bert hardy ( 19 may 1913 – 3 july 1995 ) was a documentary and press photographer known for his work published in the picture post magazine between 1941 and 1957 .

bert hardy

bert hardy ' s classic 1951 picture of two young women sitting on railings at blackpool .
by 1964 the bert hardy style had ceased to be a novelty , and as bert had expected the advertising work began to slow down .
the work of bert hardy features in a centenary exhibition at the photographers ' gallery in london .
hardy returned to picture post and covered the korean war and vietnam war for the magazine . after the magazine closed in 1957 hardy worked in advertising until his retirement ten years later . bert hardy died in 1995 .
in his images of an everyday britain emerging from the trauma of the second world war , bert hardy’s photography is suffused with pride , humanity and warmth . all photographs : © bert hardy estate / getty images .
the life and times of albert hardy text © 2008 graham harrison . photos © bert hardy / picturepost / gettyimages , brian harris , jeff moore and graham harrison .
( l ) historian stephen humphrey holds a southwark council blue plaque to mark the birthplace of bert hardy while artist max marshall drills holes . ® the hardy family stand below the plaque following its unveiling by bert’s son mike hardy on october 12th 2008 . photos © graham harrison .
2013 sees the double anniversary of the photographer bert hardy and picture post , the magazine with which he is inextricably linked .
in 1936 hardy’s nine year association with the central photographic service ended when bert and his girlfriend dora decided to get married .
essential reading : bert hardy , my life and of this our time , a journalist’s story 1905 - 1950 by tom hopkinson .
bert hardy recalled that a letter was posted on the notice board and stunned members of staff sat watching the announcement on television news .
loved in britain , bert hardy is one of the original photographer’s photographers yet his name remains remarkably unknown outside of the british isles .
in 1948 bert hardy shot a story for picture post on the gorbals , a deprived working class district of glasgow . in the gorbals bert encountered poverty far greater than he ever experienced as a child in blackfriars .
bert hardy , army photographer , became a sergeant and for a while military life provided a leisurely break from the bustle of assignments for picture post . but hardy’s value to the weekly magazine was not forgotten in his absence .
within bert hardy’s lifetime the vast dominion of britain’s empire dwindled from one quarter of the world’s surface to a scattering of far flung rocks and islands .
as the dignitaries gathered in a group at the entrance , bert stepped across to join them and began speaking in french . they were terribly courteous , bert recalled . when the dignitaries moved to go in bert moved with them . the police saluted , everybody bowed and bert was in the opera house .
our man in korea : picture post prints from 1950 of bert hardy and the inchon landings at the hulton archve in london . photo © graham harrison .
“very effective lighting . ” bert hardy’s written comment on a print of him lecturing in richmond , london in the late 1980s . photo © jeff moore .
blue for bert . stephen potter of the local history library in southwark , who nominated bert hardy for a southwark council blue plaque stands at the entrance of the priory , hardy’s birthplace . potter thought the photographer was neglected in the area where he was born and grew up . following a public vote bert was awarded a blue plaque which was unveiled in october 2008 . photo © graham harrison .
bert hardy wrote that the decline of picture post went into top gear as the magazine drifted into lightweight stories and features on film starlets . aware of the problems on shoe lane life magazine approached hardy with the offer of a staff job .
bert’s other advertising clients were to endure better . lucozade , nestlé , heineken ,
operation in singapore closed down and bert sailed for home and civilian life . within a week of his return hardy had accepted an offer of a full time job at
now his own boss at criterion , hardy could supply features in his own name .
the work of the legendary photographer bert hardy features in a special centenary exhibition at the photographers ' gallery in london . hardy ' s ability to playfully evoke time and place is typified by his seaside study maidens in waiting , taken at blackpool in 1951 .
despite its difficulties picture post still gave bert the tight deadlines he thrived on , and the guarantee that he would see published nearly every story he shot . like many photographers before and since , bert hardy needed the buzz of seeing his work in print .
james cameron remembers , “on the korean assignment , as on many others , i was fortunately reinforced by my old mate and colleague bert hardy , and one of the good things about that was that bert was no more of a john wayne type than i . ”
channel crossing , another of bert’s ideas , made seven pages in the popular weekly for which william davis was paid £26 . bert’s cut was £1 . 50 . an argument ensued but bert stayed on until both he and bertran collins were sacked for earning too much .
hardy took many other pictures that day which can now be seen for the first time .
( 1 ) tom hopkinson recruited bert hardy when he was working as editor of picture post . he wrote about it in his autobiography , of this our time ( 1982 ) .
on march 24th 1945 bert hardy was taking pictures on the river rhine when he was spotted by general dempsey . dempsey was about to become the first allied general to cross the river , and unaware the photographer was working for picture post ordered bert to record the occasion .
“everywhere i look , and most of the time i look , i see photographs , ” said hardy . this midlands street scene from 1948 he entitled pretty girls of leicester . bert hardy ' s centenary exhibition will run until 26 may 2013 at the photographers ' gallery , 16 - 18 ramillies street , london w1f 7lw . ( all photographs courtesy sheila hardy . )
years were to pass before an office acquaintance became affection but a bond between them grew . “i was not the woman behind bert , ” says sheila in recognition of the difficulties dora must have endured bringing up two sons whilst bert travelled the world on back - to - back assignments . but it is sheila who today carries the bert hardy flame with enduring rigour .
but 60 years after it was first published , the legendary photographer bert hardy’s blackpool belles is at the centre of a bizarre case of mistaken identity which fooled fleet street and the bbc .
bert hardy was soon matching davis and collins with silly stories of his own , notably a fish gone to hospital which made a four page spread in an early edition of picture post .
in 1942 , as a fit man of fighting age , hardy was called up by the british army . following training , bert was assigned to to the army film and photographic unit (
hardy even felt the lighting in the images emanated a rembrandt - like quality , and so did picture post who loved the results of hardy’s first assignment . even life magazine published the photographs .
the photographer bert hardy would have celebrated his 100th birthday this year . though a gifted war photographer , hardy’s spontaneous and sharp images of people in everyday situations were more characteristic of his work . an exhibition of his images is at the photographers’ gallery in london from 4 april to 23 may
in the years following the war bert documented many of the struggles for independence for picture post .
for the duration of hardy’s army service , tom hopkinson ensured the hulton press paid £5 a week into bert’s bank account , a sum which covered the mortgage repayments on his family house in eltham . bert could even afford £200 to buy a bugatti that had once belonged to an italian count .
as his son terry took over much of the freelance work from odhams press , bert hardy began a new career in advertising . at the beginning , bert’s 35mm images and picture post style of story telling gave his work a fresh candid look . he was busy and the money was good .
bert hardy was born in london in 1913 . he started work as a laboratory assistant in a photographic agency . after buying a small plate camera for 10 shillings he began getting his photographs published .
squatting miserably in the square outside pusan station were sixty men , teenagers to old men . dressed in rags and tied together with ropes their degradation brought back the horrors of belsen to bert hardy .
bert wrote later that advertising meant hard work and good money , but it never meant anything more than that . without the money though , bert and sheila could not have afforded the perfect home .
around this time bert was approached by edward steichen who was researching images for his landmark exhibition , ‘the family of man’ ; but because steichen only had a short time in london , and bert was still based in his brother sid’s front room it wasn’t possible for bert to show his best pictures .
life in the elephant . picture post and hardy’s contact sheets from 1949 . photo © graham harrison .
bert hardy , a photographer whose images of life in england during and after world war ii are considered classics of british photojournalism , died on monday in oxted , south of london . he was 82 .
the eldest of seven children , bert hardy rose from humble working class origins in blackfriars , london , leaving school at age 14 to work for a chemist where he learnt how to chemically process photos .
in paris for picture post , bert hardy recalled the french press were a law unto themselves . there were twenty of them in the place de l’opéra that night , including newsmen working for paris match .
on leaving odhams bert was immediately re - engaged as a freelance and in his first year freelancing – with the help of his younger son terry – bert’s work for odhams brought in £4 , 000 .
the scene that confronted photographer bert hardy and writer james cameron outside the station at pusan , south korea in september 1950 was never to make the pages of picture post , but what hardy and cameron were to document was to rupture the heart of the magazine so that it was never to beat as fully again .
read more about the exhibition of hardy ' s personal vintage collection which will be launched in may 2016 .
saying how much they liked his work capa and silk invited hardy to join them for a drink . but the officer’s mess was for commissioned officers and war correspondents only . as a sergeant bert wasn’t allowed in .
picture post published the inchon landings on october 7th 1950 , the images winning bert another encyclopaedia britannica award .
had bert accepted the offer of staff photographer from life magazine his career might have taken a different path . but sheila says he didn’t need to . bert had already proved himself alongside his american peers at inchon .
on a warm july day in 1995 bert and sheila lunched at their favourite pub , the royal oak at staffhust wood , then went into oxted . calling in at his opticians to have them tighten a screw on his glasses bert took a seat , and there in a seat at the opticians in oxted , bert died .
there’s a wonderful free photo exhibition currently on at the getty gallery , eastcastle street , central london , showing the work of photographic legend bert hardy , who made his name working for the the picture post photojournalism magazine .
photography became part of bert hardy’s life in 1927 when the young cockney got a job as a messenger and developer and printer at the central photographic service , which was run from a gloomy basement near charing cross station .
gordon fraser , 1985 . soft cover . condition : very good . no jacket . 1st edition . inscribed by bert hardy . this is the paperback edition . a fine copy . inscribed by author ( s ) .
