrae and those with well developed heads are called craniates .
the first true vertebrate such as metaspringgina may have lacked bony vertebrae but made up for it in having a well - formed head with paired eyes and nasal sacs .
more significantly it had seven pairs of well - developed gill - arches that were external as in jawed fishes , not internally positioned as in modern jawless forms such as lampreys and hagfishes .
having worked on chordates from several cambrian sites , not least on pikaia with jean - bernard caron , i think that in many ways this is the most exciting find [ … ] because it fills a really important gap in our knowledge of early chordate evolution .
pikaia , another fish - like creature from the burgess shale , was long thought to be the oldest ancestor of the first fishes , as discussed by the late stephen jay gould in his book wonderful life .
recent work by conway - morris has replaced it as an early fish . instead pikaia is now considered a protochordate , a beast one step lower on the evolutionary ladder than true fishes and more akin to the modern lancelets .
the next significant stage in the evolution of fishes is the development of bone . bone first formed in the dermis or skin and the plates are known as dermal bone .
the first fish to be preserved with a dermal bone skeleton lived around 480 million years ago . arandaspis was about 20cm long and it swam in the shallow larapintine sea that then spanned the entire breadth of australia .
a reconstruction of the early jawless fish arandaspis , which inhabited shallow seas covering central australia about 480 million years ago .
the reason for studying such fossils is to piece together the stages leading to the assembly of the higher vertebrate body plan .
the biggest mystery we are trying to resolve is exactly how and when the first jawed fishes evolved from these ancient jawless bony forms . the oldest jawed fishes include the armour - plated placoderms and spiny shark - like fishes .
a new piece of the puzzle came to light in 2012 when tiny fish scales ( 1 - 2mm ) that resemble those of modern sharks were discovered in the same geological layers where arandaspis was found in central australia .
named tantalepis ( meaning “tantalising scales” ) , they suggest that advanced jawed fishes were living in the 480 million - year - old larapintine sea .
if this hypothesis can be confirmed by finding more complete remains it would push the origin of jawed vertebrates back another 50 million years and , significantly , place the event in the eastern part of the gondwana supercontinent .
i had a rather dramatic visit to the arandaspis fossil site back in 1993 . after travelling the gunbarrel highway from perth for three days , then bush bashing to the remote locality , we set up camp and then began enthusiastically collecting fossils .
suddenly , without warning , a violent thunderstorm struck us . roaring winds destroyed our tents while we huddled inside our vehicle , sheltering from the pelting rain until the worst passed . the next day we had to get out while the track was still passable , but i’ve never been back since .
only by returning to the field and collecting the rarer , significant fossils of this age will the truth of our distant evolution finally emerge .
i intend to go back and recollect from this site soon . let’s just hope the weather is better this time round .
it’s been 50 years since the find of burnt bones in ancient soil , eroded from deep in shoreline dune in nsw .
we estimate china only makes $ 8 . 46 from an iphone – and that’s why trump’s trade war is futile
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the archer 's dart ( agrotis vestigialis ) is a moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found in most of the palearctic ecozone from ireland east , through to russia , siberia , the altai mountains and the amur region .

also in the mediterranean area.it is absent from the north of finland and norway ,

agrotis vestigialis

agrotis vestigialis by lambert m . surhone , miriam t . timpledon , susan f . marseken
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kiilamaayökkönen
to
agrotis vestigialis hufnagel , 1766
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kiilakatkoyökkönen
to
agrotis vestigialis hufnagel , 1766
.
archer ' s dart ( agrotis vestigialis ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
jamie mcmillan added the english common name
archer ' s dart
to
agrotis vestigialis hufnagel , 1766
.
habitat : agrotis vestigialis inhabits coastal and inland dunes , sandy grasslands , open pine woodland and sometimes fields on sandy soil .
remarks : agrotis vestigialis occurs from spain across europe ( except most of s - europe ) to the asian amur region .
agrotis vestigialis ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 79 , pl . 8 , f . 21 - 26 ; [ ne3 ] , 89
agrotis vestigialis morandinii stangelmeier & lexer , 1994 ; gortania - atti mus . friulano nat . 15 ( 1993 ) : 238 ; tl : n . italy , friaul , meduna bei colle
agrotis haifae ( = agrotis endogaea graeca ) ; [ ne1 ] : pl . 16 , f . 32
agrotis ? mollis walker , 1870 ; 129 ( preocc . agrotis mollis walker , [ 1857 ] ) ; tl : mount sinai
agrotis quadrigera corti , 1932 ; 48 , pl . 6 a ; tl : urals
taxonomic notes . none of the other iranian agrotis species looks like a . lasserrei .
agrotis clavis corsa ; [ ne1 ] : 85 , pl . 9 , f . 5
agrotis endogaea endogaea ; [ ne12 ] , 162 , pl . 10 , f . 17
agrotis orthogonia ; [ nacl ] , # 10645 ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 235
agrotis medioatra hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 111 ; tl : yemen
agrotis plumbeocandida berio , 1974 ; 53 , f . 1 ; tl : tanzania , ikonda
agrotis mauretanica culot , 1911 ; 74 , pl . 12 , f . 4 ( preocc . agrotis mauretanica bang - haas , 1910 ) ; tl : south oran [ algeria ]
remarks : agrotis segetum is widely distributed in the palaearctic region except for the northernmost landscapes .
agrotis iremeli ; [ ne12 ] , 157 , pl . 10 , f . 1 - 4
agrotis frater ; [ ne12 ] , 160 , pl . 10 , f . 14 - 16
agrotis exclamationis ; [ ne1 ] : 87 , pl . 9 , f . 8 - 11
agrotis lata ; [ ne2 ] , 192 ( corr . ) ; [ ne3 ] , 94
agrotis alluaudi viette , 1958 ; 39 , f . 1 ; tl : reunion , cafres plain
agrotis justa corti , 1932 ; 44 , pl . 5 h ; tl : tibet , seening
agrotis negrottoi berio , 1938 ; 199 , f . 6 ; tl : mogadishu [ somalia ]
agrotis graslini arenosa ; [ ne1 ] : 79 , pl . 8 , f . 17 - 18
agrotis endogaea graeca ; [ ne12 ] , 162 , pl . 10 , f . 18 - 20
agrotis puta insula ; [ ne1 ] : 91 , pl . 9 , f . 41 - 42
agrotis trux trux ; [ ne1 ] : 88 , pl . 9 , f . 15 - 22
agrotis trux lunigera ; [ ne1 ] : 88 , pl . 9 , f . 23 - 24
agrotis exclamationis corsica ; [ ne1 ] : 87 , pl . 9 , f . 12 - 14
agrotis obesa scytha ; [ ne1 ] : 98 , pl . 10 , f . 20 - 25
agrotis melanopis ; [ poole ] ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 230
agrotis kingi mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 106 ; tl : saskatchewan , saskatoon
agrotis consternans haynes , 1975 ; 163 , f . 27 - 28 ; tl : galapagos , pinta
agrotis ericetorum boisduval , [ 1837 ] ; pl . 81 , f . 1 ; tl : europe
agrotis heterochroma draudt , 1924 ; 58 , pl . 58 f ; tl : colombia , monte tolima
agrotis llanoi köhler , 1953 ; 16 , pl . 5 , f . 5 ; tl : bolivar
agrotis lupinus brandt , 1941 ; 840 , f . 9 ; tl : iran , kouh i binaloud
agrotis manabilis draudt , 1924 ; 57 , pl . 13 f ; tl : colombia , quindiu pass
agrotis oblimata draudt , 1924 ; 58 , pl . 13 e ; tl : colombia , monte tolima
endangerment factors : on inland borders of coastal dunes , agrotis vestigialis is sometimes endangered by agriculture and overbuiding , in the dunes themselves largely by mass tourism . inland dunes in some distance from coasts are one of europe ` s most threatened type of habitat . in the upper rhine valley in baden - württemberg ( sw - germany ) , for example , inland dunes have been almost totally destroyed except for minute remnants due to agriculture , overbuilding and afforestation .
agrotis ( hermonassoides ) blematica strand , 1915 ; 157 , f . 2 ; tl : cameroon , bonaberi
agrotis margelanoides boursin , 1944 ; 160 , pl . 5 , f . 3 ; tl : dead sea
agrotis omochra prout , 1927 ; 201 , pl . 21 , f . 1 ; tl : sao tome
agrotis texanus grote , 1864 ; 273 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : western texas
agrotis apicalis ; [ nacl ] , # 10662 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 249
agrotis vetusta ; [ poole ] ; [ nacl ] , # 10641 ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 228
agrotis daedalus ; [ nacl ] , # 10642 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 231
agrotis kingi ; [ nacl ] , # 10649 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 236
agrotis robustior ; [ nacl ] , # 10650 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 237
agrotis gladiaria ; [ nacl ] , # 10648 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 237
agrotis venerabilis ; [ nacl ] , # 10651 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 239
agrotis vancouverensis ; [ poole ] ; [ nacl ] , # 10652 ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 240
agrotis gravis ; [ nacl ] , # 10653 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 242
agrotis stigmosa ; [ nacl ] , # 10658 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 243
agrotis volubilis ; [ nacl ] , # 10659 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 244
agrotis obliqua ; [ nacl ] , # 10660 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 245
agrotis haesitans ; [ nacl ] , # 10668 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 248
agrotis angusta prout , 1922 ; 199 , pl . 18 , f . 8 ; tl : ceram , manusela
agrotis aulacias meyrick , 1899 ; 145 , pl . 4 , f . 6 ; tl : maui , haleakala
agrotis baleense laporte , 1977 ; 63 , pl . 11 , f . 122 ; tl : ethiopia , dinsho
agrotis beesoni kapur & aurora , 1971 ; 121 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ; tl : darjeeling
agrotis bistrigata maassen , 1890 ; pl . 6 , f . 13 ; tl : colombia , paraomo e chavez
agrotis bugeaudi oberthür , 1918 ; 94 , pl . 493 , f . 4080 - 4081 ; tl : barbary
agrotis humigena püngeler , 1899 ; 291 , pl . 9 , f . 1 ; tl : kuku - noor
agrotis magnisigna prout , 1922 ; 198 , pl . 18 , f . 7 ; tl : ceram , manusela
agrotis panoplias meyrick , 1899 ; 14 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : hawaii , kona
agrotis paramensis hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 112 ; tl : colombia , paramo del quindin
agrotis saracenica tams , 1925 ; 145 , pl . 10 , f . 1 ; tl : arabia , jabrin
agrotis semivirens kozhanchikov , 1937 ; 509 , pl . 11 , f . 1 ; tl : pamir , chorog
agrotis stavroitiacus toulechkoff , 1951 ; 313 , f . 2 ; tl : greece , mt . olympus , stavrotia
agrotis submolesta püngeler , 1900 ; 291 , pl . 8 , f . 14 ; tl : kuku - noor
contributo all conoscenza della variazione di agrotis puta ( bn . 1802 ) ochs . 1816 ( lepid . noctuidae )
agrotis grossi hacker & kuhna , 1986 , nota lepid . 9 : 180 . l . t : turkey .