, hardy and collins opened the doors of their own agency , the criterion press , at 172 fleet street .
dominated by american forces , the inchon landings of september 15th 1950 were the second most powerful sea - borne invasion after d day . the only british journalists present were photographer bert hardy and writer james cameron for picture post .
bert made up for this in paris . detailed to record the liberation of the city on august 25th hardy photographed the free french and american forces as they marched into the city amid a carnival atmosphere of cheering crowds and waving flags . after four days of heady celebration bert was dispatched east to cover the liberation of brussels and antwerp .
bert sat a couple of the girls on the rails by the sea - front and as the sun shone and the girls engaged in animated conversation the sea breeze caught their skirts and with the click of a simple shutter hardy produced the most famous image of his entire career on the cheapest box brownie . bert had made his point .
general dempsey crossed the rhine and bert photographed him stepping onto the eastern bank . hardy then took the return crossing on the prow of dempsey’s motor launch to get pictures of the victorious general with the german shoreline in the background .
gordon fraser , london , 1985 . hard back . condition : bery good . dust jacket condition : very good . 1 st edition . . red cloth cpver - silver writing on spine - - illustrated dj showing photo of bert hardy - - 192 pages - - man , manu b / w photos - - wars , bali , mountbaten etc africa - - , etc . - dedicarted and signed by bert hardy :
to peter jones , lovely meeting you , very best wishes - - bert hardy 28 / 7 / 88 .
book given to peter n . johns , the magnum photographer . size : 20 x 130 x 290 mm . signed / dedicated by author .
as with the gorbals piece , bert was to document life in a poor district with his friend , the loyal communist bert lloyd – an eloquent writer known later for his broadcasts and involvement in the revival of british folk music .
in 1956 bert’s marriage with dora ended and he moved into his brother sid’s front room with sheila marshall . bert and sheila had met in 1942 at picture post where sheila worked as secretary and picture researcher to the picture editor .
bert hardy found himself working for odhams press , and it wasn’t long before his salary came to the attention of the managing director . bert was politely told that odhams was run by accountants and because his £3 , 000 a year salary ( then the highest paid to any photographer on fleet street ) was too generous , he had to go .
priory buildings on webber street just off the blackfriars road : home to the hardy family . photo © graham harrison .
although it wasn’t long before hardy’s images of cycling girls and rural landscapes became a feature of the magazine’s front and back pages , it was the work of the bicycle’s staff photographer , george moore , which was to change bert’s career .
it never seemed like work ,
said bert hardy .
photography was always good fun .
hardy was a gregarious human being , blessed with a londoner ' s wit which made him instantly likeable and nobody ' s fool . he became the best known and loved of all the photographers who made their names on the pioneering magazine picture post .
bert hardy was the star troubleshooting photojournalist on picture post , britain’s most influential picture magazine . but a story he shot in 1950 during the korean war seemingly precipitated its decline and fall . on the seventieth anniversary of the launch of the mass - market weekly graham harrison turns back the pages of photographic history and looks forward to a reassessment of hardy’s career .
. part of a contact sheet depicting a couple in a basement in the elephant and castle , south london along with a self - portrait of photographer bert hardy as he winds on the last frame of his film , january 8th 1949 .
there was to be no such success with the second major story hardy and cameron sent back from the conflict in korea .
sheila says it was a wonderful way to go . no pain , no farewells . the great photographer’s time had come , and that was that . another generation would be left to look and review what bert hardy had achieved in his lifetime .
after taking his photographs bert walked back to the burmese front line where he was pressed on what he had seen . bert suggested if they really wanted to know , the burmese should go and find out for themselves , and returned to rangoon .
“bert , on the other hand , was plying his trade upright in the open , cursing the military exigencies that had organised this invasion in the middle of the night . one of my enduring memories of that strange occasion is of bert hardy on the seawall of blue beach , blaspheming among the impossible din , and timing his exposures to the momentary flash of the rockets . ”
the early years of bert hardy’s life had coincided with the high water mark of the british empire . in the 1920s 600 million people were ruled from london . young bert , it seemed , was at the centre of the world . the second world war ensured however , that the tide of empire had changed for good and with it the balance of power in the world .
the show is timed to coincide with the double anniversaries of bert hardy – who was born a 100 years ago – and the ground - breaking picture post magazine , which launched 75 years ago in october 1938 . sadly , neither are still with us .
now focus your mind south of the river thames on the district of southwark , where a short stroll from the site of the tavern in which chaucer had his canterbury pilgrims gather you will find the birthplace of the much loved english photographer , bert hardy .
in conjunction with a book , bert hardy : my life , published in 1985 , the photographers gallery put on a retrospective exhibition and also produced a video in which hardy talks about his life . a television programme for channel 4 followed in which many of the people he had photographed in the immediate post - war years in tiger bay , liverpool and the gorbals were traced and contributed their reminiscences .
as for the international recognition bert hardy’s work deserves , there is a gallery in southwark that might be able to assist . it is housed in a former power station that was constructed and decommissioned in bert’s lifetime , and now stands proudly by the river thames near the location of shakespeare’s globe theatre , and a short stroll from the site of the tavern in which chaucer had his canterbury pilgrims gather .
fires burned on the far bank . the odd tracer bullet appeared to fly lazily through the night air . suddenly bert’s picture post colleague macdonald hastings threw himself to the ground and shouted to bert to do the same . the tracer bullet had been fired at them .
“brilliant stuff , ” wrote tom hopkinson in a letter to bert when general dempsey crossing the rhine made the cover of picture post .
a couple leaning in for a kiss in piccadilly in 1953 , british sailors in gibraltar in 1954 and a vicar comforting a girl in an east end bomb site in 1940 are a few of the images iconic picture post photographer bert hardy thought good enough to take home .
on d day , june 6th 1944 , the allies invaded occupied europe in the largest sea - borne assault in history . as an army photographer bert hardy was ordered to photograph the first of the allied wounded as they returned to england from the beaches of northern france .
albert hardy , photographer : born london 19 may 1913 ; twice married ( two sons ) ; died oxted , surrey 3 july 1995 .
bert hardy reached the camp to find the press and allied military personnel wandering around in disbelief . 50 , 000 people had died in bergen - belsen during the war . emaciated bodies lay everywhere . more than 10 , 000 were to die from disease and illness following liberation .
tom hopkinson said that out of all the photographers the writers at picture post asked to work with , bert’s name nearly always came first .
not content with his own developer hardy took a soldering iron to another leica and customised the shutter so that it could synchronise with flash at 1000th of a second . bert was no fool . even today’s lecia m7 cannot achieve flash synchronisation at such a high speed without an adaptor .
in 1938 hardy became one of the first photographers to use a leica 35mm camera . after working as a freelance until being recruited by tom hopkinson , the editor of picture post . hardy became famous for his photographs of the blitz and in 1942 was drafted into an army photographic unit .
so bert hid his leica beneath an oversized dinner jacket and watched from the pavement as a number of french dignitaries arrived wearing grand plumed hats .
hardy’s original contact sheets and negatives were meticulously researched to uncover work which was never published in the magazine and which may never have been printed before . the main exhibition reveals the extraordinary versatility expected of picture post photographers . the final section showcases some of hardy’s more familiar images which remain bestsellers today .
hardy narrowly missed being sent to cover the dieppe raid ( the photographer who did go was killed ) . hardy was with allied troops that took part in the d - day landings in june 1944 . hardy , receiving the pay of an army sergeant , also photographed the liberation of paris on 25th august . he followed the troops into germany and in one picture recorded general miles dempsey crossing the rhine . he also took photographs of concentration camp victims .
in 1942 hardy was called up into the army and put into public relations for the war office . as the war office supplied stories to all the magazines , hardy ' s ambition was to get a story into both picture post and illustrated each week ; this he managed to do on numerous occasions .
hardy became famous for his work published in liberal photojournalistic magazine picture post from 1941 until the magazine ' s closer in 1957 . a self - taught photographer , hardy became the post ' s chief photographer quickly , after his first work was published . it was a study of firefighters during the blitz .
but bert produced nothing he was happy with in two years and through the work he had started doing for esso magazine and bowaters began making contacts in advertising .
to my great excitement , we found a remarkable new photographer . bert hardy was a young cockney , the eldest of seven children , who had left school at fourteen . he left on a friday afternoon and started work on saturday morning in a printing and developing works at ten shillings a week with sixpence an hour overtime .
bert was born on may 19th 1913 , the first of seven children to carpenter albert ‘seagull’ hardy and blanche , his charlady wife . the family home consisted of two small rooms at the top of priory buildings on webber street just off the blackfriars road , where they slept at night packed like sardines into one double bed .
with the light gone , hardy and cameron took an empty landing craft back to the mother ship where bert was informed that their landing had taken place on the wrong beach , one still being softened up by ‘friendly fire’ . other reports indicate the north korean forces may have already surrendered by the time blue beach was reached .
hardy went on to shoot two stories which he seemed to enjoy immensely – hop picking in kent , and the port - wine harvest in portugal – but his constant travels were putting pressure on his personal life , and although they moved house from eltham to blackheath , bert was no longer getting on with his wife dora .
born in 1913 , hardy was the eldest of seven children . the family lived in two rooms – and one double bed – in a building near london’s south bank
hardy was dispatched to newcastle where an air raid had been reported . after scratching around he found a dimly lit brick - lined tunnel , “where nervous people sometimes went at night” . using the available light from a few strung - out light bulbs bert took pictures hand - holding his leica at 1 / 4 of a second .
self taught and using the small leica camera instead of the traditional larger press cameras , hardy was recruited by the editor of picture post , tom hopkinson , in 1941 .
in the warehouse fire , bert’s suit had been burnt and his camera damaged . tom hopkinson ensured picture post paid the cost of replacing both for the criterion press photographer .
back in london in the picture post darkroom on shoe lane , bert’s photographs were pasted together to produce a panorama which was published in picture post on april 20th 1957 .
when bert hardy came in to see me he was in his twenties and already an experienced cameraman . to try him out i offered him a difficult assignment . the blitz had started and i asked him to take pictures inside street shelters . no flash must be used and the pictures must make the reader feel he was inside with the shelterers in semi - darkness while bombs were falling . bert passed the test triumphantly ; i at once took him on the staff and he was soon a mainstay of the magazine .
bert hardy , born in london , worked his way up from a lab assistant to become a photographer . his talent flourished as a staff photographer on picture post , joining the illustrated magazine during the second world war . as well as travelling with the armed forces , his images of the blitz are amongst the finest and closest to the action taken .
bert hardy always said it was the few years in advertising which enabled him to buy his farm in limpsfield chart and , as the farming activities decreased , he and his wife made it a base from which to explore the new opportunities of lectures , exhibitions and print sales . for many of us , too , it became a place of pilgrimage .
moore used a 35mm leica . amazed at the detail in moore’s prints hardy saved up and bought a second - hand model – probably a leica i – which he described as old , black and with a fixed 50mm f3 . 5 standard lens . “i never looked back after buying my first leica , ” bert was to say in later life .
bert was invariably the good companion who’s instinctive images unfailingly conveyed an empathy with the poor and underprivileged showing that whatever misfortune was thrust upon them these people retained their human dignity .
bert knew life would pay three to four times his picture post salary , but he also knew the american giant would publish only one in every four or five stories he shot .
for some time bert and sheila had been thinking about buying a cottage in the country . in february 1964 sheila spotted a farm in surrey advertised for sale in the sunday times .
then began the period for which bert hardy ' s work is best remembered : liverpool , tiger bay , the girls by the seaside and the gorbals , where his intimate pictures of the inside of houses and close - ups of people contrasted well with the cooler exterior shots of bill brandt . he worked for hours with the writer bert lloyd on that story and much appreciated the teams that tom hopkinson built up of writers and photographers , which avoided the friction that can sometimes happen between the writing and picture - making sides of photo - journalism .
although authenticated reports had been filed – but never published – by picture post correspondent stefan schimanski and photographer haywood magee in july 1950 and the times , on wednesday october 25th 1950 , was to confirm the ill - treatment of political prisoners by the south korean police in chilling detail , hopkinson knew the combination of james cameron’s words and bert hardy’s pictures would create controversy .
bert hardy’s images for ‘life in the elephant’ exposing the area’s pattern of life are complimented by bert lloyd’s lyrical introduction : ”its voice has the rasp of trams , trains , trucks . its eyes have the blaze of street - stalls , eel - stands , pin - table arcades and chestnut cans . its anatomy is decked with sooty bricks , cast iron spikes and the marble pillars of pubs . its heart is that of its people – kind as a housewife , rough as a worker , busy as a tradesman , wide as a wide - boy . ”
never inclined to photograph corpses bert realised that he had to record what he was witnessing . he knew no one would believe such things could happen were they not to see photographic proof .
the french got nothing exceptional at the opera that night , and bert’s composite panorama made a double page spread . but it was to be his last great picture published in picture post .
one of bert’s earliest advertising shoots was on the strand cigarette campaign for the bensons advertising agency – a campaign distinguished as one of the least successful flirtations between cigarette advertising and french philosophy .
even for james cameron and bert hardy who had produced the fateful story , resignation was a luxury neither could afford . to keep them out of trouble the pair were dispatched to the remoteness of the himalayas in a search for the dalai lama , who , following the chinese invasion of tibet , had escaped lhasa and was in hiding in the chumbi valley near the indian border .
having taught himself about apertures and shutter speeds by trial and error , and how to gauge distance by pacing between lamp posts , hardy’s career as a photographer began with a photograph of royalty .
nevertheless tom hopkinson recalled , “as i turned over hardy’s prints when they first came out of the darkroom , i knew that i had never had a better picture story in my hands . ”
the british were given two permits . “and the french police were making sure that’s all we had , ” said hardy . picture post – then paris match’s main rival – received no accreditation .
twice a day bert went on a round of west end chemist shops collecting and delivering film and prints , often jumping onto the backs of passing lorries and carts to save on bus fares .
bert had passed his test triumphantly , and was to become the mainstay of picture post . assignments were to come thick and fast . the world was at war . london was being bombed .
bert’s older son michael also became a photographer . mike had begun working in the picture post darkrooms , but when the magazine folded he landed the job as paris photographer for the daily express .
hardy was dispatched to blackpool where the lord mayor presented him with an amateur camera . with this most basic of devices plus the minor adaptations of a close up lens , a yellow filter and an improvised cardboard viewfinder , bert roamed blackpool’s golden mile looking for images . he searched without great success until he hit upon the idea of asking the showgirls from the pier theatre to help out .
‘the ideal picture tells something of the essence of life , ’ hardy wrote . ‘it shows some aspect of humanity the way the person who looks at the picture will at once recognise as startlingly true’
bert thought he must also have got onto the roof of one of the buildings to take pictures of firemen fighting the blaze from the tops of their ladders , although he couldn’t recall doing so .
gordon fasier , 1985 . soft cover . condition : very good . soft cover version published by gordon frasier , london , 1985 . this copy is signed and personalized by the author . it reads ,
duane and lucille , very best wishes , bert hardy 6 / 4 / 85 .
a unique copy of an amazing photographic autobiography . $ 150 . signed by author ( s ) .
the same prints kept by hardy , who died in 1995 aged 82 , go on display — and on sale , from £2 , 500 — at the photographers’ gallery from may 13 to july 3 .
when hardy viewed his negatives under a green safelight there was nothing to see . another half hour in the super - soup produced the faintest of highlights . frustrated , bert put the films back in the developer and went to visit his mother across blackfriars bridge . he let himself in to her house but as everyone was asleep made himself a cup of tea . he thinks he may have dozed off .
two months after shooting the fire - fighters , bert left bertram collins and criterion to join picture post as a staff photographer on a freelance basis . his guarantee was £8 a week , plus expenses .
in london there was a bigger wedding to cover . in what bert described as one of england’s periodic fits of royalty fever , the future queen elizabeth was marrying the duke of edinburgh in westminster abbey .
unsuccessful in their quest for the tibetan spiritual leader ( who was not to flee tibet for another nine years ) , hardy and cameron settled on a story including the life of the monks at the monastery at pedong , situated high on a trans - himalayan trade route between india and tibet ( picture post , february 24th 1951 ) . for a while on the silk road hardy thought seriously about becoming a buddhist .
during the 1930s rising wages and falling production costs had turned cycling into a popular sport . bert joined a cycling club and combining his passion for cycling with his photography began submitting photographs to the bicycle magazine .
when bert broke the news to mr duke , his boss at central photographic , duke was so embarrassed at the idea of a man keeping a wife on less than £3 a week that he sacked him .
the first assault took place around 6 : 30 am following a heavy bombardment by the us fleet on north korean positions . the section where hardy and cameron were would not see action until high tide that evening .
far east command in kandy , ceylon and then to singapore where he was detailed to organise lord louis mounbatten’s press section along fleet street lines . bert streamlined the developing , printing , captioning and world wide syndication .
hardy was to escape angry mobs in sudan and egypt , cover the mau - mau campaign against british colonialists in kenya , document nationalist unrest against the british in cyprus and photograph yemeni tribesmen fighting british troops in aden .
although bill brandt was first assigned the gorbals shoot , it was bert’s pictures of glasgow which gave the story it’s gritty atmosphere , and went on to win the photo sequence section in the first encyclopaedia britannica photographic awards .
after the post closed , hardy worked successfully in advertising , before he retired in 1964 , aged 51 . he bought a small farm in oxted , surrey , and spent the reminder of his life there with wife sheila .
on his return to london hardy took his films to the criterion darkroom and put them in his super - soup to develop . knowing the images were underexposed , he doubled his usual processing time from sixteen to thirty minutes .
most of picture post’s employees were sacked . but in a good will gesture nika hulton , sir edward’s russian wife , asked bert to stay on to work for the remaining hulton publications including lilliput , farmers weekly and housewife .