agrotis kinabaluensis ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 66 , pl . 1 , f . 45 , 57
agrotis segetum ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 84 , pl . 8 , f . 33 - 38
agrotis villosus ; [ poole ] ; [ ne12 ] , 152 , pl . 9 , f . 61 - 65
agrotis psammocharis ; [ poole ] ; [ ne12 ] , 154 , pl . 9 , f . 56 - 60
agrotis hasta prout , 1922 ; 195 , pl . 18 , f . 4 ; tl : central ceram , 4600ft
agrotis honesta staudinger , 1892 ; 354 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : kentei [ mongolia ]
agrotis innominata hudson , 1898 ; 312 , pl . 5 , f . 39 ; tl : new zealand , wellington
agrotis maculaclarus plante , 1979 ; 134 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : nepal , langtang , kyangjin gompa
agrotis tocionis hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 370 ( emend . )
agrotis boetica ; [ poole ] ; [ ne12 ] , 155 , pl . 9 , f . 66 - 70
agrotis is a genus of moths of the noctuidae family . a number of the species of this genus are extinct .
agrotis graslini graslini ; [ ne1 ] : 79 , pl . 8 , f . 15 - 16 , 19 - 20
agrotis clavis clavis ; [ ne1 ] : 85 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 4 , 6 , 7
agrotis puta puta ; [ ne1 ] : 91 , pl . 9 , f . 31 - 34 , 36 - 38
agrotis catalaunensis predotai ; [ ne12 ] , 161 , pl . 10 , f . 50 - 60 , 69 - 70
agrotis obsesa obesa ; [ ne1 ] : 97 , pl . 10 , f . 18 - 19 , 26 - 28
agrotis epicremna meyrick , 1899 ; 149 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : hawaii , maui , haleakala
agrotis extincta maassen , 1890 ; 144 , pl . 6 , f . 23 ; tl : ecuador , paramo de alao
agrotis lilacina zerny , 1916 ; 174 , pl . 5 , f . 8 ; tl : bolivia , cuesta von cillutincara
agrotis pallidisigna prout , 1922 ; 194 , pl . 18 , f . 2 - 3 ; tl : ceram , manusela
agrotis psammophaea meyrick , 1899 ; 151 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : hawaii , maui , haleakala
agrotis xiphias meyrick , 1899 ; 146 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : hawaii , maui , haleakala
agrotis xylographa boursin , 1948 ; 99 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : siberia , transbaikal , poddaban
high quality content by wikipedia articles ! die kiefernsaateule ( agrotis vestigialis ) ist ein schmetterling ( nachtfalter ) aus der familie der eulenfalter ( noctuidae ) . die flugelspannweite der falter betragt 32 bis 44 millimeter . die vorderflugel variieren sehr stark in der grundfarbe . diese reicht von hellbraun uber blaugrau und violettbraun bis zu schwarzbraun . auffallend ist die kontrastreiche zeichnung mit grossem , dunklem zapfenmakel , kleinem , undeutlichem ringmakel und grossem , dunklem nierenmakel . das innere wurzelfeld ist oftmals rotbraun gefarbt . ein verlangerter , heller wurzelstrich mit darunter liegendem dunkelbraunem bereich im mittelfeld reicht bis zum nierenmake
agrotis apicalis herrich - schäffer , 1868 ; correspbl . zool . - min ver . regensburg 22 : 149 ; tl : cuba
agrotis arenarius neil , 1983 ; 14 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : nova scotia , sable island , henry house
agrotis brachypecten hampson , 1899 ; 35 , pl . 20 , f . 1 ; tl : sokotra , adho dimellus , 3500ft
agrotis obscurella maassen , 1890 ; 143 , pl . 6 , f . 20 ; tl : ecuador , near minza am tunguragua
agrotis reedi köhler , 1945 ; 105 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : argentina , mendoza , san juan
agrotis ( euxoa ) rutae rebel , 1939 ; 6 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 16 ; tl : madeira
agrotis stigmosa morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 163 ; tl : massachusetts , new york
agrotis volubilis harvey , 1874 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 2 : 118 ; tl : new york , buffalo
agrotis dissociata staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 58 ; tl : punta arenas [ chile ]
agrotis perdita staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 55 ; tl : rio grande [ chile ]
agrotis veda howes , 1906 ; 511 , pl . 44 , f . 3 ; tl : nelson , motueka [ new zealand ]
agrotis obesa var . scytha alphéraky , 1889 , in romanoff mem . lep . 5 : 143 . l . t : caucasus .