when he heard that a photographer could earn good money on fleet street – then the heart of the british newspaper industry – hardy bought a plate camera for 50p from a pawn shop on the cut opposite london’s old vic theatre .
suspected opponents of the south’s authoritarian nationalist leader syngman rhee , the captives were political prisoners . bert wondered how a fourteen year old could hold political views . it seemed evident that they were about to be taken off and shot .
bert was , i am sure , as alarmed as i was , but there was one signal difference in our roles : he had to take the pictures , and it was long ago established that one way you cannot take pictures is lying face - down in a hole . i spent considerable periods of time doing that . bert , on the other hand , was plying his trade upright in the open , cursing the military exigencies that had organized this invasion in the middle of the night . one of my enduring memories of that strange occasion is of bert hardy on the seawall of blue beach , blaspheming among the impossible din , and timing his exposures to the momentary flash of the rockets . that is the difference between the reporter ' s trade and the cameraman ' s . his art can never be emotion recalled in tranquillity . ours can - or could be : the emotion is easy ; the tranquillity more elusive .
hardy later served as a war photographer in the army film and photographic unit ( afpu ) from 1942 until 1946 , covering the d - day landings in june 1944 , the liberation of paris and the allied advance across the rhine .
having published the inchon landings feature immediately , editor tom hopkinson delayed publication of the story of the ill - treatment of political prisoners until he had confirmed every detail face to face with hardy and cameron in picture post’s shoe lane offices .
they drove down to see it , and although the farm needed a lot of work the two londoners bought it and moved in that april . undeterred by their lack of knowledge bert and sheila began learning everything about farming from scratch .
most of the exhibited photographs were taken using hardy’s second - hand leica camera , which he adapted to shoot in poor lighting conditions . this is piccadilly circus in central london , a place to meet and escape the postwar gloom in 1953 .
bert hardy was born in 1913 , the eldest of seven children in a poor working - class family . leaving school at fourteen , he started work as a delivery boy for a film processing laboratory . captivated by photography , he bought a secondhand camera and started on a career that led to his employment as a full - time member of picture post , the foremost magazine of its time . bert became a mainstay and his images are amongst its best known . a selection of his stunning images of britain at war and in the austerity years that followed are reproduced in this first major book on his work . this long overdue tribute marks the centenary of his birth and places him amongst the best of twentieth century photographers .
with the dismissal of editor tom hopkinson by owner edward g . hulton in 1950 after the publication of a piece ( illustrated by hardy ) showing south korea’s treatment of political prisoners in the korean war , the magazine went into fairly swift decline .
original prints of the inchon landings . hopkinson wrote , “as i turned over hardy’s prints when they first came out of the darkroom , i knew that i had never had a better picture story in my hands . ” photo © graham harrison .
just hours before the british were to make the crossing bert set up his contax on a tripod on the heights at staaland to photograph the river at night . the rhine , crowded with barges and landing craft was lit by an eerie moon .
as great - grandson of queen victoria , brother to the queen of sweden and supreme allied commander in south east asia , the amiable mountbatten was as aware of his own importance as he was the power of the photograph in promoting it . bert’s
born 100 years ago , hardy is probably the best known of all the picture post photographers . his stories cover situations as diverse as the korean war , the portuguese rice harvest , fashion on the french riviera , italian immigrants in britain , and the chinese invasion of tibet . today , his images are still widely used in all contexts from editorial features to interior decor . the images are classic , timeless and transcend territorial and language barriers thanks to hardy’s ability to capture the essence of every story .
as young boys , les mason and his friend george davis were photographed by hardy as they walked arm in arm in glasgow . gorbals boys was taken in 1948 to highlight poverty in the city . the gorbals was among europe ' s worst slums .
after picture post folded in 1957 , mr . hardy turned down an offer to take pictures for life and worked for several years in advertising , often using ordinary people as models . in 1964 he bought a farm in oxted , surrey , and retired .
bert took to carrying a print of the concentration camp in his pocket which he would show to any german who refused to accept that such things had happened . even then some germans refused to accept that images of the death camps were not allied propaganda .
the exhibition focuses on hardy ' s postwar images , when he was assigned to capture the daily lives of his fellow britons . this 1954 photograph , as britain struggled to recover from the deprivations and shortages of global conflict , he provocatively named too many spivs .
the air was thick with rockets and shells as the photographers and journalists became the first invaders to make landfall . with the light fading fast , bert put on a tin hat for the first time in his life and poked his head above the sea wall .
“it had rained that day , and there were a few puddles on the ground . the prisoners were being closely watched by armed guards , but the intense heat must have made them very thirsty . whenever they thought that no one was looking , they would scoop up the rainwater from the ground and drink it . if one of the guards saw them doing this , he immediately set on them and beat them mercilessly with his rifle butt , ” wrote bert hardy . “these guards were in the army of our allies . ”
when the fire - fighter story was published , hopkinson ended it with the famous caption , ”from our rule of anonymity we except these pictures . they were taken by a . hardy , one of our photographers . ” ( picture post , february 1st 1941 ) .
when they were midway across german mortar positions got the launch’s range and began peppering the river with fire , sending sheets of water into the air . dempsey’s launch reached the allied side and everyone took cover as hardy took some more images of the general under fire .
the only photographs bert could get that evening were on his contax at speeds as low as 1 / 25 of a second at f1 . 4 . the american press working with speed graphics , with a widest aperture of f4 . 5 , got next to nothing .
in contrast to the squalor hardy often recorded , he was also sent to cover the marriage of princess elizabeth to lt philip mountbatten in 1947 . here bridesmaids adjust the veil and train of the future queen as she arrives at westminster abbey with her father king george vi .
in newly independent india , bert photographed the country’s first prime minister jawaharlal nehru , in france the gypsy festival of the black virgin at saint maries - de - la mar in the camargue and in poland the wedding of a scottish girl to a polish soldier in warsaw .
autumn was turning to winter , and the elephant was shrouded in thick smog . all the two bert’s could manage were images of trams and smog , and of smog and trams . that was until they met maisie , a prostitute who’s husband was in prison for robbery .
at this time he also set up a processing house , grove hardy , with gerry grove , who had worked as a printer for picture post , and which was used by many of the younger generation of fleet street and documentary photographers for both their personal and professional work .
what the grand occasion was may be lost in the mists of time , but king george v and queen mary were in regal procession down the blackfriars road in an open carriage when spotting the young hardy with his camera among the cheering crowds , the monarch turned in acknowledgement .
german bombers had started the blitz of british cities , and hopkinson asked bert to do a shoot on the street shelters . he could not use flash and the pictures must make the reader feel they were in the semi - darkness , with the families as bombs were falling .
on july 1st bert crossed the channel himself and was sent to the strategic city of caen where the germans were putting up fierce resistance . amid being mortared and documenting captured german soldiers and nurses at work on the injured he met george silk of life magazine and robert capa .


professor popper 's problem was a film made in 1974 turned into a 6-part serial by mersey film productions for the children 's film foundation .

professor popper ' s problem

professor popper ' s problem ( 1974 ) - professor popper ' s . . .
professor popper ' s problem . ( vhs tape , 1990 ) [ worldcat . org ]
professor popper ' s problem ( 1974 ) on imdb : . . . i had the pleasure of watching
professor popper ' s problems
on the disney channel in 1989 . . . . professors poppers problem .
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professor popper develops a shrinking formula which he and a group of school kids take by accident , ending up trapped in his laboratory . but that ' s not the only problem that faces the professor and his friends .
get this from a library ! professor popper ' s problem . . [ films incorporated . ; magno sound & video . ; ] - - when professor popper and some of his young science students accidently swallow his magic potion , this hilarious comedy begins .
professor popper develops a shrinking formula which he and a group of school kids take by accident , ending up trapped in his laboratory . but that ' s not the only problem that faces the professor and his friends . . .
download professor popper ' s problems 1974 torrent yify full movie or via magnet . professor popper develops a shrinking formula which he and a group of school kids take by accident , ending up trapped in his laboratory .
bar - hillel , comments on ` degree of confirmation ' by professor k . r . popper
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, 15 , 1955 , as a reply to professor wilfrid sellars . reprinted in karl r . popper ,
professor popper ' s problems - a british science teacher ( charles drake ) and his pupil swallow shrinking pills and become 2 inches high .
problem , professor popper’s – then suddenly him and the blonde bloke are arsing around by a flyover with a seven - foot packet of player’s no . 6 . the blond spears him with a giant lipstick . macgowran wakes up to a hefty invoice from itc’s avengers props department .
now to smooth out the second lump . ' in the later sections of his paper ' , professor sellars writes , ' professor popper makes a telling , if uneven , defense of the thesis that
killers , the fearless vampire – jack macgowran’s oscar collins is a , er , close cousin to jack macgowran’s decrepit professor abronsius . see pyke , magnus .
45 . karl popper to anthony flew , private letter , 1988 . the author is deeply indebted to professor flew for providing a copy .
professor popper ' s problems cfandtf . loading . . . unsubscribe from cfandtf ? . . . problems with popperian falsificationism ( lecture 6 , video 3 of 3 ) . . .
therefore , it is not the case that most a s are b s .
there is a remark on professor ryle ' s views in professor sellars ' paper which seems wrong to me . professor sellars writes : ' i also agree that
the idea of a mutual translatability
of . . . mind talk and behaviour talk
had to be given up long since
, in spite of ryle ' s valiant efforts to the contrary '
fido – macgowran’s dog . this , like his mum , is of course also dead . but this one’s stuffed and all . see wheelchair , clive dunn’s dead mother’s .
simkin , c . , 1993 , popper’s views on natural and social science , leiden : brill .
here is the ( sometimes ugly ) aftermath of popper ' s paper . this has been called
pallenberg , anita – she’s… she’s there , too . see ‘and introducing the fool ! ’
professor sellars goes on to say ' and he [ popper ] is surely right [ in holding the thesis i have just repudiated ] . however , at this stage he [ popper ] tacitly adds the premise
'
another problem with popper ' s three - world theory concerns idealism . popper rejected idealism with characteristic bluntness :
to me , idealism appears absurd
[ okn 41 ] ;
i was thoroughly opposed to every idealism
[ okn 323 ] . yet when one examines popper ' s three - world theory , idealist overtones fairly spring from the page .
1974 british kid ' s film professor popper accidentally shrinks himself and his young assistants . he must find a way to return to normal size . meanwhile , others are trying to steal his
reducing pills
.
johannson , i . , 1975 , a critique of karl popper’s methodology , stockholm : scandinavian university books .
popper ' s philosophy of science © copyright 1984 by ralph e . kenyon , jr . ( 1 )
it could be argued that this is precisely popper ' s whole philosophy . that might be correct . but so arguing would not remove the incompatibility between critical rationalism and popper ' s espousal of the correspondence theory of truth .
quarrier , ian – birkin’s canadian love interest and imaginary ‘foe’ of macgowran’s quaint fantasies . was also the gay vampire up against macgowran’s professor abronsius in the fearless vampire killers . aha ! see killers , the fearless vampire ; macgowran , jack ; pilgrim , the passionate .
) , the premise which , according to professor sellars , makes my argument valid , was clearly enough indicated in my own argument which therefore is itself valid , according to professor sellars . moreover , my argument has the form of a
milkov . n . , 2012 , ‘karl popper’s debt to leonard nelson’ , grazer philosophische studien , 86 : 137–156 .
i am an unapologetic popperian , but i thoroughly enjoyed reading professor haack ' s article . my only complaints are that ( 1 ) she too lightly dismisses or devalues the demarcation problem , ( 2 ) overstates the extent to which popper ' s philosophy of science is inconsistent with
competitor
theories , such as kuhn ' s , and ( 3 ) clings to the most radical version of falsificationism that popper himself did not follow in his everyday life ( recognizing the difference between high theory and everyday life ) .
in this article , we will first examine hume’s own argument , provide a reconstruction of it , and then survey different responses to the problem which it poses .
jacobs , s . 1991 , science and british liberalism : locke , bentham , mill and popper , aldershot : avebury .
james , r . , 1980 , return to reason : popper’s thought in public life , shepton mallet : open books .
schurz , gerhard , 2008 , “the meta - inductivist’s winning strategy in the prediction game : a new approach to hume’s problem” , philosophy of science , 75 ( 3 ) : 278–305 . doi : 10 . 1086 / 592550
the description of concepts as ' open - ended ' does appear to be the philosopher ' s stone which popper sought but never found . he correctly saw that there is a problem with most people ' s idea of certainty , yet never quite fought his way through to an acceptable solution .
popper offered two methods of comparing theories in terms of verisimilitude , the qualitative and quantitative definitions . on the qualitative account , popper asserted :
finally , it is crucial to remember that popper ' s entire approach to metaphysics and epistemology was motivated by his belief that the human endeavor is to solve problems , both theoretical and practical . to that end , he put great stock in real science ( over what he and the logical positivists called
psuedo - science
) . viewed in this light , popper ' s falsification criterion is perhaps less radical than professor haack supposes ( even if it is more radical than many others presume ) . for anyone who agrees with popper about the basic human endeavor , the demarcation problem remains of great importance , even if it is problematic and not completely resolved by popper ' s falsification criterion .
hume , whom popper called
one of the most rational minds of all ages
[ pkp2 1019 ] , is renowned for elaborating the ' problem of induction ' - a supposedly logical proof that generalisations from observation are invalid . most later philosophers have accepted hume ' s arguments , and libraries have been filled with attempts to solve his ' problem . '
pilgrim , the passionate – or is it a parody of blow - up ? anyway , it’s a dream sequence with macgowran in magician’s cape duelling with la birk’s blonde bit on the side in a superman costume halfway up box hill or somesuch , to the tortuous strains of some very magic alex experimental accompaniment . birkin drags a piano about . macgowran capers along with a giant prop pen to a comedy dinging sound . amidst all of this birkin , it scarcely needs to be said , is no madeline smith . see problem , professor popper’s .
belong to the same ' category ( professor ryle has succeeded in showing that they don ' t ) . but my examples establish , i think , that the words are often used in ways which are strikingly alike . the uncertainty of the language - situation may be illustrated by an example of professor ryle ' s .
looking for movie tickets ? enter your location to see which movie theaters are playing mr . popper ' s penguins near you .
howson , colin , 2000 , hume’s problem : induction and the justification of belief , oxford : oxford university press . doi : 10 . 1093 / 0198250371 . 001 . 0001
thomas samuel kuhn was born on july 18 , 1922 , in cincinnati , ohio , united states . he received a ph . d . in physics from harvard university in 1949 and remained there as an assistant professor of general education and history of science . in 1956 , kuhn accepted a post at the university of california - - berkeley , where in 1961 he became a full professor of history of science . in 1964 , he was named m . taylor pyne professor of philosophy and history of science at princeton university . in 1979 he returned to boston , this time to the massachusetts institute of technology as professor of philosophy and history of science . in 1983 he was named laurence s . rockefeller professor of philosophy at mit .
this paper is not the first to subject popper ' s critical rationalism to detailed criticism . p . a . schilpp ' s the philosophy of karl popper contains several less than sympathetic essays , as does anthony o ' hear ' s karl popper : philosophy and problems . and of course o ' hear earlier devoted a whole book to the matter . other writers have been led to outright rejection . when the logic of scientific discovery first appeared , popper ' s famous contemporary hans reichenbach asserted bluntly :
the results of this book appear to me completely untenable . . . i cannot understand how popper could possibly believe that with respect to the problem of induction his investigations mean even the slightest advance .
48
miller , d . , 1974 , ‘popper’s qualitative theory of verisimilitude’ , the british journal for the philosophy of science , 25 : 166–177 .
for the fans of the genre like family and who likes director jerry o \ ' hara this movie will become a real present ! check the professor popper ' s problem crew and synopsis , watch pictures and high resolution wallpapers . if the premiere of this movie has already taken place then imdb rating and users reviews will help you to understand if you should watch this movie in the cinema or buy dvd .
however , in the 1970s a series of papers published by researchers such as miller , tichý , and grünbaum in particular revealed fundamental defects in popper’s formal definitions of verisimilitude . the significance of this work was that verisimilitude is largely important in popper’s system because of its application to theories which are known to be false . in this connection , popper had written :
beauchamp , tom l , and alexander rosenberg , 1981 , hume and the problem of causation , oxford : oxford university press .
––– , 2005a , “bayesianism and the traditional problem of induction” , croatian journal of philosophy , 5 ( 14 ) : 181–194 .
it ' s clear from the outset that , in contrast to me , professor haack is not a fan of popper ' s philosophy . she even takes a few digs at his famously curmudgeonly character , and his alleged unwillingness to learn from others ( which is belied by his numerous positive references to works by other philosophers , including for example alfred tarski and gilbert ryle ) . nevertheless , professor haack is quite right that popper ' s philosophy of science is : ( a ) more radical than readers commonly accept ; ( b ) not as clearly specified ( across the body of popper ' s work ) as some readers , including the supreme court , would have us believe ; and ( c ) not a very useful basis for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence in court .
hume’s purpose is clearly not to argue that we should not make inductive inferences in everyday life , and indeed his whole method and system of describing the mind in naturalistic terms depends on inductive inferences through and through . the problem of induction then must be seen as a problem that arises only at the level of philosophical reflection .
17 . anthony flew , hume ' s philosophy of belief ( 1961 , 1966 ; bristol , uk : thoemmes , 1997 ) , p . 31 . the author is indebted to professor flew for this point .
as to the first lump , professor sellars , after quoting me correctly at some length , proceeds to ' focus attention ' , as he puts it , ' on the statement [ popper ' s statement ] quoted above , that
. . . if the two languages are not translatable , they deal with different sets of facts
. ' and professor sellars then goes on to say that a ' fact ' may be either a '
an equivalent expression ' . nor do i deny that this thesis of professor sellars ' is relevant to my own thesis . all i wish to say here is that my thesis is not based on the argument about definability which professor sellars ascribes to me , if it were , i should retract it .
an equivalent expression . semantical - talk is no more describing - talk than is obligation - talk . in other words , from the fact , and it is a fact , that what professor popper calls the
name relation
(
popper ' s kantian premise thus deprives cr of universality . since it is ultimately the product of the pre - programmed interpretation of the data which entered popper ' s mind , cr is a theory which can only be applied to popper . according to his own view of his contact with reality , he would not be able to verify the relevance of cr to anybody else .
this clip from the movie
professor popper ' s problem ( or problems )
dates back to the 1990s when video resolution was a lot worse than it is now . it was featured on some gts sites but seems to have disappeared in recent years . and i am afraid the years have not been kind to my copy . my apologies . if anyone has access to a better quality copy i invite them to share it .
the conclusion then is that our tendency to project past regularities into the future is not underpinned by reason . the problem of induction is to find a way to avoid this conclusion , despite hume’s argument .
wilkins , b . t . , 1978 , has history any meaning ? a critique of popper’s philosophy of history , ithaca : cornell university press .