agrotis psammocharis boursin , 1950 , archiv f . zool . 1 : 355 . l . t . : iran , elburz mountains .
agrotis rileyana morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 166 ; tl : missouri , st . louis
agrotis catalaunensis catalaunensis ; [ ne12 ] , 161 , pl . 10 , f . 53 - 58 , 61 - 65 , 71 - 74
agrotis haesitans walker , [ 1857 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 10 : 329 ; tl : united states
agrotis trifurca ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 84 , pl . 8 , f . 39 - 40 ; [ ne3 ] , 83
agrotis cinerea ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 76 , pl . 7 , f . 22 - 36 ; [ ne3 ] , 83
agrotis turatii ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 77 , pl . 8 , f . 1 - 6 ; [ ne3 ] , 83
agrotis simplonia ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 78 , pl . 8 , f . 7 - 14 ; [ ne3 ] , 84
agrotis incognita ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 86 , pl . 16 , f . 14 - 15 ; [ ne3 ] , 85
agrotis puta ; [ poole ] ; [ ne3 ] , 88 ; [ ne12 ] , 162 , pl . 10 , f . 39 - 50
agrotis sabulosa ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 82 , pl . 8 , f . 27 - 29 ; [ ne3 ] , 89
agrotis ripae ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 94 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 8 ; [ ne3 ] , 90
agrotis crassa ab . modesta schawerda , 1931 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 21 : 52 , pl . 1 , f . 1
agrotis biconica ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 83 , pl . 8 , f . 30 - 32 ; [ ne3 ] , 94
agrotis sabulosa rambur , 1839 ; faune ent . andal . 2 ( 4 ) : pl . 17 , f . 3 ; tl : spain , andalusia
agrotis endogaea ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 93 , pl . 1 - 2 ; [ ne3 ] : 85 , f . 47 - 50
agrotis alexandriensis ; [ ne3 ] : 90 , f . 54 - 56 ; [ ne12 ] , 163 , pl . 10 , f . 35 - 38
agrotis haifae herzogi rebel , 1911 , verh . zool . - botan . ges . wien 61 : ( 143 ) . l . t . : lebanon .
agrotis sardzeana brandt , 1941 , mitt . münch . ent . ges . 31 : 840 . l . t . : iran , sardza , bandar chabahar .
agrotis endogaea graeca fibiger , 1997 ; noct . eur . 3 : 86 , f . 51 - 52 ; tl : greece , serrai , strymon near nea kerdilia
agrotis cinchonina guenée , 1852 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 5 ( noct . 1 ) : 281 ; tl : abyssinia
agrotis hispidula guenée , 1852 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 5 ( noct . 1 ) : 293 ; tl : chile
agrotis separata guenée , 1852 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 5 ( noct . 1 ) : 313 ; tl : abyssinia
agrotis sp . ochsenheimer : noctuidae , lepidoptera ( this observation is from smith & snow ; this is an unidentified cutworm moth sp . ) orchidaceae : platanthera blephariglottis sn
agrotis luehri mentzer & moberg , 1987 ; ent . tidskr . 108 ( 1 - 2 ) : 40 ; tl : norway , n . opland , leirdalen , 1300m
629x722 ( ~ 98kb ) female russia : moscow , ( ex . l . ) 30 . 11 . 2007 , photo © d . smirnov agrotis segetum det . jaakko kullberg
agrotis leucovenata san blas & gentili , 2011 ; rev . soc . ent . argent . 70 ( 1 - 2 ) : 94 ; tl : argentina , quilquihue , 750m
not all cutworms are in the genus agrotis , though it may well be the genus that includes the largest number of cutworm species , and the most agriculturally important cutworm species .
life cycle : the caterpillar hibernates . in central europe the adults are on the wing in most often two generations between may and october or even november ( partial third generation ) . in the south , agrotis segetum is on the wing all the year ( canaries , southernmost europe ) in several generations . the caterpillars live like the most agrotis superficially digged in the loose soil around the host plants at daytime . there is no dormance of the mature larva prior to pupation ( as it would be the case with agrotis trux ) .