46 . for a detailed discussion of popper ' s attitude to marx , see tangled web , op cit . , pp . 26 - 29 .
( 1962 ) , he made clear that he did not believe progress in knowledge or scientific problem - solving was either impossible or a mirage .
i am a professor of law and of public and environmental affairs at indiana university , bloomington . music is my passion , especially jazz , and i play drums .
baudoin , j . , 1989 , karl popper , paris : presses universitaires de france .
26 . karl popper : philosophy and problems , op cit . , p . 4 .
rip - off , metropolis – the beam engine in this weird victorian pumping station that’s somehow a vital part of macgowran’s cash - strapped amoeba research laboratory , even though it’s apparently located in the gents’ at king’s cross , goes berserk . see dials , massive bakelite ; far , near and .
popper was knighted in 1965 , and retired from the university of london in 1969 , though he remained active as a writer , broadcaster and lecturer until his death in 1994 . ( for more detail on popper’s life , cf . his unended quest ) .
cornforth , m . , 1968 , the open philosophy and the open society : a reply to dr . popper’s refutations of marxism , london : lawrence & wishart .
36 . for criticism of popper ' s view of plato see r . levinson , in defense of plato ( cambridge mass : harvard u . press , 1953 ) ; and j . wild , plato ' s modern enemies and the theory of natural law ( chicago : u . of chicago press , 1953 ) , also pkp2 859 . for popper ' s replies , see ose1 323 and pkp2 1159 .
popper , karl , 1935 [ 1959 ] , logik der forschung , wien : j . springer . translated by popper as the logic of scientific discovery , london : hutchinson , 1959 .
knowledge and the mind - body problem : in defence of interactionism , m . a . notturno ( ed . ) , london : routledge , 1994 .
29 . ose2 1 - 26 . see tangled web , op cit . , pp . 18 - 20 , for a detailed examination of popper ' s odd critique .
vickers , john , “the problem of induction , ” stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ( spring 2018 edition ) , edward n . zalta ( ed . ) , url = < urltoken > . [ this was the previous entry on the problem of induction in the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy — see the version history . ]
originally submitted december 13 , 1984 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course philosophy 751n to professor bruce aune , department of philosophy , university of massachusetts , amherst , massachusetts .
cr claims to distinguish science from non - science by the refutability of scientific theories . popper ' s standard example was newtonian physics , so radically displaced by einstein . 23 on the other hand , popper maintained , there were theories such as those of marx and freud , which were non - science because irrefutable . this was popper ' s famous ' criterion of demarcation , ' which he developed as a young man and held to all his life .
anyone who has attended a summer seminar laboratory workshop at the institute of general semantics in recent years has heard stuart mayper speak of sir karl r . popper ' s philosophy of science as best illustrating the methodological view espoused by general semantics as a discipline . stuart reviews some of the key features of popper ' s philosophy and shows how major paradigm shifts in scientific beliefs over the millennia conform to the system described by popper . for those of you who have never been to an institute seminar , or are otherwise not familiar with the recent philosophy of science , i will review the salient features of popper ' s philosophy of science .
book review : matt ridley ' s
the rational optimist
. . .
wheelchair , clive dunn’s dead mother’s – a played - for - laffs horror scene involves macgowran’s dead mater wheeling herself through the door and generally having an echoey go at the old duffer . see blood , her off of the stones of .
31 . two earlier critics who pointed out popper ' s idealism were anthony o ' hear :
popper ' s platonism
( o ' hear , p . 181 ) and j . w . n . watkins :
popper ' s objectivism is a very mitigated version of platonism
[ pkp1 399 ] . however , both would have agreed with feigl and meehl that for plato ' ideas ' exist extra to mankind ; whereas , for popper , objective knowledge is man - made [ pkp1 543 ] . popper may have been led to idealism by his scepticism - an ancient pattern . o ' hear concludes his study :
having torn ideas from their living context , popper was led both to his radical scepticism and to his postulation of an abstract world of ideas…
( o ' hear , p . 207 ) .
eckhardt , arnold , 2010 , “can the best - alternative - justification solve hume’s problem ? ( on the limits of a promising approach ) ” , philosophy of science , 77 ( 4 ) : 584–593 . doi : 10 . 1086 / 656010
to this i should like to say that i am not aware of the fact that professor ryle has ever held what i call ' the two languages theory ' . how could he , believing as he does that the problem arises out of category - mistakes within the one natural language ? it is not to him i was alluding in that place .
first , there seems little conjectural about the theory of worlds 1 , 2 , & 3 . in none of popper ' s several presentations is the theory offered as an hypothesis . rather , it is laid out as a discovery , as what popper thought the facts to be .
to conclude under this head , it is plain - even after only a very brief treatment - that popper ' s kantian premise , far from providing cr with a secure footing , leads instead to insuperable problems , not least of which are conflicts with popper ' s own rejection of determinism and subjectivism in such works as the poverty of historicism and the open universe .
it’s the last episode of this six - part run , and here’s ian and graham nattering about two shows . this episode includes : an incredibly annoying . . .
mulkay , m . & gilbert , g . n . , 1981 , ‘putting philosophy to work : karl popper’s influence on scientific practice’ , philosophy of social science , 11 : 389–407 .
23 . einstein was popper ' s
hero
[ awp 8 ] . there are over 120 references to him in just three books : lscd , c & r and okn .
hume’s argument has been presented and formulated in many different versions . there is also an ongoing lively discussion over the historical interpretation of what hume himself intended by the argument . it is therefore difficult to provide an unequivocal and uncontroversial reconstruction of hume’s argument . nonetheless , for the purposes of organizing the different responses to hume’s problem that will be discussed in this article , the following reconstruction will serve as a useful starting point .
during the napoleonic wars child refugees become involved with a pyrenean escape route and the problem of whether to save a wounded enemy who is a danger to their own safety .
30 . popper saw this weakness and later referred to worlds 12 & 3 as
modified essentialism
[ pkp2 1115 ] . for further criticism see o ' hear , karl popper , ch . ix .
steel , daniel , 2010 , “what if the principle of induction is normative ? formal learning theory and hume’s problem” , international studies in the philosophy of science , 24 ( 2 ) : 171–185 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02698595 . 2010 . 484544
the main objection to all these views is that they do not really solve the problem of induction in a way that adequately secures the pillars on which inductive inference stands . as salmon puts it , “admission of unjustified and unjustifiable postulates to deal with the problem is tantamount to making scientific method a matter of faith” ( salmon 1966 : 48 ) .
now i agree with every word of this but i completely fail to see its relevance : in focusing attention upon one statement , professor sellars , understandably enough , got its context out of focus .
website and contents © 2006 children ' s film and television foundation . contact the cftf
there are only two kinds of arguments : demonstrative and probable ( hume’s fork ) .
what will then be the consequence of supposing that hume’s problem should indeed have been a regress , rather than a circularity ? here different opinions are possible . on the one hand , one might think that a regress still leads to a skeptical conclusion . so although the exact form in which hume stated his problem was not correct , the conclusion is not substantially different ( sober 1988 ) . another possibility is that the transformation mitigates or even removes the skeptical problem . for example , norton argues that the upshot is a dissolution of the problem of induction , since the regress of justifications benignly terminates ( norton 2003 ) . and okasha more mildly suggests that even if the regress is infinite , “perhaps infinite regresses are less bad than vicious circles after all” ( okasha 2005b : 253 ) .
schurz’s theorems on the optimality of wmi apply to the case where there are finitely many predictive methods . one point of discussion is whether this amounts to an important limitation on its claims to provide a full solution of the problem of induction ( eckhardt 2010 ) .
ackermann , r . , 1976 , the philosophy of karl popper , amherst : university of massachusetts press .
burke , t . e . , 1983 , the philosophy of popper , manchester : manchester university press .
shearmur , j . , 1996 , political thought of karl popper , london & new york : routledge .
stove , d . , 1982 , popper and after : four modern irrationalists , oxford : pergamon press .