agrotis bilix guenée , 1852 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 5 ( noct . 1 ) : 277 ; tl : cape of good hope
agrotis lanidorsa guenée , 1852 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 5 ( noct . 1 ) : 283 ; tl : cape of good hope
agrotis yelai fibiger , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 80 , pl . 16 , f . 33 - 35 ; tl : spain , avila , el tiemblo and burgos , la vid
agrotis ochsenheimer , 1816 , die schmetterlinge von europa 4 : 66 . type species : noctua segetum [ denis & schiffermüller ] , 1775 . l . t . : austria , vienna district .
agrotis fatidica ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 71 , pl . 7 , f . 2 - 6 ; [ ne3 ] , 81 ; [ ne12 ] , 155 ( note )
agrotis luehri ; [ ne1 ] : 73 , pl . 7 , f . 7 - 10 ; [ ne3 ] , 81 , f . 46 ; [ ne12 ] , 155 ( note )
agrotis characteristica ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 73 , pl . 7 , f . 1 , 11 ; [ ne3 ] , 82 ; [ ne12 ] , 155 ( note )
agrotis kinabaluensis holloway , 1976 ; moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 6 , pl . 2 , f . 24 ; tl : borne , mt . kinabalu , panar laban
agrotis sp . ochsenheimer : noctuidae , lepidoptera ( this observation is from smith & snow ; this is an unidentified cutworm moth sp . ) orchidaceae : platanthera blephariglottis sn insect activities : sn = sucks nectar
agrotis frater fibiger , ahola & nupponen , 2006 ; esperiana 12 ( 4 ) : 183 , f . 35 - 37 , pl . 22 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : russia , southern urals
agrotis desertorum ; [ ne1 ] : 95 , pl . 10 , f . 9 - 10 ; [ ne3 ] , 90 ; [ ne12 ] , 162 , pl . 16 , f . 50 - 54
agrotis striata lafontaine , 2004 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 1 : 231 , pl . k , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : 3 mi s alpine , apache co . , arizona
agrotis proverai zilli , fibiger , ronkay & yela , 2010 ; noct . eur . 12 : 156 , pl . 10 , f . 9 - 13 ; tl : italy , gran sasso , campo imperatore , 2100m
agrotis bajaensis lafontaine , 2004 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 1 : 229 , pl . k , f . 2 - 3 ; tl : 7 mi s . chapala , baja california norte , mexico
agrotis malefida ; godman & salvin , 1889 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 283 ; [ nacl ] , # 10661 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 248
agrotis charoae yela , fibiger , zilli & ronkay , 2010 ; noct . eur . 12 : 158 , pl . 10 , f . 29 - 32 ; tl : spain , ponetevedra , cangas de morrazo , playa de barra
agrotis antica crabo & lafontaine , 2004 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 1 : 246 , pl . l , f . 26 - 29 ; tl : se of hot sulphur springs , grand co . , colorado
female genitalia of agrotis spp . 31 . a . segetum ; 32 . a . herzogi ; 33 . a . sardzeana ; 34 . a . ipsilon ; 35 . a . spinifera . high quality figures are available online .
agrotis ruta ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 75 , pl . 7 , f . 19 - 21 , pl . 16 , f . 16 ; [ ne3 ] , 83 ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 233
agrotis schawerdai ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 89 , pl . 9 , f . 27 - 28 ; [ ne3 ] , 92 ; [ ne12 ] , 163 , pl . 16 , f . 55 - 59
agrotis longicornis lafontaine & troubridge , 2004 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 1 : 234 , pl . k , f . 17 - 18 ; tl : wright ' s points , 3900 ' , harney co . , oregon
agrotis haifae ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] , 93 ; [ ne3 ] : 87 , f . 53 ; [ ne12 ] , 162 , pl . 10 , f . 21 - 23 , pl . 16 , f . 48 - 49
agrotis buchholzi ; [ nacl ] , # 10654 ; [ poole ] ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 247 ; schweitzer & mccabe , 2004 , j . lep . soc . 58 ( 2 ) : 65 - 68 , f . 11 - 12
male genitalia ( armature and vesica ) of agrotis spp . 26 . a . bifurca ; 27 . a . bigramma ; 28 . a . spinifera ; 29 . a . benigna ; 30 . a . psammocharis . high quality figures are available online .
agrotis carolina schweitzer & mccabe , 2004 ; j . lep . soc . 58 ( 2 ) : 68 , f . 7 - 9 , 14 , 16 , 18 - 19 ; tl : north carolina , brunswick co . , vic . supply , green swamp preserve
agrotis herzogi ; [ poole ] ; [ ne1 ] : 90 , pl . 9 , f . 29 - 30 ; [ ne3 ] , 88 ; [ ne12 ] , 162 , pl . 10 , f . 23 , pl . 16 , f . 46 - 47
agrotis iremeli nupponen , ahola & kullberg , 2001 ; ent . fennica 12 ( 4 ) : 218 , text figs ; tl : s . urals ( 54°32 ' n 58°51 ' e ) , cheliabinsk , iremel mt . 1300m and ( 54°50 ' n 59°09 ' e ) nurgush mt . 1300 - 1400m
habitat : agrotis segetum occurs in open places and prefers only partly vegetated , warm and more dry sites such as fields , embankments , patches in gardens , sand pits or gappy grasslands . in la palma i observed larvae in the dry southwest of the island in gappy stocks of annual plant species . the larval habitats were similar in la gomera .