39 . bryan magee , popper ( london : fontana , 1973 , 1985 ) , p . 22 .
now we can go on and see how popper uses these logical conclusions to inform his theory of science .
popper , ` content ' and ` degree of confirmation ' : a reply to dr . bar - hillel
so no hard core , no difference of opinion as far as i can see , underlies professor sellars ' first lump - - although i seem to differ with him about the relevance of his comments .
hume’s argument is one of the most famous in philosophy . a number of philosophers have attempted solutions to the problem , but a significant number have embraced his conclusion that it is insoluble . there is also a wide spectrum of opinion on the significance of the problem . some have argued that hume’s argument does not establish any far - reaching skeptical conclusion , either because it was never intended to , or because the argument is in some way misformulated . yet many have regarded it as one of the most profound philosophical challenges imaginable since it seems to call into question the justification of one of the most fundamental ways in which we form knowledge . bertrand russell , for example , expressed the view that if hume’s problem cannot be solved , “there is no intellectual difference between sanity and insanity” ( russell 1946 : 699 ) .
popper ' s solution was certainly correct in one respect . the problem of induction would indeed vanish if there were no such thing as induction . however , the issue would be resolved much more positively were it to turn out that hume had been wrong , and that there never had been any problem with induction in the first place . and , in point of fact , this is the case . despite his great skill as a thinker and writer , hume missed the point . induction does not depend for its validity on observation , but on the law of identity .
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formal learning theory can be regarded as a kind of extension of the reichenbachian programme . it does not offer justifications for inductive inferences , in the sense of giving reasons why they should be taken as likely to produce a true conclusion . rather it offers reasons for following particular methods based on their optimality in achieving certain desirable epistemic ends , even if there is no guarantee that at any given stage of inquiry the results they produce are at all close to the truth . recently , however , steel ( 2010 ) has suggested that formal learning theory offers more , and does provide a solution to the problem of induction . this claim is based on a rather restrictive interpretation of “hume’s problem” as the problem : “what is the justification for making inductive generalizations at all ? ” ( 2010 : 182 ) , rather than as the problem of giving the grounds for a given inductive inference . steel’s claims have been disputed by colin howson ( 2011 ) .
as a footnote here , it may be recorded that popper was not renowned for living up to his philosophy in his professional life . his obituary in the times recorded his reputation as
a difficult man .
the daily telegraph commented ,
popper ' s belief in his own infallibility was remarkable .
40 later , the times magazine reported that popper ' s students at the london school of economics found him so intolerant of criticism that they used to joke about
the open society , by one of its enemies .
41
. thus i should be inclined ( not more than this ) to entertain the opposite conclusion to the one drawn by professor ryle although , admittedly , the premises would be insufficient for a formal derivation of the conclusion .
macdonald , g . & catton , p . , 2004 . karl popper : critical appraisals , london : routledge .
24 . c . f . anthony o ' hear , karl popper , op cit . , p . 97 .
there is besides the singularly popperian problem of marxism . marxism was one of the theories which led popper to develop his conception of demarcation in the first place :
i had been shocked by the fact that the marxists . . . were able to interpret any conceivable event as a verification of their theories
[ unq 41 - 2 ] . yet in
replies to my critics
popper changed his tune :
marxism was once a scientific theory
;
marxism was once a science
[ pkp2 984 - 5 ] . no doubt popper would have swamped this objection with distinctions between marx and marxism , 24 but the notion that marxism could both be and not be a science does little to inspire confidence in popper ' s theory of demarcation .
one option here is to think that the significance of the problem of induction is somehow restricted to a skeptical context . hume himself seems to have thought along these lines . for instance he says :
after presenting the problem , hume does present his own “solution” to the doubts he has raised ( e . 5 , t . 1 . 3 . 7–16 ) . this consists of an explanation of what the inductive inferences are driven by , if not reason . in the treatise hume raises the problem of induction in an explicitly contrastive way . he asks whether the transition involved in the inference is produced
second , professor haack ( in common with many others , including perhaps kuhn himself ) is too quick to conclude that thomas kuhn ' s theory of scientific revolutions is inconsistent with popperian falsificationism . popper and kuhn both believed that scientific theories are based on certain axioms , which could prove false , and always contingent . moreover , despite kuhn ' s criticisms of popper and falsification , his own theory of anomalies ( discrepancies between theories and observed facts ) seems to depend on falsification for the erosion of the existing paradigm prior to its replacement by a new paradigm . kuhn was not nearly the scientific relativist that he is often made out to be . in chapter xiii of the
at the same time , it is perfectly true that i had professor ryle in mind when , in another paragraph of my paper , i tried to chow briefly that the theory of ' category - mistakes ' is also untenable .
stokes , g . , 1998 , popper : philosophy , politics and scientific method , new york : wiley & sons .
now i agree with professor popper that the two - language theory of the 1930 ' s , which continued , as he points out , the tradition of neutral monism ,
is no longer tenable
. i also agree that
the idea of a mutual translatability
of - - shall we say - - mind talk and behaviour talk
had to be given up long since
, in spite of ryle ' s valiant efforts to the contrary . i do not agree , however , that
with it the two - language solution disappears
.
garrett , don , 2002 , cognition and commitment in hume’s philosophy , oxford : oxford university press .
perkins – macgowran’s number two in the lab , as portrayed by richard wattis . he really cares .
wardrobe , quick jack , someone’s coming , get in the – well , it worked in monique .
wheedling – what most of harrison mbe’s soundtrack just sits there doing . see harrison , george mbe .
kuhn also took issue with karl popper ' s view of theory - testing through falsification . according to kuhn , it is the incompleteness and imperfection of the existing data - theory fit that define the puzzles that characterize normal science . if , as popper suggested , failure to fit were grounds for theory rejection , all theories would be rejected at all times .
munz , p . , 1985 , our knowledge of the growth of knowledge : popper or wittgenstein ? , london : routledge .
the problem here is that given the two premisses as true , it is possible that the conclusion could be false . perhaps i don ' t work at all , but inherited my money from a wealthy relative .
a critical attitude , particularly a self - critical one , is also every bit as important in philosophy as popper thought it was , even if he did not always exercise his own . subjecting one ' s pet theories to the kind of penetrating analysis popper was so good at is the healthiest mental activity one can undertake . conviction is much easier to come by than rectitude and we must always be on guard against
cocksureness
- as popper so rightly warned us [ ose2 387 ] .
popper built his philosophy on foundations borrowed from hume and kant . his first premise was wholehearted acceptance of hume ' s attack on induction . the second , to be addressed in the next section , was agreement with kant ' s view that it is our ideas which give form to reality , not reality which gives form to our ideas .
far , near and – we swear that schools’ programme’s queasily vertiginous scraping theme is in use during the film’s climactic metropolis rip - off . see colleges , programmes for schools and ; rip - off , metropolis .
pastry , mr – another of macgowran’s models for the prof . see dunn , clive ; frankenstein , gene wilder in young ; macgowran , jack ; who , peter cushing’s ill - advised cinematic portrayal of doctor .
popper ' s problem was of course that the theory of evolution is just about as inductive as one can get , yet he wanted us to believe that induction is a myth . he found no way out of this impasse , and in the end decided that the only solution was to evade the issue :
i have come to the conclusion that darwinism is not a testable scientific theory , but a metaphysical research programme
[ unq 168 ] . 35
cleve , james van , 1984 , “reliability , justification , and the problem of induction” , midwest studies in philosophy : 555–567 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1475 - 4975 . 1984 . tb00077 . x
how then does the deductive procedure work ? popper specifies four steps ( logic of scientific discovery , 1 . 3 , 9 ) :
karl r . popper , the logic of scientific discovery , new york : harper & row , 1968 , pp . 32 - 33
it is also hard to accept that popper ' s opinion of marx had not been very high . when someone writes , for example , that marx ' s theory of surplus value was
brilliant
and
a theoretical success of the first order
[ ose2 172 - 3 ] ; that marx ' s exploitation theory
deserves the greatest respect
[ ose2 178 ] ; and that marx made
serious and most important contributions to social science
[ ose2 253 ] ; it does not look as though the writer ' s opinion is ' deteriorating . '
dunn , clive – another of macgowran’s models for the prof . see macgowran , jack ; pastry , mr . ; frankenstein , gene wilder in young ; who , peter cushing’s ill - advised cinematic portrayal of doctor .
frankenstein , gene wilder in young – another of macgowran’s models for the prof . see dunn , clive ; macgowran , jack ; pastry , mr . ; who , peter cushing’s ill - advised cinematic portrayal of doctor .
bayes , thomas , 1764 , “an essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances” , philosophical transactions of the royal society of london , 53 : 370–418 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rstl . 1763 . 0044
it is thus surprising to discover that popper himself hardly lived up to this ideal of non contradiction . when one examines critical rationalism , for example , one soon notices that it is based on questionable premises ; that its internal logic is seriously flawed ; that it is inconsistent with other elements of popper ' s thought ; and that it leads to conflicts with his own publicly stated convictions .
currie , g . & musgrave , a . ( eds . ) , 1985 , popper and the human sciences , dordrecht : nijhoff .
this is a fallacy of reasoning , for p might occur for reasons other than a . however , popper pointed out that the following reasoning
one of the first and most important methods for tackling the “inverse” problem using probabilities was developed by thomas bayes . bayes’s essay containing the main results was published after his death in 1764 ( bayes 1764 ) . however , it is possible that the work was done significantly earlier and was in fact written in direct response to the publication of hume’s enquiry in 1748 ( see zabell 1989 : 290–93 , for discussion of what is known about the history ) .