male genitalia ( armature and vesica ) of agrotis spp . 17 . a . segetum ; 18 . a . clavis ; 19 . a . herzogi ; 20 . a . puta ; 21 . a . sardzeana ; 22 . a . exclamationis ; 23 . a . trux ; 24 . a . ipsilon ; 25 . a . obese scytha . high quality figures are available online .
the present paper reviews 16 species of the genus agrotis in iran . citations of the original combination , synonymy , and distribution of each species are given . adult moths and their genitalia are described ; diagnostic features , bionomy , and notes on their distribution are discussed . an dentification key is presented based on the external characteristics . adult moths and their genitalia , if they are presented , are illustrated .
agrotis ipsilon ; [ nacl ] , # 10663 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 6 ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] , 65 , pl . 1 , f . 44 , 46 ; [ ne1 ] : 89 , pl . 9 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ ne3 ] , 93 ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 250
the present study reviews the genus agrotis ochsenheimer , 1816 ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : noctuinae ) in iran from a taxonomic and faunistic point of view . an identification key of external features is presented for 16 iranian species and subspecies . a description of each taxon is presented based on external male and female genital characteristics . diagnostic features and comparisons with the closest relatives are given for each species . original combination and citation with the synonymy of each species or subspecies are expounded as well as their distribution and bionomy . adult moths and male genitalia are illustrated .
male agrotis spp . 1 . a . cinerea ; 2 . a . segetum ; 3 . a . clavis ; 4 . a . herzogi ; 5 . a . puta ; 6 . a . sardzeana ; 7 . a . exclamationis ; 8 . a . trux ; 9 . a . ipsilon ; 10 . a . obesa scytha ; 1 1 . a . bifurca ; 1 2 . a . bigramma ; 13 . a . spinifera ; 14 . a . lasserrei ; 1 5 . a . benigna ; 1 6 . a . psammocharis . high quality figures are available online .
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gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
our colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help , advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project : kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway ( macrolepidoptera families ) , martin honey ( noctuoidea ) , brian pitkin ( computing ) , malcolm scoble and linda pitkin ( geometroidea ) , klaus sattler ( gelechioidea ) , michael shaffer ( pyraloidea , thyridoidea , pterophoroidea ) , alma solis ( usda , washington - pyraloidea ) , fernley symons ( oxford university - technical support ) and kevin tuck ( tortricoidea ) . julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
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a variable but quite distinctive moth , this species has a mainly coastal distribution all around britain , occasionally spreading a little inland in places .
it prefers sandhills , and in those places where it occurs inland , dry sandy heaths or breckland .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 09 13 : 23 : 47 page render time : 0 . 2824s total w / procache : 0 . 3463s
fw : 14 - 18mm ( waring & townsend ) , ws : 30 - 40mm ( mbgbi9 ) ; jul - sep ; various herbaceous plants ; local on coastal sand - dune at scatterred locations throughout gb , inland heaths of s . england and breckland of east anglia .
id : ground colour ranges from white to pale brown . oval , kidney and dart marks all prominent ; pale subterminal line with a series of short black streaks proximal to it ; tegulae pale ; male antenna bipectinate .
§1 winterton , norfolk ; 09 / 07 / 2015 ; male ; fw 16 . 3mm §2 winterton , norfolk ; 09 / 07 / 2015 ; male §3 winterton , norfolk ; 09 / 07 / 2015 ; male §4 winterton , norfolk ; 06 / 08 / 2015 ; male §5 winterton , norfolk ; 06 / 08 / 2015 ; male §6 winterton , norfolk ; 06 / 08 / 2015 ; male §7 winterton , norfolk ; 06 / 08 / 2015 ; male §8 dungeness , kent ; 25 / 07 / 2017 ; male ; fw 12 . 5mm ! all images © chris lewis
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host plants : the larvae are polyphagous and feed on ground - near plant parts .
life cycle : the young larva hibernates . i found them in coastal dunes of zeeland ( s - netherlands ) in march 2014 . the larvae rest superficially buried in the sand during daytime . the moths occur between july and september with peak in august .
recorded in 32 ( 46 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1834 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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( hufnagel 1766 ) wingspan 30 - 35mm . found throughout uk , mainly on the coast . available set ready mounted . please choose from drop tab .
to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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description : wingspan 30 - 40mm . adults of this species vary considerably in colour throughout its range . the forewings vary from pale whitish grey to dark brown . the stigmata are usually darker and there are a series of dark , wedge - shaped markings near the outer margin of the forewing .
status : a local species ; all recent records are from coastal localities . it has been regularly recorded at murlough national nature reserve , ballykinler and killard point national nature reserve , down , and at the umbra and magilligan , londonderry . the sole irish inland is from the shoreline of lough neagh ( washing bay , tyrone 1916 ) . it is not known if this population still exists .
ecology : a species normally associated with coastal heaths and sandhills . adults are frequently seen at light in moderate numbers . individuals are occasionally found by day , usually in early morning , at rest on low - growing vegetation and on flowers including ragwort senecio vulgaris and heather calluna vulgaris . the larvae feed from september until may of the following year on various grasses and other low - growing plants . it overwinters as a larva .
world distribution : throughout western europe as far north as finland and south to portugal .