leaving aside the problem of how ' physically real possibilities ' fit into the category of conjectural knowledge , popperian ' propensity ' appears so similar to aristotelian ' potentiality ' -
all movement or change means the realisation ( or ' actualisation ' ) of some of the potentialities inherent in the essence of a thing
[ ose2 6 ] - that , in fairness , one must note that popper dismissed aristotle ' s ideas about potentiality as
pretentious jargon
[ ose2 7 ] .
here , verisimilitude is defined in terms of subclass relationships : \ ( t _ 2 \ ) has a higher level of verisimilitude than \ ( t _ 1 \ ) if and only if their truth - and falsity - contents are comparable through subclass relationships , and either ( a ) \ ( t _ 2 \ ) ’s truth - content includes \ ( t _ 1 \ ) ’s and \ ( t _ 2 \ ) ’s falsity - content , if it exists , is included in , or is the same as , \ ( t _ 1 \ ) ’s , \ ( or \ ) ( b ) \ ( t _ 2 \ ) ’s truth - content includes or is the same as \ ( t _ 1 \ ) ’s and \ ( t _ 2 \ ) ’s falsity - content , if it exists , is included in \ ( t _ 1 \ ) ’s .
the key feature of popper ' s theory exemplified by the modus tolens argument is
critical testing
. in order for critical testing to give valid results , the theory to be tested must be free from any
looseness
; popper lists four criteria , or levels of evaluating , for determining whether a proposed theory is sufficiently
tight
to be admitted as a
scientific
theory .
some authors have argued that in fact s does not rely on any premise or even presupposition that would require us to already know the conclusion of x . s is then not a “premise circular” argument . rather , they claim , it is “rule - circular”—it relies on a rule of inference in order to reach the conclusion that that very rule is reliable . suppose we adopt the rule r which says that when it is observed that most f s are g s , we should infer that most f s are g s . then inference x relies on rule r . we want to show that rule r is reliable . we could appeal to the fact that r worked in the past , and so , by an inductive argument , it will also work in the future . call this argument s * :
if , however , i have somewhere ' tacitly ' and unconsciously added the l premise which professor sellars says i have added ( i cannot detect any trace of it ) then i wish . again , to recant . for i am in complete agreement with professor sellars ' thesis that if a statement a says that another statement e is about something , then a usually does not , to use professor sellars ' words play ' the same sort of a role as
the moon is round
' . a need not be , and usually is not , ' descriptive ' in the same sense as the statement about the moon ( although it may be : ' what has your last lecture about ? ' - - ' it was a lecture about probability ' , is an instance of descriptive usage ) .
relatively few philosophers have embraced it however . tom settle , a major contributor to p . a . schilpp ' s massive festschrift , the philosophy of karl popper , stated firmly in 1970 :
as a criterion of demarcation between science and nonscience , popper ' s ' falsifiability ' - plus - a - critical - policy does not work
[ pkp2 719 ] . other contributors evidently agreed ; among them a . j . ayer , william c . kneale , imre lakatos , grover maxwell , and hilary putnam .
again , the problem is that i may indeed be happy , but for reasons other than having won the lottery ; for example , i may not have won the lottery , but still be happy because i did well at my studies .
further , remembering popper ' s humian premise , one immediately wants to ask : if we are not allowed to argue from positive instances to true laws , why are we allowed to argue from counterinstances to negative laws ( we were told above that
natural laws . . . deny
) . the reasoning process is the same . collecting disconfirmations and arguing negatively scarcely differs from collecting confirmations and arguing positively . both are inductive procedures and , as such , have been disallowed in advance by popper ' s rejection of induction .
47 . since this paper rejects cr on logical grounds , it has not been thought necessary to discuss cr ' s buttress concepts : ' degrees of testability , ' ' corroboration , ' ' verisimilitude , ' etc . these are analyzed in o ' hear , karl popper , ch . 3 , and defended by david miller , critical rationalism , ch . 10 and passim . for accounts of popper ' s ethics and politics , see tangled web , op cit . , pp . 24 - 26 & 29 - 30 .
unfortunately , neither the lines quoted , nor the rest of the passage in the book , clarify the meaning of the word ' fact . ' since popper ' s claim that ' truth means correspondence to the facts ' cannot be evaluated without such clarification , we turn again to chambers dictionary , which defines ' fact ' as
reality , a real state of things , as distinguished from a mere statement or belief .
but if this definition is correct , it leads immediately to another problem with cr .
williams , d . e . , 1989 , truth , hope and power : the thought of karl popper , toronto : university of toronto press .
nonetheless , although this paper rejects popper ' s main theses , it should not be construed to imply that study of his work is valueless . far from it . popper wrote well and clearly , and books such as the open society and its enemies , the poverty of historicism and the open universe , while flawed or incomplete , are full of valuable insights , astute observations , and stimulating , sometimes inspiring , prose .
4 . e . freeman and h . skolimowski noted that peirce anticipated some of popper ' s central ideas [ pkp1 464ff ] . popper acknowledged this [ pkp2 1072 ] though he did not read peirce until the 1950s . he added ,
i feel proud of so eminent a predecessor
[ pkp2 1119 ] . the author is indebted to david conway for pointing out that peirce coined the word ' fallibilism . '
favours , feathers and – the model for this film’s screenplay . see florette , screenplay by the author of jean de .
hole – projects silhouettes of birkin , james bond title sequence style , onto macgowran’s face . see interstitials , psychedelic teabreak .
popper was evidently aware of this problem . he once wrote about the
realisation
of the
conjecture
of an atomic bomb [ tsib 47 ] . but if a conjecture is realised it is very difficult to see how it remains a conjecture . one might fairly retort , rather , that this one admission blows apart the notion of demarcation by refutability and the whole of cr along with it .
hacohen . m . h . , 2000 , karl popper—the formative years , 1902–1945 : politics and philosophy in interwar vienna , cambridge : cambridge university press .
schilpp , p . a . ( ed . ) , 1974 , the philosophy of karl popper , 2 volumes , la salle : open court press .
box , i’d better conceal this sticky bun by placing it precariously on the edge of this – the painting on the professor’s side of the “wonderwall” is a colorization of “the passing of arthur” [ black and white illustration ] by florence harrison from tennyson’s “guinevere and other poems” . london : blackie & son , [ 1912 ] . the original illustration has the caption “morte d’arthur” ; it is not to be confused with the color illustration with the same title , done by the same artist for the same book . see team , the wonderwall restoration .
kuhn , t . s . , 1962 , the structure of scientific revolutions , chicago and london : university of chicago press .
‘rosewood , mahogany , teak ? ’ – this film’s props budget appears to be split 50 - 50 between hats and shelving .
wedding , a hugely symbolic al fresco pretend – yes , very last week at minehead butlin’s . see pilgrim , the passionate .
one way to put this point is to say that hume’s argument rests on a quantifier shift fallacy ( sober 1988 ; okasha 2005a ) . hume says that there exists a general presupposition for all inductive inferences , whereas he should have said that for each inductive inference , there is some presupposition . different inductive inferences then rest on different empirical presuppositions , and the problem of circularity is evaded .
this paper will therefore conclude by conjecturing that when popper said ,
in science there is no ' knowledge ' . . . in the sense which implies finality
[ ose2 12 ] what he may have been after was rand ' s insight that concepts are open - ended . 50
15 . popper ' s notion of innate cerebral content is deeply problematic but space permits no discussion . for details , see okn 26 - 7 , 63 , 71 - 2 , 258 ; c & r 27 , 47 - 8 ; tsib 116 , & awp 37 , 46 .
to fully understand popper ' s point of view , some basics of what is known as sentential logic is needed . we are especially interested in this context with the logic of implication - - statements involving
if
and
then
. some preliminary definitions of terminology are required :
the first problem is the method ' s apparent arbitrariness . the conjecture or theory to be tested - and popper said the bolder the better - would presumably be selected by the tester . but no criterion for selection is given . 22 we might be referred to an earlier cr exercise , but since that route risks infinite regress ( via earlier and earlier cr exercises ) , the conjecture to be tested must fall outside the scope of cr . therefore , unless further information is provided , it is not obvious how the charge of arbitrariness can be resisted .
further , when thoughts have been objectified as world 3 artefacts , it is not apparent how they accord with popper ' s rejection of definitions . once cr is part of an objective world 3 , then either the words ' critical rationalism ' correspond to the world 3 fact that there is such a scientific method , or they do not . we have a genus ( scientific methods ) and a species ( popper ' s method ) whose differentia is the process of conjecture and refutation . calling popper ' s method syllogistic , or dialectical , would be manifestly wrong . thus it would be perfectly in order , not a ' tiresome quibble , ' to argue about the definition of cr with anyone who maintained , say , that conjecture and refutation was merely logical positivism in disguise . their assertion would be untrue ; it would not correspond to the objective , world 3 facts .
carty made his first stage appearance at the new london theatre , drury lane , as the young lionel in lionel bart ' s autobiographical musical lionel ! ; however , his television career in his youth was mostly defined by his role as tucker jenkins in the bbc children ' s drama grange hill ( 1978–1982 ) , and the subsequent spin - off series tucker ' s luck ( 1983–1985 ) .