= ; vives & moreno , 1994 , catalogo sistemático y sininimico de los lepidópteros de la peninsula iberica y baleares ; [ mna27 . 1 ] , 223
800x369 ( ~ 75kb ) larva russia , moscow , 7 . 6 . 2005 , photo ©
the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
s . urals , w . siberia , altai , sajan , transbaikal , mongolia , n . china ( ordos , hotien ) , korea . see [ maps ]
n . urals , siberia , mongolia , n . china , japan , labrador , northwest territories , alaska , alberta . see [ maps ]
turkestan , siberia , altai , tibet , china , mongolia , amurland , korea . see [ maps ]
seu , ceu , n . turkey , caucasus , w . turkmenia , armenia , c . asia , aksu ? . see [ maps ]
512x768 ( ~ 105kb ) germany , baden - württemberg , ötisheim , 8° 49 ' e , 48° 58 ' n , altitude 290m , 18 . 10 . 1998 , photo © karl hofsäß
653x735 ( ~ 112kb ) russia , moscow area , 12 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°23 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
500x272 ( ~ 19kb ) finland : n : kauniainen , 20 - 23 . 6 . 1972 , k . helomaa leg .
s . urals , c . asia ( ferghana , torgus turae ) . see [ maps ]
470x731 ( ~ 103kb ) russia , moscow area , 10 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°23 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
500x529 ( ~ 39kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 25 - 1 . 7 . 1983 , markku savela leg . ; n : helsinki , harakka , 6672 : 386 , f 9 . 7 . 1971 , ilkka jalas leg .
greece , turkey , iraq , iran - w . india , n . africa - arabia . see [ maps ]
eu , siberia , altai , amur , turkestan , kazakhstan . see [ maps ]
500x516 ( ~ 41kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 15 - 20 . 8 . 1976 , f 27 - 2 . 8 . 1975 , markku savela leg .
larva on galium spp . , stellaria spp . [ ne1 ] , pinus silvestris ? , ( roots ) [ sprk ]
bang - haas , 1910 ; 37 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ;
seu , ceu , turkey , syria , iraq , iran , n . africa . see [ maps ]
bethune - baker , 1894 ; 38 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ;
477x637 ( ~ 60kb ) germany , baden - württemberg , ötisheim , scharrkessel ( 8°49 ' e , 48°58 ' n , 320m ) , 20 . 05 . 2000 , photo © karl hofsäß
496x734 ( ~ 78kb ) russia , moscow area , 15 . 7 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov
500x534 ( ~ 37kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 26 - 1 . 6 . 1984 , f 17 . 7 . 1976 , markku savela leg .
flight from beginning of june to end of july . occasional second generation from latter half of august to end of september .
eu , asia , af , au , na , ca , sa . see [ maps ]
528x739 ( ~ 91kb ) female russia , moscow area , 6 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°23 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
526x721 ( ~ 92kb ) male russia , moscow area , 29 . 7 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°23 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
731x733 ( ~ 102kb ) male russia , moscow area , 3 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°23 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
500x508 ( ~ 41kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 5 - 11 . 9 . 1987 , markku savela leg . ; n : helsinki , tammisto , f 25 . 9 . 1964 , saarenoksa leg .
flight from may to june . in julyoccasional second generation from august to october .
migrating species , may - june migration may cause the native finnish second generation appear in august - october .
sweu , naf , seeu - sw . siberia , afghanistan . see [ maps ]
seu , arabia - s . africa , madagascar , turkey , iraq , iran , afghanistan , pakistan , kashmir , india - burma , sri lanka . see [ maps ]
1000x545 ( ~ 75kb ) northern greece , axios delta , 23 / 6 / 1995 , photo © dylan lloyd leg .
comophorus villosus alphéraky , 1887 ; stettin ent . ztg 48 ( 4 - 6 ) : 169 ; tl : turkestan
bang - haas , 1907 ; 72 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ( preocc .
alaska , yukon , s . canada , nova scotia - florida , na . georgia , texas , arizona , california , nw . mexico , w . usa . see [ maps ]
from ( s . alberta , s . saskatchewan ) - to ( texas , new mexico ) , colorado , utah , n . nevada , arizona . see [ maps ]
porosagrotis daedalus smith , 1890 ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 38 : 217 ; tl : colorado
from ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( texas , new mexico ) , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]
from ( sw . manitoba , s . alberta ) - to ( new mexico , arizon , w . texas ) , idaho , oregon , california . see [ maps ]
from ( s . manitoba - s . alberta ) - to ( south dakota , colorado ) . see [ maps ]
feltia robustior smith , 1899 ; can . ent . 31 ( 8 ) : 206 ; tl : manitoba , brandon
from ( nova scotia - ontario ) - na . georgia , texas , mississippi , nebraska , kansas . see [ maps ]
s . yukon , british columbia - california , s . alberta - utah , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]
beach dunes ( s . british columbia - california ) . see [ maps ]
s . canada , new jersey , ohio , illinois , nebraska , colorado . see [ maps ]
newfoundland - s . alberta , maryland , new york , michigan , wisconsin , north dakota , south dakota . see [ maps ]
newfoundland - british columbia - california , wyoming , n . utah , colorado , arizona . see [ maps ]
cascades ( british colombia - california ) , rocky mountains , colorado , nevada , arizona . see [ maps ]
feltia buchholzi barnes & benjamin , 1929 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 24 ( 3 ) : 164 ; tl : new jersey , lakehurst
larva on pyxidanthera barbulata schweitzer & mccabe , 2004 , j . lep . soc . 58 ( 2 ) : 66 - 67
larva on pyxidanthera barbulata ? schweitzer & mccabe , 2004 , j . lep . soc . 58 ( 2 ) : 70
florida , north carolina , kentucky , kansas , arizona , mexico - venezuela , cuba , brazil , argentina , chile . see [ maps ]
brachypteragrotis patricei viette , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 64 : 25 , f . 2 - 5 ; tl : amsterdam i .
tasmania , australia , new zealand , . . . . see [ maps ]
lycophotia achromatica hampson , 1903 ; 518 , pl . 73 , f . 32 ; tl : brazil , bahia
lycophotia albiorbis dyar , 1913 ; proc . u . s . natn . mus . 45 ( 2006 ) : 644 ; tl : peru , vilcabamba
luperina americana blanchard , 1852 ; 77 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : coquimbo [ chile ]
porosagrotis atricentrica hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 109 ; tl : argentina , buenos aires
feltia atridiscata hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 111 ; tl : tibet , gyantse
scotia atrux pinker , 1971 ; 105 , pl . 12 , f . b2 ; tl : madeira , santo da serra
lycophotia backstromi aurivillius , 1922 ; 256 , pl . 10 ; tl : juan fernandez islands
chorizagrotis benefida draudt , 1924 ; 51 , pl . 13 e ; tl : ecuador , rio bamba
porosagrotis brachystria hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 143 , pl . 59 , f . 25 ; tl : argentina
porosagrotis caffra hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 658 , pl . 77 , f . 29 ; tl : natal , mooi r .
scotia ( feltia ) canietensis köhler , 1966 ; 100 , pl . f . 2 ; tl : argentina
euxoa charmocrita meyrick , 1928 ; proc . hawaii . ent . soc . 7 : 91 ; tl : olokele canyon an kaholuamano , kauai , hawaii
mesembreuxoa chilensis hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 137 , f . 49 ; tl : chile , coquimbo
euxoa clavisigna dognin , 1916 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 11 : 8 ; tl : ecuador
euxoa conifrons draudt , 1942 ; 48 , pl . 13 e ; tl : colombia , quindiu pass
euxoa contingens warren , 1914 ; 468 , pl . 40 , f . 3 ; tl : calvinia , loeriesfrontine [ south africa ]
euxoa conquimbensis hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 185 , pl . 60 , f . 25 ; tl : chile , coquimbo
scotia ( ? ) debivari berio , 1962 ; ann . mus . nat . giacomo doria 73 : 205 , f . 9 ; tl : debivar [ somalia ]
feltia duosigna hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 350 , pl . 68 , f . 10 ; tl : kashmir
peridroma fasciata rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 539 ; tl : midway island
feltia fausta köhler , 1958 ; 12 ; tl : prov . buenos aires [ argentina ]
scotia forsteri köhler , 1968 ; 3 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : peru , puno , chucuito
euxoa giffardi swezey , 1932 ; 198 , pl . 13 , f . 2 ; tl : hawaii , kilauea
scotia innocens boursin , 1967 ; 43 , f . 1 ; tl : mongolia , chentej aimak , 10km w of somon delgerchaan
prodenia laysanensis rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 539 ; tl : laysan i . [ hawaii ]
euxoa longicalvoa joannis , 1913 ; 125 , f . 3 ; tl : eritrea , adi caie
scotia mansa köhler , 1967 ; 271 , f . 44 ; tl : argentina , tucuman , lules
scotia nyei köhler , 1967 ; 267 , f . 62 ; tl : argentina , neuquen , san martin de los andes
porosagrotis peruviana hampson , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 22 ) : 367 ; tl : agualani [ peru ]